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federal system in india borrowed from which country
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Federalism in India
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federalism in india
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Federalism in India describes the distribution of legal authority across national , state and local governments in the nation of India . The Constitution of India establishes a federal structure to the Indian government , declaring it to be a `` Union of States '' . Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative , administrative and executive powers between the Union / Federal / Central government and the States of India . The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List , a State List and a Concurrent List , representing , respectively , the powers conferred upon the Union government , those conferred upon the State governments and powers shared among them . This federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all the same . The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under Article 370 . Union Territories are unitary type , directly governed by the Union government . Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution stipulates two tier - governance with an additional local elected government . Delhi and Puducherry were accorded legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A , respectively . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The fundamental rights of citizens vary by state per Article 31 ( B ) , as changes are added to Constitution schedule IX by constitutional amendments . Contents 1 Legislative powers 1.1 Union List 1.2 State List 1.3 Concurrent List 1.4 Other ( residuary ) subjects 2 Executive powers 3 Financial powers 4 Disputes 5 Territories 6 Jammu and Kashmir 7 Issues 7.1 Unitary bias 7.2 Appointment and role of governors 7.3 Economic federalism 7.4 Political economy 8 Government of India Act ( 1935 ) vs Constitution of India ( 1950 ) 9 Comparison with USA and EU 10 See also 11 References Legislative powers ( edit ) The divsion of powers are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists : Union List ( edit ) Main article : Union List Union List consists of 100 items ( earlier 97 ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including : defence , armed forces , arms and ammunition , atomic energy , foreign affairs , war and peace , citizenship , extradition , railways , shipping and navigation , airways , posts and telegraphs , telephones , wireless and broadcasting , currency , foreign trade , inter-state trade and commerce , banking , insurance , control of industries , regulation and development of mines , mineral and oil resources , elections , audit of Government accounts , constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court , High Courts and union public service commission , income tax , custom duties and export duties , duties of excise , corporation tax , taxes on capital value of assets , estate duty and terminal taxes . State List ( edit ) Main article : State List State List consists of 61 items ( earlier 66 items ) . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : maintaining law and order , police forces , healthcare , transport , land policies , electricity in the state , village administration , etc . The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects . In certain circumstances , the parliament can make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List , but to do so the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) must pass a resolution with a two - thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate in the national interest . Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List , articles 249 , 250 , 252 , and 253 mention situations in which the Union government can legislate . Concurrent List ( edit ) Main article : Concurrent List Concurrent List consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) items . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list . The list mentions : marriage and divorce , transfer of property other than agricultural land , education , contracts , bankruptcy and insolvency , trustees and trusts , civil procedure , contempt of court , adulteration of foodstuffs , drugs and poisons , economic and social planning , trade unions , labour welfare , electricity , newspapers , books and printing press NS stamp duties . Other ( residuary ) subjects ( edit ) Subjects not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects . However , many provisions in the constitution outside these lists permit parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate . Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245 , the power to legislate on such subjects , rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248 . Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the Article 368 procedure as constitutional amendments . In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended , the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per Article 368 with ratification by the majority of the states . Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution which can not be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court . Executive powers ( edit ) The Union and States have independent executive staffs controlled by their respective governments . In legislative and administrative matters , the Central government can not overrule the constitutional rights / powers of a state government except when presidential rule is declared in a State . The Union 's duty is to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution as per Article 355 and Article 256 . The State governments can not violate the Central laws in administrative matters . When a State violates the Constitution , Presidential rule is imposed under Article 356 and the President takes over the State 's administration with ex post facto consent of the Parliament per Article 357 . Financial powers ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending financial resources available to the states for public purpose . Article 293 allows States to borrow without limit without consent from the Union government . However , the Union government can insist upon compliance with its loan terms when a state has outstanding loans charged to the consolidated fund of India or a federally - guaranteed loan . The President of India constitutes a Finance Commission every five years to recommend devolution of Union revenues to State governments . Under Article 360 , the President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , no guidelines define `` financial emergency '' for the country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by a simple majority and has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the supreme court and high courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe economy measures . Disputes ( edit ) States can make agreements among themselves . When a dispute arises with other states or a Union Territory or the central government , the Supreme Court adjudicates per Article 141 . However , Article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of disputes in the use , distribution or control of interstate river waters . Under Article 263 the President can establish an interstate council to coordinate / resolve disputes between states and the Union . Territories ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) says that India is a Union of States as elaborated under Parts V ( The Union ) and VI ( The States ) of the Constitution . Article 1 ( 3 ) says territories of India constitute states , union territories and other acquired territories . The concept of union territory was established by the Seventh Amendment . References to Territories of India , are applicable to the whole country including union territories . References to only India , are applicable to states , but not to union territories . Jammu and Kashmir ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir ( J&K ) has a separate set of applicable laws under Article 370 read with Application to Jammu and Kashmir Order , 1954 ( Appendix I and II ) of the Indian constitution . Only matters related to defence , foreign relations and communications of Jammu and Kashmir are under the jurisdiction of Union government . Laws enacted by the parliament ( including amendments to the constitution ) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K unless ratified by its state assembly . The Government of India can declare a state of emergency in J&K and impose governor 's rule in certain conditions . The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution . Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two - thirds majority by the state assembly . Part VI ( The states ) and Part XIV ( Services ) of the Indian constitution are not applicable to J&K per Article 152 and Article 308 . Issues ( edit ) The Government of India Act 1935 aimed to establish India as a Federation of States . It emphasized division of powers , independent and apolitical Governors and Governors - General and introduced provincial autonomy for the first time in India . On 26 January 1950 , India adopted a new constitution . Unitary bias ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution says India shall be a union of states and its citizens shall have at least two tiered governance . The people of a Union Territory have every right to opt for statehood . However , the amended ( in 1956 ) Article 3 , allows the union government power with prior consent of the President ( common head of states and union governments ) to ( a ) form a new state / UT by separating a territory of any state , or by uniting two or more states / UTs or parts of states / UTs , or by uniting any territory to a part of any state / UT ; ( b ) the power to establish new states / UT ( which were not previously under India 's territory ) which were not in existence before . Appointment and role of Governors ( edit ) Governor appointments are the responsibility of the President , on the advice of the Union Government . Governors are generally not residents of the state . Should the constitutional machinery in a state break down , Article 356 allows a state of emergency that dissolves the state government and establishes Presidential rule . No emergency at the centre can dissolve the Union government . Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following its adoption , during the Indira Gandhi era . In 1991 the Supreme court passed a landmark judgement acknowledging misuse of the article and establishing principles for the Union government to follow before a state emergency can be invoked . The Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories of India are designed as administrators and are appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government . Lieutenant Governors can override local government policies . Economic federalism ( edit ) States are at liberty to manage their finances as long as that does not lead to financial emergency as per Article 360 . The Government of India is trying to impose uniform taxation throughout India and to take over states ' tax collection mechanisms without regard to the impacts on individual states . Recently the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional right of states to impose an Entry Tax which is against the principle of a general sales tax ( GST ) . Control of industries , which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act , was transferred to the Union List . The Union government in 1952 introduced the freight equalisation policy that damaged many Indian states , including West Bengal , Bihar ( including present - day Jharkhand ) , Madhya Pradesh ( including present - day Chhattisgarh ) and Orissa . These states lost their competitive advantage of holding mineral resources , as factories could now operate anywhere in India . This was not the case in the pre-independence era when business houses such as the Tatas and the Dalmias set up industries in these states , and most of the engineering industry was located in West Bengal . Following the end of the policy in the early 1990s , these states did not catch up with more industrialised states . In 1996 , the Commerce & Industry Minister of West Bengal complained that `` the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies can not compensate for the ill that has already been done '' . National laws permit a private / public limited company to raise loans internally and externally to its capacity . The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 limits state borrowing even when they have not defaulted / faced a financial emergency . The employees ' salary and pension expenditure of many state governments exceed their total revenue , without the President declaring a financial emergency . Article 47 of Directive Principles of the state policy prohibits intoxicating drinks that are injurious to health but is not enforced . Instead many states promote and tax liquor sales . Political economy ( edit ) The government is devolving central funds to the states under specific schemes ( NREGA , etc . ) whose implementation by the states is controversially subject to government approval , which violates Article 282 . The controversy arises from the fact that the grants for centrally sponsored schemes and central plan schemes are under the ruling party 's control and discretion . In 2017 , the ruling party was accused of ignoring states in need or where poor people are concentrated , in order to pursue partisan goals . This was described as pork - barrel politics . The party 's nomenclature is designed to convey that the central government is the source of these policies . Government of India Act ( 1935 ) vs constitution of India ( 1950 ) ( edit ) Government of India Act 1935 Constitution of India Defines India as a Federation of States Defines India as a Union of States Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the Instrument of Accession States have no right to secede . The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of J&K via Article 370 . Princely states could have their own constitution Only J&K has its own constitution . Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins , use state flags , independent civil and criminal codes and maintain state paramilitary forces With the exception of J&K , no state can follow a separate criminal code . Only Goa has a different civil code . Paramilitary forces are controlled by Union government only . No state can mint currency . The Emperor of India and Governor - General of India are apolitical heads of state The President of India is an indirectly elected head of state . Provincial governors are appointed by the Governor - General and apolitical Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government . Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state Governors of states need not be residents of the state . Right to create , modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor - General of India Right to create , modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India . Powers are divided into Federal , Concurrent and Provincial lists Powers are divided into Union , Concurrent and State lists Residuary powers are vested with the Governor - General of India Residuary powers are vested with the Parliament of India . A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor - General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period . Provincial assembly remains dissolved . State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period . State assembly remains dissolved . A central emergency is declared by the Governor - General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period . Central legislative assembly remains dissolved . There is no concept of central or Union emergency . Parliament should always be functional . Judicial matters such as clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor - General on the advice of judicial councils Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government . Railways and Industries are subject matters in concurrent list Railways and Industries are subject matters in Union List . Freedom of movement throughout the British Empire and right to own property and settle only in respective provinces Freedom of movement throughout India and right to own property and settle anywhere in India except J&K . Amendment in the Act is not possible unless made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom Amendment of many articles in the constitution can be made by two - thirds of majority in the Parliament . Some articles would need the assent of half of the state legislatures as well . Comparison with usa and eu ( edit ) Indian federalism comparison with United States ( USA ) and European Union ( EU ) USA EU India A state can not come out of the Union It is a loosely held federation of sovereign countries with monetary union only . A state can leave the union at any time Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the constitution . Territory is ceded to Bangladesh under the 9th and 100th constitutional amendment acts . Merging or splitting of a state not allowed except with the consent of the states affected and the Congress Merging or splitting of a country possible with the citizens consent of respective countries Constitution provides provision for merging with another state or splitting of a state into few states and such powers are vested with the Union government alone under Article 3 . Head of the Union is directly elected by its citizens through popular electoral college . It is a presidential democracy No head of the Union created . Head of the Union ( President of India ) is indirectly elected whereas head of the Union government ( Prime Minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the House of the People who is not directly elected by the people throughout the country and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Lok Sabha constituency as a member of House of the People or can be indirectly elected as the member of Council of States . Heads of the States are directly elected by their citizens . Heads of constituent units are directly or indirectly elected Head of the States ( Governors ) are appointed by the President with the advice of Union government whereas Heads of the State governments ( Chief Ministers ) are usually leaders of the party with majority or largest party in the State legislative assemblies who are not directly elected by the people throughout the state and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Vidhan Sabha constituency or can be indirectly elected as the member of State legislative councils . Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states The main purpose of the Union is for the free movement of labour and goods across the states Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states per Articles 301 and 303 . Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 protects the interests of migrant workmen . A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of union government A single currency , individual foreign policy and individual armed forces A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of Union government . Every state has constitutional rights to impose taxes and raise debt . EU body has no power to raise taxes and works as a common central bank of all countries except for the United Kingdom Every state has constitutional rights to impose certain taxes and raise debt . Part of Union government revenue is devolved to the states for public purposes . Predominantly , people speak one language and follow one religion under a secular constitution Multilingual people with predominantly following one religion under secular constitutions Multilingual people following multiple religions under a secular constitution . Highly developed democratic country Highly developed democratic countries Developing and largest democratic country with one sixth of the world population . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . The effectiveness of executive and lawmakers hampered by inefficient functioning and corruption . Uneasy relationship of the executive with judiciary with attempts to bring latter under its control . Instances of attempts by Central Government to try to topple opposition - ruled states by unconstitutional means . Natur of Indian union and the position of state High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . Substandard and delayed justice delivery set up in a constitutional democracy . Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts do not give any reasons for not taking up a case for proceedings and many important cases which needs constitutional interpretation keep on pending for many years under the pressure of executive . Highest Judiciary does not take any responsibility morally and sometimes issue name sake written apologies in their judgements . See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Governors of states of India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Koachanek ( 2008 ) . India : Government and politics in a developing nation ( Seventh ed . ) . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Babulal Fadia ( 1984 ) . State politics in India Volume I. Radiant publishers , New Delhi . pp. 92 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Pages 311 & 312 of A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Fincomindia.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central acts applicable to J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklaw.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklegislativeassembly.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Prabhat ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Has Article 356 been the Centre 's AK - 56 ? '' . Livemint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Check on the Use and Abuse of President 's Rule in India '' . Thequint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegde , Sanjay . `` The Judiciary Can Stop the Misuse of Article 356 , If It Chooses to Act - The Wire '' . Thewire.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 356 : Its Use and Misuse '' . Jagranjosh.com. 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court refuses to stay order declaring L-G Jung Delhi 's boss '' . Hindustantimes.com. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat opposes GST regime '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There is merit in Jayalalithaa 's arguments against GST bill says Subramanian Swamy '' . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules states have right to levy entry tax on goods coming in '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aseema Sinha ( 2005 ) . The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India : A Divided Leviathan . Indiana University Press . pp. 114 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34404 - 5 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` A Situational Theory of Pork - Barrel Politics : The Shifting Logic of Discretionary Allocations in India '' . GIGA Hamburg . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` A situational theory of pork - barrel politics '' . India Review . 16 : 14 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Who Gets the Most and Why ? New Lessons in Pork Barrel Politics from India '' . BW Business World . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Government Of India ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` The Government Of India Act 1935 '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prez assents : Constitution ( One Hundredth Amendment ) Act , 2015 '' . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Trade , Commerce and Intercourse in India '' . Desikanoon.co.in . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India ranks 76 in Corruption Perception Index '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC declares NJAC unconstitutional , upholds Collegium '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shailesh Gandhi , Ex Central Information Commissioner . `` Do n't need 70,000 judges . Just fill vacancies to cut backlog '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Data.worldjusticeproject.org . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government biggest litigant need to lessen load on judiciary , PM Modi '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court judgement on `` The Punjab termination of agreement Act , 2004 ( last page ) '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourtofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_India&oldid=864983181 '' Categories : Federalism by country Federalism in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 22 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism%20in%20India
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who told the best story in the canterbury tales
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The Canterbury Tales
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the canterbury tales
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The Canterbury Tales A woodcut from William Caxton 's second edition of The Canterbury Tales printed in 1483 Author Geoffrey Chaucer Original title Tales of Caunterbury Country England Language Middle English Publication date 1387 Text The Canterbury Tales at Wikisource The Canterbury Tales ( Middle English : Tales of Caunterbury ) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400 . In 1386 , Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and , in 1389 , Clerk of the King 's work . It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text , The Canterbury Tales . The tales ( mostly written in verse , although some are in prose ) are presented as part of a story - telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral . The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return . After a long list of works written earlier in his career , including Troilus and Criseyde , House of Fame , and Parliament of Fowls , The Canterbury Tales is near - unanimously seen as Chaucer 's magnum opus . He uses the tales and descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time , and particularly of the Church . Chaucer 's use of such a wide range of classes and types of people was without precedent in English . Although the characters are fictional , they still offer a variety of insights into customs and practices of the time . Often , such insight leads to a variety of discussions and disagreements among people in the 14th century . For example , although various social classes are represented in these stories and all of the pilgrims are on a spiritual quest , it is apparent that they are more concerned with worldly things than spiritual . Structurally , the collection resembles Giovanni Boccaccio 's The Decameron , which Chaucer may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372 . It has been suggested that the greatest contribution of The Canterbury Tales to English literature was the popularisation of the English vernacular in mainstream literature , as opposed to French , Italian or Latin . English had , however , been used as a literary language centuries before Chaucer 's time , and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower , William Langland , the Pearl Poet , and Julian of Norwich -- also wrote major literary works in English . It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was seminal in this evolution of literary preference . While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems , the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine . Chaucer was a courtier , leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for nobility . The Canterbury Tales is generally thought to have been incomplete at the end of Chaucer 's life . In the General Prologue , some 30 pilgrims are introduced . According to the Prologue , Chaucer 's intention was to write four stories from the perspective of each pilgrim , two each on the way to and from their ultimate destination , St. Thomas Becket 's shrine ( making for a total of about 120 stories ) . Although perhaps incomplete , The Canterbury Tales is revered as one of the most important works in English literature . It is also open to a wide range of interpretations . Contents 1 Text 1.1 Order 2 Language 3 Sources 4 Genre and structure 5 Style 6 Historical context and themes 6.1 Religion 6.2 Social class and convention 6.3 Relativism versus realism 6.4 Liminality 7 Influence on literature 8 Reception 8.1 15th century 9 Literary additions and supplements 10 Literary adaptations 11 Adaptations and homages 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Text ( edit ) The question of whether The Canterbury Tales is a finished work has not been answered to date . There are 84 manuscripts and four incunabula ( printed before c 1540 ) editions of the work , dating from the late medieval and early Renaissance periods , more than for any other vernacular literary text with the exception of The Prick of Conscience . This is taken as evidence of the Tales ' popularity during the century after Chaucer 's death . Fifty - five of these manuscripts are thought to have been originally complete , while 28 are so fragmentary that it is difficult to ascertain whether they were copied individually or as part of a set . The Tales vary in both minor and major ways from manuscript to manuscript ; many of the minor variations are due to copyists ' errors , while it is suggested that in other cases Chaucer both added to his work and revised it as it was being copied and possibly as it was being distributed . Determining the text of the work is complicated by the question of the narrator 's voice which Chaucer made part of his literary structure . Even the oldest surviving manuscripts of the Tales are not Chaucer 's originals . The very oldest is probably MS Peniarth 392 D ( called `` Hengwrt '' ) , written by a scribe shortly after Chaucer 's death . The most beautiful , on the other hand , is the Ellesmere Manuscript , a manuscript handwritten by one person with illustrations by several illustrators ; the tales are put in an order that many later editors have followed for centuries . The first version of The Canterbury Tales to be published in print was William Caxton 's 1476 edition . Only 10 copies of this edition are known to exist , including one held by the British Library and one held by the Folger Shakespeare Library . In 2004 , Linne Mooney claimed that she was able to identify the scrivener who worked for Chaucer as an Adam Pinkhurst . Mooney , then a professor at the University of Maine and a visiting fellow at Corpus Christi College , Cambridge , said she could match Pinkhurst 's signature , on an oath he signed , to his handwriting on a copy of The Canterbury Tales that might have been transcribed from Chaucer 's working copy . That identification has been questioned and doubted by others and is being debated . Order ( edit ) Main articles : Order of The Canterbury Tales and List of The Canterbury Tales characters In the absence of consensus as to whether or not a complete version of the Tales exists , there is also no general agreement regarding the order in which Chaucer intended the stories to be placed . Textual and manuscript clues have been adduced to support the two most popular modern methods of ordering the tales . Some scholarly editions divide the Tales into ten `` Fragments '' . The tales that make up a Fragment are closely related and contain internal indications of their order of presentation , usually with one character speaking to and then stepping aside for another character . However , between Fragments , the connection is less obvious . Consequently , there are several possible orders ; the one most frequently seen in modern editions follows the numbering of the Fragments ( ultimately based on the Ellesmere order ) . Victorians frequently used the nine `` Groups '' , which was the order used by Walter William Skeat whose edition Chaucer : Complete Works was used by Oxford University Press for most of the twentieth century , but this order is now seldom followed . Fragment Group Tales 01 Fragment I General Prologue , The Knight 's Tale , The Miller 's Tale , The Reeve 's Tale , The Cook 's Tale 02 Fragment II The Man of Law 's Tale 03 Fragment III The Wife of Bath 's Tale , The Friar 's Tale , The Summoner 's Tale 04 Fragment IV The Clerk 's Tale , The Merchant 's Tale 05 Fragment V The Squire 's Tale , The Franklin 's Tale 06 Fragment VI The Physician 's Tale , The Pardoner 's Tale 07 Fragment VII The Shipman 's Tale , The Prioress 's Tale , Sir Thopas ' Tale , The Tale of Melibee , The Monk 's Tale , The Nun 's Priest 's Tale 08 Fragment VIII The Second Nun 's Tale , The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale 09 Fragment IX The Manciple 's Tale 10 Fragment X The Parson 's Tale An alternative ordering ( seen in an early manuscript containing The Canterbury Tales , the early - fifteenth century Harley MS . 7334 ) places Fragment VIII before VI . Fragments I and II almost always follow each other , just as VI and VII , IX and X do in the oldest manuscripts . Fragments IV and V , by contrast , vary in location from manuscript to manuscript . Language ( edit ) The Merchant 's Prologue Recording in reconstructed Middle English pronunciation Problems playing this file ? See media help . Chaucer wrote in late Middle English , which has clear differences from Modern English . From philological research , we know certain facts about the pronunciation of English during the time of Chaucer . Chaucer pronounced - e at the end of words , so that care was ( ˈkaːrə ) , not / kɛər / as in Modern English . Other silent letters were also pronounced , so that the word knight was ( kniçt ) , with both the k and the gh pronounced , not / naɪt / . In some cases , vowel letters in Middle English were pronounced very differently from Modern English , because the Great Vowel Shift had not yet happened . For instance , the long e in wepyng `` weeping '' was pronounced as ( eː ) , as in modern German or Italian , not as / iː / . Below is an IPA transcription of the opening lines of The Merchant 's Prologue : ' Wepyng and waylyng , care and oother sorwe I knowe ynogh , on even and a-morwe , ' Quod the Marchant , ' and so doon oother mo That wedded been . ' ˈweːpiŋɡ and ˈwailiŋɡ ‖ ˈkaːr ‿ and ˈoːðər ˈsɔrwə ‖ iː ˈknɔu iˈnoːx ‖ ɔn ˈɛːvən and aˈmɔrwə ‖ ˈkwɔd ðə ˈmartʃant ‖ and ˈsɔː ˈdoːn ˈoːðər ˈmɔː ‖ ðat ˈwɛddəd ˈbeːn ‖ ' Weeping and wailing , care and other sorrow I know enough , in the evening and in the morning , ' said the Merchant , ' and so do many others who have been married . ' Although no manuscript exists in Chaucer 's own hand , two were copied around the time of his death by Adam Pinkhurst , a scribe with whom he seems to have worked closely before , giving a high degree of confidence that Chaucer himself wrote the Tales . Because the final - e sound was lost soon after Chaucer 's time , scribes did not accurately copy it , and this gave scholars the impression that Chaucer himself was inconsistent in using it . It has now been established , however , that - e was an important part of Chaucer 's grammar , and helped to distinguish singular adjectives from plural and subjunctive verbs from indicative . Sources ( edit ) A Tale from the Decameron by John William Waterhouse No other work prior to Chaucer 's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage . It is obvious , however , that Chaucer borrowed portions , sometimes very large portions , of his stories from earlier stories , and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary world in which he lived . Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time , and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years . In 14th - century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group . The winner received a crown and , as with the winner of The Canterbury Tales , a free dinner . It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen `` master of ceremonies '' to guide them and organise the journey . Harold Bloom suggests that the structure is mostly original , but inspired by the `` pilgrim '' figures of Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy . New research suggests that the General Prologue , in which the innkeeper and host Harry Bailey introduces each pilgrim , is a pastiche of the historical Harry Bailey 's surviving 1381 poll - tax account of Southwark 's inhabitants . The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio contains more parallels to The Canterbury Tales than any other work . Like the Tales , it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken ( to flee from the Black Death ) . It ends with an apology by Boccaccio , much like Chaucer 's Retraction to the Tales . A quarter of the tales in The Canterbury Tales parallel a tale in the Decameron , although most of them have closer parallels in other stories . Some scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand , surmising instead that he must have merely read the Decameron at some point , while a new study claims he had a copy of the Decameron and used it extensively as he began work on his own collection . Each of the tales has its own set of sources that have been suggested by scholars , but a few sources are used frequently over several tales . They include poetry by Ovid , the Bible in one of the many vulgate versions in which it was available at the time ( the exact one is difficult to determine ) , and the works of Petrarch and Dante . Chaucer was the first author to use the work of these last two , both Italians . Boethius ' Consolation of Philosophy appears in several tales , as the works of John Gower do . Gower was a known friend to Chaucer . A full list is impossible to outline in little space , but Chaucer also , lastly , seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopaedias and liturgical writings , such as John Bromyard 's Summa praedicantium , a preacher 's handbook , and Jerome 's Adversus Jovinianum . Many scholars say there is a good possibility Chaucer met Petrarch or Boccaccio . Genre and structure ( edit ) Canterbury Cathedral from the north west circa 1890 -- 1900 ( retouched from a black & white photograph ) The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale , a common and already long established genre of its period . Chaucer 's Tales differs from most other story `` collections '' in this genre chiefly in its intense variation . Most story collections focused on a theme , usually a religious one . Even in the Decameron , storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day . The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented , though `` the association of pilgrims and storytelling was a familiar one '' . Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety , and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms . While the structure of the Tales is largely linear , with one story following another , it is also much more than that . In the General Prologue , Chaucer describes not the tales to be told , but the people who will tell them , making it clear that structure will depend on the characters rather than a general theme or moral . This idea is reinforced when the Miller interrupts to tell his tale after the Knight has finished his . Having the Knight go first gives one the idea that all will tell their stories by class , with the Monk following the Knight . However , the Miller 's interruption makes it clear that this structure will be abandoned in favour of a free and open exchange of stories among all classes present . General themes and points of view arise as the characters tell their tales , which are responded to by other characters in their own tales , sometimes after a long lapse in which the theme has not been addressed . Lastly , Chaucer does not pay much attention to the progress of the trip , to the time passing as the pilgrims travel , or to specific locations along the way to Canterbury . His writing of the story seems focused primarily on the stories being told , and not on the pilgrimage itself . Style ( edit ) Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales in the hand of Adam Pinkhurst , c. 1400 The variety of Chaucer 's tales shows the breadth of his skill and his familiarity with many literary forms , linguistic styles , and rhetorical devices . Medieval schools of rhetoric at the time encouraged such diversity , dividing literature ( as Virgil suggests ) into high , middle , and low styles as measured by the density of rhetorical forms and vocabulary . Another popular method of division came from St. Augustine , who focused more on audience response and less on subject matter ( a Virgilian concern ) . Augustine divided literature into `` majestic persuades '' , `` temperate pleases '' , and `` subdued teaches '' . Writers were encouraged to write in a way that kept in mind the speaker , subject , audience , purpose , manner , and occasion . Chaucer moves freely between all of these styles , showing favouritism to none . He not only considers the readers of his work as an audience , but the other pilgrims within the story as well , creating a multi-layered rhetorical puzzle of ambiguities . Thus Chaucer 's work far surpasses the ability of any single medieval theory to uncover . With this , Chaucer avoids targeting any specific audience or social class of readers , focusing instead on the characters of the story and writing their tales with a skill proportional to their social status and learning . However , even the lowest characters , such as the Miller , show surprising rhetorical ability , although their subject matter is more lowbrow . Vocabulary also plays an important part , as those of the higher classes refer to a woman as a `` lady '' , while the lower classes use the word `` wenche '' , with no exceptions . At times the same word will mean entirely different things between classes . The word `` pitee '' , for example , is a noble concept to the upper classes , while in the Merchant 's Tale it refers to sexual intercourse . Again , however , tales such as the Nun 's Priest 's Tale show surprising skill with words among the lower classes of the group , while the Knight 's Tale is at times extremely simple . Chaucer uses the same meter throughout almost all of his tales , with the exception of Sir Thopas and his prose tales . It is a decasyllable line , probably borrowed from French and Italian forms , with riding rhyme and , occasionally , a caesura in the middle of a line . His meter would later develop into the heroic meter of the 15th and 16th centuries and is an ancestor of iambic pentameter . He avoids allowing couplets to become too prominent in the poem , and four of the tales ( the Man of Law 's , Clerk 's , Prioress ' , and Second Nun 's ) use rhyme royal . Historical context and themes ( edit ) The Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 is mentioned in the Tales . The Canterbury Tales was written during a turbulent time in English history . The Catholic Church was in the midst of the Western Schism and , although it was still the only Christian authority in Europe , it was the subject of heavy controversy . Lollardy , an early English religious movement led by John Wycliffe , is mentioned in the Tales , which also mention a specific incident involving pardoners ( sellers of indulgences , which were believed to relieve the temporal punishment due for sins that were already forgiven in the Sacrament of Confession ) who nefariously claimed to be collecting for St. Mary Rouncesval hospital in England . The Canterbury Tales is among the first English literary works to mention paper , a relatively new invention that allowed dissemination of the written word never before seen in England . Political clashes , such as the 1381 Peasants ' Revolt and clashes ending in the deposing of King Richard II , further reveal the complex turmoil surrounding Chaucer in the time of the Tales ' writing . Many of his close friends were executed and he himself moved to Kent to get away from events in London . While some readers look to interpret the characters of The Canterbury Tales as historical figures , other readers choose to interpret its significance in less literal terms . After analysis of Chaucer 's diction and historical context , his work appears to develop a critique of society during his lifetime . Within a number of his descriptions , his comments can appear complimentary in nature , but through clever language , the statements are ultimately critical of the pilgrim 's actions . It is unclear whether Chaucer would intend for the reader to link his characters with actual persons . Instead , it appears that Chaucer creates fictional characters to be general representations of people in such fields of work . With an understanding of medieval society , one can detect subtle satire at work . Religion ( edit ) The Tales reflect diverse views of the Church in Chaucer 's England . After the Black Death , many Europeans began to question the authority of the established Church . Some turned to lollardy , while others chose less extreme paths , starting new monastic orders or smaller movements exposing church corruption in the behaviour of the clergy , false church relics or abuse of indulgences . Several characters in the Tales are religious figures , and the very setting of the pilgrimage to Canterbury is religious ( although the prologue comments ironically on its merely seasonal attractions ) , making religion a significant theme of the work . Two characters , the Pardoner and the Summoner , whose roles apply the Church 's secular power , are both portrayed as deeply corrupt , greedy , and abusive . Pardoners in Chaucer 's day were those people from whom one bought Church `` indulgences '' for forgiveness of sins , who were guilty of abusing their office for their own gain . Chaucer 's Pardoner openly admits the corruption of his practice while hawking his wares . Summoners were Church officers who brought sinners to the Church court for possible excommunication and other penalties . Corrupt summoners would write false citations and frighten people into bribing them to protect their interests . Chaucer 's Summoner is portrayed as guilty of the very kinds of sins for which he is threatening to bring others to court , and is hinted as having a corrupt relationship with the Pardoner . In The Friar 's Tale , one of the characters is a summoner who is shown to be working on the side of the devil , not God . The murder of Thomas Becket Churchmen of various kinds are represented by the Monk , the Prioress , the Nun 's Priest , and the Second Nun . Monastic orders , which originated from a desire to follow an ascetic lifestyle separated from the world , had by Chaucer 's time become increasingly entangled in worldly matters . Monasteries frequently controlled huge tracts of land on which they made significant sums of money , while peasants worked in their employ . The Second Nun is an example of what a Nun was expected to be : her tale is about a woman whose chaste example brings people into the church . The Monk and the Prioress , on the other hand , while not as corrupt as the Summoner or Pardoner , fall far short of the ideal for their orders . Both are expensively dressed , show signs of lives of luxury and flirtatiousness and show a lack of spiritual depth . The Prioress 's Tale is an account of Jews murdering a deeply pious and innocent Christian boy , a blood libel against Jews that became a part of English literary tradition . The story did not originate in the works of Chaucer and was well known in the 14th century . Pilgrimage was a very prominent feature of medieval society . The ultimate pilgrimage destination was Jerusalem , but within England Canterbury was a popular destination . Pilgrims would journey to cathedrals that preserved relics of saints , believing that such relics held miraculous powers . Saint Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury , had been murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by knights of Henry II during a disagreement between Church and Crown . Miracle stories connected to his remains sprang up soon after his death , and the cathedral became a popular pilgrimage destination . The pilgrimage in the work ties all of the stories together and may be considered a representation of Christians ' striving for heaven , despite weaknesses , disagreement , and diversity of opinion . Social class and convention ( edit ) Bors ' Dilemma -- he chooses to save a maiden rather than his brother Lionel The upper class or nobility , represented chiefly by the Knight and his Squire , was in Chaucer 's time steeped in a culture of chivalry and courtliness . Nobles were expected to be powerful warriors who could be ruthless on the battlefield yet mannerly in the King 's Court and Christian in their actions . Knights were expected to form a strong social bond with the men who fought alongside them , but an even stronger bond with a woman whom they idealised to strengthen their fighting ability . Though the aim of chivalry was to noble action , its conflicting values often degenerated into violence . Church leaders frequently tried to place restrictions on jousts and tournaments , which at times ended in the death of the loser . The Knight 's Tale shows how the brotherly love of two fellow knights turns into a deadly feud at the sight of a woman whom both idealise . To win her , both are willing to fight to the death . Chivalry was on the decline in Chaucer 's day , and it is possible that The Knight 's Tale was intended to show its flaws , although this is disputed . Chaucer himself had fought in the Hundred Years ' War under Edward III , who heavily emphasised chivalry during his reign . Two tales , Sir Topas and The Tale of Melibee are told by Chaucer himself , who is travelling with the pilgrims in his own story . Both tales seem to focus on the ill - effects of chivalry -- the first making fun of chivalric rules and the second warning against violence . The Tales constantly reflect the conflict between classes . For example , the division of the three estates : the characters are all divided into three distinct classes , the classes being `` those who pray '' ( the clergy ) , `` those who fight '' ( the nobility ) , and `` those who work '' ( the commoners and peasantry ) . Most of the tales are interlinked by common themes , and some `` quit '' ( reply to or retaliate against ) other tales . Convention is followed when the Knight begins the game with a tale , as he represents the highest social class in the group . But when he is followed by the Miller , who represents a lower class , it sets the stage for the Tales to reflect both a respect for and a disregard for upper class rules . Helen Cooper , as well as Mikhail Bakhtin and Derek Brewer , call this opposition `` the ordered and the grotesque , Lent and Carnival , officially approved culture and its riotous , and high - spirited underside . '' Several works of the time contained the same opposition . Relativism versus realism ( edit ) Chaucer 's characters each express different -- sometimes vastly different -- views of reality , creating an atmosphere of testing , empathy , and relativism . As Helen Cooper says , `` Different genres give different readings of the world : the fabliau scarcely notices the operations of God , the saint 's life focuses on those at the expense of physical reality , tracts and sermons insist on prudential or orthodox morality , romances privilege human emotion . '' The sheer number of varying persons and stories renders the Tales as a set unable to arrive at any definite truth or reality . Liminality ( edit ) The concept of liminality figures prominently within The Canterbury Tales . A liminal space , which can be both geographical as well as metaphorical or spiritual , is the transitional or transformational space between a `` real '' ( secure , known , limited ) world and an unknown or imaginary space of both risk and possibility . The notion of a pilgrimage is itself a liminal experience , because it centres on travel between destinations and because pilgrims undertake it hoping to become more holy in the process . Thus , the structure of The Canterbury Tales itself is liminal ; it not only covers the distance between London and Canterbury , but the majority of the tales refer to places entirely outside the geography of the pilgrimage . Jean Jost summarises the function of liminality in The Canterbury Tales , `` Both appropriately and ironically in this raucous and subversive liminal space , a ragtag assembly gather together and tell their equally unconventional tales . In this unruly place , the rules of tale telling are established , themselves to be both disordered and broken ; here the tales of game and earnest , solas and sentence , will be set and interrupted . Here the sacred and profane adventure begins , but does not end . Here , the condition of peril is as prominent as that of protection . The act of pilgrimaging itself consists of moving from one urban space , through liminal rural space , to the next urban space with an ever fluctuating series of events and narratives punctuating those spaces . The goal of pilgrimage may well be a religious or spiritual space at its conclusion , and reflect a psychological progression of the spirit , in yet another kind of emotional space . '' Liminality is also evident in the individual tales . An obvious instance of this is the Friar 's Tale in which the yeoman devil is a liminal figure because of his transitory nature and function ; it is his purpose to issue souls from their current existence to hell , an entirely different one . The Franklin 's Tale is a Breton Lai tale , which takes the tale into a liminal space by invoking not only the interaction of the supernatural and the mortal , but also the relation between the present and the imagined past . Influence on literature ( edit ) It is sometimes argued that the greatest contribution that this work made to English literature was in popularising the literary use of the vernacular English , rather than French or Latin . English had , however , been used as a literary language for centuries before Chaucer 's life , and several of Chaucer 's contemporaries -- John Gower , William Langland , and the Pearl Poet -- also wrote major literary works in English . It is unclear to what extent Chaucer was responsible for starting a trend rather than simply being part of it . Although Chaucer had a powerful influence in poetic and artistic terms , which can be seen in the great number of forgeries and mistaken attributions ( such as The Floure and the Leafe , which was translated by John Dryden ) , modern English spelling and orthography owe much more to the innovations made by the Court of Chancery in the decades during and after his lifetime . Reception ( edit ) Chaucer as a Pilgrim from the Ellesmere manuscript . Opening prologue of The Wife of Bath 's Tale from the Ellesmere Manuscript . While Chaucer clearly states the addressees of many of his poems ( the Book of the Duchess is believed to have been written for John of Gaunt on the occasion of his wife 's death in 1368 ) , the intended audience of The Canterbury Tales is more difficult to determine . Chaucer was a courtier , leading some to believe that he was mainly a court poet who wrote exclusively for the nobility . He is referred to as a noble translator and poet by Eustache Deschamps and by his contemporary John Gower . It has been suggested that the poem was intended to be read aloud , which is probable as this was a common activity at the time . However , it also seems to have been intended for private reading as well , since Chaucer frequently refers to himself as the writer , rather than the speaker , of the work . Determining the intended audience directly from the text is even more difficult , since the audience is part of the story . This makes it difficult to tell when Chaucer is writing to the fictional pilgrim audience or the actual reader . Chaucer 's works may have been distributed in some form during his lifetime in part or in whole . Scholars speculate that manuscripts were circulated among his friends , but likely remained unknown to most people until after his death . However , the speed with which copyists strove to write complete versions of his tale in manuscript form shows that Chaucer was a famous and respected poet in his own day . The Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts are examples of the care taken to distribute the work . More manuscript copies of the poem exist than for any other poem of its day except The Prick of Conscience , causing some scholars to give it the medieval equivalent of bestseller status . Even the most elegant of the illustrated manuscripts , however , is not nearly as highly decorated as the work of authors of more respectable works such as John Lydgate 's religious and historical literature . 15th century ( edit ) John Lydgate and Thomas Occleve were among the first critics of Chaucer 's Tales , praising the poet as the greatest English poet of all time and the first to show what the language was truly capable of poetically . This sentiment was universally agreed upon by later critics into the mid-15th century . Glosses included in The Canterbury Tales manuscripts of the time praised him highly for his skill with `` sentence '' and rhetoric , the two pillars by which medieval critics judged poetry . The most respected of the tales was at this time the Knight 's , as it was full of both . Literary additions and supplements ( edit ) The incompleteness of the Tales led several medieval authors to write additions and supplements to the tales to make them more complete . Some of the oldest existing manuscripts of the tales include new or modified tales , showing that even early on , such additions were being created . These emendations included various expansions of the Cook 's Tale , which Chaucer never finished , The Plowman 's Tale , The Tale of Gamelyn , the Siege of Thebes , and the Tale of Beryn . The Tale of Beryn , written by an anonymous author in the 15th century , is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described . While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town , the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate the barmaid , but faces problems dealing with the man in her life and the innkeeper Harry Bailey . As the pilgrims turn back home , the Merchant restarts the storytelling with Tale of Beryn . In this tale , a young man named Beryn travels from Rome to Egypt to seek his fortune only to be cheated by other businessmen there . He is then aided by a local man in getting his revenge . The tale comes from the French tale Bérinus and exists in a single early manuscript of the tales , although it was printed along with the tales in a 1721 edition by John Urry . John Lydgate wrote The Siege of Thebes in about 1420 . Like the Tale of Beryn , it is preceded by a prologue in which the pilgrims arrive in Canterbury . Lydgate places himself among the pilgrims as one of them and describes how he was a part of Chaucer 's trip and heard the stories . He characterises himself as a monk and tells a long story about the history of Thebes before the events of the Knight 's Tale . John Lydgate 's tale was popular early on and exists in old manuscripts both on its own and as part of the Tales . It was first printed as early as 1561 by John Stow , and several editions for centuries after followed suit . There are actually two versions of The Plowman 's Tale , both of which are influenced by the story Piers Plowman , a work written during Chaucer 's lifetime . Chaucer describes a Plowman in the General Prologue of his tales , but never gives him his own tale . One tale , written by Thomas Occleve , describes the miracle of the Virgin and the Sleeveless Garment . Another tale features a pelican and a griffin debating church corruption , with the pelican taking a position of protest akin to John Wycliffe 's ideas . The Tale of Gamelyn was included in an early manuscript version of the tales , Harley 7334 , which is notorious for being one of the lower - quality early manuscripts in terms of editor error and alteration . It is now widely rejected by scholars as an authentic Chaucerian tale , although some scholars think he may have intended to rewrite the story as a tale for the Yeoman . Dates for its authorship vary from 1340 to 1370 . Literary adaptations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many literary works ( both fiction and non-fiction alike ) have used a similar frame narrative to The Canterbury Tales as an homage . Science - fiction writer Dan Simmons wrote his Hugo Award winning novel Hyperion based on an extra-planetary group of pilgrims . Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins used The Canterbury Tales as a structure for his 2004 non-fiction book about evolution titled The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution . His animal pilgrims are on their way to find the common ancestor , each telling a tale about evolution . Henry Dudeney 's book The Canterbury Puzzles contains a part reputedly lost from what modern readers know as Chaucer 's tales . Historical - mystery novelist P.C. Doherty wrote a series of novels based on The Canterbury Tales , making use of both the story frame and Chaucer 's characters . Canadian author Angie Abdou translates The Canterbury Tales to a cross section of people , all snow - sports enthusiasts but from different social backgrounds , converging on a remote back - country ski cabin in British Columbia in the 2011 novel The Canterbury Trail . Adaptations and homages ( edit ) The Two Noble Kinsmen , by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher , a retelling of `` The Knight 's Tale '' , was first performed in 1613 or 1614 and published in 1634 . In 1961 , Erik Chisholm completed his opera , The Canterbury Tales . The opera is in three acts : The Wyf of Bath 's Tale , The Pardoner 's Tale and The Nun 's Priest 's Tale . Nevill Coghill 's modern English version formed the basis of a musical version that was first staged in 1964 . A Canterbury Tale , a 1944 film jointly written and directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger , is loosely based on the narrative frame of Chaucer 's tales . The movie opens with a group of medieval pilgrims journeying through the Kentish countryside as a narrator speaks the opening lines of the General Prologue . The scene then makes a now - famous transition to the time of World War II . From that point on , the film follows a group of strangers , each with his or her own story and in need of some kind of redemption , who are making their way to Canterbury together . The film 's main story takes place in an imaginary town in Kent and ends with the main characters arriving at Canterbury Cathedral , bells pealing and Chaucer 's words again resounding . A Canterbury Tale is recognised as one of the Powell - Pressburger team 's most poetic and artful films . It was produced as wartime propaganda , using Chaucer 's poetry , referring to the famous pilgrimage , and offering photography of Kent to remind the public of what made Britain worth fighting for . In one scene a local historian lectures an audience of British soldiers about the pilgrims of Chaucer 's time and the vibrant history of England . Pier Paolo Pasolini 's 1972 film The Canterbury Tales features several of the tales , some of which keep close to the original tale and some of which are embellished . The Cook 's Tale , for instance , which is incomplete in the original version , is expanded into a full story , and the Friar 's Tale extends the scene in which the Summoner is dragged down to hell . The film includes these two tales as well as the Miller 's Tale , the Summoner 's Tale , the Wife of Bath 's Tale , and the Merchant 's Tale . On 26 April 1986 , American radio personality Garrison Keillor opened `` The News from Lake Wobegon '' portion of the first live TV broadcast of his A Prairie Home Companion radio show with a reading of the original Middle English text of the General Prologue . He commented , `` Although those words were written more than 600 years ago , they still describe spring . '' Television adaptations include Alan Plater 's 1975 re-telling of the stories in a series of plays for BBC2 : Trinity Tales . In 2003 , BBC again featured modern re-tellings of selected tales . Ezra Winter , Canterbury Tales mural ( 1939 ) , Library of Congress John Adams Building , Washington , D.C. This mural is located on the west wall of the North Reading Room , and features the Miller , Host , Knight , Squire , Yeoman , Doctor , Chaucer , Man of Law , Clerk , Manciple , Sailor , Prioress , Nun and three Priests ; the other pilgrims appear on the east wall mural . The Knight The Squire The Reeve The Miller The Cook The Wife of Bath The Franklin The Shipman The Manciple The Merchant The Clerk of Oxford The Sergeant of Law The Physician The Parson The Monk The Prioress The Second Nun The Nun 's Priest The Friar The Summoner The Pardoner The Canon Yeoman Geoffrey Chaucer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carlson , David . `` The Chronology of Lydgate 's Chaucer References '' . The Chaucer Review , Vol. 38 , No. 3 ( 2004 ) , pp. 246 -- 254 . Accessed 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The name `` Tales of Caunterbury '' appears within the surviving texts of Chaucer 's work . Its modern name first appeared as Canterbury talys in John Lydgate 's 1421 -- 1422 prologue to the Siege of Thebes . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Brittanica Jump up ^ Prestwich , Michael ( 2014 ) . Medieval People : Vivid Lives in a Distant Landscape . London : Thames & Hudson . pp. 4 . An Age of Plague 1300 -- 1400 . ISBN 9780500252031 . Jump up ^ `` Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1342 -- 1400 ) `` The Canterbury Tales '' ( in middle english and modern english ) `` . www.librarius.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Black , Joseph ( 2011 ) . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature . Canada : Broadview Press . pp. 229 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 8 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Pearsall , 10 , 17 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 8 . Jump up ^ Linne R. Mooney ( 2006 ) , `` Chaucer 's Scribe , '' Speculum , 81 : 97 -- 138 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Ezard , John . The scrivener 's tale : how Chaucer 's sloppy copyist was unmasked after 600 years The Guardian . 20 July 2004 Jump up ^ Gillespie , Alexandra . Reading Chaucer 's Words to Adam . The Chaucer Review . Vol. 42 , No. 3 ( 2008 ) pp. 269 - 83 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , 7 Jump up ^ Pearsall , 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Text from The Riverside Chaucer , ed. by Larry D. Benson , 3rd edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Based on the information in Norman Davies , `` Language and Versification '' , in The Riverside Chaucer , ed. by Larry D. Benson , 3rd edn ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 ) , pp. xxv -- xli . Jump up ^ Linne R. Mooney , `` Chaucer 's Scribe '' , Speculum , 81 ( 2006 ) , 97 -- 138 . Jump up ^ e.g. Ian Robinson , Chaucer 's Prosody : A Study of the Middle English Verse Tradition ( London : Cambridge University Press , 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Seminal studies included M.L. Samuels , `` Chaucerian Final ' - e ' '' , Notes and Queries , 19 ( 1972 ) , 445 -- 48 , and D. Burnley , `` Inflection in Chaucer 's Adjectives '' , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , 83 ( 1982 ) , 169 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Cooper , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Road Trip '' . New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sobecki , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . `` A Southwark Tale : Gower , the 1381 Poll Tax , and Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales '' . Speculum. 92 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 660 . doi : 10.1086 / 692620 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Frederick M. Chaucer 's Decameron and the Origin of the Canterbury Tales . D.S. Brewer , . Cambridge . ISBN 9781843844754 . OCLC 971521732 . Jump up ^ Cooper , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 227 . Although Chaucer undoubtedly studied the works of these celebrated writers , and particularly of Dante before this fortunate interview ; yet it seems likely , that these excursions gave him a new relish for their compositions , and enlarged his knowledge of the Italian fables . Jump up ^ Brewer , p. 277 ... where he became thoroughly inbued with the spirit and excellence of the great Italian poets and prose - writers : Dante , Petrarch , Boccaccio ; and is said to have had a personal contact interview with one of these , Petrarch . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , pp. 183 -- 192 . Professor G.L. Hendrickson of the University of Chicago gives a detailed analysis as to Chaucer coming in contact with Petrarch . Jump up ^ Rearden , p. 458 . There can be no moral doubt but that Chaucer knew Petrarch personally . They were both in France many times , where they might have met . They were both courtiers . They both had an enthusiasm for scholarship . Whether they met then , or whether Chaucer , when on his visit to Genoa , specially visited the Italian , it does not appear ... but the only reason that such a visit could not have occurred lies in the fact that Petrarch himself does not record it . Still , on the other hand , would he have mentioned the visit of a man who was the servant of a barbarous monarch , and whose only claim to notice , literary-wise , was his cultivation of an unknown and uncouth dialect that was half bastard French ? Jump up ^ Skeat ( 1874 ) , p. xxx . And we know that Petrarch , on his own shewing , was so pleased with the story of Griselda that he learnt it by heart as well as he could , for the express purpose of repeating it to friends , before the idea of turning it into Latin occurred to him . Whence we may conclude that Chaucer and Petrarch met at Padua early in 1373 ; that Petrarch told Chaucer the story by word of mouth , either in Italian or French ; and that Chaucer shortly after obtained a copy of Petrarch 's Latin version , which he kept constantly before him whilst making his own translation . Jump up ^ `` Sources and Analogues of the Canterbury Tales '' , 2002 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 18 . ^ Jump up to : Podgorski , Daniel ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Puppetry and the `` Popet : '' Fiction , Reality , and Empathy in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales `` . The Gemsbok . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Donald R. Howard , Chaucer and the Medieval World ( London , 1987 ) , pp. 410 -- 417 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 49 -- 51 , 56 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 50 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 73 -- 75 , 81 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 91 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Rubin , 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Prioress 's Tale '' , by Prof. Jane Zatta . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 110 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 123 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 132 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 139 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 138 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 141 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Bisson , pp. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , 19 Jump up ^ Cooper , 21 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Norma J. `` Liminal Space in Travellers ' Tales : Historical and Fictional Passages ( Folklore , Ritual , History ) . '' Order No. 8615152 The Pennsylvania State University , 1986 . Ann Arbor : ProQuest . Web . 30 Sep. 2015 . Jump up ^ Jost , Jean . `` Urban and Liminal Space in Chaucer 's Knight 's Tale : Perilous or Protective ? '' Albrecht Classen , ed . Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture : Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age . Berlin , DEU : Walter de Gruyter , 2009 . Print . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Morton W . `` The ' Friar 's Tale ' as a Liminal Tale . '' The Chaucer Review 17.4 ( 1983 ) : 286 -- 291 . Print . Jump up ^ Nowlin , Steele . `` Between Precedent and Possibility : Liminality , Historicity , and Narrative in Chaucer 's ' The Franklin 's Tale . ' '' Studies in Philology 103.1 ( 2006 ) : 47 -- 67 . Print . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 294 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 295 - 97 . Jump up ^ Pearsall , 298 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Trigg , Stephanie , Congenial Souls : Reading Chaucer from Medieval to Postmodern , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2002 , p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3823 - 3 . Jump up ^ Trigg , pp. 86 -- 88 , 97 . Jump up ^ Trigg , pp. 88 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Charlotte , Editing Piers Plowman : The Evolution of the Text , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1996 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34250 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ohlgren , Thomas , Medieval Outlaws , Parlor Press , 2005 , pp. 264 -- 265 . ISBN 1 - 932559 - 62 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Steve , Chaucer at Large , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 2000 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 3376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pencak , William , The Films of Derek Jarman , Jefferson : McFarland & Co , 2002 , pp. 178 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1430 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Drama -- Canterbury Tales '' . BBC Drama article about the series . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On These Walls : Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress '' . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . References ( edit ) Bisson , Lillian M. ( 1998 ) . Chaucer and the late medieval world . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10667 - 6 . Cooper , Helen ( 1996 ) . The Canterbury tales . Oxford guides to Chaucer ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 871155 - 1 . Pearsall , Derek Albert ( 1985 ) . The Canterbury tales . Unwin critical library . London : G. Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 800021 - 7 . Scattered among the nations : documents affecting Jewish history , 49 to 1975 . Alexis P. Rubin ( ed . ) . Toronto , ON : Wall & Emerson . 1993 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895131 - 10 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Collette , Carolyn P. ( 2001 ) . Species , phantasms , and images : vision and medieval psychology in The Canterbury tales . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . doi : 10.3998 / mpub. 16499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11161 - 9 . Kolve , V.A. ; Olson , Glending ( 2005 ) . The Canterbury tales : fifteen tales and the general prologue : authoritative text , sources and backgrounds , criticism . A Norton critical edition ( 2 ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92587 - 6 . Sobecki , Sebastian ( 2017 ) . `` A Southwark Tale : Gower , the 1381 Poll Tax , and Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales '' . Speculum. 92 ( 3 ) : 630 -- 660 . doi : 10.1086 / 692620 . Thompson , N.S. ( 1996 ) . Chaucer , Boccaccio , and the debate of love : a comparative study of the Decameron and the Canterbury tales . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812378 - 1 . Spark Notes : The Canterbury Tales . New York , New York : Spark Publishing . 2014 . No Fair : The Canterbury Tales . New York , New York : Spark Publishing . 2009 . Dogan , Sandeur ( 2013 ) . `` The Three Estates Model : Represented and Satirised in Chaucer 's General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales '' . Journal of History , Culture & Art Research / Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Arastirmalari Dergisi . Jun2013 , Vol. 2 Issue 2 , p49 - 56 . Biggs , Frederick ( 2017 ) . Chaucer 's Decameron and the origin of the Canterbury tales . D.S. Brewer , . * Cambridge . ISBN 9781843844754 . OCLC 971521732 Nicholls , Jonathan . `` Review : Chaucer 's Narrators by David Lawton , '' The Modern Language Review , 2017 . Pugh , Tison . `` Gender , Vulgarity , and the Phantom Debates of Chaucer 's Merchant 's Tale , '' Studies in Philology , Vol. 114 Issue 3 , 473 - 496 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Novels portal Find more aboutThe Canterbury Talesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity General Modern Translation and Other Resources at eChaucer The Canterbury Tales Project : publishing transcripts , images , collations and analysis of all surviving 15th - century copies The Canterbury Tales public domain audiobook at LibriVox Online texts The Canterbury Tales and Other Poems at Project Gutenberg Ecker , Ronald L. ; Crook , Eugene Joseph ( 1993 ) . The Canterbury Tales : A Complete Translation into Modern English . Palatka , FL : Hodge & Braddock . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9636512 - 3 - 5 . Facsimiles The Hengwrt Manuscript : the oldest manuscript copy Ellesmere Chaucer British Library , Harley MS 7334 British Library , Harley MS 1758 Caxton 's Chaucer : scans of William Caxton 's two editions of Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer Works The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Chaucer 's Retraction Other works The Romaunt of the Rose The Book of the Duchess The House of Fame Anelida and Arcite The Parliament of Fowls Boece Troilus and Criseyde The Legend of Good Women A Treatise on the Astrolabe Spurious The Cuckoo and the Nightingale The Complaint of the Black Knight The Floure and the Leafe Pierce the Ploughman 's Crede Jack Upland Tales The Tale of Gamelyn Prologue and Tale of Beryn The Plowman 's Tale The Pilgrim 's Tale Language and Texts Rhyme royal Heroic couplet English words first attested in Chaucer MSS Tradition Order of The Canterbury Tales Hengwrt Chaucer Ellesmere Chaucer Harley MS . 7334 Adam Pinkhurst Scribe D Related Chaucer 's influence on fifteenth - century Scottish literature Influence of Italian humanism on Chaucer Philippa Roet ( wife ) Katherine Swynford ( wife 's sister ) Thomas Chaucer ( son ) Alice de la Pole ( granddaughter ) Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales Order of The Canterbury Tales General Prologue The Knight 's Tale The Miller 's Tale The Reeve 's Tale The Cook 's Tale The Man of Law 's Tale The Wife of Bath 's Tale The Friar 's Tale The Summoner 's Tale The Clerk 's Tale The Merchant 's Tale The Squire 's Tale The Franklin 's Tale The Physician 's Tale The Pardoner 's Tale The Shipman 's Tale The Prioress 's Tale Sir Thopas The Tale of Melibee The Monk 's Tale The Nun 's Priest 's Tale The Second Nun 's Tale The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale The Manciple 's Tale The Parson 's Tale Addenda The Plowman 's Tale The Tale of Gamelyn Siege of Thebes Prologue and Tale of Beryn Films The Canterbury Tales ( 1972 ) Stage The Two Noble Kinsmen ( 1634 play ) The Canterbury Pilgrims ( 1917 opera ) Canterbury Tales ( 1964 musical ) Television Trinity Tales ( 1975 ) The Canterbury Tales ( 2003 ) Literature The Canterbury Puzzles A Commentary on the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales Single tale derivations The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle Chanticleer and the Fox The Book of the Dun Cow Palamon and Arcite God Spede the Plough `` The Pilgrim 's Tale '' Related Chaucer 's Retraction Ellesmere Chaucer Hengwrt Chaucer Descriptive Catalogue `` Have a nice day '' Words first used in Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canterbury_Tales&oldid=863578208 '' Categories : The Canterbury Tales 14th - century books 14th - century poems Adultery in short stories Arthurian literature in Middle English Astrological texts Canterbury Frame stories Middle English poems Narrative poems Novels set in Kent Unfinished poems Censored books Hidden categories : Articles containing Middle English - language text EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles that link to Wikisource All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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where are the elytra located if they are present on an insect
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In most species of beetles , the front pair of wings are modified and sclerotised ( hardened ) to form elytra and they protect the delicate hindwings which are folded beneath . The elytra are connected to the pterathorax ; being called as such because it is where the wings are connected ( pteron meaning `` wing '' in Greek ) . The elytra are not used for flight , but tend to cover the hind part of the body and protect the second pair of wings ( alae ) . The elytra must be raised in order to move the hind flight wings . A beetle 's flight wings are crossed with veins and are folded after landing , often along these veins , and are stored below the elytra . In some beetles , the ability to fly has been lost . These include some ground beetles ( family Carabidae ) and some `` true weevils '' ( family Curculionidae ) , but also some desert and cave - dwelling species of other families . Many of these species have the two elytra fused together , forming a solid shield over the abdomen . In a few families , both the ability to fly and the elytra have been lost , with the best known example being the glow - worms of the family Phengodidae , in which the females are larviform throughout their lives .
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connected to the pterathorax
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Insect wing
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insect wing
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Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly . They are found on the second and third thoracic segments ( the mesothorax and metathorax ) , and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwings , respectively , though a few insects lack hindwings , even rudiments . The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins , which often have cross-connections that form closed `` cells '' in the membrane ( extreme examples include the dragonflies and lacewings ) . The patterns resulting from the fusion and cross-connection of the wing veins are often diagnostic for different evolutionary lineages and can be used for identification to the family or even genus level in many orders of insects .
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Physically , some insects move their flight muscles directly , others indirectly . In insects with direct flight , the wing muscles directly attached to the wing base , so that a small downward movement of the wing base lifts the wing itself upward . Those insects with indirect flight have muscles that attach to and deform the thorax , causing the wings to move as well . The wings are present in only one sex ( often the male ) in some groups such as velvet ants and Strepsiptera , or are selectively lost in `` workers '' of social insects such as ants and termites . Rarely , the female is winged but the male not , as in fig wasps . In some cases , wings are produced only at particular times in the life cycle , such as in the dispersal phase of aphids . Wing structure and colouration often vary with morphs , such as in the aphids , migratory phases of locusts and polymorphic butterflies . At rest , the wings may be held flat , or folded a number of times along specific patterns ; most typically , it is the hindwings which are folded , but in a few groups such as the vespid wasps , it is the forewings . How and why insect wings evolved is not well understood . Three main theories on the origins of insect flight are that wings developed from paranotal lobes , extensions of the thoracic terga ; that they are modifications of movable abdominal gills as found on aquatic naiads of mayflies ; and that insect wings arose from the fusion of pre-existing endite and exite structures each with pre-existing articulation and tracheation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Morphology 1.1 Internal 1.2 Venation 1.3 Fields 1.4 Joints 1.5 Muscles 1.6 Coupling , folding , and other features 2 Flight 2.1 Flight mechanisms 2.2 Aerodynamics 3 Evolution 3.1 Fossils 3.2 Hypotheses 4 Morphogenesis 5 Nomenclature 6 Adaptations 6.1 Variation 6.2 Coleoptera 6.3 Lepidoptera 6.4 Odonata 6.5 Orthoptera 6.6 Phasmatodea 6.7 Dermaptera 6.8 Hemiptera 6.9 Diptera 6.10 Blattodea 6.11 Hymenoptera 6.12 Other families 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Morphology ( edit ) Internal ( edit ) Each of the wings consists of a thin membrane supported by a system of veins . The membrane is formed by two layers of integument closely apposed , while the veins are formed where the two layers remain separate ; sometimes the lower cuticle is thicker and more heavily sclerotized under a vein . Within each of the major veins there is a nerve and a trachea , and , since the cavities of the veins are connected with the hemocoel , hemolymph can flow into the wings . As the wing develops , the dorsal and ventral integumental layers become closely apposed over most of their area forming the wing membrane . The remaining areas form channels , the future veins , in which the nerves and tracheae may occur . The cuticle surrounding the veins becomes thickened and more heavily sclerotized to provide strength and rigidity to the wing . Two types of hair may occur on the wings : microtrichia , which are small and irregularly scattered , and macrotrichia , which are larger , socketed , and may be restricted to veins . The scales of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera are highly modified macrotrichia . Venation ( edit ) Venation of insect wings , based on the Comstock -- Needham system In some very small insects , the venation may be greatly reduced . In Chalcidoidea ( Chalcid wasps ) , for instance , only the subcosta and part of the radius are present . Conversely , an increase in venation may occur by the branching of existing veins to produce accessory veins or by the development of additional , intercalary veins between the original ones , as in the wings of Orthoptera ( grasshoppers and crickets ) . Large numbers of cross-veins are present in some insects , and they may form a reticulum as in the wings of Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) and at the base of the forewings of Tettigonioidea and Acridoidea ( katydids and grasshoppers respectively ) . The archedictyon is the name given to a hypothetical scheme of wing venation proposed for the very first winged insect . It is based on a combination of speculation and fossil data . Since all winged insects are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor , the archedictyon represents the `` template '' that has been modified ( and streamlined ) by natural selection for 200 million years . According to current dogma , the archedictyon contained 6 -- 8 longitudinal veins . These veins ( and their branches ) are named according to a system devised by John Comstock and George Needham -- the Comstock -- Needham system : Costa ( C ) -- the leading edge of the wing Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein ( behind the costa ) , typically unbranched Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , one to five branches reach the wing margin Media ( M ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , one to four branches reach the wing margin Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , one to three branches reach the wing margin Anal veins ( A1 , A2 , A3 ) -- unbranched veins behind the cubitus The costa ( C ) is the leading marginal vein on most insects , although sometimes there is a small vein above the costa called the precosta , although in almost all extant insects , the precosta is fused with the costa ; The costa rarely ever branches because it is at the leading edge , which is associated at its base with the humeral plate . The trachea of the costal vein is perhaps a branch of the subcostal trachea . Located after the costa is the third vein , the subcosta , which branches into two separate veins : the anterior and posterior . The base of the subcosta is associated with the distal end of the neck of the first axillary ( see section below ) . The fourth vein is the radius ( R ) , which is branched into five separate veins . The radius is generally the strongest vein of the wing . Toward the middle of the wing , it forks into a first undivided branch ( R1 ) and a second branch , called the radial sector ( Ra ) , which subdivides dichotomously into four distal branches ( R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 ) . Basally , the radius is flexibly united with the anterior end of the second axillary ( 2Ax ) . The fifth vein of the wing is the media . In the archetype pattern ( A ) , the media forks into two main branches : a media anterior ( MA ) , which divides into two distal branches ( MA1 , MA2 ) , and a median sector , or media posterior ( MP ) , which has four terminal branches ( M1 , M2 , M3 , M4 ) . In most modern insects the media anterior has been lost , and the usual `` media '' is the four - branched media posterior with the common basal stem . In the Ephemerida , according to present interpretations of the wing venation , both branches of the media are retained , while in Odonata the persisting media is the primitive anterior branch . The stem of the media is often united with the radius , but when it occurs as a distinct vein its base is associated with the distal median plate ( m ' ) or is continuously sclerotized with the latter . The cubitus , the sixth vein of the wing , is primarily two branched . The primary forking of the takes place near the base of the wing , forming the two principal branches ( Cu1 , Cu2 ) . The anterior branch may break up into a number of secondary branches , but commonly it forks into two distal branches . The second branch of the cubitus ( Cu2 ) in Hymenoptera , Trichoptera , and Lepidoptera was mistaken by Comstock and Needham for the first anal . Proximally the main stem of the cubitus is associated with the distal median plate ( m ' ) of the wing base . Postcubitus ( Pcu ) is the first anal of the Comstock -- Needham system . The postcubitus , however , has the status of an independent wing vein and should be recognized as such . In nymphal wings , its trachea arises between the cubital trachea and the group of vannal tracheae . In the mature wings of more generalized insect the Postcubitus is always associated proximally with the cubitus and is never intimately connected with the flexor sclerite ( 3Ax ) of the wing base . In Neuroptera , Mecoptera , and Trichoptera the postcubitus may be more closely associated with the vannal veins , but its base is always free from the latter . The postcubitus is usually unbranched ; it is primitively two branched . The vannal veins ( lV to nV ) are the anal veins that are immediately associated with the third axillary , and which are directly affected by the movement of this sclerite that brings about the flexion of the wings . In number the vannal veins vary. from 1 to 12 , according to the expansion of the vannal area of the wing . The vannal tracheae usually arise from a common tracheal stem in nymphal insects , and the veins are regarded as branches of a single anal vein . Distally the vannal veins are either simple or branched . Jugal Veins ( J ) of the jugal lobe of the wing is often occupied by a network of irregular veins , or it may be entirely membranous ; but sometimes it contains one or two distinct small veins , the first jugal vein , or vena arcuata , and the second jugal vein , or vena cardinalis ( 2J ) . C - Sc cross-veins -- run between the costa and subcosta R cross-veins -- run between adjacent branches of the radius R-M cross-veins -- run between the radius and media M - Cu cross-veins -- run between the media and cubitus All the veins of the wing are subject to secondary forking and to union by cross-veins . In some orders of insects the cross-veins are so numerous that the whole venational pattern becomes a close network of branching veins and cross-veins . Ordinarily , however , there is a definite number of cross-veins having specific locations . The more constant cross-veins are the humeral cross-vein ( h ) between costa and subcosta , the radial cross-vein ( r ) between R and the first fork of Rs , the sectorial cross-vein ( s ) between the two forks of R8 , the median cross-vein ( m -- m ) between M2 and M3 , and the mediocubital cross-vein ( m - cu ) between media and cubitus . The veins of insect wings are characterized by a convex - concave placement , such as those seen in mayflies ( i.e. , concave is `` down '' and convex is `` up '' ) which alternate regularly and by its triadic type of branching ; whenever a vein forks there is always an interpolated vein of the opposite position between the two branches . A concave vein will fork into two concave veins ( with the interpolated vein being convex ) and the regular alteration of the veins is preserved . The veins of the wing appear to fall into an undulating pattern according to whether they have a tendency to fold up or down when the wing is relaxed . The basal shafts of the veins are convex , but each vein forks distally into an anterior convex branch and a posterior concave branch . Thus the costa and subcosta are regarded as convex and concave branches of a primary first vein , Rs is the concave branch of the radius , posterior media the concave branch of the media , Cu1 and Cu2 are respectively convex and concave , while the primitive Postcubitus and the first vannal have each an anterior convex branch and a posterior concave branch . The convex or concave nature of the veins has been used as evidence in determining the identities of the persisting distal branches of the veins of modern insects , but it has not been demonstrated to be consistent for all wings . Fields ( edit ) Wing areas are delimited and subdivided by fold - lines along which the wing can fold , and flexion - lines along which the wing can flex during flight . The fundamental distinction between the flexion - lines and the fold - lines is often blurred , as fold - lines may permit some flexibility or vice versa . Two constants that are found in nearly all insect wings are the claval ( a flexion - line ) and jugal folds ( or fold line ) ; forming variable and unsatisfactory boundaries . Wing foldings can very complicated , with transverse folding occurs in the hindwings of Dermaptera and Coleoptera , and in some insects the anal area can be folded like a fan . There are about four different fields found on the insect wings : Remigium Anal area ( vannus ) Jugal area Axillary area Alula Most veins and crossveins occur in the anterior area of the remigium , which is responsible for most of the flight , powered by the thoracic muscles . The posterior portion of the remigium is sometimes called the clavus ; the two other posterior fields are the anal and jugal ares . When the vannal fold has the usual position anterior to the group of anal veins , the remigium contains the costal , subcostal , radial , medial , cubital , and postcubital veins . In the flexed wing the remigiumturns posteriorly on the flexible basal connection of the radius with the second axillary , and the base of the mediocubital field is folded medially on the axillary region along the plica basalis ( bf ) between the median plates ( m , m ' ) of the wing base . The vannus is bordered by the vannal fold , which typically occurs between the postcubitus and the first vannal vein . In Orthoptera it usually has this position . In the forewing of Blattidae , however , the only fold in this part of the wing lies immediately before the postcubitus . In Plecoptera the vannal fold is posterior to the postcubitus , but proximally it crosses the base of the first vannal vein . In the cicada the vannal fold lies immediately behind the first vannal vein ( lV ) . These small variations in the actual position of the vannal fold , however , do not affect the unity of action of the vannal veins , controlled by the flexor sclerite ( 3Ax ) , in the flexion of the wing . In the hindwings of most Orthoptera a secondary vena dividens forms a rib in the vannal fold . The vannus is usually triangular in shape , and its veins typically spread out from the third axillary like the ribs of a fan . Some of the vannal veins may be branched , and secondary veins may alternate with the primary veins . The vannal region is usually best developed in the hindwing , in which it may be enlarged to form a sustaining surface , as in Plecoptera and Orthoptera . The great fanlike expansions of the hindwings of Acrididae are clearly the vannal regions , since their veins are all supported on the third axillary sclerites on the wing bases , though Martynov ( 1925 ) ascribes most of the fan areas in Acrididae to the jugal regions of the wings . The true jugum of the acridid wing is represented only by the small membrane ( Ju ) mesad of the last vannal vein . The jugum is more highly developed in some other Polyneoptera , as in the Mantidae . In most of the higher insects with narrow wings the vannus becomes reduced , and the vannal fold is lost , but even in such cases the flexed wing may bend along a line between the postcubitus and the first vannal vein . The Jugal Region , or Neala , is a region of the wing that is usually a small membranous area proximal to the base of the vannus strengthened by a few small , irregular veinlike thickenings ; but when well developed it is a distinct section of the wing and may contain one or two jugal veins . When the jugal area of the forewing is developed as a free lobe , it projects beneath the humeral angle of the hindwing and thus serves to yoke the two wings together . In the Jugatae group of Lepidoptera it bears a long finger - like lobe . The jugal region was termed the neala ( `` new wing '' ) because it is evidently a secondary and recently developed part of the wing . The axillary region is region containing the axillary sclerites has in general the form of a scalene triangle . The base of the triangle ( a-b ) is the hinge of the wing with the body ; the apex ( c ) is the distal end of the third axillary sclerite ; the longer side is anterior to the apex . The point d on the anterior side of the triangle marks the articulation of the radial vein with the second axillary sclerite . The line between d and c is the plica basalis ( bf ) , or fold of the wing at the base of the mediocubital field . At the posterior angle of the wing base in some Diptera there is a pair of membranous lobes ( squamae , or calypteres ) known as the alula . The alula is well developed in the house fly . The outer squama ( c ) arises from the wing base behind the third axillary sclerite ( 3Ax ) and evidently represents the jugal lobe of other insects ( A , D ) ; the larger inner squama ( d ) arises from the posterior scutellar margin of the tergum of the wing - bearing segment and forms a protective , hoodlike canopy over the halter . In the flexed wing the outer squama of the alula is turned upside down above the inner squama , the latter not being affected by the movement of the wing . In many Diptera a deep incision of the anal area of the wing membrane behind the single vannal vein sets off a proximal alar lobe distal to the outer squama of the alula . Joints ( edit ) The various movements of the wings , especially in insects that flex the wings horizontally over the back when at rest , demand a more complicated articular structure at the wing base than a mere hinge of the wing with the body . Each wing is attached to the body by a membranous basal area , but the articular membrane contains a number of small articular sclerites , collectively known as the pteralia . The pteralia include an anterior humeral plate at the base of the costal vein , a group of axillaries ( Ax ) associated with the subcostal , radial , and vannal veins , and two less definite median plates ( m , m ' ) at the base of the mediocubital area . The axillaries are specifically developed only in the wing - flexing insects , where they constitute the flexor mechanism of the wing operated by the flexor muscle arising on the pleuron . Characteristic of the wing base is also a small lobe on the anterior margin of the articular area proximal to the humeral plate , which , in the forewing of some insects , is developed into a large , flat , scale - like flap , the tegula , overlapping the base of the wing . Posteriorly the articular membrane often forms an ample lobe between the wing and the body , and its margin is generally thickened and corrugated , giving the appearance of a ligament , the so - called axillary cord , continuous mesally with the posterior marginal scutellar fold of the tergal plate bearing the wing . The articular sclerites , or pteralia , of the wing base of the wing - flexing insects and their relations to the body and the wing veins , shown diagrammatically , are as follows : Humeral plates First Axillary Second Axillary Third Axillary Fourth Axillary Median plates ( m , m ' ) The humeral plate is usually a small sclerite on the anterior margin of the wing base , movable and articulated with the base of the costal vein . Odonata have their humeral plate greatly enlarged , with two muscles arising from the episternum inserted into the Humeral plates and two from the edge of the epimeron inserted into the axillary plate . The first axillary sclerite ( lAx ) is the anterior hinge plate of the wing base . Its anterior part is supported on the anterior notal wing process of the tergum ( ANP ) ; its posterior part articulates with the tergal margin . The anterior end of the sclerite is generally produced as a slender arm , the apex of which ( e ) is always associated with the base of the subcostal vein ( Sc ) , though it is not united with the latter . The body of the sclerite articulates laterally with the second axillary . The second axillary sclerite ( 2Ax ) is more variable in form than the first axillary , but its mechanical relations are no less definite . It is obliquely hinged to the outer margin of the body of the first axillary , and the radial vein ( R ) is always flexibly attached to its anterior end ( d ) . The second axillary presents both a dorsal and a ventral sclerotization in the wing base ; its ventral surface rests upon the fulcral wing process of the pleuron . The second axillary , therefore , is the pivotal sclerite of the wing base , and it specifically manipulates the radial vein . The third axillary sclerite ( 3Ax ) lies in the posterior part of the articular region of the wing . Its form is highly variable and often irregular , but the third axillary is the sclerite on which is inserted the flexor muscle of the wing ( D ) . Mesally it articulates anteriorly ( f ) with the posterior end of the second axillary , and posteriorly ( b ) with the posterior wing process of the tergum ( PNP ) , or with a small fourth axillary when the latter is present . Distally the third axillary is prolonged in a process which is always associated with the bases of the group of veins in the anal region of the wing here termed the vannal veins ( V ) . The third axillary , therefore , is usually the posterior hinge plate of the wing base and is the active sclerite of the flexor mechanism , which directly manipulates the vannal veins . The contraction of the flexor muscle ( D ) revolves the third axillary on its mesal articulations ( b , f ) and thereby lifts its distal arm ; this movement produces the flexion of the wing . The Fourth Axillary sclerite is not a constant element of the wing base . When present it is usually a small plate intervening between the third axillary and the posterior notal wing process and is probably a detached piece of the latter . The median plates ( m , m ' ) are also sclerites that are not so definitely differentiated as specific plates as are the three principal axillaries , but nevertheless they are important elements of the flexor apparatus . They lie in the median area of the wing base distal to the second and third axillaries and are separated from each other by an oblique line ( bf ) which forms a prominent convex fold during flexion of the wing . The proximal plate ( m ) is usually attached to the distal arm of the third axillary and perhaps should be regarded as a part of the latter . The distal plate ( m ' ) is less constantly present as a distinct sclerite and may be represented by a general sclerotization of the base of the mediocubital field of the wing . When the veins of this region are distinct at their bases , they are associated with the outer median plate . Muscles ( edit ) The diamond - shaped alary muscles ( green ) of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and their structural relationship to the tube - like heart ( also in green ) . Red depicts pericardial cells , blue cell nuclei . The muscles that control flight in insects can take up to 10 % to 30 % of the total body mass . The muscles that control flight vary with the two types of flight found in insects : indirect and direct . Insects that use first , indirect , have the muscles attach to the tergum instead of the wings , as the name suggests . As the muscles contract , the thoracic box becomes distorted , transferring the energy to the wing . There are two `` bundles '' of muscles , those that span parallel to the tergum , the dorsolongitudinals , and those that are attached to the tegum and extend to the sternum , the dorsoventrals . In direct muscle , the connection is directly from the pleuron ( thoracic wall ) to individual sclerites located at the base of the wing . The subalar and basalar muscles have ligament attachments to the subalar and basalar sclerites . Here resilin , a highly elastic material , forms the ligaments connecting flight muscles to the wing apparatus . In more derived orders of insects , such as Diptera ( flies ) and Hymenoptera ( wasp ) , the indirect muscles occupy the greatest volume of the pterothorax and function as the primary source of power for the wingstroke . Contraction of the dorsolongitudinal muscles causes the severe arching of the notum which depresses the wing while contraction of the dorsoventral muscles causes opposite motion of notum . Other more primitive insects , such as Orthoptera ( locusts ) , Coleoptera ( beetles ) , and Odonata ( dragonflies ) use direct muscles that are responsible for developing the needed power for the up and down strokes . Insect wing muscle is a strictly aerobic tissue . Per unit protein it consumes fuel and oxygen at rates taking place in a very concentrated and highly organized tissue so that the steady - state rates per unit volume represent an absolute record in biology . The fuel and oxygen rich blood is carried to the muscles through diffusion occurring in large amounts , in order to maintain the high level of energy used during flight . Many wing muscles are large and may be as large as 10 mm in length and 2 mm in width . Moreover , in some Diptera the fibres are of giant dimensions . For instance , in the very active Rutilia , the cross-section is 1800 μm long and more than 500 μm wide . The transport of fuel and oxygen from the surroundings to the sites of consumption and the reverse transport of carbon dioxide therefore represent a challenge to the biologist both in relation to transport in the liquid phase and in the intricate system of air tubes , i.e. in the tracheal system . Coupling , folding , and other features ( edit ) In many insect species , the forewing and hindwing are coupled together , which improves the aerodynamic efficiency of flight . The most common coupling mechanism ( e.g. , Hymenoptera and Trichoptera ) is a row of small hooks on the forward margin of the hindwing , or `` hamuli '' , which lock onto the forewing , keeping them held together ( hamulate coupling ) . In some other insect species ( e.g. , Mecoptera , Lepidoptera , and some Trichoptera ) the jugal lobe of the forewing covers a portion of the hindwing ( jugal coupling ) , or the margins of the forewing and hindwing overlap broadly ( amplexiform coupling ) , or the hindwing bristles , or frenulum , hook under the retaining structure or retinaculum on the forewing . When at rest , the wings are held over the back in most insects , which may involve longitudinal folding of the wing membrane and sometimes also transverse folding . Folding may sometimes occur along the flexion lines . Though fold lines may be transverse , as in the hindwings of beetles and earwigs , they are normally radial to the base of the wing , allowing adjacent sections of a wing to be folded over or under each other . The commonest fold line is the jugal fold , situated just behind the third anal vein , although , most Neoptera have a jugal fold just behind vein 3A on the forewings . It is sometimes also present on the hindwings . Where the anal area of the hindwing is large , as in Orthoptera and Blattodea , the whole of this part may be folded under the anterior part of the wing along a vannal fold a little posterior to the claval furrow . In addition , in Orthoptera and Blattodea , the anal area is folded like a fan along the veins , the anal veins being convex , at the crests of the folds , and the accessory veins concave . Whereas the claval furrow and jugal fold are probably homologous in different species , the vannal fold varies in position in different taxa . Folding is produced by a muscle arising on the pleuron and inserted into the third axillary sclerite in such a way that , when it contracts , the sclerite pivots about its points of articulation with the posterior notal process and the second axillary sclerite . As a result , the distal arm of the third axillary sclerite rotates upwards and inwards , so that finally its position is completely reversed . The anal veins are articulated with this sclerite in such a way that when it moves they are carried with it and become flexed over the back of the insect . Activity of the same muscle in flight affects the power output of the wing and so it is also important in flight control . In orthopteroid insects , the elasticity of the cuticle causes the vannal area of the wing to fold along the veins . Consequently , energy is expended in unfolding this region when the wings are moved to the flight position . In general , wing extension probably results from the contraction of muscles attached to the basalar sclerite or , in some insects , to the subalar sclerite . Flight ( edit ) Australian Emperor in flight ; it uses the direct flight mechanism . Main article : Insect flight Flight mechanisms ( edit ) Two groups of relatively large insects , the Ephemeroptera ( mayflies ) and the Odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) have the flight muscles attached directly to their wings ; the wings can beat no faster than the rate at which nerves can send impulses to command the muscles to beat . All other living winged insects fly using a different mechanism , involving indirect flight muscles which cause the thorax to vibrate ; the wings can beat faster than the rate at which the muscles receive nerve impulses . This mechanism evolved once , and is the defining feature ( synapomorphy ) for the infraclass Neoptera . Aerodynamics ( edit ) Main article : Insect aerodynamics There are two basic aerodynamic models of insect flight . Most insects use a method that creates a spiralling leading edge vortex . Some very small insects use the fling and clap or Weis - Fogh mechanism in which the wings clap together above the insect 's body and then fling apart . As they fling open , the air gets sucked in and creates a vortex over each wing . This bound vortex then moves across the wing and , in the clap , acts as the starting vortex for the other wing . Circulation and lift are increased , at the price of wear and tear on the wings . Many insects can hover by beating their wings rapidly , requiring sideways stabilization as well as lift . A few insects use gliding flight , without the use of thrust . It is found in some species of arboreal ants , known as gliding ants . Evolution ( edit ) Sometime in the Carboniferous Period , some 350 million years ago , when there were only two major land masses , insects began flying . How and why insect wings developed , however , is not well understood , largely due to the scarcity of appropriate fossils from the period of their development in the Lower Carboniferous . Three main theories on the origins of insect flight are that wings developed from paranotal lobes , extensions of the thoracic terga ; that they are modifications of movable abdominal gills as found on aquatic naiads of mayflies ; or that they developed from thoracic protrusions used as radiators . Fossils ( edit ) Holotype wing of the extinct Cimbrophlebia brooksi . 49.5 Million Years old ; `` Boot Hill '' , Klondike Mountain Formation , Washington , USA . Fossils from the Devonian ( 400 million years ago ) are all wingless , but by the Carboniferous ( 320 million years ago ) , more than 10 different genera of insects had fully functional wings . There is little preservation of transitional forms between the two periods . The earliest winged insects are from this time period ( Pterygota ) , including the Blattoptera , Caloneurodea , primitive stem - group Ephemeropterans , Orthoptera and Palaeodictyopteroidea . Very early Blattopterans ( during the Carboniferous ) had a very large discoid pronotum and coriaceous forewings with a distinct CuP vein ( an unbranched wing vein , lying near the claval fold and reaching the wing posterior margin ) . Even though the oldest definitive insect fossil is the Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti , estimated at 396 -- 407 million years old , it possessed dicondylic mandibles , a feature associated with winged insects . During the Permian , the dragonflies Odonata were the dominant aerial predator and probably dominated terrestrial insect predation as well . True Odonata appeared in the Permian and all are amphibian . Their prototypes are the oldest winged fossils , go back to the Devonian , and are different from other wings in every way . Their prototypes may have had the beginnings of many modern attributes even by late Carboniferous and it is possible that they even captured small vertebrates , for some species had a wing span of 71 cm . The earliest beetle - like species during the Permian had pointed , leather like forewings with cells and pits . Hemiptera , or true bugs had appeared in the form of Arctiniscytina and Paraknightia having forewings with unusual venation , possibly diverging from Blattoptera . A single large wing from a species of Diptera in the Triassic ( 10 mm instead of usual 2 -- 6 mm ) was found in Australia ( Mt . Crosby ). This family Tilliardipteridae , despite of the numerous ' tipuloid ' features , should be included in Psychodomorpha sensu Hennig on account of loss of the convex distal 1A reaching wing margin and formation of the anal loop . Hypotheses ( edit ) Diagram of different theories A Hypothetical wingless ancestor B Paranotal theory : Hypothetical insect with wings from the back ( Notum ) C Hypothetical insect with wings from the Pleurum D Epicoxal theory Hypothetical insect with wings from annex of the legs 1 Notum ( back ) 2 Pleurum 3 Exit ( outer attachments of the legs ) Paranotal hypothesis : This hypothesis suggests that the insect 's wings developed from paranotal lobes , a preadaptation found in insect fossils that is believed to have assisted stabilization while hopping or falling . In favor of this hypothesis is the tendency of most insects , when startled while climbing on branches , to escape by dropping to the ground . Such lobes would have served as parachutes and enable the insect to land more softly . The theory suggests that these lobes gradually grew larger and in a later stage developed a joint with the thorax . Even later would appear the muscles to move these crude wings . This model implies a progressive increase in the effectiveness of the wings , starting with parachuting , then gliding and finally active flight . Still , lack of substantial fossil evidence of the development of the wing joints and muscles poses a major difficulty to the theory , as does the seemingly spontaneous development of articulation and venation , and it has been largely rejected by experts in the field . Epicoxal hypothesis : This theory suggested that a possible origin for insect wings might have been the movable abdominal gills found in many aquatic insects , such as on naiads of mayflies . According to this theory these tracheal gills , which started their way as exits of the respiratory system and over time were modified into locomotive purposes , eventually developed into wings . The tracheal gills are equipped with little winglets that perpetually vibrate and have their own tiny straight muscles . Endite - exite hypothesis : The hypothesis with perhaps the strongest evidence is that which stems from the adaptation of endites and exites , appendages on the respective inner and outer aspects of the primitive arthropod limb . This was advanced by Trueman based on a study by Goldschmidt in 1945 on Drosophila melanogaster , in which a pod variation displayed a mutation transforming normal wings to what was interpreted as a triple - jointed leg arrangement with some additional appendages but lacking the tarsus , where the wing 's costal surface normally would be . This mutation was reinterpreted as strong evidence for a dorsal exite and endite fusion , rather than a leg , with the appendages fitting in much better with this hypothesis . The innervation , articulation and musculature required for the evolution of wings are already present in podomeres . Paranota plus leg gene recruitment hypothesis : The fossil larvae of Coxoplectoptera provided important new clues to the disputed question of the evolutionary origin of insect wings . Before the larvae fossil discovery the paranotal - hypothesis and the leg - exite - hypothesis have been considered as incompatible alternative explanations , which have both been supported by a set of evidences from the fossil record , comparative morphology , developmental biology and genetics . The expression of leg genes in the ontogeny of the insect wing has been universally considered as conclusive evidence in favour of the leg - exite - hypothesis , which proposes that insect wings are derived from mobile leg appendages ( exites ) . However , the larvae of Coxoplectoptera show that the abdominal gills of mayflies and their ancestors , which are generally considered as corresponding structures to insect wings , articulated within the dorsal tergite plates . This can not be seen in modern mayfly larvae , because their abdominal tergites and sternites are fused to rings , without any traces left even in embryonic development . If larval gills and wings are corresponding ( `` serial homologous '' ) structures and thus share the same evolutionary origin , the new results from Coxoplectoptera demonstrate that also wings are of tergal origin , as proposed by the classical paranotal - hypothesis . Staniczek , Bechly & Godunko ( 2011 ) therefore suggested a new hypothesis that could reconcile the apparently conflicting evidence from paleontology and developmental genetics : wings first originated as stiff outgrowths of tergal plates ( paranota ) , and only later in evolution became mobile , articulated appendages through secondary recruiting of leg genes . Suggestions have been made that wings may have evolved initially for sailing on the surface of water as seen in some stoneflies . An alternative idea is that it drives from directed aerial gliding descent -- a preflight phenomena found in some apterygote , a wingless sister taxa to the winged insects . The earliest fliers were similar to dragonflies with two sets of wings , direct flight muscles , and no ability to fold their wings over their abdomens . Most insects today , which evolved from those first fliers , have simplified to either one pair of wings or two pairs functioning as a single pair and using a system of indirect flight muscles . Natural selection has played an enormous role in refining the wings , control and sensory systems , and anything else that affects aerodynamics or kinematics . One noteworthy trait is wing twist . Most insect wings are twisted , as are helicopter blades , with a higher angle of attack at the base . The twist generally is between 10 and 20 degrees . In addition to this twist , the wing surfaces are not necessarily flat or featureless ; most larger insects have wing membranes distorted and angled between the veins in such a way that the cross-section of the wings approximates an airfoil . Thus , the wing 's basic shape already is capable of generating a small amount of lift at zero angle of attack . Most insects control their wings by adjusting tilt , stiffness , and flapping frequency of the wings with tiny muscles in the thorax ( below ) . Some insects evolved other wing features that are not advantageous for flight , but play a role in something else , such as mating or protection . Evolution of the ways the wings at rest to the body to create wings do not fold back ( recent Archaeoptera ) spread laterally ( large bubbles ) over the back against one another ( damselflies , mayflies ) Folding ( Neoptera ) wings not foldable ( e.g. , stoneflies ) Folding fan-fold ( e.g. , front wings of wasps ) Cross fold ( such as the rear wing of the beetle ) Subjects folding ( such as the rear wing of the earwigs ) Some insects , occupying the biological niches that they do , need to be incredibly maneuverable . They must find their food in tight spaces and be capable of escaping larger predators -- or they may themselves be predators , and need to capture prey . Their maneuverability , from an aerodynamic viewpoint , is provided by high lift and thrust forces . Typical insect fliers can attain lift forces up to three times their weight and horizontal thrust forces up to five times their weight . There are two substantially different insect flight mechanisms , and each has its own advantages and disadvantages -- just because odonates have a more primitive flight mechanism does not mean they are less able fliers ; they are , in certain ways , more agile than anything that has evolved afterward . Morphogenesis ( edit ) While the development of wings in insects is clearly defined in those who are members of Endopterygota , which undergo complete metamorphosis ; in these species , the wing develops while in the pupal stage of the insects life cycle . However , insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis do not have a pupal stage , therefore they must have a different wing morphogenesis . Insects such as those that are hemimetabolic have wings that start out as buds , which are found underneath the exoskeleton , and do not become exposed until the last instar of the nymph . The first indication of the wing buds is of a thickening of the hypodermis , which can be observed in insect species as early the embryo , and in the earliest stages of the life cycle . During the development of morphological features while in the embryo , or embryogenesis , a cluster of cells grow underneath the ectoderm which later in development , after the lateral ectoderm has grown dorsally to form wind imaginal disc . An example of wing bud development in the larvae , can be seen in those of White butterflies ( Pieris ) . In the second instar the histoblast become more prominent , which now form a pocket - like structure . As of the third and fourth instars , the histoblast become more elongated . This greatly extended and evaginated , or protruding , part is what becomes the wing . By the close of the last instar , or fifth , the wing is pushed out of the wing - pocket , although continues to lie under the old larval cuticle while in its prepupal stage . It is not until the butterfly is in its pupal stage that the wing - bud becomes exposed , and shortly after eclosion , the wing begins to expand and form its definitive shape . The development of tracheation of the wings begin before the wing histoblast form , as it is important to note that they develop near a large trachea . During the fourth instar , cells from the epithelium of this trachea become greatly enlarged extend into the cavity of the wing bud , with each cell having developed a closely coiled tracheole . Each trachcole is of unicellular origin , and is at first intracellular in position ; while tracheae are of multicellular origin and the lumen of each is intercellular in position . The development of tracheoles , each coiled within a single cell of the epithelium of a trachea , and the subsequent opening of communication between the tracheoles and the lumen of the trachea , and the uncoiling and stretching out of the tracheoles , so that they reach all parts of the wing . In the earlier stages of its development , the wing - bud is not provided with special organs of respiration such as tracheation , as it resembles in this respect the other portions of the hypodermis of which it is still a part . It should be noted , however , that the histoblast is developed near a large trachea , a cross-section of which is shown in , which represents sections of these parts of the first , second , third and fourth instars respectively . At the same time the tracheoles uncoil , and extend in bundles in the forming vein - cavities of the wing - bud . At the molt that marks the beginning of the pupal stadium stage , they become functional . At the same time , the larval tracheoles degenerate ; their function having been replaced by the wing tracheae . Nomenclature ( edit ) Most of the nomenclature of insect orders is based on the Ancient Greek word for wing , πτερόν ( pteron ) , as the suffix - ptera . Scientific Name linguistic root Translation of the Scientific name English Name Anisoptera ἀνισο - ( aniso - ) Unequal wings Dragonfly Aptera ἀ - ( a - ) , not Wingless Apterygotans , now obsolete Apterygota πτερύγιον ( pterygion small wing ) ἀ - ( a - ) , not Wingless Apterygotans Coleoptera Κολεός ( koleos , sheath ) Hardened wings Beetles Dermaptera Δέρμα ( derma , skin , leather ) Leather wings Earwigs Diaphanopterodea Διαφανής ( diaphanes , transparent or translucent ) With transparent wings diaphanopteroideans Dictyoptera Δίκτυον ( diktyon , network ) Wings with netted venation Cockroaches , mantises and termites Diptera Δύο - ( dyo - , two ) Two wings Flies Embioptera ἐ - ( en , inside ; βίος bios , life ) Interior living winged insects Webspinners Endopterygota ἐντός ( entos , inside ; πτερύγιον , small wing ) Inside wings Holometabolous insects Ephemeroptera ἐφήμερος ( ephemeros about one day long ) Short lived winged insects Mayflies Exopterygota ἔξω ( exo , external ) Outdoor flying insects Insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis Hemiptera ἡμι - ( hemi - , half ) Halfwinged insects Hemiptera ( true bugs , leafhoppers , aphids , etc . ) Heteroptera ἑτερο - ( hetero - , different ) Different winged True bugs Homoptera ὅμο - ( homo - , similar ) Same winged now obsolete Hymenoptera ὑμένιον ( hymenion , membrane ) Insects with wings of thin membranes bees , wasps , ants , etc . Isoptera ἶσον ( ison , equal ) Same winged Termites Lepidoptera Λεπίς ( lepis , scale ) Scaled wings Butterflies & Moths Lonchopteridae Λόγχη ( lonchi , lance ) Lance wings Lance flies Mecoptera μῆκος ( mekos , length ) Long wings Snake flies , etc . Megaloptera Μεγαλο - ( megalo - , large ) Large wings Dobsonflies , fishflies Neuroptera νεῦρον ( neuron , vein ) Veined wing Lacewings , owlflies , antlions , etc . Neoptera νέος ( neos , new , young ) New wings Includes all currently living orders of flying insects except mayflies and dragonflies Oligoneoptera ὀλίγον - ( oligon - , few ) νέος ( neos or new ) New with little veins Division of the Neoptera Orthoptera ὀρθο ( ortho - , straight ) Straight wings Grasshoppers , katydids , and crickets Palaeodictyoptera Παλαιός ( palaios - , old ) δίκτυον ( diktyon meaning network ) Old veined wings Primitive palaeozoic paleopterous insects Palaeoptera Παλαιός ( Palaios , old ) Old wings Mayflies , dragonflies , and several fossil orders Paraneoptera Παρα - ( Para - ) νέος ( neos , new ) Part of Neoptera , mostly with piercing mouthparts True bugs , lice , barklice , thrips Phthiraptera Φθείρ ( phtheir , lice ) ἀ , a - , not Lice without wings Animal lice Plecoptera Πλέκειν ( plekein , fold ) Folded wings Stoneflies Polyneoptera Πολύς ( polys , many νέοςneosnew ) Many veined wings Neoptera with hemimetabolous development Psocoptera Ψώχω ( psocho , to rub ) Rubbing wings Barklice , booklice Pterygota Πτερύγιον ( pterygion , wing ) Winged insects In class , unlike Apterygota , including winged and wingless secondary systems Raphidioptera ῥαφίς ( rhaphis , needle ) Needle wings Snakeflies Siphonaptera Σίφων ( siphon , tube ) ἀ - or without Wingless siphon Fleas Strepsiptera Στρέψις ( strepsis , to turn around ) Rotating or twisted wings twisted - winged parasites Thysanoptera Θύσανοι ( thysanoi , fringes ) Fringe winged Thrips Trichoptera Τρίχωμα ( trichoma , hair ) Haired wings Caddisflies Zoraptera Ζωρός ( zōros meaning strong ) Strong wings Zorapterans Zygoptera ζεῦγος ( zeugos meaning pair ) Paired wings Damselflies Adaptations ( edit ) Variation ( edit ) Insect wings are fundamental in identifying and classifying species as there is no other set of structures in studying insects more significant . Each order and insect family has distinctive wing shapes and features . In many cases , even species may be distinguished from each other by differences of color and pattern . For example , just by position one can identify species , albeit to a much lesser extent . Though most insects fold their wings when at rest , dragonflies and some damselflies rest with their wings spread out horizontally , while groups such as the caddisflies , stoneflies , alderflies , and lacewings hold their wings sloped roof - like over their backs . A few moths wrap their wings around their bodies , while many flies and most butterflies close their wings together straight upward over the back . Many times the shape of the wings correlates with the type of insect flight . The best - flying insects tend to have long , slender wings . In many species of Sphingidae ( sphinx moths ) , the forewings are large and sharply pointed , forming with the small hindwings a triangle that is suggestive of the wings of fast , modern airplanes . Another , possibly more important correlation , is that of the size and power of the muscles to the speed and power of flight . In the powerfully flying insects , the wings are most adapted for the stresses and aerodynamics of flight . The veins are thicker , stronger , and closer together toward the front edge ( or `` leading edge '' ) and thinner yet flexible toward the rear edge ( or `` trailing edge '' ) . This makes the insect wing an excellently constructed airfoil , capable of exerting both propulsion and lift while minimizing drag . Variation of the wing beat may also occur , not just amongst different species , but even among individuals at different times . In general , the frequency is dependent upon the ratio between the power of the wing muscles and the resistance of the load . Large - winged , light - bodied butterflies may have a wing beat frequency of 4 -- 20 per second whereas small - winged , heavy - bodied flies and bees beat their wings more than 100 times a second and mosquitoes can beat up to 988 -- 1046 times a second . The same goes for flight ; though it is generally difficult to estimate the speed of insects in flight , most insects can probably fly faster in nature than they do in controlled experiments . Coleoptera ( edit ) In species of Coleoptera ( beetles ) , the only functional wings are the hindwings . The hindwings are longer than the elytra , folded longitudinally and transversely under the elytra . The wing is rotated forwards on its base into flight position . This action spread the wing and unfolded longitudinally and transversely . There is the spring mechanism in the wing structure , sometimes with the help of abdomen movement , to keep the wing in folded position . The beetle wing venation is reduced and modified due to the folding structure , which include : Cross folding in the wings of beetles The hindwing , spread : by folding lines , it is divided into five fields that are completed each to the rear . The same wing , half folded : The two joints of the cross-folding form an obtuse angle . The right is already in the wings folded in three layers . With greater resolution , the third arch of the wing margin in the first and second is visible . To the left of the fifth arch appears in the fourth . The same wing , folded completely : The five fields are aligned ( The elytra have been removed ) . Costa ( C ) , Subcosta posterior ( ScP ) -- at the leading wing marginal , fused for most of the length . Radius anterior ( RA ) -- divided into two branches beyond the middle of the wing . Radius posterior ( RP ) -- basal connection is lost . Media posterior ( MP ) -- branches , long and strong vein . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) Anal veins ( AA , AP ) -- veins behind the cubitus , separated by anal fold . In most species of beetles , the front pair of wings are modified and sclerotised ( hardened ) to form elytra and they protect the delicate hindwings which are folded beneath . The elytra are connected to the pterathorax ; being called as such because it is where the wings are connected ( pteron meaning `` wing '' in Greek ) . The elytra are not used for flight , but tend to cover the hind part of the body and protect the second pair of wings ( alae ) . The elytra must be raised in order to move the hind flight wings . A beetle 's flight wings are crossed with veins and are folded after landing , often along these veins , and are stored below the elytra . In some beetles , the ability to fly has been lost . These include some ground beetles ( family Carabidae ) and some `` true weevils '' ( family Curculionidae ) , but also some desert and cave - dwelling species of other families . Many of these species have the two elytra fused together , forming a solid shield over the abdomen . In a few families , both the ability to fly and the elytra have been lost , with the best known example being the glow - worms of the family Phengodidae , in which the females are larviform throughout their lives . Lepidoptera ( edit ) The two pairs of wings are found on the middle and third segment , or mesothorax and metathorax respectively . In the more recent genera , the wings of the second segment are much more pronounced , however some more primitive forms have similarly sized wings of both segments . The wings are covered in scales arranged like shingles , forming the extraordinary variety seen in color . The mesothorax is evolved to have more powerful muscles to propel moth or butterfly through the air , with the wing of said segment having a stronger vein structure . The largest superfamily , Noctuidae , has the wings modified to act as Tympanal or hearing organs Modifications in the wing 's venation include : Costa ( C ) -- not found in Butterflies . Subcosta ( Sc ) + Radius 1 ( Sc + R1 ) -- at the leading wing marginal , fused or very close for most of the length , in hindwing fused and well developed in the humeral area , subcosta never branches in butterfly . Radius ( R2 - R5 ) -- radius divides into branches beyond the middle of the wing up to five branches in Papilionidae . On forewing , the last R is stalked in all butterflies except Hesperiidae is separated . Radius sector ( Rs ) -- in hindwing . Media ( M1 - M3 ) -- the basal section has been lost . Cubitus anterior ( CuA1 - CuA2 ) -- CuP section has been lost . Anal veins ( A , 1A + 2A , 3A ) -- either one vein A , or two veins 1A + 2A , 3A . Humeral vein -- The hindwing of most butterflies has the humeral vein , except Lycaenidae There is the enlargement of the humeral area of the hindwing which is overlapped with the forewing . The humeral vein strengthened the hindwing overlapped area so that the two wings coupling better . The wings , head parts of thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales , from which feature the order ' Lepidoptera ' derives its names , the word `` lepteron '' in Ancient Greek meaning ' scale ' . Most scales are lamellar , or blade - like and attached with a pedicel , while other forms may be hair - like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics . The lumen or surface of the lamella , has a complex structure . It gives color either due to the pigmentary colors contained within or due to its three - dimensional structure . Scales provide a number of functions , which include insulation , thermoregulation , aiding gliding flight , amongst others , the most important of which is the large diversity of vivid or indistinct patterns they provide which help the organism protect itself by camouflage , mimicry , and to seek mates . Odonata ( edit ) Species of Odonata ( Damselflies and dragonflies ) both have two pairs of wings which are about equal in size and shape and are clear in color . There are five , if the R + M is counted as 1 , main vein stems on dragonfly and damselfly wings , and wing veins are fused at their bases and the wings can not be folded over the body at rest , which also include : Dragonfly Damselfly Costa ( C ) -- at the leading edge of the wing , strong and marginal , extends to the apex of the wing . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , it is unbranched , joins C at nodus . Radius and Media ( R + M ) -- third and fourth longitudinal vein , the strongest vein on the wing , with branches , R1 - R4 , reach the wing margin , the media anterior ( MA ) are also reach the wing margin . IR2 and IR3 are intercalary veins behind R2 and R3 respectively . Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , cubitus posterior ( CuP ) is unbranched and reach the wing margin . Anal veins ( A1 ) -- unbranched veins behind the cubitus . A nodus is formed where the second main vein meets the leading edge of the wing . The black pterostigma is carried near the wing tip . The main veins and the crossveins form the wing venation pattern . The venation patterns are different in different species . There may be very numerous crossveins or rather few . The Australian Flatwing Damselfly 's wings are one of the few veins patterns . The venation pattern is useful for species identification . Almost all Anisoptera settle with the wings held out sideways or slightly downward , however most Zygoptera settle with the wings held together , dorsal surfaces apposed . The thorax of Zygoptera is so oblique that when held in this way the wings fit neatly along the top of the abdomen . They do not appear to be held straight up as in butterflies or mayflies . In a few zygopteran families the wings are held horizontally at rest , and in one anisopteran genus ( e.g. Cordulephya , Corduliidae ) the wings are held in the typical damselfly resting position . Adult species possess two pairs of equal or subequal wings . There appear to be only five main vein stems . A nodus is formed where the second main vein ( subcosta ) meets the leading edge of the wing . In most families a conspicuous pterostigma is carried near the wing tip . Identification as Odonata can be based on the venation . The only likely confusion is with some lacewings ( order Neuroptera ) which have many crossveins in the wings . Until the early years of the 20th century Odonata were often regarded as being related to lacewings and were given the ordinal name Paraneuroptera , but any resemblance between these two orders is entirely superficial . In Anisoptera the hindwing is broader than the forewing and in both wings a crossvein divides the discoidal cell into a Triangle and Supertriangle . Orthoptera ( edit ) Species of Orthoptera ( grasshoppers and crickets ) have forewings that are tough opaque tegmina , narrow which are normally covering the hindwings and abdomen at rest . The hindwings are board membranous and folded in fan - like manner , which include the following venation : Costa ( C ) -- at the leading marginal of the forewing and hindwing , unbranched . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , branched to Rs in forewing and hindwing . Media anterior ( MA ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , branched in basal part as Media posterior ( MP ) . Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , on forewing and hindwing dividing near the wing base into branched CuA , and unbranched CuP . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus , unbranched , two in forewing , many in hindwing . Phasmatodea ( edit ) Costa ( C ) -- at the leading marginal of the hindwing , unbranched , absent in forewing . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , branched to Rs in hindwing , unbranched in forewing . Media anterior ( MA ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , branched in basal part as Media posterior ( MP ) . Cubitus ( Cu ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , unbranched . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus , unbranched , two in forewing , many in hindwing 1A - 7A in one group and the rest in another group . Stick insect have forewings that are tough , opaque tegmina , short and covering only the base part of the hindwings at rest . Hindwings from costa to Cubitus are tough and opaque like the forewings . The large anal area are membranous and folded in fan - like manner . There are no or very few branching in stick insect wing veins . Dermaptera ( edit ) Unfolding of earwig wing The front and rear wings at rest : The front wing covers most of the hindwing , with only the joint projects in the form of a quarter circle forward with a central white spot under the forewing . On the right hand side of the forewing is opened to the right ( blue arrow ) , which from this perspective appears narrower than it is with the rear wing still folded completely ... The front wing is open to the left ( blue arrow ) with the right side of the forewing removed ; the hindwing is half open . With greater resolution , the multiple folding is shown , resembling a fan which is parallel to the lines b and c . The arrow points to the e point where the fan is closed again , having been folded by 180 ° ... Other orders such as the Dermaptera ( earwigs ) , Orthoptera ( grasshoppers , crickets ) , Mantodea ( praying mantis ) and Blattodea ( cockroaches ) have rigid leathery forewings that are n't flapped while flying , sometimes called tegmen ( pl . tegmina ) , elytra , or pseudoelytron . Hemiptera ( edit ) In Hemiptera ( true bugs ) , the forewings may be hardened , though to a lesser extent than in the beetles . For example , the anterior part of the front wings of stink bugs is hardened , while the posterior part is membranous . They are called hemelytron ( pl . hemelytra ) . They are only found in the suborder Heteroptera ; the wings of the Homoptera , such as the cicada , are typically entirely membranous . Both forewings and hindwings of Cicada are membranous , most species are glass - like although some are opaque . Cicadas are not good fliers and most fly only a few seconds . When flying , forewing and hindwing are hooked together by a grooved coupling along the hindwing costa and forewing margin . Most species have a basic venation as shown in the following picture . Costa ( C ) -- at the leading wing marginal , in forewing extends to the node and lies close to Sc + R . Subcosta + Radius ( Sc + R ) -- in forewing Sc and R fused together to the node . Radial sector ( Rs ) arises near the node and unbranches . Radius anterior ( RA ) Radius posterior ( RP ) Media ( M ) -- branches to M1 to M4 . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) -- branches to CuA1 and CuA2 . Cubitus posterior ( CuP ) -- unbranches . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus , 1A and 2A fused in the forewing , CuP and 2A are folded . Also notice there are the ambient veins and peripheral membranes on the margin of both wings . Diptera ( edit ) In the Diptera ( true flies ) , there is only one pair of functional wings , with the posterior pair of wings are reduced to halteres , which help the fly to sense its orientation and movement , as well as to improve balance by acting similar to gyroscopes . In Calyptratae , the very hindmost portion of the wings are modified into somewhat thickened flaps called calypters which cover the halteres . Costa ( C ) -- not found in Diptera . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- became the leading wing vein , unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- branched to R1 - R5 . Media ( M ) -- branched to M1 - M4 . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) - unbranched , CuP is reduced in Diptera . Some species CuA and 1A are separated , some species meets when reaching the wing margin , some species fused . Anal veins ( A ) -- only two anal veins 1A and 2A are present , 2A is not distinctive in some species . Discal Cell ( dc ) -- well defined in most species . Blattodea ( edit ) Species of Blattodea ( cockroaches ) have a forewing , are also known as tegmen , that is more or less sclerotized . It is used in flight as well as a form of protection of the membranous hindwings . The veins of hindwing are about the same as front wing but with large anal lobe folded at rest between CuP and 1A . The anal lobe usually folded in a fan - like manner . Costa ( C ) -- at the leading edge of the wing . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- second longitudinal vein , it is relatively short . Radius ( R ) -- third longitudinal vein , with many pectinate branches . Media ( M ) -- fourth longitudinal vein , reach the wing margin . Cubitus anterior ( CuA ) -- fifth longitudinal vein , with dichotomous branches occupy large part of tegmen . Cubitus posterior ( CuP ) -- is unbranched , curved and reach the wing margin . Anal veins ( A ) -- veins behind the cubitus . Hymenoptera ( edit ) An example of Longitudinal folding in wasps ( Vespidae ) The main fold line of the forewing seen half way up as a bright horizontal line . The wing part that is behind this line is turned back down . The narrow strip at the front edge of the wing is in front of the first strong wire folded forward and down . So in rest position , the outer lining forms the tough outer edge of the wing , which protects the sides of the abdomen as a shock absorber . The rear wing is covered largely by the forewing . The Hymenoptera adults , include sawflies , wasps , bees and non-working ants , all of which have two pairs of membranous wings . Costa ( C ) -- not found in Hymenoptera . Subcosta ( Sc ) -- unbranched . Radius ( R ) -- branched to R1 - R5 . Media ( M ) -- M is unbranched , in forewing M is fused with Rs for part of its length . Cubitus ( CuA ) -- unbranched , CuP is absent in Hymenoptera . Anal veins ( A ) -- only two anal veins 1A and 2A are present , 2A is not distinctive in some species . Wing - coupling -- Row of hooks on the leading edge of hindwing engage the hind margin of the forewing , strongly couple the wings in flight . Line of wing folding -- Some species , including Vespidae , the forewing are longitudinally folded along the ' line of wing folding ' at rest . Pterostigma -- is present for some species . The forward margin of the hindwing bears a number of hooked bristles , or `` hamuli '' , which lock onto the forewing , keeping them held together . The smaller species may have only two or three hamuli on each side , but the largest wasps may have a considerable number , keeping the wings gripped together especially tightly . Hymenopteran wings have relatively few veins compared with many other insects , especially in the smaller species . Other families ( edit ) Termites are relatively poor fliers and are readily blown downwind in wind speeds of less than 2 km / h , shedding their wings soon after landing at an acceptable site , where they mate and attempt to form a nest in damp timber or earth . Wings of most termites have three heavy veins along the basal part of the front edge of the forewing and the crossveins near the wing tip are angled , making trapezoidal cells . Although subterranean termite wings have just two major veins along the front edge of the forewing and the cross veins towards the wingtip are perpendicular to these veins , making square and rectangular cells . Species of Thysanoptera ( thrips ) have slender front and hindwings with long fringes of hair , called fringed wings . While species of Trichoptera ( caddisfly ) have hairy wings with the front and hindwings clothed with setae . See also ( edit ) Appendage Comstock - Needham system Wing Insect inspired robots : RoboBee , DelFly Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chapman , R.F. ( 1998 ) . The Insects : Structure and function ( 4th ed . ) . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57048 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliott , Cedric ( August 1995 ) . Entomology ( 2 ed . ) . Springer - Verlag New York , LLC . ISBN 0 - 306 - 44967 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , John R. ( 5 January 2007 ) . `` External Anatomy : WINGS '' . Department of Entomology , North Carolina State University . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Gullan , P.J. ; Cranston , P.S. ( 2004 ) . The insects : an outline of entomology . UK : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1113 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Snodgrass , R.E. ( December 1993 ) . Principles of Insect Morphology . Cornell Univ Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8125 - 2 . Jump up ^ Spieth , HT ( 1932 ) . `` A New Method of Studying the Wing Veins of the Mayflies and Some Results Therefrom ( Ephemerida ) '' ( PDF ) . Entomological News . ^ Jump up to : Knospe , Carl R. ( Fall 1998 ) . `` Insect Flight Mechanisms : Anatomy and Kinematics '' ( PDF ) . Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Virginia . Jump up ^ Weis - Fogh , T ( July 1963 ) . `` Diffusion In Insect Wing Muscle , The Most Active Tissue Known '' ( PDF ) . J Exp Biol. 41 : 229 -- 256 . PMID 14187297 . Jump up ^ Tiegs , O.W. ( February 1954 ) . `` The Flight Muscles of Insects - Their Anatomy and Histology ; with Some Observations on the Structure of Striated Muscle in General '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 238 ( 656 ) : 221 -- 348 . Bibcode : 1955RSPTB. 238 ... 221T . JSTOR 3739600 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1955.0001 . ^ Jump up to : Chapman , A.D. ( 2006 ) . Numbers of living species in Australia and the World . Canberra : Australian Biological Resources Study . pp. 60pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 56850 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Z . Jane ( 2005 ) . `` DISSECTING INSECT FLIGHT '' ( pdf ) . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics . Annual Reviews . 37 : 183 . Bibcode : 2005AnRFM ... 37 ... 183W . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. fluid. 36.050802. 121940 . ^ Jump up to : Sane , Sanjay P. ( 2003 ) . `` The aerodynamics of insect flight '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 206 ( 23 ) : 4191 -- 4208 . PMID 14581590 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 00663 . Jump up ^ Davidovits , Paul ( 2008 ) . Physics in Biology and Medicine . Academic Press . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 369411 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yanoviak , S.P. ; Munk , Y. ; Kaspari , M. ; Dudley , R. ( 2010 ) . `` Aerial manoeuvrability in wingless gliding ants ( Cephalotes atratus ) '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 277 ( 1691 ) : 2199 . PMC 2880152 . PMID 20236974 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.0170 . ^ Jump up to : Grimaldi , David ; Engel , Michael S. ( 2005 ) . Evolution of the Insects . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jerry A. ( 2009 ) . `` Coleoptera '' . In Resh , Vincent H. ; Cardé , Ring T. Encyclopedia of Insects ( 2 ( illustrated ) ed . ) . Academic Press . p. 1132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374144 - 8 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel ; David A. Grimaldi ( 2004 ) . `` New light shed on the oldest insect '' . Nature . 427 ( 6975 ) : 627 -- 630 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 427 ... 627E . PMID 14961119 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02291 . Jump up ^ Grzimek HC Bernhard ( 1975 ) Grzimek 's Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 22 Insects. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co . NY . ^ Jump up to : Riek EF Kukalova - Peck J ( 1984 ) . `` A new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based on early Upper Carboniferous fossils from Argentina ( Insecta : Odonatoida and basic character states in Pterygote wings . ) '' . Can . J. Zool. 62 ( 6 ) : 1150 -- 1160 . doi : 10.1139 / z84 - 166 . Jump up ^ Wakeling JM Ellington CP ( 1997 ) . `` Dragonfly flight III lift and power requirements '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 200 ( Pt 3 ) : 583 -- 600 ( 589 ) . PMID 9318294 . Jump up ^ Matsuda R ( 1970 ) . `` Morphology and evolution of the insect thorax '' . Mem . Ent . Soc . Can . 102 ( 76 ) : 1 -- 431 . doi : 10.4039 / entm10276fv . Jump up ^ V.A. Blagoderov ; E.D. Lukashevich ; M.B. Mostovski ( 2002 ) . `` Order Diptera Linné , 1758 . The true flies '' . In A.P. Rasnitsyn ; D.L.J. Quicke . History of Insects . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0026 - X . Jump up ^ Trueman JWH ( 1990 ) , Comment : evolution of insect wings : a limb exite plus endite model Canadian Journal of Zoology Jump up ^ Staniczek , A.H. ; Bechly , G. & Godunko , R.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Coxoplectoptera , a new fossil order of Palaeoptera ( Arthropoda : Insecta ) , with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies ( Ephemeroptera ) '' ( PDF ) . Insect Systematics & Evolution. 42 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 138 . doi : 10.1163 / 187631211X578406 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adrian L.R. Thomas ; R. Åke Norberg ( 1996 ) . `` Skimming the surface -- the origin of flight in insects ? '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 11 ( 5 ) : 187 -- 188 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 96 ) 30022 - 0 . Jump up ^ Yanoviak SP , Kaspari M , Dudley R ( 2009 ) . `` Gliding hexapods and the origins of insect aerial behaviour '' . Biology Letters. 5 ( 4 ) : 510 -- 2 . PMC 2781901 . PMID 19324632 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0029 . ^ Jump up to : H. Comstock , Henry ( 1918 ) . The Wings of Insects . Ithaca , NY : The Comstack Publishing Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Insect Wings in General '' . Aerodynamics of Insects . Cislunar Aerospace . 1997 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chew , Peter ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Insect Wings '' . Brisbane Insects and Spiders . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Scoble , MJ. ( 1992 ) . The Lepidoptera : Form , function , and diversity . Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6242 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Scoble ( 1995 ) . Section Scales , ( pp 63 -- 66 ) . Jump up ^ Vukusic , P. ( 2006 ) . `` Structural color in Lepidoptera '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 16 ( 16 ) : R621 -- 3 . PMID 16920604 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2006.07. 040 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Trueman , John W.H. ; Richard J. Rowe ( 16 October 2009 ) . `` Odonata . Dragonflies and damselflies . '' . Tolweb.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Abe T. , Bignell D.E ; Higashi M ( 2000 ) . Termites : evolution , sociality , symbioses , ecology , ecolab . Kluwer academic publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6361 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Termite '' . Texas AgriLife Extension Service . References ( edit ) Triplehorn , Charles A. ; Johnson Norman F. ( 2005 ) . Borror and DeLong 's introduction to the study of insects ( 7th ed . ) . Thomson Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 03 - 096835 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insect wing . 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when do new episodes of the big bang theory start
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The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 .
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September 25 , 2017
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The Big Bang Theory
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the big bang theory
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The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 .
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The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Howard 's mother 4.6 Vanity cards 4.7 The Theorists 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . The Theorists Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : He begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . 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TV Guide . pp. 6 and 7 . Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : At Syndie Season 's End , ' Phil , ' ' Judy , ' ' ET , ' ' Wheel , ' ' Big Bang ' on Top -- September 4 , 2013 17 : 41 : 39 Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Year 's Top Show , While ' Dr. Phil ' Leads Talk '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Nielsen Top 20 New Shows TV Ratings , Sept 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings ( Wk of 5 / 19 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Van De Kamp , Justin ( June 1 , 2008 ) . `` TV Ratings : 2007 -- 2008 Season Top - 200 '' . Televisionista . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ratings Monday , September 22 : First Night Wins to ABC , CBS & NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Ratings : House wins , Castle hangs on '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Monday broadcast final numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS WINS THE FINAL MONDAY OF THE SEASON IN KEY DEMOS '' . CBS . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 31 ) '' ( Press release ) . ABC Medianet . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : `` Sunday Night Football '' , `` Glee '' , `` Grey 's Anatomy '' , `` Dancing with the Stars '' Top Premiere Week Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , TV By the Numbers , September 28 , 2010 Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . deadline.com . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec . ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Full 2011 - 2012 Season Series Ratings - Deadline.com '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Michael J Fox Show ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Wraps TV Season As Demo Champ for First Time Since ' 04 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Pavan ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` TBS Fall 2011 Schedule ; ION Adds Monk , Psych This Month , House in Fall 2012 -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Gets Syndication Deal '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company credits for `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James McQuivey . `` Why CBS pulled The Mentalist from CBS.com '' . OmniVideo . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Watch Episodes and Video and Join the Ultimate Fan Community '' . CBS . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Big Bang Theory Online on CTV '' . Shows.ctv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website `` Official Vanity Card Archives '' . The Big Bang Theory . Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - 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( 2017 ) Television series created by Chuck Lorre Frannie 's Turn ( 1992 ) Grace Under Fire ( 1993 -- 98 ) Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) Dharma & Greg ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2003 -- 15 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) Disjointed ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) VIAF : 184185822 LCCN : no2010180132 GND : 7850552 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory&oldid=807677758 '' Categories : The Big Bang Theory 2007 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series American television sitcoms CBS network shows Cultural depictions of scientists English - language television programs Nerd culture Physics in fiction Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series created by Chuck Lorre Television shows set in Pasadena , California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with Russian - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 13 : 51 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Big%20Bang%20Theory
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the lost city of z does he find the city
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Lost City of Z
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lost city of z
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The Lost City of Z is the name given by Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett , a British surveyor , to an indigenous city that he believed had existed in the jungle of the Mato Grosso region of Brazil . Based on early histories of South America and his own explorations of the River Amazon region , Fawcett theorized that a complex civilization once existed in the Amazon region and that isolated ruins may have survived .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Possible influences on Fawcett 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) Fawcett found a document known as Manuscript 512 ( links to non-English page ) , held at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro , believed to be written by Portuguese bandeirante João da Silva Guimarães . Da Silva wrote that during 1753 , he had discovered the ruins of an ancient city that contained arches , a statue , and a temple with hieroglyphics . He described the city ruins in great detail without giving its location . Manuscript 512 was written after explorations made in the sertão of the province of Bahia ( see Fawcett 's own book Exploration Fawcett ) . Fawcett intended to pursue finding this city as a secondary goal after `` Z '' . He was preparing an expedition to find `` Z '' when World War I broke out and the British government suspended support . During 1920 Fawcett undertook a personal expedition to find the city , but withdrew after suffering from fever and having to shoot his pack animal . During a second 1925 expedition , Fawcett , his son Jack , and Raleigh Rimell disappeared in the Mato Grosso jungle . David Grann wrote a 2005 article , `` The Lost City of Z '' , on Fawcett 's expeditions and findings , published in The New Yorker . He expanded and developed it into a full - length book of the same title , published in 2009 . That work was adapted as a movie of the same name and released in April 2017 . Possible influences on Fawcett ( edit ) Researchers believe that Fawcett may have been influenced in his thinking by information he might have obtained from indigenous peoples about the archaeological site of Kuhikugu , near the headwaters of the Xingu River . Kuhikugu was discovered by Westerners after Fawcett 's presumed death in 1925 in the jungle . It contains the ruins of an estimated twenty towns and villages in which an estimated 50,000 people could have once lived . See also ( edit ) Dead Horse Camp The Lost City of Z ( book ) Kuhikugu Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grann , David ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Lost City of Z '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Gray 's ' The Lost City Of Z ' Starts Shooting , Marvel 's Spider - Man Tom Holland Joins The Cast '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grann , David . The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon . New York : Doubleday Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Sources ( edit ) Fawcett , Percy and Brian Fawcett . - Lost Trails , Lost Cities ' , ' Funk & Wagnalls ( 1953 ) Furneaux , Rupert . The World 's Strangest Mysteries . New York : Ace Books , 1961 . Thorpe , Vanessa ( 21 March 2004 ) , `` Veil lifts on jungle mystery of the colonel who vanished '' , The Guardian , retrieved 19 May 2007 Smith , Warren . Lost Cities of the Ancients - Unearthed ! . Zebra Books . New York . 1976 . Time : `` Fawcett of the Mato Grosso '' . 25 May 1953 , URL accessed 18 May 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Grann , David ( 2009 ) . The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 . Langer , Johnni ( 2002 ) . `` A Cidade Perdida da Bahia : mito e arqueologia no Brasil Império '' . Revista Brasileira de História ( in Portuguese ) . 22 ( 43 ) : 126 -- 152 . ISSN 1806 - 9347 . doi : 10.1590 / S0102 - 01882002000100008 . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Fleming , P. Brazilian Adventure Oxford : Alden Press , 1933 Reprinted Northwestern University Press , 1999 , ISBN 9780810160651 . External links ( edit ) Movie : The Secret of El Dorado Manuscript 512 , English translation. , Fawcett Adventure website Secrets of the Dead - Lost in the Amazon . PBS video special on Fawcett 's quest for the City of Z . David Grann , `` The Lost City of Z '' , The New Yorker , 19 September 2005 David Grann , `` Under the Jungle '' , 2010 , The New Yorker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_City_of_Z&oldid=801796078 '' Categories : Populated places in Mato Grosso Mythological cities and towns Secret places Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 29 . About Wikipedia
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what happened to whitey on leave it to beaver
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Stanley Fafara
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stanley fafara
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Stanley Albert Fafara ( September 20 , 1949 -- September 20 , 2003 ) was a former American child actor , best known for his role as Hubert `` Whitey '' Whitney in the original Leave It to Beaver television series . His older brother , Tiger , played `` Tooey Brown '' in the series .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Later years and death 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Fafara was born in San Francisco , California . In 1957 , at the age of 7 , his mother took him to an open casting call for a new family television series titled Leave It To Beaver . He had been working in commercials and television westerns since the age of 4 . He earned the part of `` Whitey '' Whitney , one of the Beaver Cleaver 's best friends . Fafara remained with Leave It To Beaver for six years . After the show 's cancellation in 1963 , he attended North Hollywood High School . He became friendly with the pop - rock band Paul Revere and the Raiders and reportedly moved in with the band for a time . He developed an alcohol habit and began to use drugs . At his parents ' instigation , Fafara went to live with his sister in Jamaica , where he tried his hand at painting ; however , he continued to drink and use narcotics . He then returned to Los Angeles at the age of 22 where he was married briefly . He supported himself by dealing narcotics . In the 1980s he was arrested for breaking into pharmacies seven times . Fafara was sentenced to a year in jail after being arrested and convicted for an eighth burglary . After his release from jail , Fafara tried several jobs but eventually returned to dealing drugs . Fafara later developed an addiction to heroin and was in and out of rehabilitation centers for many years . He became sober in 1995 . Later years and death ( edit ) Fafara spent the final eight years of his life clean and sober , initially living in a house for recovering addicts and alcoholics , then in a subsidized apartment '' in downtown Portland , Oregon . He lived on Social Security checks of $475 per month until his hospitalization in 2003 . Due to his addiction to heroin , he contracted hepatitis C . Fafara died on September 20 , 2003 , his 54th birthday , in Portland , Oregon , of complications from hernia surgery he underwent the previous month . Fafara is buried at Redland Pioneer Cemetery in Redland , Oregon . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1955 Good Morning , Miss Dove Fred Makepeace - Age 6 Uncredited 1957 Casey Jones Carl Svenson Episode : `` Iron Men '' 1957 - 1963 Leave It to Beaver Hubert `` Whitey '' Whitney 57 episodes 1958 The Millionaire Boy Episode : `` Millionaire Dan Howell '' 1958 The Lost Missile Boy on Evacuation School Bus Uncredited 1959 Wanted : Dead or Alive Young Boy Episode : `` Angels of Vengeance '' Uncredited 1959 Man Without a Gun Episode : `` Eye Witness '' 1962 The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm Hansel Uncredited References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dennis McLellan ( September 27 , 2003 ) . `` Stanley Fafara , 54 ; ' Whitey ' on ' Beaver ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Actor who played Beav 's pal dead at 53 '' . Toledo Blade . September 27 , 2003 . pp. D -- 5 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Stanley Fafara on IMDb Whitey Interview at leaveittobeaver.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Fafara&oldid=823082375 '' Categories : 1949 births 2003 deaths 20th - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American people convicted of burglary Male actors from San Francisco Male Western ( genre ) film actors People from Studio City , Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 03 : 49 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Fafara
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who plays the head maester in game of thrones
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Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest TBA Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring
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Julian Glover
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List of Game of Thrones characters
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list of game of thrones characters
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The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels . Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as `` The Known World , '' the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night 's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Starring Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Starring Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Starring Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Starring Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Starring Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Starring Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Starring Aidan Gillen Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Starring Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Starring Kit Harington Jon Snow Starring Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Starring Maisie Williams Arya Stark Starring Richard Madden Robb Stark Starring Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Starring TBA Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Starring Starring Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Starring Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Starring Starring Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Starring Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Starring Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Starring Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Starring John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Starring Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Starring Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Starring Carice van Houten Melisandre Starring TBA James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Starring Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Starring TBA Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Starring TBA Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Starring Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Starring Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Starring Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Starring Starring TBA Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Starring TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Starring TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Starring TBA Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Starring Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Starring Michiel Huisman Daario Naharis Recurring Starring TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Starring Tom Wlaschiha Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Starring TBA Dean - Charles Chapman Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Starring Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Starring Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Starring In seasons 6 and 7 , Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man . In season 5 , Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene . In season 3 , Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . In season 1 , Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene , portrayed by an uncredited extra . In seasons 1 and 2 , Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry . Supporting cast ( edit ) Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a ' recurring ' status : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest TBA Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring In season 6 , Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child ( originally named Wylis ) . In season 1 , Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2 . In seasons 1 and 2 , Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . In season 6 , Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes . In season 1 , Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott . In season 2 , Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever . Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night 's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared John Standing as Jon Arryn Rhodri Hosking as Mycah Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Maisie Dee as Daisy David Coakley as Drennan Peter Ballance as Farlen Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark Anthony Morris as the Tickler Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe David Fynn as Rennick Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean - Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Will O'Connell as Todder Pixie Le Knot as Kayla Jamie Michie as Steelshanks Walton Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Introduced in Season 4 Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Octavia Alexandru and Kae Alexander as Leaf Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole 's Town madam Lois Winstone as a Mole 's Town prostitute Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Deirdre Monaghan as Morag Jane McGrath as Sissy Sarine Sofair as Lhara Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J.J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Ali Lyons as Johnna Oengus MacNamara as the thin man Hattie Gotobed as Ghita Meena Rayann as Vala Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Lemoncloak Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys ' The Mad King ' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Tom Chadbon as High Septon Maynard Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Main characters ( edit ) Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( edit ) Sean Bean Main article : Ned Stark Ned Stark ( season 1 , 6 - 7 ) portrayed by Sean Bean in season 1 as an adult , and by Sebastian Croft in season 6 as a child , and Robert Aramayo in season 6 and 7 as a young adult . Eddard `` Ned '' Stark of House Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn 's death . He is known for his sense of honor and justice . He took part in Robert 's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen . When Ned 's father and brother went south to reclaim her , the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive . Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne . As the show opens , Ned has been content to remain in the north , but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn , he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King . Ned is not interested in politics , and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law . While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn , he discovers that all three of Robert 's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei 's twin brother Jaime . When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth , she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey . Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably , as he is prepared to do , his daughters will suffer for it . To protect them , he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king . Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister . Robert Baratheon ( edit ) Mark Addy Main article : Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen . Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King 's Landing to reclaim her , which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark 's revolt known as Robert 's Rebellion , whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Jaime Lannister ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Main article : Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen 's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life , fathering all three of her living children . He truly does love his sister and will do anything , no matter how rash , to stay close to her . He is nicknamed `` Kingslayer '' for killing the previous King , Aerys II , whom he was sworn to protect . He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war , but no one feels he deserves this post , which frustrates Jaime . Despite Eddard Stark 's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime has great respect for Eddard , whom he considers a great warrior and his equal . Unlike his father and sister , Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion . In Season 2 , Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King 's Landing under Brienne of Tarth 's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home . On the journey , they are captured by the violent Locke , a man - at - arms under Roose Bolton , a Northern Lord . On their way to Harrenhal , now held by Bolton , the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime 's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege . Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt . During his time in Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II . Once freed , Jaime travels to King 's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn , given by Bolton to tend to his injury , in tow . At the end of Season 3 , they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei . In season 4 , Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword , and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand . Jaime is one of the few people in King 's Landing who believe in Tyrion 's innocence in killing Joffrey , and does his best to comfort his younger brother , while outright refusing Cersei 's order to kill Tyrion before his trial . When Tyrion is sentenced to death , Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys 's help . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and does n't want to go back to King 's Landing . However , she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane , after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council . On the journey home , Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter , who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him , but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies . In season 6 , Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria , Obara , Nymeria and Tyene , but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands . In response to Cersei 's humiliation by the Faith Militant , Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody . He is foiled , however , when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown , and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard , clearly on the High Sparrow 's orders . Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun . He parleys with Brynden `` The Blackfish '' Tully , to no avail , and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle . The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys . Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick , but allows them to leave peacefully . He returns to King 's Landing shortly after the Great Sept 's destruction , and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen . In Season 7 he commands the Lannister army , capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys ' Dothraki forces and dragons . He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead , and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone . Catelyn Stark ( edit ) Michelle Fairley Main article : Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Michelle Fairley . Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully ( née Tully ) , Lady of Winterfell , is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn , Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie , and Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , she travels to King 's Landing to warn Ned , and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister . Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion 's complete innocence , she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son 's life . She takes him to her sister , Lysa Arryn , so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful , as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat . After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release , she joins her son 's war council . Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey , she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives . Throughout Season 2 , she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances . While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon , another claimant to the Iron Throne , she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly 's assassination . She frees Jaime Lannister , a valuable hostage to the Starks , in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters . Robb , feeling betrayed by what his mother has done , puts her under house arrest . Catelyn travels north with her son to her father 's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun . She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate ( and futile ) pleas to the Freys to spare her son , threatening to slit Lady Frey 's throat if Robb dies . She keeps her promise , and is herself killed moments later when `` Black '' Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone . In Season 4 , it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully 's funeral traditions . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , Catelyn and her son are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa 's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . Cersei Lannister ( edit ) Lena Headey Main article : Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Lena Headey . Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager , initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros , which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father , children , and brother Jaime . Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his . Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip , before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children . Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son , Joffrey , on the throne , with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent . Joffrey quits listening to his mother , and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son , and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor . Cersei and Tyrion do not get along , and constantly try to undermine each other 's authority over the crown . As of the end of season 2 , Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne , and has shipped Cersei 's only daughter off against Cersei 's will to be married to the prince of Dorne . In season 3 , she takes pleasure in Tyrion 's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark , only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell . At the end of the season , the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages , and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity . In season 4 , she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned . It is implied that she knows Tyrion 's guilt is highly unlikely , but just wants to see him dead , though Jaime refuses to carry out the order . Indeed , at Tyrion 's trial , it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses ( herself , Lord Varys , Meryn Trant , Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae ) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat , Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion 's chances of acquittal , and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion can not choose him as his champion . Cersei 's wish comes true when Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn Martell , is killed by Clegane , but she still refuses to marry Loras , even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children . Tywin rebuffs her threats , though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards . Cersei attends Tywin 's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion 's head . Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne : a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs . Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter , Myrcella , who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head , though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion 's head . Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting . With the office of Hand of the King vacant , Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand . She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers . When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War , he declines , telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power , and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants . In defiance of Cersei 's `` orders '' , Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required . Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell . Under Margaery 's influence , Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock , but she refuses , and confronts Margaery , who insults her . Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel , who has become a member of the Faith Militant , an extremist group that worships the Seven . Cersei talks to their leader , the High Sparrow , and instates him as the new High Septon . The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish 's brothel . They also arrest Margaery 's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality . Tommen , at Margaery 's insistence , tries to get Cersei to release Loras , but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it , After a trial , Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras . Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras ' sexual orientation , and both are put in dungeons . All of this delights Cersei , who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew . Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair , but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything ( in Season 1 , Cersei had sex with him in Jaime 's absence ) . Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery , incest , and murder ( it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting ) . She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn , who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne , and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king . Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen , anguished over his wife 's and mother 's arrests , has not been eating . Cersei is also visited by a septa , who orders her to confess to her sins . Cersei refuses , and she is hit by the septa . Weakened , Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell . She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon , confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences , which would be harder for the Faith to prove . The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep , pending the trial , but only if she agrees to do `` atonement '' for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King 's Landing . Cersei endures the walk with great resolve , bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep , where she reunites with her uncle Kevan , now Hand of the King , and Qyburn , who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard , a freakishly large , silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane . In season 6 , Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella , who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand . Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion , she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice , stripping Cersei of her trump card . In desperation , Cersei has Qyburn look into an `` old rumour '' , which turns out to be the Mad King 's wildfire caches . On the day of her and Loras 's trial , Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace Tyrell , Kevan , Lancel , the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant , and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers . With her enemies out of the way , Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand . In Season 7 Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy , who help her to capture Highgarden , destroy much of Daenerys ' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes . She tells Jamie she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father . Cersei agrees to Tyrion 's request for a parley with the Targaryen party , and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south . She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead , but reveals to Jamie that she has no intention of keeping her word . Jamie argues , and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north . Daenerys Targaryen ( edit ) Emilia Clarke Main article : Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` the Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For seventeen years , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him . In exchange for an army , Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , making her a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language , she manages to get past their barriers . She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . After her brother 's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo , leaving him in a permanent catatonic state , and forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Losing both her husband and son , Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake . She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo 's body , then steps into the burning funeral pyre . After the fire extinguishes itself , the Khaleesi and three baby dragons , named Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion , are found alive and unharmed . Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne . She becomes the first female Dothraki leader . In Season 2 , she is lost in the Red Waste , a stretch of barren land . She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth , where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros . When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree , she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them , killing Pyat Pree . In the second season 's finale , she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree . Her horde loot Xaro 's mansion to buy a ship . Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay , where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied . She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy , and accepts him into her queensguard . On her departure from the city , she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders . By the end of Season 3 , although her power has not yet been tested , she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai , her remaining Dothraki brethren ( and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki , who advise her ) 2,000 ' Second Sons ' cavalrymen , 8,000 ' Unsullied ' elite infantry , and three rapidly growing dragons . The stay in Slaver 's Bay has made her question her motives , however , and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well , donning the honorific `` Breaker of Chains '' as the slaves hold her to the sky , praising her as their Mhysa , or `` Mother '' . Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen , the last of the slave cities in Slaver 's Bay , but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons , especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food . Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet , Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver 's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being . She eventually learns of Jorah 's original purpose , which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon , and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution . After she receives too many complaints about her dragons , Daenerys , locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon . Meanwhile , Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied . She considers freeing her dragons , but they attempt to attack her , making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her . After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy , Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive , but Barristan tells her of the Mad King 's actions against his enemies , which included burning them with wildfire while laughing . He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial , and she agrees with him . Mossador goes against her wishes , and kills the captive Son of the Harpy . Daenerys has him publicly executed , which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves . At night , Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned , but when she tries to touch his face , he flies away . Soon afterward , a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway . The Unsullied head in to investigate , but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy . The Unsullied attempt to fight back , but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them . Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help , killing many of the Sons of the Harpy , but gets badly wounded , and dies . Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries . Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan , and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses . She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward . The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal , and he and Viserion eat him . Daenerys then has all the lords arrested , including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq , whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles . To respect the culture of the area , she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated ( she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport ) . Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition . Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed , and gets up to leave , but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them . This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont , who is trying to win over Daenerys ' favor after being banished . Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away , but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift , and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys . After a round of questioning , Daenerys banishes Jorah once again , but takes Tyrion on as her adviser . On the great opening of Daznak 's Pit , Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena , but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life . Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy , who appear in legions and attack Daenerys ' guards . Cornered at the midst of the arena , defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns , killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears . Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back , riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd . She roams the Great Steppe north of the city , where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food . Strolling about on her own , Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers , and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail , she is surrounded . In season 6 , the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak , where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo 's former wife . Out of respect for Dothraki traditions , they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen , which consisted of the wives of deceased khals . Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with all the khals still inside , naming herself as the new leader of the Dothraki . She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons . In the aftermath , Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron . Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne , names Tyrion as her hand , but breaks up with Daario , ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver 's Bay in her absence . With her new army , Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros . In Season 7 Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle , annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire . Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone , seeing him as a friend and ally , insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal . She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass ( obsidian ) from her land . When Jon 's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them , and is devastated when the Night King kills one . On the ship back to Dragonstone she and Jon make love . Jorah Mormont ( edit ) Iain Glen Main article : Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch . To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle , he sold poachers on his land to slave traders , which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms . Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark , he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as `` Jorah The Andal '' . Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos . Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes . But after learning more about Daenerys , Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne . After she is widowed , he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard . He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout Season 2 and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms . In Season 3 , he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai , together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis , Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons . Led by Daario , the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate , ensuring the capture of Yunkai . Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen , and later informs her of Joffrey 's death , but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing , since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet . When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario , Jorah voices his disapproval . Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the `` usurper '' Robert Baratheon , which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak , and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death . Jorah subsequently departs alone . He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis , kidnapping him to deliver to `` the Queen '' , meaning Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale , and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand . He drags Tyrion safely to land , where the couple are captured by pirates . Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits , where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz , and successfully escape during a tourney . Upon seeing Jorah again , Daenerys orders him taken away . Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser , upon which he advises her , correctly in his opinion , to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason , having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so . Jorah is exiled a second time , and returns to Yezzan , wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see . He does so , and eventually emerges as the victor ; brandishing his spear , he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys , and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge . They are eventually saved by Drogon , who absconds Daenerys on his back , and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone , joined by Daario Naharis , while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen . They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki . Daenerys , however , learns of Jorah 's greyscale infection , and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause . At the Citadel in Oldtown , Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure . It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys , who revokes his banishment . Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight . He refuses Jon 's attempt to gift him Longclaw , the Mormonts ' ancestral valerian steel sword , as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name . Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( edit ) Aidan Gillen Main article : Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish ( season 1 -- 7 ) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish , nicknamed `` Littlefinger , '' is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon 's Small Council . He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned 's brother Brandon for her hand . Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies . While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned , he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei . Despite that , Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him . During season 2 , he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell . He then returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city . For his efforts , he is made Lord of Harrenhal , though the castle is held by Northmen . In Season 3 , he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie , where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne . He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale ( as Lysa Arryn 's consort ) and the Riverlands ( after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding ) , though he has yet to see Harrenhal . In Season 4 , Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King 's Landing . He has spent weeks in the Vale , and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa . Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery , something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey 's beastly nature . This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell . Petyr also gets Sansa Stark -- Ned and Catelyn 's eldest surviving daughter -- out of King 's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him . He also begins acting as a mentor for her , and promises Sansa she is safe with him . When asked what he wants by her , he simply says `` everything '' . When they arrive in the Vale , it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time , and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr 's request . Petyr and Lysa marry that same day , and loudly consummate their marriage . However , Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn , and goes as far as to kiss her , with Lysa looking on unnoticed . When confronted by Lysa , who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa , Petyr kills Lysa instead , calmly pushing her through the Moon Door -- a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie , and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn , incidentally -- to her death on the rocks below . Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa 's apparent `` suicide , '' and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself , however , and he is cleared of all charges . As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale , Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa 's sickly and mentally challenged son , Robin Arryn , though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die . In Season 5 , Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her , leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce . At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell , though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay 's promise to never harm her . After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell , he leaves for King 's Landing , where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality . He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon , and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa 's head if he succeeds . In return , Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale . However , Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister , which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow . In season 6 , after hearing of Sansa 's escape from Winterfell , Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay , but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away . However , Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay , and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks . He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen , but she turns him down . As Jon is declared the new King in the North , Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa , clearly intending to take action against them . In season 7 he remains at Winterfell , where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue . He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other . He does not see the threat from Bran , who can see all of his past actions . Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder . Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member . Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish 's , and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark 's throat . Arya waits for Sansa 's judgement and then slit 's Baelish 's throat . Viserys Targaryen ( edit ) Harry Lloyd Main article : Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen ( season 1 ) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty . Known as `` The Beggar King '' for his search for an army to recapture his throne . A narcissist , he is arrogant and self - centered , caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys . In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne , Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde 's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain . But as they journey , it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts . Furthermore , Daenerys , who he has always threatened throughout his life , starts to stand up to him . Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo 's unborn son is prophet to unite the world , Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne . In a fit of drunken rage , he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son . Having enough of his behavior , Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a `` Golden Crown '' ; molten gold poured over his head . Daenerys listlessly watches her brother 's agonizing death , proclaiming that he was n't a true dragon , as `` fire can not kill a dragon '' . Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion , as a tribute to Viserys . Jon Snow ( edit ) Main article : Jon Snow ( character ) Jon Snow ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night 's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna 's brother , Ned Stark . In the first season , Jon joins the Night 's Watch . Jon is a talented fighter , but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings . Ned claims that Jon 's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla . His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature . Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order , but is now composed mostly of society 's rejects , including criminals and exiles . Initially , he has only contempt for his low - born brothers of the Watch , but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits , especially Samwell Tarly , after they unite against the cruel master - at - arms , Ser Alliser Thorne . He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North , and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger . He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command . He saves Mormont 's life by slaying a wight , a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers . In return , he receives Longclaw , the ancestral blade of House Mormont . When Eddard is arrested for treason , Jon is torn between his family and his vows . After Eddard 's execution , he tries to join Robb 's army but is convinced to come back by his friends . Shortly after , he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall . Jon is part of a small scouting party in Season 2 . When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans . Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods . In Season 5 , Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon 's support in avenging his family . Jon fails to convince Mance , and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis ' red priestess Melisandre , Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death . After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance . Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island , stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King . Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night 's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night , and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win . Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him , and in exchange he will legitimize Jon , making him Jon Stark , and giving him Winterfell . In the great hall , Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis 's offer , as he swore an oath to the Night 's Watch . After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates , Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon , reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster 's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont 's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black . After the voting is complete , the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser . Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon , making him the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . To lessen the animosity between the two , Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger . Melisandre takes an interest in Jon , visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him . Jon refuses , out of respect for Ygritte and his Night 's Watch vows . Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall , known as `` the gift . '' He wants the Night 's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers . These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night 's Watch , in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly , whose village was massacred by wildlings . Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome , where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause . However , before many of them can get on boats to leave , a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene . A massive battle ensues , in which many wildlings are killed . The last remaining Night 's Watchmen and wildlings , including Jon , depart from Hardhome , defeated . As they return to the Wall , they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne , who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings . Shortly after , Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown , approving of their relationship and Sam 's motives of keeping her safe . He is later approached by Davos asking for men , and later Melisandre , whose silence confirms Stannis 's defeat . That evening , Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon 's uncle Benjen . However , Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers , led by Ser Alliser Thorne , stab Jon repeatedly , with Olly dealing the final blow , leaving him to die in the snow . In season 6 , Jon 's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers . After the mutineers are dealt with , Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night 's Watch . Shortly afterwards , he is reunited with Sansa , who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton . Though initially reluctant , Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa 's return on threat of murdering Rickon . Securing help from several Northern houses , Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale , though Rickon is killed in the process . Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay , but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him . In the aftermath , Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords . In season 7 Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect , letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes . Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army , he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help . She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point . Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons . Later Jon appears to forgive Theon , telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark . Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south . He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight . Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze . Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved , but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting . Expecting to die , he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety . Jon wakes on Daenerys ' ship , and tells her he will bend the knee . They make love . Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark , and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Sansa Stark ( edit ) Sophie Turner Main article : Sansa Stark Sansa Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey , and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well . Her direwolf is called Lady , she is the smallest of the pack . Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom 's politics and rivalries . Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed , and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason . She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North . Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him . Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey 's cruelty . Throughout Season 2 , she suffers under Joffrey 's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it . By the Season 2 finale , Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell . However , she is still a hostage ; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell . In Season 3 , she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die . The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated , and after Robb 's death -- upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa , a request coldly ignored by his grandfather -- she is unable to speak to him . In Season 4 , Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression . She attends Joffrey 's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey 's death . Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding , moments ahead of Cersei 's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested . Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog , and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has the fool killed by his archers , with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence -- her disappearance when Joffrey died , the execution of her father , deaths of her family and years of torment at the king 's hand , will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey . Currently , a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her , Cersei thirsts for vengeance , and Tyrion himself stands trial . Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King 's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish , who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter . Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son , Robin . However , Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa , who is smitten with Petyr , accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him , and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child , slapping him at one point . When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa , Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle 's Moon Door , but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa 's eyes , making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her . Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa 's death , but Sansa reaffirms Petyr 's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities . Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her , demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King 's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn . In Season 5 , she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her . At an In , Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa . Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die , even when Brienne reveals the true , somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly 's death . Sansa seems inclined to agree , pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey 's wedding , to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there . Sansa rejects Brienne 's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes . Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton , the son of Lord Roose Bolton . This will put her back in Winterfell , which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn . Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa , his psychopathic nature quickly shows through , and Sansa is disgusted . She is also antagonized by Myranda , the kennelmaster 's daughter , who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay . Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa , and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy , who was Eddard Stark 's ward and whom she grew up with . Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him , he has taken on a submissive , sullen persona called Reek . After Sansa and Ramsay are wed , he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch . Later , Sansa attempts to talk to Reek , who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek . At one point , Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers , Bran and Rickon , are alive , when she had assumed that they were dead . This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation . As Stannis Baratheon 's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces , Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda , who threatens her with a bow . Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay 's custody , she is unexpectedly saved by Reek , who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister . The Bolton 's return to Winterfell and , knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda 's body , the couple flee to the wall in terror , where they make the jump off the ledge . In season 6 , Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon , while Theon returns home . After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back , Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North . Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish , but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons . Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered , Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory . After Ramsay is killed , Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen , but Sansa turns him down . When Jon is named the new King in the North , Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her . In Season 7 Sansa finds some of Jon 's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him . She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords ' objections , and even when some of them hint that they 're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler . Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell , though she is unnerved by how much they have changed : Bran 's loss of humanity and Arya 's ruthlessness . Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters . He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing . Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder . Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords , before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him . Arya Stark ( edit ) Maisie Williams Main article : Arya Stark Arya Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell . Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle . Her direwolf is called Nymeria . When Ned is arrested for treason , her `` dancing master '' Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters . She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell . From then on , she takes the name Arry . During Season 2 , Yoren 's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert 's bastard children . Before she is captured , she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others , saving their lives . She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday . At the same time , she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer . When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal , he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl . Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity . Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved . The first two she picks , the Tickler , Harrenhal 's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch , after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin 's war plans and tries to inform Tywin . After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin , after he heads out to face Robb 's forces , she forces Jaqen to help her , Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name , for which she promises to `` unname '' him if he helps them . After successfully escaping , Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar morghulis '' if she ever needs to find him . Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya 's mother Lady Stark , but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads . There , Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane , one of the Brotherhood 's prisoners . Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader , now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark 's daughter . She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed . Captured by Sandor , she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother , only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse . Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter , and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys , boasting of how they mutilated her brother 's corpse . In season 4 , Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale . With Sandor 's help , Arya later retrieves her sword , Needle ( a gift from Jon Snow ) , and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver , who stole it from her . Along the way , Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor , helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior . Arya laughs with disbelief . Later , Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne . Arya refuses to leave with Brienne , assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters . In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor , Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him , but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die . She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos , befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal . In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos , and the ship 's captain , Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White . She is turned away by the doorman , even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . After spending the night sitting in front of the House , she throws the coin into the water and leaves . Later , after killing a pigeon , Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street . Arya prepares to fight them , but the thieves flee when the doorman appears . He walks her back to the House of Black and White , and gives her the iron coin . He then changes his face to Jaqen , and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House . Arya 's training progresses , during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity . Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity , as Lana , a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos . She eventually encounters Meryn Trant , who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio 's death , revealing her identity and motive in the process . When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif , who tell her that Meryn 's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid . Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight . In season 6 , she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos , regularly beaten and abused by the Waif , until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her . Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress , Lady Crane , but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous , less - talented actress . She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation , but seeks shelter with Crane to recover . The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her . She adds the Waif 's face to the Hall of Faces , impressing Jaqen , but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros , where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey . At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast . As they start to choke , he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive , and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark . Arya heads for King 's Landing to kill Cersei , but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north . She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion . Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne , who she insists spar with her . Brienne is surprised by Arya 's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya , but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight . When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords ' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them . Arya is angry , saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason . Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message , unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching . The message is years old , written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei , but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal . Sansa finds Arya 's bag of faces and is shocked . At some point , the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other . With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well , Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason . Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him . Robb Stark ( edit ) Richard Madden Main article : Robb Stark Robb Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in The North '' . He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit . Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Theon Greyjoy ( edit ) Alfie Allen Main article : Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands . He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys . However , his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb 's proposal . Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn , he joins his family 's invasion of the North . To gain the respect of his men , he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell . The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans . Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family , Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton 's bastard son . However , he is betrayed by his men due to Robb 's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon . Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name ( before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his `` real father '' ) . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , which Balon refuses . He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . In season 4 , Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay , but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek . Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin , an Ironborn - occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands , and to take Theon with him . Before they leave , however , the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men , but Theon refuses to flee with her , believing it may be another trick on Ramsay 's part , forcing Yara to leave without him . As a reward , Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin , leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army , and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell . In Winterfell , he rekindles his relationship with Sansa , who is to be married to Ramsay . On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay , who forces Theon to watch . Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay , but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers . As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons , he helps her escape by killing Ramsay 's sadistic lover , Myranda , as she threatens Sansa with a bow . The couple climb the crest of the wall , and jump . In season 6 , after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick , Theon returns to the Iron Islands , where he discovers that his father has been killed . He endorses Yara to succeed their father , but are usurped by their uncle , Euron , the one responsible for murdering Balon . Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen , offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron . In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara 's fleet , with Theon and the Sand Snakes , to invade Westeros , but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy . Euron boards Yara 's ship and captures her as Theon watches . He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara , but Theon jumps into the sea instead . Theon is found by some Iron Islanders , supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken . He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon , who is furious at Theon 's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa . Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances . Jon , softening to Theon , tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy . Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit , an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara . When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates , Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead . Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon , but Theon refuses to stay down , fights , and eventually prevails . The Iron Islanders , a dozen or so men , agree to help Theon rescue Yara . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark ( edit ) Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article : Bran Stark Bran Stark ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . He was named after his deceased uncle , Brandon . His dire wolf is called Summer . During the King 's visit to Winterfell , he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex , following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime , permanently crippling his legs . An assassin tries to kill Bran , but Summer , the direwolf companion , kills the assassin . Bran , when he awakens , finds that he is crippled from the waist down , forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor , and he can not remember the events immediately before his fall . Slowly , he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer 's consciousness , making him a warg or a skinchanger . After his older brother , Robb , is crowned King in the North , Bran becomes Robb 's heir and the Lord of Winterfell . After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell , Bran goes into hiding . To cement his claim on Winterfell , Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran , and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead . After Theon 's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked , Bran , Rickon , Hodor , Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety . They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed , two siblings who aid them in their quest . After coming close to the wall , Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall . He also encounters Sam and Gilly , who tries to persuade him not to , but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds . Along the way , Bran and the others stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured and held hostage by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Night 's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster 's Keep to kill the mutineers , but Locke , a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton , attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere . Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck , but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon , whom Jojen claims would stop them . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , who claims he can not restore Bran 's legs , but will make him fly instead . In season 6 , Bran experiences several visions , such as the origins of the White Walkers , the origin of Hodor , and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow . After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three - eyed raven and Hodor , Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran 's undead uncle , Benjen , who takes them back to the Wall . He later sees a vision of Jon Snow 's birth , learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark . In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality . He arrives back at Winterfell . Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran 's cold reaction . Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven . He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree . He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish 's past . He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran . Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell , and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand , having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne . Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen , and asks Bran if he can confirm it . Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar 's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Joffrey Baratheon ( edit ) Jack Gleeson Main article : Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Vicious and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- who , in reality , is Jaime Lannister . After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father 's will , and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother . Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa . His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . Upon the end of Season 3 , the marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . In Season 4 , Joffrey finally marries Margaery , but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned , and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that beast '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( edit ) Rory McCann Main article : Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Hound , '' for his savage nature , is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister . He is also Joffrey Baratheon 's personal bodyguard . The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor 's face into a brazier , leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred , and a lifelong fear of fire . He is taciturn and brutal , but not without compassion . He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters . After Joffrey becomes King , Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard . Although he is still faithful to Joffrey , he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey 's attempts to shame and physically abuse her . During the siege on King 's Landing , when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis ' ships , Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight , insulting Joffrey as he leaves . Before fleeing the city , he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along . She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle . Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man . He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood , Beric Dondarrion , and released . Taking Arya Stark prisoner , he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her , but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow . When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death , he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest . Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead , to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn . The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves , causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head . Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck , which Arya heals after the attackers are killed . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead . They subsequently stay near the Vale , but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne , who are searching for the Stark girls . Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty , Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne . Brienne eventually bites Sandor 's ear off and beats him off a cliff . He survives the fall , but is mortally wounded . He is found by Arya , whom he attempts to provoke into killing him , but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die , screaming for Arya to kill him . Sandor is presumed dead , yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists . After the colony is slaughtered by the Brotherhood without Banners , Sandor is the sole survivor , and he hunts down the men responsible . He tracks the Brotherhood , but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions . After reminiscing over past events , Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them , as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers . They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane . Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor , with Beric , Thoros and Tormund join him . Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King 's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit , and shows the wight to Cersei . There , Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne , and a hostile one with his brother Gregor , telling him that one day he ( Sandor ) will kill Gregor . Tyrion Lannister ( edit ) Peter Dinklage Main article : Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed `` The Imp '' or `` Halfman '' , Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister . He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth , for which his father , Tywin Lannister , blames him . While not physically powerful , Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him . In Season Three , Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin , a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for . Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark ; however , on the wedding night , Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone , promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to . The death of her brother Robb , in which Tyrion took no part , causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father , who he claims ca n't distinguish between his interests and his often - praised ideal of devotion to family . Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth , but stayed himself for the sake of duty . In season 4 , Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King 's Landing for Joffrey 's wedding to Margaery Tyrell , though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister , who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin 's orders . When Joffrey is fatally poisoned , Tyrion is framed and arrested . Tyrion , however , implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead . At Tyrion 's trial , he demands a trial by combat . Tyrion is approached by Oberyn , who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei 's champion , Ser Gregor Clegane . When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed , Tyrion is sentenced to death . Jaime , however , frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King 's Landing . Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae , who testified against him and is now Tywin 's lover . After a brief struggle , Tyrion strangles Shae to death , and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey 's crossbow . Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys . They arrive in Pentos , where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont , who says that he will take him to Daenerys . Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here . Tyrion tells her everything , including Varys ' plan . He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen , but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros . Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles . He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak 's Pit , where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena . As the Sons of the Harpy attack , Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena , where they are rescued by Drogon , while Daenerys is spirited away on his back . In season 6 , Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen , particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy , stranding them in Slaver 's Bay . Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . In gratitude for Tyrion 's loyalty , Daenerys names him her official Hand , and he accompanies her back to Westeros . In season 7 Tyrion 's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views , and he has mixed success in directing her actions . He sneaks into King 's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys , which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city . At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall . When Cersei is not convinced , Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her . He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei 's presence alive , and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers . Khal Drogo ( edit ) Jason Momoa Main article : Khal Drogo Khal Drogo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people . He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen , as arranged by her brother Viserys . He is undefeated in battle . Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros . Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement , Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men . After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys ' life , he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens , but Viserys 's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him . Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife , but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion . The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse , a sign of weakness to the Dothraki . Most of his khalasar abandons him , but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him . The spell works , but leaves him a brain - dead husk of his former self . Daenerys smothers him out of pity , and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs . Tywin Lannister ( edit ) Charles Dance Main article : Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister ( season 1 -- 5 ) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock , Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West , Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating , ruthless , and controlling man . He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II . He is the father of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more , but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks , Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey , and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey 's claim to the throne ; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war , and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion . Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark . While there , he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer , unaware that she is actually Arya Stark . Originally , he was about to attack Robb 's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell , but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King 's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon 's forces away . He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells . In the third season , as Hand of the King , he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms , and he successfully defeats Robb Stark , the King in the North , by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton , who betray and kill Stark and his men . The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North , respectively , though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme . He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey , who chides his grandfather as a coward who `` hid under Casterly Rock '' while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen , and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell , to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North ( now Sansa 's heirdom , as all her brothers are presumed dead ) . In the fourth season , Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies , and has King 's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping ( although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard ) . He grooms Joffrey 's younger brother , Tommen , to becoming the new King , and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was . The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem , however , as he resurfaces the Martell -- Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane during the Robert 's Rebellion ; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin 's order . Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion 's supposed guilt , Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy , he will exile him to the Night 's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister . However , Tyrion loses his composure , lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat , to Tywin 's anger . When Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn , loses the fight and is killed , Tywin sentences his son to death . Later , when Jamie helps Tyrion escape , Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae , Tyrion 's former lover , who falsely testified against him at his trial . Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy , wielding Joffrey 's crossbow . Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion , swearing that he would never have had him executed , but also -- upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae 's death -- taunts him as `` afraid of a dead whore '' . In rage , Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest , killing him . His body is discovered shortly afterwards , and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor . As revealed by Davos Seaworth , he was 67 years old . Tywin 's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms , with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital , and rivalry rising between Cersei , who aspires to her father 's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities , and the Tyrells . The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne . Davos Seaworth ( edit ) Liam Cunningham Main article : Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth , also known as `` The Onion Knight '' , is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon ; he serves as one of Stannis 's most trusted advisers . In his smuggling days , he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone . Before the events of the series , he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . Before knighting him , Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling ; believing these joints bought his family a better future , Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck . In Season 2 , he loyally supports Stannis ' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis ' most trusted adviser , though Stannis often dislikes what he hears . An agnostic , he does n't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor . He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater , where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire . His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea . He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan , who returns him to King Stannis . Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son , he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry . Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days . Arriving at the Wall , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause , when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre , whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead . In season 6 , after Jon is killed in a mutiny , Davos leads Jon 's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings ' help . Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon , which she succeeds in doing , and becomes one of Jon 's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons , successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men . He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives , but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre . He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen 's death , and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre , though Jon has her exiled instead . Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone . He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King 's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister . While in King 's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy , and brings him back to Dragonstone . Samwell Tarly ( edit ) John Bradley Main article : Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night 's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly , is a new recruit to the Night 's Watch . He was sent to the Wall by his father , who disowned him for his cowardice . He becomes Jon 's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him . While not a warrior , he is very smart and insightful . He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon . He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly , one of Craster 's daughter - wives . Later in Season 2 , he finds obsidian `` Dragon glass . '' At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men . He manages to escape with a few Night 's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster 's Keep . Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers -- which ended in Lord Mormont 's death -- Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass . Alongside Gilly , he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont 's death and reunite with Jon . In season 4 , fearing for Gilly 's safety , Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole 's Town , but later regrets his decision , especially after Mole 's Town is attacked by wildlings ( though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte ) . He reunites with Gilly , however , when she returns to Castle Black unharmed , and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack , kissing her for the first time . Sam himself participates in the battle , at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms . In the aftermath , he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly , and is given Jon 's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder . He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall . In season 5 , he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed . At Mance Rayder 's execution he comforts Gilly as she could n't bare to watch . Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read . He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease . At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Jon Snow reveals Stannis 's offer of legitimization to Sam . Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell , but he reveals that he will decline the king 's offer , much to Sam 's surprise . When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister , Sam puts Jon 's name forward as a candidate . Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him `` Slayer '' and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon 's love for Ygritte , and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack . Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont 's personal steward , that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and took command of Castle Black 's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded . Sam 's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Events at the wall go on as normal , until the death of Maester Aemon of old age . Sam is present at the maester 's death . Shortly afterward , he catches two Night 's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly . He attempts to defend her , but the two harshly beat him , and he is only saved by Jon 's direwolf , Ghost . While tending Sam 's wounds , Gilly has sex with Sam . He later leaves with her , convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown . His self - confessed motive , however , is to spirit Gilly and her baby -- now named `` Sam '' after her lover -- away to safety , of which Jon approves . In season 6 , Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill , where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family , but after an uneasy reunion with his father , Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him , and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane , to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel . He reaches the citadel in the season finale . In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester , collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls . He meets Jorah Mormont , nearly lost to the disease greyscale , and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester 's orders . Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously . Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam . Gilly finds in a High Septon 's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne ; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret . Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate , named Aegon Targaryen , and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Margaery Tyrell ( edit ) Natalie Dormer Main article : Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell , and has recently married the late King Robert 's brother , Renly Baratheon , as part of House Tyrell 's support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey . Somewhere in her mid to late twenties , she is surprisingly canny and cunning . She is aware of her husband 's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother . Despite her knowledge of this , she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families . When Renly is killed , the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey . In a departure from her characterization in the novels , where her personal motivations are unclear , Margaery 's naked ambition is made obvious . Upon arriving at King 's Landing , she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras , but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die . At the end of Season 3 , her marriage to Joffrey is impending , though her influence over him appears to grow , causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei . Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time . In season 4 , Margaery and Joffrey are married , but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned . Since Margaery still can not become queen this way , she is betrothed to Joffrey 's younger brother and heir , Tommen , and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better . She is among the many people in King 's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey 's death , and her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it , leaving Margaery visibly shocked , until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey 's abuse ( which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him ) . Margaery is later present at Tyrion 's trial , where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed . After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes , Margaery attends Tywin 's funeral . Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward , as Tommen is now the king . The wedding suffers no problems , and Margaery finally becomes a queen . After consummating the marriage with Tommen , Margaery , who has him completely in her thrall , suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock . Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen . Margaery insults Cersei , angering her . Cersei then has Margaery 's brother , Loras , arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities . At a trial , Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty . However , when evidence is procured , Loras gets arrested , along with Margaery , as she lied in her testimony . The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial , but that they may receive the `` mother 's mercy '' if they were to confess their crimes . Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family , and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith . On the day of Cersei 's trial , however , Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor . Stannis Baratheon ( edit ) Stephen Dillane Main article : Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon , Lord of Dragonstone , is the elder of Robert Baratheon 's younger brothers . A brooding , humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice , he is obsessed with slights real and imagined . With Robert dying , Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King . By Season 2 , he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre , a priestess of R'hllor . After Robert 's death , Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei 's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms . However , most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly . When Renly is mysteriously slain , many of Renly 's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis . He then attacks King 's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay . However , due to Tyrion 's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry , he loses the Battle of Blackwater . Despite this setback , he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre , and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames . He acquires one of Robert 's bastards , Gendry , from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne . After Davos questions his course of action , Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry 's blood and throws them into a fire , calling for the death of Robb Stark , Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon . Upon the news of Robb 's death , Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned . Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre , who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night 's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall . In season 4 , Stannis hears of Joffrey 's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army , prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis 's name to help pay for an army . The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis ' request , even subtly belittling him in the process , but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age . Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black , interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder . Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark 's son , and on Jon 's advice , he places Mance and his men under arrest . He is later present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black . In season 5 , Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton , hoping to recruit Mance 's wildling army , if Mance will bend the knee to him . Mance refuses , and Stannis orders him burned at the stake . Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance 's execution , he presents Jon an enticing offer . If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis , the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark , making him the Lord of Winterfell . Stannis , after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont , knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause . Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward , on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . However , his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North , and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them . He eventually agrees , most reluctantly , to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light , sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action . Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice , he admits that he will hate himself forever , but goes through with the act , witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs . The next day , the blizzard has lifted , though half his army , including all the sellswords have mutinied , taking all the horses to join the Boltons . Selyse is found hanged in a woods , having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life . Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot , where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him . Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove , Stannis succumbs by a tree , where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth , reminding him of his fratricide . Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty , and she lifts her sword and swings . Melisandre ( edit ) Carice van Houten Main article : Melisandre Melisandre ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy , Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation . Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor . She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods , including seduction . Many , most notably Stannis ' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth , believe she is leading their king astray . She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen 's attempt to kill her with poison . She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry , the bastard son of Robert Baratheon , because he has king 's blood , claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne . After Gendry 's escape , she intercepts a letter from the Night 's Watch , seeing the prophetic `` Other '' as the force behind the White Walkers ' march on the wall , and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them . She dismisses `` this war of five kings '' ( now actually three ) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth , despite his betrayal . In season 4 , Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall , narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . At the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black , Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon . In season 5 , she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon . She attempts to seduce Jon , but he refuses to have sex with her . Eventually , she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell . When a large snowstorm delays them , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen , but Stannis refuses . After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies , he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child . Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted , but after half of Stannis ' forces desert him , dismayed and disgusted , she rides for the Wall , where she is accosted by Jon and Davos . In season 6 , after persuasion by Davos , Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon , who was killed in a mutiny , and succeeds , restoring her faith in the Lord of Light . She remains at Jon 's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons , and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions . However , she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos . With obvious regret , she admits what she did , but pleads with Jon not to execute her , claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King . Remembering her role in resurrecting him , Jon does not execute Melisandre , but has her exiled from the North . In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow . She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return , as it is her destiny to die there . Jeor Mormont ( edit ) James Cosmo Main article : Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont , the 997th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , is the estranged father of Ser Jorah . He gave up his lands to serve the Night 's Watch . His son 's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him . He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward , and gives him the Hand - and - a-Half sword ( also known as a bastard sword ) of their house , Longclaw . He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf 's head . To investigate the return of wights , the disappearance of several Rangers , and rumors of a wildling army , Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2 . In Season 3 , after returning to Craster 's Keep , he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny , but manages to strangle him briefly before succumbing to his wounds . His death ignites Maester Aemon 's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night 's Watch , which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers . His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards , as in season 4 , Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor 's . Bronn ( edit ) Jerome Flynn Main article : Bronn ( character ) Bronn ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor . He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark . During the trial , Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt , and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat . Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn 's champion and becomes Tyrion 's companion and protector , accompanying him back to King 's Landing . After they arrive , Bronn 's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters . When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay , he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis ' fleet , and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city . However , Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King , but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service . He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante , though discord is increasing between the two . When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark , Bronn claims he desires her sexually , which Tyrion takes as a grave insult . In Season 4 , Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand , as well as get Shae out of King 's Landing , which he assures was completed . Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey , telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered . Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion . Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him , and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane , Cersei 's champion , anyway . He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends . In Season 5 , Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed , Lollys Stokeworth , just outside Castle Stokeworth . Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding , but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it . He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse , saying that mean people will always get what they deserve . The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle . Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King 's Landing and wants Bronn to help him . He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him , which angers Bronn , as he and Cersei had an agreement . Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne . Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell , but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes , Oberyn Martell 's bastard daughters , who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn 's death . Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard . While in custody , Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene 's blade being coated in it , though she gives him the antidote . Though he struck Trystane during the struggle , Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King 's Landing with Jaime , after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane . In season six , he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys , and returns to King 's Landing afterwards . In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden , reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters . When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys ' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion ( giant crossbow ) to shoot down Daenerys ' dragon . One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it , and the scorpion is destroyed by fire . Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him . In King 's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep , ostensibly to practice with swords , before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting . Cersei describes this as treason , but Jamie takes no action against Bronn . Varys ( edit ) Conleth Hill Main article : Varys Varys ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys , sometimes called The Spider , is a major character in the second , third , fourth and fifth seasons . He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in `` Lord Snow '' . Varys is bald and tends towards fat , due to his castration . Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king 's small council . He is the Master of Whisperers , the King 's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent . He holds no inherited title , castle or lands in Westeros , but is called `` Lord '' as a courtesy due to his position on the council , which traditionally is made up of high lords . He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents . He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life ; humble , obsequious , fawning , and a little effeminate . This is simply a facade that Varys has developed , which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer . In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics , on - par with Master of Coin Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , with whom he frequently spars . Unlike Baelish , Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm , though of course , what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things . Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys . He was born a slave , and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys ' master could n't refuse . Varys was sold to the sorcerer , who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but did n't dull his perceptions or sense of pain , and emasculated him ( cutting off his testes and penis both ) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual , burning them in a brazier . Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die . Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what : begging , stealing , and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him , doing anything to survive . He also became an excellent thief , but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods , and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr . He became a master spy and information trafficker , and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms . His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners . Varys 's true loyalties remain a mystery , though he claims to serve `` the realm '' , and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war . After Littlefinger 's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey 's guards and he fails to intervene , Varys takes her into his service as a spy . Littlefinger finds out and has her killed , taunting Varys that he could n't protect her . Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm , claiming that Littlefinger `` would see the Seven Kingdoms burn , if he could be king over the ashes . '' Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae . Though he claims he will not lie for him , he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety . Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey , but when Tyrion is convicted , Jaime enlists Varys 's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King 's Landing to Essos . As Varys prepares to go back , he hears the tolling bells , making him realise that Tyrion 's escape has been discovered ( along with his murder of Tywin ) , so he stays on the boat with Tyrion . In Season 5 , he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos , where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Travelling to Volantis , Varys and Tyrion discuss the former 's brief tenure as Hand of the King . Tyrion laments not leaving King 's Landing with Shae when he had the chance , but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand . Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen , where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms . In season 6 , after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters , he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros , and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys . In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father 's throne , and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1 . She pardons him . Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros . Shae ( edit ) Sibel Kekilli Main article : Shae ( character ) Shae ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest . She is from Lorath , one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea . Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father , Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa 's handmaiden . As her handmaiden , Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters . In turn , Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can . In Season 3 , she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys , who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms , which she refuses to do , thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her . In Season 4 , Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King 's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told , insulting her in the process . Shae , however , does not leave King 's Landing , and resurfaces at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey 's death . It is revealed , however , that Shae was having an affair with Tywin . After Tyrion is freed by Jaime , he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin 's bed , making him realise the horrible truth . Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife , but he strangles her to death . Ygritte ( edit ) Rose Leslie Main article : Ygritte Ygritte ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair ( `` kissed by fire '' , a sign of luck among the Wildlings ) and a follower of Mance Rayder . In Season 2 , she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand . She manages to escape , but is recaptured by Jon , separating him from his brothers in the process . Later she leads him into Rattleshirt 's ambush . After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder 's wildling camp , where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans . She then travels with him to the wall , and during this journey she seduces him . However , when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall , Jon escapes the wildling 's clutches on horseback . But while resting , Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then , blinded by tears , shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall . In Season 4 , Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group , clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon , although Tormund suspects she let him go . When the wildlings attack Mole 's Town , Ygritte slaughters all the women present , but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son , and spares her life . When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack , Ygritte kills many Night 's Watch brothers with her archery skills , among them Pyp . When confronted by Jon , however , she can not bring herself to shoot him , and is shot in the back by Olly , a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed . Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon 's arms , and her body is later burned by Jon himself , separately from the other soldiers , in her homeland , north of the Wall . Talisa Maegyr ( edit ) Oona Chaplin Main article : Talisa Maegyr Talisa Maegyr ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings . She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis . No character named Talisa appears in the books . Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne , which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books . Talisa follows Robb Stark 's army camp as it moves . One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb 's key prisoner Jaime Lannister . Talisa later goes to comfort Robb . After she reveals more of her past to him , they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together . Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon . In season 3 , Talisa reveals that she is pregnant , although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre , the first in the hall to be attacked . Gendry ( edit ) Joe Dempsie Main article : Gendry Gendry ( season 1 -- 3 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert . During Season 1 , Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard . Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull 's head ; Eddard compliments the helmet , offering to purchase it . Gendry refuses , to the shame of the master smith . After Eddard Stark 's fall and eventual execution , arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night 's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him ; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits , including Arry , Lommy Greenhands , Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar . During their journey , they are stopped by the Goldcloaks , who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father 's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren . Later , Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya , Ned Stark 's daughter . After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren , Gendry 's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy , who was killed during the attack , was Gendry . Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed . Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister , who chides Clegane 's men for their reckless behavior . Thanks to Jaqen , Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal . As they head towards the Riverlands , the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners , a group of Outlaws that defend the weak . Inspired , he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light . Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle , King Stannis . But in truth , Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew 's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne , Joffrey , Robb , and Balon Greyjoy . Before they can use him as a sacrifice , Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King 's Landing . Unable to swim or row , Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him , and Davos asks him to `` have a bowl'o brown for me '' when returning to Flea Bottom . In Season 7 Davos , on a clandestine visit to King 's Landing , seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith . Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone . There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight . During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help . He gets word to Daenerys , and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship . Tormund Giantsbane ( edit ) Kristofer Hivju Main article : Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town . When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point . When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight , Tormund volunteers to go along . Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her . Tormund is at Eastwatch - by - the - Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion , now resurrected as a wight dragon , or `` ice dragon '' . Following the breaching of the Wall , it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives . Gilly ( edit ) Hannah Murray Main article : Gilly ( A Song of Ice and Fire ) Gilly ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall , Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster , a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women . She has a son with her father Craster . Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her . After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont 's rangers turn on each other , Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black . Along their journey , Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker . After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black , Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them . In gratitude for Samwell helping them , Gilly names her son after Sam . In Season 4 , Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black , with Sam 's assistance . The Inn is later attacked by wildlings , but Gilly hides with her son . They are found by Ygritte , who spares them . They make it back to Castle Black safely , where Sam hides them in the food storage , and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies . She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well . Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle , and reunites with Sam in the aftermath . In season 5 , she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander . She is later present at Mance Rayder 's execution . Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon , with Samwell watching over the two . Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale , but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster 's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease . After Maester Aemon 's death , during Jon 's absence in Hardhome , she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch , but is saved by Sam and Ghost , after which she willingly makes love to him . She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow 's orders . Along the way , they stop at Horn Hill , where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family , but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay , Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown . In the sixth - season finale , they arrive . Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy , and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne . At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell . Brienne of Tarth ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie Main article : Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon 's Kingsguard . She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her . She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build , androgynous , and stronger than most men . She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance . She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy , and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras . Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him . She is present at Renly 's death and is falsely accused of his murder . She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service . Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya , Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back . On the journey back to King 's Landing , both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton , who holds them at Harrenhal . While there , Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime 's murder of the Mad King , but is forced to stay behind while Bolton 's men accompany Jaime back to King 's Landing , although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton 's unruly henchman , Locke , intends to feed her to his bear . Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely . In Season 4 , Brienne remains in King 's Landing sworn to Jaime , and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn , on the basis that Catelyn is dead , Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion . Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime , an accusation she answers with silence . Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa . Jaime provides her with Joffrey 's sword , which she names `` Oathkeeper '' , new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire . As she leaves , she almost breaks down in tears , and looks back at Jaime while on her horse , which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him . On the way , Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie , who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive . They eventually find Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane near the Vale . Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight , but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor 's head . A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor , in which Sandor injures Brienne , but Brienne manages to bite Sandor 's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death . Arya disappears during the fight , and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her , though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help . Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn . While eating , Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses , and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa . After Petyr allows her to approach , Brienne pledges her life to Sansa . When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . The guards give chase , and Brienne and Podrick are separated . After evading her pursuers , Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing . She searches for Podrick , and saves him from two of the knights . Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help , but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish . She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell , where she watches the high tower from a village outside , with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower . As Stannis Baratheon 's army approaches , Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her , only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield . She asks him for the truth about Renly 's death , to which he confesses guilt , and executes him with her sword . Shortly afterwards , she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell , and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service . She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black , but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully 's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay , but is unsuccessful . She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process . When Riverrun falls , Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat . Back at Winterfell in season 7 , Brienne meets Arya again . Arya demands that Brienne spar with her , and Brienne soon finds that she can not easily beat Arya , who manages to point a sword at her throat . Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit , where she meets The Hound , who she thought she had killed ... Ramsay Bolton ( edit ) Iwan Rheon Main article : Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel , sadistic and very cunning . After the Ironborn captures Winterfell , he marches on the castle 's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender ; after the gates are opened , he captures Theon and flays the other defenders . At the Dreadfort , Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay 's instigation , though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy . He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity , claiming to be a servant of Theon 's sister , Yara , and promises to help him reach her , but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further . He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off . He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North , suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met . He forces Theon to become his new servant , who is now called Reek , and beats him until he accepts the name . In Season 4 , Ramsay along with his now slave servant , Reek , hunt down a servant girl named Tansy . Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs ( bastards girls ) . Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Ramsay warmly greets his father , new stepmother `` Fat '' Walda Frey , and friend Locke , but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon , who would have proved a valuable hostage . Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn -- his father assigns Ramsay , `` Reek '' and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn , in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family , a prospect that delights Ramsay . When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon , Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her , forcing her to flee without Theon , who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay 's , and too broken and frightened to take the risk . As a reward for Theon 's loyalty , Ramsay gives him a bath , bathing Theon himself , and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore . Reek pretends to be his former self , Theon Greyjoy , and convinces the ironborn to surrender . Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes . As a reward , Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name , Ramsay Bolton , discarding the surname `` Snow '' for good , much to Ramsay 's delight . Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell , the Boltons ' new home . To solidify their claim for legitimacy , he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride , who he promises never to harm before Baelish , but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night . He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell , which would signal to Brinne ( waiting in the village outside the walls ) that Sansa was in need of rescue . At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces , he rides out to greet Stannis , destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile , Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover , Myranda , escaping with Sansa in the process . With his position as Roose 's heir in question following Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of Roose 's baby boy , Ramsay kills Roose , Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell , securing help from House Karstark and House Umber , the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage . He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa 's return , but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell . Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one - on - one duel . On the day of the battle , Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon , but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees back to Winterfell , where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner . That night , Ramsay is fed to his own hounds , bringing House Bolton to extinction . Ellaria Sand ( edit ) Indira Varma Main article : Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand ( season 4 -- 7 ) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell , she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes . She is later present at Tyrion 's trial by combat , where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion 's name , and is horrified when Oberyn is killed . In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens , Ellaria , still in mourning clothes , observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance . She approaches Prince Doran Martell , but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah . Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down . Angrily , Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn 's death . Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother , but Ellaria and Oberyn 's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince . She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message . Doran strictly forbids this , stating that under his rule , they will not mutilate little girls for revenge . Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves . She meets up with Oberyn 's three bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes ( Obara , Nymeria , and Tyene ) , and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn 's death . However , when the Sand Snakes attempt this , both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran 's guard . She pleads for mercy and is forgiven , being explicitly warned by Doran that he `` never gives anyone a third chance '' . She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon , who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss , concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl 's mouth . Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done . In Season 6 , apparently having made amends with Doran , she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn . When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella 's death , Doran realizes it was Ellaria 's work , but she stabs him to death before he can react . Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn . With his dying breath , Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane 's life , but she refuses , telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor . Later , Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King 's Landing to kill Trystane , bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne . After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor , Cersei 's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell , Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei , and reveals that through Varys , she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen . In Season 7 , Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei . Taking the Sands to the dungeons , Cersei taunts Ellaria , and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella . She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die , telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter 's body is completely decomposed . Daario Naharis ( edit ) Michiel Huisman Main article : Daario Naharis Daario Naharis ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3 , and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards . Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons , a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor : he wo n't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him . Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn , the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys ' army . Smitten with Daenerys , Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her , which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self - defense . With the Second Sons under his command , Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys . In season 4 , Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers , as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule . At the gate of Meereen , Daario volunteers to fight Meereen 's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting . Daario declines the use of a horse , noting that they are n't as intelligent as humans . Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency , striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh . Later on after conquering Meereen , Daario sneaks into Daenerys ' private chambers and gives her more flowers . As Daenerys initially refuses him , he tells her he only has two talents in his life : war and women , and that in Meereen he serves no purpose . Daario asks her to let him do what he does best , killing her enemies . Instead , Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes . The morning after , Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario , Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city . In season 5 , Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq , informing Daenerys that the mission was successful , but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return . Daenerys refuses , and while in bed , Daario attempts to convince her otherwise , claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death , Daenerys heeds Daario 's advice and reopens the pits , but refuses Daario 's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters . Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games , and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition . He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon . In the aftermath , Daario advises Tyrion , Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys . In season 6 , they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki . Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all , but on Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver 's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys . Missandei ( edit ) Nathalie Emmanuel Main article : Missandei Missandei ( season 3 - present ) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen . She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei was given to her as a gift . She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth . She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue , and they develop romantic feelings for each other , despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth . She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied , White Rat , is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy . After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack , Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time , he felt fear , since he thought he would never see her again . On the opening day of the fighting games , the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack . Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister , and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon . She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together . Despite an attack by the slaver masters ' fleet , Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet , which Missandei witnesses . She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros . She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock . Jaqen H'ghar ( edit ) Tom Wlaschiha Main article : Jaqen H'ghar `` Jaqen H'ghar '' ( season 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly , enigmatic , and a dangerous criminal , Jaqen is part of Yoren 's group of recruits taken from King 's Landing to join the Night 's Watch . A foreigner from Braavos , though he originally claims Lorath , he speaks in third person , referring to himself as `` A man '' . On the journey , he meets Arya Stark . When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen , Arya frees him and two other prisoners , saving them from a fire . He finds Arya again at Harrenhal , where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard . He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many - Faced God , but he refuses to help her in any other way . She chooses two of her enemies , the Tickler , the torturer of Harrenhal , and Ser Amory Lorch , the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister , and chooses Jaqen himself as the third . Arya `` unnames '' him after he agrees to help her escape . After the break - out , he gives Arya an iron coin , instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar Morghulis '' ( `` All Men Must Die '' in High Valyrian ) should she need more help . He then magically changes his appearance , assumes a new identity , and departs . He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man , though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark . Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker , but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant , the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel , Arya 's first mentor . In retribution , Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight . In the sixth season , Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight . He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane , and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination , but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead . Though he tells her she is now `` No One '' , she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos . Tommen Baratheon ( edit ) Dean - Charles Chapman Main article : Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2 , and by Dean - Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards . Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister . Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister . Like his sister he is good - natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion . In Season 2 , when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne , Tommen wept when his sister for which Joffrey chastises him . During the battle of the Black Water , he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick , painless death rather than a brutal one , until Tywin announces that they won the battle . In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , he also attended Joffrey 's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king , ignoring Cersei 's angry glares . Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce , as well as the fact that he and Joffrey did n't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him . Tommen agrees that he 'd like Margaery to visit him again . Margaery departs , but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead . A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king . At Tyrion 's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial , possibly on Tywin 's advice . In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather , Tommen is approached by Margaery , who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly . All of this is observed by Cersei from afar . Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night , whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home . When he does , Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells . After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality , Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras 's release , and tries to speak with the High Septon , though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor . When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras 's behalf , Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother - in - law , but Cersei persuades him to stand down , and when Cersei herself is arrested , Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike , refusing to see anyone . In the sixth season , Tommen attends Myrcella 's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow , demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter . Later , he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith , and abolishes trial by combat , having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow 's influence . When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor , killing thousands of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan and the High Sparrow , Tommen witnesses it from his quarters , and , unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway , he commits suicide by jumping through the window , leaving his crown on the table before doing so . His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept 's ruins , with Tywin , Joffrey and Myrcella . Roose Bolton ( edit ) Main article : Roose Bolton Roose Bolton ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort . The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old , and barbaric ways , including flaying their enemies alive , and Roose is no exception , being suspected of not feeling any emotion . His cunning makes him a valuable ally , but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one . In Season 2 , Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . In secret , Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice , and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North -- he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn ( for his own amusement , Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage ) , and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb 's younger brothers Bran and Rickon . In Season 3 , Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister 's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully 's wedding at the Twins . The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men , and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey 's hall -- Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart , chiding that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' . For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown ( although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark , the presumed heir to Winterfell ) . In Season 4 , Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon , as he was a valuable hostage . He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn , since Tywin is refusing to help him , while ordering his man - at - arms , Locke , to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow ( although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt ) . With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy , Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands , and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son . The Bolton 's make their way to Winterfell , although they still face opposition from the Northerners -- who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks -- and Stannis Baratheon , who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process . Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell . As Stannis eventually nears , snowbound trapped by a blizzard , he approves of Ramsay 's raiding of the Baratheon camp , where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines , diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North . Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle , but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon 's help . Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found . When news reaches him of Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda , Roose is killed by Ramsay . The High Sparrow ( edit ) Jonathan Pryce Main article : High Sparrow The High Sparrow ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man , the High Sparrow came to King 's Landing after Tywin Lannister 's death to serve the poor , downtrodden and infirm . He quickly amasses a large following , including Cersei 's cousin and former lover Lancel , who swarm over the city , ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption . He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel . Although she considers capturing and executing him , Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family . She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon . She also reinstates what had been a long - defunct military order called the Faith Militant , giving them the legal authority to pursue , torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles , no matter their rank or wealth . She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell 's homosexuality , which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow . Loras 's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony , so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister , Queen Margaery , incarcerated , the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother . Loras and Margaery 's grandmother , Lady Olenna , attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested . After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei 's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon 's death , the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned . When Cersei decides to plead for mercy , the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and , on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins , permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement , in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob . The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence , effectively becoming the new ruler of King 's Landin , but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside . Supporting characters ( edit ) House Arryn ( edit ) Robin Arryn ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn , Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale , is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother . He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence , and is mentally and socially maladjusted . He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not ( of note , Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door , since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door ) . In Season 1 , he is present at Tyrion Lannister 's trial , but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the `` little Lannister baby - man '' fly , which would mean Tyrion being executed , although Tyrion is acquitted . In Season 4 , he greets Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish as `` Uncle Petyr '' and meets his cousin , Sansa Stark , for the first time . Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed . However , tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa 's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation . After Lysa is killed , Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord , though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process . In season 5 , Robin is being trained in the art of fighting , but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing . Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce . In season 6 , Robin is informed of Sansa 's escape from House Bolton , and through Petyr 's manipulations , Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton . Yohn Royce ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce , known as `` Bronze Yohn '' , is the head of House Royce of Runestone , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . Like Lady Waynwood , he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn , but her death is eventually ruled a suicide . In season 5 , he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward . In the sixth season , he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons . In the aftermath , after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings , Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa 's murder , Yohn supports Sansa 's decision to try Baelish . Anya Waynwood ( season 4 ) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn , but the death is ruled a suicide . Lysa Arryn ( season 1 , 4 ) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn ( née Tully ) , currently Mistress of the Eyrie , is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark , Lady of Winterfell , and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband , and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe . Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind , unless exacting it does n't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle . She is also overly protective of her son , Robin Arryn , which has made him a weak and spoiled child . In season 1 , Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn , which prompts Catelyn to investigate . Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark . Though Tyrion is innocent , Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon . Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion 's champion , Bronn , wins . She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King 's Landing to rescue Ned Stark , who has been wrongfully imprisoned , but fails to tell Catelyn . Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help , but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men , since her only concern is Robin 's safety . By season 3 , the Vale has remained untouched by the war , and she is betrothed to Littlefinger , who travels to the Vale to marry her . In season 4 , it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time , and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and ( though indirectly ) Joffrey Baratheon . When Littlefinger returns from King 's Landing with Sansa Stark , Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day . Later , however , Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger , but when Sansa insists that she did not , Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin . However , Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it , threatening to push her through the moon door , but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa , before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn , and pushing her through the moon door to her death . Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa . House Baratheon ( edit ) Myrcella Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2 , and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6 . Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister . She , like her brothers , is also the child of her mother 's brother , Jaime , though she remains unaware of this . Unlike her older brother Joffrey , Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece . As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell , Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell , son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne , and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell . For over two years , she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran , betrothed to his son , but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell , the Prince 's brother . In season 5 , Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed , with whom she seems to have a good relationship . Unbeknownst to her , she has become a part of Ellaria Sand 's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters . Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince 's Guard . She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane . A while later , Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them , where he will become a member of the Small Council . On the jetty , about to board the ship , she forgives Ellaria Sand , who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth . On board the ship , Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother , to which Myrcella responds that she already knows , having `` felt '' it for a long time . Jaime embraces his daughter , only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria . She collapses and dies in his arms . In season 6 , her body is returned to King 's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor . Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen . Selyse Florent ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon ( née Florent ) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone . She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert 's Rebellion . Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre . She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers , seemingly even to Stannis 's disgust , but expresses resentment over their daughter , Shireen , who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon , though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis . She later accompanies her husband to the Wall , and is present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black . She later witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell . After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard , she accepts Melisandre 's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light , only to recant in the last moments , refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death . Restrained by Baratheon soldiers , she collapses in screams of agony . The next morning , Selyse hangs herself out of grief . Shireen Baratheon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent . Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale , but she is not yet crippled by it . She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books , convincing him to teach himself to read , which he does . Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother , she shares a strong bond with her father , who loves her dearly . She later accompanies her father to the Wall , where she witnesses the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black , as well as the execution of Mance Rayder , and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly . She is sacrificed to the Red God , when Stannis ' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell , crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears . Surprisingly , this leads to the departure of half of Stannis 's army , the latter eventually losing his battle against the Boltons . Renly Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End , is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council . He is popular with the people because he is handsome , jovial , and throws extravagant balls and masquerades . He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed , and would rather make friends than kill enemies . He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell , the Knight of the Flowers , who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers . While Robert lies dying , Renly attempts to convince Ned of this , and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves . However , Ned refuses , so Renly , Loras , and their followers flee south . Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed , Renly challenges his nephew 's claim to the throne . Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses , despite Stannis ' better claim . He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen ( including Randyll Tarly , father of Samwell Tarly ) by marrying Margaery Tyrell . He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros , biding his time . Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne . On the night before a battle between his and Stannis ' forces , Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him , but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him . However , Renly is assassinated by Melisandre , who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis ' path . Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre 's crime , and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother 's death , which he visibly regrets . Salladhor Saan ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea , Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys . An old friend of Davos , he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship , the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships . He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor -- Melisandre 's God -- since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman 's legs . He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King 's Landing . Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle , but Davos refuses , unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time . After the Battle of the Blackwater , he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him , but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis ' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone , warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him . In season 4 , Davos tracks him in Braavos , and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night 's Watch . Matthos Seaworth ( season 2 ) portrayed by Kerr Logan . Davos ' son and second - in - command on his father 's ship , Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert . During the Battle of Blackwater , the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion , killing Matthos . Maester Cressen ( season 2 ) portrayed by Oliver Ford - Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone , and skeptical of Melisandre 's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king , claiming `` since that boar killed his brother , every lord wants a coronation '' . He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god -- R'hollor . He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre , offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that did n't affect her , but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly . House Bolton ( edit ) `` Fat '' Walda Bolton ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton ( née Frey ) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey . She is the new wife of Roose Bolton , the Lord of the Dreadfort . During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey , Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry . Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich . In Season 4 , she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as `` mother '' . She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson . In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant , which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose 's heir . In season 6 , after she gives birth to a boy , she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay 's hounds , shortly after Ramsay kills his father . Harald Karstark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Paul Rattray . The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark , who was executed by Robb Stark . He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell , and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose . In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow 's army , Harald leads the Karstark men into battle , but he disappears in the ensuing conflict . Although his death is not shown , Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere . Jon Umber ( season 6 ) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger . `` Smalljon '' Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber , one of House Stark 's most powerful banner men . `` Smalljon '' became Lord of Last Hearth , the northernmost of the castles in the North , after his father 's death . Smalljon , however , chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father 's wards , Rickon Stark and Osha , to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift , to gain Ramsay 's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army . In the subsequent battle between Ramsay 's forces and Jon Snow 's army , he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane . Though it seems as if he will win , Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale , long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death . Myranda ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton . She is one of Ramsay Snow 's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes , such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him , and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay 's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her . She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish , eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger . During Sansa 's stay at Winterfell , Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay 's sadism . When Sansa refuses to be bullied , Myranda points an arrow to her , preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child . However , this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death . Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay , who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds . Locke ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man - at - arms sworn to House Bolton , and acts as Roose Bolton 's personal bounty hunter . He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King 's Landing , Locke later cuts off Jaime 's sword - hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom , further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility . He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton 's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands . In Season 4 , Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Locke warmly greets Roose 's bastard Ramsay -- the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies . When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive , and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North , he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys , in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own . Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow , Bran and Rickon 's half - brother , who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay 's suggestion . Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and in the ensuing battle , he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed , Meera Reed and Hodor . Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen , but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor 's mind , and kills Locke by snapping his neck . His body is brought back to Craster 's Keep by Eddison Tollett , and burned along with the rest of the slain . House Frey ( edit ) Walder Frey ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey , nicknamed the `` Late Lord Frey '' , is the head of House Frey , Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully . He is known for outliving his many wives ( now on his 8th ) and siring over 100 children ( both bastard and trueborn ) . Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb 's host , Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark . But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa . For this slight , and willing to take advantage of the war 's changing fortunes , he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully , which he insists in return for support of his men . Frey hosts the infamous `` Red Wedding '' at which Robb Stark , his wife and mother are all murdered , refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat , which she does . He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands ( though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish ) and expresses delight to take another young wife , but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully 's vassals refuse to submit to his rule . In Season 6 , he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture ' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape . He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage . Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister , Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark , who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding . In Season 7 , Arya uses Walder 's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family . `` Lame '' Lothar Frey ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3 , and by Daniel Tuite in season 6 . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many sons , nicknamed `` Lame Lothar '' because of his twisted leg . He and his half - brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannisters . He is one of the first to commence the `` Red Wedding '' , stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child . In the sixth season , he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully . Though they succeed with Lannister help , he is killed by Arya Stark , who subsequently bakes him into a pie . `` Black '' Walder Rivers ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many bastard sons , nicknamed `` Black Walder '' for his dark demeanor . He and his half - brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannister . He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding , after she slits Lady Frey 's throat in retaliation for her son 's death . In the sixth season , he takes part in the siege of Riverrun . Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host , Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark , who bakes them both into a pie . House Greyjoy ( edit ) Yara Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw , and elder sister of Theon . She is fierce and proud , and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship , the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell , Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands , but Theon refuses . Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard , who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses this , but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord , taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her . In season 4 , Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort , but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek . Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara , who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon , telling her men that Theon is dead . In season 6 , Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon 's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world 's largest fleet , but is defeated by Euron , who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros . Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed , Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet , and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first . After explaining the situation , Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands ' independence . Yara is ordered to sail to attack King 's Landing . Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron 's command and she is captured and led in chains through King 's Landing . Euron Greyjoy ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world . He is cunning , ruthless , with a touch of madness . He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge , declaring that Balon 's time is past and that it is time for a new king . At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon , but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros . The Ironborn declare Euron as their king , but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Undeterred , he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet . He uses this fleet to attack Yara 's fleet with fire . He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara , Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand . He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner . When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister . Aeron Greyjoy ( season 6 ) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God . After Balon 's death , Aeron holds a Kingsmoot to determine Balon 's successor . Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron . Balon Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara . Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people , which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series . He lost , with two of his three sons killed in the war ; his youngest , Theon , was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion . After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters , Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North , proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North . Theon , however , is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's bastard , who eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses , stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord . In Season 6 , he is confronted by his younger brother , Euron , who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death . Dagmer Cleftjaw ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy 's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell , and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule , such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark . However , when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon , he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin . It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men . Lorren ( season 2 ) portrayed by Forbes KB . An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren . He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors . He is under Theon 's command while taking Winterfell . He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow , along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell . House Lannister ( edit ) Gregor Clegane ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- present ) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1 , by Ian Whyte in season 2 , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two - handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him . In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed . In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison , but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is a seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In the sixth season , he continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison . Kevan Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin 's younger brother , Captain of his Guard , Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient . Unlike his older brother , Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family 's honour . In Season 1 , he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime 's military victories against Tully bannermen . After Jaime 's capture , he suggests to his brother that they `` should sue for peace '' which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark 's beheading prevents it . In Season 2 , he sits on a war council in Harrenhal , surmising ( correctly ) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until `` at full force '' and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King 's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin , refusing to surrender the Iron Throne . In season 5 , he returns to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral alongside his only surviving son , Lancel , who has joined the Sparrows movement , which Kevan disapproves . He later refuses to serve on Cersei 's Small Council , in spite her offering him the position of `` Master of War '' , questioning her authority , and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him . When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins , Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King . He later is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep , immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement . In the sixth season , Kevan continues to serve as Tommen 's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei 's attempts to regain influence in the royal court . On the day of Cersei 's trial , Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire . Lancel Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion Lannister . He served as King Robert 's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely . In Season 2 , Cersei knights him for his part in Robert 's death . When Jaime goes to war , Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother . Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him . During an attack on King 's Landing , Lancel guards Cersei 's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting , causing him to retreat . When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice , Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops , but Cersei , clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city , refuses to listen . In season 5 , he and his father return to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral . Lancel joins the sparrows , a devout religious movement , and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together , such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon . With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant , Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King 's Landing , arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process . Later , on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell 's urging , he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow , which leads to Cersei 's arrest . In the sixth season , Loras continues to serve in the Faith Militant . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , he is lured by one of Qyburn 's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor , where he is stabbed in the spine , rendering him unable to use his legs . He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it , but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die . Polliver ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Kellegher . A Lannister man - at - arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark 's sword ; Needle . He captures Arya -- believing her to be a recruit of the Night 's Watch called `` Arry '' and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him . In Season 4 , he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in an inn in the north . After a brief exchange of insults , a fight breaks out and Polliver 's comrades are slain by Clegane . Arya wounds Polliver from behind , retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy . Alton Lannister ( season 2 ) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei , Jaime and Tyrion Lannister , and a captive of Robb Stark . In the books there is no character by this name . Here the character Cleos Frey , also a cousin to the Lannisters , has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister . While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark 's camp , he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney , however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape . Amory Lorch ( season 2 ) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister . He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark . She manages to escape him , then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar , to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three `` lives '' he owes her . Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya , he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin 's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck , as Tywin ( who comes to believe the attempt was on his life ) raises the alarm . The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit , but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured . Lord Leo Lefford ( season 2 ) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin , who fought for him against House Stark . He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth . House Martell ( edit ) Tyene Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand . Tyene is fiercer than she looks , especially with her twin daggers . She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn , she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison - coated dagger before they are all arrested . In the cells , she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison 's effects , though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure . She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria , who uses it to poison Myrcella . She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed . When Doran finds out , Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest . Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak . While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy 's ship , Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship , Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei , Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon . Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose . Nymeria Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn 's bastard daughters . Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured , graceful and deadly with a whip . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria murders Myrcella , and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Nymeria accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara , an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip , only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon , next to her sister . Obara Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes . Keisha Castle - Hughes A fearsome warrior , Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell . Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria kills Myrcella , and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell , her own cousin . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Obaara accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . Ultimately , Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear . She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear , next to her hanging sister , Nymeria . Trystane Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran 's son and heir to Dorne . His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister , then acting as Hand of the King . He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately . He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back , but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated , satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead . Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King 's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn 's place on the Small Council , but Trystane 's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne . Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed , Trystane refuses to leave , insisting on being present for Myrcella 's funeral , so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety . However , as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella , he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand , his own cousins , sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup , though most believe his death was Cersei 's doing . Doran Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell . Unlike his brother , Doran is even - tempered and deliberate . In season 4 , he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell , but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead . After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane , Doran grieves but takes no action , claiming that Oberyn suffered a self - imposed death in a trial by combat , a legal act , and coldly rebutts Ellaria 's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters . However , after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella , Doran orders all locked up , including Ellaria . He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King 's Landing along with his son , Trystane Martell , Myrcella 's betrothed , while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again . However , Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran 's warning . In the sixth season , Doran finds out about Myrcella 's assassination , but he is immediately killed by Ellaria , while his men stand and watch as he dies . Areo Hotah ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long - serving captain of Doran Martell 's palace guard , renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe . He arrests Jaime Lannister , Bronn , Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon , but releases them all on Doran 's request . As retribution for striking Trystane Martell , Areo strikes Bronn across the face . In the sixth season , after Doran finds out about Myrcella 's death at Ellaria 's hands , he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand , and dies immediately . Oberyn Martell ( season 4 ) portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne , known as the Red Viper . He is the hot - headed younger brother of Doran Martell , Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear . A renowned warrior and traveler , Oberyn has eight bastard daughters , called the Sand Snakes . His sister , Elia Targaryen , was raped and killed during the Sack of King 's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane . In season 4 , Oberyn arrives in King 's Landing with his paramour , Ellaria Sand , to attend Joffrey 's wedding in his brother 's stead , and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister , nephew and niece . At the wedding , Joffrey dies after being poisoned , and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry , while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia . The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion 's guilt , and openly questions Cersei 's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei 's champion , Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion , proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance , starting with Ser Gregor . Martell valiantly fights Clegane , his superior speed making up for Clegane 's size , and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg , flooring him . Refusing to kill him immediately , Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children , and that the order came from Tywin himself . Distracted for a moment , Oberyn is floored by Clegane , who -- in a manner self - admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia -- knocks out his teeth , straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes , admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull . Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death , but Oberyn 's objective of vengeance was not in vain , since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore , which is slowly killing Clegane . Oberyn 's death , however , throws House Martell into chaos , since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon , Doran Martell and Trystane Martell ( Oberyn 's own brother and nephew , respectively ) to get revenge against the Lannisters . House Stark ( edit ) Robett Glover ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Tim McInnerny . Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover , the Master of Deepwood Motte . He succeeded him after Galbart 's death in the War of the Five Kings . House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it . He refuses Jon and Sansa 's request for aid against the Boltons , citing his brother 's death fighting for Robb , the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle , in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family , and finally the fact that Jon 's army is composed primarily of Wildings , who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations . However , after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons , with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale , House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more , with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North . Meera Reed ( season 3 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . Ellie Kendrick Jojen 's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Meera is almost raped by Karl , but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her . Karl later tries again to rape her , but an attack by Night 's Watch rangers saves her , and they manage to escape during the fray . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it . Jojen is fatally stabbed , and Meera performs a mercy killing on him . In season 6 , she continues to mourn for Jojen . After the cave is attacked by White Walkers , she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up . They are rescued by Bran 's uncle , Benjen Stark , who ultimately takes them back to the Wall . When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home , she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother 's . Lyanna Mormont ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10 - year - old head of House Mormont of Bear Island . She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season , she refuses Stannis Baratheon 's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne , asserting her loyalty to House Stark . In the sixth season , she is approached by Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton . Though Lyanna is ready to refuse , citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister / Bolton wife , she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King . She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay 's armies . After the castle is retaken , Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon 's calls for help , and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North . As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills . Maester Wolkan ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Rycroft . Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell . He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well . After the Boltons ' defeat , he serves the Starks . He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark . He builds a wheelchair for Bran . Lyanna Stark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child , and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult . Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark , she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon , but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen . During the tourney at Harrenhal , Rhaegar rode past his wife , Elia Martell , and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna 's lap . Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar , and was married to him in secret . At the Tower of Joy , Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her . Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard , Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood , but still alive . Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son , who is revealed to be Jon Snow , and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage . Rickon Stark ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn 's youngest child , naturally aggressive and strong - willed . His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also . When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2 , Rickon hides in the crypts . After Winterfell is sacked and burned , he , Bran , Hodor , the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Rickon , his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber 's death , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow , Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon , unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open . Just before he can reach Jon , Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay . Following Ramsay 's defeat , Jon orders Rickon 's body buried in the Winterfell crypt . Hodor ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge , physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word `` Hodor '' . He hides in the crypts along with Osha , Bran and Rickon , faking their escape out of the castle . They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed . After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin , it is decided that they must go to the Wall . In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three - eyed - raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers , who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran 's behalf . Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners , and when Bran is abducted by Locke , Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck . Hodor frees the others and they escape , eventually reaching the three - eyed raven in his cave . During Season 6 , Bran learns through visions of the past that , as a boy , Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech . When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past , Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety . Once they exit through a passageway , Meera orders Hodor to `` hold the door '' against the wights ; in the past , Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into `` Hodor . '' In the present , Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door , but Meera escapes with Bran . Hodor only ever says one word : `` Hodor '' . However , according to Kristian Nairn 's interview to Vulture , he has developed 70 ways to say it . Osha ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Natalia Tena . Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell . Osha works in the kitchens , often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood . After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy , Osha bends the knee to Theon . After the Sack of Winterfell , Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape , along with their direwolves and Hodor . She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin . Later , she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Osha , Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay , but is instead killed herself . Jojen Reed ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl , during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure . Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose , but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother , Jon Snow , since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey . Once they reach their destination , however , they are attacked by reanimated skeletons , and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight . Meera finishes him out of mercy . Rickard Karstark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1 , and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards . Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North , Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell . Karstark 's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution . He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters . When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage , Karstark orders his men to kill them . Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb , and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise , just before he is executed . Maester Luwin ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin , Maester of Winterfell , is a chief advisor to Lord Stark . He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult . With Robb Stark 's departure , the day - to - day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin , acting with Bran 's voice . After Winterfell is taken by Theon , Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell . When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away , Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night 's Watch , where his crimes will be pardoned , but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay , and betrayed by his own men . Luwin , in an attempt to save Theon , is stabbed by Dagmer . Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood , where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him , out of sight of Bran and Rickon . Rodrik Cassel ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master - at - Arms at Winterfell . After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark , he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King 's Landing . Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin , and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell . When the Ironmen attack Torrhen 's Square , Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them , including most of the Winterfell garrison . The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell , and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself . Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon , and spits in his face . Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons , but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect . Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself , but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners . Jory Cassel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik . Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime 's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister 's abduction by Eddard 's wife . Septa Mordane ( season 1 ) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods ( of which Catelyn Stark is an observer ) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell . She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark 's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei . Old Nan ( season 1 ) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall . She is the great - grandmother of Hodor . Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role . Jon Umber ( season 1 ) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called `` the Greatjon '' , Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North . In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North . In Season 3 , the North loses the war after the death of King Robb , but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge . In between the third and sixth seasons , Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth , but at some point , Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son , Smalljon Umber , who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow . House Targaryen ( edit ) Grey Worm ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied , a group of eunuch slave soldiers . His name is pronounced `` Torgo Nudho '' in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters , who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human . Despite this , Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied , so he considers it to be a lucky name . He is loyal to Daenerys and does n't like those who insult her . He develops feelings for Missandei , which appear to be reciprocated , and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis . He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , but ultimately survives . After Daenerys 's disappearance , Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters . When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships , only to be countered by Daenerys 's dragons , Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros . From her stronghold on Dragonstone , Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock . The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love , he has begun to know what fear is . They make love . Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned : the capture is effected with ease . He then takes his army east and is outside King 's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit . Barristan Selmy ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council . Known as `` Barristan the Bold , '' he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms . Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King , Aerys II . He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon . When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey , he informs Ser Barristan of Robert 's will and tells his men not to harm him . After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested , Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life , and much to his anger , his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime . His honor insulted , Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King 's Landing . Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family . He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices . Barristan later discovers that Jorah 's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys , and informs Daenerys , fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution . When a resistance movement , the Sons of the Harpy , openly hostile to Daenerys 's conquest and politics , arise , Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father 's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall . He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess . He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters . Hizdahr zo Loraq ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and a scion of the House of Loraq , an ancient and proud line of slavers . He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father , who Daenerys ordered crucified , was actually against the crucifixion of children , and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral , which she accepts . Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule . In season 5 , he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded , although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return , which she refuses , though she grants him a position on her Small Council . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace , though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy . On the opening day of the Great Games , however , the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed , revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time . Mossador ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen . In season 5 , after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied , Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy , arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence . He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys 's consent . Kovarro ( season 2 ) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen . His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series . He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there , following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons . The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos . Doreah ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love . She was sold to a brothel when she was nine , by her mother . She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros . In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth , Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys would n't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro 's lover . After revealing the plans of Xaro , Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault . Irri ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave , bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding . She 's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse . She and Doreah are shown to be at odds , due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah 's foreign ideals . In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons . In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah . Rakharo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider , favored by , and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen . Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo , Aggo , and Kovarro to scout in three different directions , using the last remaining horses . Later Rakharo 's horse comes back with his head . It 's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal . Irri fears that without his head , Rakharo 's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands . Rhaegar Targaryen ( Season 7 ) portrayed by Wilf Scolding . Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen , and was the Prince of Dragonstone . He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen , and the husband of Elia Martell , a distant cousin with whom he had two children , Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen . However , he annulled his marriage to Elia , and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child , Jon Snow . The parentage of Jon is kept a secret , and he is raised by Lyanna 's brother , Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen . Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert 's Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna , Lord Robert Baratheon 's betrothed . House Tully ( edit ) Edmure Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa 's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3 . A brash but good - hearted man , Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey , and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle , Edmure is promised to one of Frey 's daughters , Roslin . Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a `` bedding ceremony '' , after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the `` Red Wedding '' . He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb . When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys , Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering , but he refuses , while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure . Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down . He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun , where he gives the order to surrender . The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys ' loyalty . Brynden Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Clive Russell . Clive Russell Commonly known as `` The Blackfish '' , Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn , Lysa , and Edmure , and a seasoned war veteran . He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother 's death to make amends . He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark . At Edmure 's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins , Brynden excuses himself from the feast to `` find a tree to piss on '' , and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks . Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man 's absence , while Roose Bolton appears disturbed , aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun ( which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment ) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord , Edmure , in captivity . Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb 's name , refusing to surrender even when Edmure 's life is threatened . The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down . Brynden , however , refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death . He is later reported dead . Roslin Frey ( season 3 ) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully ( née Frey ) is Lord Walder Frey 's daughter and considered the most beautiful one . She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark , who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead . She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding . In the sixth season , it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure 's child . House Tyrell ( edit ) Olenna Tyrell ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Diana Rigg . Diana Rigg Lady Olenna , better known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is the sharp - witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery . Considered Tywin Lannister 's female counterpart , Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell . She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras ' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it . After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey , Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey 's love of violence . Because she is fond of Sansa , and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North , Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras . But her plan is foiled by Loras himself , who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger 's spy . Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and , to secure the Reach , orders Cersei to marry Loras . Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother , Jaime . Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard , which would make Joffrey and Margaery 's children the heirs of Reach , Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her . In season 4 , Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned , to protect Margaery from Joffrey 's beastly nature , and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match , Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's younger brother and heir . She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards . When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality , Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei 's schemes . But , mistakenly believing Loras 's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell , she helplessly assists to Olyvar 's testimony which incriminates her grandson , as well as to Margaery 's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother . She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who , blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey 's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren 's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei , gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei 's adulterous relationship . This results in the latter 's arrest by the Faith Militant . In the sixth season , Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant , but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow 's new puppet . Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life . After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor 's destruction , which killed Mace , Loras and Margaery , Olenna vows revenge . She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand , who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen . Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family , Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well . When the Lannisters , supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells , attack Highgarden , they win with ease . Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower , ready to be taken cative or killed . Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead . After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey 's murder . Mace Tyrell ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Roger Ashton - Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden , Defender of the Marches , High Marshal of the Reach , and Warden of the South , he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery , and Lady Olenna 's son . Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace , whom she calls `` Lord Oaf '' . Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter 's death during the War of the Five Kings , Mace agrees to a Lannister - Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish . He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey 's Small Council , and attends Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding . After Joffrey 's death , Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer , Tyrion Lannister . He is later present at Tywin Lannister 's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding , and , in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen , he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who , in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter , sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos . He later arrives in Braavos , and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris , who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways . In the sixth season , he returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister , but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow . He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified , but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant . Loras Tyrell ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell , known as the `` Knight of Flowers , '' is a highly skilled knight and jouster . Known across Westeros for his beauty , he is Renly Baratheon 's former squire and secretly his lover . He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match . In Season 1 , he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane , but even though he wins , Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane 's brother , Sandor , who Loras names as the champion in gratitude . In private , while shaving Renly , Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert 's closest heirs , and tells Renly that he would make a great king . In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne , Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras 's sister Margaery to Renly . Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly 's wedding . After Renly 's assassination , Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis , but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis . When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis , Loras fights wearing Renly 's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater . During season 3 , his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family 's benefit . However , he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire , Olyvar , who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish . Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei . In season 4 , at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , Loras exchanges banter with Jaime , who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei , she will likely kill him in his sleep , and that he will never marry her . Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either , implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei . He is later present at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , is the true killer . In season 5 , he attends Tywin 's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei . He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar , flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne , where homosexuality is more tolerated , and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone . He is later present at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding and , during a training session , is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant . He denies all of the Faith 's allegations against him , including his affair with Renly , during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow , but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him , citing his birthmark `` in the shape of Dorne '' he has on his thigh as proof . This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister , the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him , and to open formal trials for them . In the sixth season , after being tortured for almost a year , Loras admits to his `` crimes '' on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven - pointed star is carved on his forehead . Though he is accepted into their ranks , he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei 's orders . Randyll Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly , a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden . Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros . He has a humorless martinet , is severe and intimidating . He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home . He forces Sam to join the Night 's Watch on threat of death . In the sixth season , he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her , and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling . Despite his hatred for the wildlings , Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly , on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown . Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him , and takes House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells . This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden , but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated . Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers , now captives , bend the knee . Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire . Melessa Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night 's Watch . She is a sweet , plump , and adoring mother , and has a soft spot for Samwell . When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown , she greets him warmly , and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner . Talla Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind , friendly and unpretentious woman , and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown . Dickon Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6 , and by Tom Hopper in season 7 . Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic , a good hunter , an excellent swordsman , manly , not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father , Lord Randyll . He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night 's Watch . He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown , but his dismissal of Sam 's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling . Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle , but his second - against Daenerys , her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat . Captured , he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself , but instead he stands with his father in refusing . He is executed by dragonfire . People of Essos ( edit ) Tycho Nestoris ( season 4 -- 5 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos . He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries , but Davos Seaworth changes his mind . In season 5 , Tycho greets Mace Tyrell , who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt . In season 7 he arrives in King 's Landing to collect the debt , expecting to be met with a default . He is impressed when Cersei , newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury , pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei 's request for further funding . Izembaro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors , in which he also acts . He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors , and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses , Lady Crane . He subsequently kicks Bianca , the actress who ordered Crane 's death , out of the troupe . Lady Crane ( season 6 ) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro 's Braavosi theater troupe . She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star , Bianca . She is almost killed by Arya Stark , who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her , realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else 's selfishness , and thwarts the assassination , warning her about Bianca . Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and has her expelled from the troupe . Shortly after , she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her , but is herself killed by the Waif , who was sent to kill Arya . The Waif ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White , a temple to the Many - faced God , in Braavos . She participates in Arya 's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man ( assassin ) . After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant , the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya , though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her . When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target , Lady Crane , the Waif is sent to kill her . Though she stabs Arya multiple times , Arya survives . The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout . Arya , however , extinguishes the room 's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight . Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces . Yezzan zo Qaggaz ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Great Masters , the former ruling elite of the city . He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen 's inner circle . He , along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys 's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down , but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen . When Daenerys 's dragons defeat the slaver fleet , Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm , who kills the other two instead . Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further . Razdal mo Eraz ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave - trader from the city of Yunkai , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Wise Masters , the ruling elite of the city . He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai , but she refuses and takes the city . Later , he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys 's rule over Slaver 's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister . He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers ' attack on Meereen is thwarted . Belicho Paenymion ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eddie Jackson , is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis , and a member of the `` Old Blood '' , descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city . Like most of the Volantene nobility , Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys . After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister , his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails . Kinvara ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ania Bukstein , is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis , one of the high - ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor , the Lord of Light . Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples ' support for Daenerys , whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised , destined to defeat the Night King . Vala ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Meena Rayann , is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen . Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy . She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan . She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully . Camello ( season 6 ) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bobono ( season 6 ) portrayed by Leigh Gill , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bianca ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eline Powell , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress , Lady Crane , she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her . She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated , but the assassin , Arya Stark , instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca 's intentions . Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe . Clarenzo ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rob Callender , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Khal Moro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal . His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon 's back . Out of respect for Khal Drogo , Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals . When Daenerys refuses to submit , Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed . Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar . High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen ( season 6 ) portrayed by Souad Faress . The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen , the widows of former Khals . Ornella ( season 6 ) portrayed by Hannah John - Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen . Kraznys mo Nakloz ( season 3 ) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor . Sexist and rude , he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian , not realizing she speaks the language . He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave - soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons , throwing in his translator , Missandei , as a bonus . Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers . Kraznys is killed by Drogon . Quaithe ( season 2 ) portrayed by Laura Pradelska . Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth , where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks . Xaro Xhoan Daxos ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant `` prince '' of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then - starving entourage wish to enter the city . He claims extremely humble background , having worked his way to wealth from nothing . He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him , but she refuses . Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys , allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people , and crowns himself `` King of Qarth '' as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns , she locks him alive in his own vault , finding it to have been empty the whole time . Pyat Pree ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth . He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying , the warlocks ' lair , by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him , rescues her dragons and escapes . The Spice King ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers , one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth . In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called ' the Spice King ' . However , there is an ' Ancient Guild of Spicers ' in the city of Qarth . The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros , but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army , she can not regain the Iron Throne . He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos . Illyrio Mopatis ( season 1 ) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos . Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros . He arranges Daenerys ' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power . In season 5 , Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister . Mirri Maz Duur ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a `` Maegi '' , or witch - woman , held captive by Khal Drogo 's horde . Before her capture , she had been a godswife ( priestess ) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd . When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner , Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks . When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight , Daenerys asks for Mirri 's help to cure it , but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village , leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then - pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego . In revenge , Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo 's funeral pyre . Qotho ( season 1 ) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot - tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo . After Drogo 's incapacitation , some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur . Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont . People of Westeros ( edit ) Podrick Payne ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister . In Season 2 , he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore . In Season 4 , Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey , but he does not accept or reject the offer -- Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King 's Landing before he is killed . Tyrion makes his brother , Jaime , assure Podrick 's safety , who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth . Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne 's trust . Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale . A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor , and Podrick loses sight of Arya , much to Brienne 's annoyance . Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa , finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn . A fight ensues , and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne . They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north . During their journey , Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick , and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself . Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn , sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it . Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell . Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills . He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black . Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully , where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn . When Riverrun falls to the Freys , Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat . Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister , he lets them go . At the parley in the Dragonpit , Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn 's suggestion they go for a drink . Beric Dondarrion ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards . Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and `` The Lightning Lord '' . In season one , Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands . After Ned 's arrest , he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the `` Brotherhood without Banners '' . In season three , it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr , a red priest . Because of this miracle , Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros 's god , whom they call the Lord of Light . Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army , focusing on protecting commoners . They find Arya , Gendry , and Hot Pie and offer them shelter , and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane , who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater . Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat , and Beric is his opponent . Despite setting his sword ablaze , Beric is slain by Clegane , but is resurrected by Thoros , and allows Clegane to go free . Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death , though he has slowly been losing his memories each time . He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry . Beric gives him away in return for gold , which prompts Arya to run away . Years later , the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again , after hanging three of their rogue members , and convince him to join their cause , since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army . Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros of Myr ( season 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Paul Kaye , Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre . He later joins the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' . Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle . Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light , but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert 's court , which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard . Thoros ' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite . Since then , Thoros has stayed beside Beric , resurrecting him several more times , though at the cost of some of his memories each time . In the sixth season , he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause , since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers . In the seventh season , trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds . Hot Pie ( season 1 -- 4 , 7 ) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King 's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch . He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya , but , instead she beats him . Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren 's band by Ser Amory Lorch , along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands . They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane , who kill Lommy . Like Arya , Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal , in the kitchens . He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun . On the way , they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook . In season 4 , Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive . Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell . Septa Unella ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow . She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins . When Cersei finally does , Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair . During Cersei 's walk of atonement , Unella walks behind her , repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out `` Shame ! '' to the crowd . She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith , and follows Margaery around wherever she goes . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , Unella is captured by Cersei 's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed , taking the High Sparrow with it , and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei 's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her . Lem Lemoncloak ( season 6 ) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson , is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners . He leads an attack on Septon Ray 's small community , without Beric Dondarrion 's consent . He is subsequently sentenced to death , and is hanged by Sandor Clegane , the only survivor of the attack . Brother Ray ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven . He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth . He and the rest of the community , however , are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept , which drives Sandor to seek revenge , as Ray was his friend . Olyvar ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish . In season 3 , he poses as Loras Tyrell 's squire and has a one - night stand with him at Baelish 's request in order to learn the Tyrells ' true motivations for coming to King 's Landing . In season 4 , he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell . In season 5 , he continues his affair with Loras . His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city 's homosexuals . He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding , but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest . Olyvar does so , implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process . Anguy ( season 3 ) portrayed by Philip McGinley , is a commoner from the Dornish Marches , a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners . He is called `` The Archer '' . Rorge ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Beckwith , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night 's Watch , which is customary for criminals . He , with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter , is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage , which has been set on fire . The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Biter ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Gerard Jordan , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking , and his teeth have been filed to points . Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge , Biter collected by Yoren for the Night 's Watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire , but Arya Stark , throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves . They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory 's service , eventually arriving at Harrenhal . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Ros ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red - haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books , including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya . She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell , where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy , though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow . Later in the season , Ros moves to King 's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger . At the start of season 2 , Ros has been promoted , managing the brothel and interviewing new employees . She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei 's men who mistake her for Tyrion 's lover . She later enters an alliance with Varys . Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon , Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her . In season 2 , she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events . Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys . Lommy Greenhands ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer 's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Lommy is one of the survivors , though he is injured in the leg , slowing down Arya and the other escapees . They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane . Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he can not walk . When the soldiers ask where Gendry is , Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry , saving the real Gendry 's life . Syrio Forel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos , is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at `` Water Dancing '' , the Braavosi style of sword fighting . Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead . He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior : to be perceptive , move with grace , and command her fear . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya . Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword . He defeats five guardsmen but can not bring down the armored Meryn Trant , who cuts his practice sword in half . Arya escapes . The fate of Syrio after that is unknown . Royal court and officials ( edit ) Qyburn ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal . He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton . Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients . Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge . He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King 's Landing in the hope of having his title restored . In season 4 , Qyburn cures Jaime of infection , allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him , earning him Cersei 's respect and gratitude . Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat . Qyburn warns that his help may `` change '' Clegane , but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker , he enthusiastically implies the opposite . After Tywin 's death and Varys 's treason and escape , Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers , much to Grand Maester Pycelle 's disapproval . When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant , he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan 's appointment as the new Hand of the King . When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement , Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard , an undead version of Ser Gregor , the results of his experiments . He sways most of Varys 's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King 's Landing . After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen , she names Qyburn as her Hand . At the parley in the Dragonpit , while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half , Qyburn is instead fascinated , picking up the dismembered wight 's hand and inspecting it as it twitches . Grand Maester Pycelle ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms , is an advisor and member of the Small Council . He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert 's reign . Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters , Cersei specifically , and he who informed her of Jon Arryn 's investigation of her affair with Jaime . To prevent himself from being undermined , Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons , but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him . A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle 's frail old man guise . In season 4 , Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion 's trial , claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey . Later on , when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn 's abilities , Cersei orders him to leave , giving his position to Qyburn . He later attends Tywin 's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers . When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant , Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King . He is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement . He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime , acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , he is lured to Qyburn 's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death , orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn . Meryn Trant ( season 1 - 5 ) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard . He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands , no matter how vile the order . In Season 1 , as Eddard Stark is being arrested , he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark . Arya 's fencing instructor , Syrio Forel , defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed . Meryn is present at Tyrion 's trial for Joffrey 's murder , where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2 , while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time . In season 5 , he attends Tywin Lannister 's funeral , accompanying Cersei . He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos . In Braavos , he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls . He is ambushed there and killed by Arya . The High Septon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven , the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros . This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King 's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell . The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon . He is later present at Tywin 's funeral . He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel . When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them , Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested , giving the position to the High Sparrow . Dontos Hollard ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King 's Landing . He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey 's birthday , so the young king threatens to execute him . Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead . In season 4 , Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother 's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King 's Landing after Joffrey is killed , apparently by Tyrion . Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon 's ships in Blackwater Bay , to Petyr Baelish . Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold , however , Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking , and reveals that the whole time , Dontos was working for him , and leaves the necklace , which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey , with his corpse to implicate Tyrion . Hallyne ( season 2 ) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief `` Wisdom '' of the Order of Pyromancers in King 's Landing . Pyromancers , whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion , are primarily used to produce wildfire , a very dangerous , highly combustible chemical weapon . Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater . Ilyn Payne ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn , also called `` The King 's Justice , '' is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King 's reign . He carries out Joffrey 's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword , Ice . Night 's Watch ( edit ) Eddison Tollett ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night 's Watch , known to all as `` Dolorous Edd '' for his dour face and outlook . Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well - liked by the other Brothers in Black , and is one of few Night 's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers . He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall . In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont . In season 4 , he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black , but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke 's corpse back to Craster 's Keep with the other slain Night 's Watch brothers . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon 's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate . He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall , causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths . He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn 's body at the funeral . In season 5 , he witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution , supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander , and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die . He begrudgingly agrees to Jon 's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them . He accompanies Jon and the Night 's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive . Following Jon 's death in a mutiny , he is one of Jon 's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters , refusing to acknowledge Thorne 's leadership . Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help , and he succeeds just in time , ordering the mutineers locked up . He witnesses Jon 's resurrection by Melisandre , and the mutineers ' execution . Jon relinquishes his command to Edd , naming him the new acting Lord Commander . When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , Edd shares a good - natured farewell with him . Benjen Stark ( season 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night 's Watch . He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell . Early in the series , he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity , but does not return and his fate is unknown . In the close of season 5 , Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen 's whereabouts , though this seems to be a mere trick , used to lure Jon to an assassination . Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights , and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker , but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker , a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall . He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell . When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall , half - frozen and under attack by wights , Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse . Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape . Alliser Thorne ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black . He fought for Aerys II during Robert 's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment . He is a bitter , cruel , fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night 's Watch during the winter . The previous winter , he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive . Thorne returns in Season 4 , now the acting Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont , and becomes friends with Janos Slynt . He advocates Jon 's execution for his actions in season 3 , but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon . Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him , and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander , which would make him Thorne 's superior . To avoid this , Thorne , on Slynt 's suggestion , allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle , though Jon survives . Out of spite , Thorne refuses Jon 's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching . When the wildling army arrives , Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him , but valiantly leads his men into battle . Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane , but is wounded . He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting . In season 5 , he has been healed but walks with a limp . He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three - way race , he is named First Ranger by Jon , which he appears to appreciate . When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination , Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett 's way , but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate . After Jon 's return from Hardhome , he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees , showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander 's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes . After Davos ' return to the Wall , Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark 's current state ; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny , wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death . Alliser delivers the first blow , under the call `` For the Watch ! '' and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow . Thorne assumes command once again , but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon 's loyalists from death . Thorne is arrested for his treachery , and after Jon is resurrected , he is hanged for treason . Olly ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift , the land given to the Night 's Watch to support themselves . Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings . His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr . Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night 's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open . He then releases Olly , who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings , in the process befriending Jon Snow . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father . In season 5 , Jon takes Olly as an apprentice , mirroring his own father - son relationship with Jeor Mormont . When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Olly is named Jon 's personal steward . He is unhappy with Jon 's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon 's assassination , stabbing Jon through the heart . When Jon 's loyalists and the wildlings rebel , Olly is arrested along with the mutineers , and after Jon 's resurrection , he is executed by hanging . Othell Yarwyck ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night 's Watch . He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch . He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings . Later , when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering , Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing . Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings . In season 5 , Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard , but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed . He staunchly opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon , being the second to stab him . After Jon is resurrected , Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason . Bowen Marsh ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night 's Watch , one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black . He opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers , and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon , being the third to stab him . When Jon is revived by Melisandre , he is executed by hanging . Maester Aemon ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night 's Watch . He is the great - uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen . By the time of Robert 's Rebellion , he was too old to travel alone and already blind , because of that and of his oaths , he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family , even his great grand - nephews and nieces , were killed by Lannister bannermen . He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1 , he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night 's Watch after he hears of his father 's arrest and his brother 's campaign to save him . At the end of Season 3 , when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster 's Keep , he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall . In season 4 , he is present at Jon Snow 's trial . Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated , claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King 's Landing . Moments before the attack on Castle Black , Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly . After the battle , he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned . In season 5 , Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander . When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie , Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon . He later falls ill , and Jon entrusts his care to Sam , who informs him on his great - niece 's exploits in Slaver 's Bay . Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon 's departure to Hardhome , spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam , the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre . Janos Slynt ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King 's Landing city watch . He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark . He later follows Joffrey 's orders to murder all of Robert 's illegitimate children . Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality , Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night 's Watch . In season 4 , he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander . During the wildling attack on Castle Black , Janos hides in the food storage closet . In season 5 , Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander , Janos refuses to obey Jon 's orders and insults him . Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death . Janos ultimately breaks down , realising that Jon is not bluffing , and begs for mercy . Jon at first seems to relent , but ultimately delivers the blow , beheading Slynt . Grenn ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night 's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon . He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive . In Season 1 , he is initially at odds with Jon Snow , especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session . Grenn , Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off , while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers . Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn . In Season 2 , Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont 's ranging mission . Once they reach the Fist of the First Men , he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly . In the process , they find a hidden stash of dragonglass ( obsidian ) daggers . When the White Walkers and wights approach , Grenn and Edd make a run for it , accidentally leaving Sam behind . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men . On the way back to the Wall , Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast , and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont , tackling Karl Tanner in the process , but he is subdued and chained up . In season 4 , he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black , but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke 's badly snapped neck , wondering aloud what killed him . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates . A giant breaks his way in , and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives . His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral . Pypar ( season 1 , 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night 's Watch , informally called `` Pyp '' . He joins at the same time as Jon . Initially , he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister . Later , he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord . In the first season , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers , but he becomes friends with him when Jon , on Tyrion Lannister 's advice , helps to train the other brothers . He is later assigned to the stewards . In season 4 , Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow . He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam 's arms . His body is later burned at the funeral . Karl Tanner ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night 's Watch . In season 3 , Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall , stopping by Craster 's Keep along the way , where he eyes Craster 's daughters . As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher , particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death , Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking , but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont . He is tackled by Grenn , but he subdues him and orders him chained up . In season 4 , Karl is still at Craster 's Keep , lording over it and raping Craster 's daughter - wives . His men eventually catch Bran Stark , Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three - eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran 's identity . Karl later tries to rape Meera , but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night 's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers . Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster 's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty , but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster 's wives . Karl moves in to kill her , but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind . Rast ( season 1 , 3 - 4 ) portrayed by Luke McEwan , was a trainee to the Night 's Watch with a particularly mean spirit . He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment . In Season 1 , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills while training , and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp , but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him . Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits , he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont . He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon , Grenn and Pyp threaten him . In season 2 , he is part of Mormont 's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark , and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades , taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes . They manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep , but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others , particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation , which Rast attributes to Craster 's stinginess . Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster , resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution . He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster 's daughter - wives , although Sam manages to escape , to Rast 's fury . In season 4 , he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster 's daughters through , and is himself being abused by Karl , who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon 's direwolf , Ghost , who they have caged outside the Keep . When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party , Rast recognises Bran as Jon 's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg . Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers , but he is mauled to death by Ghost , whom Bran had freed . Yoren ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night 's Watch . He travels to King 's Landing , where he witnesses Eddard Stark 's execution . Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd , Yoren prevents her from seeing her father 's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night 's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell . In the caravan bound for the Wall , Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry . When Yoren refuses , a battle ensues , and Yoren and his men are killed . When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words , `` I 've always hated crossbows . Take too long to re-load . '' Before he succumbs to his wound , Yoren kills the man who shot him . Qhorin Halfhand ( season 2 ) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night 's Watch and second - in - command at the Shadow Tower . He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe . Because of this , he was forced to train himself how to fight left - handed . When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men , he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there , leading one party , including Jon Snow , personally . After becoming separated from Jon , Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed . While tied up , he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later , he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight , so Jon can gain the wildlings ' trust by killing him . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Richard Brake Night King ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5 , and Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik from season 6 , the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers . He converts Craster 's baby sons into White Walkers for his army , and later leads an all - out assault on Hardhome , a wildling settlement . In the ensuing massacre , he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants . In the aftermath , the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army , while sharing a long glance with Jon . The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6 , it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men , the first humans to migrate to Westeros . However , during their wars with the Children of the Forest , the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker . The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men ; however , under the Night King 's leadership , the White Walkers have since gone rogue . The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three - eyed raven after breaking its magical seal , where he personally kills the three - eyed raven . In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys ' dragon Viserion . He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight . When his army reaches the Wall , he rides on Viserion 's back as the dragon 's blue fire destroys the Wall . Three - eyed Raven ( season 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4 , and Max von Sydow in season 6 , Max von Sydow the Three - eyed Raven is a figure that appears in Bran Stark 's dreams , following his fall and injury . In Bran 's dreams , the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt , predicting his father 's death . In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran 's dreams and wants him to follow him . In season 4 , Bran finally finds him , in the form of a wise old man , who promises to help Bran learn to fly . In season 6 , he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past . When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong , he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape . He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army . Leaf ( portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4 , and Kae Alexander in season 6 ) appears to rescue Bran , Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave and takes them to the three - eyed raven herself . When the Night King attacks with his army , she is killed in the ensuing battle . Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome . He agrees to Jon 's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers , and escapes the ensuing massacre . Upon being alerted of Jon 's death , Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne . After Jon is revived from the dead , he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , and Wun Wun is the first to agree . During the Battle of the Bastards , Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell , but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees , and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye . Dim Dalba ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder . Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black , he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome . In season 6 , he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons . Mance Rayder ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night 's Watch who became the `` King - Beyond - the - Wall '' and the new leader of the Wildlings . He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night 's Watch , becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings . Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch , Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall , uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all . Mance 's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it . He plans a two - pronged attack on Castle Black , sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side . After the advance attack on Castle Black fails , Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him . Mance realises Jon 's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army . Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King . Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis . In season 5 , Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him , but Mance still refuses , fearing that he will lose his people 's respect in the process . On Stannis 's orders , Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre , although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering . Lord of Bones ( season 2 -- 3 , 5 ) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3 , and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5 ) , Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as `` Rattleshirt '' , a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant 's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour . In Season 2 , he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance . In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund 's proposal for an alliance with the Night 's Watch . Styr ( season 4 ) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov Star was one of Mance Rayder 's lieutenants and the Magnar - `` Lord '' in the Old Tongue of the First Men -- of the Thenn people , a clan of cannibalistic wildlings . In the battle for Castle Black , he is killed by Jon Snow , who smashes his head in with a hammer . Craster ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night 's Watch . He is a short - tempered , incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives . Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons , and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth . As their only ally beyond the Wall , Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands . Several members of the Night 's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers . He is killed by Karl , who , with his men proceeds , to raid Craster 's supplies and attack his wives and daughters . Orell ( season 3 ) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg , a human capable of entering the minds of animals . Orell does n't trust Jon , as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night 's Watch ; he is also jealous of Jon 's relationship with Ygritte . Orell 's suspicions are confirmed when , during a raid at the North , Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder . Orell claims that Jon always was a `` crow '' and a battle ensues . After a few moments of sword fighting , Jon shoves his sword into Orell 's chest and whispers `` You were right the whole time '' , before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die . Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon , but Jon is able to fight him off . Animals ( edit ) Drogon ( season 1 -- present ) is the black one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys 's favourite dragon . He is named after Khal Drogo , her late husband . Throughout seasons 2 and 3 , Drogon is loyal to Daenerys , but in season 4 , he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food , which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons . While in Meereen , Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver 's Bay about Drogon 's behaviour , one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched , and the second a farmer whose three - year - old daughter Drogon killed . Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured , he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak 's Pit and flies off with her on his back , though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process . Rhaegal ( season 1 -- present ) is the green one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Rhaegar Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion ( season 1 -- present ) is the yellow one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Viserys Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall , only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King . With the Night King riding on his back , Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate . Ghost ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) is Jon Snow 's direwolf . He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies , but nevertheless grows into a strong adult . He accompanies Jon to Castle Black . Following the Night 's Watch mutiny , he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast . He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night 's Watch brothers . Though he is taken back to Castle Black , Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up . When the wildlings reach Castle Black , Jon orders Sam to free Ghost , and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night 's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death . He survives the battle . After Jon departs for Hardhome , Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night 's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly . After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon 's body . Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon 's body . Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life . Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon . He does n't participate in the battle against the Boltons . After the Starks win he returns to Winterfell with Jon . Summer ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ) is Bran Stark 's direwolf . When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran , Summer tears out his throat with his teeth , saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn . Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran , Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . When they stumble across Craster 's Keep , Bran mentally takes over Summer 's body to scout the area , but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned . He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran . During the battle with the skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave , Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves . After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree , the group is forced to escape . Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor , Summer , The Children of The Forest and the Three - Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape . Shaggydog ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) is Rickon Stark 's direwolf . Following the sacking of Winterfell , Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon , Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon . However , after Greatjon dies , his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons , and goes to Ramsay , to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages , while presenting Shaggydog 's severed head as proof of Rickon 's identity . Nymeria ( season 1 , 7 ) is Arya Stark 's direwolf . On the way to King 's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play - fight taken too far . Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm , and she and Arya run away . Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court , Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed . A very long time after , Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell , and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild direwolves . She attempts to urge her to return with her . However , Nymeria refuses , likely due to how long she has been away from home , and remains with her new pack . Grey Wind ( season 1 -- 3 ) is Robb Stark 's direwolf . He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings . When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows . He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn onto Robb 's corpse . Lady ( season 1 ) is Sansa Stark 's direwolf . After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey , Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and , when Nymeria can not be found , demands that a wolf be killed . Despite his objections , Ned Stark kills Lady personally , though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin . See also ( edit ) Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn . The character 's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon . Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy . The character 's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Not a Blog . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Glen confirms readthrough date '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann says he 's already training for Clegane Bowl '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley confirms return '' . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/170207/rory-mccann-hafpor-julius-bjornsson-the-hound-the-mountain-game-of-thrones-fight Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/game-of-thrones-season-8-filming-cast-belfast-northern-ireland-a8016546.html ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Winter is Coming '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' You Win Or You Die '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Valar Morghulis '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3 ! '' . io9.com . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 4 : Three Parts Confirmed ! '' . io9.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying ' Hodor ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There are 70 Ways to Say ' Hodor ' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Spoilers : Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Two More for S3 : Ramon Tikaram , Dan Hildebrand Join Cast '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Episodes : EP208 : The Prince of Winterfell '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=809014485 '' Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Pages with too many photos All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego ქართული Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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| 1,537 |
when did the new hundred dollar come out
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The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21 , 2010 , and was issued to the public on October 8 , 2013 . The new bill costs 12.6 cents to produce and has a blue ribbon woven into the center of the currency with `` 100 '' and Liberty Bells , alternating , that appear when the bill is tilted .
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October 8 , 2013
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United States one hundred - dollar bill
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united states one hundred - dollar bill
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The United States one hundred - dollar bill ( $100 ) is a denomination of United States currency . Statesman , inventor , diplomat , and American founding father Benjamin Franklin is featured on the obverse of the bill . On the reverse of the banknote is an image of Independence Hall . The $100 bill is the largest denomination that has been printed since July 13 , 1969 , when the denominations of $500 , $1,000 , $5,000 , and $10,000 were retired . The Bureau of Engraving and Printing says the average life of a $100 bill in circulation is 90 months ( 7.5 years ) before it is replaced due to wear and tear .
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The bills are also commonly referred to as `` Bens '' , `` Benjamins '' or `` Franklins '' , in reference to the use of Benjamin Franklin 's portrait on the denomination , or as `` C - Notes '' , based on the Roman numeral for 100 . The bill is one of two denominations printed today that does not feature a President of the United States ; the other is the $10 bill , featuring Alexander Hamilton . It is also the only denomination today to feature a building not located in Washington , D.C. , that being Independence Hall located in Philadelphia on the reverse . The time on the clock of Independence Hall on the reverse , according to the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing , showed approximately 4 : 10 on the older contemporary notes and 10 : 30 on the series 2009A notes released in 2013 . One hundred hundred - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in mustard - colored straps ( $10,000 ) . The Series 2009 $100 bill redesign was unveiled on April 21 , 2010 , and was issued to the public on October 8 , 2013 . The new bill costs 12.6 cents to produce and has a blue ribbon woven into the center of the currency with `` 100 '' and Liberty Bells , alternating , that appear when the bill is tilted . The $100 bill comprises 77 % of all US currency in circulation , although according to former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke , more than two - thirds of all $100 notes are held outside the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Large size note history 2 Small size note history 3 Removal of large denomination bills ( $500 and up ) 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Large size note History ( edit ) ( approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm ) 1863 $100 Legal Tender note Series 1878 $100 silver certificate 1880 $100 Legal Tender 1914 $100 Federal Reserve Note 1922 $100 Gold Certificate 1861 : Three - year 100 - dollar Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 7.3 % interest per year . These notes were not primarily designed to circulate and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill . The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General Winfield Scott . 1862 : The first $100 United States Note was issued . Variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording ( obligations ) on the reverse ; the note was issued again in Series of 1863 . 1863 : Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5 % interest . The one - year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of George Washington in the center , and allegorical figures representing `` The Guardian '' to the right and `` Justice '' to the left . The two - year notes featured a vignette of the U.S. treasury building in the center , a farmer and mechanic to the left , and sailors firing a cannon to the right . 1863 : The first $100 Gold Certificates were issued with a bald eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse . The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time . 1864 : Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6 % interest compounded semi-annually . The obverse is similar to the 1863 one - year Interest Bearing Note . 1869 : A new $100 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right . Although this note is technically a United States Note , TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE . 1870 : A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton on the left side of the obverse was issued . The note was one - sided . 1870 : One hundred dollar National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks . The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the USS St. Lawrence and an allegorical figure to the right ; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins . 1875 : The reverse of the Series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned . Also , TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse . This note was issued again in Series of 1878 and Series of 1880 . 1878 : The first $100 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of James Monroe on the left side of the obverse . The reverse was printed in black ink , unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued bill . 1882 : A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued . The obverse was partially the same as the Series 1870 gold certificate ; the border design , portrait of Thomas H. Benton , and large word GOLD , and gold - colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained . The reverse featured a perched bald eagle and the Roman numeral for 100 , C . 1890 : One hundred dollar Treasury or `` Coin Notes '' were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry . The note featured a portrait of Admiral David G. Farragut . The note was also nicknamed a `` watermelon note '' because of the watermelon - shaped 0 's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse ; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note . 1891 : The reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the Treasury felt that it was too `` busy '' which would make it too easy to counterfeit . More open space was incorporated into the new design . 1891 : The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed . The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink . 1914 : The first $100 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor , plenty , America , peace , and commerce on the reverse . 1922 : The Series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom - left serial number on the obverse . Small size note History ( edit ) ( 6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 157 × 66 mm ) 1929 : Under the Series of 1928 , all U.S. currency was changed to its current size and began to carry a standardized design . All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin , same border design on the obverse , and the same reverse with a vignette of Independence Hall . The $100 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers . 1933 : As an emergency response to the Great Depression , additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under Series of 1929 . This was the only small - sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse . The serial numbers and seal on it were brown . 1934 : The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard . 1934 : Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public , Federal Reserve bank - to - bank transactions . These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small - sized notes . The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW . 1950 : Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed . Most noticeably , the treasury seal , gray numeral 100 , and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller ; also , the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it . 1963 : Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver , beginning with Series 1963A , WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note and the obligation was shortened to its current wording , THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS , PUBLIC AND PRIVATE . Also , IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse . 1966 : The first and only small - sized $100 United States Note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers . It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin . Like the Series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes , it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse . The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation . Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued , the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop , thus warranting the issuing of this note . 1990 : The first new - age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under Series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin 's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill . March 25 , 1996 : The first major design change since 1929 took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout . The main intent of the new design was to deter counterfeiting . New security features included a watermark of Franklin to the right side of the bill , optically variable ink ( OVI ) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles , a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin , and hard - to - reproduce fine line printing around Franklin 's portrait and Independence Hall . Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers , microprinting , and a plastic security thread ( which now glows pink ( nominally red ) under a black light ) were kept . The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number , w . The first of the Series 1996 bills were produced in October 1995 . February 2007 : The first $100 bills ( a shipment of 128,000 star notes from the San Francisco FRB ) from the Western Currency Facility in Fort Worth , Texas are produced , almost 16 years after the first notes from the facility were produced . The shipment makes the $100 bill the most recently added production to the facility 's lineup . 4.6 billion notes were produced at the facility with series 2006 and Cabral and Paulson signatures , including about 4.15 million star notes . October 8 , 2013 : The newest $100 bill was announced on April 21 , 2010 , and entered circulation on October 8 , 2013 . In addition to design changes introduced in 1996 , the obverse features the brown quill that was used to sign the Declaration of Independence ; faint phrases from the Declaration of Independence ; a bell in the inkwell that appears and disappears depending on the angle at which the bill is viewed ; teal background color ; a borderless portrait of Benjamin Franklin ; a blue `` 3D security ribbon '' ( trademarked `` Motion '' by Crane Currency ) on which images of Liberty Bells shift into numerical designations of `` 100 '' as the note is tilted ; and to the left of Franklin , small yellow 100s whose zeros form the EURion constellation . The reverse features small yellow EURion 100s and has the fine lines removed from around the vignette of Independence Hall . These notes were issued as Series 2009A with Rios - Geithner signatures . Many of these changes are intended not only to thwart counterfeiting but to also make it easier to quickly check authenticity and help vision impaired people . Both views ( obverse and reverse ) of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate . Front of a Series 1966 $100 United States note . Obverse of a Series 2006A $100 note . Joseph - Siffred Duplessis portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill from 1929 until 1996 . H.B. Hall engraving of Joseph - Siffred Duplessis portrait of an older Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill 1996 onward . Comparison between a Series 1990 note with a 2013 note ( 1996 design not shown ) . Removal of large denomination bills ( $500 and up ) ( edit ) The Federal Reserve announced the removal of large denominations of United States currency from circulation on July 14 , 1969 . The one - hundred - dollar bill was the largest denomination left in circulation . All the Federal Reserve Notes produced from Series 1928 up to before Series 1969 ( i.e. 1928 , 1928A , 1934 , 1934A , 1934B , 1934C , 1934D , 1950 , 1950A , 1950B , 1950C , 1950D , 1950E , 1963 , 1966 , 1966A ) of the $100 denomination added up to $23.1708 billion . Since some banknotes had been destroyed , and the population was 200 million at the time , there was less than one $100 banknote per capita circulating . As of June 30 , 1969 , the U.S. coins and banknotes in circulation of all denominations were worth $50.936 billion of which $4.929 billion was circulating overseas . So the currency and coin circulating within the United States was $230 per capita . Since 1969 , the demand for U.S. currency has greatly increased . The total amount of circulating currency and coin passed one trillion dollars in March 2011 . Despite the degradation in the value of the U.S. $100 banknote ( which was worth more in 1969 than a U.S. $500 note would be worth today ) , and despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes ( most notably , the 500 euro banknote ) , there are no plans to re-issue banknotes above $100 . The widespread use of electronic means to conduct high - value transactions today has made large - scale physical cash transactions obsolete and therefore , from the government 's point of view , unnecessary for the conduct of legitimate business . Quoting T. Allison , Assistant to the Board of the Federal Reserve System in his October 8 , 1998 testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives , Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy , Committee on Banking and Financial Services : There are public policies against reissuing the $500 note , mainly because many of those efficiency gains , such as lower shipment and storage costs , would accrue not only to legitimate users of bank notes but also to money launderers , tax evaders and a variety of other lawbreakers who use currency in their criminal activity . While it is not at all clear that the volume of illegal drugs sold or the amount of tax evasion would necessarily increase just as a consequence of the availability of a larger dollar denomination bill , it no doubt is the case that if wrongdoers were provided with an easier mechanism to launder their funds and hide their profits , enforcement authorities could have a harder time detecting certain illicit transactions occurring in cash . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Currency Education Program . `` Weight of a US Banknote '' . uscurrency.gov . US Federal Reserve . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` For Collectors : Large Denominations '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Redesigned $100 Note '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing. April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Matt . `` Why the share of $100 bills in circulation has been going up for over 40 years '' . Quartz . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mishap At The Money Factory Delays $100 Bill Release '' . CBSMiami / CNN . CBS Local Media . 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $100 July 1999 Jump up ^ USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2006 $100 April 2012 Jump up ^ Crane Currency . `` MOTION Micro-Optics Banknote Security '' . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ uscurrency . `` $100 Note Podcast Episode : 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` US Paper Money information : Serial Number Ranges '' . USPaperMoney.Info . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Some Tables of Historical U.S. Currency and Monetary Aggregates Data '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Will Jumbo Euro Notes Threaten the Greenback ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . October 8 , 1998 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Friedberg , Arthur ; Ira Friedberg ; David Bowers ( 2005 ) . A Guide Book of United States Paper Money : Complete Source for History , Grading , and Prices ( Official Red Book ) . Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7948 - 1786 - 6 . Hudgeons , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006 ( 38th ed . ) . House of Collectibles . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4845 - 1 . OCLC 244167611 . Wilhite , Robert ( 1998 ) . Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money ( 17th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 653 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 100 United States dollar banknotes . Interactive Note - English Evolution of the $100 Dollar Bill - Landmark Cash United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Benjamin Franklin January 6 , 1706 -- April 17 , 1790 President of Pennsylvania ( 1785 -- 1788 ) , Ambassador to France ( 1779 -- 1785 ) Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding of the United States Join , or Die ( 1754 political cartoon ) Albany Plan of Union Albany Congress Hutchinson Letters Affair Committee of Secret Correspondence Committee of Five Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Franco - American alliance Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Staten Island Peace Conference Treaty of Paris , 1783 Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly Postmaster General Founding Fathers Inventions , other events Franklin 's electrostatic machine Bifocals Franklin stove Glass armonica Gulf Stream exploration , naming , and chart Lightning rod Kite experiment Pay it forward Associators 111th Infantry Regiment Junto club American Philosophical Society Library Company of Philadelphia Pennsylvania Hospital Academy and College of Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Contributionship Union Fire Company Early American currency Fugio Cent United States Postal Service President , Pennsylvania Abolition Society Master , Les Neuf Sœurs Other social contributions and studies Gravesite Writings Silence Dogood letters ( 1722 ) A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity , Pleasure and Pain ( 1725 ) The Busy - Body letters ( 1729 ) Pennsylvania Gazette ( 1729 -- 1790 ) Poor Richard 's Almanack ( 1732 -- 1758 ) The Drinker 's Dictionary ( 1737 ) `` Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress '' ( 1745 ) `` The Speech of Polly Baker '' ( 1747 ) Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . ( 1751 ) Experiments and Observations on Electricity ( 1751 ) Birch letters ( 1755 ) The Way to Wealth ( 1758 ) Pennsylvania Chronicle ( 1767 ) Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One ( 1773 ) Proposed alliance with the Iroquois ( 1775 ) A Letter To A Royal Academy ( 1781 ) Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America ( 1784 ) The Morals of Chess ( 1786 ) An Address to the Public ( 1789 ) A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks ( 1789 ) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ( 1771 -- 90 , pub. 1791 ) Bagatelles and Satires ( pub. 1845 ) Franklin as a journalist Legacy Franklin Court Benjamin Franklin House Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology Benjamin Franklin National Memorial Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington Benjamin Franklin statue , Washington D.C. In popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) Ben Franklin in Paris ( 1964 musical play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Benjamin Franklin ( 1974 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) Benjamin Franklin ( 2002 documentary series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Sons of Ben ( supporters group for the Philadelphia Union soccer club Refunding Certificate Franklin half dollar One - hundred dollar bill Washington - Franklin stamps other stamps Cities , counties , schools named for Franklin Franklin Field State of Franklin Ships named USS Franklin Ben Franklin effect Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment The New - England Courant The American Museum magazine American Revolution patriots Syng inkstand Family Deborah Read ( wife ) Sarah Franklin Bache ( daughter ) Francis Franklin ( son ) William Franklin ( son ) Richard Bache Jr. ( grandson ) Benjamin F. Bache ( grandson ) Louis F. Bache ( grandson ) William Franklin ( grandson ) Andrew Harwood ( great - grandson ) Alexander Bache ( great - grandson ) Josiah Franklin ( father ) Jane Mecom ( sister ) James Franklin ( brother ) Mary Morrell Folger ( grandmother ) Peter Folger ( grandfather ) Richard Bache ( son - in - law ) Ann Smith Franklin ( sister - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_one_hundred-dollar_bill&oldid=835801959 '' Categories : Currency introduced in 1861 Works about Benjamin Franklin One - hundred - base - unit banknotes Banknotes of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Русский Українська 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 21 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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| 1,538 |
what happens to josh and donna on the west wing
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Donna Moss
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donna moss
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Donnatella `` Donna '' Moss is a fictional character played by Janel Moloney on the television serial drama The West Wing . Although Donna is a recurring character during the first season , she appears in every episode of that season and is credited as a regular cast member from the beginning of the second season .
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During most of the series , Donna works as the senior assistant to White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman ( or , as she jokingly calls herself in one episode , the `` deputy deputy chief of staff '' ) . Although all the senior staff 's assistants are continuing characters with personal backgrounds , Donna is the best defined and most often featured staff member on the assistant level , and her difficult , semi-romantic relationship with Josh is a major plot device during later seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character biography 2 Relationship with Josh Lyman 3 See also 4 References Character biography ( edit ) Donna was born outside of Warroad , Minnesota , to an Irish - American father and an Italian - American mother . Donna 's United States citizenship is briefly revoked after the Minnesota town in which she was born ends up in Canada due to border changes . However , her citizenship is quickly restored after the discovery of a grandfather clause in the law . Josh identifies Donna as a Protestant . Donna moved to Wisconsin , where she attended University of Wisconsin -- Madison and dropped out halfway through to support her boyfriend as he went through medical school . After her boyfriend graduated , he dumped Donna . She then left Madison and drove to New Hampshire to work for the `` Bartlet for America '' campaign , even going so far as to pretend she 'd already been hired as Josh Lyman 's assistant . Josh discovers the deception but is somewhat amused by it and , impressed by her initiative , hires her . It is mentioned that she briefly left the campaign to return to her boyfriend , but returned following an incident when , after Donna sprained her ankle in a car accident , her boyfriend chose to meet his friends for a drink rather than immediately pick her up from the hospital . Donna remains Josh 's assistant during Josiah Bartlet 's first presidential term and the beginning of his second . Her job during this time usually takes the form of little more than a secretary ( albeit in an unusually challenging and glorified environment ) until Josh sends her as an observer on a Congressional delegation ( CODEL ) to Gaza in response to her request for opportunities for job growth . While in Gaza , Donna sustains a serious injury as a result of a terrorist attack on the American convoy . She gradually recovers from those injuries . Donna returns to her duties at the White House but eventually quits her job in the Season 6 episode `` Impact Winter '' to become senior aide to Will Bailey , Vice President Bob Russell 's presidential campaign manager . Her new position places her in direct conflict with Josh , who has convinced Congressman Matt Santos to run for the Democratic nomination for president , with himself as campaign manager . After Santos wins the nomination , Donna applies to work for Josh at the Santos campaign . However , personal attacks she made on Santos as Russell 's press secretary force Josh to refuse her application , although he reveals during the job interview that he misses her `` every day '' . Later , on the Santos campaign trail , unbeknownst to Josh , Communications Director Louise `` Lou '' Thornton hires Donna as a campaign spokeswoman . Josh is initially upset with Lou for hiring Donna , and he implies in a tense conversation with Donna that he is reluctant to hire her since he feels betrayed by her decision to work for a competing candidate which he , her `` mentor '' , did not support . The two reconcile on the campaign trail , with their relationship becoming romantic during the season 7 episode `` The Cold '' . After Santos 's victory , Donna is offered a position in the new administration as deputy White House press secretary . However , having become close to Helen Santos during the campaign , she is also offered the position of chief of staff to the first lady . She chooses to accept this offer , feeling she can not work for Josh while something is happening between them romantically . The two initially question their relationship if they 're willing to commit to one , which is later confirmed when they vacation together . Her large White House office , which she is shocked to see , symbolizes her growth since the beginning of the series , when her workplace was a cubicle in Josh 's bullpen . Donna is a Democrat but is sometimes critical of the logic behind various Democratic Party policies . Her political debates with Josh , which are often left unresolved , are one of the show 's trademark methods of exploring multiple sides of an issue . Relationship with Josh Lyman ( edit ) The chemistry between Janel Moloney and Bradley Whitford , who portrayed Josh Lyman , caught producers ' attention early in the series . After seeing Moloney and Whitford perform together in the pilot , Aaron Sorkin added a scene in which Donna argues with Josh to change his shirt before attending a meeting , eventually convincing him by saying , `` All the girls think you look really hot in this shirt '' . Although Mandy Hampton was originally intended to be Josh 's romantic interest , by the end of the show 's first season the character was written out and the role taken over by Donna . During the first four seasons , the relationship remains in stasis , with neither daring to make any real romantic move on the other . Sorkin admits that he was more inclined to move the relationship forward , but , every time he discussed the possibility , fellow executive producer Thomas Schlamme would shout , `` No ! Wait another year ! '' `` Besides '' , adds Sorkin , `` Sexual and romantic tension is , to me , much more fun than taking the tension away by having the sex and romance '' . Other characters occasionally speculate on the pair 's relationship . When Donna encourages Josh to ask Joey Lucas on a date , Joey guesses that Donna is attempting to cover her own feelings for Josh through misdirection . During her first meeting with Josh , Amy Gardner asks him if he is dating his assistant , and later asks Donna directly , `` Are you in love with Josh ? '' , although the show cuts to another scene before viewers can see the answer . When Donna recruits Josh to help her get a date with Jack Reese , Josh 's behavior leads Jack to wonder whether he is getting `` in between anything '' . See also ( edit ) List of characters on The West Wing List of politicians on The West Wing List of The West Wing episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Writer : Aaron Sorkin & Paul Redford Director : Alex Graves ( March 6 , 2002 ) . `` Dead Irish Writers '' . The West WIng . Season 3 . Episode 15 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( February 12 , 2001 ) . West Wing Lovers Are in Limbo Archived May 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press . Retrieved on December 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The West Wing , Episode 2.14 : The War at Home . Original airdate : February 14 , 2001 . Jump up ^ The West Wing , Episode 3.08 : The Women of Qumar . Original airdate : November 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ The West Wing , Episode 4.22 : Commencement . Original airdate : May 7 , 2003 . Jump up ^ The West Wing , Episode 4.10 : Arctic Radar . Original airdate : November 27 , 2002 . ( hide ) The West Wing List of characters List of politicians Main characters Josiah Bartlet Leo McGarry Josh Lyman Toby Ziegler Sam Seaborn C.J. Cregg Charlie Young Donna Moss Abbey Bartlet Will Bailey Matt Santos Arnold Vinick Mandy Hampton Annabeth Schott Recurring characters Ellie Bartlet Zoey Bartlet Debbie Fiderer Amy Gardner John Hoynes Dolores Landingham Joey Lucas Robert Ritchie Bob Russell Andrea Wyatt Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Five Votes Down '' `` The Crackpots and These Women '' `` In Excelsis Deo '' `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' `` Let Bartlet Be Bartlet '' `` What Kind of Day Has It Been '' Season 2 `` The Lame Duck Congress '' `` Noël '' `` Two Cathedrals '' Season 3 `` Manchester , Part I '' `` Manchester , Part II '' `` Ways and Means '' `` On the Day Before '' Season 4 `` 20 Hours in America '' `` Twenty Five '' Season 5 `` The Warfare of Genghis Khan '' `` An Khe '' `` Full Disclosure '' `` Eppur Si Muove '' Season 6 Season 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donna_Moss&oldid=826421347 '' Categories : The West Wing characters Fictional secretaries Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional characters from Minnesota Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 00 : 50 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna%20Moss
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when can you attack the character of an accused
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Character evidence
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character evidence
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Character evidence is a term used in the law of evidence to describe any testimony or document submitted for the purpose of proving that a person acted in a particular way on a particular occasion based on the character or disposition of that person . In the United States , Federal Rule of Evidence 404 maps out its permissible and prohibited uses in trials . Three factors typically determine the admissibility of character evidence :
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the purpose the character evidence is being used for the form in which the character evidence is offered the type of proceeding ( civil or criminal ) in which the character evidence is offered Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Form 3 Type of proceeding 3.1 Civil trial 3.2 Criminal trial 3.2. 1 Character evidence offered by the prosecution 3.2. 2 Character evidence offered by the defendant 4 Character witness 5 Distinguished from habit evidence 6 References 7 External links Purpose ( edit ) In the United States , character evidence may be offered at trial to 1 . prove character , if character is a substantive issue in the litigation admissibility of character evidence to prove character is not affected by the case 's civil or criminal nature 2 . prove , through circumstantial evidence , an aspect of an individual 's conduct character evidence 's admissibility as circumstantial evidence is influenced by the case 's civil or criminal nature 3 . impeach or strengthen the credibility of a witness Character may be a substantive issue in defamation suits , in lawsuits alleging negligent hiring or negligent entrustment , in child custody cases , as well as in loss of consortium cases ; character evidence is thus admissible to prove the substantive issues that arise in these types of lawsuits . If used as circumstantial evidence , FRE 404 ( a ) ( 1 ) renders inadmissible character evidence offered to prove that an individual acted `` in accordance with '' a character or trait `` on a particular occasion . '' It lists several exceptions which apply depending on whether the proceeding is civil or criminal , whether the defense or prosecution is offering the character evidence , and what purpose it is being offered for . Form ( edit ) Character evidence may be offered , depending on the type of proceeding , party offering , and purported purpose , explained below , in three forms : as opinion as reputation evidence , and as evidence of specific instances of conduct Type of proceeding ( edit ) Civil trial ( edit ) In the majority of U.S. jurisdictions , character evidence is inadmissible in civil suits when being used as circumstantial evidence to prove that a person acted in conformity with his or her character ; it is considered to be an unfair basis from which to attempt to prove that an individual behaved in a particular way on a particular occasion . Another way of looking at this is that character evidence is only admissible in a majority of jurisdictions in a civil trial if character is actually a substantive issue in the case ( negligent hiring ; negligent entrustment , child custody cases , loss of consortium cases ) , or to impeach a witness . A minority of U.S. jurisdictions , however , permit defendants in assault and battery and fraudulent misconduct civil cases to introduce character evidence as circumstantial evidence to prove that a person acted in conformity with his or her character . Criminal trial ( edit ) Character evidence offered by the prosecution ( edit ) In the United States , character evidence is inadmissible in a criminal trial if first offered by the prosecution as circumstantial evidence to show that a defendant is likely to have committed the crime with which he or she is charged -- the prosecution may not , in other words , initiate character evidence that shows defendant 's propensity to commit a crime . However the prosecution may introduce character evidence for certain limited purposes after the defendant does so -- after the defendant has `` opened the door '' -- through the permissible methods and purposes explained below in `` Character evidence offered by the defendant , '' to rebut what defendant tried showing through character evidence , and to `` offer evidence of the defendant 's same trait . '' FRE 404 , in addition to dictating character evidence 's permissible use in federal courts , also bars the prosecution 's admission of `` crimes , wrongs , or other acts '' to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith ( propensity ) . Evidence of other crimes , wrongs or acts is available for `` non-character purposes , '' such as motive , opportunity , intent , preparation , plan , knowledge , identity , or absence of mistake or accident . In a criminal prosecution , the defendant can request to receive notice of this type of evidence if the prosecution intends to admit it at trial . Note that under California Evidence Code ( `` CEC '' ) § 1101 ( b ) , in addition to proving MIMIC elements , the prosecution may admit evidence of a victim 's prior sexual conduct in a case brought for an unlawful sexual act or attempted unlawful sexual act , to show that the defendant `` did not reasonably and in good faith believe that the victim consented . '' Character evidence offered by the defendant ( edit ) Character evidence is admissible in a criminal trial if offered by a defendant as circumstantial evidence -- through reputation or opinion evidence -- to show his or her own character , as long as the character evidence the defendant seeks to introduce is relevant to the crime with which the defendant is charged . For example , if a defendant is charged with a crime involving dishonesty , defendant may introduce evidence tending to show defendant 's honest character . If defendant is charged with a violent crime , defendant may introduce evidence tending to show defendant 's peaceful character . Note that under CEC § 1102 , a defendant may not only introduce evidence of `` a trait of his character '' that is relevant to the crime with which he or she is charged , but may also introduce character evidence `` of the defendant 's character '' generally . Character evidence is also admissible in a criminal trial if offered by a defendant as circumstantial evidence -- through reputation or opinion evidence -- to show an alleged victim 's `` pertinent '' character trait -- for example , to support defendant 's claim of self - defense to a charge of homicide . After a criminal defendant introduces evidence of the victim 's character , the prosecution may then introduce its own character evidence to rebut the defendant 's character evidence by showing its side 's impression of the victim 's character , or to attack the character of the defendant through evidence that shows that defendant had the same character trait he or she accused the victim of having . Note that under CEC § 1103 ( a ) , a defendant may not only introduce evidence of a victim 's character or character trait through reputation or opinion evidence , as permitted under FRE 404 , but also through evidence of specific acts . The admissibility of character evidence to allow defendant to prove the character trait of a victim is limited , however , if the lawsuit is for rape or assault with the intent to commit rape . If the reputation or opinion evidence is being offered by the defendant to show the rape victim 's past sexual conduct , character evidence is inadmissible . In such sexual misconduct cases , a defendant may offer `` evidence of specific instances of a victim 's sexual behavior '' only to show that someone other than the defendant was the source of `` semen , injury , or other physical evidence , '' or to show that the victim had consented to sexual behavior with the defendant . Note that under CEC § 1103 ( c ) ( 1 ) , reputation , opinion , and specific acts evidence are all barred if defendant seeks to introduce the evidence to show the sexual character of the victim , but evidence of the victim 's sexual conduct with the defendant -- i.e. specific acts -- may be used by defendant to show that the victim consented to the sexual act . Character witness ( edit ) Commentators have noted that the ability of defendants to call character witnesses can give an advantage to more affluent defendants . Affluent defendants can call as character witnesses celebrities , athletes , and prominent members of the community . In contrast , it would be neither advisable nor beneficial to a defendant to call to the stand a disreputable fellow inmate as a character witness . Distinguished from habit evidence ( edit ) Character evidence must be distinguished from habit evidence , which is generally admissible , and which is evidence submitted for the purpose of proving that an individual acted in a particular way on a particular occasion in question based on that person 's tendency to reflexively respond to a particular situation in a particular way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ FRE 404 , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ Pino v. Koelber , 389 So . 2d 1191 , 1193 ( Fla . Dist . Ct . App . 1980 ) , citing 1 S. Gard , Jones on Evidence § 4 : 34 ( 6th ed. 1972 ) and McCormick on Evidence § 188 ( 2d ed. 1972 ) : `` When a person 's character is an essential element in the case , evidence of his character is always admissible because it is in issue . On the other hand , evidence of one 's character which is offered only as tending to prove the probability that he acted in a manner consistent with that character on a particular occasion is generally inadmissible . '' Jump up ^ Wrabek v. Suchomel , 145 Minn . 468 , 177 N.W. 764 ( 1920 ) : `` The complaint alleged that , in addition to inflicting injuries upon his person by an assault , defendants intended to injure , and by the publicity of the assault did injure , plaintiff 's standing and reputation as a citizen in the community where he lived . The general denial in the answers put plaintiff 's reputation as a citizen in issue , and entitled defendants to show , in mitigation of damages , that it was bad . '' Jump up ^ FRE 404 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( B ) ( i ) - ( ii ) , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ FRE 404 ( b ) , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ FRE 404 ( b ) ( 2 ) , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ California Evidence Code § 1101 ( b ) Jump up ^ U.S. Code Title 28a Committee Notes on Rules -- 2006 Amendment , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute : `` In criminal cases , the so - called `` mercy rule '' permits a criminal defendant to introduce evidence of pertinent character traits of the defendant and the victim . '' Jump up ^ California Evidence Code § 1102 Jump up ^ FRE 404 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( B ) , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ FRE 404 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( B ) ( i ) , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ California Evidence Code § 1103 ( a ) Jump up ^ FRE 412 , Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute Jump up ^ California Evidence Code § § 1103 ( c ) ( 1 ) and ( c ) ( 3 ) External links ( edit ) Federal Rule of Evidence 404 , Cornell University Law School Complete text of Federal Rules of Evidence , Cornell University Law School Complete text of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure , Cornell University Law School Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character_evidence&oldid=808017850 '' Categories : Evidence law Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from October 2013 USA - centric All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 11 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20evidence
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what's the legal age to drink in korea
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Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh ( Illegal for Muslims . ) Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption by minors is not illegal . Introduced in January 2006 . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq Illegal Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 21 Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal ( 18 for non-Muslims ) Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities . Philippines 18 Qatar Illegal Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None 18 ) 18 For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam 18 Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up
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Legal drinking age
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legal drinking age
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The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary between different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks .
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Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages ; however , some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Antigua and Barbuda , Belgium , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cuba , Ethiopia , Gibraltar , Luxembourg and Nicaragua have the lowest set drinking ages . The most commonly known reason for the law behind the legal drinking age is the effect on the brain in adolescents . because the brain is still maturing , alcohol can have a negative effect on the memory and long - term thinking . Alongside that , it can cause liver failure , and create a hormone imbalance in teens due to the constant changes and maturing of hormones during puberty . Contents 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum purchase age of 15 years No minimum purchase age The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18 . Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years , Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years , Gambia with an age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant . Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years . However Algeria , Angola ( except Luando Province ) , Central African Republic , Comoros , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Guinea - Bissau , Morocco , Togo , Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors . In Libya , Somalia and Sudan the sale , production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited . Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Algeria None Angola None There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors . Luanda Province 18 Legislation in Luanda Province : It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 . It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Botswana None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy , consume or possess alcoholic beverages . Burundi None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years . Cameroon 21 / 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume , purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older . Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied . Cape Verde None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Central African Republic None Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ethiopia None 15 It is illegal for any person to sell , offer , serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages `` in substantial quantities '' to any infant or young person . The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years . But the Criminal Code states : `` Whoever endangers the health of another , intentionally and unscrupulously , by administering or serving , or by causing or permitting to be administered or served , to minors ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) ( ... ) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable , is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year , and fine . '' Gabon None Gambia None 17 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person . A `` young person '' is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act , 1949 Section 2 . Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Lesotho 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for minors to consume , buy or attempt to buy alcohol . Liberia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Libya Illegal Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years . Malawi None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Mauritius None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Morocco None Mozambique 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo None 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal 18 Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania None 18 Togo None Tunisia None Uganda None 18 16 It is illegal for any licensee to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . The law provides an exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age , and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal , in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar . Western Sahara None Zambia 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011 , the minimum age to sell , serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years . Zimbabwe None 16 It is illegal for any person to sell , lend , give , supply , deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years , except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person . The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian . Americas ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 19 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years The minimum age to purchase and consume varies , but the most common age is 18 years . However , in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age . Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop , supermarket , liquor store , bar , club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age . In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol . Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years , while Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years . In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years , except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal , and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years . Country State / region / province De jure hide Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine . Antigua and Barbuda None 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . The law provides an exception to treat an illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor . Barbados None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years . The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years because the law is often violated . Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . Bermuda 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years . Bolivia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading : `` VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( Sale prohibited to ( anyone ) under 18 years of age ) and `` EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD '' ( Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to ( ones ) health ) . Brazil None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age . The presidential law enacted on March 17 , 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence . Any adult person selling , serving , giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years , a fine of R $3.000 to R $10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol . British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . Canada Alberta Manitoba Quebec 18 In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises . In Manitoba a person must not give , sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor . the law provides exceptions for a doctor , dentist , pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes ; for sacramental purposes and by the parent , guardian , spouse or common - law partner , if it is given or supplied in a residence . In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut 19 Cayman Islands 18 It is prohibited to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for any minor to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages . Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars , and the court may , if the offence was committed by the licensee , order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction . Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . Colombia None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Costa Rica None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries . Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages , will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Cuba None 16 The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years , to habitually consume alcoholic beverages . However this means that de facto anyone selling , serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years . In most cases this law is not strictly enforced . Dominican Republic None 18 Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age . The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law . However it is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . El Salvador None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months . It is legal for minors to buy , attempt to buy and consume alcohol . Falkland Islands 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises . Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises . Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence . The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination . Grenada 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guyana 18 / 16 for beer , wine and cider with meal It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a person under 18 years of age . The law provides an exception for minors aged 16 and 17 , if they consume a glass of beer , wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant . Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is an offence . Haiti None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 , 2017 . Vendors are required to check identification . Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child ( which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico . But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years , and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Nicaragua None 14 18 The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every point of sale or establishment serving alcohol , is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal . However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions . Panama None 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru None 18 Puerto Rico 18 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 Trinidad and Tobago None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf . It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol . Turks and Caicos Islands None 18 It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years . Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 17 states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of 21 . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to a year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Venezuela None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Asia ( edit ) Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh ( Illegal for Muslims . ) Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption by minors is not illegal . Introduced in January 2006 . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq Illegal Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 21 Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal ( 18 for non-Muslims ) Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities . Philippines 18 Qatar Illegal Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None 18 ) 18 For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam 18 Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Laws banning minors from consuming alcohol in public / private : Minimum age to consume alcohol in public and private Minimum age to consume alcohol in public No minimum age to consume alcohol in public or private Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol . Although Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , Germany , Gibraltar , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Serbia and Switzerland ( except Ticino ) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol . In 2005 , 2007 and recently in 2015 the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years . But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking / purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors : In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid , Valencia and Catalonia raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years . Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years , and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23 % ABV on and off premises . In 2004 Denmark raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years . In November 2005 Switzerland passed its `` Food and Commodities Regulation '' ( German : Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung ) , introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16 , even though `` Alcohol Law '' ( German : Alkoholgesetz ) passed in 1980 already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits . Therefore , it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine , sparkling wine or cider ) to anyone under the age of 16 , and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Further the canton of Ticino introduced a cantonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years . In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In late 2006 , Gibraltar lawmakers passed the `` Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol , Tobacco and Gaming ) Act 2006 '' , which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . But the new law made an exception : minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer , wine or cider under 15 % ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5 % ABV ( e.g. alcopops ) . In 2009 France raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years , and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor ( up to 7,500 € ) . Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years . In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine , beer , cider , perry , mead , crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3 ° alcohol , natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation -- to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age . In October 2009 , the government of Malta passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years . In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In 2011 Denmark passed a new law , raising the minimum age for off - premises sale of alcohol > 16.5 % ABV to 18 years of age . The age to purchase alcohol < 16.5 % ABV remaines at 16 . Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off - premises sales , and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced . In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people : distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18 , and other alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine or cider ) ca n't be sold to anyone under the age of 16 . Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years . As of 1 January 2014 , the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands . Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol < 15 % ABV , and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15 % ABV . As of March 2015 , the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years . Asturias was Spain 's last community with a drinking age of 16 years . The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain . As of 1 January 2018 , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years . Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out Austria Burgenland Lower Austria Vienna 16 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg 16 18 Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age . Belarus None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years . However , the law is rarely enforced . Belgium None 16 18 Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is an offence . The law does not prohibit minors from buying , attempting to buy or consuming alcohol . Bulgaria None 18 By law , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18 . There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol . Croatia None 18 It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age . There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law . Cyprus None 17 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years . There is no minimum age to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public . Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 18 While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used . Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18 . Estonia 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police . Finland 18 20 18 All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 18 By Georgian law , the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Germany 14 16 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages ( beer , wine , cider and sparkling wine ) to anyone under 16 years of age . However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian . It is generally illegal to serve , sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts , to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation of the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' can be fined up to € 50.000 . See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 18 16 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . Ireland None 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol . Liechtenstein 16 18 Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 20 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years . Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018 . Luxembourg None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages > 1.2 % ABV to any person under the age of 16 years . Violation is fined € 251 to € 1.000 . Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell , or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Montenegro 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014 . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal . Norway None 18 20 Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking in public places , with the exception of designated drinking zones , is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . San Marino 16 Serbia None 16 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None 18 18 20 , See also : Alcohol in Sweden It is legal for anyone at any age to drink , but it is illegal to supply anyone under the age of 20 , any beverage containing more than 3.5 % ABV , and supply anyone under the age of 18 beer containing more than 2.25 % ABV , except in a venue licensed to sell alcohol , who are allowed to sell alcohol to anyone over 18 . It is also legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place , provided it 's a limited amount and done in moderation . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland Switzerland ( federal law ) None ( See notes ) 16 18 Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . Ticino 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom England Wales 18 16 5 None Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Scotland 18 16 None Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Northern Ireland 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . United Kingdom Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . Oceania ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years No minimum purchase age Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . Guam 21 Micronesia , Federated States of 18 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age . Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian . Minors buying , consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are committing an offence . The law provides an exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony . Papua New Guinea 18 It is illegal for a minor to purchase , consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages . Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to , is at least 18 years of age . Violation of this law is fined . Samoa 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Solomon Islands None 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Tokelau 18 Tonga 18 Selling , serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal . It is also illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000 . Vanuatu 18 It is unlawful to sell , serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months , or by both , fine and imprisonment . Any minor under the age of 18 years , being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000 . See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy Smoking age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . January 2006 . 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india's first satellite aryabhatta was launched by
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It was launched by India on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar , a Russian rocket launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblast using a Kosmos - 3M launch vehicle . It was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) to gain experience in building and operating a satellite in space . The launch came from an agreement between India and the Soviet Union directed by UR Rao and signed in 1972 . It allowed the USSR to use Indian ports for tracking ships and launching vessels in return for launching Indian satellites.. Aryabhatta is the first indian man made ( artificial ) satellite .
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Aryabhata ( satellite )
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aryabhata ( satellite )
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Aryabhata ( Hindi : आर्यभट ) was India 's first satellite , named after an Indian astronomer of the same name .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Launch 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Launch ( edit ) It was launched by India on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar , a Russian rocket launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblast using a Kosmos - 3M launch vehicle . It was built by the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) to gain experience in building and operating a satellite in space . The launch came from an agreement between India and the Soviet Union directed by UR Rao and signed in 1972 . It allowed the USSR to use Indian ports for tracking ships and launching vessels in return for launching Indian satellites.. Aryabhatta is the first indian man made ( artificial ) satellite . On 19 April 1975 , the satellite 's 96.46 - minute orbit had an apogee of 611 kilometres ( 380 mi ) and a perigee of 568 kilometres ( 353 mi ) , at an inclination of 50.6 degrees . It was built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy , aeronomics , and solar physics . The spacecraft was a 26 - sided polyhedron 1.4 metres ( 4.6 ft ) in diameter . All faces ( except the top and bottom ) were covered with solar cells . A power failure halted experiments after four days and 60 orbits with all signals from the spacecraft lost after five days of operation . According to Soviet media reports , the satellite continued to function and transmit information for some time . The satellite returned to the Earth 's atmosphere on 11 February 1992 . Legacy ( edit ) 1984 USSR stamp featuring Bhaskara - I , Bhaskara - II and Aryabhata satellites Aryabhata was named for the 5th century astronomer and mathematician from India by the same name . The satellite 's image appeared on the reverse of Indian 2 rupee banknotes between 1976 and 1997 ( Pick catalog ) and one rupee note number . See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Aryabhata '' in The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 15th edn. , 1992 , Vol. 1 , p. 611 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Jonathan . `` Launch Log '' . Jonathan 's Space Page . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDowell , Jonathan . `` Satellite Catalog '' . Jonathan 's Space Page . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aryabhata - The first indigenously built satellite '' . Jump up ^ `` Aryabhatta - India 's First Satellite '' . 27 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Brian ( 2000 ) . The Japanese and Indian space programmes : two roads into space . London ( u.a. ) : Springer ( u.a. ) p. 133 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 199 - 2 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Brian ( 2000 ) . The Japanese and Indian Space Programmes : Two Roads into Space . London : Springer . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 199 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Spaceflight portal India portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aryabhata ( satellite ) . NASA HEASARC Page . Astronautix Page India in Space Page NSSDC Master Catalog Search Indian space programme Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Organisations Department of Space ( DoS ) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology ( IIST ) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing ( IIRS ) Laboratory for Electro - Optics Systems ( LEOS ) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory ( NARL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( PRL ) Physical Research Laboratory ( DECU ) Programmes Bhaskara GAGAN GSAT INSAT IRNSS IRS Cartosat RISAT Rohini SROSS Chandrayaan Human spaceflight programme Orbital Vehicle Spacecraft One - off missions APPLE Aditya - L1 Aryabhata Astrosat HAMSAT IMS - 1 Megha - Tropiques NISAR SARAL SAARC Satellite SRE SRE II Kalpana - 1 CARE Planetary missions Chandrayaan - 1 Chandrayaan - 2 Mars Orbiter Mission Mangalyaan 2 Venus orbiter mission Rockets Orbital SLV ASLV PSLV GSLV GSLV Mark III Suborbital Rohini ATV Concepts ULV Under development RLV - TD Facilities Indian Deep Space Network ( IDSN ) ISRO Satellite Centre ( ISAC ) ISRO Telemetry , Tracking and Command Network ( ISTRAC ) Master Control Facility ( MCF ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre ( SDSC ) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station ( TERLS ) ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment ( ISITE ) See also SAGA - 220 List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Indian spacecraft Satellites Communication Completed GSAT 3 ( EDUSAT ) 5P 6 7 8 9 ( South Asia Satellite ) 10 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 HAMSAT INSAT 1A 1B 1C 1D 2A 2B 2C 2D 2DT 2E 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 4A 4B 4C 4CR Kalpana - 1 ( METSAT ) Planned GSAT 5 6A 7A 11 13 20 Earth observation Completed Bhaskara II Cartosat 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E IMS - 1 IRS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E P1 P2 P3 Megha - Tropiques Oceansat Resourcesat RISAT Rohini RS - D1 RS - D2 SARAL Technology Experiment Satellite ( TESS ) Planned Cartosat - 3 NISAR GISAT Oceansat - 3 Resourcesat - 3 Experimental APPLE Aryabhata Rohini RS - 1 Rohini Technology Payload ( RTP ) Navigation IRNSS 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 1G Student satelliteS Completed ANUSAT Jugnu SRMSAT StudSat Youthsat Pratham Space probes Scientific SROSS C2 Astronomical Completed Astrosat Planned Aditya Lunar Exploration Chandrayaan programme Completed Chandrayaan - 1 Planned Chandrayaan - 2 Inter-planetary Exploration Completed Mars Orbiter Mission Planned Mangalyaan 2 Venus Mission Human spaceflight Indian human spaceflight programme SRE - 1 SRE - II SRE - III Orbital Vehicle CARE List of Indian satellites List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches List of ISRO missions Future spacecraft in italics . ← 1974 Orbital launches in 1975 1976 → Soyuz 17 Kosmos 702 Kosmos 703 Landsat 2 Kosmos 704 Kosmos 705 Kosmos 706 Kosmos 707 Molniya - 2 - 12 Starlette SMS - 2 Kosmos 708 Kosmos 709 Intelsat IV F - 6 Taiyo Kosmos 710 Kosmos 711 Kosmos 712 Kosmos 713 Kosmos 714 Kosmos 715 Kosmos 716 Kosmos 717 Kosmos 718 OPS 2439 Kosmos 719 Kosmos 720 Kosmos 721 Nauka - 5KSA No. 4 Kosmos 722 Interkosmos 13 Meteor - M No. 31 Kosmos 723 Soyuz 7K - T No. 39 Kosmos 724 Kosmos 725 GEOS - 3 Kosmos 726 RM - 20 Molniya - 3 No. 12 Kosmos 727 Kosmos 728 OPS 4883 Aryabhata Kosmos 729 Kosmos 730 Molniya - 1 - 29 Explorer 53 Anik A3 Polluz Castor OPS 9435 OPS 9436 Kosmos 731 Nauka - 9KS No. 2 Intelsat IV F - 1 OPS 6226 Soyuz 18 Kosmos 732 Kosmos 733 Kosmos 734 Kosmos 735 Kosmos 736 Kosmos 737 Kosmos 738 Kosmos 739 Kosmos 740 Kosmos 741 DS - U3 - IK No. 5 Kosmos 742 Molniya - 1 No. 24 SRET - 2 Venera 9 OPS 6381 P - 226 - 1 Nimbus 6 Kosmos 743 Venera 10 OPS 4966 Kosmos 744 OSO - 8 Kosmos 745 Kosmos 746 Kosmos 747 Kosmos 748 Kosmos 749 Molniya - 2 - 13 Meteor - 2 No. 1 Soyuz 19 Apollo DM - 2 Kosmos 750 Kosmos 751 Kosmos 752 Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1 Kosmos 753 Cos - B Kosmos 754 Kosmos 755 Viking 1 Kosmos 756 Symphonie 2 Kosmos 757 Molniya - 1 - 31 Kosmos 758 Molniya - 2 - 14 Kiku 1 Viking 2 Kosmos 759 Kosmos 760 Kosmos 761 Kosmos 762 Kosmos 763 Kosmos 764 Kosmos 765 Kosmos 766 Kosmos 767 Kosmos 768 Meteor - M No. 28 Kosmos 769 Kosmos 770 Kosmos 771 Intelsat IVA F - 1 Aura Kosmos 772 Kosmos 773 Kosmos 774 Explorer 54 Kosmos 775 OPS 5499 Triad 2 E-8 - 5M No. 412 GOES 1 Kosmos 776 Kosmos 777 Kosmos 778 Kosmos 779 Molniya - 3 No. 13 Soyuz 20 Explorer 55 Kosmos 780 Kosmos 781 Kosmos 782 Fanhui Shi Weixing 2 Kosmos 783 Kosmos 784 OPS 4428 OPS 5547 DAD - A DAD - B Interkosmos 14 Kosmos 785 Satcom 1 OPS 3165 Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2 Kosmos 786 Molniya - 2 - 15 Unnamed Prognoz 4 Gran ' No. 11L Meteor No. 38 Molniya - 3 No. 15 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryabhata_(satellite)&oldid=807381231 '' Categories : Spacecraft which reentered in 1992 1975 in the Soviet Union 1975 in India India -- Soviet Union relations First artificial satellite of a country Satellites of India Spacecraft launched in 1975 Hidden categories : Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 16 : 00 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata%20%28satellite%29
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national assembly is the parliament of which country
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List of legislatures by country
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list of legislatures by country
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This is a list of legislatures by country . A `` legislature '' is the generic name for the National parliaments and congresses that act as a plenary general assembly of representatives and that have the power to legislate . All entities included in the list of countries are included in this list .
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Contents 1 Names of legislatures 2 List of legislatures 2.1 Supranational legislatures 2.2 Legislatures of sovereign states ( Member and observer states of the United Nations ) 2.3 Legislatures of non-sovereign countries , dependencies and other territories 2.4 Legislatures of non-UN states ( including unrecognized and disputed territories ) 2.5 Notes 3 See also 4 References Names of legislatures ( edit ) The legislatures are listed with their names in English and the name in the ( most - used ) native language of the country ( or the official name in the second-most used native language in cases where English is the majority `` native '' language ) . List of legislatures ( edit ) Supranational legislatures ( edit ) Organisation Name of house ( s ) House level Term ( years ) Voting system Seats Population per seat GDP per seat ( million USD ) European Union European Parliament Lower 5 Open and closed list proportional representation , and single transferable vote ( in Ireland ) 751 667,761 20,983 Council of the European Union Upper N / A indirect ( members of national governments ) ~ ~ African Union Pan-African Parliament Unicameral 5 indirect ( appointed by 47 of 53 national legislatures ) 265 3,974,098.11 14.180 Central American Integration System Central American Parliament Unicameral Depends per country . direct , proportional 120 426,274.46 2,651.175 Mercosur Mercosur Parliament Unicameral 5 direct , indirect ( depends per country ) proportional 122 1,588,889 16.228 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Latin American Parliament Unicameral 5 direct 276 ~ ~ Arab League Arab Parliament Unicameral 68 ~ ~ Legislatures of Sovereign states ( member and observer states of the united nations ) ( edit ) UN member or observer state Overall name of legislature Name of house ( s ) House level Term ( years ) Voting system Seats Population per seat GDP per seat ( million USD ) Afghanistan National Assembly House of the People ( ولسي جرګه Wolesi Jirga ) Lower 5 Single non-transferable vote 249 122,168 119 House of Elders ( مشرانوجرګه Meshrano Jirga ) Upper 3 , 4 and 5 Elected by district and provincial councils , and appointed by the president 102 298,234 291 Albania Parliament ( Kuvendi i Shqipërisë ) Unicameral Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by county with a 3 % threshold 140 20,226 177 Algeria Parliament People 's National Assembly ( al - Majlis al - Sha'abi al - Watani ) Lower 6 Open list proportional representation with the largest remainder method by province 462 80,303 439 Council of the Nation ( Majlis al - Umma ) Upper 5 Elected by popular wilaya assemblies and communal people 's assemblies , and appointed by the President 144 257,638 1,830 Andorra General Council ( Consell General de les Valls ) Unicameral Parallel voting : Closed list proportional representation with the largest remainder method nationwide and block vote by parish 28 2,789 161 Angola National Assembly ( Assembleia Nacional ) Unicameral Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method nationwide and by province 220 84,081 525 Antigua and Barbuda Parliament House of Representatives Lower 5 First - past - the - post 19 4,305 82 Senate Upper 5 Appointed by the Governor - General on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition 17 4,811 92 Argentina National Congress of Argentina ( Congreso de la Nación Argentina ) Chamber of Deputies of the Nation ( Cámara de Diputados de la Nación ) Lower Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by province with a 3 % threshold 257 156,097 2,787 Senate of the Nation ( Senado de la Nación ) Upper 6 Partial block voting by province 72 557,181 9,950 Armenia National Assembly ( Ազգային Ժողով Azgayin Zhoghov ) Unicameral 5 Parallel voting : Closed list proportional representation in a nationwide constituency with a 5 % threshold , and first - past - the - post 131 24,902 136 Australia Parliament of Australia House of Representatives Lower Instant - runoff voting 150 154,200 6,096 Senate Upper 6 Single transferable vote by state / territory 76 304,342 12,032 Austria Austrian Parliament National Council ( Nationalrat ) Lower 5 Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies with a 4 % threshold 183 43,895 1,923 Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) Upper 5 and 6 Elected by state legislatures 62 129,563 5,677 Azerbaijan National Assembly ( Milli Məclis ) Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post 125 73,320 744 Bahamas , The Parliament House of Assembly Lower 5 First - past - the - post 38 9,326 283 Senate Upper 5 Appointed by the Governor - General on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition 16 22,103 674 Bahrain National Assembly Council of Representatives ( Majlis an - nuwab ) Lower Two - round system 40 30,864 777 Consultative Council ( Majlis al - shura ) Upper Appointed by the king 40 30,864 777 Bangladesh National Parliament ( জাতীয় সংসদ Jatiya Sangsad ) Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post 350 466,909 818 Barbados Parliament House of Assembly Lower 5 First - past - the - post 30 9,486 216 Senate Upper 5 Appointed by the Governor - General on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition 21 13,551 309 Belarus National Assembly ( Нацыянальны сход Nacyjanaĺny schod ) House of Representatives ( Палата прадстаўнікоў Palata pradstaŭnikoŭ ) Lower Two - round system 110 85,997 1,288 Council of the Republic ( Савет Рэспублікі Saviet Respubliki ) Upper Elected by regional councils , and appointed by the President 64 147,773 2,215 Belgium Federal Parliament ( Federaal Parlement / Parlement fédéral / Föderales Parlament ) Chamber of Representatives ( Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers / Chambre des Représentants / Abgeordnetenkammer ) Lower 5 Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by province with a 5 % threshold 150 74,000 2,897 Senate ( Senaat / Sénat / Senat ) Upper 5 Elected by community and regional parliaments 60 185,000 7,242 Belize National Assembly House of Representatives Lower 5 First - past - the - post 31 10,748 90 Senate Upper 5 Appointed by the Governor - General on the advice of the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition 12 27,766 233 Benin National Assembly ( Assemblée Nationale ) Unicameral Proportional representation with the largest remainder method in constituencies 83 115,648 176 Bhutan Parliament of Bhutan National Assembly ( རྒྱལ ་ ཡོངས ་ ཚོགས ་ འདུ ། Gyelyong Tshogdu ) Lower 5 First - past - the - post 47 15,072 91 National Council ( རྒྱལ ་ ཡོངས ་ ཚོགས ་ སྡེ ། Gyelyong Tshogde ) Upper First - past - the - post , and appointed by the king 25 28,337 171 Bolivia Plurinational Legislative Assembly ( Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional ) Chamber of Deputies ( Cámara de Diputados ) Lower 5 Closed list mixed - member proportional representation : Proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by department and first - past - the - post 130 83,905 391 Chamber of Senators ( Cámara de Senadores ) Upper 5 Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by department 36 302,993 1,414 Bosnia and Herzegovina Parliamentary Assembly ( Parlamentarna skupština / Парламентарна скупштина ) House of Representatives ( Predstavnički dom / Zastupnički dom / Представнички дом ) Lower Open list proportional representation with the largest remainder method in constituencies 42 91,422 753 House of Peoples ( Dom naroda / Дом народa ) Upper Serbs elected by the National Assembly ( Republika Srpska ) for the Republic of Srpska , and Bosniaks and Croats elected by the House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 15 255,982 2,109 Botswana Parliament of Botswana National Assembly Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post , and appointed by the President 63 32,211 471 Brazil National Congress ( Congresso Nacional ) Chamber of Deputies ( Câmara dos Deputados ) Lower Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by state 513 371,798 4,471 Federal Senate ( Senado Federal ) Upper 8 Partial block voting by state 81 2,354,724 28,320 Brunei Legislative Council ( Majlis Mesyuarat Negara ) Unicameral no timeframe Appointed by the Sultan 36 11,355 582 Bulgaria National Assembly ( Народно събрание Narodno sabranie ) Unicameral Closed list proportional representation with the largest remainder method by constituency with a 4 % threshold 240 30,685 420 Burkina Faso National Assembly ( Assemblée Nationale ) Unicameral 5 Proportional representation with the D'Hondt method nationwide and in constituencies 127 126,281 198 Burundi Parliament National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Lower 5 Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies with a 2 % threshold 121 74,570 43 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 5 Elected by the communal councils 43 179,577 105 Cambodia Parliament ( សភា តំណាង រាស្ត្រ ព្រះ រាជាណាចក្រ កម្ពុជា ) National Assembly ( រដ្ឋសភា ជាតិ ; Rotsaphea ) Lower 5 Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by province 123 108,852 272 Senate ( ព្រឹទ្ធសភា ; Protsaphea ) Upper 6 Appointed by the monarch , elected by the National Assembly and commune councils 61 219,490 548 Cameroon Parliament National Assembly Lower 5 First - past - the - post and Block vote : If no list obtains an absolute majority , the one with the highest number of votes is allocated half of the seats ; the remainder is allocated to the other best - placed lists through proportional representation 180 97,021 262 Senate Upper 5 Elected by municipal councils , and appointed by the president 100 174,638 472 Canada Parliament ( Parlement ) House of Commons ( Chambre des communes ) Lower 4 years , unless elections are called earlier First - past - the - post voting 338 104,571 5,214 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper Until age 75 , or resigns . Appointed by the governor general on the advice of the Prime Minister 105 318,825 13,296 Cape Verde National Assembly ( Asembleia Nacional ) Unicameral 5 Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies 72 4,990 20 Central African Republic National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral 5 Two - round system 100 38,951 36 Chad National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral Block voting : If no list obtains an absolute majority , the seats are allocated through proportional representation 155 66,640 126 Chile National Congress ( Congreso Nacional ) Chamber of Deputies ( Cámara de Diputados ) Lower Binomial voting system ( To become open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies by the next election ) 120 145,021 2,496 Senate of the Republic ( Senado de la República ) Upper 8 Binomial voting system 38 457,963 7,885 People 's Republic of China National People 's Congress ( 全国 人民 代表 大会 Quánguó Rénmín Dàibiǎo Dàhuì ) Unicameral 5 Elected by municipal , regional and provincial congresses , and People 's Liberation Army 2,987 448,518 3,783 Colombia Congress ( Congreso ) Chamber of Representatives ( Cámara de Representantes ) Lower Open or closed list proportional representation ( depending on the political party ) with the D'Hondt method by state 166 279,556 2,843 Senate ( Senado ) Upper Open or closed list proportional representation ( depending on the political party ) with the D'Hondt method nationwide with a 3 % threshold 102 454,964 4,627 Comoros Assembly of the Union ( Assemblée de la Union ) Unicameral 5 Two - round system , and elected by the local assemblies 33 24,181 25 Congo , Democratic Republic of the Parliament National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Lower 5 Parallel voting : Open list proportional representation with the largest remainder method in constituencies and first - past - the - post voting 500 143,425 50 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 5 Elected by the provincial assemblies 108 664,008 233 Congo , Republic of the Parliament ( Parlement ) National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Lower 5 Two - round system 153 28,537 119 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 5 Elected by district , local , and regional councils 52 83,966 350 Costa Rica Legislative Assembly ( Asamblea Legislativa ) Unicameral Closed list proportional representation with the largest remainder method by province 57 75,468 965 Croatia Croatian Assembly ( Hrvatski sabor ) Unicameral Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies with a 5 % threshold 151 28,414 532 Cuba National Assembly of People 's Power ( Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular ) Unicameral 5 Popular vote and approval by special candidacy commissions 612 18,308 185 Cyprus House of Representatives ( Βουλή των Αντιπροσώπων Vouli Antiprosópon / Temsilciler Meclisi ) Unicameral 5 Open list proportional representation with the largest remainder method by constituency 59 18,632 402 Czech Republic Parliament of the Czech Republic ( Parlament České republiky ) Chamber of Deputies ( Poslanecká sněmovna ) Lower Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by region with a 5 % threshold 200 52,811 1,424 Senate ( Senát ) Upper 6 Two - round system ( staggered elections ) 81 130,397 3,517 Denmark Parliament ( Folketing ) Unicameral Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies with a 2 % threshold 179 30,969 1,154 Djibouti National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral 5 Block vote and closed list proportional representation by constituencies : The list obtaining an absolute or relative majority of votes is allocated 80 % of the seats ; the remainder is allocated to the other best - placed lists which obtained at least 10 % of the valid votes through proportional representation ; if no other list obtains 10 % of the valid votes , the remaining seats will be allocated to the party which won the majority or relative majority of the valid votes 65 12,587 35 Dominica House of Assembly Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post , and appointed by the President 21 3,394 46 Dominican Republic National Congress ( Congreso Nacional ) Chamber of Deputies ( Cámara de Diputados ) Lower Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by province and nationwide with a 1 % threshold for the nationwide seats 183 51,520 510 Senate ( Senado ) Upper First - past - the - post 32 293,088 2,918 East Timor National Parliament ( Parlamento Nacional ) Unicameral 5 Closed list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method nationwide with a 3 % threshold 65 16,408 146 Ecuador National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional ) Unicameral Parallel voting : Closed list proportional representation in a nationwide constituency and first - past - the - post 137 116,802 1,028 Egypt Parliament House of Representatives ( مجلس النواب Majilis Al - Nuwab ) Unicameral 5 Parallel voting : First - past - the - post , block vote , and appointed by the President 596 150,983 1,021 El Salvador Legislative Assembly ( Asamblea Legislativa ) Unicameral Open list proportional representation with the largest remainder method by department and nationwide 84 68,382 530 Equatorial Guinea Parliament of Equatorial Guinea Chamber of Deputies ( Cámara de los Diputados ) Lower 5 Closed list proportional representation in constituencies with a 10 % threshold 100 16,220 172 Senate Upper Closed list proportional representation with a 10 % threshold , and appointed by the President 70 23,171 246 Eritrea National Assembly ( Hagerawi Baito ) Unicameral 5 Popular vote 104 50,878 38 Estonia State Assembly ( Riigikogu ) Unicameral Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies with a 5 % threshold 101 12,814 270 Ethiopia Parliament House of Peoples ' Representatives ( Yehizbtewekayoch Mekir Bet ) Lower 5 First - past - the - post 547 135,134 173 House of Federation ( Yefedereshn Mekir Bet ) Upper 5 Elected by State Councils 112 659,986 847 Federated States of Micronesia Congress Unicameral First - past - the - post 14 7,642 25 Fiji Parliament Unicameral Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method nationwide with a 5 % threshold 50 16,745 82 Finland Parliament ( Eduskunta ) Unicameral Open list proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies , and first - past - the - post for Åland 's lone seat 200 25,900 978 France Parliament ( Parlement ) National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Lower 5 Two - round system 577 113,258 3,843 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 6 Elected indirectly by officials including regional councilors , department councilors , mayors , city councilors , and members of the National Assembly 348 187,787 6,373 Gabon Parliament ( Parlement ) National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Lower 5 First - past - the - post , and appointed by the President 121 12,190 203 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 6 Indirectly elected by local and départemental councillors 102 14,460 240 Gambia National Assembly Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post , and appointed by the President 58 25,673 65 Georgia Parliament of Georgia ( საქართველოს პარლამენტი Sak'art'velos Parlamenti ) Unicameral Parallel voting : Closed list proportional representation in a nationwide constituency with a 5 % threshold , and first - past - the - post 150 29,794 163 Germany Federal Diet ( Bundestag ) N / A ( unofficially Lower house ) Closed list mixed - member proportional representation with the D'Hondt method by state with a 5 % threshold , and first - past - the - post 630 128,500 4,998 Federal Council ( Bundesrat ) N / A ( unofficially Upper house ) dependant on individual state elections Delegated from state governments 69 1,185,501 44,914 Ghana Parliament Unicameral First - past - the - post 228 106,286 328 Greece Hellenic Parliament ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων Vouli ton Ellinon ) Unicameral Open list reinforced proportional representation with the D'Hondt method in constituencies with a 3 % threshold 300 35,958 981 Grenada Parliament House of Representatives Lower 5 First - past - the - post 15 7,333 96 Senate Upper 5 appointed by the government and by the leader of opposition 13 8,461 111 Guatemala Congress of the Republic ( Congreso de la República ) Unicameral proportional closed list 158 80,557 472 Guinea National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral 5 proportional closed list 114 88,227 100 Guinea - Bissau National People 's Assembly ( Assembleia Nacional Popular ) Unicameral proportional closed list 100 13,454 19 Guyana National Assembly Unicameral 5 popular vote and appointed by the President 65 11,583 88 Haiti National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Chamber of Deputies ( Chambre des Députés ) Lower proportional 119 98,181 124 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 6 30 323,997 412 Honduras National Congress ( Congreso Nacional ) Unicameral proportional open list 128 58,823 278 Hungary National Assembly ( Országgyűlés ) Unicameral proportional open list and Scorporo 199 25,860 506 Iceland Assembly of All ( Alþingi ) Unicameral proportional mixed 63 5,080 196 India Parliament ( संसद Sansad ) House of the People ( लोक सभा Lok Sabha ) Lower 5 popular vote and appointed by the President 545 2,192,379 8,075 Council of States ( राज्य सभा Rajya Sabha ) Upper 6 appointed by the President and elected members of the states and territories 245 4,847,900 17,831 Indonesia People 's Consultative Assembly ( Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat ) People 's Representative Council ( Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat ) Lower 5 proportional open list 560 423,972 2,008 Regional Representative Council ( Dewan Perwakilan Daerah ) Upper 5 Single non-transferable vote 132 1,798,669 8,520 Iran Islamic Consultative Assembly ( مجلس شورای اسلامی Majles - e Showrā - ye Eslāmī ) Unicameral popular vote 290 259,136 3,414 Iraq Council of Representatives of Iraq ( مجلس النواب العراقي Majlis Al - Niwab Al - Iraqi ) Unicameral proportional open list 325 95,782 392 Ireland Parliament ( Oireachtas ) House of Representatives of Ireland ( Dáil Éireann ) Lower 5 Proportional Representation Single Transferable Vote 158 27,640 1,093 Senate of Ireland ( Seanad Éireann ) Upper 5 appointed by the prime minister and elected by universities 60 76,470 3,026 Israel Assembly ( כנסת Knesset ) Unicameral proportional closed list 120 61,768 1,960 Italy Parliament ( Parlamento ) Chamber of Deputies ( Camera dei Deputati ) Lower 5 proportional closed list 630 94,556 2,931 Senate of the Republic ( Senato della Repubblica ) Upper 5 proportional closed list and appointed by the President 315 189,112 5,863 Ivory Coast Parliament ( Parlement ) National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Lower 5 majority 255 294,529 515 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 5 Elected by district and provincial councils , and appointed by the president and appointed by the President 120 197,837 711 Jamaica Parliament House of Representatives Lower 5 First - past - the - post voting 63 45,860 392 Senate Upper 5 Appointed by the Governor General 21 137,580 1,176 Japan Diet ( 国会 Kokkai ) House of Representatives ( 衆議院 Shūgiin ) Lower proportional and majority 475 266,783 9,250 House of Councillors ( 参議院 Sangiin ) Upper 6 proportional 242 529,157 18,348 Jordan Parliament ( مجلس الأمة Majlis al - Umma ) Assembly of Deputies ( مجلس النواب Majlis al - Nuwaab ) Lower Single non-transferable vote 150 46,760 307 Senate ( مجلس الأعيان Majlis al - Aayan ) Upper 6 appointed by the monarch 75 93,520 614 Kazakhstan Parliament ( Parlamenti ) Assembly ( Mazhilis ) Lower 5 107 207,854 2,815 Senate Upper 6 appointed by the President and elected by local assemblies 47 340,527 4,612 Kenya Parliament National Assembly Lower 5 parallel 349 126,182 118 Senate Upper 5 popular vote and appointed by the President 67 657,278 614 Kiribati House of Assembly ( Maneaba ni Maungatabu ) Unicameral popular vote and appointed by Rabi Council of Leaders 46 2,239 13 Korea , North Supreme People 's Assembly ( 최고 인민 회의 Ch'oe - go In - min Hoe - ŭi ) Unicameral 5 popular vote 687 36,390 58 Korea , South National Assembly ( 국회 Gukhoe ) Unicameral majority and proportional 300 166,691 5,180 Kuwait National Assembly ( مجلس الأمة Majlis al - Umma ) Unicameral popular vote and appointed by the prime minister 50 71,328 3,070 Kyrgyzstan Supreme Council ( Joghorku Keneš ) Unicameral 5 popular vote 120 44,690 109 Laos National Assembly ( Sapha Heng Xat ) Unicameral 5 one - party state closed list 115 48,148 151 Latvia Parliament ( Saeima ) Unicameral proportional closed list 100 20,703 349 Lebanon Parliament ( Parlement ) Chamber of Deputies ( مجلس النواب Majlis an - Nuwwab ) Unicameral popular vote 128 33,000 480 Lesotho Parliament National Assembly Lower 5 popular vote and proportional 120 16,927 31 Senate Upper 5 appointed by principal chiefs and by the ruling party 33 61,556 115 Liberia Legislature House of Representatives Lower 6 majority 73 47,624 24 Senate Upper 9 majority 30 115,896 58 Libya House of Representatives ( مجلس النواب Majlis an - Nuwwab ) Unicameral 200 28,353 187 Liechtenstein Diet ( Landtag ) Unicameral proportional closed list 25 1,451 201 Lithuania Parliament ( Seimas ) Unicameral proportional 141 21,658 436 Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies ( D'Chamber ) Unicameral 5 popular vote 60 8,484 687 Macedonia , Republic of Assembly ( Собрание Sobranie ) Unicameral 123 16,736 173 Madagascar Parliament National Assembly ( Antenimieram - Pirenena ) Lower 5 160 137,078 127 Senate ( Sénat ) Upper 5 33 664,430 618 Malawi National Assembly Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post voting 193 76,809 71 Malaysia Parliament ( Parlimen ) House of Representatives ( Dewan Rakyat ) Lower 5 First - past - the - post voting 222 127,631 2,014 Senate ( Dewan Negara ) Upper 26 appointed by the State Legislative Assemblies , 2 for each state and 44 appointed by the Yang di - Pertuan Agong , of which 4 are for the Federal Territories . 70 404,773 6,389 Maldives Assembly ( Majlis ) Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post voting 85 4,266 36 Mali National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral 147 elected in single or multi-member constituencies , using a runoff system . 13 elected by overseas Malians . 160 90,732 111 Malta House of Representatives ( Kamra tad - Deputati ) Unicameral 5 Single transferable vote 69 5,950 155 Marshall Islands Legislature ( Nitijela ) Unicameral Single and multi-member constituencies 33 2,060 Mauritania Parliament ( Barlamene ) National Assembly ( Al Jamiya al - Wataniyah ) Lower 5 Runoff election 146 37,888 87 Mauritius National Assembly Unicameral 5 65 17,614 275 Mexico Congress of the Union ( Congreso de la Unión ) Chamber of Deputies ( Cámara de Diputados ) Lower Parallel voting : Largest remainder method ( Hare quota ) ( 200 seats ) / FPTP ( 300 seats ) 500 227,821 3,323 Chamber of Senators ( Cámara de Senadores ) Upper 6 Parallel voting : Largest remainder method ( Hare quota ) 128 889,926 12,981 Moldova Parliament ( Parlamentul ) Unicameral 101 33,498 118 Monaco National Council ( Conseil National ) Unicameral 5 24 1,473 227 Mongolia State Great Assembly ( Улсын Их Хурал Ulsyn Ich - Chural ) Unicameral 76 36,245 174 Montenegro Assembly ( Skupština / Скупштина ) Unicameral 81 7,719 88 Morocco Parliament House of Representatives ( Majlis al - Nuwab ) Lower 5 395 100,444 500 House of Councillors ( Majlis al - Mustasharin ) Upper 9 270 120,905 602 Mozambique Assembly of the Republic ( Assembleia da República ) Unicameral 5 proportional party list 250 85,588 95 Myanmar ( Burma ) Assembly of the Union ( Pyidaungsu Hluttaw ) House of Representatives ( Pyithu Hluttaw ) Lower 5 popular vote and appointed by the military 440 137,000 187 House of Nationalities ( Amyotha Hluttaw ) Upper 5 popular vote and appointed by the military 224 269,107 369 Namibia Parliament National Assembly Lower 5 104 26,923 201 National Council Upper 6 26 80,769 605 Nauru Parliament Unicameral 18 521 Nepal Parliament Unicameral Mixed member majoritarian ( First past the post for 240 members , proportional representation for 335 members , and 26 members appointed by the Prime Minister ) 601 44,084 35 Netherlands States General ( Staten - Generaal ) House of Representatives ( Tweede Kamer , Second Chamber ) Lower 150 111,533 4,693 Senate ( Eerste Kamer , First Chamber ) Upper 75 223,066 9,387 New Zealand Parliament House of Representatives Unicameral mixed - member proportional representation 120 33,566 1,018 Nicaragua National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional ) Unicameral 5 92 64,034 205 Niger National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral 5 171 139,210 102 Nigeria National Assembly House of Representatives Lower 360 388,898 1,148 Senate Upper 109 1,284,436 3,792 Norway Great Assembly ( Storting ) Unicameral proportional mixed 169 29,785 1,573 Oman Council of Oman Consultative Assembly ( Majlis al - Shura ) Lower 84 33,017 973 Assembly of State ( Majlis al - Dawla ) Upper 83 33415 985 Pakistan Parliament of Pakistan ( پارلیمنٹ ) National Assembly ( ایوان زیریں پاکستان ) Lower 5 342 537,023 1,454 Senate ( ایوانِ بالا ) Upper 6 104 1,735,000 4,697 Palau National Congress ( Olbiil era Kelulau ) House of Delegates Lower majority rule 16 1,309 17 Senate Upper majority rule 9 2,328 31 State of Palestine Legislative Council ( Palestinian National Authority ) Unicameral 132 32,277 Panama National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional ) Unicameral 5 71 47,969 712 Papua New Guinea National Parliament Unicameral 5 109 56,766 154 Paraguay Congress ( Congreso ) Chamber of Deputies ( Cámara de Diputados ) Lower 5 80 80,681 441 Chamber of Senators ( Cámara de Senadores ) Upper 5 45 143,434 785 Peru Congress of the Republic ( Congreso de la República ) Unicameral 5 130 217,082 2,322 Philippines Congress ( Kongreso ) House of Representatives ( Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan / Mababang Kapulungan / Cámara de Representantes ) Lower closed list and First - past - the - post voting 292 355,393 1,365 Senate ( Senado / Mataas na Kapulungan ) Upper 6 bloc voting 24 4,323,958 16,267 Poland Parliament of Poland National Assembly ( Zgromadzenie Narodowe ) Sejm ( Sejm ) Lower proportional open list 460 83,697 1,677 Senate ( Senat ) Upper majority 100 385,010 7,716 Portugal Assembly of the Republic ( Assembleia da República ) Unicameral proportional party list 230 45,920 1,082 Qatar Consultative Assembly ( Majlis ash - Shura ) Unicameral 35 52,958 5,200 Romania Parliament ( Parlamentul ) Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputaţilor ) Lower 329 58,416 819 Senate ( Senat ) Upper 137 139,005 1,950 Russia Federal Assembly ( Федеральное Собрание Federalnoye Sobraniye ) State Duma ( Государственная Дума Gosudarstvennaya Duma ) Lower 5 parallel ( First - past - the - post voting for 225 members and proportional party list for 225 members ) 450 318,000 5,296 Federation Council ( Совет Федерации Sovet Federatsii ) Upper dependant on individual elections in the federal subjects ( 4 or 5 ) senators are delegated from the executive and legislative bodies of the federal subjects 170 862,048 14,357 Rwanda Parliament ( Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ) Chamber of Deputies ( Umutwe w'Abadepite ) Lower 5 80 146,121 171 Senate ( Umutwe wa Sena ) Upper 8 26 449,603 526 Saint Kitts and Nevis National Assembly Unicameral 5 15 3,686 58 Saint Lucia Parliament House of Assembly Lower 5 17 10,221 123 Senate Upper 11 15,796 191 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines House of Assembly Unicameral 5 21 5,714 59 Samoa Legislative Assembly ( Fono ) Unicameral 5 49 3,965 22 San Marino Grand and General Council ( Consiglio Grande e Generale ) Unicameral 5 60 536 18 São Tomé and Príncipe National Assembly ( Assembleia Nacional ) Unicameral 55 3,330 6 Saudi Arabia Council of Ministers ( مجلس الوزراء Majlis al - Wuzarā ' ) N / A Appointed by the King 30 1,100,000 22,967 Saudi Arabia Consultative Assembly ( مجلس الشورى Majlis Ash - Shura ) N / A Appointed by the King 150 220,000 4,593 Senegal Parliament National Assembly Unicameral 5 150 85,701 167 Serbia National Assembly ( Народна скупштина / Narodna Skupština ) Unicameral 250 28,482 315 Seychelles National Assembly Unicameral 5 31 2,709 72 Sierra Leone Parliament Unicameral 5 124 40,136 41 Singapore Parliament Unicameral 5 First - past - the - post voting ( MP ) and appointed by the President ( NMP ) 99 52,360 3,180 Slovakia National Council ( Národná rada ) Unicameral 150 35,980 846 Slovenia Parliament ( Državni zbor Republike Slovenije ) National Assembly ( Državni zbor ) Lower 90 22,779 643 National Council ( Državni svet ) Upper 5 40 51,254 1,447 Solomon Islands National Parliament Unicameral 50 10,460 34 Somalia Federal Parliament House of the People Lower Appointed 275 36,675 21 Senate Upper Majority 54 180,100 103 South Africa Parliament National Assembly Lower 5 400 126,466 1,387 National Council of Provinces Upper 90 562,075 6,168 South Sudan National Legislature National Legislature Assembly Lower 170 48,591 81 Council of States Upper Appointed by President 50 165,210 276 Spain General Courts ( Cortes Generales ) Congress of Deputies ( Congreso de los Diputados ) Lower 4 , unless elections are called earlier . proportional closed list 350 131,894 4,038 Senate ( Senado ) Upper 4 , unless elections are called earlier ( 212 are appointed through general election and 58 when regional legislatures are renewed , which not always happens at the same date ) . 266 173,545 5,313 Sri Lanka Parliament ( ශ්රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව ( Sinhala ) / இலங்கை பாராளுமன்றம் ( Tamil ) ) Unicameral 5 225 90,122 517 Sudan National Legislature National Assembly ( Majlis Watani ) Lower 6 426 68,653 197 Council of States ( Majlis Welayat ) Upper 6 50 617,880 1,780 Suriname National Assembly ( Nationale Assemblée ) Unicameral 5 51 10,470 99 Swaziland Parliament ( Liblanda ) House of Assembly Lower 5 majority 55 22,181 113 Senate Upper appointed by the King 30 40,666 207 Sweden The Riksdag Unicameral proportional 349 27,286 1,093 Syria People 's Assembly ( Majlis al - Sha'ab ) Unicameral 250 86,964 240 Switzerland Federal Assembly ( Bundesversammlung , Assemblée fédérale , Assemblea federale ) National Council ( Nationalrat , Conseil National , Consiglio Nazionale ) Lower 200 40,000 1,699 Council of States ( Ständerat , Conseil des Etats , Consiglio degli Stati ) Upper 46 173,913 7,388 Tajikistan Supreme Assembly ( Majlisi Oli ) Assembly of Representatives ( Majlisi Mamoyandogan ) Lower 5 63 123,809 257 National Assembly ( Majlisi Milliy ) Upper 5 33 236,363 491 Tanzania National Assembly ( Bunge ) Unicameral 5 384 120,974 178 Thailand National Assembly ( รัฐสภา ; Rathasapha ) National Legislative Assembly Unicameral 250 135 918 Togo National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale ) Unicameral 5 81 76,434 79 Tonga Legislative Assembly Unicameral 26 3,962 29 Trinidad and Tobago Parliament House of Representatives Lower 5 41 32,139 647 Senate Upper 31 42,506 856 Tunisia Assembly of the Representatives of the People ( مجلس نواب الشعب Majless Noweb al Shaab ) Unicameral 5 217 49,188 465 Turkey Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi ) Unicameral 550 135,862 1,951 Turkmenistan Assembly ( Mejlis ) Unicameral 5 125 41,360 346 Tuvalu Parliament ( Palamene ) Unicameral 15 666 Uganda Parliament Unicameral 5 426 87,839 123 Ukraine Supreme Council ( Верховна Рада Verkhovna Rada ) Unicameral 5 450 101,248 732 United Arab Emirates Federal National Assembly ( المجلس الوطني الإتحادي Majlis Watani Ittihad ) Unicameral 40 206,601 6,470 United Kingdom Parliament House of Commons Lower 5 First - past - the - post voting . Sinn Féin members abstained . 650 95,787 3,478 House of Lords Upper Life Life peers appointed by the Sovereign on advice of Prime Minister . 92 elected by and from hereditary peers using preferential voting . 26 Lords Spiritual are bishops of the Church of England . 808 81,388 2,955 United States Congress House of Representatives Lower First - past - the - post voting 435 722,636 34,698 Senate Upper 6 First - past - the - post voting 100 3,143,467 215,623 Uruguay General Assembly ( Asamblea General ) Chamber of Representatives ( Cámara de Representantes ) Lower 5 99 33,195 514 Chamber of Senators ( Cámara de Senadores ) Upper 5 30 109,543 1,696 Uzbekistan Supreme Assembly ( Oliy Majlis ) Legislative Chamber Lower 5 150 194,156 634 Senate Upper 5 100 291,234 952 Vanuatu Parliament ( Parlement ) Unicameral 52 4319 14 Vatican City Pontifical Commission ( Pontificia Commissione per lo Stato della Città del Vaticano ) Unicameral 5 7 114 Venezuela National Assembly ( Asamblea Nacional ) Unicameral 5 167 175,430 2,267 Vietnam National Assembly ( Quốc hội ) Unicameral 5 498 176,385 602 Yemen House of Representatives ( Majlis al - Nuwaab ) Unicameral 6 301 81,485 192 Zambia National Assembly Unicameral 5 150 87,284 145 Zimbabwe Parliament House of Assembly Lower 5 210 61,971 29 Senate Upper 5 40 325,350 153 Legislatures of non-sovereign countries , dependencies and other territories ( edit ) Country Overall name of legislature Name of house House level Term ( years ) Voting system Seats Population per seat GDP per seat ( million USD ) Åland Islands Law Assembly ( Lagtinget ) Unicameral 30 945 52 Alderney States ( États ) Unicameral 10 240 American Samoa Legislative Assembly ( Fono ) House of Representatives Lower 21 2,643 21 Senate Upper 18 3,084 31 Anguilla House of Assembly Unicameral 5 11 1,222 15 Aruba Estates ( Staten ) Unicameral 21 4,832 107 Azores Legislative Assembly ( Assembleia Legislativa ) Unicameral 57 4,311 72 Bermuda Parliament House of Assembly Lower 5 36 1,784 125 Senate Upper 11 5,839 409 British Virgin Islands House of Assembly Unicameral 15 1,969 56 Canary Islands Parliament ( Parlamento de Canarias ) Unicameral 60 35,000 417 Catalonia Parliament ( Parlament de Catalunya ) Unicameral 135 55,723 2,490 Cayman Islands Legislative Assembly Unicameral 18 3,080 125 Crimea Supreme Council ( Верховна Рада / Верховный Совет / Yuqarı Radası ) Unicameral 100 22,840 43 Curaçao Estates ( Staten ) Unicameral 21 7,571 148 Cook Islands Parliament Unicameral 24 875 13 Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly Unicameral 11 272 9 Faroe Islands Law Assembly ( Løgtingið ) Unicameral 33 1,467 44 French Polynesia Assembly ( Assemblée de la Polynésie française ) Unicameral 5 57 4,859 82 Galicia Parliament ( Parlamento da Galiza / Galicia ) Unicameral 75 36,649 Gibraltar Parliament Unicameral 17 1,750 75 Greenland Parliament ( Inatsisartut ) Unicameral 31 1,830 64 Guam Legislature ( Liheslaturan Guåhan ) Unicameral 15 10,623 Guernsey States ( États ) Unicameral 45 1,387 60 Hong Kong Legislative Council ( 立法 會 ) Unicameral Proportional representation using the Hare quota and the largest remainder method for the geographical constituencies and functional constituencies elected by their respective electorates 70 101,481 5,015 Isle of Man Tynwald ( Tinvaal ) House of Keys ( Kiare as Feed ) Lower 5 24 3,520 113 Legislative Council ( Yn Choonceil Slattyssagh ) Upper 5 11 7,681 247 Jersey States ( États ) Unicameral 39 2,509 130 Macau Legislative Assembly ( 立法 會 , Assembleia Legislativa ) Unicameral Proportional representation , functional constituencies and appointed by the Chief Executive 29 19,610 636 Madeira Legislative Assembly ( Assembleia Legislativa ) Unicameral 47 5,698 179 Montserrat Legislative Council Unicameral 5 9 546 New Caledonia Congress ( Congrès Territorial ) Unicameral 5 54 4,547 58 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Assembly ( Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann ) Unicameral 5 Single transferable vote 90 16,767 423 Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature House of Representatives Lower 20 2,694 45 Senate Upper 10 5,388 90 Niue Assembly Unicameral 20 69 Pitcairn Islands Island Council Unicameral 10 6 Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly ( Asamblea Legislativa ) House of Representatives ( Cámara de Representantes ) Lower First - past - the - post voting 51 93,145 1,200 Senate ( Senado ) Upper Majority 27 465,427 2,091 Saint Barthélemy Territorial Council Unicameral 5 19 488 13 Saint Helena Legislative Council Unicameral 21 1,266 Saint Martin Territorial Council ( fr ) ( conseil territorial ) Unicameral 23 1,578 26 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Territorial Council Unicameral 6 19 320 11 Sark Chief Pleas Unicameral 12 50 Scotland Scottish Parliament ( Pàrlamaid na h - Alba , Scots Pairliament ) Unicameral 5 Additional Member System 129 40,734 1,901 Sint Maarten Estates ( Staten ) Unicameral 15 2,495 52 South Tyrol Landtag Unicameral 5 35 14,621 551 Tokelau Parliament Unicameral 20 70 Turks and Caicos Islands House of Assembly Unicameral 21 1,498 10 U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature Unicameral 15 7,093 105 Wales National Assembly for Wales ( Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru ) Unicameral 5 Additional Member System 60 51,066 1,154 Wallis and Futuna Territorial Assembly ( Assemblée Territoriale ) Unicameral 5 20 650 Legislatures of non-UN states ( including unrecognized and disputed territories ) ( edit ) non-UN state Overall name of legislature Name of house House level Term ( years ) Voting system Seats Population per seat GDP per seat ( million USD ) Abkhazia People 's Assembly ( Жәлар Реизара , Zhelar Reizara ) Unicameral 5 35 6,877 Donetsk People 's Republic People 's Soviet Unicameral Proportional representation 100 Lugansk People 's Republic People 's Soviet Unicameral Proportional representation 50 Taiwan Legislative Yuan ( 立法院 Lìfǎ Yùan ) Unicameral First past the post , closed party list proportional representation and indigenous seats with single non-transferable vote 113 117,360 5,206 Kosovo Assembly of Kosovo ( Albanian : Kuvendi i Kosovës , Serbian Cyrillic : Скупштина Косова ) Unicameral 120 15,493 157 Republic of Artsakh National Assembly ( Azgayin Zhoghov ) Unicameral 5 33 4,284 Northern Cyprus Assembly of the Republic ( Cumhuriyet Meclisi ) Unicameral 5 50 5,898 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi National Council ( المجلس الوطني الصحراوي Al - Majlis al - Watani al - Sahrawi ) Unicameral 53 Somaliland Parliament ( Baarlamaanka ) House of Representatives ( Golaha Wakiilada ) Lower 5 82 42,682 House of Elders ( Golaha Guurtida ) Upper 82 42,682 South Ossetia Parliament Unicameral 5 34 2,117 Central Tibetan Administration ( in exile ) Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration Unicameral 5 first past the post 43 73,953 349 Transnistria Supreme Council ( Верховный Совет , Verhkovny Sovet ) Unicameral 5 43 12,062 Notes ( edit ) 1 : Figures for Tibet Autonomous Region in PRC . See also ( edit ) Elections by country ( legislatures elections ) List of national governments List of national leaders List of national supreme courts List of United States state legislatures Legislative Assemblies of Canada 's provinces and territories Parliaments of the Australian states and territories National parliaments of the European Union List of legislatures by number of members List of legislative buildings References ( edit ) ^ Article 7 ( 3 ) Treaty of Lisbon : Protocol ON THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SUBSIDIARITY AND PROPORTIONALITY ^ Native name not available ^ ( 1 ) ^ The head of state is a constituent part of the parliament too . ^ The native name is also used in English . ^ http://www.senate.gov.kh/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=88&lang=km ^ The PRC has also a Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference ( 中国 人民 政治 协商 会议 Zhōngguó Rénmín Zhèngzhì Xiéshāng Huìyì ) , which is a political advisory body but not a legislature . ^ Also : Temsilciler Meclisi ^ Also : Riksdag ^ Also : National Assembly ( Assemblée Nationale ) ^ Also : Chambre des Députés ^ Also : Assemblée nationale ^ Literally , People 's Hall ^ Literally , Nation 's Hall ^ In English State Great Khural is used too . ^ The Consultative Assembly has only consultative tasks ^ The Assembly of State has only consultative tasks ^ ur : ایوانِ بالا ^ Name used only on those rare occasions when both houses sit together ^ The Consultative Assembly has only consultative task ^ `` The Basic Law Of Government of 1992 '' . The Shura Council . ^ `` Majlis Al - Shura ( Consultative Council ) '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , D.C . ^ Lakota , Igor ( 2006 ) . Sistem nepopolne dvodomnosti v slovenskem parlamentu ( diplomska naloga ) ( The system of incomplete bicameralism in the Slovenian Parliament ( diploma thesis ) ) ( PDF ) ( in Slovenian ) . Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Ljubljana . p. 62 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Opinions differ , however the majority of domestic experts agree that the National Council may be regarded as the upper house , but the bicameralism is distinctively incomplete . ^ Also : Landsting ^ Parliament of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic ( Pridnestrovie ) National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Soviet Union Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Related Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Lower houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Central African Republic Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Mauritania Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of legislatures by country National upper houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures Upper houses of national legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Afghanistan Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Equatorial Guinea France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Swaziland Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Defunct Ireland Portugal Burma British Raj Iran East German Dominican Republic Fiji Sweden Japan Weimar Germany Greece Prussia Austria Nepal New Zealand Ceylon Malta Mauritania Northern Ireland South Africa South Korea Turkey Venezuela Senegal Kingdom of Serbia Soviet Union Russian Empire Thailand Related Bicameralism Unicameralism List of abolished upper houses List of legislatures by country National lower houses National bicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures National unicameral legislatures Federal Comoros Iraq Federated States of Micronesia Nepal Saint Kitts and Nevis United Arab Emirates Venezuela Unitary Albania Andorra Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Benin Botswana Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad China Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland Iran Israel Kiribati North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Mozambique Nauru New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Norway Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Portugal Qatar Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Syria Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine Vanuatu Vatican City Vietnam Yemen Zambia Dependent and other territories Åland Islands Anguilla Aruba British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Faroe Islands French Polynesia Gibraltar Greenland Guam Guernsey Hong Kong Jersey Macau Montserrat New Caledonia Pitcairn Islands Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Tokelau Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Wales Wallis and Futuna Non-UN states Abkhazia Cook Islands Kosovo Nagorno - Karabakh Niue Northern Cyprus Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic South Ossetia Taiwan Transnistria Historical Scotland Sicily South African Republic Related Bicameralism List of legislatures by country National bicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legislatures_by_country&oldid=804407784 '' Categories : National legislatures Legislatures Lists by country Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 20 : 32 . 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when did the internet become available in homes
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The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks , such as CompuServe , used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones , while others , such as Tymnet , used proprietary protocols . In 1979 , CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online ( AOL ) and Prodigy that also provided communications , content , and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system ( BBS ) networks also provided on - line access , such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users , many of them hackers and amateur radio operators .
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History of the Internet
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history of the internet
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History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Glossary of computer science Category Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s . Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States , United Kingdom , and France . The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s , including for the development of the ARPANET project , directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts . The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's laboratory at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) . Packet switching networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , Merit Network , CYCLADES , and Telenet , were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols . Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory ( NPL ) in the UK , which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks . The Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET , incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) began to emerge in the very late 1980s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 , and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995 , removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic . In the 1980s , research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners - Lee resulted in the World Wide Web , linking hypertext documents into an information system , accessible from any node on the network . Since the mid-1990s , the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture , commerce , and technology , including the rise of near - instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging , voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) telephone calls , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . The Internet 's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms : it only communicated 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunications networks in the year 1993 , already 51 % by 2000 , and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007 . Today the Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information , commerce , entertainment , and social networking . Internet history timeline Early research and development : 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet : 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services : 1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors 2 Development of wide area networking 2.1 Inspiration 2.2 Development of packet switching 2.3 Networks that led to the Internet 2.3. 1 NPL network 2.3. 2 ARPANET 2.3. 3 Merit Network 2.3. 4 CYCLADES 2.3. 5 X. 25 and public data networks 2.3. 6 UUCP and Usenet 2.4 Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) 2.4. 1 TCP / IP 2.4. 2 From ARPANET to NSFNET 2.4. 3 Transition towards the Internet 2.5 TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) 2.5. 1 CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond 2.5. 2 The early global `` digital divide '' emerges 2.5. 2.1 Africa 2.5. 2.2 Asia and Oceania 2.5. 2.3 Latin America 2.6 Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) 2.6. 1 World Wide Web and introduction of browsers 2.6. 2 Use in wider society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 1.0 ) 2.6. 3 Web 2.0 2.6. 4 The mobile revolution 2.7 Networking in outer space 3 Internet governance 3.1 NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN 3.2 Internet Engineering Task Force 3.2. 1 Request for Comments 3.3 The Internet Society 3.4 Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century 4 Politicization of the Internet 4.1 Net neutrality 5 Use and culture 5.1 Email and Usenet 5.2 From Gopher to the WWW 5.3 Search engines 5.4 File sharing 5.5 Dot - com bubble 5.6 Mobile phones and the Internet 6 Web technologies 7 Historiography 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors See also : The Victorian Internet The concept of data communication -- transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire -- pre-dates the introduction of the first computers . Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices . Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication . The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system . Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon , Harry Nyquist , and Ralph Hartley in the early 20th century . Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals . As the technology evolved , new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances ( for terminals ) or with higher speed ( for interconnection of local devices ) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model . These technologies made it possible to exchange data ( such as files ) between remote computers . However , the point - to - point communication model was limited , as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems ; a physical link was necessary . The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack . Development of Wide area networking With limited exceptions , the earliest computers were connected directly to terminals used by individual users , typically in the same building or site . Such networks became known as local area networks ( LANs ) . Networking beyond this scope , known as wide area networks ( WANs ) , emerged during the 1950s and became established during the 1960s . Inspiration J.C.R. Licklider , Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman , Inc. , proposed a global network in his January 1960 paper Man - Computer Symbiosis : A network of such centers , connected to one another by wide - band communication lines ( ... ) the functions of present - day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper In August 1962 , Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper `` On - Line Man - Computer Communication '' which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future . In October 1962 , Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense 's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain , the Pentagon , and SAC HQ . There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research . He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff , whom he called `` Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . As part of the information processing office 's role , three network terminals had been installed : one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica , one for Project Genie at University of California , Berkeley , and one for the Compatible Time - Sharing System project at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Licklider 's identified need for inter-networking would become obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused . For each of these three terminals , I had three different sets of user commands . So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this , I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal , go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them ... I said , oh man , it 's obvious what to do : If you have these three terminals , there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing . That idea is the ARPAnet . Although he left the IPTO in 1964 , five years before the ARPANET went live , it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors , Robert Taylor , to initiate the ARPANET development . Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years . Development of packet switching Main article : Packet switching The issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network was the first of many problems . Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure . In the 1960s , Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation produced a study of survivable networks for the U.S. military in the event of nuclear war . Information transmitted across Baran 's network would be divided into what he called `` message blocks '' . Independently , Donald Davies ( National Physical Laboratory , UK ) , proposed and was the first to put into practice a local area network based on what he called packet switching , the term that would ultimately be adopted . Larry Roberts applied Davies ' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET wide area network , and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock . Kleinrock subsequently developed the mathematical theory behind the performance of this technology building on his earlier work on queueing theory . Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets , with routing decisions made per - packet . It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit - switching technology used for telephony , particularly on resource - limited interconnection links . Networks that led to the Internet NPL network Main article : NPL network Following discussions with J.C.R. Licklider , Donald Davies became interested in data communications for computer networks . At the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) in 1965 , Davies designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching . The following year , he described the use of an `` Interface computer '' to act as a router . The proposal was not taken up nationally but by 1967 , a pilot experiment had demonstrated the feasibility of packet switched networks . By 1969 he had begun building the Mark I packet - switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions . In 1976 , 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached , and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986 . NPL , followed by ARPANET , were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching , and were interconnected in the early 1970s . ARPANET Main article : ARPANET See also : The Internet during the Cold War Robert Taylor was promoted to the head of the information processing office at Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) in June 1966 . He intended to realize Licklider 's ideas of an interconnected networking system . Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT , he initiated a project to build such a network . The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22 : 30 hours on October 29 , 1969 . `` We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ... '' , Kleinrock ... said in an interview : `` We typed the L and we asked on the phone , `` Do you see the L ? '' `` Yes , we see the L , '' came the response . We typed the O , and we asked , `` Do you see the O . '' `` Yes , we see the O . '' Then we typed the G , and the system crashed ... Yet a revolution had begun '' ... 35 Years of the Internet , 1969 -- 2004 . Stamp of Azerbaijan , 2004 . By December 5 , 1969 , a 4 - node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California , Santa Barbara . Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet , the ARPANET grew rapidly . By 1981 , the number of hosts had grown to 213 , with a new host being added approximately every twenty days . ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments ( RFC ) process , still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems . RFC 1 , entitled `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California , Los Angeles , and published on April 7 , 1969 . These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing . ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet , and a primary tool in developing the technologies used . The early ARPANET used the Network Control Program ( NCP , sometimes Network Control Protocol ) rather than TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , NCP on the ARPANET was replaced by the more flexible and powerful family of TCP / IP protocols , marking the start of the modern Internet . International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse . For various political reasons , European developers were concerned with developing the X. 25 networks . Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) in 1972 , followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein 's research group in the UK , initially at the Institute of Computer Science , London University and later at University College London . Merit network The Merit Network was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the packet - switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit . In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad . Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks , X. 25 host attachments , gateways to X. 25 data networks , Ethernet attached hosts , and eventually TCP / IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network . All of this set the stage for Merit 's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s . CYCLADES The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin . First demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally . It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end - to - end protocol mechanisms . Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture . X. 25 and public data networks Main articles : X. 25 , Bulletin board system , and FidoNet Play media 1974 ABC interview with Arthur C. Clarke , in which he describes a future of ubiquitous networked personal computers . Based on ARPA 's research , packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the form of X. 25 and related standards . While using packet switching , X. 25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections . In 1974 , X. 25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites , which later became JANET . The initial ITU Standard on X. 25 was approved in March 1976 . The British Post Office , Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network , referred to as the International Packet Switched Service ( IPSS ) , in 1978 . This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada , Hong Kong , and Australia by 1981 . By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure . Unlike ARPANET , X. 25 was commonly available for business use . Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service , which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET . The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks , such as CompuServe , used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones , while others , such as Tymnet , used proprietary protocols . In 1979 , CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online ( AOL ) and Prodigy that also provided communications , content , and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system ( BBS ) networks also provided on - line access , such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users , many of them hackers and amateur radio operators . UUCP and Usenet Main articles : UUCP and Usenet In 1979 , two students at Duke University , Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis , originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Following public release of the software in 1980 , the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded . UUCPnet , as it would later be named , also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial - up BBS hosts . UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved , ability to use existing leased lines , X. 25 links or even ARPANET connections , and the lack of strict use policies compared to later networks like CSNET and Bitnet . All connects were local . By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550 , nearly doubling to 940 in 1984 . -- Sublink Network , operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989 , based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes ( about 100 at the time ) owned both by private individuals and small companies . Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion . Merging the networks and creating the Internet ( 1973 -- 95 ) Map of the TCP / IP test network in February 1982 TCP / IP Main article : Internet Protocol Suite With so many different network methods , something was needed to unify them . Robert E. Kahn of DARPA and ARPANET recruited Vinton Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem . By 1973 , they had worked out a fundamental reformulation , where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol , and instead of the network being responsible for reliability , as in the ARPANET , the hosts became responsible . Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann , Gerard LeLann and Louis Pouzin ( designer of the CYCLADES network ) with important work on this design . The specification of the resulting protocol , RFC 675 -- Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program , by Vinton Cerf , Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine , Network Working Group , December 1974 , contains the first attested use of the term internet , as a shorthand for internetworking ; later RFCs repeat this use , so the word started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today . A Stanford Research Institute 's Packet Radio Van , site of the first three - way internetworked transmission . With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum , it became possible to join almost any networks together , no matter what their characteristics were , thereby solving Kahn 's initial problem . DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software , and after several years of work , the first demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute . On November 22 , 1977 a three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET , the SRI 's Packet Radio Van on the Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network . Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974 , TCP / IP emerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly its final form , as used for the first decades of the Internet , known as `` IPv4 '' . which is described in IETF publication RFC 791 ( September 1981 ) . Decomposition of the quad - dotted IPv4 address representation to its binary value IPv4 uses 32 - bit addresses which limits the address space to 2 addresses , i.e. 4294967296 addresses . The last available IPv4 address was assigned in January 2011 . IPv4 is being replaced by its successor , called `` IPv6 '' , which uses 128 bit addresses , providing 2 addresses , i.e. 340 282 366 920 938 463 463 374 607 431 768 211 456 . This is a vastly increased address space . The shift to IPv6 is expected to take many years , decades , or perhaps longer , to complete , since there were four billion machines with IPv4 when the shift began . The associated standards for IPv4 were published by 1981 as RFCs 791 , 792 and 793 , and adopted for use . DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development of TCP / IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks to TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , TCP / IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET , replacing the earlier NCP protocol . From ARPANET to NSFNET Main articles : ARPANET and NSFNET BBN Technologies TCP / IP Internet map of early 1986 . After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years , ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to ; ARPA 's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development , not running a communications utility . Eventually , in July 1975 , the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency , also part of the Department of Defense . In 1983 , the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network , the MILNET . MILNET subsequently became the unclassified but military - only NIPRNET , in parallel with the SECRET - level SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above . NIPRNET does have controlled security gateways to the public Internet . The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research ; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden . This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities . During the 1980s , the connections expanded to more educational institutions , and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett - Packard , which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were . Several other branches of the U.S. government , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , and the Department of Energy ( DOE ) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET . In the mid-1980s , all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP / IP . NASA developed the NASA Science Network , NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet . T3 NSFNET Backbone , c. 1992 NASA developed the TCP / IP based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) in the mid-1980s , connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world . In 1989 , the DECnet - based Space Physics Analysis Network ( SPAN ) and the TCP / IP - based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet , or NSI . NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth , space and life sciences . As a high - speed , multiprotocol , international network , NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents . In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP / IP , and ran TCP / IP over X. 25 , but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections , using automated dial - up mail exchange . In 1986 , the NSF created NSFNET , a 56 kbit / s backbone to support the NSF - sponsored supercomputing centers . The NSFNET also provided support for the creation of regional research and education networks in the United States , and for the connection of university and college campus networks to the regional networks . The use of NSFNET and the regional networks was not limited to supercomputer users and the 56 kbit / s network quickly became overloaded . NSFNET was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s in 1988 under a cooperative agreement with the Merit Network in partnership with IBM , MCI , and the State of Michigan . The existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990 . NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit / s in 1991 , and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers . Transition towards the Internet The term `` internet '' was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol ( RFC 675 : Internet Transmission Control Program , December 1974 ) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used interchangeably . In general , an internet was any network using TCP / IP . It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s , that the term was used as the name of the network , Internet , being the large and global TCP / IP network . As interest in networking grew and new applications for it were developed , the Internet 's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world . The network - agnostic approach in TCP / IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure , such as the IPSS X. 25 network , to carry Internet traffic . In 1982 , one year earlier than ARPANET , University College London replaced its transatlantic satellite links with TCP / IP over IPSS . Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail , the most important application of the time . Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet . Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering , such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) sites via UUCP or mail . Finally , routing technologies were developed for the Internet to remove the remaining centralized routing aspects . The Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP ) was replaced by a new protocol , the Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) . This provided a meshed topology for the Internet and reduced the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized . In 1994 , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables . TCP / IP goes global ( 1980s ) CERN , the European Internet , the link to the Pacific and beyond Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP / IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems , workstations , PCs and an accelerator control system . CERN continued to operate a limited self - developed system ( CERNET ) internally and several incompatible ( typically proprietary ) network protocols externally . There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP / IP , and the CERN TCP / IP intranets remained isolated from the Internet until 1989 . In 1988 , Daniel Karrenberg , from Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica ( CWI ) in Amsterdam , visited Ben Segal , CERN 's TCP / IP Coordinator , looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network ( much of which ran over X. 25 links ) over to TCP / IP . In 1987 , Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP / IP routers for CERN , and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware . This expanded the European portion of the Internet across the existing UUCP networks , and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP / IP connections . This coincided with the creation of Réseaux IP Européens ( RIPE ) , initially a group of IP network administrators who met regularly to carry out coordination work together . Later , in 1992 , RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam . At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe , ad hoc networking to ARPA and in - between Australian universities formed , based on various technologies such as X. 25 and UUCP Net . These were limited in their connection to the global networks , due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial - up or X. 25 connections . In 1989 , Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures . AARNet was formed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors ' Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia . The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the 1980s . In May 1982 South Korea became the second country to successfully set up TCP / IP IPv4 network . Japan , which had built the UUCP - based network JUNET in 1984 , connected to NSFNET in 1989 . It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society , INET'92 , in Kobe . Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990 , and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992 . The early global `` digital divide '' emerges Internet users in 2015 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Main articles : Global digital divide and Digital divide Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . Mobile broadband Internet subscriptions in 2012 as a percentage of a country 's population Source : International Telecommunications Union . While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet , developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet . On an essentially continental basis , they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience , as more and more transmission facilities go into place . Africa At the beginning of the 1990s , African countries relied upon X. 25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications . In August 1995 , InfoMail Uganda , Ltd. , a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom , and NSN Network Services of Avon , Colorado , sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite , established Africa 's first native TCP / IP high - speed satellite Internet services . The data connection was originally carried by a C - Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail 's Kampala offices directly to NSN 's MAE - West point of presence using a private network from NSN 's leased ground station in New Jersey . InfoCom 's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit / s , serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial - up modems . In 1996 , a USAID funded project , the Leland Initiative , started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent . Guinea , Mozambique , Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997 , followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998 . Africa is building an Internet infrastructure . AfriNIC , headquartered in Mauritius , manages IP address allocation for the continent . As do the other Internet regions , there is an operational forum , the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists . There are many programs to provide high - performance transmission plant , and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable . High - speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems . Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa ; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) and the East Africa Submarine System ( Eassy ) has broken off and may become two efforts . Asia and oceania The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , headquartered in Australia , manages IP address allocation for the continent . APNIC sponsors an operational forum , the Asia - Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies ( APRICOT ) . South Korea 's first Internet system , the System Development Network ( SDN ) began operation on 15 May 1982 . SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP ( Unixto - Unix - Copy ) ; connected to CSNET in December 1984 ; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990 . In 1991 , the People 's Republic of China saw its first TCP / IP college network , Tsinghua University 's TUNET . The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994 , between the Beijing Electro - Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University 's Linear Accelerator Center . However , China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country - wide content filter . Latin America As with the other regions , the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area . LACNIC , headquartered in Uruguay , operates DNS root , reverse DNS , and other key services . Rise of the global Internet ( late 1980s / early 1990s onward ) Main article : Digital revolution Initially , as with its predecessor networks , the system that would evolve into the Internet was primarily for government and government body use . However , interest in commercial use of the Internet quickly became a commonly debated topic . Although commercial use was forbidden , the exact definition of commercial use was unclear and subjective . UUCP Net and the X. 25 IPSS had no such restrictions , which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNET connections . ( Some UUCP links still remained connecting to these networks however , as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation . ) Number of Internet hosts worldwide : 1969 -- 2012 Source : Internet Systems Consortium . As a result , during the late 1980s , the first Internet service provider ( ISP ) companies were formed . Companies like PSINet , UUNET , Netcom , and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access , UUCP - based email and Usenet News to the public . The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World , which opened in 1989 . In 1992 , the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced - Technology Act , 42 U.S.C. § 1862 ( g ) , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes , thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks . This caused controversy within the research and education community , who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs , and within the community of commercial network providers , who felt that government subsidies were giving an unfair advantage to some organizations . By 1990 , ARPANET 's goals had been fulfilled and new networking technologies exceeded the original scope and the project came to a close . New network service providers including PSINet , Alternet , CERFNet , ANS CO + RE , and many others were offering network access to commercial customers . NSFNET was no longer the de facto backbone and exchange point of the Internet . The Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) , Metropolitan Area Exchanges ( MAEs ) , and later Network Access Points ( NAPs ) were becoming the primary interconnections between many networks . The final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic ended on April 30 , 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the NSFNET Backbone Service and the service ended . NSF provided initial support for the NAPs and interim support to help the regional research and education networks transition to commercial ISPs . NSF also sponsored the very high speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States . World Wide Web and introduction of browsers Main articles : World Wide Web , Web browser , and History of the web browser The World Wide Web ( sometimes abbreviated `` www '' or `` W3 '' ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URIs , interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the Internet using a web browser and ( more recently ) web - based applications . It has become known simply as `` the Web '' . As of the 2010s , the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet , and it has changed people 's lives immeasurably . Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s ( the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades ) . Following these , Tim Berners - Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server , and the first web browser , called WorldWideWeb ( no spaces ) and later renamed Nexus . Many others were soon developed , with Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic ( later Netscape ) , being particularly easy to use and install , and often credited with sparking the internet boom of the 1990s . Today , the major web browsers are Firefox , Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , Opera and Safari . A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic , a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers . This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users , and therefore included images and text on the same page , unlike previous browser designs ; its founder , Marc Andreessen , also established the company that in 1994 , released Netscape Navigator , which resulted in one of the early browser wars , when it ended up in a competition for dominance ( which it lost ) with Microsoft Windows ' Internet Explorer . Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995 . The online service America Online ( AOL ) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser . Use in wider Society 1990s to early 2000s ( Web 10 ) During the first decade or so of the public internet , the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent . In terms of providing context for this period , mobile cellular devices ( `` smartphones '' and other cellular devices ) which today provide near - universal access , were used for business and not a routine household item owned by parents and children worldwide . Social media in the modern sense had yet to come into existence , laptops were bulky and most households did not have computers . Data rates were slow and most people lacked means to video or digitize video ; media storage was transitioning slowly from analog tape to digital optical discs ( DVD and to an extent still , floppy disc to CD ) . Enabling technologies used from the early 2000s such as PHP , modern Javascript and Java , technologies such as AJAX , HTML 4 ( and its emphasis on CSS ) , and various software frameworks , which enabled and simplified speed of web development , largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption . The Internet was widely used for mailing lists , emails , e-commerce and early popular online shopping ( Amazon and eBay for example ) , online forums and bulletin boards , and personal websites and blogs , and use was growing rapidly , but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement . It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society 's infrastructure . Typical design elements of these `` Web 1.0 '' era websites included : Static pages instead of dynamic HTML ; content served from filesystems instead of relational databases ; pages built using Server Side Includes or CGI instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language ; HTML 3.2 - era structures such as frames and tables to create page layouts ; online guestbooks ; overuse of GIF buttons and similar small graphics promoting particular items ; and HTML forms sent via email . ( Support for server side scripting was rare on shared servers so the usual feedback mechanism was via email , using mailto forms and their email program . During the period 1997 to 2001 , the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place , in which `` dot - com '' companies ( referring to the ``. com '' top level domain used by businesses ) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values , followed by a market crash ; the first dot - com bubble . However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth , which quickly recovered and continued to grow . The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years , starting from around 2004 . They included : The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) , and shortly after ( approximately 2007 -- 2008 onward ) : The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices . With the call to Web 2.0 , the period up to around 2004 -- 2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0 . Web 2.0 Main articles : Web 2.0 and Responsive web design The term `` Web 2.0 '' describes websites that emphasize user - generated content ( including user - to - user interaction ) , usability , and interoperability . It first appeared in a January 1999 article called `` Fragmented Future '' written by Darcy DiNucci , a consultant on electronic information design , where she wrote : `` The Web we know now , which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls , is only an embryo of the Web to come . The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear , and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop . The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism , the ether through which interactivity happens . It will ( ... ) appear on your computer screen , ( ... ) on your TV set ( ... ) your car dashboard ( ... ) your cell phone ( ... ) hand - held game machines ( ... ) maybe even your microwave oven . '' The term resurfaced during 2002 -- 2004 , and gained prominence in late 2004 following presentations by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference . In their opening remarks , John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the `` Web as Platform '' , where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop . The unique aspect of this migration , they argued , is that `` customers are building your business for you '' . They argued that the activities of users generating content ( in the form of ideas , text , videos , or pictures ) could be `` harnessed '' to create value . Web 2.0 does not refer to an update to any technical specification , but rather to cumulative changes in the way Web pages are made and used . Web 2.0 describes an approach , in which sites focus substantially upon allowing users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user - generated content in a virtual community , in contrast to Web sites where people are limited to the passive viewing of content . Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites , blogs , wikis , folksonomies , video sharing sites , hosted services , Web applications , and mashups . Terry Flew , in his 3rd Edition of New Media described what he believed to characterize the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 : `` ( The ) move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation , from publishing to participation , from web content as the outcome of large up - front investment to an ongoing and interactive process , and from content management systems to links based on tagging ( folksonomy ) '' . This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community - oriented operation -- YouTube , Twitter , Facebook , Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples . The mobile revolution Main articles : History of mobile phones and Mobile Web The process of change generally described as `` Web 2.0 '' was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices . This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used , took with them everywhere , communicated with , used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information `` on the move '' -- and used socially , as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work . Location - based services , services using location and other sensor information , and crowdsourcing ( frequently but not always location based ) , became common , with posts tagged by location , or websites and services becoming location aware . Mobile - targeted websites ( such as `` m.website.com '' ) became common , designed especially for the new devices used . Netbooks , ultrabooks , widespread 4G and Wi - Fi , and mobile chips capable or running at nearly the power of desktops from not many years before on far lower power usage , became enablers of this stage of Internet development , and the term `` App '' emerged ( short for `` Application program '' or `` Program '' ) as did the `` App store '' . Networking in outer space Main article : Interplanetary Internet The first Internet link into low earth orbit was established on January 22 , 2010 when astronaut T.J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station , marking the extension of the Internet into space . ( Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before , but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy . ) This personal Web access , which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN , uses the space station 's high - speed Ku band microwave link . To surf the Web , astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth , and they can talk to their families and friends on Earth using Voice over IP equipment . Communication with spacecraft beyond earth orbit has traditionally been over point - to - point links through the Deep Space Network . Each such data link must be manually scheduled and configured . In the late 1990s NASA and Google began working on a new network protocol , Delay - tolerant networking ( DTN ) which automates this process , allows networking of spaceborne transmission nodes , and takes the fact into account that spacecraft can temporarily lose contact because they move behind the Moon or planets , or because space weather disrupts the connection . Under such conditions , DTN retransmits data packages instead of dropping them , as the standard TCP / IP Internet Protocol does . NASA conducted the first field test of what it calls the `` deep space internet '' in November 2008 . Testing of DTN - based communications between the International Space Station and Earth ( now termed Disruption - Tolerant Networking ) has been ongoing since March 2009 , and is scheduled to continue until March 2014 . This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel - to - earth downlinks . According to a February 2011 statement by Google 's Vint Cerf , the so - called `` Bundle protocols '' have been uploaded to NASA 's EPOXI mission spacecraft ( which is in orbit around the Sun ) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds . Internet governance Main article : Internet governance As a globally distributed network of voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks , the Internet operates without a central governing body . It has no centralized governance for either technology or policies , and each constituent network chooses what technologies and protocols it will deploy from the voluntary technical standards that are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . However , throughout its entire history , the Internet system has had an `` Internet Assigned Numbers Authority '' ( IANA ) for the allocation and assignment of various technical identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet . The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) provides oversight and coordination for two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System . NIC , InterNIC , IANA and ICANN Main articles : InterNIC , Internet Assigned Numbers Authority , and ICANN The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute ( ISI ) , and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center ( NIC ) at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI International ) in Menlo Park , California . ISI 's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA , served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998 . As the early ARPANET grew , hosts were referred to by names , and a HOSTS. TXT file would be distributed from SRI International to each host on the network . As the network grew , this became cumbersome . A technical solution came in the form of the Domain Name System , created by ISI 's Paul Mockapetris in 1983 . The Defense Data Network -- Network Information Center ( DDN - NIC ) at SRI handled all registration services , including the top - level domains ( TLDs ) of . mil , . gov , . edu , . org , . net , . com and . us , root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract . In 1991 , the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN - NIC ( managed by SRI up until this point ) to Government Systems , Inc. , who subcontracted it to the small private - sector Network Solutions , Inc . The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses . In October 1992 , the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) published RFC 1366 , which described the `` growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization '' and set out the basis for an evolution of the IP registry process , based on a regionally distributed registry model . This document stressed the need for a single Internet number registry to exist in each geographical region of the world ( which would be of `` continental dimensions '' ) . Registries would be `` unbiased and widely recognized by network providers and subscribers '' within their region . The RIPE Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) was established as the first RIR in May 1992 . The second RIR , the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , was established in Tokyo in 1993 , as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group . Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources , it was decided that the Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the . mil TLD . In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation , after a competitive bidding process in 1992 , created the InterNIC to manage the allocations of addresses and management of the address databases , and awarded the contract to three organizations . Registration Services would be provided by Network Solutions ; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&T ; and Information Services would be provided by General Atomics . Over time , after consultation with the IANA , the IETF , RIPE NCC , APNIC , and the Federal Networking Council ( FNC ) , the decision was made to separate the management of domain names from the management of IP numbers . Following the examples of RIPE NCC and APNIC , it was recommended that management of IP address space then administered by the InterNIC should be under the control of those that use it , specifically the ISPs , end - user organizations , corporate entities , universities , and individuals . As a result , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) was established as in December 1997 , as an independent , not - for - profit corporation by direction of the National Science Foundation and became the third Regional Internet Registry . In 1998 , both the IANA and remaining DNS - related InterNIC functions were reorganized under the control of ICANN , a California non-profit corporation contracted by the United States Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet - related tasks . As these tasks involved technical coordination for two principal Internet name spaces ( DNS names and IP addresses ) created by the IETF , ICANN also signed a memorandum of understanding with the IAB to define the technical work to be carried out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . The management of Internet address space remained with the regional Internet registries , which collectively were defined as a supporting organization within the ICANN structure . ICANN provides central coordination for the DNS system , including policy coordination for the split registry / registrar system , with competition among registry service providers to serve each top - level - domain and multiple competing registrars offering DNS services to end - users . Internet Engineering Task Force The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad - hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet , including the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . The IETF is a loosely self - organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies . It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications . Much of the work of the IETF is organized into Working Groups . Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community , but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet . The IETF grew out of quarterly meeting of U.S. government - funded researchers , starting in January 1986 . Non-government representatives were invited by the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986 . The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth meeting in February 1987 . The seventh meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than one hundred attendees . In 1992 , the Internet Society , a professional membership society , was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body . The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam , The Netherlands , in July 1993 . Today , the IETF meets three times per year and attendance has been as high as ca . 2,000 participants . Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia . The number of non-US attendees is typically ca . 50 % , even at meetings held in the United States . The IETF is not a legal entity , has no governing board , no members , and no dues . The closest status resembling membership is being on an IETF or Working Group mailing list . IETF volunteers come from all over the world and from many different parts of the Internet community . The IETF works closely with and under the supervision of the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) and the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) . The Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) and the Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) , peer activities to the IETF and IESG under the general supervision of the IAB , focus on longer term research issues . Request for Comments Request for Comments ( RFCs ) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB , IESG , IETF , and IRTF . RFC 1 , `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969 , well before the IETF was created . Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by Jon Postel , the first RFC Editor . RFCs cover a wide range of information from proposed standards , draft standards , full standards , best practices , experimental protocols , history , and other informational topics . RFCs can be written by individuals or informal groups of individuals , but many are the product of a more formal Working Group . Drafts are submitted to the IESG either by individuals or by the Working Group Chair . An RFC Editor , appointed by the IAB , separate from IANA , and working in conjunction with the IESG , receives drafts from the IESG and edits , formats , and publishes them . Once an RFC is published , it is never revised . If the standard it describes changes or its information becomes obsolete , the revised standard or updated information will be re-published as a new RFC that `` obsoletes '' the original . The Internet Society The Internet Society ( ISOC ) is an international , nonprofit organization founded during 1992 `` to assure the open development , evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world '' . With offices near Washington , DC , USA , and in Geneva , Switzerland , ISOC has a membership base comprising more than 80 organizational and more than 50,000 individual members . Members also form `` chapters '' based on either common geographical location or special interests . There are currently more than 90 chapters around the world . ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home : the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open , transparent processes and consensus - based decision - making . Globalization and Internet governance in the 21st century Since the 1990s , the Internet 's governance and organization has been of global importance to governments , commerce , civil society , and individuals . The organizations which held control of certain technical aspects of the Internet were the successors of the old ARPANET oversight and the current decision - makers in the day - to - day technical aspects of the network . While recognized as the administrators of certain aspects of the Internet , their roles and their decision - making authority are limited and subject to increasing international scrutiny and increasing objections . These objections have led to the ICANN removing themselves from relationships with first the University of Southern California in 2000 , and in September 2009 , gaining autonomy from the US government by the ending of its longstanding agreements , although some contractual obligations with the U.S. Department of Commerce continued . Finally , on October 1 , 2016 ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , allowing oversight to pass to the global Internet community . The IETF , with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society , continues to serve as the Internet 's ad - hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments . In November 2005 , the World Summit on the Information Society , held in Tunis , called for an Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) to be convened by United Nations Secretary General . The IGF opened an ongoing , non-binding conversation among stakeholders representing governments , the private sector , civil society , and the technical and academic communities about the future of Internet governance . The first IGF meeting was held in October / November 2006 with follow up meetings annually thereafter . Since WSIS , the term `` Internet governance '' has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet - related policy issues . Politicization of the Internet Due to its prominence and immediacy as an effective means of mass communication , the Internet has also become more politicized as it has grown . This has led in turn , to discourses and activities that would once have taken place in other ways , migrating to being mediated by internet . Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes , but also -- The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) . Net neutrality The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Net neutrality On April 23 , 2014 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit Internet service providers to offer content providers a faster track to send content , thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position . A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband , according to Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School . On May 15 , 2014 , the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill , that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers ( ISPs ) . On January 31 , 2015 , AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Tom Wheeler , chairman of the FCC , ensure net neutrality . The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to The New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . '' On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations . On December 14 , 2017 , the F.C.C Repealed their March 12 , 2015 decision by a 3 - 2 vote regarding net neutrality rules . Use and culture Email and Usenet E-mail has often been called the killer application of the Internet . It predates the Internet , and was a crucial tool in creating it . Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time - sharing mainframe computer to communicate . Although the history is undocumented , among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development Corporation ( SDC ) Q32 and the Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) at MIT . The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of electronic mail . An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly after its creation . In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet electronic mail addressing format , using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names . A number of protocols were developed to deliver messages among groups of time - sharing computers over alternative transmission systems , such as UUCP and IBM 's VNET email system . Email could be passed this way between a number of networks , including ARPANET , BITNET and NSFNET , as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP . See the history of SMTP protocol . In addition , UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others . The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board - like messages . This quickly grew into discussion groups , known as newsgroups , on a wide range of topics . On ARPANET and NSFNET similar discussion groups would form via mailing lists , discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics ( such as science fiction , discussed on the sflovers mailing list ) . During the early years of the Internet , email and similar mechanisms were also fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of online connectivity . UUCP was often used to distribute files using the ' alt. binary ' groups . Also , FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to download files using ftp commands written inside email messages . The file was encoded , broken in pieces and sent by email ; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later , and it was the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions using the slow dial - up connections available at the time . After the popularization of the Web and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned . From Gopher to the WWW Main articles : History of the World Wide Web and World Wide Web As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s , many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information . Projects such as Archie , Gopher , WAIS , and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data . In the early 1990s , Gopher , invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web . However , in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines , which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace . As popularity increased through ease of use , investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW 's popularity gained the upper hand . Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short . One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext . The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush 's `` Memex '' and developed through Ted Nelson 's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart 's research on NLS . Many small self - contained hypertext systems had been created before , such as Apple Computer 's HyperCard ( 1987 ) . Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet . While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext , they were not commonly perceived in that way . This NeXT Computer was used by Sir Tim Berners - Lee at CERN and became the world 's first Web server . In 1989 , while working at CERN , Tim Berners - Lee invented a network - based implementation of the hypertext concept . By releasing his invention to public use , he ensured the technology would become widespread . For his work in developing the World Wide Web , Berners - Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004 . One early popular web browser , modeled after HyperCard , was ViolaWWW . A turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 , a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ( NCSA - UIUC ) , led by Marc Andreessen . Funding for Mosaic came from the High - Performance Computing and Communications Initiative , a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill . Mosaic 's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher , which at the time was primarily text - based , and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet . ( Gore 's reference to his role in `` creating the Internet '' , however , was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign . See the full article Al Gore and information technology ) . Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen 's Netscape Navigator , which replaced Mosaic as the world 's most popular browser . While it held this title for some time , eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it . Another important event held on January 11 , 1994 , was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA 's Royce Hall . This was the `` first public conference bringing together all of the major industry , government and academic leaders in the field ( and ) also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications . '' 24 Hours in Cyberspace , `` the largest one - day online event '' ( February 8 , 1996 ) up to that date , took place on the then - active website , cyber24.com . It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan . A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History on January 23 , 1997 , featuring 70 photos from the project . Search engines Main article : Search engine ( computing ) Even before the World Wide Web , there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet . The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990 , followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher . All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared . There are still Gopher servers as of 2006 , although there are a great many more web servers . As the Web grew , search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things . The first full - text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994 . Before WebCrawler , only Web page titles were searched . Another early search engine , Lycos , was created in 1993 as a university project , and was the first to achieve commercial success . During the late 1990s , both Web directories and Web search engines were popular -- Yahoo ! ( founded 1994 ) and Altavista ( founded 1995 ) were the respective industry leaders . By August 2001 , the directory model had begun to give way to search engines , tracking the rise of Google ( founded 1998 ) , which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking . Directory features , while still commonly available , became after - thoughts to search engines . Database size , which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s , was similarly displaced by emphasis on relevancy ranking , the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first . Relevancy ranking first became a major issue circa 1996 , when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists of results . Consequently , algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved . Google 's PageRank method for ordering the results has received the most press , but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies with a view toward improving the ordering of results . As of 2006 , search engine rankings are more important than ever , so much so that an industry has developed ( `` search engine optimizers '' , or `` SEO '' ) to help web - developers improve their search ranking , and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings , such as use of trademarks in metatags . The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarians and consumer advocates . On June 3 , 2009 , Microsoft launched its new search engine , Bing . The following month Microsoft and Yahoo ! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo ! Search . File sharing Main articles : File sharing , Peer - to - peer file sharing , and Timeline of file sharing Resource or file sharing has been an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems ( 1978 ) , Usenet ( 1980 ) , Kermit ( 1981 ) , and many others . The File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today . A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer , including the Wide Area Information Server ( WAIS ) in 1991 , Gopher in 1991 , Archie in 1991 , Veronica in 1992 , Jughead in 1993 , Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) in 1988 , and eventually the World Wide Web ( WWW ) in 1991 with Web directories and Web search engines . In 1999 , Napster became the first peer - to - peer file sharing system . Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery , but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized . A variety of peer - to - peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed , including : Gnutella , eDonkey2000 , and Freenet in 2000 , FastTrack , Kazaa , Limewire , and BitTorrent in 2001 , and Poisoned in 2003 . All of these tools are general purpose and can be used to share a wide variety of content , but sharing of music files , software , and later movies and videos are major uses . And while some of this sharing is legal , large portions are not . Lawsuits and other legal actions caused Napster in 2001 , eDonkey2000 in 2005 , Kazaa in 2006 , and Limewire in 2010 to shut down or refocus their efforts . The Pirate Bay , founded in Sweden in 2003 , continues despite a trial and appeal in 2009 and 2010 that resulted in jail terms and large fines for several of its founders . File sharing remains contentious and controversial with charges of theft of intellectual property on the one hand and charges of censorship on the other . Dot - com bubble Main article : Dot - com bubble Suddenly the low price of reaching millions worldwide , and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they were reached , promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising , mail - order sales , customer relationship management , and many more areas . The web was a new killer app -- it could bring together unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low - cost ways . Entrepreneurs around the world developed new business models , and ran to their nearest venture capitalist . While some of the new entrepreneurs had experience in business and economics , the majority were simply people with ideas , and did not manage the capital influx prudently . Additionally , many dot - com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet , they would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them ; when the established businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence , these hopes were shattered , and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger , more established businesses . Many did not have the ability to do so . The dot - com bubble burst in March 2000 , with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10 ( 5,132.52 intraday ) , more than double its value just a year before . By 2001 , the bubble 's deflation was running full speed . A majority of the dot - coms had ceased trading , after having burnt through their venture capital and IPO capital , often without ever making a profit . But despite this , the Internet continues to grow , driven by commerce , ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking . Mobile phones and the Internet See also : Mobile Web The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator , launched in Finland in 1996 . The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model , and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones . NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service , i - mode , in 1999 and this is considered the birth of the mobile phone Internet services . In 2001 , the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion ( now BlackBerry Limited ) for their BlackBerry product was launched in America . To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one - handed operation typical of mobile phones , a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices , the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) . Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP . The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan , South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC . Developing countries followed , with India , South Africa , Kenya , the Philippines , and Pakistan all reporting that the majority of their domestic users accessed the Internet from a mobile phone rather than a PC . The European and North American use of the Internet was influenced by a large installed base of personal computers , and the growth of mobile phone Internet access was more gradual , but had reached national penetration levels of 20 -- 30 % in most Western countries . The cross-over occurred in 2008 , when more Internet access devices were mobile phones than personal computers . In many parts of the developing world , the ratio is as much as 10 mobile phone users to one PC user . Web technologies Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) which can allow access to images , video , and other content . Hyperlinks in the page permit users to navigate to other pages . In the earliest browsers , images opened in a separate `` helper '' application . Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic and 1994 Netscape introduced mixed text and images for non-technical users . HTML evolved during the 1990s , leading to HTML 4 which introduced large elements of CSS styling and , later , extensions to allow browser code to make calls and ask for content from servers in a structured way ( AJAX ) . Historiography There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet 's development . The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and , in particular , for historical communication research . A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote : `` The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge -- BBN -- left a physical record . Moving into the NSFNET era , it became an extraordinarily decentralized process . The record exists in people 's basements , in closets ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust . '' -- Doug Gale ( 2007 ) See also Book : Internet History of hypertext History of the Internet in Sweden History of the web browser Index of Internet - related articles MH & xmh : Email for Users & Programmers Net neutrality Nerds 2.0. 1 : A Brief History of the Internet On the Internet , nobody knows you 're a dog Outline of the Internet Internet activism Whistleblower Internet censorship References Jump up ^ Kim , Byung - Keun ( 2005 ) . Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology . Edward Elgar . pp. 51 -- 55 . ISBN 1845426754 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Internet '' . Internet Society . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . It happened that the work at MIT ( 1961 - 1967 ) , at RAND ( 1962 - 1965 ) , and at NPL ( 1964 - 1967 ) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work . 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Jump up ^ USC / ICANN Transition Agreement Jump up ^ ICANN cuts cord to US government , gets broader oversight : ICANN , which oversees the Internet 's domain name system , is a private nonprofit that reports to the US Department of Commerce . Under a new agreement , that relationship will change , and ICANN 's accountability goes global Nate Anderson , September 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Rhoads , Christopher ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Eases Grip Over Web Body : Move Addresses Criticisms as Internet Usage Becomes More Global '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Rabkin , Jeremy ; Eisenach , Jeffrey ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` The U.S. Abandons the Internet : Multilateral governance of the domain name system risks censorship and repression '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Stewardship of IANA Functions Transitions to Global Internet Community as Contract with U.S. Government Ends - ICANN '' . www.icann.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Milton L. ( 2010 ) . Networks and States : The Global Politics of Internet Governance . MIT Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01459 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Milton L. ( 2010 ) . Networks and States : The Global Politics of Internet Governance . MIT Press . pp. 79 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01459 - 5 . Jump up ^ DeNardis , Laura , The Emerging Field of Internet Governance ( September 17 , 2010 ) . Yale Information Society Project Working Paper Series . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` F.C.C. , in ' Net Neutrality ' Turnaround , Plans to Allow Fast Lane '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Creating a Two - Speed Internet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Carr , David ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` Warnings Along F.C.C. 's Fast Lane '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Susan ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Wire Next Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Searching for Fairness on the Internet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NYT Editorial Board ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepulveda , Ambassador Daniel A. ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate , So Let 's Get It Right '' . Wired ( website ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jonathan ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C. Vote '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` H.R. _ 114th Congress , 1st Session ( Discussion Draft ) -- To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness ... '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Congress . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` In Net Neutrality Push , F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lohr , Steve ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` Just whose Internet is it ? New federal rules may answer that '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fung , Brian ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Get ready : The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Staff ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` FCC Adopts Strong , Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ; Lohr , Steve ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` In Net Neutrality Victory , F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` FACT CHECK : Talking heads skew ' net neutrality ' debate '' . Associated Press . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebelson , Dana ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca R. ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Jeff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` What the Net Neutrality Rules Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FCC Staff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Communications Commission -- FCC 15 -- 24 -- In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet -- GN Docket No. 14 - 28 -- Report and Order on Remand , Declaratory Ruling , and Order '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin '' . CNET . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet -- A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04 / 13 / 2015 '' . Federal Register . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) . `` F.C.C. Repeals Net Neutrality Rules '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Risks Digest '' . Great moments in e-mail history . Retrieved April 27 , 2006 . 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Livinginternet.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NCSA Mosaic -- September 10 , 1993 Demo '' . Totic.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vice President Al Gore 's ENIAC Anniversary Speech '' . Cs.washington.edu . February 14 , 1996 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA Center for Communication Policy '' . Digitalcenter.org . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mirror of Official site map Archived February 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mirror of Official Site Archived December 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 24 Hours in Cyberspace ( and more ) '' . Baychi.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The human face of cyberspace , painted in random images '' . Archive.southcoasttoday.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stross , Randall ( 22 September 2009 ) . Planet Google : One Company 's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4696 - 2 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft 's New Search at Bing.com Helps People Make Better Decisions : Decision Engine goes beyond search to help customers deal with information overload ( Press Release ) '' . Microsoft News Center . May 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft and Yahoo seal web deal '' , BBC Mobile News , July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ RFC 765 : File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , J. Postel and J. Reynolds , ISI , October 1985 Jump up ^ Kenneth P. Birman ( 2005 - 03 - 25 ) . Reliable Distributed Systems : Technologies , Web Services , and Applications . Springer - Verlag New York Incorporated . ISBN 9780387215099 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Menta , Richard ( July 20 , 2001 ) . `` Napster Clones Crush Napster . Take 6 out of the Top 10 Downloads on CNet '' . MP3 Newswire . Jump up ^ Movie File - Sharing Booming : Study Archived February 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Solutions Research Group , Toronto , 24 January 2006 Jump up ^ Menta , Richard ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` RIAA Sues Music Startup Napster for $20 Billion '' . MP3 Newswire . Jump up ^ `` EFF : What Peer - to - Peer Developers Need to Know about Copyright Law '' . W2.eff.org . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kobie , Nicole ( November 26 , 2010 ) . `` Pirate Bay trio lose appeal against jail sentences '' . pcpro.co.uk . PCPRO . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Young Say File Sharing OK '' , Bootie Cosgrove - Mather , CBS News , 11 February 2009 Jump up ^ Green , Stuart P. ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` OP - ED CONTRIBUTOR ; When Stealing Is n't Stealing '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Nasdaq peak of 5,048.62 Jump up ^ Susmita Dasgupta ; Somik V. Lall ; David Wheeler ( 2001 ) . Policy Reform , Economic Growth , and the Digital Divide : An Econometric Analysis . World Bank Publications . pp. 1 -- 3 . GGKEY : YLS5GEUEBAR . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillebrand , Friedhelm ( 2002 ) . Hillebrand , Friedhelm , ed . GSM and UMTS , The Creation of Global Mobile Communications . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 470 - 84322 - 5 . Jump up ^ Christoph Classen , Susanne Kinnebrock & Maria Löblich ( Eds . ) : Towards Web History : Sources , Methods , and Challenges in the Digital Age Archived May 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... In Historical Social Research 37 ( 4 ) : 97 -- 188 . 2012 . Jump up ^ Barras , Colin ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution '' . Illuminating the net 's Dark Ages . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Further reading Abbate , Janet ( 1999 ) . Inventing the Internet . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262011723 . Cerf , Vinton ( 1993 ) . How the Internet Came to Be . Ryan , Johnny ( 2010 ) . A history of the Internet and the digital future . London , England : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1861897770 . Thomas Greene ; Larry James Landweber ; George Strawn ( 2003 ) . `` A Brief History of NSF and the Internet '' . National Science Foundation . External links Internet History Timeline -- Computer History Museum Histories of the Internet -- Internet Society Hobbes ' Internet Timeline 12 History of the Internet , a short animated film ( 2009 ) History of the Internet at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) hide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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what is the maximum g force a human can survive
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G - force
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g - force
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The g - force ( with g from gravitational ) is a measurement of the type of acceleration that causes a perception of weight . Despite the name , it is incorrect to consider g - force a fundamental force , as `` g - force '' ( lower - case character ) is a type of acceleration that can be measured with an accelerometer . Since g - force accelerations indirectly produce weight , any g - force can be described as a `` weight per unit mass '' ( see the synonym specific weight ) . When the g - force acceleration is produced by the surface of one object being pushed by the surface of another object , the reaction force to this push produces an equal and opposite weight for every unit of an object 's mass . The types of forces involved are transmitted through objects by interior mechanical stresses . The g - force acceleration ( except certain electromagnetic force influences ) is the cause of an object 's acceleration in relation to free fall .
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The g - force acceleration experienced by an object is due to the vector sum of all non-gravitational and non-electromagnetic forces acting on an object 's freedom to move . In practice , as noted , these are surface - contact forces between objects . Such forces cause stresses and strains on objects , since they must be transmitted from an object surface . Because of these strains , large g - forces may be destructive . Gravitation acting alone does not produce a g - force , even though g - forces are expressed in multiples of the acceleration of a standard gravity . Thus , the standard gravitational acceleration at the Earth 's surface produces g - force only indirectly , as a result of resistance to it by mechanical forces . These mechanical forces actually produce the g - force acceleration on a mass . For example , the 1 g force on an object sitting on the Earth 's surface is caused by mechanical force exerted in the upward direction by the ground , keeping the object from going into free fall . The upward contact force from the ground ensures that an object at rest on the Earth 's surface is accelerating relative to the free - fall condition . ( Free fall is the path that the object would follow when falling freely toward the Earth 's center ) . Stress inside the object is ensured from the fact that the ground contact forces are transmitted only from the point of contact with the ground . Objects allowed to free - fall in an inertial trajectory under the influence of gravitation only , feel no g - force acceleration , a condition known as zero - g ( which means zero g - force ) . This is demonstrated by the `` zero - g '' conditions inside an elevator falling freely toward the Earth 's center ( in vacuum ) , or ( to good approximation ) conditions inside a spacecraft in Earth orbit . These are examples of coordinate acceleration ( a change in velocity ) without a sensation of weight . The experience of no g - force ( zero - g ) , however it is produced , is synonymous with weightlessness . In the absence of gravitational fields , or in directions at right angles to them , proper and coordinate accelerations are the same , and any coordinate acceleration must be produced by a corresponding g - force acceleration . An example here is a rocket in free space , in which simple changes in velocity are produced by the engines and produce g - forces on the rocket and passengers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unit and measurement 2 Acceleration and forces 3 Human tolerance 3.1 Vertical 3.2 Horizontal 4 Short duration shock , impact , and jerk 5 Other biological responses 6 Typical examples 7 Measurement using an accelerometer 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Unit and Measurement ( edit ) The unit of measure of acceleration in the International System of Units ( SI ) is m / s . However , to distinguish acceleration relative to free fall from simple acceleration ( rate of change of velocity ) , the unit g ( or g ) is often used . One g is the acceleration due to gravity at the Earth 's surface and is the standard gravity ( symbol : g ) , defined as 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 metres per second squared , or equivalently 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 newtons of force per kilogram of mass . Note that the unit definition does not vary with location -- the g - force when standing on the moon is about 0.181 g . The unit g is not one of the SI units , which uses `` g '' for gram . Also , `` g '' should not be confused with `` G '' , which is the standard symbol for the gravitational constant . This notation is commonly used in aviation , especially in aerobatic or combat military aviation , to describe the increased forces that must be overcome by pilots in order to remain conscious and not G - LOC ( G - induced loss of consciousness ) . Measurement of g - force is typically achieved using an accelerometer ( see discussion below in Measurement using an accelerometer ) . In certain cases , g - forces may be measured using suitably calibrated scales . Specific force is another name that has been used for g - force . Acceleration and forces ( edit ) The term g - force is technically incorrect as it is a measure of acceleration , not force . While acceleration is a vector quantity , g - force accelerations ( `` g - forces '' for short ) are often expressed as a scalar , with positive g - forces pointing downward ( indicating upward acceleration ) , and negative g - forces pointing upward . Thus , a g - force is a vector acceleration . It is an acceleration that must be produced by a mechanical force , and can not be produced by simple gravitation . Objects acted upon only by gravitation , experience ( or `` feel '' ) no g - force , and are weightless . G - forces , when multiplied by a mass upon which they act , are associated with a certain type of mechanical force in the correct sense of the term force , and this force produces compressive stress and tensile stress . Such forces result in the operational sensation of weight , but the equation carries a sign change due to the definition of positive weight in the direction downward , so the direction of weight - force is opposite to the direction of g - force acceleration : Weight = mass × − g - force The reason for the minus sign is that the actual force ( i.e. , measured weight ) on an object produced by a g - force is in the opposite direction to the sign of the g - force , since in physics , weight is not the force that produces the acceleration , but rather the equal - and - opposite reaction force to it . If the direction upward is taken as positive ( the normal cartesian convention ) then positive g - force ( an acceleration vector that points upward ) produces a force / weight on any mass , that acts downward ( an example is positive - g acceleration of a rocket launch , producing downward weight ) . In the same way , a negative - g force is an acceleration vector downward ( the negative direction on the y axis ) , and this acceleration downward produces a weight - force in a direction upward ( thus pulling a pilot upward out of the seat , and forcing blood toward the head of a normally oriented pilot ) . If a g - force ( acceleration ) is vertically upward and is applied by the ground ( which is accelerating through space - time ) or applied by the floor of an elevator to a standing person , most of the body experiences compressive stress which at any height , if multiplied by the area , is the related mechanical force , which is the product of the g - force and the supported mass ( the mass above the level of support , including arms hanging down from above that level ) . At the same time , the arms themselves experience a tensile stress , which at any height , if multiplied by the area , is again the related mechanical force , which is the product of the g - force and the mass hanging below the point of mechanical support . The mechanical resistive force spreads from points of contact with the floor or supporting structure , and gradually decreases toward zero at the unsupported ends ( the top in the case of support from below , such as a seat or the floor , the bottom for a hanging part of the body or object ) . With compressive force counted as negative tensile force , the rate of change of the tensile force in the direction of the g - force , per unit mass ( the change between parts of the object such that the slice of the object between them has unit mass ) , is equal to the g - force plus the non-gravitational external forces on the slice , if any ( counted positive in the direction opposite to the g - force ) . For a given g - force the stresses are the same , regardless of whether this g - force is caused by mechanical resistance to gravity , or by a coordinate - acceleration ( change in velocity ) caused by a mechanical force , or by a combination of these . Hence , for people all mechanical forces feels exactly the same whether they cause coordinate acceleration or not . For objects likewise , the question of whether they can withstand the mechanical g - force without damage is the same for any type of g - force . For example , upward acceleration ( e.g. , increase of speed when going up or decrease of speed when going down ) on Earth feels the same as being stationary on a celestial body with a higher surface gravity . Gravitation acting alone does not produce any g - force ; g - force is only produced from mechanical pushes and pulls . For a free body ( one that is free to move in space ) such g - forces only arise as the `` inertial '' path that is the natural effect of gravitation , or the natural effect of the inertia of mass , is modified . Such modification may only arise from influences other than gravitation . Examples of important situations involving g - forces include : The g - force acting on a stationary object resting on the Earth 's surface is 1 g ( upwards ) and results from the resisting reaction of the Earth 's surface bearing upwards equal to an acceleration of 1 g , and is equal and opposite to gravity . The number 1 is approximate , depending on location . The g - force acting on an object in any weightless environment such as free - fall in a vacuum is 0 g . The g - force acting on an object under acceleration can be much greater than 1 g , for example , the dragster pictured at top right can exert a horizontal g - force of 5.3 when accelerating . The g - force acting on an object under acceleration may be downwards , for example when cresting a sharp hill on a roller coaster . If there are no other external forces than gravity , the g - force in a rocket is the thrust per unit mass . Its magnitude is equal to the thrust - to - weight ratio times g , and to the consumption of delta - v per unit time . In the case of a shock , e.g. , a collision , the g - force can be very large during a short time . A classic example of negative g - force is in a fully inverted roller coaster which is accelerating ( changing velocity ) toward the ground . In this case , the roller coaster riders are accelerated toward the ground faster than gravity would accelerate them , and are thus pinned upside down in their seats . In this case , the mechanical force exerted by the seat causes the g - force by altering the path of the passenger downward in a way that differs from gravitational acceleration . The difference in downward motion , now faster than gravity would provide , is caused by the push of the seat , and it results in a g - force toward the ground . All `` coordinate accelerations '' ( or lack of them ) , are described by Newton 's laws of motion as follows : The Second Law of Motion , the law of acceleration states that : F = ma. , meaning that a force F acting on a body is equal to the mass m of the body times its acceleration a . The Third Law of Motion , the law of reciprocal actions states that : all forces occur in pairs , and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction . Newton 's third law of motion means that not only does gravity behave as a force acting downwards on , say , a rock held in your hand but also that the rock exerts a force on the Earth , equal in magnitude and opposite in direction . This acrobatic airplane is pulling up in a + g maneuver ; the pilot is experiencing several g 's of inertial acceleration in addition to the force of gravity . The cumulative vertical axis forces acting upon his body make him momentarily ' weigh ' many times more than normal . In an airplane , the pilot 's seat can be thought of as the hand holding the rock , the pilot as the rock . When flying straight and level at 1 g , the pilot is acted upon by the force of gravity . His weight ( a downward force ) is 725 newtons ( 163 lb ) . In accordance with Newton 's third law , the plane and the seat underneath the pilot provides an equal and opposite force pushing upwards with a force of 725 N ( 163 lb ) . This mechanical force provides the 1.0 g - force upward proper acceleration on the pilot , even though this velocity in the upward direction does not change ( this is similar to the situation of a person standing on the ground , where the ground provides this force and this g - force ) . If the pilot were suddenly to pull back on the stick and make his plane accelerate upwards at 9.8 m / s , the total g ‐ force on his body is 2 g , half of which comes from the seat pushing the pilot to resist gravity , and half from the seat pushing the pilot to cause his upward acceleration -- a change in velocity which also is a proper acceleration because it also differs from a free fall trajectory . Considered in the frame of reference of the plane his body is now generating a force of 1,450 N ( 330 lb ) downwards into his seat and the seat is simultaneously pushing upwards with an equal force of 1,450 N ( 330 lb ) . Unopposed acceleration due to mechanical forces , and consequentially g - force , is experienced whenever anyone rides in a vehicle because it always causes a proper acceleration , and ( in the absence of gravity ) also always a coordinate acceleration ( where velocity changes ) . Whenever the vehicle changes either direction or speed , the occupants feel lateral ( side to side ) or longitudinal ( forward and backwards ) forces produced by the mechanical push of their seats . The expression `` 1 g = 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 m / s '' means that for every second that elapses , velocity changes 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 meters per second ( ≡ 7000980665000000000 ♠ 35.303 94 km / h ) . This rate of change in velocity can also be denoted as 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 ( meter per second ) per second , or 7000980665000000000 ♠ 9.806 65 m / s . For example : An acceleration of 1 g equates to a rate of change in velocity of approximately 35 kilometres per hour ( 22 mph ) for each second that elapses . Therefore , if an automobile is capable of braking at 1 g and is traveling at 35 kilometres per hour ( 22 mph ) it can brake to a standstill in one second and the driver will experience a deceleration of 1 g . The automobile traveling at three times this speed , 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) , can brake to a standstill in three seconds . In the case of an increase in speed from 0 to v with constant acceleration within a distance of s this acceleration is v / ( 2s ) . Preparing an object for g - tolerance ( not getting damaged when subjected to a high g - force ) is called g - hardening . This may apply to , e.g. , instruments in a projectile shot by a gun . Human tolerance ( edit ) See also : Jerk ( physics ) § Physiological effects and human perception Semilog graph of the limits of tolerance of humans to linear acceleration Human tolerances depend on the magnitude of the g - force , the length of time it is applied , the direction it acts , the location of application , and the posture of the body . The human body is flexible and deformable , particularly the softer tissues . A hard slap on the face may briefly impose hundreds of g locally but not produce any real damage ; a constant 16 g for a minute , however , may be deadly . When vibration is experienced , relatively low peak g levels can be severely damaging if they are at the resonance frequency of organs or connective tissues . To some degree , g - tolerance can be trainable , and there is also considerable variation in innate ability between individuals . In addition , some illnesses , particularly cardiovascular problems , reduce g - tolerance . Vertical ( edit ) Aircraft pilots ( in particular ) sustain g - forces along the axis aligned with the spine . This causes significant variation in blood pressure along the length of the subject 's body , which limits the maximum g - forces that can be tolerated . Positive , or `` upward '' g , drives blood downward to the feet of a seated or standing person ( more naturally , the feet and body may be seen as being driven by the upward force of the floor and seat , upward around the blood ) . Resistance to positive g varies . A typical person can handle about 5 g ( 49 m / s ) ( meaning some people might pass out when riding a higher - g roller coaster , which in some cases exceeds this point ) before losing consciousness , but through the combination of special g - suits and efforts to strain muscles -- both of which act to force blood back into the brain -- modern pilots can typically handle a sustained 9 g ( 88 m / s ) ( see High - G training ) . In aircraft particularly , vertical g - forces are often positive ( force blood towards the feet and away from the head ) ; this causes problems with the eyes and brain in particular . As positive vertical g - force is progressively increased ( such as in a centrifuge ) the following symptoms may be experienced : Grey - out , where the vision loses hue , easily reversible on levelling out . Tunnel vision , where peripheral vision is progressively lost . Blackout , a loss of vision while consciousness is maintained , caused by a lack of blood to the head . G - LOC , a g - force induced loss of consciousness . Death , if g - forces are not quickly reduced , death can occur . Resistance to `` negative '' or `` downward '' g , which drives blood to the head , is much lower . This limit is typically in the − 2 to − 3 g ( − 20 to − 29 m / s ) range . This condition is sometimes referred to as red out where vision is figuratively reddened due to the blood laden lower eyelid being pulled into the field of vision Negative g is generally unpleasant and can cause damage . Blood vessels in the eyes or brain may swell or burst under the increased blood pressure , resulting in degraded sight or even blindness . Horizontal ( edit ) The human body is better at surviving g - forces that are perpendicular to the spine . In general when the acceleration is forwards ( subject essentially lying on their back , colloquially known as `` eyeballs in '' ) a much higher tolerance is shown than when the acceleration is backwards ( lying on their front , `` eyeballs out '' ) since blood vessels in the retina appear more sensitive in the latter direction . Early experiments showed that untrained humans were able to tolerate a range of accelerations depending on the time of exposure . This ranged from as much as 20 g for less than 10 seconds , to 10 g for 1 minute , and 6 g for 10 minutes for both eyeballs in and out . These forces were endured with cognitive facilities intact , as subjects were able to perform simple physical and communication tasks . The tests were determined to not cause long or short term harm although tolerance was quite subjective , with only the most motivated non-pilots capable of completing tests . The record for peak experimental horizontal g - force tolerance is held by acceleration pioneer John Stapp , in a series of rocket sled deceleration experiments culminating in a late 1954 test in which he was clocked in a little over a second from a land speed of Mach 0.9 . He survived a peak `` eyeballs - out '' acceleration of 46.2 times the acceleration of gravity , and more than 25 g for 1.1 seconds , proving that the human body is capable of this . Stapp lived another 45 years to age 89 without any ill effects . The highest recorded G - force experienced by a human who survived was during the 2003 IndyCar Series finale at Texas Motor Speedway in the 2003 Chevy 500 when the car driven by Kenny Bräck made wheel - to - wheel contact with Tomas Scheckter 's car . This immediately resulted in Kenny 's car impacting the catch fence that would record a peak of 214 G - force . Short duration shock , impact , and jerk ( edit ) Impact and mechanical shock are usually used to describe a high kinetic energy , short term excitation . A shock pulse is often measured by its peak acceleration in g-s and the pulse duration . Vibration is a periodic oscillation which can also be measured in g-s as well as frequency . The dynamics of these phenomena are what distinguish them from the g - forces caused by a relatively longer term accelerations . After a free fall from a height h ( \ displaystyle h ) the shock on an object during impact is h / d ( \ displaystyle h / d ) g , where d ( \ displaystyle d ) is the distance covered during the impact . For example , a stiff and compact object dropped from 1 m that impacts over a distance of 1 mm is subjected to a 1000 g deceleration . Jerk is the rate of change of acceleration . In SI units , jerk is expressed as m / s ; it can also be expressed in standard gravity per second ( g / s ; 1 g / s ≈ 9.81 m / s ) . Other biological responses ( edit ) Recent research carried out on extremophiles in Japan involved a variety of bacteria including E. coli and Paracoccus denitrificans being subject to conditions of extreme gravity . The bacteria were cultivated while being rotated in an ultracentrifuge at high speeds corresponding to 403,627 g . Paracoccus denitrificans was one of the bacteria which displayed not only survival but also robust cellular growth under these conditions of hyperacceleration which are usually only to be found in cosmic environments , such as on very massive stars or in the shock waves of supernovas . Analysis showed that the small size of prokaryotic cells is essential for successful growth under hypergravity . The research has implications on the feasibility of panspermia . Typical examples ( edit ) Main article : Orders of magnitude ( acceleration ) Example g - force The gyro rotors in Gravity Probe B and the free - floating proof masses in the TRIAD I navigation satellite 0 g A ride in the Vomit Comet ( parabolic flight ) ≈ 0 g Standing on the Moon at its equator 0.1654 g Standing on the Earth at sea level -- standard 1 g Saturn V moon rocket just after launch 1.14 g Bugatti Veyron from 0 to 100 km / h in 2.4 s 1.55 g Gravitron amusement ride 2.5 - 3 g Space Shuttle , maximum during launch and reentry 3 g High - g roller coasters 3.5 -- 6.3 g Top Fuel drag racing world record of 4.4 s over 1 / 4 mile 4.2 g First world war aircraft ( ex : Sopwith Camel , Fokker Dr. 1 , SPAD S. XIII , Nieuport 17 , Albatros D. III ) in dogfight maneuvering . 4.5 -- 7 g Formula One car , maximum under heavy braking 6.3 g Formula One car , peak lateral in turns 6 -- 6.5 g Luge , maximum expected at the Whistler Sliding Centre 5.2 g Standard , full aerobatics certified glider + 7 / − 5 g Apollo 16 on reentry 7.19 g Maximum permitted g - force in Sukhoi Su - 27 plane 9g Maximum permitted g - force in Mikoyan MiG - 35 plane 10g Maximum permitted g - force turn in Red Bull Air Race plane 10g Maximum for human on a rocket sled 46.2 g Sprint missile 100 g Brief human exposure survived in crash > 100 g Space gun with a barrel length of 1 km and a muzzle velocity of 6 km / s , as proposed by Quicklaunch ( assuming constant acceleration ) 1,800 g Shock capability of mechanical wrist watches > 5,000 g V8 Formula One engine , maximum piston acceleration 8,600 g Rating of electronics built into military artillery shells 15,500 g Analytical ultracentrifuge spinning at 60,000 rpm , at the bottom of the analysis cell ( 7.2 cm ) 300,000 g Mean acceleration of a proton in the Large Hadron Collider 190,000,000 g Gravitational acceleration at the surface of a typical neutron star 7008200000000000000 ♠ 2.0 × 10 g Acceleration from a wakefield plasma accelerator 7017890000000000000 ♠ 8.9 × 10 g * Including contribution from resistance to gravity . † Directed 40 degrees from horizontal . Measurement using an accelerometer ( edit ) The Superman : Escape from Krypton roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain provides 6.5 seconds of ballistic weightlessness . An accelerometer , in its simplest form , is a damped mass on the end of a spring , with some way of measuring how far the mass has moved on the spring in a particular direction , called an ' axis ' . Accelerometers are often calibrated to measure g - force along one or more axes . If a stationary , single - axis accelerometer is oriented so that its measuring axis is horizontal , its output will be 0 g , and it will continue to be 0 g if mounted in an automobile traveling at a constant velocity on a level road . When the driver presses on the brake or gas pedal , the accelerometer will register positive or negative acceleration . If the accelerometer is rotated by 90 ° so that it is vertical , it will read + 1 g upwards even though stationary . In that situation , the accelerometer is subject to two forces : the gravitational force and the ground reaction force of the surface it is resting on . Only the latter force can be measured by the accelerometer , due to mechanical interaction between the accelerometer and the ground . The reading is the acceleration the instrument would have if it were exclusively subject to that force . A three - axis accelerometer will output zero ‐ g on all three axes if it is dropped or otherwise put into a ballistic trajectory ( also known as an inertial trajectory ) , so that it experiences `` free fall , '' as do astronauts in orbit ( astronauts experience small tidal accelerations called microgravity , which are neglected for the sake of discussion here ) . Some amusement park rides can provide several seconds at near - zero g . Riding NASA 's `` Vomit Comet '' provides near - zero g for about 25 seconds at a time . See also ( edit ) Artificial gravity Earth 's gravity Euthanasia Coaster Gravitational acceleration Gravitational interaction Load factor ( aeronautics ) Peak ground acceleration -- g - force of earthquakes Relation between g - force and apparent weight Shock and vibration data logger Shock detector References ( edit ) Jump up ^ G Force . Newton.dep.anl.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sircar , Sabyasachi ( 2007 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Principles of Medical Physiology '' . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58890 - 572 - 7 . Jump up ^ BIPM : Declaration on the unit of mass and on the definition of weight ; conventional value of g . Jump up ^ Symbol g : ESA : GOCE , Basic Measurement Units , NASA : Multiple G , Astronautix : Stapp Archived 2009 - 03 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , Honeywell : Accelerometers Archived 2009 - 02 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , Sensr LLC : GP1 Programmable Accelerometer Archived 2009 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , Farnell : accelometers , Delphi : Accident Data Recorder 3 ( ADR3 ) MS0148 Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , NASA : Constants and Equations for Calculations Archived 2009 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , Jet Propulsion Laboratory : A Discussion of Various Measures of Altitude Archived 2009 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , Vehicle Safety Research Centre Loughborough : Use of smart technologies to collect and retain crash information , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : Recording Automotive Crash Event Data Symbol G : Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center : ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS : BIOMEDICAL RESULTS OF APOLLO , Section II , Chapter 5 Archived 2008 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Honywell : Model JTF , General Purpose Accelerometer Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pulling G 's '' . Go Flight Medicine . Retrieved 24 Sep 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert V. Brulle ( 2008 ) . Engineering the Space Age : A Rocket Scientist Remembers ( PDF ) . Air University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58566 - 184 - 8 . Jump up ^ Balldin , Ulf I. ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 33 : Acceleration effects on fighter pilots . '' ( PDF ) . In Lounsbury , Dave E. Medical conditions of Harsh Environments. 2 . Washington , DC : Office of The Surgeon General , Department of the Army , United States of America . ISBN 9780160510717 . OCLC 49322507 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : George Bibel . Beyond the Black Box : the Forensics of Airplane Crashes . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8631 - 7 . Jump up ^ Burton RR ( 1988 ) . `` G - induced loss of consciousness : definition , history , current status '' . Aviation , Space , and Environmental Medicine . 59 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 5 . PMID 3281645 . Jump up ^ The Science of G Force - Joshua Davis Jump up ^ Brown , Robert G ( 1999 ) . `` On the edge : Personal flying experiences during the Second World War '' . ISBN 978 - 1 - 896182 - 87 - 2 . Jump up ^ DeHart , Roy L. ( 2002 ) . Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine : 3rd Edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . Jump up ^ `` NASA Physiological Acceleration Systems '' . Web.archive.org. 2008 - 05 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ NASA Technical note D - 337 , Centrifuge Study of Pilot Tolerance to Acceleration and the Effects of Acceleration on Pilot Performance , by Brent Y . Creer , Captain Harald A. Smedal , USN ( MC ) , and Rodney C. Vtlfngrove , figure 10 Jump up ^ NASA Technical note D - 337 , Centrifuge Study of Pilot Tolerance to Acceleration and the Effects of Acceleration on Pilot Performance , by Brent Y . Creer , Captain Harald A. Smedal , USN ( MC ) , and Rodney C. Vtlfngrove Jump up ^ Fastest Man on Earth - John Paul Stapp . Ejection Site . Retrieved on 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( 16 November 1999 ) . `` John Paul Stapp , 89 , Is Dead ; ' The Fastest Man on Earth ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New details from horror crash '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Kenny Brack '' . Crash.net. 13 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( 25 April 2011 ) . `` Bacteria Grow Under 400,000 Times Earth 's Gravity '' . National Geographic - Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Deguchi , Shigeru ; Hirokazu Shimoshige ; Mikiko Tsudome ; Sada - atsu Mukai ; Robert W. Corkery ; Susumu Ito ; Koki Horikoshi ( 2011 ) . `` Microbial growth at hyperaccelerations up to 403,627 xg '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 ( 19 ) : 7997 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 108.7997 D . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1018027108 . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanford University : Gravity Probe B , Payload & Spacecraft , and NASA : Investigation of Drag - Free Control Technology for Earth Science Constellation Missions . The TRIAD 1 satellite was a later , more advanced navigation satellite that was part of the U.S. Navy 's Transit , or NAVSAT system . Jump up ^ FORMULA 1 ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` F1 2017 v 2016 : G - Force Comparison '' . YouTube . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ 6 g has been recorded in the 130R turn at Suzuka circuit , Japan . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Many turns have 5 g peak values , like turn 8 at Istanbul or Eau Rouge at Spa Jump up ^ NASA : Table 2 : Apollo Manned Space Flight Reentry G Levels Lsda.jsc.nasa.gov Jump up ^ `` Several Indy car drivers have withstood impacts in excess of 100 G without serious injuries . '' Dennis F. Shanahan , M.D. , M.P.H. : `` Human Tolerance and Crash Survivability , citing Society of Automotive Engineers . Indy racecar crash analysis . Automotive Engineering International , June 1999 , 87 -- 90 . And National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : Recording Automotive Crash Event Data Jump up ^ `` OMEGA Watches : FAQ '' . Web.archive.org. 10 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to BALL Watch - Shock Resistance '' . Ballwatch.com . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` F1 : Stunning data about the Cosworth V - 8 Formula 1 engine - Auto123.com '' . Auto123.com . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L3 IEC '' . Iechome.com . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( rpm π / 30 ) 0.072 / g Jump up ^ ( 7 TeV / ( 20 minutes c ) ) / proton mass Jump up ^ Green , Simon F. ; Jones , Mark H. ; Burnell , S. Jocelyn ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to the Sun and Stars ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54622 - 5 . Extract of page 322 note : 7012200000000000000 ♠ 2.00 × 10 ms = 7008204000000000000 ♠ 2.04 × 10 g Jump up ^ ( 42 GeV / 85 cm ) / electron mass Further reading ( edit ) Faller , James E. ( November -- December 2005 ) . `` The Measurement of Little g : A Fertile Ground for Precision Measurement Science '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research of the National Institutes of Standards and Technology . 110 ( 6 ) : 559 -- 581 . doi : 10.6028 / jres. 110.082 . External links ( edit ) `` How Many Gs Can a Flyer Take ? '' , October 1944 , Popular Science one of the first detailed public articles explaining this subject Enduring a human centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research Center At Wired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G-force&oldid=832837639 '' Categories : Acceleration Gravimetry Units of acceleration Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 08 : 08 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force
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who has won the most iron chef america
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Iron Chef Seasons Specialty Win Loss Draw Total Win % Mario Batali ( retired ) BOM , 1 - 6 Italian 19 5 0 24 79.2 % Cat Cora ( retired ) 1 - 10 Greek / Mediterranean 21 12 34 63.2 % Bobby Flay ( Semi retired ) BOM , 1 - 12 Southwestern 43 16 61 72.1 % Marc Forgione 9 - Modern American 8 7 0 15 53.0 % Jose Garces 8 - Latin Fusion 16 7 0 23 69.6 % Alex Guarnaschelli 11 - Modern American 7 0 11 63.6 % Stephanie Izard 13 - Modern American 0 0 100.0 % Masaharu Morimoto BOM , 1 - Japanese 26 17 44 60.2 % Wolfgang Puck ( retired ) BOM California cuisine 0 0 100.0 % Michael Symon 5 - Mediterranean 34 7 42 82.1 % Geoffrey Zakarian 10 - Modern American 9 5 0 14 64.3 %
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Bobby Flay
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Iron Chef America
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iron chef america
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Iron Chef America is an American cooking show based on Fuji Television 's Iron Chef , and is the second American adaptation of the series , following the failed Iron Chef USA that aired in 2001 . The show is produced by Food Network , which also carried a dubbed version of the original Iron Chef . Like the original Japanese program , the program is a culinary game show . In each episode , a new challenger chef competes against one of the resident `` Iron Chefs '' in a one - hour cooking competition based on a secret ingredient or ingredients , and sometimes theme .
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The show is presented as a successor to the original Iron Chef , as opposed to being a remake . The Chairman is portrayed by actor and martial artist Mark Dacascos , who is introduced as the nephew of the original Japanese chairman Takeshi Kaga . The commentary is provided solely by Alton Brown and Kevin Brauch is the floor reporter . The music is written by composer Craig Marks , who released the soundtrack titled `` Iron Chef America & The Next Iron Chef '' by the end of 2010 . In addition , regular ICA judge and Chopped host Ted Allen provided additional floor commentary for two special battles : Battle First Thanksgiving ( Symon / Flay v. Cora / Morimoto ) and Battle White House Produce ( Batali / Lagasse v. Flay / Comerford ) . Per the introduction fiction from the Battle of the Masters miniseries ( and ignoring story elements from the 2002 Iron Chef Japan Cup Special ) , Chairman Kaga ( the character ) has ordered his nephew to continue the tradition of Kitchen Stadium , initially in Los Angeles , where the Battle of the Masters took place , before establishing a permanent Kitchen Stadium in New York 's Chelsea Market . For the Battle of the Masters , the elder Chairman dispatched two Iron Chefs : Hiroyuki Sakai and Masaharu Morimoto . In Season 11 , the show 's fiction expanded to include international Iron Chefs , spread by the Chairman `` like Johnny Appleseed '' . In the first episode of that season , Iron Chef UK chef Judy Joo competed on the US show against Iron Chef Guarnaschelli as an Iron Chef . Unlike the original Iron Chef or Iron Chef USA , Alton Brown , rather than the Chairman , is credited as the show 's host . In 2017 , Iron Chef Showdown premiered as the spiritual successor to Iron Chef America , with a revised format and returning Iron Chefs Bobby Flay , Jose Garces , Alex Guarnaschelli , and Michael Symon joined by Iron Chef Gauntlet winner Stephanie Izard . On April 5 , 2018 , Food Network announced Iron Chef America returning under its original name , with Jet Tila serving as floor reporter . Notably , Iron Chef Bobby Flay will not be returning , as he dramatically announced his exit from Iron Chef during his last battle on Showdown . Contents 1 The Iron Chefs 1.1 Jackets 2 History 3 Format 3.1 Special battles 3.2 Greatest moments 4 Production details 4.1 Kitchen Stadium 4.2 Subtitles and dubbing 5 Companion shows 5.1 Countdown 5.2 The Next Iron Chef 6 Video game 7 See also 8 References 9 External links The Iron chefs ( edit ) On this version of Iron Chef , the Iron Chefs have either been previous Food Network personalities , are current personalities , were part of the original Iron Chef , or earned their position on The Next Iron Chef . The winning percentage for Iron Chefs participating on Iron Chef America is an average . The win / loss data is based solely on the performance of the participant as an Iron Chef in Iron Chef America : The Series and the Battle of the Masters but does not include the results from Iron Chef Showdown . Iron Chef Seasons Specialty Win Loss Draw Total Win % Mario Batali ( retired ) BOM , 1 - 6 Italian 19 5 0 24 79.2 % Cat Cora ( retired ) 1 - 10 Greek / Mediterranean 21 12 34 63.2 % Bobby Flay ( Semi retired ) BOM , 1 - 12 Southwestern 43 16 61 72.1 % Marc Forgione 9 - Modern American 8 7 0 15 53.0 % Jose Garces 8 - Latin Fusion 16 7 0 23 69.6 % Alex Guarnaschelli 11 - Modern American 7 0 11 63.6 % Stephanie Izard 13 - Modern American 0 0 100.0 % Masaharu Morimoto BOM , 1 - Japanese 26 17 44 60.2 % Wolfgang Puck ( retired ) BOM California cuisine 0 0 100.0 % Michael Symon 5 - Mediterranean 34 7 42 82.1 % Geoffrey Zakarian 10 - Modern American 9 5 0 14 64.3 % ^ 101 Based on weighted average (. 5 victory for a draw ) . The win / loss data is based on the performance of the Iron Chef in Iron Chef America : The Series and the Battle of the Masters . ^ 102 Flay retired as Iron Chef at the end of Iron Chef Showdown . ^ 103 Forgione 's record does not include his victory over Marco Canora in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Forgione did not hold the title Iron Chef during that battle . ^ 104 Garces ' record does not include his defeat of Flay in Battle Melon , or his victory over Jehangir Mehta in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Garces did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 105 Guarnaschelli 's record does not include her loss to Cora in Battle Farmer 's Market , or her victory over Amanda Freitag in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Guarnaschelli did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 106 Morimoto 's record includes his battle as a competitor in the Battle of the Masters . It does not include his 16 - 7 - 1 record in the original Iron Chef during his tenure as the third Iron Chef Japanese . ^ 107 Symon 's record does not include his loss to Morimoto in Battle Asparagus , or his victory over John Besh in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Symon did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 108 Zakarian 's record does not include his loss to Morimoto in Battle Sardines , or his victory over Elizabeth Falkner in the finale of The Next Iron Chef as Zakarian did not hold the title Iron Chef during either battle . ^ 109 Izard 's record does not include her victories in Iron Chef Gauntlet as Izard did not hold the title Iron Chef at that time , nor her 2 - 0 record on Iron Chef Showdown . Jackets ( edit ) Each Iron Chef wears a specially designed chef 's jacket , a simplified version of the more stylized attire worn by the Japanese Iron Chefs , along with an apron and trousers of their choice for each battle . Through the Battle of the Masters and the show 's first six seasons , the Iron Chefs wore contemporary denim chef 's jackets with individualized solid - colored patches and trim : Batali 's jacket trim was red , Cora 's pink , Flay 's blue , Morimoto 's white , Puck 's green and Symon 's black . On the left shoulder of each jacket was a flag representing the Chef 's country of origin . During the show 's sixth season , designer and Iron Chef America judge Marc Ecko designed new jackets for the Iron Chefs , which were first worn on the 2008 `` Thanksgiving Showdown '' episode . The jackets are individualized for each chef and include features such as short sleeves for Symon 's jacket that make it resemble the black shirts he wears at his restaurant , Lola , or men 's kimono styling and colors for Morimoto 's jacket that suggest the costume he wore on the original Iron Chef . With the exception of Symon and Garces ( whose long sleeves were shortened for his second season on ICA ) , the jackets have long , turn - back sleeves . Colors differ by chef : charcoal grey ( Flay ) , black ( Symon ) , light blue ( Cora ) , silver with a red undershirt ( Morimoto ) , white with light brown trim ( Batali ) , white with green trim ( Lagasse , for Battle White House produce ) , brown with wide red edging ( Garces ) , grey with white trim ( Forgione ) , grey with black trim ( Zakarian ) , and black with white trim ( Guarnaschelli ) . `` Iron Chef '' with the chef 's last name underneath is embroidered in the font from the show 's logo on the left front side of the jacket , in the manner of a traditional chef 's coat . The jackets also include a large embroidered Iron Chef patch on the right arm also bearing the chef 's name , and an American flag on the left sleeve . History ( edit ) Team members assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion , Gulfport , Miss. , give a set of BDUs with her name on them to Chef Cat Cora Iron Chef America first aired as a special titled Iron Chef America : Battle of the Masters . Unlike Iron Chef USA , Iron Chef America quickly earned legitimacy with the appearance of Iron Chefs Hiroyuki Sakai and Masaharu Morimoto . ( Chen Kenichi was also originally slated to appear , but he was absent due to a scheduling conflict . ) The first Battle of the Masters involved Sakai and Flay , with the theme of trout . There , Sakai had made two dishes of note : one was gift - wrapped to commemorate the opening of Kitchen Stadium America , while the other was trout ice cream , a dish that would be repeatedly recalled and referred to later on when anyone used the ice cream maker . Other battles in Battle of the Masters were Morimoto taking on Batali , Morimoto taking on Wolfgang Puck , and a tag team battle where Morimoto and Flay teamed up against Sakai and Batali . Battle of the Masters was largely successful and a regular series was commissioned . The regular series is taped in New York , while Battle of the Masters took place in Los Angeles at Los Angeles Center Studios . Because of his other interests , Puck was forced to decline to appear in the regular series , and Morimoto took his place . Later that season , Cat Cora debuted as an Iron Chef during `` Battle Potato '' , becoming the first female chef to hold the rank . The second season of Iron Chef America began airing in July 2005 . This season saw its first and second ties on the American show : the first aired on July 31 , 2005 , with both challenger and Iron Chef receiving 45 points . In this case , unlike Iron Chef , there is no overtime , although a rematch was suggested by Alton Brown . The third such tied result occurred in Season Three , when Susur Lee challenged Bobby Flay in Battle Bacon . Starting November 2006 , Australia 's SBS , the domestic rights holder to the original Iron Chef program , started airing Iron Chef America : The Battle Of The Masters , replacing the original Japanese incarnation of the program . On December 9 , Season 1 of Iron Chef America began airing . The show was scheduled to run until February 17 , 2007 , but due to viewer feedback , SBS ended broadcast of Iron Chef America three weeks early and resumed showing the original Iron Chef on February 3 , 2007 . Starting in Season 8 , Mario Batali was dropped from the show 's opening sequence , though he continues to appear in on - air promos for the show . Despite his appearance during the special battle in which he was teamed up with Emeril Lagasse against Flay and White House Chef Cristeta Comerford , it is not clear whether or not he will return to compete in Iron Chef America on a regular basis . In a July 2010 interview with Slashfood 's Allen Salkin , Batali explained that his absence from the series was due to travel conflicts with the show 's summer shooting schedule and expressed a desire to appear in 2 - 3 battles for Season 9 . However , in a May 2012 interview with The Atlantic , Batali later explained that he resented the decision to move away from serious food critics to `` skinny little actresses '' and other personalities he felt were n't credible enough to judge his cuisine . After the 2014 season , the show was put on hiatus ; it has not returned as of 2017 and many important personnel have moved on to other projects . On July 25 , 2017 Alton Brown tweeted and Food Network announced that Iron Chef America would be returning in last quarter of 2017 as `` Iron Chef Showdown '' . Format ( edit ) See also : List of Iron Chef America episodes After the active Iron Chefs are introduced by Alton Brown , the challenger chef is introduced . The Iron Chef introduction sequence is sometimes skipped in the holiday shows and other specials . In the first two seasons , the Chairman announced the challenger 's Iron Chef opponent . Starting with Season 3 , the show returned to the format of its predecessor , where the challenger chef selects the Iron Chef they will battle . In reality , the match - ups are determined well in advance in all three incarnations of the show , which is not to say that the challengers have no influence on the selection of their opponent . An ingredient or group of ingredients ( referred to as the `` secret ingredient ( s ) '' ) is revealed , and the cooking begins . On occasion , the ingredients are actually a ' theme meal ; ' for example , eggs , bacon , potatoes , etc. are revealed and thus the `` secret ingredient '' is breakfast . Just as with the original Iron Chef , the `` secret '' ingredient is not truly secret . Both the competitor and the Iron Chef are given a list of three to five ingredients before the battle , of which one will be the secret ingredient . Unlike Iron Chef , where chefs had roughly 5 minutes to discuss their strategy before the battle begins , the revelation of the theme ingredient occurs 45 minutes before the start of the battle . However , this segment is not shown on television , and it is a common assumption that the battle starts immediately after the secret ingredient is revealed . This practice was described on an episode of Unwrapped . The Chairman announces the start of each battle with : `` So now America , with an open heart and an empty stomach , I say unto you in the words of my uncle : ' Allez cuisine ! ' `` There 's the Chairman 's familiar `` Allez Cuisine ! '' the French phrase that calls the Iron Chefs to culinary battle . '' -- Alton Brown ( Flay v. Tsai ) `` Allez cuisine ! '' ( loosely translated as `` Go cook ! '' or `` Start cooking ! '' ) is the phrase that started battles in the original Japanese series ( hence the reference to his uncle , Chairman Kaga ) . On Iron Chef America , both the challenger and the Iron Chef have 60 minutes to prepare a minimum of five dishes based on a theme ingredient . Starting with Season 11 ( 2012 -- 13 ) , the first course is due to the judges 20 minutes after the start . After that point , a `` culinary curveball '' is announced by the chairman . It can be an ingredient , piece of equipment , or plating device . Each chef is required to integrate the item into at least one of their remaining dishes , and receives scoring from the judges based on their use . After the first commercial break , Brown typically asks Kevin Brauch to introduce the judges . Generally , Kevin pays homage to the program 's origins by adding , Konban Wa ( Japanese for `` Good evening '' ) to his introduction . Unlike the original series , none of the judges participate in the running commentary , although Brown or Brauch visit with them roughly mid-battle for their comments on the ongoing action and the secret ingredient . Over the course of the cooking hour , Brown may also provide further information on the theme ingredient , using visual aids as required . The dishes are tasted by the chairman and a panel of three judges , two of whom are professional food critics ( a contrast to the original Iron Chef , which typically had one professional food critic as a judge ) . Like the original Iron Chef , each chef can be awarded up to 20 points by each judge ; consisting of 10 points for taste , 5 for plating ( the appearance or presentation of the dishes ) , and 5 for originality . The rules are explained by Kevin Brauch before judging . The chef with the higher score is declared the winner . If there is a tie , it remains as the final result , unlike Iron Chef , where an overtime battle was immediately called with a new theme ingredient ; however , if the overtime battle also resulted in a tie , that would be the final result . ( Also in contrast with the original , the final scores are subdivided by category , rather than by individual judge . ) Starting with Season 11 ( 2012 -- 13 ) , an additional 10 points per judge is also available : up to 5 points for the first dish presentation , and up to 5 points for the use of the `` culinary curveball '' . The scoring for the first dish is revealed shortly after the dishes are presented to and tasted by the judges , and the total score ( including the `` culinary curveball '' points ) is reserved for the judgment and revelation of the winner . Iron Chef America is not affiliated with any culinary institution , unlike Iron Chef , which was associated with Hattori Nutrition College . Chefs also bring in their own sous - chefs . Like Iron Chef , each chef is allowed two sous - chefs . In tag - team or two - on - one battles , both chefs on one side each bring one sous - chef . On the original Iron Chef , early episodes had two chefs without sous - chefs , while later episodes had two chefs and one sous - chef per side . The sous - chefs employed by the Iron Chefs are as follows : Batali -- Anne Burrell and Mark Ladner Cora -- Lorilynn Bauer , David Schimmel , Ed Cotton , Richard Blais ( other sous - chefs have been employed on occasion ) Flay -- Flay employs a rotating staff of sous - chefs from his restaurants Morimoto -- Ariki Omae , Makoto Okuwa , and Jamison Blankenship ( other sous - chefs have been employed on occasion ) Symon -- Cory Barrett and Derek Clayton Garces -- Dave Conn , MacGregor Mann , Jessica Mogardo Forgione -- rotating staff of sous - chefs from Forgione 's restaurants Zakarian -- Paul Corsentino , Eric Haugen , Alex Guarnaschelli ( before her promotion to Iron Chef ) Guarnaschelli -- Ashley Merriman and Wirt Cook All of the sous - chefs for both the Iron Chef and challenger are informally introduced at some point in the contest , unlike the original Iron Chef . Sous - chefs have occasionally entered into battle against Iron Chefs , including the Iron Chef under whom they worked . The rules in Iron Chef America are thought to favor the Iron Chef less than the original program , however , some challengers have noted favoritism in the selection of theme ingredients . On Iron Chef , the Iron Chef 's food was always tasted second , while on Iron Chef America , the chef whose food is tasted first is determined by toss of coin before the show . Since the tasting and judgment take upwards of 45 minutes to complete ( although it is edited down in post-production ) , the chef serving second is allowed to reheat his or her dishes , as was allowed on Iron Chef . Several of the secrets to how the show is taped were revealed in an episode of Unwrapped entitled `` Food Network Unwrapped 2 . '' It was stated that the chefs find out what the secret ingredient is about 15 minutes before the battle begins because the opening sequence is recorded many times . It is only the final taping of this sequence where the words `` Allez cuisine ! '' are said and the battle begins . Moreover , at the end of the one - hour battle , the chefs must still prepare 4 plates of each of their 5 dishes for the judges and the Chairman . This is done during a 45 - minute period after the battle ends and before tasting begins . They consider this to be part of the competition , and it is timed , but it is not recorded or shown to the viewers . The plates which the audience sees prepared during the one - hour battle are the plates used to obtain close - up footage of the dish for use in the final episode . Usually , on taping days , two different battles will be taped , one beginning at about 10 a.m. and the second at about 4 p.m. A Food Network crew has about 90 minutes between each show to clean the set and prepare for the second show . Chefs provide the producers with shopping lists for each of the possible secret ingredients . Consequently , they can surmise what the secret ingredient will be just before it is officially revealed , based on which of their items were purchased . Special battles ( edit ) ICA will occasionally stage special themed battles , generally during the holiday period . The first of these was held on November 12 , 2006 . A special 90 - minute episode of Iron Chef America pitted two guest Food Network personalities , Giada De Laurentiis and Rachael Ray , the latter of whom does not consider herself a chef due to lack of formal training , against each other after they each received tips and training from Iron Chefs Bobby Flay and Mario Batali , respectively . While the early part of the episode made it appear as though it would be a head - to - head battle , the Chairman announced just prior to the secret ingredient reveal that it would in fact be a tag - team battle , with each of the women joined by the Iron Chef who trained her . The secret ingredient for the special was cranberries . The expanded timeframe allowed for longer cuts of the competition hour and the tasting segments to be presented , and the show as a whole had a more laid - back feel than regular ICA episodes . Plenty of joking and good - natured ribbing took place on both sides of the kitchen , such as Batali 's effort to `` bribe '' the judges with cranberry bellini cocktails . The battle was won by Iron Chef Batali and guest chef Ray . A second special holiday episode premiered on Sunday , November 25 , 2007 . This special , titled Iron Chef America : All Star Holiday Dessert Battle , paired Iron Chef Cat Cora and popular Food Network personality Paula Deen against fellow Food Network chefs Tyler Florence and Robert Irvine , with sugar as the secret ingredient . While this special was the usual 60 - minutes in length , the tone was similar to the previous ICA special , with lots of `` smack talking '' and teasing among the four chefs . Iron Chef Cora and guest chef Deen 's team emerged victorious . On October 26 , 2008 , a Halloween battle took place between Iron Chef Michael Symon and former Next Iron Chef competitor Chris Cosentino . The theme ingredient was offal ( organ meats , pig trotters , coxcombs , etc . ) , an ingredient with which each of the chefs is known to cook routinely . Igor and the Monster from the Broadway production of Young Frankenstein also made a special appearance , assisting with the presentation of the secret ingredient . The victory went to Iron Chef Symon . A 90 - minute `` Thanksgiving Showdown '' premiered on November 16 , 2008 . The secret ingredients were foods that might have been used at the first Thanksgiving feast : duck , lobster , heritage turkey , venison , leeks and walnuts . This battle marked the first time in ICA history that the American Iron Chefs competed against each other , with the team of Bobby Flay and Michael Symon battling against Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto . There were two floor reporters for this special : regular floor reporter Kevin Brauch covered Flay and Symon while ICA judge Ted Allen covered Cora and Morimoto . In addition , Mark Ecko appeared early in the episode to present the new Iron Chef jackets and describe the design process . Iron Chefs Flay and Symon defeated Iron Chefs Cora and Morimoto by one point . First Lady Michelle Obama 's White House Kitchen Garden was featured in a new special episode on January 3 , 2010 . The episode , called `` The Super Chef Battle '' , featured Iron Chef Mario Batali and Super Chef Emeril Lagasse against Iron Chef Bobby Flay and White House Executive Chef Cristeta Comerford in a battle that required the chefs to create an American meal , with the produce from the White House garden as the secret ingredient . First Lady Michelle Obama made a special appearance , welcoming the chefs to the White House , and announcing the secret ingredient . This battle was also notable as the first for which the Chairman was not present in Kitchen Stadium . Although the Chairman appeared on video , and presented a supplemental range of sustainable foods to be used in the battle , it fell to announcer Alton Brown to start the battle with the traditional `` Allez cuisine ! '' This battle was also the first that carried a prize : $25,000 was donated to City Meals , a New York charity similar to Meals on Wheels in the names of the winning team . Iron Chef Flay and Chef Comerford defeated Iron Chefs Batali and Lagasse . On January 2 , 2011 , `` Battle Deep Freeze '' aired . The show featured Iron Chef Michael Symon and Chef Anne Burrell facing off against Iron Chef Cat Cora and Chef Robert Irvine . There was no formal secret ingredient , just the theme `` deep freeze . '' The chefs had to prepare 5 dishes , each with a frozen component , on the following five themes : Fruits and Vegetables , Meat , Aromatics , Seafood , and Alcohol . The dishes were either served in or accented by ice carvings . Greatest moments ( edit ) On November 16 , 2008 , the Food Network preceded its `` Thanksgiving Showdown '' ICA special with a half - hour retrospective of the 10 best ICA moments . In the program , the Chairman presents each moment , followed by a female voice - over narration describing the challenge the Iron Chefs face , including live fish , big ingredients , time , the ice cream machine and unorthodox cooking methods . The introduction is followed by a clip of each moment interspersed with comments by the Iron Chefs and ICA judges . Number Title Battle Competitors Moment It 's Alive ! Cobia Mario Batali v. Jamie Oliver Sous chef Gennaro Contaldo 's distraction antics Sugar Smack Sugar Cat Cora / Paula Deen v. Tyler Florence / Robert Irvine Paula Deen 's verbal warfare The Bird is the Word Garlic Mario Batali v. Chris Cosentino Chef Cosentino presents squab brains and talons . Better Dining Through Science Beets Masaharu Morimoto v. Homaro Cantu In an upset , the molecular gastronomists take the battle . 5 Trout in the Machine Trout Bobby Flay v. Hiroyuki Sakai The infamous trout ice cream 6 Edible Art Asparagus Masaharu Morimoto v. Michael Symon Morimoto 's `` stained glass '' sushi 7 I Fought the Clock and the Clock Won Scallops Masaharu Morimoto v. Roberto Donna Donna fails to complete his five dishes . 8 The Wheel 's on Fire Parmigiano Reggiano Mario Batali v. Andrew Carmellini Batali 's Parmesan bowl filled with flaming grappa 9 Smokin ' Hot Chiles Masaharu Morimoto v. Tim Love Morimoto struggles with an unfamiliar ingredient : a jalapeño chile . 10 Size Matters Elk Bobby Flay v. Kent and Kevin Rathbun The chefs battle each other and the largest secret ingredient ever . Production details ( edit ) Kitchen Stadium ( edit ) Located at the Chelsea Market in New York City , Iron Chef America 's version of Kitchen Stadium has a more modern appearance than the one from Iron Chef . Much of the equipment in the kitchen is top - of - the line ; appliances include six burner stove tops , an infrared grill , blast chillers , convection ovens , deep fryers , cutting boards , a plethora of small electrical appliances like blenders and food processors , as well as pantry stations . Both kitchens in Kitchen Stadium are set up with the same appliances , and each pantry station has the same food items including expensive items like saffron . Challengers may also sometimes bring their own equipment to their sections ; most notably , postmodern chef Homaro Cantu brought a Class 4 Laser , liquid nitrogen , and an inkjet printer with edible inks and paper for his signature dishes . One of the most infamous appliances in the kitchen is the ice cream machine ( dubbed by the commentators as the Ice Cream Machine of Doom ) , which is often used to create unusual and abstract flavors of ice cream when chefs attempt to make a dessert course with the theme ingredient . The commentator 's station has Alton Brown standing in front of two large monitors feeding him camera angles from both sides of Kitchen Stadium . To stay informed , he also keeps his laptop open to reference an extensive food database and , in later seasons , an iPad to look up ingredients on the fly . An earbud allows him to be fed information from the culinary producer , who in turn is fed information from two culinary spotters on the floor . The station is much closer to and on the same level as the cooking stations , allowing Alton Brown to converse with the competitors and ask brief questions . Alton Brown has made frequent comments about Kitchen Stadium being `` an orbiting space station '' or `` an underwater facility . '' Brown has also called Kitchen Stadium `` Kitchen Stadium Number One , Two , and so on until number seven as of Battle Eggs . There is a small section in the back of the stadium reserved for the studio audience , which is mostly composed of guests of the chefs . During the first two seasons , the audience is almost never mentioned or shown on camera unless there is a special guest in the audience . Starting with season 3 , the show again takes a cue from its predecessor and gives a little more attention to the audience , particularly when someone close to the challenger or special guests are present . The audience is also now sometimes heard applauding the chefs , although they are ignored by cameras . Despite Kitchen Stadium America 's state - of - the - art appearance , problems arose during the first season . In her battle against Mario Batali , Chef Anita Lo had trouble getting her burners hot enough to cook her food . At one point , one of Lo 's assistants took a pot over to Mario Batali 's side of the kitchen to use his stove , to which Batali happily agreed . In several battles contestants have experienced technical problems with the ice cream machine . Though there have not been serious injuries in Kitchen Stadium America , several contestants have suffered minor cuts from knife slips . In the Behind the Scenes : Iron Chef America special , Iron Chef Hiroyuki Sakai voices his distaste for the modern look of the American Kitchen Stadium . Sakai referred to the kitchen as `` cold . '' Subtitles and dubbing ( edit ) Morimoto speaks English with a thick Japanese accent , and he sometimes speaks in Japanese when describing his dishes . Consequently , his voice is at times dubbed by Joe Cipriano . Cipriano , a veteran TV announcer and Los Angeles radio personality , also provided the voice for Hiroyuki Sakai in Battle of the Masters . When his voice is not dubbed , subtitles may be provided to help viewers understand what Morimoto is saying . In the episode Battle Eggs , Takashi Yagihashi had subtitles when the screen showed whom he challenged ( Michael Symon ) . Companion shows ( edit ) Countdown ( edit ) Iron Chef America Countdown premiered in 2012 . Each half - hour episode features a countdown of five moments on a theme from the television series . The show uses clips from Iron Chef America , as well as commentary from people who participated in the featured moments . The Next Iron Chef ( edit ) Main article : The Next Iron Chef In 2007 , a competition was held to determine who among eight chefs would become the next Iron Chef . The show ran for six episodes , and followed the contestants through a series of eight culinary challenges taking place in the United States , France , and Germany . Contestants were eliminated by a panel of judges at the end of each episode , until the final two chefs returned to the United States to compete in Kitchen Stadium . The final battle featured swordfish as the secret ingredient , and was judged by Iron Chefs Flay , Cora , and Morimoto . Chef Michael Symon was declared the winner of the competition and subsequently joined Iron Chef America . A second season of The Next Iron Chef pitted ten chefs against one another for the title of Iron Chef beginning in October 2009 . This season ran for eight episodes , during which the contestants competed in culinary challenges held in the United States and Japan . Contestants were eliminated by a panel of judges at the end of each episode until the finale , in which chefs Jehangir Mehta and Jose Garces returned to the United States to compete in Kitchen Stadium . The final battle featured various racks and ribs ( pork , buffalo , and beef ) as the secret ingredient , and was judged by the panel along with Iron Chefs Flay , Morimoto , and Symon . Chef Jose Garces was declared the winner of the competition , and joined Iron Chef America as its newest Iron Chef . Garces made his debut as an Iron Chef on January 17 , 2010 against Seattle chefs Rachel Yang and Seif Chirchi in Battle Hawaiian Moi , with Iron Chef Garces emerging victorious . Jose Garces went on to receive the first perfect score ever in Season 9 ( see List of Episodes ) . Food Network launched its third season of The Next Iron Chef in October 2010 . Competition took place in Los Angeles , before moving to Las Vegas . The final battle took place in Kitchen Stadium between Chefs Marco Canora and Marc Forgione , with traditional Thanksgiving proteins , such as turkey , lobster and venison as the secret ingredient . Chef Marc Forgione was declared the winner of the third season of `` The Next Iron Chef '' on November 21 , 2010 . His first battle took place on November 28 , 2010 , against Washington , D.C. - based Chef RJ Cooper . In October 2011 , a fourth season of The Next Iron Chef premiered featuring super chefs like Alex Guarnaschelli , Anne Burrell , Robert Irvine , among others . The December 18 battle in Kitchen Stadium featured Geoffrey Zakarian and Elizabeth Falkner . Zakarian prevailed and was named the winner . His first battle aired on December 25 , 2011 during which he emerged victorious , being the second chef ever to receive a perfect overall score of 60 on Iron Chef America . The fifth season of The Next Iron Chef in November 2012 featured 8 chefs who had previously competed on the show , plus 2 newcomers . In the final battle , Alex Guarnaschelli defeated Amanda Freitag , becoming the second female Iron Chef , as well as the first female to win the competition . She made her debut as an Iron Chef on December 30 , 2012 against Judy Joo from Iron Chef UK . Iron Chef Joo previously judged season 4 of The Next Iron Chef , in which Guarnaschelli had competed and lost . Iron Chef Guarnaschelli was ultimately declared the winner . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Cover for the Wii version of Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine An Iron Chef America video game , titled Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine , was developed for the Wii and Nintendo DS by Black Lantern Studios and published by Destineer . Both versions were released on November 6 , 2008 , having been delayed from the original release date of September 23 , 2008 . The game features `` a series of fast - paced and intense culinary challenges '' and includes the voice acting and likeness of The Chairman ( Mark Dacascos ) , commentator Alton Brown and Iron Chefs Mario Batali , Masaharu Morimoto and Cat Cora , who players can either play or compete against . The Wii version of the game has received mediocre to slightly unfavorable reviews , with an average score of 42 % determined by critical score aggregator Metacritic . The DS version of the game has received overall better scores , with median review score of 62 % . See also ( edit ) List of Iron Chef America episodes Food Network Cooking Channel References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` '' Iron Chef America '' returns To Food Network With Classic Fan - favorite Format `` . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sager , Jessica ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Bobby Flay thought quitting ' Iron Chef ' on air ' would be good TV ' '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chen , Joanne ( 2007 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Michael Symon back in action : The Lola chef wins his first Iron Chef competition against Ricky Moore '' . Fortune Small Business . CNN Money . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Salkin , Allen ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` Batali 's Humble Dream - Behind the Apron '' . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Batali on ' Sadistic ' TV and Martha Stewart on Raising Chickens '' , The Atlantic , May 25 , 2012 Kummer , Corby ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Mario Batali on ' Sadistic ' TV and Martha Stewart on Raising Chickens '' . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Get Ready to Go Back to Kitchen Stadium for All - New Series Iron Chef Showdown '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Alton Brown ( @ altonbrown ) ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Introducing ... # IronChefShowdown on @ foodnetwork '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ; Dehnart , Andy ( 2005 - 08 - 30 ) . `` ' Iron Chef ' ingredients are n't so secret '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Podell , Corey ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) . `` LAist Interview : Iron Chef America 's Chairman , Mark Dacascos '' . Laist.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Jacki Garfinkel , Iron Chef America : Secrets of Kitchen Stadium '' mediavillage.com Archived April 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Peter ; Tedd Mann ( 2007 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Diary of an Iron Chef : How Peter Kelly beat celebrity chef Bobby Flay at his own game , the grill '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Rene ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Michelle Obama welcomes ' Iron Chef America ' Daily Dish '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Masaharu Morimoto vs Homaro Cantu '' . Iron Chef America . Season 3 . Episode 24 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes : Iron Chef America , Food Network Special , hosted by Alton Brown Jump up ^ Alton Brown on Being a Vessel , Next Iron Chef , and His Faith Archived 2012 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Eater.com. 2010 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Mario Batali vs Anita Lo '' . Iron Chef America . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America Countdown '' . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attain Greatness '' . The Next Iron Chef . Season 1 . Episode 6 . 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine officially cooked up for Wii , DS , Joystiq . Retrieved March 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ IGN : Alton Brown and Iron Chef Cat Cora Join Destineer 's Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Video Game , IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine for Wii Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine for DS Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2008 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Official website Iron Chef America on IMDb Iron Chef America at TV.com Iron Chef Episodes 2012 revival episodes U.S. versions Iron Chef USA Iron Chef America Episodes The Next Iron Chef Iron Chef America : Supreme Cuisine Iron Chef Gauntlet Iron Chef Showdown Other versions Iron Chef Australia Iron Chef Canada Iron Chef Indonesia Episodes Iron Chef UK Iron Chef Vietnam The Next Iron Chef Vietnam Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chopped Junior ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Chef_America&oldid=852432620 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American television series based on Japanese television series American television spin - offs Food Network series American cooking television series Iron Chef Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 23 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20Chef%20America
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the sense provides information about balance and movement
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The vestibular system , in most mammals , is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance . Together with the cochlea , a part of the auditory system , it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals . As movements consist of rotations and translations , the vestibular system comprises two components : the semicircular canals , which indicate rotational movements ; and the otoliths , which indicate linear accelerations . The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements , and to the muscles that keep an animal upright . The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo - ocular reflex , which is required for clear vision ; and the projections to the muscles that control posture are necessary to keep an animal upright .
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vestibular system
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Vestibular system
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vestibular system
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The vestibular system , in most mammals , is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance . Together with the cochlea , a part of the auditory system , it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals . As movements consist of rotations and translations , the vestibular system comprises two components : the semicircular canals , which indicate rotational movements ; and the otoliths , which indicate linear accelerations . The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements , and to the muscles that keep an animal upright . The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo - ocular reflex , which is required for clear vision ; and the projections to the muscles that control posture are necessary to keep an animal upright .
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The brain uses information from the vestibular system in the head and from proprioception throughout the body to understand the body 's dynamics and kinematics ( including its position and acceleration ) from moment to moment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Semicircular canal system 1.1 Structure 1.2 Push - pull systems 1.3 Vestibulo - ocular reflex ( VOR ) 1.4 Mechanics 1.5 Central processing 1.6 Projection pathways 2 Otolithic organs 3 Experience from the vestibular system 3.1 Vestibular / somatogyral illusions 4 Pathologies 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Semicircular canal system ( edit ) Cochlea and vestibular system The semicircular canal system detects rotational movements . The semicircular canals are its main tools to achieve this detection . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Semicircular canal Since the world is three - dimensional , the vestibular system contains three semicircular canals in each labyrinth . They are approximately orthogonal ( right angles ) to each other , and are called the horizontal ( or lateral ) , the anterior semicircular canal ( or superior ) and the posterior ( or inferior ) semicircular canal . Anterior and posterior canals may be collectively called vertical semicircular canals . Movement of fluid within the horizontal semicircular canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis ( i.e. the neck ) , as when doing a pirouette . The anterior and posterior semicircular canals detect rotations of the head in the sagittal plane ( as when nodding ) , and in the frontal plane , as when cartwheeling . Both anterior and posterior canals are orientated at approximately 45 ° between frontal and sagittal planes . The movement of fluid pushes on a structure called the cupula , which contains hair cells that transduce the mechanical movement to electrical signals Push - pull systems ( edit ) Push - pull system of the semicircular canals , for a horizontal head movement to the right . The canals are arranged in such a way that each canal on the left side has an almost parallel counterpart on the right side . Each of these three pairs works in a push - pull fashion : when one canal is stimulated , its corresponding partner on the other side is inhibited , and vice versa . This push - pull system makes it possible to sense all directions of rotation : while the right horizontal canal gets stimulated during head rotations to the right ( Fig 2 ) , the left horizontal canal gets stimulated ( and thus predominantly signals ) by head rotations to the left . Vertical canals are coupled in a crossed fashion , i.e. stimulations that are excitatory for an anterior canal are also inhibitory for the contralateral posterior , and vice versa . Vestibulo - ocular reflex ( VOR ) ( edit ) The vestibulo - ocular reflex . A rotation of the head is detected , which triggers an inhibitory signal to the extraocular muscles on one side and an excitatory signal to the muscles on the other side . The result is a compensatory movement of the eyes . Main article : Vestibulo - ocular reflex The vestibulo - ocular reflex ( VOR ) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement , thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field . For example , when the head moves to the right , the eyes move to the left , and vice versa . Since slight head movements are present all the time , the VOR is very important for stabilizing vision : patients whose VOR is impaired find it difficult to read , because they can not stabilize the eyes during small head tremors . The VOR reflex does not depend on visual input and works even in total darkness or when the eyes are closed . This reflex , combined with the push - pull principle described above , forms the physiological basis of the Rapid head impulse test or Halmagyi - Curthoys - test , in which the head is rapidly and forcefully moved to the side , while observing whether the eyes keep looking in the same direction . Mechanics ( edit ) The mechanics of the semicircular canals can be described by a damped oscillator . If we designate the deflection of the cupula with θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) , and the head velocity with q _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( q ) ) ) , the cupula deflection is approximately θ ( s ) = α s ( T 1 s + 1 ) ( T 2 s + 1 ) q _̇ ( s ) ( \ displaystyle \ theta ( s ) = ( \ frac ( \ alpha s ) ( ( T_ ( 1 ) s + 1 ) ( T_ ( 2 ) s + 1 ) ) ) ( \ dot ( q ) ) ( s ) ) α is a proportionality factor , and s corresponds to the frequency . For humans , the time constants T and T are approximately 3 ms and 5 s , respectively . As a result , for typical head movements , which cover the frequency range of 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz , the deflection of the cupula is approximately proportional to the head - velocity . This is very useful , since the velocity of the eyes must be opposite to the velocity of the head in order to have clear vision . Central processing ( edit ) Signals from the vestibular system also project to the cerebellum ( where they are used to keep the VOR effective , a task usually referred to as learning or adaptation ) and to different areas in the cortex . The projections to the cortex are spread out over different areas , and their implications are currently not clearly understood . Projection pathways ( edit ) The vestibular nuclei on either sides of the brain stem exchange signals regarding movement and body position . These signals are sent down the following projection pathways . To the cerebellum . Signals sent to the cerebellum are relayed back as muscle movements of the head , eyes , and posture . To nuclei of cranial nerves III , IV , and VI . Signals sent to these nerves cause the vestibulo - ocular reflex . They allow for the eyes to fix on a moving object while staying in focus . To the reticular formation . Signals sent to the reticular formation signal the new posture the body has taken on , and how to adjust circulation and breathing due to body position . To the spinal cord . Signals sent to the spinal cord allow quick reflex reactions to both the limbs and trunk to regain balance . To the thalamus . Signals sent to the thalamus allow for head and body motor control as well as being conscious of body position . Via the Ventral Pathway , which contributes to vertical orientation and perception of the direction of gravity . Otolithic organs ( edit ) While the semicircular canals respond to rotations , the otolithic organs sense linear accelerations . Humans have two otolithic organs on each side , one called the utricle , the other called the saccule . The utricle contains a patch of hair cells and supporting cells called a macula . Similarly , the saccule contains a patch of hair cells and a macula . Each hair cell of a macula has 40 - 70 stereocilia and one true cilium called a kinocilium . The tips of these cilia are embedded in an otolithic membrane . This membrane is weighted down with protein - calcium carbonate granules called otoliths . These otoliths add to the weight and inertia of the membrane and enhance the sense of gravity and motion . With the head erect , the otolithic membrane bears directly down on the hair cells and stimulation is minimal . When the head is tilted , however , the otolithic membrane sags and bends the stereocilia , stimulating the hair cells . Any orientation of the head causes a combination of stimulation to the utricles and saccules of the two ears . The brain interprets head orientation by comparing these inputs to each other and to other input from the eyes and stretch receptors in the neck , thereby detecting whether the head is tilted or the entire body is tipping . Essentially , these otolithic organs sense how quickly you are accelerating forward or backward , left or right , or up or down . Most of the utricular signals elicit eye movements , while the majority of the saccular signals projects to muscles that control our posture . While the interpretation of the rotation signals from the semicircular canals is straightforward , the interpretation of otolith signals is more difficult : since gravity is equivalent to a constant linear acceleration , one somehow has to distinguish otolith signals that are caused by linear movements from those caused by gravity . Humans can do that quite well , but the neural mechanisms underlying this separation are not yet fully understood . Humans can sense head tilting and linear acceleration even in dark environments because of the orientation of two groups of hair cell bundles on either side of the striola . Hair cells on opposite sides move with mirror symmetry , so when one side is moved , the other is inhibited . The opposing effects caused by a tilt of the head cause differential sensory inputs from the hair cell bundles allow humans to tell which way the head is tilting , Sensory information is then sent to the brain , which can respond with appropriate corrective actions to the nervous and muscular systems to ensure that balance and awareness are maintained . Experience from the vestibular system ( edit ) Experience from the vestibular system is called equilibrioception . It is mainly used for the sense of balance and for spatial orientation . When the vestibular system is stimulated without any other inputs , one experiences a sense of self - motion . For example , a person in complete darkness and sitting in a chair will feel that he or she has turned to the left if the chair is turned to the left . A person in an elevator , with essentially constant visual input , will feel she is descending as the elevator starts to descend . There are a variety of direct and indirect vestibular stimuli which can make people feel they are moving when they are not , not moving when they are , tilted when they are not , or not tilted when they are . Although the vestibular system is a very fast sense used to generate reflexes , including the righting reflex , to maintain perceptual and postural stability , compared to the other senses of vision , touch and audition , vestibular input is perceived with delay . Vestibular / somatogyral illusions ( edit ) Further information : Sensory illusions in aviation Pathologies ( edit ) Diseases of the vestibular system can take different forms , and usually induce vertigo and instability or loss of balance , often accompanied by nausea . The most common vestibular diseases in humans are vestibular neuritis , a related condition called labyrinthitis , Ménière 's disease , and BPPV . In addition , the function of the vestibular system can be affected by tumors on the vestibulocochlear nerve , an infarct in the brain stem or in cortical regions related to the processing of vestibular signals , and cerebellar atrophy . Alcohol can also cause alterations in the vestibular system for short periods and will result in vertigo and possibly nystagmus due to the variable viscosity of the blood and the endolymph during the consumption of alcohol . The common term for this type of sensation is the bed spins . PAN I - The alcohol concentration is higher in the blood than in the vestibular system , hence the endolymph is relatively dense . PAN II - The alcohol concentration is lower in the blood than in the vestibular system , hence the endolymph is relatively dilute . PAN I will result in subjective vertigo in one direction and typically occurs shortly after ingestion of alcohol when blood alcohol levels are highest . PAN II will eventually cause subjective vertigo in the opposite direction . This occurs several hours after ingestion and after a relative reduction in blood alcohol levels . Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo , or BPPV for short , is a condition resulting in acute symptoms of vertigo in people . It is probably caused when pieces that have broken off otoliths have slipped into one of the semicircular canals . In most cases it is the posterior canal that is affected . In certain head positions , these particles shift and create a fluid wave which displaces the cupula of the canal affected , which leads to dizziness , vertigo and nystagmus . A similar condition to BPPV may occur in dogs and other mammals , but the term vertigo can not be applied because it refers to subjective perception . Terminology is not standardized for this condition . A common vestibular pathology of dogs and cats is colloquially known as `` old dog vestibular disease '' , or more formally idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease , which causes sudden episode of loss of balance , circling , head tilt , and other signs . This condition is very rare in young dogs but fairly common in geriatric animals , and may affect cats of any age . Vestibular dysfunction has also been found to correlate with cognitive and emotional disorders , including depersonalization and derealization . See also ( edit ) Dark cell Migraine - associated vertigo Statocyst References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boulpaep , Emile L. ; Boron , Walter F. ( 2005 ) . Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach . St. Louis , Mo : Elsevier Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . OCLC 56963726 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2011 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 337825 - 9 . OCLC 799004854 . Jump up ^ Vaziri , Siavash ; Connor , Charles E ( 2016 ) . `` Representation of Gravity - Aligned Scene Structure in Ventral Pathway Visual Cortex . '' . Current Biology . 26 : 766 -- 74 . PMID 26923785 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2016.01. 022 . Lay summary ... the ventral pathway , ... could support perceiving and / or predicting physical events involving objects subject to gravity ... Jump up ^ `` The Physiology of the Senses : Balance '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Otolith Organs : The Utricle and Sacculus '' . NCBI Bookshelf - Neuroscience . Jump up ^ Angelaki DE , Cullen KE ( 2008 ) . `` Vestibular system : the many facets of a multimodal sense '' . Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31 : 125 -- 50 . PMID 18338968 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 31.060407. 125555 . Jump up ^ Lawson , B.D. , & Riecke , B.E. ( 2014 ) . The Perception of Body Motion . Handbook of Virtual Environments , CRC Press , 163 - 196 . Jump up ^ Barnett - Cowan , M. , and Harris , L.R. ( 2009 ) , Perceived timing of vestibular stimulation relative to touch , light and sound . Experimental Brain Research , 198 : 221 - 231 . `` doi : 10.1007 / s00221 - 009 - 1779 - 4 '' . Jump up ^ Barnett - Cowan , M. ( 2013 ) , Vestibular perception is slow : a review . Multisensory Research , 26 : 387 - 403 . `` doi : 10.1163 / 22134808 - 00002421 '' . Jump up ^ `` Vertigo '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossmeisl , John ( 2010 ) . `` Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats '' . Veterinary Clinics of North America : Small Animal Practice. 40 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 100 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cvsm. 2009.09. 007 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Paul F ; Darlington , Cynthia L ( 2013 ) . `` Personality changes in patients with vestibular dysfunction . '' . Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7 : 678 . PMC 3810789 . PMID 24194706 . doi : 10.3389 / fnhum. 2013.00678 . Lay summary . patients with vestibular disorders have been reported to experience other personality changes that suggest that vestibular sensation is implicated in the sense of self . These are depersonalization and derealization symptoms such as feeling `` spaced out '' , `` body feeling strange '' and `` not feeling in control of self '' . We propose in this review that these symptoms suggest that the vestibular system may make a unique contribution to the concept of self through information regarding self - motion and self - location that it transmits , albeit indirectly , to areas of the brain such as the temporo - parietal junction Further reading ( edit ) S.M. Highstein , R.R. Fay , A.N. Popper , editors ( 2004 ) . The vestibular system . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98314 - 7 . OCLC 56068617 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ( Comment : A book for experts , summarizing the state of the art in our understanding of the balance system ) Thomas Brandt ( 2003 ) . Vertigo : Its Multisensory Syndromes . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 40500 - 3 . OCLC 52472049 . ( Comment : For clinicians , and other professionals working with dizzy patients . ) `` Driver Fatigue : Is Something Missing ? '' ( pdf ) . Christopher Brill , Peter A. Hancock , Richard D. Gilson - University of Central Florida - 2003 . ( Comment : Research on driver or motion - induced sleepiness aka ' sopite syndrome ' links it to the vestibular labyrinths . ) Vestibular system Kathleen Cullen and Soroush Sadeghi , Scholarpedia , 3 ( 1 ) : 3013 . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3013 ( 1 ) A preview of an article on how vestibular disorders can cause symptoms that look like mental disorders . External links ( edit ) Vestibular Disorders Association For more information about vestibular ( inner ear balance ) disorders . ( Video ) Head Impulse Testing site ( vHIT ) Site with thorough information about vHIT SensesWeb , which contains animations of all sensory systems , and additional links . Dizzytimes.com Online Community for Sufferers of Vertigo and Dizziness . Vestibular System , Neuroscience Online ( electronic neuroscience textbook ) The sensory system Special senses Sight Visual system Hearing Auditory system Smell Olfactory system Taste ( Gustatory system ) Touch and position Pain Nociception Temperature Thermoception Sense of balance Vestibular system Mechanoreception Pressure vibration Proprioception Sense of body parts and movement Other Sensory receptor Multisensory integration Sensory processing Chemoreception Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Physiology of balance and hearing Hearing General Auditory system Bone conduction Otoacoustic emission Tullio phenomenon Pathway inner ear : Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve → pons : Cochlear nucleus ( Anterior , Dorsal ) → Trapezoid body → Superior olivary nuclei → midbrain : Lateral lemniscus → Inferior colliculi → thalamus : Medial geniculate nuclei → cerebrum : Acoustic radiation → Primary auditory cortex Balance General Vestibular system Pathway inner ear : Vestibular nerve → pons : Vestibular nuclei ( Medial vestibular nucleus , Lateral vestibular nucleus ) cerebellum : Flocculonodular lobe spinal cord : Vestibulospinal tract ( Medial vestibulospinal tract , Lateral vestibulospinal tract ) thalamus : Ventral posterolateral nucleus cerebrum : Vestibular cortex Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vestibular_system&oldid=801105121 '' Categories : Nervous system Vestibular system Sensory systems Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Қазақша Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 01 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular%20system
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we're alive a zombie story of survival cast
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We 're Alive , a story of survival
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we're alive, a story of survival
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We 're Alive -- A Story of Survival is a story that follows a large group of survivors of a zombie apocalypse in downtown Los Angeles , California . The current version of the audio drama is produced by Wayland Productions , and is distributed through CD / Digital downloads by Blackstone Audio and also through the Nerdist Podcast Network .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Podcast 2 Background 3 Format 4 Production process 5 Release dates and episode length 6 Published version 7 Awards 8 Cast 8.1 Notable guest voices 9 Episodes 9.1 Season 1 9.2 Season 2 9.3 Season 3 9.4 Season 4 10 References 11 External links Podcast ( edit ) We 're Alive premiered May 4 , 2009 on iTunes , and concluded its fourth and last season on July 29 , 2014 . When in production , the We 're Alive series aired 3 episodes a month and 36 episodes a season . Background ( edit ) We 're Alive started early in 2009 when creator , Kc Wayland , originally outlined the story for a pitch for television . At the time he saw there was a gap in programming that could be filled by a horror survival series . He designed a show that would take advantage of the repeated set , the tower , and then branch out from there as the show would get more popular . After the initial story and character outlines were created , he then proceeded to talk with other film producers seeing if there would be a way to get the show on broadcast television . After not being able to successfully pitch the idea , Wayland then decided to produce the show as an audio drama . The concept for self - production was a `` if you build it , they will come '' ; in regards to both listeners and producers . In late April 2009 , Wayland met with Shane Salk and pitched the idea , setting in motion the two producers who would then create the serialized audio format Wayland and Salk went on to produce the first two seasons , and then Grayson Stone ( an intern in season 1 and 2 ) and Wayland continued to produce the final two seasons . In 2015 , Wayland announced a follow - up podcast mini-series titled `` We 're Alive : Lockdown '' . The project was crowdfunded through Kickstarter , raising $54,774 of its $50,000 goal . Format ( edit ) There were several factors that led Wayland to the audio - only format . In limiting the visuals , the story would be able to explore limitless possibilities in settings and situations not fully explored by this genre . Being a `` horror '' , the power of sound and `` what you ca n't see '' could be utilized in a powerful way . Using no visuals also limited the vastness of production . Actors could come in once every two months for a full day of recording that would cover six full episodes ( 2 chapters ) . It was one of the only ways a story this long was able to be told . Production process ( edit ) A typical chapter is about sixty pages long , and is recorded by the actors in a recording stage in Orange County , CA . A typical day runs about six to eight hours of raw recording . From there , a voice cutter then goes through the session and separates just the usable lines , and then passes it onto another editor who then lays in the initial sound effects and pacing . The last stage then goes back to Wayland , who acts as the supervising sound editor and covers the last stage of production , often doing a large amount of foley and music selections . Release dates and episode length ( edit ) In a typical month , We 're Alive produced three episodes , or one chapter , taking one week off between chapters . Twelve chapters make up one season , and there are four seasons with a total of forty eight chapters . Each episode is approximately twenty minutes meaning each chapter is about an hour long . Published version ( edit ) Blackstone audio has published all three season currently available : Season 1 , Season 2 , Season 3 . Awards ( edit ) We 're Alive was nominated in 2012 for the Best Audio Drama in the Audio Publishing Awards . In the same year , it was named `` Best of 2012 '' in the iTunes Arts category . Other awards won by the series include : 4th Annual Dead Letter Award 2009 Gold Ogle Award 2010 Silver Ogle Award Parsec Award Finalist Best Speculative Fiction Audio Drama Long Form 2010 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 Cast ( edit ) Jim Gleason as Michael Shane Salk as Angel Nate Geez as Saul Elisa Eliot as Pegs Claire Dodin as Riley Scott Marvin as Burt Tammy Klein as Kelly Jay Olegario as Datu Blaire Byhower as Lizzy Kevin Flood as Kalani Jenna McCombie as Scratch Bob Bergen as Skittles Ben Jurand as Durai Mark Jeffrey Miller as Gatekeeper Shirley Jordan as Tanya Otto Sturcke as Victor Greg Miller as Pete Carl Schwaber as Bixby Cooper Wise as Supervisor Jim Kane as Marcus Katie Keane as Amy Erik Wargo as Steven Glenn Hoeffner as Glenn David Pevsner as Tardust Stuart Kennon as Bricks Manley Woods as Bill Nico Marvin as Tommy Rebekah Roberts as Samantha Michael Ray Clarke as Latch Omar Leyva as Fernando Richard Tatum as Pippin Brett Newton as Puck Christian Vieira as Carl Thomas Constance Parng as Chinwe Julia Kelly as Hannah Tony Rey as Robbins Shaun Lewin as Muldoon Graham Beightol as Max James Stebick as Jay Notable guest voices ( edit ) In addition the regular cast -- which includes Jim Gleason who currently is on the 2013 - 2014 season of American Horror Story -- there have been a number of notable guest voices on We 're Alive . These names include Bob Bergen ( current voice of Porky Pig ) , Seth Peterson from Burn Notice , and Greg Miller . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Length Original air date `` Chapter 1 : It Begins - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 11 May 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) `` Chapter 1 : It Begins - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 13 : 30 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) `` Chapter 1 : It Begins - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 41 May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) `` Chapter 2 : The Two Things - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 01 June 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 07 ) 5 5 `` Chapter 2 : The Two Things - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 49 June 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) 6 6 `` Chapter 2 : The Two Things - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 16 June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) 7 7 `` Chapter 3 : The New Arrivals - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 10 July 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 06 ) 8 8 `` Chapter 3 : The New Arrivals - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 15 : 12 July 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 13 ) 9 9 `` Chapter 3 : The New Arrivals - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 46 July 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 20 ) 10 10 `` Chapter 4 : Rules and Regulations - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 52 August 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) 11 11 `` Chapter 4 : Rules and Regulations - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 01 August 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) 12 12 `` Chapter 4 : Rules and Regulations - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 19 August 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 17 ) 13 13 `` Chapter 5 : Lady and the Tink - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 30 August 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) 14 14 `` Chapter 5 : Lady and the Tink - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 45 September 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) 15 15 `` Chapter 5 : Lady and the Tink - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 12 : 29 September 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 14 ) 16 16 `` Chapter 6 : The Remains of Eastern Bay - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 27 September 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) 17 17 `` Chapter 6 : The Remains of Eastern Bay - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 57 October 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) 18 18 `` Chapter 6 : The Remains of Eastern Bay - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 55 October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) 19 19 `` Chapter 7 : Blood Sweat and Fears - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 01 October 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) 20 20 `` Chapter 7 : Blood Sweat and Fears - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 20 November 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) 21 21 `` Chapter 7 : Blood Sweat and Fears - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 55 November 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) 22 22 `` Chapter 8 : Where Do You Go When You Sleep ? - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 26 November 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 23 ) 23 23 `` Chapter 8 : Where Do You Go When You Sleep ? - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 13 : 15 December 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 07 ) 24 24 `` Chapter 8 : Where Do You Go When You Sleep ? - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 59 December 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 14 ) 25 25 `` Chapter 9 : The Road to Living Death - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 17 December 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 28 ) 26 26 `` Chapter 9 : The Road to Living Death - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 14 : 09 January 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 27 27 `` Chapter 9 : The Road to Living Death - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 13 : 02 January 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 18 ) 28 28 `` Chapter 10 : Purgatory - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 25 : 14 February 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) 29 29 `` Chapter 10 : Purgatory - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 46 February 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 08 ) 30 30 `` Chapter 10 : Purgatory - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 35 February 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) 31 31 `` Chapter 11 : R&R - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 17 March 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) 32 32 `` Chapter 11 : R&R - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 18 March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 33 33 `` Chapter 11 : R&R - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 44 March 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) 34 34 `` Chapter 12 : The War - Part 1 of 4 '' 00 : 18 : 22 March 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 29 ) 35 35 `` Chapter 12 : The War - Part 2 of 4 '' 00 : 18 : 07 April 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 05 ) 36 36 `` Chapter 12 : The War - Part 3 of 4 '' 00 : 16 : 40 April 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 12 ) 37 37 `` Chapter 12 : The War - Part 4 of 4 '' 00 : 26 : 50 April 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 19 ) 38 TBA `` Season 1 Recap - Part 1 '' 00 : 17 : 13 August 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 39 TBA `` Season 1 Recap - Part 2 '' 00 : 18 : 57 August 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) Season 2 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Length Original air date 40 `` Chapter 13 : Separate Dying Embers - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 26 August 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) 41 `` Chapter 13 : Separate Dying Embers - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 42 August 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) 42 `` Chapter 13 : Separate Dying Embers - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 14 : 21 September 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 43 `` Chapter 14 : Out of the Ashes - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 55 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 44 5 `` Chapter 14 : Out of the Ashes - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 24 September 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) 45 6 `` Chapter 14 : Out of the Ashes - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 15 : 03 October 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) 46 7 `` Chapter 15 : Desperate Times - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 19 October 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) 47 8 `` Chapter 15 : Desperate Times - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 37 October 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 25 ) 48 9 `` Chapter 15 : Desperate Times - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 15 : 35 November 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) 49 10 `` Chapter 16 : Over the Air - Waves - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 25 November 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 15 ) 50 11 `` Chapter 16 : Over the Air - Waves - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 38 November 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) 51 12 `` Chapter 16 : Over the Air - Waves - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 03 December 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 06 ) 52 13 `` Chapter 17 : There Might Be Others - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 57 December 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) 53 14 `` Chapter 17 : There Might Be Others - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 57 January 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) 54 15 `` Chapter 17 : There Might Be Others - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 35 January 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 10 ) 55 16 `` Chapter 18 : No Place Like Home - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 55 January 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) 56 17 `` Chapter 18 : No Place Like Home - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 36 January 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 31 ) 57 18 `` Chapter 18 : No Place Like Home - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 20 February 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 07 ) 58 19 `` Chapter 19 : The Catalyst - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 09 February 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 21 ) 59 20 `` Chapter 19 : The Catalyst - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 42 February 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 28 ) 60 21 `` Chapter 19 : The Catalyst - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 26 : 32 March 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) 61 22 `` Chapter 20 : About Last Night - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 56 March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 62 23 `` Chapter 20 : About Last Night - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 10 March 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) 63 24 `` Chapter 20 : About Last Night - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 00 April 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 04 ) 64 25 `` Chapter 21 : Mark of the Beast - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 56 April 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 25 ) 65 26 `` Chapter 21 : Mark of the Beast - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 51 May 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 02 ) 66 27 `` Chapter 21 : Mark of the Beast - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 33 May 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) 67 28 `` Chapter 22 : Our Doubts are Traitors - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 04 May 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 23 ) 68 29 `` Chapter 22 : Our Doubts are Traitors - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 19 May 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 30 ) 69 30 `` Chapter 22 : Our Doubts are Traitors - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 01 June 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 06 ) 70 31 `` Chapter 23 : The Devil 's Workshop - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 29 June 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 20 ) 71 32 `` Chapter 23 : The Devil 's Workshop - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 30 June 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 27 ) 72 33 `` Chapter 23 : The Devil 's Workshop - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 00 July 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 11 ) 73 34 `` Chapter 24 : The Harder they Fall '' 00 : 52 : 31 July 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 30 ) 74 TBA `` Season 2 Recap '' 03 : 38 : 28 July 31 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) Season 3 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Length Original air date 75 `` Chapter 25 : Inadequate Strength - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 33 January 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) 76 `` Chapter 25 : Inadequate Strength - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 17 January 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) 77 `` Chapter 25 : Inadequate Strength - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 16 : 01 January 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 15 ) 78 `` Chapter 26 : Who Overcomes ... - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 49 January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) 79 5 `` Chapter 26 : Who Overcomes ... - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 29 February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 80 6 `` Chapter 26 : Who Overcomes ... - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 16 February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 81 7 `` Chapter 27 : The Thirty - First - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 41 March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 82 8 `` Chapter 27 : The Thirty - First - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 44 March 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) 83 9 `` Chapter 27 : The Thirty - First - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 17 : 38 March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 84 10 `` Chapter 28 : Last Dying Breath - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 30 : 07 April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) 85 11 `` Chapter 28 : Last Dying Breath - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 52 April 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 09 ) 86 12 `` Chapter 28 : Last Dying Breath - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 05 April 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) 87 13 `` Chapter 29 : Beyond Our Walls - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 03 April 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 30 ) 88 14 `` Chapter 29 : Beyond Our Walls - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 01 May 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 07 ) 89 15 `` Chapter 29 : Beyond Our Walls - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 45 May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 90 16 `` Chapter 30 : Short Term Memory - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 13 May 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 28 ) 91 17 `` Chapter 30 : Short Term Memory - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 01 June 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 11 ) 92 18 `` Chapter 30 : Short Term Memory - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 05 June 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 18 ) 93 19 `` Chapter 31 : Family Ties - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 25 : 21 July 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 02 ) 94 20 `` Chapter 31 : Family Ties - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 04 July 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 09 ) 95 21 `` Chapter 31 : Family Ties - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 22 July 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 16 ) 96 22 `` Chapter 32 : Captive Hearts - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 27 : 26 August 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 06 ) 97 23 `` Chapter 32 : Captive Hearts - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 35 August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) 98 24 `` Chapter 32 : Captive Hearts - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 43 August 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 20 ) 99 25 `` Chapter 33 : Red Winter - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 26 : 15 September 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) 100 26 `` Chapter 33 : Red Winter - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 14 September 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 10 ) 101 27 `` Chapter 33 : Red Winter - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 15 September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) 102 28 `` Chapter 34 : It Only Takes One - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 27 October 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) 103 29 `` Chapter 34 : It Only Takes One - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 41 October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) 104 30 `` Chapter 34 : It Only Takes One - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 16 October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 105 31 `` Chapter 35 : The End is Near - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 59 October 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 29 ) 106 32 `` Chapter 35 : The End is Near - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 31 : 44 November 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 05 ) 107 33 `` Chapter 35 : The End is Near - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 36 November 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) 108 34 `` Chapter 36 : Scorched Earth '' 00 : 54 : 03 December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 109 TBA `` Season 3 Recap '' 01 : 52 : 01 August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) Season 4 ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Length Original air date 110 `` Chapter 37 : Balance of Power - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 33 August 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) 111 `` Chapter 37 : Balance of Power - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 20 : 32 September 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 02 ) 112 `` Chapter 37 : Balance of Power - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 29 : 21 September 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 09 ) 113 `` Chapter 38 : Unity Makes Strength - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 34 September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) 114 5 `` Chapter 38 : Unity Makes Strength - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 03 September 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) 115 6 `` Chapter 38 : Unity Makes Strength - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 26 : 20 October 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 07 ) 116 7 `` Chapter 39 : Chemical Reactions - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 11 October 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 21 ) 117 8 `` Chapter 38 : Chemical Reactions - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 29 : 40 October 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) 118 9 `` Chapter 39 : Chemical Reactions - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 57 November 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) 119 10 `` Chapter 40 : Monsters - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 40 November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) 120 11 `` Chapter 40 : Monsters - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 55 November 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) 121 12 `` Chapter 40 : Monsters - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 19 : 27 December 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) 122 13 `` Chapter 41 : Eye of the Storm - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 28 : 26 December 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) 123 14 `` Chapter 41 : Eye of the Storm - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 50 December 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 30 ) 124 15 `` Chapter 41 : Eye of the Storm - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 25 : 57 January 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 125 16 `` Chapter 42 : Chasing Ghosts - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 23 January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 126 17 `` Chapter 42 : Chasing Ghosts - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 22 January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 127 18 `` Chapter 42 : Chasing Ghosts - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 28 : 34 February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 128 19 `` Chapter 43 : The Darkness Ahead - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 30 : 35 February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 129 20 `` Chapter 43 : The Darkness Ahead - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 11 March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 130 21 `` Chapter 43 : The Darkness Ahead - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 25 : 25 March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 131 22 `` Chapter 44 : Life and Death - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 18 : 02 March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 132 23 `` Chapter 44 : Life and Death - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 21 : 52 March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) 133 24 `` Chapter 44 : Life and Death - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 25 : 10 April 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 134 25 `` Chapter 45 : Distorted Truths - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 23 : 14 April 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) 135 26 `` Chapter 45 : Distorted Truths - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 31 : 23 April 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 28 ) 136 27 `` Chapter 45 : Distorted Truths - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 06 May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 137 28 `` Chapter 46 : Under the Pressure - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 25 : 44 May 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 19 ) 138 29 `` Chapter 46 : Under the Pressure - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 26 : 03 May 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 26 ) 139 30 `` Chapter 46 : Under the Pressure - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 22 : 41 June 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 02 ) 140 31 `` Chapter 47 : The Lion 's Den - Part 1 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 04 June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 141 32 `` Chapter 47 : The Lion 's Den - Part 2 of 3 '' 00 : 26 : 03 June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 142 33 `` Chapter 47 : The Lion 's Den - Part 3 of 3 '' 00 : 24 : 03 June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 143 34 `` Chapter 48 : The Ink Runs Dry '' 01 : 11 : 05 July 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purcell , Julius ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` The resurgence of audio drama '' . Jump up ^ `` Audio Drama Day , October 30th , Continues Historic Legacy of Halloween Horror , Imaginative Storytelling '' . October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kumagai , Jillian ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` 12 podcasts that will tell you a fantastic story '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ nerdist.com . `` Nerdist Podcast Network List '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike . `` Your Next Zombie Obsession : We 're Alive '' . Time . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lilley , Kevin ( June 20 , 2015 ) . `` Veteran behind popular zombie podcast is back for spinoff '' . Jump up ^ `` We 're Alive : Lockdown Kickstarter '' . ^ Jump up to : MICKADEIT , FRANK . `` Zombie radio , dead and raised in O.C '' . Orange County Register . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackstone Audio . `` Blackstone Audio We 're Alive Season 1 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackstone Audio . `` Blackstone Audio We 're Alive Season 2 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Blackstone Audio . `` Blackstone Audio We 're Alive Season 3 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Audiofile Magazine . `` Audiofile Audies Nominations 2012 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ We 're Alive . `` iTunes best of 2012 , Arts '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mail Order Zombie . `` 4th Annual Dead Letter Awards '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Stearns . `` Mark Time Award Winners '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Parsec Awards Steering Committee . `` Parsec Awards Winners Finalists 2010 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Parsec Awards Steering Committee . `` Parsec Awards Winners Finalists 2011 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Parsec Awards Steering Committee . `` Parsec Awards Winners Finalists 2012 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Parsec Awards Steering Committee . `` Parsec Awards Winners Finalists 2013 '' . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Alive Cast and Crew '' . Jump up ^ `` IMDB_Gleason '' . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27re_Alive,_A_Story_of_Survival&oldid=790700351 '' Categories : Audio podcasts American radio dramas Zombies Nerdist Industries 2009 podcast debuts Horror podcasts Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 14 : 20 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%2527re%20Alive%2C%20A%20Story%20of%20Survival
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which of the following was one of the original executive departments set up by congress
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Freedom of information Act ( United States )
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freedom of information act ( united states )
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The Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) , 5 U.S.C. § 552 , is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government . The Act defines agency records subject to disclosure , outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the statute . This amendment was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson , despite his misgivings , on July 4 , 1966 , and went into effect the following year .
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As indicated by its long title , FOIA was actually extracted from its original home in Section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act ( APA ) . Section 3 of the APA , as enacted in 1946 , gave agencies broad discretion concerning the publication of governmental records . Following concerns that the provision had become more of a withholding than a disclosure mechanism , Congress amended the section in 1966 as a standalone act to implement `` a general philosophy of full agency disclosure . '' The amendment required agencies to publish their rules of procedure in the Federal Register , 5 U.S.C. § 552 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( C ) , and to make available for public inspection and copying their opinions , statements of policy , interpretations , and staff manuals and instructions that are not published in the Federal Register , § 552 ( a ) ( 2 ) . In addition , § 522 ( a ) ( 3 ) requires every agency , `` upon any request for records which ... reasonably describes such records '' to make such records `` promptly available to any person . '' If an agency improperly withholds any documents , the district court has jurisdiction to order their production . Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial evidence and not arbitrary or capricious , FOIA expressly places the burden `` on the agency to sustain its action , '' and directs the district courts to `` determine the matter de novo . '' The Federal Government 's Freedom of Information Act should not be confused with the different and varying Freedom of Information Acts passed by the individual states . Many of those state acts may be similar but not identical to the federal act . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Scope 3 History 3.1 Initial enactment 3.2 The Privacy Act Amendments of 1974 3.3 The 1976 Government in the Sunshine Act amendments 3.4 1982 Executive Order limiting the FOIA 3.5 The 1986 Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act amendments to the FOIA 3.6 1995 -- 99 expansion 3.7 The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996 3.8 2001 Executive Order limiting the FOIA 3.9 The Intelligence Authorization Act of 2002 amending the FOIA 3.10 OPEN Government Act of 2007 3.11 2009 Executive Order permitting retroactive classification 3.12 2010 repeal of FOIA amendments in Wall Street reform act 4 Notable cases 4.1 J. Edgar Hoover 4.2 Murder trial 4.3 E-mail 4.4 Secret e-mail accounts and abusive fees 5 Processing performance by different government agencies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) With the ongoing stress on both constitutional and inherent rights of American citizens and the added assertion of government subservience to the individual , some , particularly representative John Moss , thought it was necessary for government information to be available to the public . This push built on existing principles and protocols of government administration already in place . Others , though -- most notably President Lyndon B. Johnson -- believed that certain types of unclassified government information should nonetheless remain secret . Notwithstanding the White House 's opposition , Congress expanded Section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act as a standalone measure in 1966 to further standardize the publication of government records , consistent with the belief that the people have the `` right to know '' about them . The Privacy Act of 1974 was passed as a countervailing measure to ensure the security of government documents increasingly kept on private citizens . Scope ( edit ) The act explicitly applies only to executive branch government agencies . These agencies are under several mandates to comply with public solicitation of information . Along with making public and accessible all bureaucratic and technical procedures for applying for documents from that agency , agencies are also subject to penalties for hindering the process of a petition for information . If `` agency personnel acted arbitrarily or capriciously with respect to the withholding , ( a ) Special Counsel shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary action is warranted against the officer or employee who was primarily responsible for the withholding . '' In this way , there is recourse for one seeking information to go to a federal court if suspicion of illegal tampering or delayed sending of records exists . However , there are nine exemptions , ranging from a withholding `` specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy '' and `` trade secrets '' to `` clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy . '' The nine current exemptions to the FOIA address issues of sensitivity and personal rights . They are ( as listed in Title 5 of the United States Code , section 552 ) : ( A ) specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and ( B ) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order ; related solely to the internal personnel rules and practices of an agency ; specifically exempted from disclosure by statute ( other than section 552b of this title ) , provided that such statute ( A ) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue , or ( B ) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld ; FOIA Exemption 3 Statutes trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential ; inter-agency or intra-agency memoranda or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency ; personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy ; records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes , but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information ( A ) could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings , ( B ) would deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication , ( C ) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy , ( D ) could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source , including a State , local , or foreign agency or authority or any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis , and , in the case of a record or information compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation or by an agency conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation , information furnished by a confidential source , ( E ) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions , or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law , or ( F ) could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any individual ; contained in or related to examination , operating , or condition reports prepared by , on behalf of , or for the use of an agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions ; or geological and geophysical information and data , including maps , concerning wells . The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 ( at 39 U.S.C. § 410 ( c ) ( 2 ) ) exempts the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) from disclosure of `` information of a commercial nature , including trade secrets , whether or not obtained from a person outside the Postal Service , which under good business practice would not be publicly disclosed '' . History ( edit ) The law came about because of the determination of Congressman John E. Moss of California . Moss was the chairman of the Government Information Subcommittee . It took Moss 12 years to get the Freedom of Information Act through Congress successfully . Much of the desire for government transparency stemmed from the Department of Defense and Congressional committees evaluation of the nation 's classification system in the late 1950s . They determined that the misuse of government classification of documents was causing insiders to leak documents that were marked `` confidential . '' The committee also determined that the lowest rung of the confidentiality ladder `` confidential '' should be removed . They deemed that `` secret '' and `` top secret '' covered National security adequately . The Moss Committee took it upon itself to reform confidentiality policy and implement punishments for the overuse of classification by officials and departments . The FOIA has been changed repeatedly by both the legislative and executive branches . Initial enactment ( edit ) The Freedom of Information Act was initially introduced as the bill S. 1160 in the 89th Congress . When the two - page bill was signed into law it became Pub. L. 89 -- 487 , 80 Stat. 250 , enacted July 4 , 1966 , but had an effective date of one year after the date of enactment , or July 4 , 1967 . The law set up the structure of FOIA as we know it today . That law was initially repealed . During the period between the enactment of the act and its effective date , Title 5 of the United States Code was enacted into positive law . For reasons now unclear but which may have had to do with the way the enactment of Title 5 changed how the law being amended was supposed to be cited , the original Freedom of Information Act was replaced . A new act in Pub. L. 90 -- 23 , 81 Stat. 54 , enacted June 5 , 1967 ( originally H.R. 5357 in the 90th Congress ) , repealed the original and put in its place a substantively identical law . This statute was signed on June 5 , 1967 , and had the same effective date as the original statute : July 4 , 1967 . The Privacy Act amendments of 1974 ( edit ) Following the Watergate scandal , President Gerald R. Ford wanted to sign FOIA - strengthening amendments in the Privacy Act of 1974 , but White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld and deputy Dick Cheney were concerned about leaks . Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Antonin Scalia advised the bill was unconstitutional and even telephoned the CIA asking them to lobby a particular White House staffer . President Ford was persuaded to veto the bill on October 17 , 1974 , according to documents declassified in 2004 . However , on November 21 , the lame - duck Congress overrode President Ford 's veto , giving the United States the core Freedom of Information Act still in effect today , with judicial review of executive secrecy claims . Scalia remained highly critical of the 1974 amendments , writing years later that `` It is the Taj Mahal of the Doctrine of Unanticipated Consequences , the Sistine Chapel of Cost - Benefit Analysis Ignored . '' Scalia particularly disliked the availability of judicial review , decrying that if `` an agency denies a freedom of information request , shazam ! -- the full force of the Third Branch of the government is summoned to the wronged party 's assistance . '' These amendments that these FOIA regulate government control of documents which concern a citizen . It gives one `` ( 1 ) the right to see records about ( one ) self , subject to the Privacy Act 's exemptions , ( 2 ) the right to amend that record if it is inaccurate , irrelevant , untimely , or incomplete , and ( 3 ) the right to sue the government for violations of the statute including permitting others to see ( one 's ) records unless specifically permitted by the Act . '' In conjunction with the FOIA , the PA is used to further the rights of an individual gaining access to information held by the government . The Justice Department 's Office of Information and Privacy and federal district courts are the two channels of appeal available to seekers of information . The 1976 government in the Sunshine Act amendments ( edit ) In 1976 , as part of the Government in the Sunshine Act , Exemption 3 of the FOIA was amended so that several exemptions were specified : Information relating to national defense , Related solely to internal personnel rules and practices , Related to accusing a person of a crime , Related to information where disclosure would constitute a breach of privacy , Related to investigatory records where the information would harm the proceedings , Related to information which would lead to financial speculation or endanger the stability of any financial institution , and Related to the agency 's participation in legal proceedings . 1982 Executive Order limiting the FOIA ( edit ) Between 1982 and 1995 , President Reagan 's Executive Order 12356 allowed federal agencies to withhold enormous amounts of information under Exemption 1 ( relating to national security information ) , claiming it would better protect the country and strengthen national security . The outcry from the effect that the Reagan Order had on FOIA requests was a factor in leading President Clinton to dramatically alter the criteria in 1995 . The 1986 omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act amendments to the FOIA ( edit ) The FOIA amendments were a small part of the bipartisan Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 . Congress amended FOIA to address the fees charged by different categories of requesters and the scope of access to law enforcement and national security records . The amendments are not referenced in the congressional reports on the Act , so the floor statements provide an indication of Congressional intent . 1995 -- 99 expansion ( edit ) Between 1995 and 1999 , President Clinton issued executive directives ( and amendments to the directives ) that allowed the release of previously classified national security documents more than 25 years old and of historical interest , as part of the FOIA . This release of information allowed many previously publicly unknown details about the Cold War and other historical events to be discussed openly . The electronic Freedom of information Act amendments of 1996 ( edit ) The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996 ( E-FOIA ) stated that all agencies are required by statute to make certain types of records , created by the agency on or after November 1 , 1996 , available electronically . Agencies must also provide electronic reading rooms for citizens to use to have access to records . Given the large volume of records and limited resources , the amendment also extended the agencies ' required response time to FOIA requests . Formerly , the response time was ten days and the amendment extended it to twenty business days . 2001 Executive Order limiting the FOIA ( edit ) Executive Order 13233 , drafted by Alberto R. Gonzales and issued by President George W. Bush on November 1 , 2001 , restricted access to the records of former presidents . This order was revoked on January 21 , 2009 , as part of President Barack Obama 's Executive Order 13489 . Public access to presidential records was restored to the original extent of five years ( 12 for some records ) outlined in the Presidential Records Act . The intelligence Authorization Act of 2002 amending the FOIA ( edit ) In 2002 , Congress passed the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003 , Pub. L. 107 -- 306 . Within this omnibus legislation were amendments to the FOIA ( pertaining mainly to intelligence agencies ) entitled `` Prohibition on Compliance with Requests for Information Submitted by Foreign Governments '' : Section 552 ( a ) ( 3 ) of title 5 , United States Code , is amended -- ( 1 ) in subparagraph ( A ) by inserting `` and except as provided in subparagraph ( E ) '' , after `` of this subsection '' ; and ( 2 ) by adding at the end the following : `` ( E ) An agency , or part of an agency , that is an element of the intelligence community ( as that term is defined in section 3 ( 4 ) of the National Security Act of 1947 ( 50 U.S.C. § 401a ( 4 ) ) ) shall not make any record available under this paragraph to -- `` ( i ) any government entity , other than a State , territory , commonwealth , or district of the United States , or any subdivision thereof ; or `` ( ii ) a representative of a government entity described in clause ( i ) . '' In effect , this new language precluded any covered U.S. intelligence agency from disclosing records in response to FOIA requests made by foreign governments or international governmental organizations . By its terms , it prohibits disclosure in response to requests made by such non-U.S. governmental entities either directly or through a `` representative '' . This means that for any FOIA request that by its nature appears as if it might have been made by or on behalf of a non-U.S. governmental entity , a covered agency may inquire into the particular circumstances of the requester in order to properly implement this new FOIA provision . The agencies affected by this amendment are those that are part of , or contain `` an element of '' , the `` intelligence community '' . As defined in the National Security Act of 1947 ( as amended ) , they consist of the CIA , the National Security Agency , the Defense Intelligence Agency , the National Imagery and Mapping Agency , the National Reconnaissance Office ( and certain other reconnaissance offices within the Department of Defense ) , the intelligence elements of the Army , the Navy , the Air Force , and the Marine Corps , the FBI , the Department of the Treasury , the Department of Energy , and the Coast Guard , the Department of Homeland Security , the Bureau of Intelligence and Research in the Department of State , and `` such other elements of any other department or agency as may be designated by the President , or designated jointly by the Director of Central Intelligence and the head of the department or agency concerned , as an element of the intelligence community '' . Open government Act of 2007 ( edit ) President Bush signed the Openness Promotes Effectiveness in our National Government Act of 2007 , Pub. L. 110 -- 175 , on December 31 , 2007 . This law , also known as the `` OPEN Government Act of 2007 '' , amended the federal FOIA statute in several ways . According to a White House press release , it does so by : establishing a definition of `` a representative of the news media ; '' directing that required attorney fees be paid from an agency 's own appropriation rather than from the Judgment Fund ; prohibiting an agency from assessing certain fees if it fails to comply with FOIA deadlines ; and establishing an Office of Government Information Services ( OGIS ) in the National Archives and Records Administration to review agency compliance with FOIA . Changes include the following : it recognizes electronic media specifically and defines `` News Media '' as `` any person or entity that gathers information of potential interest to a segment of the public , uses its editorial skills to turn the raw materials into a distinct work , and distributes that work to an audience . '' it extends the 20 - day deadline by allowing for up to 10 days between the FOIA office of the agency and the component of the agency holding the records and specifically allows for clarification of requests by the FOIA office ( Effective 12 / 31 / 2007 ) . it calls for each agency to designate a FOIA Public Liaison , `` who shall assist in the resolution of any disputes '' ( Effective 12 / 31 / 2008 ) . it requires agencies to assign tracking numbers to FOIA requests that take longer than 10 days , and to provide systems determining the status of a request . it codifies and defines annual reporting requirements for each agency 's FOIA program . it specifically addresses data sources used to generate reports ; `` shall make the raw statistical data used in its reports available electronically ... '' it redefines the definition of an agency `` record '' to include information held for an agency by a government contractor . it establishes an Office of Government Information Services ( OGIS ) which will offer mediation services to resolve disputes as non-exclusive alternative to litigation . it requires agencies to make recommendations personnel matters related to FOIA such as whether FOIA performance should be used as a merit factor . it requires agencies to specify the specific exemption for each deletion or redaction in disclosed documents . 2009 Executive Order permitting retroactive classification ( edit ) On December 29 , 2009 , President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13526 , which allows the government to classify certain specific types of information relevant to national security after it has been requested . That is , a request for information that meets the criteria for availability under FOIA can still be denied if the government determines that the information should have been classified , and unavailable . It also sets a timeline for automatic declassification of old information that is not specifically identified as requiring continued secrecy . 2010 repeal of FOIA amendments in Wall Street Reform Act ( edit ) The Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , signed into law in July 2010 , included provisions in section 929I that shielded the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) from requests under the Freedom of Information Act . The provisions were initially motivated out of concern that the FOIA would hinder SEC investigations that involved trade secrets of financial companies , including `` watch lists '' they gathered about other companies , trading records of investment managers , and `` trading algorithms '' used by investment firms . In September 2010 , the 111th Congress passed an act repealing those provisions . The act was introduced in the Senate on August 5 , 2010 as S. 3717 and given the name `` A bill to amend the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , the Investment Company Act of 1940 , and the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 to provide for certain disclosures under section 552 of title 5 , United States Code , ( commonly referred to as the Freedom of Information Act ) , and for other purposes . '' Notable cases ( edit ) A major issue in released documentation is government `` redaction '' of certain passages deemed applicable to the Exemption section of the FOIA . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) officers in charge of responding to FOIA requests `` so heavily redacted the released records as to preclude needed research . '' This has also brought into question just how one can verify that they have been given complete records in response to a request . J. Edgar Hoover ( edit ) Freedom of Information Act requests have led to the release of information such as this letter by J. Edgar Hoover about surveillance of ex-Beatle John Lennon . A 25 - year battle by historian Jon Wiener based on FOIA , with the assistance of lawyers from the ACLU , eventually resulted in the release of documents like this one . This trend of unwillingness to release records was especially evident in the process of making public the FBI files on J. Edgar Hoover . Of the 164 files and about eighteen thousand pages collected by the FBI , two - thirds were withheld from Athan G. Theoharis and plaintiff , most notably one entire folder entitled the `` White House Security Survey . '' Despite finding out that the Truman Library had an accessible file which documented all the reports of this folder , the FBI and Office of Information and Privacy put forth `` stony resistance '' to the FOIA appeal process . ( I -- pg. 27 ) Some argue that it was not even this sixteen year series of three appeals to the Justice Department which gained a further opening of the files , but rather the case of Department of Justice v. Landano which spurred on a break in stolid FBI opposition . Murder trial ( edit ) A murder trial decided in 1993 , Department of Justice v. Landano , 508 U.S. 165 ( 1993 ) , involved what was alleged to be a felony murder committed during a group burglary by defendant Landano . Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the unanimous opinion . `` In an effort to support his claim in subsequent state court proceedings that the prosecution violated Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 ( 1963 ) , by withholding material exculpatory evidence , he filed Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) requests with the FBI for information it had compiled in connection with the murder investigation . '' In defense , the FBI put forth a claim that the redacted sections of the documents requested were withheld in accordance with FOIA regulations protecting the identity of informants who gave information regarding case details . However , O'Connor ruled that those who supplied information had no need to remain anonymous in the court setting . `` To the extent that the Government 's proof may compromise legitimate interests , the Government still can attempt to meet its burden with in camera affidavits . '' The court thus remanded the case to the Circuit Courts and rejected the FBI 's claim of confidentiality as being a valid reason to withhold information . `` While most individual sources may expect confidentiality , the Government offers no explanation , other than administrative ease , why that expectation always should be presumed . '' Thus , when Theoharis and company were in the middle of fighting in court to obtain J. Edgar Hoover files , they may well have benefited from Landano and also Janet Reno 's assertions of the government 's need for `` greater openness '' and `` discretionary releases '' in 1993 . Email ( edit ) In the case of Scott Armstrong v. Executive Office of the President , et al. , the White House used the PROFS computer communications software . With encryption designed for secure messaging , PROFS notes concerning the Iran -- Contra affair ( arms - for - hostages ) under the Reagan Administration were insulated . However , they were also backed up and transferred to paper memos . The National Security Council , on the eve of President George H.W. Bush 's inauguration , planned to destroy these records . The National Security Archive , Armstrong 's association for the preservation of government historical documents , obtained an injunction in Federal District Court against the head , John Fawcett , of the National Archives and Records Administration and the National Security Council 's purging of PROFS records . A Temporary Restraining Order was approved by Senior U.S. District Court Judge Barrington D. Parker . Suit was filed at District Court under Judge Richey , who upheld the injunction of PROFS records . Richey gave a further injunction to prevent a purging of the George H.W. Bush 's administration 's records as well . On counts of leaving the White House clean for the new Clinton Administration , the Bush group appealed but was denied its request . Finally , the Clinton Administration appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals , stating that the National Security Council was not truly an agency but a group of aides to the President and thus not subject to FOIA regulations . Under the Presidential Records Act , `` FOIA requests for NSC ( could ) not be filed until five years after the president ha ( d ) left office ... or twelve years if the records ( were ) classified . '' The Clinton administration won , and the National Security Archive was not granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court on these grounds . According to Scott Armstrong , taking into account labor and material costs , the three presidential administrations spent almost $9.3 million on contesting the National Security Archive FOIA requests for PROFS e-mail records . Secret email accounts and abusive fees ( edit ) The AP uncovered several federal agencies where staff regularly use fictitious identities and secret or unlisted email accounts to conduct government business . Their use stymied FOIA requests . In some cases , the government demanded enormous ( > $1 million ) fees for records that appeals show should be available for minimal cost . Processing performance by different government agencies ( edit ) The Center for Effective Government analyzed 15 federal agencies which receive the most FOIA requests in - depth . It concluded , that federal agencies are struggling to implement public disclosure rules . In the latest analysis published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) ten of the 15 did not earn satisfactory overall grades , scoring less than 70 out of a possible 100 points . Eight of the ten earned Ds , including the Department of Homeland Security ( 69 percent ) , Department of Transportation ( 68 percent ) , United States Department of the Treasury ( Treasury ) ( 68 percent ) , the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( 67 percent ) , the United States Department of Labor ( 63 percent ) , the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( 64 percent ) , the United States Department of Defense ( 61 percent ) , the Securities and Exchange Commission ( 61 percent ) . The Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of State earned an F. The State Department 's score ( 37 percent ) was dismal due to its extremely low processing score of 23 percent , which was completely out of line with any other agency 's performance . Scores of five agencies , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission , the Department of Health and Human Services , the SEC , the DOJ , and the EPA , even decreased marginally . See also ( edit ) Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy Declassification Freedom of information in the United States Glomar response Federal Records Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Branscomb , Anne ( 1994 ) . Who Owns Information ? : From Privacy To Public Access . BasicBooks . Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 552 ( a ) ( 4 ) ( F ) Jump up ^ `` FOIA Legislative History '' . The National Security Archive . The National Security Archive . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . `` Lyndon B. Johnson : `` Statement by the President Upon Signing the `` Freedom of Information Act . '' , July 4 , 1966. `` . The American Presidency Project . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Metcalfe , Daniel J. ( 23 May 2006 ) . The Presidential Executive Order on the Freedom of Information Act ( PDF ) . 4th International Conference of Information Commissioners . pp. 54 -- 74 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Office of Information and Privacy ( OIP ) ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ) . `` U.S. Department of Justice Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) General Information '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` FOIA Update : The Freedom of Information Act , 5 U.S.C. sect. 552 , As Amended By Public Law No. 104 - 231 , 110 Stat. 3048 '' . Office of Information and Privacy , U.S. Department of Justice . ^ Jump up to : ACLU Step - by - Step Guide to using the Freedom of Information Act ; American Civil Liberties Union Foundation pamphlet written by Allan Robert Adler , pp. 3 -- 5 , ISBN 0 - 86566 - 062 - X Jump up ^ `` USPS : ZIP Codes are `` Commercially Sensitive '' Trade Secrets `` . The WebLaws.org Blog . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Susan Dudley. 2012 . Freedom of Information Act . New York , NY : Marshall Cavendish Benchmark . Jump up ^ The enactment of Title 5 into positive law was done by Pub. L. 89 -- 554 , 80 Stat. 378 , enacted September 6 , 1966 . This means that while Title 5 existed before , it was merely a compilation of laws but not the law itself . Only about half of the U.S. Code is positive law , meaning the law itself . See uscode.house.gov for background on positive law codifiation of the U.S. Code . ^ Jump up to : `` Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms : Scalia , Rumsfeld , Cheney Opposed Open Government Bill ; Congress Overrode President Ford 's Veto of Court Review '' . Electronic Briefing Book No. 142 . National Security Archive ( George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ) . 2004 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Memorandum for President Ford from Ken Cole , `` H.R. 12471 , Amendments to the Freedom of Information Act , '' September 25 , 1974 Source : Gerald R. Ford Library . Document 10 . ^ Jump up to : Scalia , Antonin ( March 1982 ) . `` The Freedom of Information Act Has No Clothes '' ( PDF ) . Regulation. 6 ( 2 ) : 14 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Your Right to Federal Records : Questions and Answers on the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act . Electronic Privacy Information Center . 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Theoharis , Athan ( 1998 ) . A Culture of Secrecy : The Government Versus the People 's Right to Know . Kansas : University Press of Kansas . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Exec . Order No. 12356 , 3 C.F.R. 166 ( 1983 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brief Amici Curiae of The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press and the Society of Professional Journalists in support of Leslie R. Weatherhead , Respondent '' . United States of America , United States Department of Justice , and United States Department of State , Petitioners , v. Leslie R. Weatherhead , Respondent , in the Supreme Court of the United States . 1999 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` FOIA Reform Legislation Enacted : FOIA Update Vol . VII , No. 4 '' . U.S. Department of Justice . 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) '' . Illinois Institute of Technology Paul V. Galvin Library . Retrieved 2002 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Executive Order no . 13489 , Presidential Records , 74 FR 4669 ( January 21 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13489 on Presidential Records '' . fas.org . ^ Jump up to : `` FOIA Post : FOIA Amended by Intelligence Authorization Act '' . United States Department of Justice Office of Information and Privacy . 2002 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 107 -- 306 , 116 Stat. 2383 , § 312 ( to be codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( A ) , 5 U.S.C. § 552 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( E ) ) . Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 552 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( E ) ( ii ) ( as amended ) Jump up ^ 50 U.S.C. § 401a ( 4 ) ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Public Law 110 - 175 OPENNESS PROMOTES EFFECTIVENESS IN OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF 2007 '' . Government Printing Office . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` OGIS Home Page '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ President Bush Signs S. 2488 into Law FAS Project on Government Secrecy Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13526 '' . Federation of American Scientists . Jump up ^ `` House holds hearing on controversial SEC FOIA exemption '' . rcfp.org . Jump up ^ Guidance to Staff on Application of Section 929I of the Dodd - Frank Act ( modified : September 15 , 2010 ) from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Jump up ^ `` Schapiro explains why some info should be secret '' . CNN . September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bill Summary & Status - 111th Congress ( 2009 -- 2010 ) S. 3717 from THOMAS at the Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : United States Dep 't of Justice v. Landano , 373 U.S. 83 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Theoharis ( 1998 ) , pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Theoharis ( 1998 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Theoharis ( 1998 ) , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Gillum , Jack ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` TOP OBAMA APPOINTEES USING SECRET EMAIL ACCOUNTS '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US officials found to be using secret government email accounts '' . The Guardian . The Associated Press . 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woolery , Liz ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` ' Secret ' Email Accounts Raise More Questions , Concerns About Government Transparency '' . Chilling Effects Clearinghouse . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` While US Attorney General , Eric Holder Used Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's Birth Name as His Official Email Address '' . VICE News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` DEA wants $1.4 million before it will begin processing request '' . MuckRock . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Pentagon 's $660 million FOIA fee '' . MuckRock . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved 21 March 2016 Further reading ( edit ) Associated Press ( March 18 , 2016 ) , US Gov 't Sets Record for Failures to Find Files When Asked -- via New York Times External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 5 U.S.C. § 552 U.S. Department of Justice FOIA complete reference Freedom of Information Act Resources compiled by LLSDC.org Stanford Libraries FOIA archive -- Preserved collection of sites that deal with Freedom of Information Act ( FOIA ) requests and documents . This includes government sites that receive and distribute FOIA documents ( aka `` FOIA reading rooms '' ) as well as non-profit organizations and government watchdogs that request large numbers of FOIA documents on specific topics like national security and civil rights . Effect on Soviet Piracy in Cold War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Freedom of Information Act '' . Amend section 3 of the Administrative Procedure Act . Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress , compiled 1789 -- 2008 . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . July 4 , 1966 . Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T ( July 4 , 1966 ) . `` Statement by the President Upon Signing the `` Freedom of Information Act . '' `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . `` Want to Obtain FBI Records a Little Quicker ? Try New eFOIA System '' . FBI . November 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Mariano - Florentino Cuéllar ( January 12 , 2016 ) . Reflections on the U.S. Treasury Department in the Late 1990s ( video ) . ( Mentions inadequacy of government response to FOIA requests , e.g. around 22 min. in ) FOIA Wiki ( wiki maintained by Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press with explanatory entries on various aspects of FOIA , including caselaw , agency information , and recent FOIA decisions ) ( hide ) United States administrative law Concepts Adjudication Rulemaking Notice Nondelegation doctrine Federal legislation Administrative Procedure Act ( 1946 ) Freedom of Information Act ( 1966 ) Government in the Sunshine Act ( 1976 ) Regulatory Flexibility Act ( 1980 ) Regulations Code of Federal Regulations Federal Register Emergency Federal Register Regulations.gov Policies and manuals United States Attorneys ' Manual Foreign Affairs Manual Supreme Court decisions Londoner v. Denver ( 1908 ) Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization ( 1915 ) NLRB v. Hearst Publications ( 1944 ) Skidmore v. Swift & Co. ( 1944 ) Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB ( 1951 ) Goldberg v. Kelly ( 1970 ) Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe ( 1971 ) Mathews v. Eldridge ( 1976 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) MVMA v. State Farm ( 1983 ) Chevron v. NRDC ( 1984 ) United States v. Mead Corp. ( 2001 ) Whitman v. ATA ( 2001 ) NCTA v. Brand X ( 2005 ) VIAF : 174580759 LCCN : n79022150 GND : 4690713 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)&oldid=797696811 '' Categories : Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) Freedom of information legislation in the United States United States federal government administration legislation 1966 in law Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano Magyar Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 17 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where do they shoot orange is the new black
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Orange Is the New Black
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orange is the new black
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Orange Is the New Black ( sometimes abbreviated to OITNB ) is an American comedy - drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11 , 2013 on the streaming service Netflix . In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television .
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Orange Is the New Black has become Netflix 's most - watched original series . It has received critical acclaim and many accolades . For its first season , the series garnered 12 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama . For its second season , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , a Producers Guild of America Award , an American Film Institute award , and a Peabody Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.2. 1 Inmates 2.2. 2 Staff 2.2. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 Broadcast 5.1 Ratings 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 July 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 11 ) 13 June 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 06 ) 13 June 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) 13 June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 5 13 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The series revolves around Piper Chapman ( Taylor Schilling ) , a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary , a minimum - security women 's federal prison ( initially operated by the `` Federal Department of Corrections , '' a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons , and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation ( MCC ) , a private prison company ) in upstate New York . Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause ( Laura Prepon ) , an international drug smuggler . The offense was 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet , law - abiding life among New York 's upper middle class . Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé , family and friends . In prison , Piper is reunited with Alex ( who named Piper in her trial , resulting in Piper 's arrest ) and they re-examine their relationship . Simultaneously , Piper must learn how to survive in prison and how to overcome its numerous , inherent struggles . Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates ' and prison guards ' pasts . These flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison or develop the character 's backstory . The show pays close attention to how corruption , drug smuggling , funding cuts , overcrowding and guard brutality affect the prisoners ' health and well - being and the prison 's basic ability to fulfil its fundamental responsibilities and ethical obligations as a federal corrections institution . One of the show 's key conflicts involves the prison Director of Human Activities , Joe Caputo , whose efforts and aims as a warden constantly conflict with the business interests of MCC , which acquired the facility when it was about to be shut down . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Michelle Hurst as Miss Claudette Pelage , inmate ( season 1 ) Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom , Piper 's fiancé ( season 1 -- 2 , guest season 5 ) Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , Director of Human Activities , later Warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington , inmate ( seasons 1 -- 4 , guest season 5 ) Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Beth Fowler as Sister Jane Ingalls ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Barbara Rosenblat as Rosa `` Miss Rosa '' Cisneros ( seasons 1 -- 2 , guest season 3 ) Madeline Brewer as Tricia Miller ( season 1 ) Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso ( season 2 -- present ) Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin ( season 2 -- present ) Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lorraine Toussaint as Yvonne `` Vee '' Parker ( season 2 ) Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio ( season 3 -- present ) Blair Brown as Judy King ( season 3 -- present ) Ruby Rose as Stella Carlin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza ( season 4 -- present ) Francesca Curran as Helen Van Maele ( season 4 -- present ) Daniella De Jesus as `` Zirconia '' Cabrera ( season 4 -- present ) Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps ( season 4 -- present ) Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight ( season 4 -- present ) Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras ( season 4 -- present ) Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey ( season 4 -- present ) Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras ( season 4 -- present ) Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka ( season 4 -- present ) Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah ( season 4 -- present ) Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Brendan Burke as Wade Donaldson ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Lolita Foster as Eliqua Maxwell ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Germar Terrell Gardner as Charles Ford ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Matt McGorry as John Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Pablo Schreiber as George `` Pornstache '' Mendez ( seasons 1 -- 3 , guest season 5 ) Lauren Lapkus as Susan Fischer ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley ( season 3 -- present ) Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' ( season 3 -- present ) Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson ( season 3 -- present ) James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates ( season 3 -- present ) Mike Birbiglia as Danny Pearson ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Marsha Stephanie Blake as Berdie Rogers ( season 3 ) Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake ( season 4 -- present ) Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman ( season 4 -- present ) Mike Houston as Lee Dixon ( season 4 -- present ) Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Palladino as Josh ( season 4 -- present ) Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough ( season 4 -- present ) Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Others Michael Chernus as Cal Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tanya Wright as Crystal Burset ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Tracee Chimo as Neri Feldman ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Berto Colon as Cesar ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Maria Dizzia as Polly Harper ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Ian Paola as Yadriel ( season 2 -- present ) John Magaro as Vince Muccio ( season 3 -- present ) Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( season 3 , guest season 5 ) Production ( edit ) The series cast at The Paley Center For Media 's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kerman 's memoir after a friend sent it to her . She then set up a meeting with Kerman to pitch her on a TV adaptation , which she notes she `` screwed up '' as she spent most of the time asking Kerman about her experiences she described in the book rather than selling her on the show . This appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation . Kohan would later go on to describe the main character , Piper Chapman , as a `` trojan horse '' for the series , allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV . In July 2011 , it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13 - episode TV adaptation of Kerman 's memoirs with Kohan as creator . In November 2011 , negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit . Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling , the first to be cast , in the lead role as Piper Chapman , followed by Jason Biggs as Piper 's fiancé Larry Bloom . Laura Prepon and Yael Stone were next to join the series . Abigail Savage , who plays Gina , and Alysia Reiner , who plays Fig , had auditioned for role of Alex Vause . Prepon initially auditioned for Piper Chapman , however Kohan felt she would not worry about her ( in prison ) , noting a `` toughness and a presence to her that was n't right for the character . '' Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex. Stone had originally auditioned for the role of Nicky Nichols , but she was not considered `` tough enough '' for the character ; she was asked to audition for Lorna Morello instead . Likability was important for Morello , whom casting director Jen Euston deemed `` a very helpful , nice , sweet Italian girl . '' Laverne Cox , a black transgender woman , was cast as Sophia Burset , a transgender character . The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women - in - prison narrative to cast a transgender woman for this type of role . Natasha Lyonne was to audition for Alex , but was asked to read for the character Nicky Nichols ; `` ( Kohan knew ) she could do Nicky with her eyes closed . She was perfect , '' said Euston . Uzo Aduba read for the part of Janae Watson but was offered the character Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren . Taryn Manning was offered the role of Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett . This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a public radio host , but he declined . The role instead went to Robert Stanton , who plays the fictional host Maury Kind . The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield , New York , which is a real town in upstate New York , but it does not have a federal penitentiary . The series began filming in the old Rockland Children 's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County , New York , on March 7 , 2013 . The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself . On June 27 , 2013 , prior to the series premiere , Netflix renewed the show for a second season consisting of 13 episodes . For the second season , Uzo Aduba , Taryn Manning , Danielle Brooks , and Natasha Lyonne were promoted to series regulars . Laura Prepon did not return as a series regular for a second season because of scheduling conflicts , but returned for season 3 as a regular . On May 5 , 2014 , the series was renewed for a third season , as revealed by actress Laura Prepon . For the third season , several actors were promoted to series regulars , including Selenis Leyva , Adrienne C. Moore , Dascha Polanco , Nick Sandow , Yael Stone , and Samira Wiley . Both Jason Biggs and Pablo Schreiber were confirmed as not returning for the third season , but Schreiber appeared in the 10th episode of the third season . The series was renewed for a fourth season on April 15 , 2015 , prior to its third - season premiere . For the fourth season , Jackie Cruz and Lea DeLaria were promoted to series regulars ; with Elizabeth Rodriguez also being promoted by the season 's sixth episode . On February 5 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth and seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 93 % ( 40 reviews ) 79 ( 32 reviews ) 98 % ( 42 reviews ) 89 ( 31 reviews ) 96 % ( 24 reviews ) 83 ( 53 reviews ) 95 % ( 39 reviews ) 86 ( 19 reviews ) 5 74 % ( 35 reviews ) 67 ( 20 reviews ) Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award , May 2014 Orange Is the New Black has received critical acclaim , particularly praised for humanizing prisoners and for its depiction of race , sexuality , gender and body types . The first season received positive reviews from critics , review aggregator Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics , indicating favorable reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , season one has a 93 % approval rating based on 40 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus is `` Orange Is the New Black is a sharp mix of black humor and dramatic heft , with interesting characters and an intriguing flashback structure . '' Hank Stuever , television critic for The Washington Post , gave Orange Is the New Black a perfect score . In his review of the series , he stated : `` In Jenji Kohan 's magnificent and thoroughly engrossing new series , Orange Is the New Black , prison is still the pits . But it is also filled with the entire range of human emotion and stories , all of which are brought vividly to life in a world where a stick of gum could ignite either a romance or a death threat . '' Maureen Ryan , of The Huffington Post , wrote : `` Orange is one of the best new programs of the year , and the six episodes I 've seen have left me hungry to see more . '' The second season also received critical acclaim . Rotten Tomatoes gave a rating of 98 % , with an average rating of 9.1 out of 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` With a talented ensemble cast bringing life to a fresh round of serial drama , Orange Is the New Black 's sophomore season lives up to its predecessor 's standard for female - led television excellence . Metacritic gave the second season a score of 89 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the season a positive review , calling the first six episodes `` not only as great as the first season , but arguably better . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 24 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 96 % rating with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 53 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Thanks to its blend of potent comedy and rich character work , Orange is the New Black remains a bittersweet pleasure in its third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , it has a score of 86 out of 100 based on 19 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 95 % rating with an average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 39 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Orange is the New Black is back and better than ever , with a powerful fourth season full of compelling performances by the ensemble cast . '' James Poniewozik of The New York Times reviewed the fourth season as `` Do you measure the quality of a TV season as a beginning - to - end average or by how well it ends ? By the first yardstick , Season 4 is ambitious but uneven ; by the latter , it 's the series ' best . '' The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Orange Is the New Black Orange Is the New Black has received many accolades since its debut . The series has garnered 16 Emmy Award nominations and four wins . For its first season , it received 12 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Comedy Series , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series , winning three . Taylor Schilling received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Television Series -- Drama . In 2013 , the American Film Institute selected the series as one of the Top 10 Television Programs of the Year . A new Emmy rule in 2015 , classifying half - hour shows as comedies and hour - long shows as dramas , forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama for its second season . That year , the series received four Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , and Aduba won her second Emmy Award , for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . Orange Is the New Black became the first series to receive Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories . For its second season , the series also received three Golden Globe Award nominations : Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for Schilling , and Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film for Aduba . At the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , the series won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Aduba won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series . For its third season , Orange Is the New Black won Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( Aduba ) . It received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . The series has also received , among other accolades , six Writers Guild of America Award nominations , five Satellite Awards , four Critics ' Choice Television Awards , a GLAAD Media Award , an American Cinema Editors Award , a Producers Guild of America Award , and a Peabody Award . Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix is famously tight - fisted when it comes to offering up viewership data about its original series . But execs with the streaming giant have repeatedly confirmed that OITNB is its most - watched original series . That has been backed up by the efforts of outside measurement companies to track viewing in the Netflix eco-system . -- Variety The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19 , 2013 . It premiered in Australia on October 9 , 2013 , on Showcase . The second season began on Showcase on July 16 , 2014 , and the third season premiered on June 11 , 2015 . The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19 , 2017 . In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Ratings ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black generated more viewers and hours viewed in its first week than the other Netflix original series House of Cards and Arrested Development . In October 2013 , Netflix stated that the show is a `` tremendous success '' for the streaming platform . `` It will end the year as our most watched original series ever and , as with each of our other previously launched originals , enjoys an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV . '' As reported in February 2016 , Orange Is the New Black remains Netflix 's most - watched original series . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Orange Is the New Black is one of the shows most watched in urban areas , and despite its `` minority - rich ensemble cast , '' the series `` appeals more to a white audience . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . See also ( edit ) Incarceration of women in the United States Prison -- industrial complex Women in Prison ( 1987 ) List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of LGBT characters in television and radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dunne , Susan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Danbury Women 's Prison Setting For Netflix Original Series '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Duo Cast in Netflix 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Don Stark Upped on VH 's ' Bounce ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Sets Premiere Date for Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix renews Orange is the New Black for three more series '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys rules and quirks that explain the 2015 nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Boss Jenji Kohan on Running the Show Her Way '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Creator Jenji Kohan Talks ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK , Her Research Into Prison Life , and Graphic Sex Scenes '' . Collider . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange ' Creator Jenji Kohan : ' Piper Was My Trojan Horse ' '' . NPR . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix Eyeing Second Original Series -- Comedy From Weeds Creator Jenji Kohan '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Netflix , Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan 's ' Orange Is The New Black ' Comedy '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Taylor Schilling To Star in Jenji Kohan 's Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jason Biggs to Co-Star in Netflix 's ' Orange Is the New Black ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Fig Explains the ' Beer Can ' Scene '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Boo Was n't Originally Supposed To Be A Part Of ' Orange Is The New Black ' ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Down , Steve ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Yael Stone on Orange is the New Black : ' I was n't Sapphic enough to play Nicky ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Orley , Emily ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` How The `` Orange Is The New Black '' Cast Came To Be `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Diane ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Why You Should Watch ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Advocate . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black 's Uzo Aduba : ' How would make someone think I 'd be right for Crazy Eyes ? ' '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Ira Glass ' Politely Declined ' Role on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is the ' Orange is New Black ' Prison Real ? Yes , and it is Located Near Utica '' . WIBX 950 AM . January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serico , Chris ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix series ' Orange is the New Black ' filming in Rockland '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pate , Caroline ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Title Sequence Uses Actual Former Prisoners '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Renews Original Series `` Orange Is the New Black '' for Second Season '' ( Press release ) . Netflix . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Uzo Aduba Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' , Steven Culp In ' Revolution ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 3 : Laura Prepon Back as Series Regular ! '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' renewed for 3rd season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simms , Andrew ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' season 3 promotes Dascha Polanco to series regular '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Jason Biggs Not Returning to Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Gregory E. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Pornstache ' out ahead of ' Orange ' season 3 '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huggins , Sarah ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pablo Schreiber 's Pornstache has an ' OITNB ' Season 3 surprise in store for fans '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Renewed for Season 4 by Netflix '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Lea DeLaria Upped To Regular On ' Orange Is The New Black ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Seth ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` How ' Orange Is the New Black ' humanizes inmates '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Has ' Orange is the New Black ' Changed the Way We Think of Prisoners ? Former Inmates Say No , But There 's Progress Ahead '' . Bustle . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Great Orange Is the New Black Is Suddenly the Best Netflix Series Yet '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Rorke , Robert ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' ignites a TV revolution for women '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . McClelland , Mac ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : Girls Gone Wrong '' . Rolling Stone ( 1237 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Ross , L.A. ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Cast Dishes on Prison Sex , Women Calling the Shots , and What Red Did '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Gennis , Sadie ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Trans Actress Laverne Cox Breaks New Ground with Orange Is the New Black '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Schroeder , Audra ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` How `` Orange Is the New Black '' changed the way we talk about TV `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Poniewozik , James ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Dead Tree Alert : Orange Is the New Black Is the New Way of Talking About TV '' . Time . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 1 '' . Metacritic. 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steuver , Hank ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is the New Black : Brilliance behind bars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Review : Subversive Netflix Prison Drama Proves Addictive '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Reviews for Orange Is the New Black Season 2 '' . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiegland , David ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' review : Me vs. we '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Metacritic. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Metacritic. 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : It 's About Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is The New Black '' . Television Academy . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange is the New Black '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2013 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Emmys Rules and Quirks that Explain the 2015 Nominations '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Award Winners 2015 : Full List '' . Variety . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Nominees & Winners '' . Writers Guild of America . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Winners : Full List '' . Variety . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Takei , `` Orange is the New Black , '' `` Concussion '' among # GLAADAwards recipients in New York City `` . GLAAD . May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees for ACE Eddie Awards for Film Editing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Awards : ' Orange Is the New Black ' Wins Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Comedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . Peabody Awards . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is The New Black '' . TVNZ . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : Orange is the New Black '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most anticipated returning shows in 2014 '' . Foxtel . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange is the New Black S3 : same time as the US '' . Foxtel . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Channel U.K. Takes ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Andy ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Brilliant ' Orange ' '' . Grantland . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's No - Name Show Beating `` House of Cards '' and `` Arrested Development '' `` . All Things Digital . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ha , Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix : ' Orange Is The New Black ' Is Our Most - Watched Original , But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Brian Anthony ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Netflix 's Most - Watched Original Series '' . Mashable . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black renewed for three additional seasons '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Weatherford Millette , Sarah . `` The Representation of Latinas in Orange Is the New Black . '' MA Thesis . George Mason University , 2015 . Piper Kerman On Her Story That Inspired The Netflix Series Orange Is The New Black . June 2014 . The Diane Rehm Show . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orange Is the New Black . 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where do i get on the blue ridge parkway
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Blue Ridge parkway
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blue ridge parkway
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Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway route map Route information Maintained by NPS Length : 469 mi ( 755 km ) Existed : June 30 , 1936 ( 1936 - 06 - 30 ) -- present Major junctions North end : US 250 in Rockfish Gap , VA US 60 in Humphreys Gap , VA US 58 in Meadows of Dan , VA US 52 in Fancy Gap , VA US 21 in Alleghany County , NC US 70 in Asheville , NC US 25 in Buncombe County , NC US 23 / US 74 in Balsam Gap , NC US 19 in Soco Gap , NC South end : US 441 in Swain County , NC Location States : Virginia , North Carolina Highway system National Parkway National Scenic Byway The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All - American Road in the United States , noted for its scenic beauty . The parkway , which is America 's longest linear park , runs for 469 miles ( 755 km ) through 29 Virginia and North Carolina counties , linking Shenandoah National Park to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It runs mostly along the spine of the Blue Ridge , a major mountain chain that is part of the Appalachian Mountains . Its southern terminus is at U.S. 441 on the boundary between Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina , from which it travels north to Shenandoah National Park in Virginia . The roadway continues through Shenandoah as Skyline Drive , a similar scenic road which is managed by a different National Park Service unit . The parkway has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except three ( 1949 , 2013 , and 2016 ) . Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service , and in many places parkway land is bordered by United States Forest Service property . The parkway was on North Carolina 's version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ecology along the parkway 3 Route description 3.1 Highlights in Virginia 3.2 Highlights in North Carolina 4 Closures 5 Major intersections 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) View south at the north end of the parkway at Rockfish Gap , Virginia Begun during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt , the project was originally called the Appalachian Scenic Highway . Most construction was carried out by private contractors under federal contracts under an authorization by Harold L. Ickes in his role as federal public works administrator . Work began on September 11 , 1935 , near Cumberland Knob in North Carolina ; construction in Virginia began the following February . On June 30 , 1936 , Congress formally authorized the project as the Blue Ridge Parkway and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service . Some work was carried out by various New Deal public works agencies . The Works Progress Administration did some roadway construction . Crews from the Emergency Relief Administration carried out landscape work and development of parkway recreation areas . Personnel from four Civilian Conservation Corps camps worked on roadside cleanup , roadside plantings , grading slopes , and improving adjacent fields and forest lands . During World War II , the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program . The parkway 's construction created jobs in the region , but also displaced many residents and created new rules and regulations for landowners , including requirements related to how farmers could transport crops . Residents could no longer build on their lands without permission , or develop land except for agricultural use . They were not permitted to use the parkway for any commercial travel but were required to transport equipment and materials on side roads . The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were also affected by the parkway , which was built through their lands . From 1935 to 1940 , they resisted giving up the right - of - way through the Qualla Boundary , and they were successful in gaining more favorable terms from the U.S. government . Specifically , the revised bill `` specified the parkway route , assured the $40,000 payment for the tribe 's land , and required the state to build ( a ) regular highway through the Soco Valley '' . ( The highway referred to is part of U.S. Route 19 . ) Cherokee leaders participated in the dedications when the Cherokee sections opened in the 1950s . Construction of the parkway was complete by the end of 1966 with one notable exception . The 7.7 - mile ( 12.4 km ) stretch including the Linn Cove Viaduct around Grandfather Mountain did not open until 1987 . The project took over 52 years to complete . Ecology along the parkway ( edit ) Flowering shrubs and wildflowers dominate the parkway in the spring , including rhododendrons and dogwoods , moving from valleys to mountains as the cold weather retreats . Smaller annuals and perennials such as the daisy and aster flower through the summer . Brilliant autumn foliage occurs later in September on the mountaintops , descending to the valleys by later in October . Often in early - to - middle October and middle to late April , all three seasons can be seen simply by looking down from the cold and windy parkway to the green and warm valleys below . October is especially dramatic , as the colored leaves stand out boldly and occur mostly at the same time , unlike the flowers . Major trees include oak , hickory , and tulip tree at lower elevations and buckeye and ash in the middle , turning into conifers such as fir and spruce at the highest elevations on the parkway . Trees near ridges , peaks , and passes ( often called gaps or notches ) are often distorted and even contorted by the wind , and persistent rime ice is deposited by passing clouds in the winter . Route description ( edit ) The Blue Ridge Parkway tunnels were constructed through the rock -- one in Virginia and twenty - five in North Carolina . Sections of the parkway near the tunnels are often closed in winter . ( Due to dripping groundwater from above , freezing temperatures , and the lack of sunlight , ice often accumulates inside these areas even when the surrounding areas are above freezing . ) The highest point on the parkway ( south of Waynesville , near Mount Pisgah in North Carolina ) is 6,053 feet ( 1,845 m ) above sea level on Richland Balsam at Milepost 431 , and is often closed from November to April due to inclement weather such as snow , fog , and even freezing fog from low clouds . The parkway is carried across streams , railway ravines and cross roads by 168 bridges and six viaducts . Farm at the Humpback Rock The parkway runs from the southern terminus of Shenandoah National Park 's Skyline Drive in Virginia at Rockfish Gap to U.S. Route 441 at Oconaluftee in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park near Cherokee , North Carolina . There is no fee for using the parkway ; however , commercial vehicles are prohibited without approval from the Park Service Headquarters , near Asheville , North Carolina . The roadway is not maintained in the winter , and sections which pass over especially high elevations and through tunnels are often impassable and therefore closed from late fall through early spring . Weather is extremely variable in the mountains , so conditions and closures often change rapidly . The speed limit is never higher than 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) and lower in some sections . The parkway uses short side roads to connect to other highways , and there are no direct interchanges with Interstate Highways , making it possible to enjoy wildlife and other scenery without stopping for cross-traffic . Mileposts along the parkway start at zero at the northeast end in Virginia and count to 469 at the southern end in North Carolina . The mileposts can be found on the right - hand side of the road while traveling southbound on the parkway . Major towns and cities along the way include Waynesboro , Roanoke , and Galax in Virginia ; and in North Carolina , Boone and Asheville , where it runs across the property of the Biltmore Estate . The Blue Ridge Music Center ( also part of the park ) is located in Galax , and Mount Mitchell ( the highest point in eastern North America ) is only accessible via a state highway ( NC 128 ) from the parkway at milepost 355.4 . Highlights in Virginia ( edit ) Mabry Mill The view from Craggy Gardens on the Blue Ridge Parkway East Fork Overlook from Blue Ridge Parkway Mile 0 Rockfish Gap near Waynesboro , Virginia , is the northern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway . To the north the parkway connects directly to Skyline Drive , which winds 105 miles ( 169 km ) through Shenandoah National Park . 5 to 9.3 Humpback Rock has a self - guiding trail through a collection of old Appalachian farm buildings . A hiking trail from the parking area ( at mile 6.1 ) leads 0.75 miles ( 1.21 km ) to The Rocks , whose humped appearance gives the area its name . Greenstone self - guiding trail ( 8.8 ) . 10.7 Ravens Roost offers vistas of Torry Mountain and the Shenandoah Valley to the west . The overlook is built above a cliff , so it is frequently used for rock climbing and hang gliding . There is also a single picnic table . 16 Sherando Lake is a recreation area in George Washington National Forest 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) from the parkway via VA 814 . Swimming , picnicking , and camping . 29 Whetstone Ridge provided many a mountain man with a fine - grained sharpening stone . 34.4 Yankee Horse Ridge supposedly is where a hard - riding Union soldier 's horse fell and had to be shot . A reconstructed spur of an old logging railroad provides access to Wigwam Falls . 58 to 63.6 Otter Creek runs 10 miles ( 16 km ) down the Blue Ridge to the James River . Otter Lake ( 63.1 ) , fishing , trail . 63.8 The James River and Kanawha Canal is where a footbridge leads across the river to the restored canal locks and exhibits . A self - guiding trail follows the river bluff . 71 Onion Mountain 's short loop trail leads through rhododendron and mountain laurel . 83.4 Fallingwater Cascades can be seen along a 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) loop trail . 84 to 87 Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks which have been popular viewing sites since the days of Thomas Jefferson . A shuttle bus provides service to Sharp Top . 114.9 The Roanoke River Gorge is visible after a short walk . 120.4 Roanoke Mountain is a 3.7 - mile ( 6.0 km ) side trip . A one - way loop road , with steep grades , crosses over the mountain . Towed vehicles are prohibited . 129.6 Roanoke Valley Overlook gives a view of the largest city along the parkway . 154.5 Smart View is named for having `` a right smart view '' . A nearby cabin built in the 1890s is known as a spot for viewing dogwood blooms in early May . 167 to 174 Rocky Knob overlooks Rock Castle Gorge . 176.1 Mabry Mill was operated by E.B. Mabry from 1910 to 1935 . A trail leads to his gristmill , sawmill , blacksmith shop , and other exhibits. Old - time skills are demonstrated in the summer and fall . 188.8 Groundhog Mountain has a variety of rural fences : snake , Post-and - rail , picket and buck . Picnic grounds and observation tower are also nearby . 189.1 Groundhog Mountain 189.9 Aunt Orelena Puckett Cabin Exhibit was the home of an area midwife . 213 Blue Ridge Music Center near the town of Galax with concerts , music demonstrations , and a 17,000 - square - foot ( 1,600 m ) museum dedicated to anything musical , especially old - time music . Highlights in North Carolina ( edit ) Blue Ridge Parkway in autumn near Looking Glass Rock Black Balsam Knob , Graveyard Fields and Yellowstone Falls as seen at sunrise from Milepost 419 Sign marking the southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway , near Great Smoky Mountains National Park Blue Ridge Parkway featured in the 2015 America the Beautiful Quarters series The Blue Ridge Parkway crosses the North Carolina - Virginia state line at mile 216.9 . The 1749 party that surveyed the boundary included Peter Jefferson , father of Thomas Jefferson . Mile 217.5 Cumberland Knob , at 2,885 feet ( 879 m ) , is the centerpiece of a small parkway recreation area . 218.6 Fox Hunters Paradise , down a short walking path , is where hunters could listen to their hounds baying in the valley below . 238.5 Brinegar Cabin was built by Martin Brinegar about 1880 and lived in until the 1930s when the homestead was purchased from his widow for the parkway . The original cabin stands there today . 238.5 to 244.7 Doughton Park was named for Congressman Robert L. Doughton , a staunch supporter and neighbor of the parkway . The park has many miles of hiking trails , a lodge , dinner , picnic area and a campground . 258.6 Northwest Trading Post offers crafts from North Carolina 's northwestern counties . 260.6 Jumpinoff Rock is at the end of a short woodland trail . 264.4 The Lump is a grassy knob that provides views of the forested foothills . 272 E.B. Jeffress Park has a self - guided trail to a waterfall known as the Cascades . Another trail goes to an old cabin and church . 285.1 Daniel Boone 's Trace , which Boone blazed to the West , crosses near here . 292 to 295 Moses H. Cone Memorial Park has hiking , fishing and horse trails . Flat Top Manor , the former house of Moses H. Cone , is now used as the Parkway Craft Center . 295.1 to 298 Julian Price Memorial Park , the former retreat of the insurance executive Julian Price , offers a variety of hiking trails , campground , and 47 - acre ( 190,000 m ) Price Lake . This is the only lake on the parkway on which paddling is allowed . 304.4 Linn Cove Viaduct , the last segment of the parkway built , skirts the side of Grandfather Mountain . A visitor center is located nearby and provides access to a trail under the viaduct . 308.3 Flat Rock provides views of Grandfather Mountain and Linville Valley . 316.3 Linville Falls Recreation Area provides trails with overlooks of Linville Falls and the Linville Gorge . A campground and picnic area are also provided . 331 The Museum of North Carolina Minerals interprets the state 's mineral wealth . 339.5 Crabtree Meadows & Crabtree Falls is a parkway recreation area with a picnic area , campground , giftshop and hiking trails . 349.2 Laurel Knob provides views of Grandfather Mountain , Linville Mountain , Hawksbill Mountain , and Table Rock . 355.4 Mount Mitchell State Park , reached via N.C. 128 , is the highest point east of the Mississippi River . 359.8 Walker Knob , formerly known as Balsam Gap , is located where the Black Mountains and the Great Craggy Mountains meet . 361.2 Glassmine Falls is an 800 - foot ( 240 m ) ephemeral waterfall visible from an overlook on the side of the parkway . 363.4 to 369.6 Craggy Gardens in the Great Craggy Mountains are covered with purple rhododendron in mid-to - late June . Craggy Pinnacle Trail and other trails ( 364.1 and 364.6 ) ; road to picnic area and trails ( 367.6 ) . 382 The Folk Art Center is the flagship facility of the Southern Highland Craft Guild . It offers sales and exhibits of traditional and contemporary crafts of the Appalachian region . There are interpretive programs , three galleries , a library and a book store . 384 The Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center is the newest along the parkway . Exhibits focus on the history and heritage of the parkway and western North Carolina . 408.6 Mount Pisgah was part of the Biltmore Estate . The estate became home of the first forestry school in America and the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest . Also located here is the Pisgah Inn resort , a park service concession . 417 Looking Glass Rock is visible from many spots on the parkway starting at Mount Pisgah . 418 East Fork Overlook . Located here are the headwaters of the Pigeon River . Yellowstone Falls is a short distance away and gets its name from the yellowish moss covering the rocks . 420.2 Shining Rock Wilderness is the largest wilderness area in North Carolina , covering 18,483 acres ( 74.80 km ) , with 25 miles ( 40 km ) of trails and peaks over 6,000 ft ( 1,800 m ) . The wilderness is named for Shining Rock . 420.2 Black Balsam Knob is a grassy bald with panoramic views just outside the Shining Rock Wilderness in Pisgah National Forest . The wilderness area also includes Cold Mountain . 422.4 Devil 's Courthouse is a rugged exposed mountaintop rich in Cherokee traditions . 423.5 Herrin Knob Overlook . A hiking trail goes around Tanasee Bald and Herrin Knob . Tanasee Bald ( 423.7 ) is said to be the home of the mythical Cherokee giant Tsul ' Kalu . 431 Richland Balsam is the highest point on the parkway at 6,053 feet ( 1,845 m ) . There is a self - guiding trail that passes through a remnant spruce - fir forest . 435.7 Licklog Ridge once hosted cattlemen and their herds of cattle before it became part of the national forest . The area earns its name from the cattlemen who would place rocks of salt into logs and holes in the earth . 451.2 Waterrock Knob provides a panorama of the Great Smokies , visitor center , trail , comfort station , exhibits . 458.2 Heintooga Ridge Road runs north from the parkway 8.8 miles ( 14.2 km ) to Heintooga Overlook in Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Mile 469 The southern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway intersects with U.S. 441 in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the Cherokee Reservation near Cherokee , North Carolina . Closures ( edit ) It is not unusual for small sections of the parkway to be temporarily closed to repair damage caused by the cold winter climate of the mountains or for other maintenance . Detours caused by these closures are well - marked , and are arranged to cause as little disruption as possible , though maintenance such as repaving only warrants a stop / slow switch with a one - lane only restriction . Due to serious damage in 2004 from Hurricane Frances , then again by Hurricane Ivan , many areas along the parkway were closed until the spring of 2005 , with two areas that were not fully repaired until the spring of 2006 . Major intersections ( edit ) Commonwealth / State County Location mi km Destinations Notes Virginia Augusta Rockfish Gap 0.00 0.00 US 250 to I - 64 / Skyline Drive north -- Charlottesville , Waynesboro , Shenandoah National Park One - quadrant interchange plus connector road ; northern terminus of parkway ; I - 64 exit 99 Reids Gap 13.7 22.0 SR 664 ( Beech Grove Road / Reeds Gap Road ) -- Waynesboro Nelson 16.0 25.7 SR 814 ( Campbells Mountain Road ) to SR 56 Unpaved road 16.1 25.9 SR 814 ( Love Road ) -- Sherando Lake Tye River Gap 27.1 43.6 SR 56 -- Montebello , Steele 's Tavern One - quadrant interchange Rockbridge Humphreys Gap 45.5 73.2 US 60 -- Buena Vista , Amherst One - quadrant interchange Amherst Otter Creek 61.3 98.7 SR 130 -- Natural Bridge , Lynchburg One - quadrant interchange Bedford 63.9 102.8 US 501 -- Big Island , Glasgow One - quadrant interchange Peaks of Otter 85.9 138.2 SR 43 south -- Bedford North end of SR 43 overlap ; north end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 ( southern segment ) Botetourt Powell Gap 89.0 143.2 SR 618 north Bearwallow Gap 90.9 146.3 SR 43 north -- Buchanan Two - quadrant interchange ; south end of SR 43 overlap ; south end of VDOT maintenance of SR 43 ( northern segment ) 105.9 170.4 US 460 ( US 221 ) -- Bedford , Roanoke Two - quadrant interchange Roanoke 112.3 180.7 SR 24 -- Stewartsville , Vinton , Roanoke , Booker T. Washington National Monument Two - quadrant interchange 115.2 185.4 Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center , Virginia 's Explore Park ( Roanoke River Parkway ) 120.5 193.9 Mill Mountain Park & Zoo , Historic Roanoke Star , Downtown Roanoke ( Mill Mountain Parkway ) 121.4 195.4 US 220 -- Rocky Mount , Roanoke Two - quadrant interchange Adney Gap 136.0 218.9 US 221 Connector road Floyd 159.3 256.4 SR 860 ( Shooting Creek Road ) Former SR 109 Tuggle Gap 165.1 265.7 SR 8 -- Floyd , Stuart One - quadrant interchange 174.0 280.0 SR 799 ( Conner Grove Road ) former SR 102 north 174.1 280.2 SR 758 ( Woodberry Road ) former SR 102 south 174.2 280.3 SR 758 ( Buffalo Mountain Road ) Patrick Meadows of Dan 177.7 286.0 US 58 ( via US 58 Bus . ) -- Stuart , Hillsville Parkway and US 58 grade - separated ; two - quadrant interchange with US 58 Bus . Patrick -- Carroll county line Willis Gap 192.1 309.2 SR 771 ( Willis Gap Road ) Carroll 199.0 320.3 SR 608 ( Lightning Ridge Road ) 199.2 320.6 SR 608 ( Ranger Road ) Fancy Gap 199.4 320.9 US 52 to I - 77 -- Mt . Airy , Hillsville Two - quadrant interchange Grayson Low Gap 215.7 347.1 SR 89 -- Mt . Airy , Galax One - quadrant interchange North Carolina Alleghany 217.2 349.5 NC 18 -- Sparta , Mt . Airy One - quadrant interchange 229.6 369.5 US 21 -- Roaring Gap , Sparta Two - quadrant interchange 248.0 399.1 NC 18 -- North Wilkesboro , Laurel Springs One - quadrant interchange Ashe Miller Gap 258.7 416.3 Trading Post Road -- Glendale Springs Horse Gap 261.2 420.4 NC 16 -- North Wilkesboro , West Jefferson Two - quadrant interchange Watauga Deep Gap 276.5 445.0 US 421 -- Boone , Wilkesboro , North Wilkesboro One - quadrant interchange 280.9 452.1 Old US 421 Connector road 290.8 468.0 Green Hill Road 291.9 469.8 US 221 / US 321 -- Blowing Rock , Boone Two - quadrant interchange Avery 294.6 474.1 US 221 -- Linville , Grandfather Mountain One - quadrant interchange 312.1 502.3 NC 181 -- Pineola , Morganton One - quadrant interchange 316.4 509.2 Linville Falls Road -- Linville Falls 317.5 511.0 US 221 -- Linville Falls Community One - quadrant interchange Mitchell Gillespie Gap 330.8 532.4 NC 226 -- Spruce Pine , Marion One - quadrant interchange 333.9 537.4 NC 226A -- Little Switzerland One - quadrant interchange / connector road hybrid Yancey Buck Creek Gap 344.1 553.8 NC 80 -- Marion , Burnsville One - quadrant interchange Black Mountain Gap 355.4 572.0 NC 128 -- Mount Mitchell State Park Buncombe Bull Gap 375.7 604.6 Elk Mountain Scenic Highway -- Weaverville To Vance Birthplace Craven Gap 377.4 607.4 NC 694 south ( Town Mountain Road ) Asheville 382.6 615.7 US 70 ( Tunnel Road ) -- Black Mountain , Asheville Two - quadrant interchange 384.8 619.3 US 74A to I ‐ 40 / I ‐ 240 -- Asheville Two - quadrant interchange 388.8 625.7 US 25 -- Hendersonville , Asheville , NC Arboretum Two - quadrant interchange 393.6 633.4 NC 191 to I ‐ 26 -- Asheville , Hendersonville One - quadrant interchange Henderson Elk Pasture Gap 405.6 652.7 NC 151 north -- Candler Haywood Wagon Road Gap 411.8 662.7 US 276 -- Brevard , Waynesville One - quadrant interchange Transylvania Beech Gap 423.3 681.2 NC 215 One - quadrant interchange Haywood Balsam Gap 443.5 713.7 US 74 / US 23 -- Waynesville , Sylva One - quadrant interchange Soco Gap 455.7 733.4 US 19 ( Soco Road ) -- Cherokee , Maggie Valley Two - quadrant interchange Jackson Wolf Laurel Gap 458.2 737.4 Balsam Mountain , Black Camp Gap , Masonic Marker ( Heintooga Ridge Road ) Swain Ravensford 469.1 754.9 US 441 -- Cherokee , Great Smoky Mountains National Park , Gatlinburg Southern terminus of parkway 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus See also ( edit ) U.S. Roads portal North Carolina portal Virginia portal Skyline Drive Natchez Trace Parkway Cherohala Skyway Foothills Parkway Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though current plans for Interstate 73 take it along current US 220 at its parkway interchange . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway '' . The Cultural Landscape Foundation . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America the Beautiful Quarters '' . U.S. Mint . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chesto , Shawna ( Summer 2007 ) . `` The Effect of the Blue Ridge Parkway on Appalachian Farmers '' . Appalachian State University . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Anne V. ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Culture , History , and Development on the Qualla Boundary '' . Appalachian Journal . 24 ( 2 ) : 144 -- 191 . JSTOR 40933835 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jeff ( January 2015 ) . `` Road with a View : Blue Ridge Parkway '' . Civil Engineering Magazine . American Society of Civil Engineers : 42 -- 45 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Monte ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` 25 - Year - Old Linn Cove Viaduct Floats Around Grandfather Mountain '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whisnant , Anne M. ( 2006 ) . Super-Scenic Motorway : A Blue Ridge Parkway History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 45 -- 46 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` § 5.6 Commercial vehicles '' . Code of Federal Regulations . Jump up ^ Much of the following information comes from National Park Service ( 2004 ) . Blue Ridge Parkway : North Carolina , Virginia ( Map ) . ( c. 1 : 500,000 ) . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . OCLC 86108275 . GPO : 2003 - 496 - 196 / 40572 Reprint 2004 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ USGS topos Jump up ^ Digital Confections LLC ( February 2016 ) . Blue Ridge Companion . iOS . Further reading ( edit ) Hall , Karen J. ; Friends of the Blue Ridge Parkway ( 2007 ) . Building the Blue Ridge Parkway . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0738552879 . Whisnant , Anne Mitchell ( 2006 ) . Super-Scenic Motorway : A Blue Ridge Parkway History . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7126 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Ridge Parkway . KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Blue Ridge Parkway KML is from Wikidata Blue Ridge Parkway travel guide from Wikivoyage National Park Service : Blue Ridge Parkway Blue Ridge Parkway Association Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia Driving Through Time : The Digital Blue Ridge Parkway Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NC - 42 , `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Between Shenandoah National Park & Great Smoky Mountains , Asheville , Buncombe County , NC '' , 243 photos , 26 color transparencies , 28 measured drawings , 346 data pages , 40 photo caption pages HAER No . NC - 42 - A , `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Linn Cove Viaduct , On Grandfather Mountain , Asheville , Buncombe County , NC '' , 41 data pages Protected areas of Virginia Federal National Parks Shenandoah National Historical Parks , Historic Sites & Monuments Appomattox Court House NHP Arlington House Booker T. Washington NM Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP Claude Moore Colonial Farm Colonial NHP Cumberland Gap NHP Fort Monroe NM George Washington Birthplace NM Harpers Ferry NHP Maggie L. Walker NHS National Military Parks , Battlefields & Battlefield Parks Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania NMP Manassas NBP Petersburg NB Richmond NBP National Cemeteries Alexandria Arlington Balls Bluff City Point Cold Harbor Culpeper Danville Fort Harrison Fredericksburg Glendale Hampton Hampton VA Poplar Grove Quantico Richmond Seven Pines Staunton Winchester Yorktown National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway George Washington Memorial Parkway National Trails Appalachian Trail Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT Overmountain Victory NHT Potomac Heritage Trail Star - Spangled Banner NHT National Wildlife Refuges Back Bay Chincoteague Eastern Shore of Virginia Mason Neck Featherstone Fisherman Island Glenn Martin Great Dismal Swamp James River Nansemond Occoquan Bay Plum Tree Island Presquile Rappahannock River Valley Wallops Island National Forests George Washington and Jefferson USFS National Recreation Areas Mount Rogers National Recreation Area Other NPS Areas Assateague Island National Seashore Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network Prince William Forest Park Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts Wilderness Areas Barbours Creek James River Face Mountain Lake Priest Ramsey 's Draft Rich Hole Rough Mountain Saint Mary 's Three Ridges National Estuarine Research Reserves Chesapeake Bay State State parks Bear Creek Lake Belle Isle Biscuit Run Breaks Interstate Caledon Chippokes Plantation Claytor Lake Douthat Fairy Stone False Cape First Landing Grayson Highlands High Bridge Trail Holliday Lake Hungry Mother James River Kiptopeke Lake Anna Leesylvania Mason Neck Natural Bridge Natural Tunnel New River Trail Occoneechee Pocahontas Powhatan Sailor 's Creek Battlefield Shot Tower Shenandoah River Sky Meadows Smith Mountain Lake Southwest Virginia Museum Staunton River Staunton River Battlefield Tabb Monument Twin Lakes Westmoreland Wilderness Road York River State forests Appomattox - Buckingham Big Woods Bourassa Browne Channels Chilton Woods Conway - Robinson Crawfords Cumberland Devil 's Backbone Dragon Run Hawks Lesesne Matthews Moore 's Creek Niday Place Paul Prince Edward - Gallion Sandy Point Whitney Zoar Natural Area Preserves Antioch Pines Bethel Beach Big Spring Bog Blackwater Buffalo Mountain Bull Run Mountains Bush Mill Stream Camp Branch Wetlands Cape Charles Coastal Habitat The Cedars The Channels Cherry Orchard Bog Chestnut Creek Wetlands Chestnut Ridge Chotank Creek Chub Sandhill Cleveland Barrens Clover Hollow Cowbane Prairie Crow 's Nest Cumberland Marsh Dameron Marsh Deep Run Ponds Dendron Swamp Difficult Creek Elklick Woodlands False Cape Folly Mills Creek Fen Goshen Pass Grafton Ponds Grassy Hill Grayson Glades Hickory Hollow Hughlett Point Johnsons Creek Magothy Bay Mark 's and Jack 's Island Mount Joy Pond Mutton Hunk Fen Naked Mountain New Point Comfort North Landing River Northwest River Ogdens Cave Parkers Marsh Parramore Island Pedlar Hills Glades Pinnacle Poor Mountain Redrock Mountain Savage Neck Dunes Unthanks Cave William B. Trower Bayshore Wreck Island Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Big Survey Big Woods Briery Creek Chester F. Phelps Cavalier Chickahominy Clinch Mountain Crooked Creek Dick Cross Fairystone Farms Featherfin G. Richard Thompson Game Farm Marsh Goshen and Little North Mountain Hardware River Havens Hidden Valley Highland Hog Island Horsepen Lake James River Land 's End Mattaponi Mockhorn Island Pettigrew Powhatan Princess Anne Ragged Island Rapidan Saxis Short Hills Smith Mountain Cooperative Stewarts Creek T.M. Gathright Turkeycock Weston White Oak Mountain Other Registered Historic Places in Virginia Virginia Landmarks Register National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Bridges National Historic Landmarks Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Virginia Department of Historic Resources Protected areas of North Carolina Federal National Parks Great Smoky Mountains National Historic Sites Carl Sandburg Home Fort Raleigh National Memorials Wright Brothers National Military Parks Guilford Courthouse National Battlefields Moores Creek National Parkways Blue Ridge Parkway ( Crabtree Falls Craggy Gardens Cumberland Knob Doughton Park E.B. Jeffress Park Julian Price Memorial Park Linville Falls Moses H. Cone Memorial Park Mount Pisgah Waterrock Knob ) National Trails Appalachian Trail Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail National Seashores Cape Hatteras Cape Lookout National Marine Sanctuary Monitor National Estuarine Research Reserve Currituck Banks Rachel Carson Masonboro Island Zeke 's Island National Forests Cherokee Croatan Nantahala Pisgah Uwharrie National Wildlife Refuges Alligator River Cedar Island Currituck Mackay Island Mattamuskeet Pea Island Pee Dee Pocosin Lakes Roanoke River Swanquarter Wilderness Areas Birkhead Mountains Catfish Lake South Ellicott Rock Joyce Kilmer - Slickrock Linville Gorge Middle Prong Pocosin Pond Pine Sheep Ridge Shining Rock Southern Nantahala Swanquarter Wilderness Study Areas Craggy Mountain Harper Creek Lost Cove Overflow Snowbird Wild and Scenic Rivers Chattooga River Horsepasture River Lumber River New River Wilson Creek State State Parks Carolina Beach Carvers Creek Chimney Rock Cliffs of the Neuse Crowders Mountain Dismal Swamp Elk Knob Eno River Fort Macon Goose Creek Gorges Grandfather Mountain Hammocks Beach Hanging Rock Haw River Jockey 's Ridge Jones Lake Lake James Lake Norman Lake Waccamaw Lumber River Mayo River Medoc Mountain Merchants Millpond Morrow Mountain Mount Mitchell New River Pettigrew Pilot Mountain Raven Rock Singletary Lake South Mountains Stone Mountain William B. Umstead State Recreation Areas Falls Lake Fort Fisher Jordan Lake Kerr Lake State Natural Areas Hemlock Bluffs Masonboro Island Mount Jefferson Occoneechee Mountain Theodore Roosevelt Weymouth Woods See also List of North Carolina State Natural Areas State Lakes Bay Tree Lake Jones Lake Lake Phelps Salters Lake Singletary Lake Lake Waccamaw White Lake State Trails Deep River French Broad River Mountains - to - Sea Yadkin River State Rivers Horsepasture River Linville River Lumber River New River State Forests Bladen Lakes DuPont Clemmons Holmes Jordan Lake Mountain Island Rendezvous Mountain Turnbull Creek Tuttle State Historic Sites Alamance Battleground Charles B. Aycock Birthplace Historic Bath Bennett Place Bentonville Battleground Brunswick Town / Fort Anderson C.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial Charlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial Duke Homestead Historic Edenton Fort Dobbs Fort Fisher Historic Halifax Horne Creek Living Historical Farm House in the Horseshoe North Carolina Transportation Museum President James K. Polk Historic Site Reed Gold Mine Somerset Place Stagville State Capitol Town Creek Indian Mound Tryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens Zebulon B. Vance Birthplace Thomas Wolfe Memorial NC Coastal Reserve Kitty Hawk Woods Emily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge Buxton Woods Permuda Island Bald Head Woods Bird Island Other Nature centers List of nature centers in North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Parkway&oldid=821531842 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Blue Ridge Parkway Appalachian culture Historic American Engineering Record in North Carolina Historic American Engineering Record in Virginia Landmarks in North Carolina Landmarks in Virginia Southern Sixers Protected areas of the Appalachians Protected areas of Alleghany County , North Carolina Protected areas of Surry County , North Carolina Protected areas of Wilkes County , North Carolina Protected areas of Ashe County , North Carolina Protected areas of Watauga County , North Carolina Protected areas of Caldwell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Avery County , North Carolina Protected areas of Burke County , North Carolina Protected areas of McDowell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Mitchell County , North Carolina Protected areas of Yancey County , North Carolina Protected areas of Buncombe County , North Carolina Protected areas of Henderson County , North Carolina Protected areas of Transylvania County , North Carolina Protected areas of Haywood County , North Carolina Protected areas of Jackson County , North Carolina Protected areas of Swain County , North Carolina Protected areas of Floyd County , Virginia Protected areas of Franklin County , Virginia Protected areas of Patrick County , Virginia Protected areas of Carroll County , Virginia Protected areas of Roanoke County , Virginia Protected areas of Bedford County , Virginia Protected areas of Amherst County , Virginia Protected areas of Nelson County , Virginia Protected areas of Albemarle County , Virginia Protected areas of Augusta County , Virginia Transportation in Alleghany County , North Carolina Transportation in Surry County , North Carolina Transportation in Wilkes County , North Carolina Transportation in Ashe County , North Carolina Transportation in Watauga County , North Carolina Transportation in Caldwell County , North Carolina Transportation in Avery County , North Carolina Transportation in Burke County , North Carolina Transportation in McDowell County , North Carolina Transportation in Mitchell County , North Carolina Transportation in Yancey County , North Carolina Transportation in Buncombe County , North Carolina Transportation in Henderson County , North Carolina Transportation in Transylvania County , North Carolina Transportation in Haywood County , North Carolina Transportation in Jackson County , North Carolina Transportation in Swain County , North Carolina Transportation in Floyd County , Virginia Transportation in Franklin County , Virginia Transportation in Patrick County , Virginia Transportation in Carroll County , Virginia Transportation in Roanoke County , Virginia Transportation in Bedford County , Virginia Transportation in Amherst County , Virginia Transportation in Nelson County , Virginia Transportation in Albemarle County , Virginia Transportation in Augusta County , Virginia Yadkin - Pee Dee River Basin 1936 establishments in North Carolina Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from July 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox road temporary tracking category 1 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 01 : 52 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Ridge%20Parkway
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which receptors are responsible for the perception of color
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Color vision
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color vision
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Color vision is the ability of an organism or machine to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths ( or frequencies ) of the light they reflect , emit , or transmit . Colors can be measured and quantified in various ways ; indeed , a person 's perception of colors is a subjective process whereby the brain responds to the stimuli that are produced when incoming light reacts with the several types of cone cells in the eye . In essence , different people see the same illuminated object or light source in different ways .
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Contents 1 Wavelength and hue detection 2 Physiology of color perception 2.1 Theories 2.2 Cone cells in the human eye 2.3 Color in the human brain 2.4 Subjectivity of color perception 2.5 In other animal species 3 Evolution 4 Mathematics of color perception 5 Chromatic adaptation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Wavelength and hue detection ( edit ) Isaac Newton discovered that white light , after being split into its component colours when passed through a dispersive prism , could be recombined to make white light by passing them thorugh a different prism . The characteristic colours are , from long to short wavelengths ( and , correspondingly , from low to high frequency ) , red , orange , yellow , green , blue , and violet . Sufficient differences in wavelength cause a difference in the perceived hue ; the just - noticeable difference in wavelength varies from about 1 nm in the blue - green and yellow wavelengths , to 10 nm and more in the longer red and shorter blue wavelengths . Although the human eye can distinguish up to a few hundred hues , when those pure spectral colors are mixed together or diluted with white light , the number of distinguishable chromaticities can be quite high . In very low light levels , vision is scotopic : light is detected by rod cells of the retina . Rods are maximally sensitive to wavelengths near 500 nm , and play little , if any , role in colour vision . In brighter light , such as daylight , vision is photopic : light is detected by cone cells which are responsible for colour vision . Cones are sensitive to a range of wavelengths , but are most sensitive to wavelengths near 555 nm . Between these regions , mesopic vision comes into play and both rods and cones provide signals to the retinal ganglion cells . The shift in colour perception from dim light to daylight gives rise to differences known as the Purkinje effect The perception of `` white '' is formed by the entire spectrum of visible light , or by mixing colours of just a few wavelengths in animals with few types of colour receptors . In humans , white light can be perceived by combining wavelengths such as red , green , and blue , or just a pair of complementary colours such as blue and yellow . Physiology of color perception ( edit ) The modern model of human color perception as it occurs in the retina , pertaining to both the trichromatic and opponent process theories introduced in the 19th century . Normalized response spectra of human cones , to monochromatic spectral stimuli , with wavelength given in nanometers . The same figures as above represented here as a single curve in three ( normalized cone response ) dimensions Photopic relative brightness sensitivity of the human visual system as a function of wavelength ( luminosity function ) Perception of color begins with specialized retinal cells containing pigments with different spectral sensitivities , known as cone cells . In humans , there are three types of cones sensitive to three different spectra , resulting in trichromatic color vision . Each individual cone contains pigments composed of opsin apoprotein , which is covalently linked to either 11 - cis - hydroretinal or more rarely 11 - cis - dehydroretinal . The cones are conventionally labeled according to the ordering of the wavelengths of the peaks of their spectral sensitivities : short ( S ) , medium ( M ) , and long ( L ) cone types . These three types do not correspond well to particular colors as we know them . Rather , the perception of color is achieved by a complex process that starts with the differential output of these cells in the retina and it will be finalized in the visual cortex and associative areas of the brain . For example , while the L cones have been referred to simply as red receptors , microspectrophotometry has shown that their peak sensitivity is in the greenish - yellow region of the spectrum . Similarly , the S - and M - cones do not directly correspond to blue and green , although they are often described as such . The RGB color model , therefore , is a convenient means for representing color , but is not directly based on the types of cones in the human eye . The peak response of human cone cells varies , even among individuals with so - called normal color vision ; in some non-human species this polymorphic variation is even greater , and it may well be adaptive . Theories ( edit ) Two complementary theories of color vision are the trichromatic theory and the opponent process theory . The trichromatic theory , or Young -- Helmholtz theory , proposed in the 19th century by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz , as mentioned above , states that the retina 's three types of cones are preferentially sensitive to blue , green , and red . Ewald Hering proposed the opponent process theory in 1872 . It states that the visual system interprets color in an antagonistic way : red vs. green , blue vs. yellow , black vs. white . Both theories are now accepted as valid , describing different stages in visual physiology , visualized in the diagram on the right . Green ← → Magenta and Blue ← → Yellow are scales with mutually exclusive boundaries . In the same way that there can not exist a `` slightly negative '' positive number , a single eye can not perceive a bluish - yellow or a reddish - green . Cone cells in the human eye ( edit ) Cone type Name Range Peak wavelength β 400 -- 500 nm 420 -- 440 nm γ 450 -- 630 nm 534 -- 555 nm ρ 500 -- 700 nm 564 -- 580 nm A range of wavelengths of light stimulates each of these receptor types to varying degrees . Yellowish - green light , for example , stimulates both L and M cones equally strongly , but only stimulates S - cones weakly . Red light , on the other hand , stimulates L cones much more than M cones , and S cones hardly at all ; blue - green light stimulates M cones more than L cones , and S cones a bit more strongly , and is also the peak stimulant for rod cells ; and blue light stimulates S cones more strongly than red or green light , but L and M cones more weakly . The brain combines the information from each type of receptor to give rise to different perceptions of different wavelengths of light . The opsins ( photopigments ) present in the L and M cones are encoded on the X chromosome ; defective encoding of these leads to the two most common forms of color blindness . The OPN1LW gene , which codes for the opsin present in the L cones , is highly polymorphic ( a recent study by Verrelli and Tishkoff found 85 variants in a sample of 236 men ) . A very small percentage of women may have an extra type of color receptor because they have different alleles for the gene for the L opsin on each X chromosome . X chromosome inactivation means that while only one opsin is expressed in each cone cell , both types occur overall , and some women may therefore show a degree of tetrachromatic color vision . Variations in OPN1MW , which codes the opsin expressed in M cones , appear to be rare , and the observed variants have no effect on spectral sensitivity . Color in the human brain ( edit ) Visual pathways in the human brain . The ventral stream ( purple ) is important in color recognition . The dorsal stream ( green ) is also shown . They originate from a common source in the visual cortex . Color processing begins at a very early level in the visual system ( even within the retina ) through initial color opponent mechanisms . Both Helmholtz 's trichromatic theory , and Hering 's opponent process theory are therefore correct , but trichromacy arises at the level of the receptors , and opponent processes arise at the level of retinal ganglion cells and beyond . In Hering 's theory opponent mechanisms refer to the opposing color effect of red -- green , blue -- yellow , and light -- dark . However , in the visual system , it is the activity of the different receptor types that are opposed . Some midget retinal ganglion cells oppose L and M cone activity , which corresponds loosely to red -- green opponency , but actually runs along an axis from blue - green to magenta . Small bistratified retinal ganglion cells oppose input from the S cones to input from the L and M cones . This is often thought to correspond to blue -- yellow opponency , but actually runs along a color axis from yellow - green to violet . Visual information is then sent to the brain from retinal ganglion cells via the optic nerve to the optic chiasma : a point where the two optic nerves meet and information from the temporal ( contralateral ) visual field crosses to the other side of the brain . After the optic chiasma the visual tracts are referred to as the optic tracts , which enter the thalamus to synapse at the lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN ) . The lateral geniculate nucleus is divided into laminae ( zones ) , of which there are three types : the M - laminae , consisting primarily of M - cells , the P - laminae , consisting primarily of P - cells , and the koniocellular laminae . M - and P - cells receive relatively balanced input from both L - and M - cones throughout most of the retina , although this seems to not be the case at the fovea , with midget cells synapsing in the P - laminae . The koniocellular laminae receive axons from the small bistratified ganglion cells . After synapsing at the LGN , the visual tract continues on back to the primary visual cortex ( V1 ) located at the back of the brain within the occipital lobe . Within V1 there is a distinct band ( striation ) . This is also referred to as `` striate cortex '' , with other cortical visual regions referred to collectively as `` extrastriate cortex '' . It is at this stage that color processing becomes much more complicated . In V1 the simple three - color segregation begins to break down . Many cells in V1 respond to some parts of the spectrum better than others , but this `` color tuning '' is often different depending on the adaptation state of the visual system . A given cell that might respond best to long wavelength light if the light is relatively bright might then become responsive to all wavelengths if the stimulus is relatively dim . Because the color tuning of these cells is not stable , some believe that a different , relatively small , population of neurons in V1 is responsible for color vision . These specialized `` color cells '' often have receptive fields that can compute local cone ratios . Such `` double - opponent '' cells were initially described in the goldfish retina by Nigel Daw ; their existence in primates was suggested by David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel and subsequently proven by Bevil Conway . As Margaret Livingstone and David Hubel showed , double opponent cells are clustered within localized regions of V1 called blobs , and are thought to come in two flavors , red -- green and blue -- yellow . Red -- green cells compare the relative amounts of red -- green in one part of a scene with the amount of red -- green in an adjacent part of the scene , responding best to local color contrast ( red next to green ) . Modeling studies have shown that double - opponent cells are ideal candidates for the neural machinery of color constancy explained by Edwin H. Land in his retinex theory . When viewed in full size , this image contains about 16 million pixels , each corresponding to a different color on the full set of RGB colors . The human eye can distinguish about 10 million different colors . From the V1 blobs , color information is sent to cells in the second visual area , V2 . The cells in V2 that are most strongly color tuned are clustered in the `` thin stripes '' that , like the blobs in V1 , stain for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase ( separating the thin stripes are interstripes and thick stripes , which seem to be concerned with other visual information like motion and high - resolution form ) . Neurons in V2 then synapse onto cells in the extended V4 . This area includes not only V4 , but two other areas in the posterior inferior temporal cortex , anterior to area V3 , the dorsal posterior inferior temporal cortex , and posterior TEO . Area V4 was initially suggested by Semir Zeki to be exclusively dedicated to color , but this is now thought to be incorrect . In particular , the presence in V4 of orientation - selective cells led to the view that V4 is involved in processing both color and form associated with color . Color processing in the extended V4 occurs in millimeter - sized color modules called globs . This is the first part of the brain in which color is processed in terms of the full range of hues found in color space . Anatomical studies have shown that neurons in extended V4 provide input to the inferior temporal lobe . `` IT '' cortex is thought to integrate color information with shape and form , although it has been difficult to define the appropriate criteria for this claim . Despite this murkiness , it has been useful to characterize this pathway ( V1 > V2 > V4 > IT ) as the ventral stream or the `` what pathway '' , distinguished from the dorsal stream ( `` where pathway '' ) that is thought to analyze motion , among many other features . Subjectivity of color perception ( edit ) See also : Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Nothing categorically distinguishes the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation from invisible portions of the broader spectrum . In this sense , color is not a property of electromagnetic radiation , but a feature of visual perception by an observer . Furthermore , there is an arbitrary mapping between wavelengths of light in the visual spectrum and human experiences of color . Although most people are assumed to have the same mapping , the philosopher John Locke recognized that alternatives are possible , and described one such hypothetical case with the `` inverted spectrum '' thought experiment . For example , someone with an inverted spectrum might experience green while seeing ' red ' ( 700 nm ) light , and experience red while seeing ' green ' ( 530 nm ) light . Synesthesia ( or ideasthesia ) provides some atypical but illuminating examples of subjective color experience triggered by input that is not even light , such as sounds or shapes . The possibility of a clean dissociation between color experience from properties of the world reveals that color is a subjective psychological phenomenon . The Himba people have been found to categorize colors differently from most Euro - Americans and are able to easily distinguish close shades of green , barely discernible for most people . The Himba have created a very different color scheme which divides the spectrum to dark shades ( zuzu in Himba ) , very light ( vapa ) , vivid blue and green ( buru ) and dry colors as an adaptation to their specific way of life . Perception of color depends heavily on the context in which the perceived object is presented . For example , a white page under blue , pink , or purple light will reflect mostly blue , pink , or purple light to the eye , respectively ; the brain , however , compensates for the effect of lighting ( based on the color shift of surrounding objects ) and is more likely to interpret the page as white under all three conditions , a phenomenon known as color constancy . In other animal species ( edit ) Many species can see light with frequencies outside the human `` visible spectrum '' . Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light , which helps them to find nectar in flowers . Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to ultraviolet `` colors '' and patterns rather than how colorful they appear to humans . Birds , too , can see into the ultraviolet ( 300 -- 400 nm ) , and some have sex - dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range . Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range , however , can not see red light or any other reddish wavelengths . For example , bees ' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm , just before the orange wavelengths start . Birds , however , can see some red wavelengths , although not as far into the light spectrum as humans . It is an incorrect popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light ; their color vision extends into the ultraviolet but not the infrared . The basis for this variation is the number of cone types that differ between species . Mammals in general have color vision of a limited type , and usually have red - green color blindness , with only two types of cones . Humans , some primates , and some marsupials see an extended range of colors , but only by comparison with other mammals . Most non-mammalian vertebrate species distinguish different colors at least as well as humans , and many species of birds , fish , reptiles and amphibians , and some invertebrates , have more than three cone types and probably superior color vision to humans . In most Catarrhini ( Old World monkeys and apes -- primates closely related to humans ) there are three types of color receptors ( known as cone cells ) , resulting in trichromatic color vision . These primates , like humans , are known as trichromats . Many other primates ( including New World monkeys ) and other mammals are dichromats , which is the general color vision state for mammals that are active during the day ( i.e. , felines , canines , ungulates ) . Nocturnal mammals may have little or no color vision . Trichromat non-primate mammals are rare . Many invertebrates have color vision . Honeybees and bumblebees have trichromatic color vision which is insensitive to red but sensitive to ultraviolet . Osmia rufa , for example , possess a trichromatic color system , which they use in foraging for pollen from flowers . In view of the importance of color vision to bees one might expect these receptor sensitivities to reflect their specific visual ecology ; for example the types of flowers that they visit . However , the main groups of hymenopteran insects excluding ants ( i.e. , bees , wasps and sawflies ) mostly have three types of photoreceptor , with spectral sensitivities similar to the honeybee 's . Papilio butterflies possess six types of photoreceptors and may have pentachromatic vision . The most complex color vision system in the animal kingdom has been found in stomatopods ( such as the mantis shrimp ) with up to 12 spectral receptor types thought to work as multiple dichromatic units . Vertebrate animals such as tropical fish and birds sometimes have more complex color vision systems than humans ; thus the many subtle colors they exhibit generally serve as direct signals for other fish or birds , and not to signal mammals . In bird vision , tetrachromacy is achieved through up to four cone types , depending on species . Each single cone contains one of the four main types of vertebrate cone photopigment ( LWS / MWS , RH2 , SWS2 and SWS1 ) and has a colored oil droplet in its inner segment . Brightly colored oil droplets inside the cones shift or narrow the spectral sensitivity of the cell . It has been suggested that it is likely that pigeons are pentachromats . Reptiles and amphibians also have four cone types ( occasionally five ) , and probably see at least the same number of colors that humans do , or perhaps more . In addition , some nocturnal geckos have the capability of seeing color in dim light . In the evolution of mammals , segments of color vision were lost , then for a few species of primates , regained by gene duplication . Eutherian mammals other than primates ( for example , dogs , mammalian farm animals ) generally have less - effective two - receptor ( dichromatic ) color perception systems , which distinguish blue , green , and yellow -- but can not distinguish oranges and reds . There is some evidence that a few mammals , such as cats , have redeveloped the ability to distinguish longer wavelength colors , in at least a limited way , via one - amino - acid mutations in opsin genes . The adaptation to see reds is particularly important for primate mammals , since it leads to identification of fruits , and also newly sprouting reddish leaves , which are particularly nutritious . However , even among primates , full color vision differs between New World and Old World monkeys. Old World primates , including monkeys and all apes , have vision similar to humans . New World monkeys may or may not have color sensitivity at this level : in most species , males are dichromats , and about 60 % of females are trichromats , but the owl monkeys are cone monochromats , and both sexes of howler monkeys are trichromats . Visual sensitivity differences between males and females in a single species is due to the gene for yellow - green sensitive opsin protein ( which confers ability to differentiate red from green ) residing on the X sex chromosome . Several marsupials such as the fat - tailed dunnart ( Sminthopsis crassicaudata ) have been shown to have trichromatic color vision . Marine mammals , adapted for low - light vision , have only a single cone type and are thus monochromats . Color vision table State Types of cone cells Approx . number of colors perceived Carriers Monochromacy 100 Marine mammals , owl monkey , Australian sea lion , achromat primates Dichromacy 10,000 Most terrestrial non-primate mammals , color blind primates Trichromacy 10 million Most primates , especially great apes ( such as humans ) , marsupials , some insects ( such as honeybees ) Tetrachromacy 100 million Most reptiles , amphibians , birds and insects , rarely humans Pentachromacy 5 10 billion Some insects ( specific species of butterflies ) , some birds ( pigeons for instance ) Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Evolution of color vision Color perception mechanisms are highly dependent on evolutionary factors , of which the most prominent is thought to be satisfactory recognition of food sources . In herbivorous primates , color perception is essential for finding proper ( immature ) leaves . In hummingbirds , particular flower types are often recognized by color as well . On the other hand , nocturnal mammals have less - developed color vision , since adequate light is needed for cones to function properly . There is evidence that ultraviolet light plays a part in color perception in many branches of the animal kingdom , especially insects . In general , the optical spectrum encompasses the most common electronic transitions in matter and is therefore the most useful for collecting information about the environment . The evolution of trichromatic color vision in primates occurred as the ancestors of modern monkeys , apes , and humans switched to diurnal ( daytime ) activity and began consuming fruits and leaves from flowering plants . Color vision , with UV discrimination , is also present in a number of arthropods -- the only terrestrial animals besides the vertebrates to possess this trait . Some animals can distinguish colors in the ultraviolet spectrum . The UV spectrum falls outside the human visible range , except for some cataract surgery patients . Birds , turtles , lizards , many fish and some rodents have UV receptors in their retinas . These animals can see the UV patterns found on flowers and other wildlife that are otherwise invisible to the human eye . Ultraviolet vision is an especially important adaptation in birds . It allows birds to spot small prey from a distance , navigate , avoid predators , and forage while flying at high speeds . Birds also utilize their broad spectrum vision to recognize other birds , and in sexual selection . Mathematics of color perception ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A `` physical color '' is a combination of pure spectral colors ( in the visible range ) . Since there are , in principle , infinitely many distinct spectral colors , the set of all physical colors may be thought of as an infinite - dimensional vector space , in fact a Hilbert space . We call this space H. More technically , the space of physical colors may be considered to be the ( mathematical ) cone over the simplex whose vertices are the spectral colors , with white at the centroid of the simplex , black at the apex of the cone , and the monochromatic color associated with any given vertex somewhere along the line from that vertex to the apex depending on its brightness . An element C of H is a function from the range of visible wavelengths -- considered as an interval of real numbers ( W , W ) -- to the real numbers , assigning to each wavelength w in ( W , W ) its intensity C ( w ) . A humanly perceived color may be modeled as three numbers : the extents to which each of the 3 types of cones is stimulated . Thus a humanly perceived color may be thought of as a point in 3 - dimensional Euclidean space . We call this space R . Since each wavelength w stimulates each of the 3 types of cone cells to a known extent , these extents may be represented by 3 functions s ( w ) , m ( w ) , l ( w ) corresponding to the response of the S , M , and L cone cells , respectively . Finally , since a beam of light can be composed of many different wavelengths , to determine the extent to which a physical color C in H stimulates each cone cell , we must calculate the integral ( with respect to w ) , over the interval ( W , W ) , of C ( w ) s ( w ) , of C ( w ) m ( w ) , and of C ( w ) l ( w ) . The triple of resulting numbers associates with each physical color C ( which is an element in H ) a particular perceived color ( which is a single point in R ) . This association is easily seen to be linear . It may also easily be seen that many different elements in the `` physical '' space H can all result in the same single perceived color in R , so a perceived color is not unique to one physical color . Thus human color perception is determined by a specific , non-unique linear mapping from the infinite - dimensional Hilbert space H to the 3 - dimensional Euclidean space R . Technically , the image of the ( mathematical ) cone over the simplex whose vertices are the spectral colors , by this linear mapping , is also a ( mathematical ) cone in R. Moving directly away from the vertex of this cone represents maintaining the same chromaticity while increasing its intensity . Taking a cross-section of this cone yields a 2D chromaticity space . Both the 3D cone and its projection or cross-section are convex sets ; that is , any mixture of spectral colors is also a color . The CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram with a triangle showing the gamut of the sRGB color space . The Planckian locus is shown with color temperatures labeled in kelvins . The outer curved boundary is the spectral ( or monochromatic ) locus , with wavelengths shown in nanometers ( blue ) . Note that the colors in this file are being specified using sRGB . Areas outside the triangle can not be accurately rendered because they are out of the gamut of sRGB , therefore they have been interpreted . Note that the colors depicted depend on the color space of the device you use to view the image ( number of colors on your monitor , etc . ) , and may not be a strictly accurate representation of the color at a particular position . In practice , it would be quite difficult to physiologically measure an individual 's three cone responses to various physical color stimuli . Instead , a psychophysical approach is taken . Three specific benchmark test lights are typically used ; let us call them S , M , and L. To calibrate human perceptual space , scientists allowed human subjects to try to match any physical color by turning dials to create specific combinations of intensities ( I , I , I ) for the S , M , and L lights , resp. , until a match was found . This needed only to be done for physical colors that are spectral , since a linear combination of spectral colors will be matched by the same linear combination of their ( I , I , I ) matches . Note that in practice , often at least one of S , M , L would have to be added with some intensity to the physical test color , and that combination matched by a linear combination of the remaining 2 lights . Across different individuals ( without color blindness ) , the matchings turned out to be nearly identical . By considering all the resulting combinations of intensities ( I , I , I ) as a subset of 3 - space , a model for human perceptual color space is formed . ( Note that when one of S , M , L had to be added to the test color , its intensity was counted as negative . ) Again , this turns out to be a ( mathematical ) cone , not a quadric , but rather all rays through the origin in 3 - space passing through a certain convex set . Again , this cone has the property that moving directly away from the origin corresponds to increasing the intensity of the S , M , L lights proportionately . Again , a cross-section of this cone is a planar shape that is ( by definition ) the space of `` chromaticities '' ( informally : distinct colors ) ; one particular such cross section , corresponding to constant X+Y+Z of the CIE 1931 color space , gives the CIE chromaticity diagram . This system implies that for any hue or non-spectral color not on the boundary of the chromaticity diagram , there are infinitely many distinct physical spectra that are all perceived as that hue or color . So , in general there is no such thing as the combination of spectral colors that we perceive as ( say ) a specific version of tan ; instead there are infinitely many possibilities that produce that exact color . The boundary colors that are pure spectral colors can be perceived only in response to light that is purely at the associated wavelength , while the boundary colors on the `` line of purples '' can each only be generated by a specific ratio of the pure violet and the pure red at the ends of the visible spectral colors . The CIE chromaticity diagram is horseshoe - shaped , with its curved edge corresponding to all spectral colors ( the spectral locus ) , and the remaining straight edge corresponding to the most saturated purples , mixtures of red and violet . Chromatic adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Chromatic adaptation In color science , chromatic adaptation is the estimation of the representation of an object under a different light source from the one in which it was recorded . A common application is to find a chromatic adaptation transform ( CAT ) that will make the recording of a neutral object appear neutral ( color balance ) , while keeping other colors also looking realistic . For example , chromatic adaptation transforms are used when converting images between ICC profiles with different white points . Adobe Photoshop , for example , uses the Bradford CAT . In color vision , chromatic adaptation refers to color constancy ; the ability of the visual system to preserve the appearance of an object under a wide range of light sources . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Color vision . Color blindness Color theory Inverted spectrum Primary color The dress Visual perception References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nathans , Jeremy ; Thomas , Darcy ; Hogness , David S. ( April 11 , 1986 ) . `` Molecular Genetics of Human Color Vision : The Genes Encoding Blue , Green , and Red Pigments '' . Science . 232 ( 4747 ) : 193 -- 202 . Bibcode : 1986Sci ... 232 ... 193N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2937147 . JSTOR 169687 . PMID 2937147 . Jump up ^ Neitz J , Jacobs GH ( 1986 ) . `` Polymorphism of the long - wavelength cone in normal human color vision '' . Nature . 323 ( 6089 ) : 623 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1986Natur. 323 ... 623N . doi : 10.1038 / 323623a0 . PMID 3773989 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jacobs GH ( January 1996 ) . `` Primate photopigments and primate color vision '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 ( 2 ) : 577 -- 81 . 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Biological Reviews . 68 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 471 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1993. tb00738. x . PMID 8347768 . Jump up ^ Menzel , R. ; Steinmann , E. ; Souza , J. De ; Backhaus , W. ( 1988 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Spectral Sensitivity of Photoreceptors and Colour Vision in the Solitary Bee , Osmia Rufa '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 136 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 52 . ISSN 0022 - 0949 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Osorio D , Vorobyev M ( June 2008 ) . `` A review of the evolution of animal colour vision and visual communication signals '' . Vision Research . 48 ( 20 ) : 2042 -- 2051 . doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2008.06. 018 . PMID 18627773 . Jump up ^ Arikawa K ( November 2003 ) . `` Spectral organization of the eye of a butterfly , Papilio '' . J. Comp . Physiol . A. 189 ( 11 ) : 791 -- 800 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 003 - 0454 - 7 . PMID 14520495 . Jump up ^ Cronin TW , Marshall NJ ( 1989 ) . `` A retina with at least ten spectral types of photoreceptors in a mantis shrimp '' . Nature . 339 ( 6220 ) : 137 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 339 ... 137C . doi : 10.1038 / 339137a0 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Kelber A , Vorobyev M , Osorio D ( February 2003 ) . `` Animal color vision -- behavioural tests and physiological concepts '' . Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 78 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 118 . doi : 10.1017 / S1464793102005985 . PMID 12620062 . Jump up ^ Introducing Comparative Colour Vision Colour Vision : A Study in Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Perception , By Evan Thompson Jump up ^ Roth , Lina S.V. ; Lundström , Linda ; Kelber , Almut ; Kröger , Ronald H.H. ; Unsbo , Peter ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` The pupils and optical systems of gecko eyes '' . Journal of Vision . 9 ( 3 : 27 ) : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1167 / 9.3. 27 . PMID 19757966 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shozo Yokoyamaa and F. Bernhard Radlwimmera , `` The Molecular Genetics of Red and Green Color Vision in Mammals '' , Genetics , Vol. 153 , 919 -- 932 , October 1999 . Jump up ^ Jacobs G.H. ; Deegan J.F. ( 2001 ) . `` Photopigments and color vision in New World monkeys from the family Atelidae '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 268 ( 1468 ) : 695 -- 702 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2000.1421 . PMC 1088658 . Jump up ^ Jacobs G.H. , Deegan J.F. , Neitz , Neitz J. , Crognale M.A. ( 1993 ) . `` Photopigments and color vision in the nocturnal monkey , Aotus '' . Vision Research . 33 ( 13 ) : 1773 -- 1783 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 93 ) 90168 - V. PMID 8266633 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mollon J.D. ; Bowmaker J.K. ; Jacobs G.H. ( 1984 ) . `` Variations of color vision in a New World primate can be explained by polymorphism of retinal photopigments '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 222 ( 1228 ) : 373 -- 399 . Bibcode : 1984RSPSB. 222 ... 373M . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1984.0071 . Jump up ^ Sternberg , Robert J. ( 2006 ) : Cognitive Psychology . 4th Ed . Thomson Wadsworth . Jump up ^ Arrese CA , Beazley LD , Neumeyer C ( March 2006 ) . `` Behavioural evidence for marsupial trichromacy '' . Curr. Biol. 16 ( 6 ) : R193 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2006.02. 036 . PMID 16546067 . Jump up ^ Judd , Deane B. ; Wyszecki , Günter ( 1975 ) . Color in Business , Science and Industry . Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Interscience . p. 388 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 45212 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 1997 ) . How the Mind Works . New York : Norton . p. 191 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Koyanagi , M. ; Nagata , T. ; Katoh , K. ; Yamashita , S. ; Tokunaga , F. ( 2008 ) . `` Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin Genes of Jumping Spiders '' . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 66 ( 2 ) : 130 -- 137 . Bibcode : 2008JMolE ... 66 ... 130K . doi : 10.1007 / s00239 - 008 - 9065 - 9 . PMID 18217181 . Jump up ^ David Hambling ( May 30 , 2002 ) . `` Let the light shine in : You do n't have to come from another planet to see ultraviolet light '' . EducationGuardian.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs GH , Neitz J , Deegan JF ( 1991 ) . `` Retinal receptors in rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light '' . Nature . 353 ( 6345 ) : 655 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1991Natur. 353 ... 655J . doi : 10.1038 / 353655a0 . PMID 1922382 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ FJ Varela ; AG Palacios ; TM Goldsmith ( 1993 ) . Bischof , Hans - Joachim ; Zeigler , H. Philip , eds . Vision , brain , and behavior in birds . Cambridge , Mass : MIT Press . pp. 77 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 24036 - X . Jump up ^ IC Cuthill ; JC Partridge ; ATD Bennett ; SC Church ; NS Hart ; S Hunt ( 2000 ) . `` Ultraviolet Vision in Birds '' . Advances in the Study of Behavior . 29 . pp. 159 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Süsstrunk , Sabine . Chromatic Adaptation Archived 2011 - 08 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lindbloom , Bruce . Chromatic Adaptation Archived 2011 - 09 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fairchild , Mark D. ( 2005 ) . `` 8 . Chromatic Adaptation '' . Color Appearance Models . Wiley . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01216 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Feynman 's lecture on color vision Peter Gouras , `` Color Vision '' , Webvision , University of Utah School of Medicine , May 2009 . James T. Fulton , `` The Human is a Blocked Tetrachromat '' , Neural Concepts , July 2009 . Bruce McEvoy ( 2008 ) . `` Color vision '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 30 . What colors do animals see ? Web Exhibits The Science of Why No One Agrees on the Color of This Dress Physiology of the visual system Vision Accommodation Gaze Intraocular pressure Visual field Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia Opponent process Dichromacy Monochromacy Pentachromacy Tetrachromacy Trichromacy Color topics Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Indigo Violet Purple Magenta Pink Brown White Gray Black Color science Color physics Electromagnetic spectrum Light Rainbow Visible Spectral colors Chromophore Structural coloration Animal coloration On Vision and Colors Metamerism Spectral power distribution Color perception Color vision Color blindness Achromatopsia test Tetrachromacy Color constancy Color term Color depth Color photography Spot color Color printing Web colors Color mapping Color code Color management Chrominance False color Chroma key Color balance Color cast Color temperature Eigengrau Color psychology Color symbolism Color preferences Lüscher color test Kruithof curve Political color National colors Chromophobia Chromotherapy Color philosophy Color space Color model additive subtractive Color mixing Primary color Secondary color Tertiary color ( intermediate ) Quaternary color Quinary color Aggressive color ( warm ) Receding color ( cool ) Pastel colors Color gradient Color scheme Color tool Monochromatic colors Complementary colors Analogous colors Achromatic colors ( Neutral ) Polychromatic colors Impossible colors Light - on - dark Tinctures in heraldry Color theory Chromaticity diagram Color solid Color wheel Color triangle Color analysis ( art ) Color realism ( art style ) Color terms Basic terms Blue Green Red Yellow Pink Purple Orange Black Gray White Brown Cultural differences Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate Blue -- green distinction in language Color history Color in Chinese culture Traditional colors of Japan Human skin color Color dimensions Hue Dichromatism Colorfulness ( chroma and saturation ) Tints and shades Lightness ( tone and value ) Grayscale Color organizations Pantone Color Marketing Group The Color Association of the United States International Colour Authority International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) International Color Consortium International Colour Association Lists List of colors : A -- F List of colors : G -- M List of colors : N -- Z List of colors ( compact ) List of colors by shade List of color palettes List of color spaces List of Crayola crayon colors history Color chart List of fictional colors List of RAL colors List of web colors Related Vision Image processing Multi-primary color display Quattron Qualia Lighting Local color ( visual art ) Portal Index of color - related articles Mental processes Cognition Awareness Cognitive dissonance Comprehension Consciousness Imagination Intuition Perception Amodal Haptic ( touch ) Sound pitch harmonics speech Social Perception as interpretation Visual Color RGB model Peripheral Depth Form Memory Encoding Storage Recall Consolidation Other Attention Higher nervous activity Intention Learning Mental fatigue Mental set Thinking Volition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_vision&oldid=851919266 '' Categories : Color Image processing Visual perception Perception Mathematics in medicine Color vision Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013 All articles that are too technical Wikipedia articles that are too technical from May 2018 All articles needing expert attention Articles needing expert attention from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 12 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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In 2015 , she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2015 Venice Film Festival . The festival is chaired by Alfonso Cuarón . Also in 2015 , Banks became a spokeswoman for Realtor.com in their series of television commercials . As of mid-February 2016 , Banks became the commercial face of Old Navy . She also played space alien Rita Repulsa in the 2017 Power Rangers reboot film .
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Elizabeth Banks
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elizabeth banks
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Elizabeth Irene Banks ( née Mitchell ; born February 10 , 1974 ) is an American actress , director , and producer . Banks made her film debut in the low - budget independent film Surrender Dorothy ( 1998 ) , and is known for her roles in the films Wet Hot American Summer ( 2001 ) , Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man trilogy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) , Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) , The 40 - Year - Old Virgin ( 2005 ) , Zack and Miri Make a Porno ( 2008 ) , Role Models ( 2008 ) , The Next Three Days ( 2010 ) , Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) , Power Rangers ( 2017 ) , The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) , and The Hunger Games film series ( 2012 -- 2015 ) . In 2014 , she portrayed Melinda Ledbetter , the girlfriend and later wife of the Beach Boys co-founder Brian Wilson , in the biographical drama Love & Mercy and made her directorial debut with Pitch Perfect 2 , whose $69 million opening weekend gross set a record for a first - time director .
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On television , Banks had a recurring role as Avery Jessup on the NBC sitcom 30 Rock , which garnered her two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . She also had recurring roles on the comedy series Scrubs and Modern Family , the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . She reprised her role as Lindsay in Wet Hot American Summer for the Netflix miniseries Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) and Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) . As of August 2017 , Box Office Mojo ranked Banks as the 33rd - highest grossing actor of all time , and the fifth - highest grossing actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Banks was born in Pittsfield , Massachusetts , and grew up on Brown Street , the eldest of four children of Ann ( née Wallace ) and Mark P. Mitchell . Her father , a Vietnam veteran , was a factory worker for General Electric and her mother worked in a bank . She has said that she grew up `` Irish + WASP + Catholic '' . Growing up , Banks played baseball and rode horses . She was in Little League when she broke her leg sliding into third base . She then tried out for the school play , which was her start in acting . She graduated from Pittsfield High School in 1992 , and is a member of the Massachusetts Junior Classical League . She attended the University of Pennsylvania , where she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta Sorority . She graduated magna cum laude in 1996 with a major in communications and a minor in theater arts . In 1998 , she completed schooling at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco , California , where she earned an MFA degree . Career ( edit ) Banks at Spider - Man 3 premiere in 2007 Banks changed her name to avoid confusion with actress Elizabeth Mitchell . After auditioning in New York , she was offered a role on the soap opera Santa Barbara . Taking the role would have required her to quit her education at the American Conservatory Theatre , and Banks ultimately decided to forgo the offer due to having taken out student loans to complete her degree . She made her acting debut in the 1998 independent film Surrender Dorothy , as Elizabeth Casey , and appeared in various films over the next seven years including Guy Ritchie 's Swept Away before gaining more prominent widespread exposure through the 2005 comedy film The 40 - Year - Old Virgin . In August 2005 , at the Williamstown Theatre Festival , Banks starred in William Inge 's Bus Stop as Cherie , the sexy blonde aspiring nightclub singer . Jeffrey Borak wrote that Banks ' portrayal was acted `` with poise , clarity and a shrewd feel for Cherie 's complexities . Her performance is all of a piece and in harmony , stylistically , with the performances around her ... '' In 2005 , she appeared on the series Stella , and in May 2006 , she had a role in the season five finale of the NBC sitcom Scrubs as Dr. Kim Briggs , the love interest of J.D. ( Zach Braff ) . The character appeared throughout seasons six , seven , and eight as a recurring guest star . In 2006 , Banks appeared in the American football drama film Invincible , in which she played Mark Wahlberg 's love interest . Later , she and co-star Wahlberg were nominated for the `` Best Kiss '' award at the MTV Movie Awards . That same year , she landed the starring role in the comedy - horror film Slither . In 2007 , Banks played the female lead in the comedy film Meet Bill , alongside Aaron Eckhart and Jessica Alba . That same year , she had a small role in the Christmas comedy film Fred Claus , co-starring Vince Vaughn and Paul Giamatti as Santa 's little helper , Charlyne . In 2008 , she played the ex-wife and mother of the daughter of Ryan Reynolds lead in the comedy film Definitely , Maybe , alongside Isla Fisher and Ryan Reynolds , starred with Seth Rogen as the eponymous female lead in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno , and played United States First Lady Laura Bush in W. , Oliver Stone 's biopic of George W. Bush . In 2009 , Banks appeared in the horror film The Uninvited , a remake of the Korean film A Tale of Two Sisters . The film was about an intrusive stepmother who makes life miserable for the teen daughters of her new husband . Banks based her character , Rachel , on Rebecca De Mornay 's character in The Hand That Rocks the Cradle . `` It was very important to me that every line reading I gave could be interpreted two ways , '' says Banks of her role , `` So that when you go back through the movie you can see that '' . Banks is a frequent co-star of actor Paul Rudd , the two having appeared in five films together to date ( Wet Hot American Summer , The Baxter , The 40 - Year - Old Virgin , Role Models , and Our Idiot Brother ) . She is also a frequent co-star of actor Tobey Maguire , the two having also appeared in five films together ( Spider - Man , Seabiscuit , Spider - Man 2 , Spider - Man 3 , and The Details ) . Banks was cast as a love interest for Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) in the fourth season of the Emmy Award - winning sitcom 30 Rock . Intended to appear in four episodes in 2010 , Banks went on to become a recurring character with 13 appearances by the end of the fifth season , including her marriage in the episode Mrs. Donaghy . Her performance in season five earned her a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . Banks at the What to Expect When You 're Expecting premiere in 2012 In 2012 Banks also starred in the film What to Expect When You 're Expecting alongside Jennifer Lopez . Banks appeared in the movie The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , playing Effie Trinket , a woman from `` The Capitol '' who escorts the District 12 tributes to the Hunger Games . She reprised the role in the films The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) . Banks co-starred in the 2014 movie Every Secret Thing , playing Detective Nancy Porter investigating the disappearance of a young child with similarities to a case she had previously been involved with . In 2014 , Banks was recognized by Elle Magazine during The Women in Hollywood Awards , honoring women for their outstanding achievements in film , spanning all aspects of the motion picture industry , including acting , directing , and producing . Banks portrayed Melinda Ledbetter Wilson , the wife of Brian Wilson , in the 2015 biopic Love and Mercy , which is based on the life of the legendary musician and founding member of The Beach Boys , as portrayed by John Cusack . After producing and appearing , as Gail , in the first Pitch Perfect film , Banks directed its sequel , Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) , making her feature directorial debut . She also co-produced , and again played Gail in , both Pitch Perfect 2 and the next sequel Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) . In 2015 , she was named as a member of the Jury for the Main Competition at the 2015 Venice Film Festival . The festival is chaired by Alfonso Cuarón . Also in 2015 , Banks became a spokeswoman for Realtor.com in their series of television commercials . As of mid-February 2016 , Banks became the commercial face of Old Navy . She also played space alien Rita Repulsa in the 2017 Power Rangers reboot film . Personal life ( edit ) Banks has lunch with US service members during a USO visit at Bagram Air Base , Afghanistan in 2015 Banks met her husband , Max Handelman , a sportswriter and producer from Portland , Oregon on her first day of college on September 6 , 1992 . They were married in 2003 . The couple have two sons . She and her husband had their first child , Felix , who was born through a surrogate in March 2011 . In November 2012 , Banks announced the birth of another son , Magnus Mitchell , also by surrogate . Banks went through parts of conversion to Judaism , her husband 's faith , and studied with rabbis . In 2013 , speaking of her religion , she stated that she practices Judaism , though `` I did not have my mikveh , so technically I 'm not converted '' , but that she has `` been essentially a Jew for like 15 years '' , adding `` Frankly , because I 'm already doing everything ( practicing religious rituals ) , I feel like I 'm as Jewish as I 'm ever going to be '' . Banks was a vocal supporter of Hillary Clinton 's 2016 presidential campaign , and was involved in a rendition of Rachel Platten 's single `` Fight Song '' with other celebrities at the Democratic National Convention . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Surrender Dorothy Vicki Credited as Elizabeth Casey 2000 Shaft Trey 's friend Credited as Elizabeth Maresal Mitchell 2001 Wet Hot American Summer Lindsay Ordinary Sinner Rachel 2002 Spider - Man Betty Brant Swept Away Debi Catch Me If You Can Lucy Forrest 2003 The Trade Sioux Sever Seabiscuit Marcela Howard Spider - Man 2 Betty Brant 2005 Heights Isabel Lee Sexual Life Sarah The Sisters Nancy Pecket The Baxter Caroline Swann The 40 - Year - Old Virgin Beth Daltry Calhoun May 2006 Slither Starla Grant Invincible Janet Cantrell 2007 Spider - Man 3 Betty Brant Meet Bill Jess Fred Claus Charlene 2008 Definitely , Maybe Emily Jones Meet Dave Gina Morrison Lovely , Still Alex W . Laura Bush Zack and Miri Make a Porno Miriam `` Miri '' Linky Role Models Beth Jones 2009 Big Breaks Starlet Short film The Uninvited Rachel Summers Surrogates N / A Executive producer The Next Three Days Lara Brennan 2011 The Details Nealy Lang Just a Little Heart Attack Woman Short film Also director Our Idiot Brother Miranda Rochlin 2012 Man on a Ledge Lydia Mercer The Hunger Games Effie Trinket What to Expect When You 're Expecting Wendy Cooper People Like Us Frankie Davis Pitch Perfect Gail Abernathy - McKadden Also producer 2013 Movie 43 Amy Segment : `` Beezel '' Directed segment : `` Middleschool Date '' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Effie Trinket 2014 Little Accidents Diane Doyle The Lego Movie Lucy `` Wyldstyle '' Voice role Walk of Shame Meghan Miles Every Secret Thing Detective Nancy Porter Love & Mercy Melinda Ledbetter The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Effie Trinket 2015 Pitch Perfect 2 Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger Also director and producer Magic Mike XXL Paris The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Effie Trinket 2017 The Most Hated Woman in America N / A Producer Power Rangers Rita Repulsa Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain Pitch Perfect 3 Gail Abernathy - McKadden - Feinberger Also producer 2018 The Happytime Murders Jenny Filming 2019 Charlie 's Angels N / A Director Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Keep Going Safety Ben 's Mom Voice role 1999 All My Children Rosalie 1 episode 1999 Third Watch Elaine Elchisak Episode : `` Patterns '' Credited as Elizabeth Maresal Mitchell 2000 Sex and the City Catherine Episode : `` Politically Erect '' 2001 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Jaina Tobias Jansen Episode : `` Sacrifice '' 2002 Without a Trace Clarissa Episode : `` Snatch Back '' 2005 Stella Tamara Episode : `` Meeting Girls '' 2006 -- 09 Scrubs Dr. Kim Briggs 17 episodes 2007 -- 08 Wainy Days Shelly 3 episodes 2007 -- 08 American Dad ! Becky Arangino / Lisa Silver ( voices ) 3 episodes 2008 Comanche Moon Maggie Tilton 3 episodes 2009 , 2013 -- 15 , 2017 Modern Family Sal 6 episodes 2010 -- 12 30 Rock Avery Jessup 15 episodes 2012 Family Guy Pam Fishman ( voice ) Episode : `` Into Fat Air '' 2012 Robot Chicken Mrs. Claus / Shana `` Scarlett '' O'Hara ( voices ) Episode : `` Robot Chicken 's ATM Christmas Special '' 2012 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Elizabeth Banks Wears A Red Dress '' 2013 Timms Valley Beth Billings - Timms ( voice ) Pilot 2014 Phineas and Ferb Grulinda ( voice ) Episode : `` Imperfect Storm '' 2015 Resident Advisors Doctor Episode : `` Motivational Speaker `` ; also producer 2015 Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp Lindsay 6 episodes 2015 Moonbeam City Chief Pizzaz Miller ( voice ) 10 episodes 2015 The Muppets Herself Episode : `` Pig Girls Do n't Cry '' 2015 Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Elizabeth Banks / Disclosure '' 2017 Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later Lindsay 5 episodes 2017 Curb Your Enthusiasm Herself Episode : `` A Disturbance in the Kitchen '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2014 The Lego Movie Videogame Wyldstyle / Lucy 2015 Lego Dimensions Wyldstyle / Lucy Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Work Association Result Ref . 2003 Seabiscuit Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated 2006 Invincible MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss Nominated Slither Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Relationship from Hell Nominated 2008 W . Detroit Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2009 N / A Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards Face of the Future Award Won The Uninvited Fright Meter Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated 2011 30 Rock Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Guest actress Nominated 2012 The Hunger Games MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Transformation Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Female Scene Stealer Nominated 30 Rock Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2013 Movie 43 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Director Won N / A CinemaCon Excellence in Acting Won The Hunger Games : Catching Fire MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Transformation Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Modern Family Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Guest actress Nominated 2014 The Lego Movie BTVA Awards Best Female Lead Vocal Performance Nominated Best Vocal Ensemble Nominated BTVA People 's Choice Awards Best Female Lead Vocal Performance Won Best Vocal Ensemble Won Love & Mercy Florida Film Critics Circle Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Austin Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Indiana Film Journalists Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Won San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actress Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actress Nominated Santa Barbara International Film Festival Virtuoso Award Won Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Nominated 2015 N / A CinemaCon Breakthrough Filmmaker of the Year Won The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Transformation Won Modern Family Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Guest actress Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Pitch Perfect 2 Golden Raspberry Awards The Razzie Redeemer Award Nominated 2016 Lego Dimensions BTVA Awards Best Vocal Ensemble in a Video Game Won BTVA People 's Choice Awards Best Vocal Ensemble in a Video Game Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Fall 's First Lady Elizabeth Banks Movie Spotlight Movies Entertainment Weekly 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Irene Mitchell '' . familytreemaker.genealogy.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly . Feb 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box office : ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' crescendos past ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' to $70.3 million '' . LATimes.com. 2015 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' lands at $69.2 million '' . yahoo.com. 2015 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo - People Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Willis ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` From Pittsfield to the big screen '' . The Berkshire Eagle . Jump up ^ James Mottram ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks : from the top - shelf to First Lady in W '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Elizabeth Banks '' . yahoo movies . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Was A Sexy - Flirty Latin Clubber '' . TeamCoco . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to Succeed in Business by Really , Really Trying '' . Penn Gazette . December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Master of Fine Arts Program in Acting '' . www.act-sf.org . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks And Annette Bening Honored At American Conservatory Theater Awards '' . Huffington post . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) . `` From first lady to Porno star actress : Elizabeth Banks dishes the dirt '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Banks , Elizabeth ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Love & Mercy , Elizabeth Banks '' . DP / 30 : The Oral History of Hollywood ( Interview ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swept Away '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 40 - Year Old Virgin Is Ten Years Old '' . movie pilot.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sommer , Elyse. 2005 , Curtain Up . Jump up ^ Borak , Jeffrey 2005 . `` Love blooms in a Kansas diner '' , Berkshire Eagle August 20 , Art section . ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth Banks Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Alan . `` Invincible '' . radiotimes.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slither movie review '' . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Definitely , Maybe ( 2008 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks is Oliver Stone 's Laura Bush '' . ComingSoon.net. 2008 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks to Head Out into the Dark Fields ? '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth Banks : The Uninvited '' . SuicideGirls.com. 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ On , Cs ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Entering Dark Fields ? '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tobey Maguire on New Spider - Man Film '' . YouTube.com. 2012 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng . `` Elizabeth Banks to Guest - Star on 30 Rock '' . TVGuide.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Elizabeth Banks '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Every Secret Thing ' review : Diane Lane , Elizabeth Banks and Dakota Fanning grapple with underwhelming drama '' . ny daily news . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ ELLE ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` Women in Hollywood 2014 - ELLE November 2014 Cover Story '' . ELLE . Jump up ^ `` Watch John Cusack and Elizabeth Banks 's Awkward First Date in an Exclusive Clip from Love & Mercy '' . Vanity fair . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks : ' I Had More to Offer an Industry That Clearly Did n't Expect Too Much ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks , Diane Kruger join Alfonso Cuarón on Venice Film Festival jury '' . Entertainment weekly . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Is in Our New TV Ads , and That 's Pretty Cool '' . Real Estate News and Advice - realtor.com . Jump up ^ `` WORK STUFF '' . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Cast as Rita Repulsa in Power Rangers Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Wedding : Elizabeth Banks & Max Handelman '' . In Style . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tiger , Caroline 2010 . `` How to Succeed in Show Business by Really Really Trying '' . The Pennsylvania Gazette Jan. - Feb. , Vol. 108 , No. 3 , pp. 46 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Names ' Miracle ' Baby Felix '' . people.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banks , Elizabeth ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` IT 'S A BOY ! '' . elizabethbanks.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Butnick , Stephanie ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Jewish Actress Elizabeth Banks Discusses Her Conversion With Marc Maron '' . Jewcy . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 352 -- Elizabeth Banks '' . WTF with Marc Maron . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Trolls Trump at DNC : ' A Cruel , Out - of - Touch Reality TV Star Who Wears Insane Wigs ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See Elizabeth Banks , Celebrities ' ' Our Fight Song ' Video '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks Joins Gang For ' The Happytime Murders ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 10th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` The 2008 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Film to Honor Holly Hunter and Jennifer Aniston '' . womenandhollywood.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Hunger Games , ' ' Twilight ' and Justin Bieber Win Big '' . ABC News . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Annual RAZZIE ® Award Nominees for 2013 Worst Director '' . The Golden Raspberry Award Foundation and John Wilson . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon : Elizabeth Banks to Receive Excellence in Acting Award '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Best on - screen transformation '' . mtv.com . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2013 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - BTVA Voice Acting Awards '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Jump up ^ `` ' Carol ' Leads 2015 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations '' . FloridaFilmCritics.com . Jump up ^ `` The AFCA 2015 Awards Nominees '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight ' named Best Picture by Indiana Film Journalists Association '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight ' named Best Picture by Indiana Film Journalists Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Film Critics SocietyAwards '' . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Film Critics Circle '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Feinberg ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` Santa Barbara Film Fest : Elizabeth Banks , Paul Dano , Joel Edgerton and Jacob Tremblay Named Virtuosos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards Nominees Unveiled '' . hollywoodreporter . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Named CinemaCon 's Breakthrough Filmmaker of the Year '' . Variety . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` YANGAROO and MTV Extend Deal for 2015 and 2016 MTV Movie Awards and MTV Video Music Awards '' , Naijadudes . Retrieved on 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Online Film & Television Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Razzie Awards 2016 Winners Announced '' . ComingSoon.net. 27 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Banks . Official website Elizabeth Banks on IMDb Elizabeth Banks at Box Office Mojo Elizabeth Banks at the TCM Movie Database Elizabeth Banks at AllMovie Elizabeth Banks appearances on C - SPAN Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Director Robert Greenwald ( 1980 ) Michael Cimino ( 1981 ) Ken Annakin / Terence Young ( 1982 ) Peter Sasdy ( 1983 ) John Derek ( 1984 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1985 ) Prince ( 1986 ) Norman Mailer / Elaine May ( 1987 ) Blake Edwards / Stewart Raffill ( 1988 ) William Shatner ( 1989 ) John Derek ( 1990 ) Michael Lehmann ( 1991 ) David Seltzer ( 1992 ) Jennifer Lynch ( 1993 ) Steven Seagal ( 1994 ) Paul Verhoeven ( 1995 ) Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) Kevin Costner ( 1997 ) Gus Van Sant ( 1998 ) Barry Sonnenfeld ( 1999 ) Roger Christian ( 2000 ) Tom Green ( 2001 ) Guy Ritchie ( 2002 ) Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Pitof ( 2004 ) John Asher ( 2005 ) M. Night Shyamalan ( 2006 ) Chris Sivertson ( 2007 ) Uwe Boll ( 2008 ) Michael Bay ( 2009 ) M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Dennis Dugan ( 2011 ) Bill Condon ( 2012 ) Elizabeth Banks , Steven Brill , Steve Carr , Rusty Cundieff , James Duffy , Griffin Dunne , Peter Farrelly , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Bob Odenkirk , Brett Ratner , and Jonathan van Tulleken ( 2013 ) Michael Bay ( 2014 ) Josh Trank ( 2015 ) Dinesh D'Souza and Bruce Schooley ( 2016 ) MTV Movie Award for Best On - Screen Transformation Elizabeth Banks ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2014 ) Elizabeth Banks ( 2015 ) VIAF : 229406474 LCCN : no2004004174 ISNI : 0000 0001 1604 628X GND : 142544787 SUDOC : 14442732X BNF : cb15717822g ( data ) MusicBrainz : 9109a906 - 01a5 - 48e8 - 8f63 - b915f2e83ada BNE : XX4765546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Banks&oldid=825145527 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Massachusetts American film actresses American people of Irish descent American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses American women film directors American women film producers American film producers Converts to Judaism Jewish American actresses Massachusetts Democrats People from Pittsfield , Massachusetts Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Banks
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when did the last country join the eu
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The EU 's predecessor , the European Economic Community , was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958 , when the Treaty of Rome came into force . Since then , the EU 's membership has grown to twenty - eight , with the latest member state being Croatia , which joined in July 2013 . The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014 . The most notable territorial reductions of the EU , and its predecessors , were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985 .
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July 2013
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Enlargement of the European Union
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enlargement of the european union
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The territories of the member states of the European Union ( European Communities pre-1993 ) , animated in order of accession . Territories outside Europe and its immediate surroundings are not shown . The European Union ( EU ) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union . To join the EU , a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria ( after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993 ) , which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law , and its corresponding freedoms and institutions . According to the Maastricht Treaty , each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement . The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration . This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws . The EU 's predecessor , the European Economic Community , was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958 , when the Treaty of Rome came into force . Since then , the EU 's membership has grown to twenty - eight , with the latest member state being Croatia , which joined in July 2013 . The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014 . The most notable territorial reductions of the EU , and its predecessors , were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985 . As of 2018 , accession negotiations are under way with Serbia ( since 2014 ) , Montenegro ( since 2012 ) and Turkey ( since 2005 ) . Serbia and Montenegro have been described by President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker and Enlargement commissioner Johannes Hahn as the front - runner candidates , and projected that they would join by 2025 , during the next mandate of the European Commission . Negotiations with Turkey have also been ongoing at a slower pace , particularly since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt due to objections from the EU to the Turkish government 's response . Additionally , the United Kingdom is negotiating its withdrawal from the EU , following a referendum in which a majority voted in favour of leaving the EU . Contents ( hide ) 1 Criteria 2 Process 2.1 Example 3 Success and fatigue 4 Historical enlargements 4.1 Founding members 4.2 First enlargement 4.3 Mediterranean enlargements 4.4 Post -- Cold War 4.5 Eastern enlargement 4.6 Western Balkans enlargements 4.7 Detail 4.8 Timeline 5 Current enlargement agenda 6 Cancelled enlargements 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Criteria ( edit ) Further information : Copenhagen criteria European Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of European Union Executive ( show ) European Council President Tusk ( EPP ) Parties List of meetings European Commission Juncker Commission President Juncker ( EPP ) Vice Presidents College Civil Service Secretary - General Selmayr Legislature ( show ) European Parliament President Tajani ( EPP ) Largest groups EPP ( Manfred Weber ) S&D ( Gianni Pittella ) 8th session ( 2014 -- 19 ) 751 MEPs Bureau Vice Presidents Quaestor Conference Legislative procedure Council of the EU Presidency Configurations General Foreign Justice and Home Economic Euro Legislative procedure Voting Secretariat Secretary - General Uwe Corsepius Directorates - general COREPER Judiciary ( show ) Court of Justice Members Rulings General Court Central Bank ( show ) President Draghi ESCB Euro EMU Eurozone Court of Auditors ( show ) Budget OLAF Other bodies ( show ) Agencies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman National parliaments Policies and issues ( show ) Foreign relations High Representative Federica Mogherini Ext . Action Service Foreign Policy Defence Policy Customs Union Enlargement Budget Four Freedoms Economic Area Area of FS&J Schengen Area Policies Agricultural Energy Fisheries Regional Citizenship Identity Pro-Europeanism Euroscepticism Integration Supranationalism Federalism United States of Europe Multi-speed Opt - outs Enhanced co-op Withdrawal Elections ( show ) 1979 , 1984 , 1989 1994 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 2014 ( last election ) Political parties Constituencies Referendums Law ( show ) Treaty on European Union Acquis Primacy Subsidiarity Treaties Rome Single European Act Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon Article 50 Fundamental Rights Membership Treaties of Accession 1972 , 1979 , 1985 , 1994 , 2003 , 2005 , 2011 Other countries Atlas According to the EU treaties , membership of the European Union is open to `` any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them '' ( TEU Article 49 ) . Those Article 2 values are `` respect for human dignity , freedom , democracy , equality , the rule of law and respect for human rights , including the rights of persons belonging to minorities . '' This is based on the 1993 `` Copenhagen criteria '' agreed as it became clear many former Eastern Bloc countries would apply to join ; `` Membership requires that candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy , the rule of law , human rights , respect for and protection of minorities , the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union . Membership presupposes the candidate 's ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political , economic and monetary union . '' -- Excerpt from the Copenhagen Presidency conclusions In December 1995 , the Madrid European Council revised the membership criteria to include conditions for member country integration through the appropriate adjustment of its administrative structures : since it is important that European Community legislation be reflected in national legislation , it is critical that the revised national legislation be implemented effectively through appropriate administrative and judicial structures . Finally , and technically outside the Copenhagen criteria , comes the further requirement that all prospective members must enact legislation to bring their laws into line with the body of European law built up over the history of the Union , known as the acquis communautaire . Process ( edit ) Today the accession process follows a series of formal steps , from a pre-accession agreement to the ratification of the final accession treaty . These steps are primarily presided over by the European Commission ( Enlargement Commissioner and DG Enlargement ) , but the actual negotiations are technically conducted between the Union 's Member States and the candidate country . Before a country applies for membership it typically signs an association agreement to help prepare the country for candidacy and eventual membership . Most countries do not meet the criteria to even begin negotiations before they apply , so they need many years to prepare for the process . An association agreement helps prepare for this first step . In the case of the Western Balkans , a special process , the Stabilisation and Association Process exists to deal with the special circumstances there . When a country formally applies for membership , the Council asks the Commission to prepare an opinion on the country 's readiness to begin negotiations . The Council can then either accept or reject the Commission 's opinion ( The Council has only once rejected the Commission 's opinion when the latter advised against opening negotiations with Greece ) . If the Council agrees to open negotiations the screening process then begins . The Commission and candidate country examine its laws and those of the EU and determine what differences exist . The Council then recommends opening negotiations on `` chapters '' of law that it feels there is sufficient common ground to have constructive negotiations . Negotiations are typically a matter of the candidate country convincing the EU that its laws and administrative capacity are sufficient to execute European law , which can be implemented as seen fit by the member states . Often this will involve time - lines before the Acquis Communautaire ( European regulations , directives & standards ) has to be fully implemented . Population and GDP per capita of individual EU member states compared with those of non-member states in Europe . A chapter is said to be closed when both sides have agreed it has been implemented sufficiently , however it can still be re-opened if the Commission feels that the candidate has fallen out of compliance . To assess progress achieved by countries in preparing for accession to the European Union , the European Commission submits regular reports ( yearly ) to the European Council . These serve as a basis for the Council to make decisions on negotiations or their extension to other candidates . Once the negotiations are complete a treaty of accession will be signed , which must then be ratified by all of the member states of the Union , as well as the institutions of the Union , and the candidate country . Once this has been completed it will join the Union on the date specified in the treaty . The entire process , from application for membership to membership has typically taken about a decade , although some countries , notably Sweden , Finland , and Austria have been faster , taking only a few years . The process from application for association agreement through accession has taken far longer , as much as several decades ( Turkey for example first applied for association in the 1950s and has yet to conclude accession negotiations ) . Example ( edit ) The following is an example of an accession process -- Estonia 's path to membership from the 2004 enlargement . Ease of accession depends on the state : how integrated it is with the EU before hand , the state of its economy and public institutions , any outstanding political issues with the EU and ( historically ) how much law to date the EU has built up that the acceding state must adopt . This outline also includes integration steps taken by the accession country after it attains membership . Estonia EU membership timeline Year Date Event Notes 1991 20 August Restoration of independence from USSR Recognition from EU in same month . 1994 18 July Free trade agreement concluded 1995 1 January Free trade agreement in force 12 June Europe Agreement concluded 24 November Applied for Membership 1998 1 January Europe Agreement comes into force Aiding pre-integration March Membership negotiations open 6 chapters opened 1999 17 chapters opened 2000 6 chapters opened 2002 December All chapters closed and negotiations concluded Final chapter ( No. 30 ) was opened and closed at the same time . 2003 8 April Draft accession treaty approved by Estonian government 16 April Treaty of Accession signed 14 September Referendum on membership approved 66.84 % in favour , turnout : 64.02 % 1 May Acceded to EU 28 June Joined ERM Requires 2 years in ERM before euro adoption 2007 21 December Entered the Schengen area 2011 1 January Adoption of the euro 1 May Right to limit migration from 2004 countries expired Only Austria and Germany applied this , the rest of EU countries abolished restrictions before 2011 Success and fatigue ( edit ) Enlargement has been one of the EU 's most successful foreign policies , yet has equally suffered from considerable opposition from the start . French President Charles de Gaulle opposed British membership . A later French President François Mitterrand opposed Greek , Spanish and Portuguese membership fearing that the former dictatorships were not ready and it would reduce the union to a free - trade area . The reasons for the first member states to apply , and for them to be accepted , were primarily economic while the second enlargement was more political . The southern Mediterranean countries had just emerged from dictatorships and wanted to secure their democratic systems through the EEC , while the EEC wanted to ensure the same thing and that their southern neighbours were stable and aligned to NATO . These two principal forces , economic gain and political security , have been behind enlargements since . However , with the recent large enlargements in 2004 , public opinion in Europe has turned against further expansion . It has also been acknowledged that enlargement has its limits ; the EU can not expand endlessly . Former Commission President Romano Prodi favoured granting `` everything but institutions '' to the EU 's neighbour states ; allowing them to co-operate deeply while not adding strain on the EU 's institutional framework . This has in particular been pushed by France and Germany as a privileged partnership for Turkey , membership for which has faced considerable opposition on cultural and logistical grounds . Historical enlargements ( edit ) Interactive map of the enlargement of the European Union , excluding Greenland and Algeria Applications for accession to the European Union * Applicant Issued Accession / failure rationale Albania 2009 - 04 - 28 Official candidate Austria 1989 - 07 - 17 1995 - 01 - 01 Belgium N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2016 - 02 - 15 Potential candidate Bulgaria 1995 - 12 - 14 2007 - 01 - 01 Croatia 2003 - 02 - 21 2013 - 07 - 01 Cyprus 1990 - 07 - 03 2004 - 05 - 01 Czech Republic 1996 - 01 - 17 2004 - 05 - 01 Denmark 1961 - 08 - 10 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 05 - 11 1973 - 01 - 01 Estonia 1995 - 11 - 24 2004 - 05 - 01 Finland 1992 - 03 - 18 1995 - 01 - 01 France N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 West Germany N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Greece 1975 - 06 - 12 1981 - 01 - 01 Hungary 1994 - 03 - 31 2004 - 05 - 01 Iceland 2009 - 07 - 17 Frozen due to election of new government Ireland 1961 - 07 - 31 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 05 - 11 1973 - 01 - 01 Italy N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Kosovo * -- Potential candidate Latvia 1995 - 09 - 13 2004 - 05 - 01 Lithuania 1995 - 12 - 08 2004 - 05 - 01 Luxembourg N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Macedonia 2004 - 03 - 22 Official candidate Malta 1990 - 07 - 16 Frozen due to election of new government in October 1996 . Resumed following another election of a new government in September 1998 . 2004 - 05 - 01 Montenegro 2008 - 12 - 15 Negotiating Morocco 1987 - 07 - 20 Rejected by the European Council Netherlands N / A 1952 - 07 - 23 Norway 1962 - 04 - 30 Withdrawn due to veto of UK application 1967 - 07 - 21 Rejected by Norway in referendum 1992 - 11 - 25 Rejected by Norway in referendum Poland 1994 - 04 - 05 2004 - 05 - 01 Portugal 1977 - 03 - 28 1986 - 01 - 01 Romania 1995 - 06 - 22 2007 - 01 - 01 Slovakia 1995 - 06 - 27 2004 - 05 - 01 Slovenia 1996 - 06 - 10 2004 - 05 - 01 Spain 1962 - 02 - 09 Rejected by the European Council 1977 - 06 - 28 1986 - 01 - 01 Serbia 2009 - 12 - 22 Negotiating Sweden 1991 - 07 - 01 1995 - 01 - 01 Switzerland 1992 - 05 - 25 Withdrawn due to public opinion Turkey 1987 - 04 - 14 Negotiating United Kingdom 1961 - 08 - 10 Vetoed by France 1967 - 05 - 10 1973 - 01 - 01 * Applications to the European Coal and Steel Community , European Communities and European Union depending on date . See also : History of the European Union and Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union Founding members ( edit ) The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC ) was proposed by Robert Schuman in his declaration on 9 May 1950 and involved the pooling of the coal and steel industries of France and West Germany . Half of the project states , Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands , had already achieved a great degree of integration amongst themselves with the organs of Benelux and earlier bilateral agreements . These five countries were joined by Italy and they all signed the Treaty of Paris on 23 July 1952 . These six members , dubbed the ' inner six ' ( as opposed to the ' outer seven ' who formed the European Free Trade Association who were suspicious of such plans for integration ) went on to sign the Treaties of Rome establishing two further communities , together known as the European Communities when they merged their executives in 1967 . In 1962 , Spain , ruled by the military dictator Francisco Franco , issued its first attempt to join the European Communities . Spanish Foreign Affairs minister Fernando María Castiella sent the request form to French Prime Minister Maurice Couve de Murville . This request was rejected by all the member countries in 1964 ; Spain was not a democracy at the time , and thus unable to enter the EEC . The Community did see some loss of territory due to the decolonialisation occurring in their era . Algeria , which was an integral part of France , had a special relationship with the Community . Algeria gained independence on 5 July 1962 and hence left the Community . There was no enlargement until the 1970s . First enlargement ( edit ) Main article : 1973 enlargement of the European Communities The United Kingdom , which had refused to join as a founding member , changed its policy following the Suez crisis and applied to be a member of the Communities . Other EEC members were also inclined to British membership on those grounds . French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership . Once de Gaulle had left office , the door to enlargement was once again opened . The EEC economy had also slowed down and British membership was seen as a way to revitalise the community . Only after a 12 - hour talk between British Prime Minister Edward Heath and French President Georges Pompidou took place did Britain 's third application succeed . After Britain was accepted Prime Minister Edward Heath said : `` For my part , I have no doubt at all that the discussions which we have had will prove of real and lasting benefit , not only to Britain and France , but to Europe as a whole . '' As part of the deal for British entry , France agreed to allow the EEC its own monetary resources . However France made that concession only as Britain 's small agriculture sector would ensure that Britain would be a net contributor to the Common Agricultural Policy dominated EEC budget . Applying together with the UK , as on the previous occasions , were Denmark , Ireland , and Norway . These countries were so economically linked to the UK that they considered it necessary to join the EEC if the UK did . However the Norwegian government lost a national referendum on membership and hence did not accede with the others on 1 January 1973 . Gibraltar joined the Community with the United Kingdom at this point , as can be seen in the long title of the UK European Communities Act 1972 . Mediterranean enlargements ( edit ) Further information : 1981 enlargement of the European Communities and 1986 enlargement of the European Communities The next enlargement would occur for different reasons . The 1970s also saw Greece , Spain , and Portugal emerge from dictatorship . These countries desired to consolidate their new democratic systems by binding themselves into the EEC . Equally , the EEC was unsure about which way these countries were heading and wanted to ensure stability along its southern borders . However François Mitterrand initially opposed their membership fearing they were not ready and it would water the community down to a free trade area . Greece joined the EU in 1981 followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986 . The year 1985 , however , saw the first time a territory voted to leave the Community , when Greenland was granted home rule by Denmark and the territory used its new powers and voted to withdraw from the Community ( See member state territories ) . Morocco and Turkey applied for membership in 1987 . Morocco 's application was turned down as it was not considered European , while Turkey 's application was considered eligible on the basis of the 1963 Ankara Association Agreement , but the opinion of the Commission on the possible candidate status was by then negative . Turkey received candidate status only in 1999 and began official membership negotiations in 2005 , which are still in progress as of 2018 . Post -- Cold War ( edit ) Main article : 1995 enlargement of the European Union The Iron Curtain 's fall enabled eastward enlargement . ( Berlin Wall ) After the 1970s , Europe experienced a downturn which led to leaders launching of the Single European Act which set to create a single market by 1992 . The effect of this was that EFTA states found it harder to export to the EEC and businesses ( including large EFTA corporations such as Volvo ) wished to relocate within the new single market making the downturn worse for EFTA . EFTA states began to discuss closer links with the EEC despite its domestic unpopularity . Austria , Finland and Sweden were neutral in the Cold War so membership of an organisation developing a common foreign and security policy would be incompatible with that . With the end of the Cold War in 1989 , that obstacle was removed , and the desire to pursue membership grew stronger . On 3 October 1990 , the reunification of East and West Germany brought East Germany into the Community without increasing the number of member states . The Community later became the European Union in 1993 by virtue of the Maastricht Treaty , and established standards for new entrants so their suitability could be judged . These Copenhagen criteria stated in 1993 that a country must be a democracy , operate a free market , and be willing to adopt the entire body of EU law already agreed upon . Also in 1993 the European Economic Area was established with the EFTA states except Switzerland . Most of the new EEA states pursued full EU membership as the EEA did not sufficiently satisfy the needs of their export based corporations . The EU has also preferred these states to integrate via the EEA rather than full membership as the EEC wished to pursue monetary integration and did not wish for another round of enlargement to occupy their attention . However , with the EEA 's credibility dented following rejection by businesses and Switzerland , the EU agreed with full membership . This was more readily accepted with the prospect of poorer countries wishing to join ; contributions from richer countries would help balance the EU budget . On 1 January 1995 Austria , Finland , and Sweden acceded to the EU marking its fourth enlargement . The Norwegian government lost a second national referendum on membership . Eastern enlargement ( edit ) Further information : 2004 enlargement of the European Union and 2007 enlargement of the European Union EU 's enlargements in the 2000s and the 2010s : European Union 1 Jan. 1995 -- 30 April 2004 Joined the EU on 1 May 2004 Joined the EU on 1 Jan. 2007 Joined the EU on 1 July 2013 As with the Mediterranean countries in the 1980s , the countries in Central and Eastern Europe had emerged from dictatorships and wanted to consolidate their democracies . They also wanted to join the project of European integration and ensure they did not fall back into the Russian sphere of influence . The EU and NATO offered a guarantee of this , and the EU was also seen as vital to ensuring the economic success of those countries . However , the EU 's desire to accept these countries ' membership applications was less than rapid . The collapse of communism came quickly and was not anticipated . The EU struggled to deal with the sudden reunification of Germany with the addition of its poorer 17 million people and , while keeping its monetary union project on track , it was still at that early stage pointing the EFTA countries in the direction of the EEA rather than full membership . States in Central and Eastern Europe persisted and eventually the above - mentioned issues were cleared . The US also pressured the EU to offer membership as a temporary guarantee ; it feared expanding NATO too rapidly for fear of frightening Russia . Although eventually trying to limit the number of members , and after encouragement from the US , the EU pursued talks with ten countries and a change of mind by Cyprus and Malta helped to offset slightly the influx of large poorer member states from Central and Eastern Europe . In the end , eight Central and Eastern European countries ( the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia ) , plus two Mediterranean countries ( Malta and Cyprus ) were able to join on 1 May 2004 . This was the largest single enlargement in terms of people , and number of countries , though not in terms of GDP . The less developed nature of these countries was of concern to some of the older member states . Some countries , such as the UK , immediately opened their job market to the accession states , whereas most others placed temporary restrictions on the rights of work of the citizens of these states to their countries . The movement westward of some of the labour force of the newly acceded countries that occurred in the aftermath of the enlargement initially spawned clichés among the public opinion and media of some western countries ( such as the `` Polish plumber '' ) , despite the generally conceded benefit to the economies concerned . The official EU media ( the speeches of the European Commission ) frequently referred to the enlargement to the CEE region as `` an historical opportunity '' and `` morally imperative '' , which reflected the desire of the EU to admit these countries as members , even though they were less developed than the Western European countries . Following this Romania and Bulgaria , though were deemed initially as not fully ready by the Commission to join in 2004 , acceded nevertheless on 1 January 2007 . These , like the countries joining in 2004 , faced a series of restrictions as to their citizens not fully enjoying working rights on the territory of some of the older EU members . Bulgaria and Romania are not yet members of the Schengen area ; however , their citizens can travel visa - free to the other EU countries . The socio - economic research on the attitudes towards the integration from both hosting and visiting countries has revealed divergent views. The analysis shows , there are a number of possible factors of the rationalization and understanding of the practices on what the enlargement has been and should be like . Attitudes of even skeptical citizens , do not discard the possibility on future sustainable enlargements . The years subsequent to the EU accession will lead to extensive dialogues between policy - makers , governments , and European citizens about the path for a constructive development . Western Balkans enlargements ( edit ) Further information : 2013 enlargement of the European Union The 2003 European Council summit in Thessaloniki set integration of the Western Balkans as a priority of EU expansion . The EU 's relations with the Western Balkans states were moved from the `` External Relations '' to the `` Enlargement '' policy segment in 2005 . Those states which have not been recognised as candidate countries are considered `` potential candidate countries '' . The move to Enlargement directorate was a consequence of the advancement of the Stabilisation and Association process . Croatia joined on 1 July 2013 , following ratification of the 2011 Accession Treaty by all other EU countries . Albania and the several successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have all adopted EU integration as an aim of foreign policy . Detail ( edit ) # Official name Date Community countries and OMR Associated territories Excluded territories ECSC Foundation 1952 - 07 - 23 Belgium , Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , Saarland , Italy , West Germany , West Berlin Until the unification of Germany in 1990 the de jure status of West Berlin was that of French , UK and US occupied zones with West German civilian administration . The treaties applied fully during 1952 -- 1990 over the West German and French responsibilities , and during 1973 -- 1990 over the UK responsibilities . From 3 October 1990 West Berlin was fully integrated in the Federal Republic of Germany along with East Germany . Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Tunis , Morocco , Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea , Algeria , Comoros , Suriname , French Somaliland , French - administration of Vanuatu , West Berlin , Réunion , French Guiana , Martinique , Guadeloupe , Mayotte , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean , Netherlands Antilles 1953 -- 1957 the above , Saarland joined West Germany the above without the newly independent : Cambodia , Laos , Vietnam , Tunis , Morocco EEC and EURATOM Foundation 1958 - 01 - 01 the above , Algeria , Réunion , French Guiana , Martinique , Guadeloupe Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea , Comoros , French Somaliland , French - administration of Vanuatu , Mayotte , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Wallis and Futuna , French Polynesia , New Caledonia , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , Suriname , Netherlands Antilles , West Berlin , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean 1958 -- 1962 the above the above , without the newly independent : Guinea , French Cameroon , Togo , Mali , Senegal , Madagascar , DR Congo , Italian Somaliland , Benin , Niger , Upper Volta , Ivory Coast , Chad , Central African Republic , Congo , Gabon , Mauritania , Burundi , Rwanda , Netherlands New Guinea the above 1962 - 07 - 03 the above , without the newly independent : Algeria the above the above 1962 - 09 - 01 the above the above , with Suriname the above , without Suriname Netherlands Antilles Association Convention 1964 - 10 - 1 the above the above , with the Netherlands Antilles the above , without the Netherlands Antilles First Enlargement 1973 - 01 - 01 the above , Ireland , United Kingdom , Gibraltar , Denmark , Greenland the above , Bahamas , Grenada , Seychelles , Solomon Islands , Tuvalu , Dominica , St. Lucia , Kiribati , St. Vincent and the Grenadines , Vanuatu , Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis , Brunei , St. Helena , the Pitcairn Islands , the Falkland Islands , the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , the British Indian Ocean Territory , Anguilla , Montserrat , the British Virgin Islands , the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Cayman Islands , Bermuda the above , the Faroe Islands , Akrotiri and Dhekelia , the Isle of Man , Jersey , Guernsey , Zimbabwe , Hong Kong 1973 -- 1980 the above the above without the newly independent Bahamas , Grenada , Seychelles , the Solomon Islands , Suriname , Tuvalu , Dominica , St. Lucia , Kiribati , St. Vincent and the Grenadines , Vanuatu , Comoros and French Somaliland the above without the newly independent Zimbabwe Second Enlargement 1981 - 01 - 01 the above , Greece the above the above 1981 -- 1984 the above the above without the newly independent Belize , Antigua and Barbuda , St. Kitts and Nevis and Brunei the above 1985 - 01 - 01 the above without Greenland the above , Greenland the above 5 Third Enlargement 1986 - 01 - 01 the above , Spain , Portugal , Azores , Madeira , Plazas de soberanía the above , with Aruba , formerly part of the Netherlands Antilles the above , Macau , East Timor 1990 - 10 - 03 the above , East Germany and West Berlin join to form Germany the above the above without West Berlin 6 Fourth Enlargement 1995 - 01 - 01 the above , Austria , Sweden , Finland the above the above 1997 - 07 - 01 the above the above the above , without Hong Kong ( transferred to China ) 7 1999 - 05 - 01 the above , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above 1999 - 12 - 20 the above the above the above , without Macau ( transferred to China ) 2002 - 05 - 20 the above the above the above , without the newly independent East Timor 8 Fifth Enlargement 2004 - 05 - 01 the above , Malta , Cyprus , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Slovenia , Hungary , Akrotiri and Dhekelia the above the above without Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9 Sixth Enlargement 2007 - 01 - 01 the above , Bulgaria , Romania the above the above 10 2007 - 02 - 22 the above , Clipperton , without Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean the above , Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean , without Clipperton the above 2010 - 10 - 10 the above the above , without the now - dissolved Netherlands Antilles , with Curaçao , Sint Maarten , Bonaire , Sint Eustatius , Saba the above 2012 - 01 - 01 the above , with Saint Martin , without Saint Barthélemy the above , Saint Barthélemy the above 11 Seventh Enlargement 2013 - 07 - 01 the above , Croatia the above the above 12 2014 - 01 - 01 the above , Mayotte the above , without Mayotte the above Timeline ( edit ) Current enlargement agenda ( edit ) Main article : Future enlargement of the European Union Candidates by the order of EU integration progress : Member states Candidates negotiating membership Candidates Potential candidates which have submitted a membership application Potential candidates which have not submitted a membership application Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty ( as amended ) says that any European state that respects the `` principles of liberty , democracy , respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms , and the rule of law '' , may apply to join the Union . The Copenhagen European Council set out the conditions for EU membership in June 1993 in the so - called Copenhagen criteria ( see Criteria above for details ) . The Western Balkan states had to sign Stabilisation and Association Agreements ( SAAs ) before applying for membership . Turkey applied for membership in 1987 . The Western Balkans have been prioritised for membership since emerging from war during the breakup of Yugoslavia . Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Turkey are all recognized as official candidates , and the latter three are undergoing membership talks . Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo * are recognized as potential candidates for membership by the EU . Bosnia has submitted an application for EU membership , while Bosnia and Kosovo have an SAA with the EU . In July 2014 , President of the European Commission Jean - Claude Juncker announced that the EU has no plans to expand in the next five years . Juncker has described Serbia and Montenegro as front - runner candidates , and projected that they would join by 2025 . On 6 February 2018 , the European Commission published its expansion plan , which covers the six Western Balkan countries . The plan envisages that all six applicants could achieve accession as members of the European Union after 2025 . In May 2018 , Bulgaria - holding the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union - hosted a summit on the Western Balkans , which aimed to facilitate accession by the six , including enhanced regional security cooperation and regional connectivity . It was noteworthy that the Summit referred to ' partners ' rather than states : this reflects the issue that Kosovo is only partially recognised as a state . States that did not , in 2018 , recognise Kosovo include fellow Western Balkan applicant , Serbia , and other EU members : Spain , Slovakia , Cyprus , Romania , and Greece . The European Commission is sensitive to the issue which was addressed in a speech by the EU 's High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European Parliament Plenary Session on the Western Balkan Strategy : `` shared , unequivocal , concrete perspective for European Union integration for each and every one of the six partners . Each at its own pace , with its own specificities and under different conditions , but the direction is clear and is one `` . Cancelled enlargements ( edit ) Not all enlargement negotiations have ended with the accession of a new member state . Norway completed membership negotiations twice , in 1972 and 1994 , but both times membership was rejected in a referendum . Switzerland applied for membership in May 1992 but subsequently froze its application , and formally withdrew it in 2016 . Iceland lodged its application following an economic collapse in 2008 , but froze accession negotiations in 2013 . In 2017 however , Iceland 's newly elected government announced that it may seek to begin talks with the EU on possible future membership once again . However , this did not happen as the government only survived for eight months . New elections were called in October 2017 , leading to a new left - right coalition government in November 2017 . Following the elections , all the parties of the governing coalition oppose EU membership , along with two of the opposition parties , summing up to at least two - thirds of the MPs . Additionally , for more than eight years every single opinion poll published in Iceland has had a solid majority against joining the EU . See also ( edit ) Eastern Europe Eastern Partnership Enlargement of the eurozone Enlargement of NATO Euronest Parliamentary Assembly European integration Future enlargement of the European Union Treaty of Accession 2003 Treaty of Accession 2005 Treaty of Accession 2011 Union for the Mediterranean Withdrawal from the European Union European Free Trade Association European Economic Area Schengen Area Switzerland -- European Union relations Enlargement of Switzerland European Union portal Europe portal hide Enlargement and partners of the European Union Previous enlargements 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Statistics Negotiating Montenegro ( status ) Serbia ( status ) Turkey ( status ) Candidate status Albania ( status ) Macedonia ( status ) Potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina ( status ) Kosovo * ( under the Belgrade -- Pristina agreement ; status ) Partnerships Free trade agreements Iceland ( relations ) Liechtenstein ( relations ) Norway ( relations ) Switzerland ( relations ) Eastern Partnership Armenia ( relations ) Azerbaijan ( relations ) Belarus ( relations ) Georgia ( relations ) ( accession ) Moldova ( relations ) Ukraine ( relations ) Northern Dimension Russia ( relations ) Union for the Mediterranean Algeria Egypt Israel ( relations ) Jordan ( relations ) Lebanon ( relations ) Mauritania Monaco Morocco ( relations ) Palestine ( relations ) Syria Tunisia Current membership Criteria Withdrawal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union reads : `` The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value . The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community '' . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union : ROADMAP FOR A MORE UNITED , STRONGER AND MORE DEMOCRATIC UNION 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker in the 2017 State of the EU : We must maintain a credible enlargement perspective for the Western Balkans '' . europa.rs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia on course for EU by 2025 , top EU official says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' They 've pulled up the draw bridge ' Juncker RULES OUT Turkey joining the EU '' . Express UK . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENCY CONCLUSIONS : Copenhagen European Council - 21 - 22 June 1993 '' ( PDF ) . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Article : A success for Konstantinos Karamanli on CVCE.eu ^ Jump up to : `` European Commission - Enlargement : Archives Country Profiles '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Timetable for accession negotiations by chapter and by country ( 1998 -- 2004 ) CVCE.eu ^ Jump up to : Piket , Vincent EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy , Institute for Strategic Studies ^ Jump up to : Beyond Enlargement Fatigue ? The Dutch debate on Turkish accession , European Security Initiative 2006 ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p540 -- 542 Jump up ^ Kardas , Saban ( 13 May 2009 ) Merkel and Sarkozy Call for Privileged Partnership Angers Turkey , Jamestown Foundation Jump up ^ Schauble , Wolfgang ( 2004 ) Talking Turkey , Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ `` EU candidate status for Albania '' . European Commission . 2014 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnia and Herzegovina applied for EU membership today '' . The Netherlands EU Presidency 2016 . 15 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/index_en.htm Jump up ^ On 3 October 1990 , East Germany joined West Germany through the process of German reunification ; since then , the reunited Germany has been a single member state . Jump up ^ RÚV , Application not formally withdrawn Jump up ^ `` Iceland withdraws EU accession bid '' . Deutsche Welle. 2015 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Iceland 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Minister Sveinsson meets with Stefan Füle '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Referred to as `` Kosovo * '' by the EU Jump up ^ `` European Commission - Enlargement - Kosovo * '' . European Commission . 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Referred to as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' by the EU Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) . `` EU Mulls Deeper Policy Cooperation with Morocco '' . Defense News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 1972 '' . The History of the European Union . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 2005 - 11 - 10 ) . `` 1994 '' . The History of the European Union . Retrieved 2006 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ The European Offensive . - Government of Castile and Leon . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU membership application not to be withdrawn '' . swissinfo. 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ British Embassy , Bern ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) . `` EU and Switzerland '' . The UK & Switzerland . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Retirer la demande d'adhésion à l'UE et dire les choses telles qu'elles sont '' . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ European Commission ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` The Schuman Declaration -- 9 May 1950 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ ARTEHISTORIA . `` La ofensiva europea '' . ARTEHISTORIA . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Spain towards the European Integration , Heidy Cristina Senante Berendes , page 456 - University of Alicante ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ European Economic Community Treaty , Art `` 7 ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 Year in Review Archived 12 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI.com '' Jump up ^ For more on Ireland 's attempts at membership see Michael J. Geary , An Inconvenient Wait : Ireland 's Quest for Membership of the EEC , 1957 -- 73 ( Institute of Public Administration , 2009 ) ( ISBN 9781904541837 ) Jump up ^ `` Turkey Secretariat General for EU affairs -- Current situation in accession negotiations '' . Abgs.gov.tr . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p543 -- 547 ^ Jump up to : Bache , Ian and Stephen George ( 2006 ) Politics in the European Union , Oxford University Press . p549 -- 550 Jump up ^ Giuseppe D'Amato , Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica . L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est Travel to the Baltic Hansa . Greco&Greco , Milano , 2004 ISBN 88 - 7980 - 355 - 7 Jump up ^ Giuseppe D'Amato , L'EuroSogno ed i nuovi Muri ad Est . L'Unione europea e la dimensione orientale The EuroDream and the New Walls to the East . Greco&Greco , Milano , 2008 ISBN 978 - 88 - 7980 - 456 - 1 Jump up ^ THE NEXT ENLARGEMENT : CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESSPEECH BY SIR LEON BRITTAN QC TO EUROPAPOLITISCHER KONGRESS ORGANISED BYTHE CDU / CSU GROUP IN THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT -- BERLIN 11 September 1995 and Günter Verheugen Member of the Commission responsible for Enlargement `` Enlargement is irreversible '' Debate on Enlargement in the European Parliament Strasbourg , 3 October 2000 Jump up ^ Schimmelfennig , F. , Börzel , T.A. , Kortenska , E. , Langbein , J. , & Toshkov , D. Enlargement and the Integration Capacity of the EU Interim Scientific Results . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community ( Paris , 18 April 1951 ) - CVCE Website '' . Cvce.eu. 1951 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EUR - Lex - 11972B / AFI / DCL / 06 - EN - EUR - Lex '' . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Vanuatu was a condominium between the United Kingdom and France until its independence in 1980 , and was generally considered to be an overseas territory of both countries Jump up ^ `` The provisions of Part Four of the Treaty were applied to Surinam , by virtue of a Supplementary Act of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to complete its instrument of ratification , from 1 September 1962 to 16 July 1976 . '' , in : eur-lex.europa.eu -- Treaty establishing the European Community ( consolidated version ) -- Text of the Treaty Jump up ^ `` CONVENTION portant révision du traité instituant la Communauté économique européenne en vue de rendre applicable aux Antilles néerlandaises le régime spécial d ' association défini dans la quatrième partie de se traité '' . Euro-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Although Aruba was only added to the OCT list with the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999 , it was considered an OCT by the European Communities since leaving the Netherlands Antilles : `` De eilandgebieden zullen dus de rechten en plichten van de LGO - status van het Land de Nederlandse Antillen overnemen , wanneer dat opgeheven wordt . Hetzelfde gebeurde in 1986 toen Aruba van eilandgebied van de Nederlandse Antillen een apart Land binnen het Koninkrijk werd . Hoewel de LGO - bijlage pas in 1999 aan deze situatie werd aangepast , heeft de Europese Gemeenschap Aruba van het begin af aan als LGO behandeld . '' in : Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- Grondwettelijke aspecten : Territoriale werking / Antillen ^ Jump up to : The Netherlands Antilles dissolved on 10 October 2010 and contained the islands of Aruba ( which left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 ) , Bonaire , Curacao , Sint Maarten , Saba and Sint Eustatius . Aruba , Curacao and Sint Maarten are autonomous countries in the Kingdom of Netherlands , and remain overseas territories of the European Union . Bonaire , St Eustatius and Saba , also known as the BES islands , are special municipalities of the Netherlands , and remained legally overseas territories . Jump up ^ Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean are listed in the OCT Annex as Madagascar dependencies 1958 -- 1999 . After Madagascar independence in 1960 they are transferred to Réunion administration until 2005 , when they are transferred to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands , which they joined in 2007 Jump up ^ `` 361 - An evaluation of the EU 's Fifth Enlargement With special focus on Bulgaria and Romania - Fritz Breuss - Fritz Breuss , Research Institute for European Affairs ( Europainstitut ) and Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration - European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROTOCOL No 1 : ON AMENDMENTS TO THE STATUTE OF THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK '' ( DOC ) . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Due to reorganisation in the French overseas territories Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin leave Guadeloupe ( with France retaing EU law application in the new territories ) and Clipperton is moved from French Polynesia administration to direct Government of France administration Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 29 October 2010 amending the status with regard to the European Union of the island of Saint - Barthélemy '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Oami.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES '' ( PDF ) . Ecb.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EU welcomes Croatia 's ' historic moment ' on eve of entry '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` EUROPEAN COUNCIL DECISION of 11 July 2012 amending the status of Mayotte with regard to the European Union '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enlargement - Check current status '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . Jump up ^ `` Better Together accused in Juncker row '' . Herald Scotland . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union : ROADMAP FOR A MORE UNITED , STRONGER AND MORE DEMOCRATIC UNION 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Juncker in the 2017 State of the EU : We must maintain a credible enlargement perspective for the Western Balkans '' . europa.rs . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Strategy for the Western Balkans '' . Europa : European Commission . 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Western Balkans summit in Sofia '' . Council of Europe . 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dimitrov ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` Balkans Labeled ' Partners ' Instead of ' States ' for Sofia Summit '' . Balkan Insight . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speech by High Representative / Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European Parliament Plenary Session on the Western Balkan Strategy '' . European Union External Action Service . 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EU membership application not to be withdrawn '' . swissinfo. 2005 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ British Embassy , Bern ( 4 July 2006 ) . `` EU and Switzerland '' . The UK & Switzerland . Archived from the original on 28 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Retirer la demande d'adhésion à l'UE et dire les choses telles qu'elles sont '' . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Iceland gets new govt , could restart talks on entering EU '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gudmundsson , Hjortur J. ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Iceland : further from EU membership than ever '' . EUobserver . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enlargement of the European Union . Enlargement -- Europa European Union Member States and applicant countries -- CVCE Archival material concerning the enlargement of the European Union can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence Enlargement and partners of the European Union Previous enlargements 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Statistics Negotiating Montenegro ( status ) Serbia ( status ) Turkey ( status ) Candidate status Albania ( status ) Macedonia ( status ) Potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina ( status ) Kosovo * ( under the Belgrade -- Pristina agreement ; status ) Partnerships Free trade agreements Iceland ( relations ) Liechtenstein ( relations ) Norway ( relations ) Switzerland ( relations ) Eastern Partnership Armenia ( relations ) Azerbaijan ( relations ) Belarus ( relations ) Georgia ( relations ) ( accession ) Moldova ( relations ) Ukraine ( relations ) Northern Dimension Russia ( relations ) Union for the Mediterranean Algeria Egypt Israel ( relations ) Jordan ( relations ) Lebanon ( relations ) Mauritania Monaco Morocco ( relations ) Palestine ( relations ) Syria Tunisia Current membership Criteria Withdrawal European Union articles History Timeline Pre-1945 1945 -- 57 1958 -- 72 1973 -- 93 1993 -- 2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Timeline Founders European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Geography Extreme points Geographic centre Largest municipalities Urban areas Larger urban zones Member states Regions ( first - level NUTS ) Special territories Politics Institutions European Council European Commission European Parliament Council of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union European Central Bank European Court of Auditors Agencies Banking Border and coast security ( Frontex ) Disease prevention and control Environment Foreign affairs ( External Action Service ) Judicial cooperation ( Eurojust ) Law enforcement cooperation ( Europol ) Maritime safety Reconstruction Law Acquis Charter of Fundamental Rights Competition law Copyright law Directive Citizens ' Rights Directive Enhanced cooperation Environmental policy Four freedoms labour mobility Government procurement Journal Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Legislative procedure Citizens ' Initiative Regulation Rural Development Policy Schengen Area Treaties opt - outs LGBT rights Politics Elections parliamentary constituencies Enlargement 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Future Euromyths Political parties ( National parties by affiliation ) Euroscepticism Foreign relations ( defence ) Integration Parliamentary groups Pro-Europeanism Withdrawal ( Brexit ) 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Economy Budget Central bank Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Currencies Energy policy Euro Eurozone Free trade agreements Investment bank Investment fund Regional development Single market Societas Europaea Solidarity Fund Transport Galileo navigation system minimum wage average wage unemployment rate health expense per person Healthcare Health Insurance Card Driving licence European Common Aviation Area Culture Citizenship passports identity cards Cultural policies Demographics Douzelage Driving licence Education House of European History Institute of Innovation and Technology Laissez - passer Languages Media freedom Public holidays Religion Sport Telephone numbers Statistics Symbols Lists Concepts , acronyms , & jargon Agencies Books Companies Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants Largest cities by population within city limits Directives Tallest buildings Terrorist incidents Vehicle registration plates Theory Eurosphere Intergovernmentalism Multi-speed Neofunctionalism Optimum currency area Supranational union Outline Book Category Portal International reach and expansion of the European Union Theory Integration Eurosphere Pax Europaea Superpower status Federalisation Reach ACP ( Economic Partnership Agreements ) Association Agreement Free trade agreements Common Foreign and Security Policy ( CFSP ) Common Security and Defence Policy ( CSDP ) ( missions ) European Economic Area Stabilisation and Association Process Europeanisation High Representative ( Bosnia ) International Civilian Representative ( Kosovo ) Partnerships European Neighbourhood Policy ( statistics ) Eastern Partnership Northern Dimension Union for the Mediterranean Representation High Representative President of the European Council President of the European Commission Delegations of the European Parliament Assets Economy Euro ( International status and usage ) ECHO Galileo Military Territorial evolution of the world By country Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th -- 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Category Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlargement_of_the_European_Union&oldid=850364280 '' Categories : Enlargement of the European Union Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Romani Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 文言 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement%20of%20the%20European%20Union
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when did opp by naughty by nature come out
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`` O.P.P. '' is a song by American rap group Naughty by Nature . It was released in August 1991 as the lead single from their self - titled debut album Naughty by Nature . The song was one of the first rap songs to become a pop hit when it reached # 6 in the U.S. and # 35 in the UK in 1991 . It 's declaration , `` Down Wit ' O.P.P '' was a popular catchphrase in the United States in the early - 1990s . It was a hugely successful single , as Allmusic described : `` There was not a bigger , more contagious crossover radio smash in the autumn of 1991 than Naughty by Nature 's ' O.P.P. ' ''
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August 1991
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O.P.P. ( Song )
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o. p. p. ( song )
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`` O.P.P. '' is a song by American rap group Naughty by Nature . It was released in August 1991 as the lead single from their self - titled debut album Naughty by Nature . The song was one of the first rap songs to become a pop hit when it reached # 6 in the U.S. and # 35 in the UK in 1991 . It 's declaration , `` Down Wit ' O.P.P '' was a popular catchphrase in the United States in the early - 1990s . It was a hugely successful single , as Allmusic described : `` There was not a bigger , more contagious crossover radio smash in the autumn of 1991 than Naughty by Nature 's ' O.P.P. ' ''
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In 1998 , the song was named one of the 100 best rap singles by The Source . In 2008 , it was ranked # 22 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . It also appeared as # 53 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 90s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Track listing 3 Official versions 4 Chart performance 4.1 Peak positions 4.2 End of year charts 5 In popular culture 6 References Content ( edit ) The song samples Melvin Bliss 's `` Synthetic Substitution '' and The Jackson 5 's 1970 smash - hit song `` ABC '' in which Alphonzo Mizell , Freddie Perren , Deke Richards , and Berry Gordy , Jr. got a writing credit for the song . The lyrics concern sexual infidelity , with ' O.P.P. ' standing for ' other peoples ' pussy ' , ' other peoples ' penis ' , and ( euphemistically ) ' other peoples ' property ' . Track listing ( edit ) O.P.P. ( Vocal ) Wickedest Man Alive ( Vocal ) O.P.P. ( Sunny Days Remix ) Wickedest Man Alive ( Instrumental ) O.P.P. ( Instrumental ) Official versions ( edit ) O.P.P. ( Album Version ) O.P.P. ( Vocal ) O.P.P. ( Instrumental ) O.P.P. ( Sunny Days Remix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 - 92 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Canada Dance ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 56 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot Rap Singles US Hot R&B / Hip Hop Singles & Tracks 5 US Hot Dance Music / Club Play 7 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales End of year charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 94 Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 In popular culture ( edit ) Will Smith ( in character as Will ) dances to the song next to a car in an episode of the 1990s TV sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel Air . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ allmusic ( ( ( Naughty by Nature > Overview ) ) ) Jump up ^ rocklist.net Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Naughty By Nature -- O.P.P. '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ Canadian Dance peak Jump up ^ Canadian Top Singles peak Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Naughty By Nature Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Naughty By Nature '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Naughty By Nature -- O.P.P. '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Naughty By Nature -- O.P.P. '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1991 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ( hide ) Naughty by Nature Treach Vin Rock DJ Kay Gee Albums Independent Leaders Naughty by Nature 19 Naughty III Poverty 's Paradise Nineteen Naughty Nine : Nature 's Fury IIcons Anthem Inc . Compilation albums Nature 's Finest Naughty 's Nicest Singles `` Scuffin ' Those Knees '' `` O.P.P. '' `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' `` Uptown Anthem '' `` Hip Hop Hooray '' `` It 's On '' `` Written on Ya Kitten '' `` Clap Yo Hands '' `` Craziest '' `` Feel Me Flow '' `` Mourn You Til I Join You '' `` Dirt All By My Lonely '' `` Live or Die '' `` Jamboree '' `` Holiday '' `` Feels Good ( Do n't Worry Bout a Thing ) '' Related articles Discography Rottin Razkals Naughty by Nature : Tha Mixtape Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O.P.P._(song)&oldid=832855000 '' Categories : 1991 singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Songs written by Berry Gordy Songs written by Freddie Perren Naughty by Nature songs Music videos directed by Marcus Raboy Songs written by Deke Richards Songs written by Alphonzo Mizell 1991 songs Songs written by Treach Songs written by DJ Kay Gee Songs written by Vin Rock Tommy Boy Records singles Song recordings produced by Naughty by Nature Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Swiss Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 10 : 42 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.P.P.%20%28song%29
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who coined the phrase what happens in vegas
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Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation . His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio , Fox Sports Radio , NBCSports.com , Ultimate Fighting Championship , World Wrestling Entertainment , and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel . He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners , the ad agency which created the `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . In addition , Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada , valued in 2010 around $210 million , and previously served as the President of MBC Communications .
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R&R Partners|ad agency
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Mark E. Brown
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mark e. brown
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Mark E. Brown is an American businessman and former CEO of Zen Entertainment and a former vice president of The Howard Hughes Corporation . His company currently has partnership deals with ESPN Radio , Fox Sports Radio , NBCSports.com , Ultimate Fighting Championship , World Wrestling Entertainment , and casinos such as the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel . He is also the former Partner and President of R&R Partners , the ad agency which created the `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' advertising campaign for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . In addition , Brown is founder and director of Service 1st Bank of Nevada , valued in 2010 around $210 million , and previously served as the President of MBC Communications .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 R&R Partners 2.2 Other Corporate Involvements 2.3 Zen Gaming 3 External links 4 References Early life and education ( edit ) He attended the University of Nevada , Reno and completed the Executive Program in Management for the John Anderson Graduate School of Management . He is currently a member of the Board of Trustees of the UNLV Foundation . Career ( edit ) Brown started out working as a senior legislative assistant on the staff of former Nevada Senator Chic Hecht . He spent five years in Washington , D.C. overseeing all of Hecht 's U.S. Senate Banking and Energy Committee assignments in the 1980s . After 1989 , he started and operated his own company called The Carrara Group , a government affairs and public relations company which was later acquired by Burson - Marsteller , the world 's largest public relations firm . Following the acquisition he got a job as the Executive Vice President of corporate and government relations and marketing for The Howard Hughes Corporation and from 1994 to 1999 , worked for the company , that is also an affiliate of The Rouse Company . Yet , by 1999 Brown began to transition into the world of Las Vegas casinos . He served as an Executive Vice President of government relations and corporate communications for Station Casinos , Inc. from 1999 to 2000 . R&R Partners ( edit ) Brown was the founder and owner of Brown & Partners in 2000 , which merged with R&R Partners in 2004 . The merger helped bring a $226 million in combined capital in 2005 , when the merger became effective . R&R Partners is considered Nevada 's largest public affairs , public relations and full - service advertising agency . After the merger Brown served as its President and Chief Executive Officer from 2004 to 2007 . The company R&R Partners , is best known for creating the advertising campaign slogan `` What Happens in Vegas , Stays in Vegas '' for the City of Las Vegas . Its `` What happens here '' slogan is not new , see What happens on tour , stays on tour , yet the campaign brought Las Vegas a record - breaking 37.4 million visitors in 2004 . Since then the phrase has been used by many celebrities . Gambling fan Ben Affleck used it on Saturday Night Live . Billy Crystal used it to close the 2004 Oscars . It has been a clue on Wheel of Fortune . In 2004 on The Tonight Show when Jay Leno asked Laura Bush whether she had gambled or had seen a Chippendales show while visiting the Las Vegas Strip , the then First Lady got a big hand by replying , `` Jay , what happened in Vegas , stays in Vegas . '' In later years the phrase was used as the title for a 2008 movie ' What Happens in Vegas ' starring Cameron Diaz and Ashton Kutcher . It has also been used in the 2009 blockbuster hit The Hangover . Other corporate involvements ( edit ) Medicor Ltd : Brown was also involved in Medicor Ltd. as its director in 2003 . The company was founded in 1999 and was based in Las Vegas , Nevada . Medicor , Ltd. , through its subsidiaries , engages in the development , manufacture , and marketing of breast implants and other implants primarily for the aesthetic , plastic , and reconstructive surgery markets worldwide . On June 29 , 2007 , MediCor Ltd , along with its affiliates , filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 in the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware . Service1 st Bank of Nevada : He was a founder of Service1 st Bank of Nevada . He has been a director of Service1st Bank of Nevada since January 2007 . Brown serves as a Director of Service1st . The bank 's capital was valued at the end of the first quarter of 2010 around $21 million and later bought by Western Liberty Bancorp and Forbes Lister Jason N. Ader the same year . YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. : Brown served as the President of YourBuyer Worldwide , Inc. , a global purchasing company . Zen Gaming ( edit ) Brown heard about a social networking Web site proposal that would feature poker and be able to target ads to specific partners , he thought it sounded like a good idea . Thus , he started a holding company called Zen Gaming and acquired nlop.com , a successful online poker site Brown became the Chief Executive Officer of Zen Gaming in 2007 . The website purchased initially had problems in the US with the passing of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act , yet Brown 's combination of membership poker and paid advertising space online offered new potential . Zen Gaming is based out of Las Vegas with wholly owned subsidiary divisions that include NewPoker LLC and Advergaming LLC under which the acquired National League of Poker operates . The company developed and patented two new poker games , Royal hold ' em and No River Hold'em that have been approved by the Nevada Gaming Commission and already are being played in the poker rooms at Treasure Island Hotel and Casino , Hard Rock Hotel and O'Sheas on the Las Vegas Strip . Also , Stephens Media Group , owner of the Review - Journal , is one of Zen Gaming 's first partners . Using the company 's software , the Review - Journal launched a poker site , becoming the first newspaper in the country to offer online poker . Some of Zen Gaming 's other partners include Golden Gaming and Lotus Broadcasting , a radio company that owns the local affiliates for ESPN Radio and Fox Sports Radio , and pair of local rock and Spanish - language stations . It also has partnership deals with NBCSports.com since 2009 . The Zen Gaming 's software platform was selected by Poker Productions , Inc. under a continuing agreement with NBCsports.com to provide poker programming . Poker Productions provides executive production services for the National Heads - Up Poker Championship and the Poker After Dark programs seen on NBC . Brown later made partnerships with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to set up poker rooms at their events . The UFC Poker Rooms leveraged UFC 's massive fan base and tremendous brand equity with Zen 's advergaming platform that the UFC considers `` among the most robust , deeply analytical online Advergaming platforms in the world . '' External links ( edit ) Beneath The Brand - Articles by Mark E. Brown References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.lvrj.com/business/42869122.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-09-27-las-vegas-what-happens-here_N.htm ^ Jump up to : https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124217791927013441 ^ Jump up to : http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=326858&privcapId=11668769&previousCapId=3126261&previousTitle=PIRINATE%20Consulting%20Group%20LLC Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200409/ai_n8557992/ Jump up ^ USA Today , Advertising & Marketing . Michael McCarthy , `` Vegas goes back to its naughty roots , '' April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=MDCRQ:US Jump up ^ http://www.lvrj.com/business/lower-purchase-price-negotiated-for-service1st-bank-of-nevada-96815429.html Jump up ^ https://people.forbes.com/profile/jason-n-ader/37206 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/03/13/idUS191928+13-Mar-2008+BW20080313 Jump up ^ http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20071204006035/en/Global-Purchasing-Company-YourBuyer-Worldwide-Opens-Pakistan Jump up ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-172064444.html Jump up ^ http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=48929940 Jump up ^ http://www.pocketfives.com/f7/news-national-league-poker-holds-winning-hand-legal-online-poker-play-19973/ Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/15/idUS193640+15-Sep-2008+PRN20080915 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/29/idUS257711+29-Apr-2009+GNW20090429 Jump up ^ http://www.ufc.com/news/UFC-Zen-Gaming-Inc-Announce-FreetoPlay-Online-UFC-Poker-Room Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_E._Brown&oldid=798898421 '' Categories : 1962 births University of Nevada alumni Living people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20E.%20Brown
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cities in california that start with the letter p
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Name of place Number of counties Principal county Lower zip code Upper zip code Pabco Alameda County Pabrico Alameda County 94587 Pace Park Santa Barbara County Pacer Santa Barbara County Pachappa Riverside County Pacheco Contra Costa County 94553 Pacific El Dorado County Pacific Los Angeles County 90806 Pacifica San Mateo County 94044 Pacific Beach San Diego County 92109 Pacific Gardens San Joaquin County 95204 Pacific Grove Monterey County 93950 Pacific Grove Acres Monterey County Pacific House El Dorado County 95726 Pacific Manor Humboldt County 95521 Pacific Manor San Mateo County 94044 Pacific Missile Range Ventura County Pacific Palisades Los Angeles County 90272 Pacific Union College Napa County Pacific Villas San Joaquin County 95204 Pacoima Los Angeles County 91331 Paddison Square Los Angeles County 90652 Paddon Solano County 95688 Paicines San Benito County 95043 Paige Tulare County Paintersville Sacramento County 95615 Pajaro Monterey County 95076 Pala San Diego County 92059 Pala Indian Reservation San Diego County 92059 Pala Mesa San Diego County Pala Mesa Village San Diego County 92028 Palermo Butte County 95968 Palisades del Rey Los Angeles County 90292 Pallett Los Angeles County 93563 Palm Beach Santa Cruz County Palm City Riverside County 92260 Palm City San Diego County Palmdale Los Angeles County 93550 Palmdale East Los Angeles County 93550 Palmdale Production Flight / Test Installation Los Angeles County Palm Desert Riverside County 92260 Palm Desert Country Riverside County Palmer Creek Humboldt County 95540 Palmetto Plumas County Palm Grove San Diego County Palmo Kern County Palms Los Angeles County 90034 Palm Springs Riverside County 92262 92 Palm Springs Municipal Airport Riverside County 92263 Palm Wells San Bernardino County 92256 Palo Alto Santa Clara County 94301 10 Palo Cedro Shasta County 96073 Paloma Calaveras County 95252 Palomares Alameda County 94546 Palomar Mountain San Diego County 92060 Palomar Park San Mateo County 94062 Paloro Sutter County Palos Verdes Estates Los Angeles County 90274 Palos Verdes Peninsula Los Angeles County 90274 Palos Verdes Peninsula Los Angeles County 90274 Palo Verde Imperial County 92266 Palo Vista San Diego County 92083 Panama Kern County 93305 Panamint Inyo County 93545 Panamint Springs Inyo County 93545 Panoche San Benito County 95043 Panoche Junction Fresno County Panorama City Los Angeles County 91402 Panorama Heights Orange County 92705 Panorama Heights San Bernardino County Panorama Heights Tulare County 93260 Paola Modoc County Paradise Butte County 95969 Paradise Stanislaus County 95351 Paradise Camp Mono County 93514 Paradise Cay Marin County 94920 Paradise Hills San Diego County 92139 Paradise Park , California Santa Cruz County 95060 Paradise Springs Los Angeles County Paramount Los Angeles County 90723 Parcel Post Alameda County 94710 Parchers Camp Inyo County 93514 Parchester Village Contra Costa County Pardee Los Angeles County Paris Los Angeles County Park Alameda County 94702 Park Central Alameda County 94501 Parker Dam San Bernardino County 92267 Parker Junction San Bernardino County Parkfield Monterey County 93451 Parkfield Junction Fresno County Parkhill Butte County Park La Brea Los Angeles County Parkmoor Santa Clara County 95128 Parksdale Madera County Parkside San Francisco County 94116 Park Siding Sonoma County 94952 Park Village Inyo County 92328 Parkway Sacramento County 95823 Parkway Estates Sacramento County 95826 Parkway - Sacramento South Sacramento County Parkway - South Sacramento Sacramento County Parkwood Madera County 93637 Parlier Fresno County 93648 Parramore Springs Lake County Pasadena Los Angeles County 91101 18 Pasadena Junction Los Angeles County Pasatiempo Santa Cruz County 95062 Paskenta Tehama County 96074 Paso Robles San Luis Obispo County 93446 Patata Los Angeles County 90280 Patch Kern County Patrick Creek Del Norte County Patricks Point Humboldt County Patterson Stanislaus County 95363 Patton San Bernardino County 92369 Patton Village Lassen County 96113 Paulsell Stanislaus County Pauma and Yuima Reservation San Diego County 92061 Pauma Indian Reservation San Diego County 92061 Pauma Valley San Diego County 92061 Paxton Plumas County 95971 Paymaster Landing Imperial County Payne Trinity County Paynes Creek Tehama County 96075 Paynesville Alpine County 96120 Payton Butte County Peaceful Pines Alpine County Peachton Butte County Peanut Trinity County 96041 Pearblossom Los Angeles County 93553 Peardale Nevada County 95945 Pearland Los Angeles County 93550 Pearson San Joaquin County Pearson Yuba County Pearsonville Inyo County 93527 Peavine Sierra County Pebble Beach Monterey County 93953 Pechanga Indian Reservation Riverside County 92390 Pecwan Humboldt County 95546 Pedley Riverside County 92509 Pedro Valley San Mateo County 94044 Peethill Yolo County Peltier San Joaquin County Pencilwood Sacramento County Pendleton North San Diego County 92055 Pendleton South San Diego County 92055 Peninsula Center Los Angeles County 90274 Peninsula Village Plumas County 96137 Penney Trinity County Penngrove Sonoma County 94951 Penn Grove Sonoma County Pennington Sutter County 95953 Penn Valley Nevada County 95946 Penoyar Siskiyou County Penryn Placer County 95663 Pentland Kern County Pentz Butte County 95965 Penvir Monterey County Pepper Corner Riverside County Pepperwood Humboldt County 95569 Pepperwood Grove Lake County Peral Tulare County Peralta Hills Orange County Perez Modoc County Perkins Sacramento County 95826 Perkins Sacramento County 95826 Permanente Santa Clara County 95014 Perris Riverside County 92570 Perrott Creek Humboldt County Perry Los Angeles County 90603 Perry Santa Clara County 95037 Pescadero San Mateo County 94060 Pesco Santa Barbara County Petaluma Sonoma County 94952 Peters San Joaquin County 95236 Peterson Mill Inyo County Petrolia Humboldt County 95558 Phelan San Bernardino County 92371 Philbrick Mill Mendocino County Phillips El Dorado County Phillips Ranch Los Angeles County 91766 Phillips Ranch Tulare County 91766 Phillipsville Humboldt County 95559 Philo Mendocino County 95466 Phoenix Lake - Cedar Ridge Tuolumne County Picacho Imperial County Picayune Rancheria Madera County Pico Los Angeles County 90660 Pico Heights Los Angeles County 90006 Pico Park Los Angeles County Pico Rivera Los Angeles County 90660 Piedmont Alameda County 94611 Piedmont Alameda County 94611 Piedra Fresno County 93649 Pierce Siskiyou County Pierce Solano County Piercy Mendocino County 95587 Pierpont Bay Ventura County Pieta Mendocino County Pike Sierra County 95960 Pilibos Ranch Fresno County Pilliken El Dorado County Pilot Hill El Dorado County 95664 Pine Bluff Sacramento County 95630 Pine Cove Riverside County 92349 Pinecrest Tuolumne County 95364 Pinecroft Placer County Pinedale Fresno County Pinedale Fresno County 93650 Pine Flat Tulare County 93207 Pine Grove Amador County 95665 Pine Grove Lake County 95426 Pine Grove Mendocino County 95437 Pine Grove San Diego County Pine Grove Shasta County 96079 Pine Hills Humboldt County 95501 Pine Hills San Diego County 92036 Pinehurst Fresno County 93641 Pine Mountain Club Kern County 93225 Pineridge Fresno County 93602 Pine Valley San Diego County 91962 Pine Wood Riverside County Pinewood Tulare County Pinezanita San Bernardino County Pinnacle San Bernardino County Pinnacles San Benito County 95043 Pinnacles National Park Monterey County 95043 Pinnacles National Park San Benito County 95043 Pinnio Lassen County Pino Grande El Dorado County Pinole Contra Costa County 94564 Pinoleville Rancheria Mendocino County Pinon Hills San Bernardino County 92372 Pinto Wye Riverside County Pinyon Crest Riverside County Pinyon Pines Riverside County 92561 Pioneer Amador County 95666 Pioneer Los Angeles County Pioneer Siskiyou County Pioneer Point San Bernardino County 93562 Pioneertown San Bernardino County 92268 Piru Ventura County 93040 Pisgah San Bernardino County Pismo San Luis Obispo County Pismo Beach San Luis Obispo County 93449 Pitco Kings County Pit River Lassen County Pit River Tribal Trust Lands Shasta County Pittsburg Contra Costa County 94565 Pittsburg East Census Area Contra Costa County Pittsburg West Contra Costa County Pittville Lassen County 96056 Pittville Shasta County 96056 Pixley Tulare County 93256 Pizona Mono County Placentia Orange County 92670 Placerville El Dorado County 95667 Plainfield Yolo County Plainsburg Merced County 95340 Plainview Tulare County 93267 Planada Merced County 95365 Planehaven Sacramento County 95652 Plano Tulare County 93257 Plantation Sonoma County 95421 Plaskett Monterey County Plasse Amador County 95646 Plaster City Imperial County 92269 Platina Shasta County 96076 Playa Orange County 92652 Playa Del Rey Los Angeles County 90293 Playa Vista Los Angeles County 90094 Playmor San Diego County 92011 Plaza Los Angeles County 91101 Plaza Orange County 92666 Plaza Santa Clara County 94086 Plaza Center San Bernardino County 91762 Pleasant Grove Sutter County 95668 Pleasant Hill Contra Costa County 94523 Pleasant Hill Humboldt County 95521 Pleasant Hills Contra Costa County 94523 Pleasanton Alameda County 94566 Pleasant Ranchos Orange County Pleasant Valley Butte County Pleasant Valley El Dorado County 95667 Pleasant View Tulare County Pleyto Monterey County Plumas Eureka Plumas County Plumbago Sierra County Plymouth Amador County 95669 Poe Butte County Poinsettia Tract Contra Costa County 94565 Point Arena Mendocino County 95468 Point Arena Air Force Station Mendocino County 95468 Point Arguello Santa Barbara County Point Dume Los Angeles County 90265 Point Firmin Los Angeles County 90731 Point Loma San Diego County 92106 Point McCloud Shasta County Point Mugu Ventura County 93042 Point Mugu Base Ventura County 93042 Point Mugu Naval Air Station Ventura County 93042 Point Mugu Pacific Missile Test Center Ventura County 93042 Point Pleasant Sacramento County 95624 Point Reyes National Seashore Marin County 94956 Point Reyes Station Marin County 94956 Point Richmond Contra Costa County 94807 Points Los Angeles County Poison Lake Lassen County Poker Flat Sierra County Polaris Nevada County Pole Garden Lake County Polk Sacramento County Polk Springs Tehama County Pollard Flat Shasta County Pollock Sacramento County Pollock Shasta County Pollock Pines El Dorado County 95726 Pomins El Dorado County Pomo Mendocino County Pomona Los Angeles County 91766 69 Ponca Tulare County Pond Kern County 93280 Pondosa Siskiyou County 96057 Ponto San Diego County Pope Imperial County Pope San Joaquin County Pope Valley Napa County 94567 Poplar Tulare County 93257 Poplar - Cotton Center Tulare County Porphyry Riverside County Portal Inn Shasta County Port Chicago Contra Costa County 94565 Port Costa Contra Costa County 94569 Porter Calaveras County Porter Ranch Los Angeles County 91326 Porterville Tulare County 93257 Porterville Junction Tulare County 93257 Porterville Northwest Tulare County 93257 Porterville West Tulare County 93257 Port Hueneme Ventura County 93041 Port Hueneme Naval Construction Battalion Center Ventura County 93043 Port Kenyon Humboldt County 95536 Port of Redwood City San Mateo County Portola Plumas County 96122 Portola Hills Orange County 92679 Portola Terrace San Mateo County 94025 Portola Valley San Mateo County 94028 Port San Luis San Luis Obispo County 93424 Portuguese Bend Los Angeles County 90274 Posey Tulare County 93260 Poso Park Tulare County 93260 Post Santa Barbara County Post Office Annex San Mateo County 94010 Posts Monterey County 93920 Potrero San Diego County 91963 Potrero San Francisco County Potrero District San Francisco County Potter Valley Mendocino County 95469 Potwisha Tulare County Poverty Hill Sierra County Poway San Diego County 92064 Powellton Butte County Pozo San Luis Obispo County 93453 Prado Dam Riverside County Prairie City Sacramento County Prather Fresno County 93651 Prattco Monterey County 93941 Pratton Fresno County Prattville Plumas County 95923 Prenda Riverside County Presidio San Francisco County 94129 Presidio of Monterey Monterey County 93944 Presidio of San Francisco San Francisco County 94129 Presswood Mendocino County Preston Sonoma County Preston Heights Humboldt County 95521 Preuss Los Angeles County 90035 Priest Tuolumne County Priest Valley Monterey County 93210 Prima Vista Stanislaus County Princeton Colusa County 95970 Princeton San Mateo County 94018 Princeton - by - the - Sea San Mateo County 94019 Pritchard Merced County Proberta Tehama County 96078 Progress Kern County Progress Sutter County Project City Shasta County 96079 Prospero Kern County Prosser Lakeview Estates Nevada County 95734 Prunedale Monterey County 93907 Pudding Creek Mendocino County 95437 Puente Junction Los Angeles County 91744 Puerto Stanislaus County Pulga Butte County 95965 Pumpkin Center Kern County 93383 Pumpkin Center Lassen County Punta Ventura County Pushawalla Palms Riverside County
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List of places in California ( p )
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list of places in california ( p )
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This list of current :
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cities towns , unincorporated communities counties , and other recognized places in the U.S. state of California . Information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies , and its lower and upper ZIP code bounds , if applicable are also included . Lists of places in California by letter Q U V X Y Z Name of place Number of counties Principal county Lower zip code Upper zip code Pabco Alameda County Pabrico Alameda County 94587 Pace Park Santa Barbara County Pacer Santa Barbara County Pachappa Riverside County Pacheco Contra Costa County 94553 Pacific El Dorado County Pacific Los Angeles County 90806 Pacifica San Mateo County 94044 Pacific Beach San Diego County 92109 Pacific Gardens San Joaquin County 95204 Pacific Grove Monterey County 93950 Pacific Grove Acres Monterey County Pacific House El Dorado County 95726 Pacific Manor Humboldt County 95521 Pacific Manor San Mateo County 94044 Pacific Missile Range Ventura County Pacific Palisades Los Angeles County 90272 Pacific Union College Napa County Pacific Villas San Joaquin County 95204 Pacoima Los Angeles County 91331 Paddison Square Los Angeles County 90652 Paddon Solano County 95688 Paicines San Benito County 95043 Paige Tulare County Paintersville Sacramento County 95615 Pajaro Monterey County 95076 Pala San Diego County 92059 Pala Indian Reservation San Diego County 92059 Pala Mesa San Diego County Pala Mesa Village San Diego County 92028 Palermo Butte County 95968 Palisades del Rey Los Angeles County 90292 Pallett Los Angeles County 93563 Palm Beach Santa Cruz County Palm City Riverside County 92260 Palm City San Diego County Palmdale Los Angeles County 93550 Palmdale East Los Angeles County 93550 Palmdale Production Flight / Test Installation Los Angeles County Palm Desert Riverside County 92260 Palm Desert Country Riverside County Palmer Creek Humboldt County 95540 Palmetto Plumas County Palm Grove San Diego County Palmo Kern County Palms Los Angeles County 90034 Palm Springs Riverside County 92262 92 Palm Springs Municipal Airport Riverside County 92263 Palm Wells San Bernardino County 92256 Palo Alto Santa Clara County 94301 10 Palo Cedro Shasta County 96073 Paloma Calaveras County 95252 Palomares Alameda County 94546 Palomar Mountain San Diego County 92060 Palomar Park San Mateo County 94062 Paloro Sutter County Palos Verdes Estates Los Angeles County 90274 Palos Verdes Peninsula Los Angeles County 90274 Palos Verdes Peninsula Los Angeles County 90274 Palo Verde Imperial County 92266 Palo Vista San Diego County 92083 Panama Kern County 93305 Panamint Inyo County 93545 Panamint Springs Inyo County 93545 Panoche San Benito County 95043 Panoche Junction Fresno County Panorama City Los Angeles County 91402 Panorama Heights Orange County 92705 Panorama Heights San Bernardino County Panorama Heights Tulare County 93260 Paola Modoc County Paradise Butte County 95969 Paradise Stanislaus County 95351 Paradise Camp Mono County 93514 Paradise Cay Marin County 94920 Paradise Hills San Diego County 92139 Paradise Park , California Santa Cruz County 95060 Paradise Springs Los Angeles County Paramount Los Angeles County 90723 Parcel Post Alameda County 94710 Parchers Camp Inyo County 93514 Parchester Village Contra Costa County Pardee Los Angeles County Paris Los Angeles County Park Alameda County 94702 Park Central Alameda County 94501 Parker Dam San Bernardino County 92267 Parker Junction San Bernardino County Parkfield Monterey County 93451 Parkfield Junction Fresno County Parkhill Butte County Park La Brea Los Angeles County Parkmoor Santa Clara County 95128 Parksdale Madera County Parkside San Francisco County 94116 Park Siding Sonoma County 94952 Park Village Inyo County 92328 Parkway Sacramento County 95823 Parkway Estates Sacramento County 95826 Parkway - Sacramento South Sacramento County Parkway - South Sacramento Sacramento County Parkwood Madera County 93637 Parlier Fresno County 93648 Parramore Springs Lake County Pasadena Los Angeles County 91101 18 Pasadena Junction Los Angeles County Pasatiempo Santa Cruz County 95062 Paskenta Tehama County 96074 Paso Robles San Luis Obispo County 93446 Patata Los Angeles County 90280 Patch Kern County Patrick Creek Del Norte County Patricks Point Humboldt County Patterson Stanislaus County 95363 Patton San Bernardino County 92369 Patton Village Lassen County 96113 Paulsell Stanislaus County Pauma and Yuima Reservation San Diego County 92061 Pauma Indian Reservation San Diego County 92061 Pauma Valley San Diego County 92061 Paxton Plumas County 95971 Paymaster Landing Imperial County Payne Trinity County Paynes Creek Tehama County 96075 Paynesville Alpine County 96120 Payton Butte County Peaceful Pines Alpine County Peachton Butte County Peanut Trinity County 96041 Pearblossom Los Angeles County 93553 Peardale Nevada County 95945 Pearland Los Angeles County 93550 Pearson San Joaquin County Pearson Yuba County Pearsonville Inyo County 93527 Peavine Sierra County Pebble Beach Monterey County 93953 Pechanga Indian Reservation Riverside County 92390 Pecwan Humboldt County 95546 Pedley Riverside County 92509 Pedro Valley San Mateo County 94044 Peethill Yolo County Peltier San Joaquin County Pencilwood Sacramento County Pendleton North San Diego County 92055 Pendleton South San Diego County 92055 Peninsula Center Los Angeles County 90274 Peninsula Village Plumas County 96137 Penney Trinity County Penngrove Sonoma County 94951 Penn Grove Sonoma County Pennington Sutter County 95953 Penn Valley Nevada County 95946 Penoyar Siskiyou County Penryn Placer County 95663 Pentland Kern County Pentz Butte County 95965 Penvir Monterey County Pepper Corner Riverside County Pepperwood Humboldt County 95569 Pepperwood Grove Lake County Peral Tulare County Peralta Hills Orange County Perez Modoc County Perkins Sacramento County 95826 Perkins Sacramento County 95826 Permanente Santa Clara County 95014 Perris Riverside County 92570 Perrott Creek Humboldt County Perry Los Angeles County 90603 Perry Santa Clara County 95037 Pescadero San Mateo County 94060 Pesco Santa Barbara County Petaluma Sonoma County 94952 Peters San Joaquin County 95236 Peterson Mill Inyo County Petrolia Humboldt County 95558 Phelan San Bernardino County 92371 Philbrick Mill Mendocino County Phillips El Dorado County Phillips Ranch Los Angeles County 91766 Phillips Ranch Tulare County 91766 Phillipsville Humboldt County 95559 Philo Mendocino County 95466 Phoenix Lake - Cedar Ridge Tuolumne County Picacho Imperial County Picayune Rancheria Madera County Pico Los Angeles County 90660 Pico Heights Los Angeles County 90006 Pico Park Los Angeles County Pico Rivera Los Angeles County 90660 Piedmont Alameda County 94611 Piedmont Alameda County 94611 Piedra Fresno County 93649 Pierce Siskiyou County Pierce Solano County Piercy Mendocino County 95587 Pierpont Bay Ventura County Pieta Mendocino County Pike Sierra County 95960 Pilibos Ranch Fresno County Pilliken El Dorado County Pilot Hill El Dorado County 95664 Pine Bluff Sacramento County 95630 Pine Cove Riverside County 92349 Pinecrest Tuolumne County 95364 Pinecroft Placer County Pinedale Fresno County Pinedale Fresno County 93650 Pine Flat Tulare County 93207 Pine Grove Amador County 95665 Pine Grove Lake County 95426 Pine Grove Mendocino County 95437 Pine Grove San Diego County Pine Grove Shasta County 96079 Pine Hills Humboldt County 95501 Pine Hills San Diego County 92036 Pinehurst Fresno County 93641 Pine Mountain Club Kern County 93225 Pineridge Fresno County 93602 Pine Valley San Diego County 91962 Pine Wood Riverside County Pinewood Tulare County Pinezanita San Bernardino County Pinnacle San Bernardino County Pinnacles San Benito County 95043 Pinnacles National Park Monterey County 95043 Pinnacles National Park San Benito County 95043 Pinnio Lassen County Pino Grande El Dorado County Pinole Contra Costa County 94564 Pinoleville Rancheria Mendocino County Pinon Hills San Bernardino County 92372 Pinto Wye Riverside County Pinyon Crest Riverside County Pinyon Pines Riverside County 92561 Pioneer Amador County 95666 Pioneer Los Angeles County Pioneer Siskiyou County Pioneer Point San Bernardino County 93562 Pioneertown San Bernardino County 92268 Piru Ventura County 93040 Pisgah San Bernardino County Pismo San Luis Obispo County Pismo Beach San Luis Obispo County 93449 Pitco Kings County Pit River Lassen County Pit River Tribal Trust Lands Shasta County Pittsburg Contra Costa County 94565 Pittsburg East Census Area Contra Costa County Pittsburg West Contra Costa County Pittville Lassen County 96056 Pittville Shasta County 96056 Pixley Tulare County 93256 Pizona Mono County Placentia Orange County 92670 Placerville El Dorado County 95667 Plainfield Yolo County Plainsburg Merced County 95340 Plainview Tulare County 93267 Planada Merced County 95365 Planehaven Sacramento County 95652 Plano Tulare County 93257 Plantation Sonoma County 95421 Plaskett Monterey County Plasse Amador County 95646 Plaster City Imperial County 92269 Platina Shasta County 96076 Playa Orange County 92652 Playa Del Rey Los Angeles County 90293 Playa Vista Los Angeles County 90094 Playmor San Diego County 92011 Plaza Los Angeles County 91101 Plaza Orange County 92666 Plaza Santa Clara County 94086 Plaza Center San Bernardino County 91762 Pleasant Grove Sutter County 95668 Pleasant Hill Contra Costa County 94523 Pleasant Hill Humboldt County 95521 Pleasant Hills Contra Costa County 94523 Pleasanton Alameda County 94566 Pleasant Ranchos Orange County Pleasant Valley Butte County Pleasant Valley El Dorado County 95667 Pleasant View Tulare County Pleyto Monterey County Plumas Eureka Plumas County Plumbago Sierra County Plymouth Amador County 95669 Poe Butte County Poinsettia Tract Contra Costa County 94565 Point Arena Mendocino County 95468 Point Arena Air Force Station Mendocino County 95468 Point Arguello Santa Barbara County Point Dume Los Angeles County 90265 Point Firmin Los Angeles County 90731 Point Loma San Diego County 92106 Point McCloud Shasta County Point Mugu Ventura County 93042 Point Mugu Base Ventura County 93042 Point Mugu Naval Air Station Ventura County 93042 Point Mugu Pacific Missile Test Center Ventura County 93042 Point Pleasant Sacramento County 95624 Point Reyes National Seashore Marin County 94956 Point Reyes Station Marin County 94956 Point Richmond Contra Costa County 94807 Points Los Angeles County Poison Lake Lassen County Poker Flat Sierra County Polaris Nevada County Pole Garden Lake County Polk Sacramento County Polk Springs Tehama County Pollard Flat Shasta County Pollock Sacramento County Pollock Shasta County Pollock Pines El Dorado County 95726 Pomins El Dorado County Pomo Mendocino County Pomona Los Angeles County 91766 69 Ponca Tulare County Pond Kern County 93280 Pondosa Siskiyou County 96057 Ponto San Diego County Pope Imperial County Pope San Joaquin County Pope Valley Napa County 94567 Poplar Tulare County 93257 Poplar - Cotton Center Tulare County Porphyry Riverside County Portal Inn Shasta County Port Chicago Contra Costa County 94565 Port Costa Contra Costa County 94569 Porter Calaveras County Porter Ranch Los Angeles County 91326 Porterville Tulare County 93257 Porterville Junction Tulare County 93257 Porterville Northwest Tulare County 93257 Porterville West Tulare County 93257 Port Hueneme Ventura County 93041 Port Hueneme Naval Construction Battalion Center Ventura County 93043 Port Kenyon Humboldt County 95536 Port of Redwood City San Mateo County Portola Plumas County 96122 Portola Hills Orange County 92679 Portola Terrace San Mateo County 94025 Portola Valley San Mateo County 94028 Port San Luis San Luis Obispo County 93424 Portuguese Bend Los Angeles County 90274 Posey Tulare County 93260 Poso Park Tulare County 93260 Post Santa Barbara County Post Office Annex San Mateo County 94010 Posts Monterey County 93920 Potrero San Diego County 91963 Potrero San Francisco County Potrero District San Francisco County Potter Valley Mendocino County 95469 Potwisha Tulare County Poverty Hill Sierra County Poway San Diego County 92064 Powellton Butte County Pozo San Luis Obispo County 93453 Prado Dam Riverside County Prairie City Sacramento County Prather Fresno County 93651 Prattco Monterey County 93941 Pratton Fresno County Prattville Plumas County 95923 Prenda Riverside County Presidio San Francisco County 94129 Presidio of Monterey Monterey County 93944 Presidio of San Francisco San Francisco County 94129 Presswood Mendocino County Preston Sonoma County Preston Heights Humboldt County 95521 Preuss Los Angeles County 90035 Priest Tuolumne County Priest Valley Monterey County 93210 Prima Vista Stanislaus County Princeton Colusa County 95970 Princeton San Mateo County 94018 Princeton - by - the - Sea San Mateo County 94019 Pritchard Merced County Proberta Tehama County 96078 Progress Kern County Progress Sutter County Project City Shasta County 96079 Prospero Kern County Prosser Lakeview Estates Nevada County 95734 Prunedale Monterey County 93907 Pudding Creek Mendocino County 95437 Puente Junction Los Angeles County 91744 Puerto Stanislaus County Pulga Butte County 95965 Pumpkin Center Kern County 93383 Pumpkin Center Lassen County Punta Ventura County Pushawalla Palms Riverside County Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_in_California_(P)&oldid=821605070 '' Categories : Lists of places in California Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 14 : 24 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20places%20in%20California%20%28P%29
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in c only one member of a union can be accessed at a particular time true or false
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Union type
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union type
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In computer science , a union is a value that may have any of several representations or formats within the same position in memory ; or it is a data structure that consists of a variable that may hold such a value . Some programming languages support special data types , called union types , to describe such values and variables . In other words , a union type definition will specify which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances , e.g. , `` float or long integer '' . Contrast with a record ( or structure ) , which could be defined to contain a float and an integer ; in a union , there is only one value at any given time .
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A union can be pictured as a chunk of memory that is used to store variables of different data types . Once a new value is assigned to a field , the existing data is overwritten with the new data . The memory area storing the value has no intrinsic type ( other than just bytes or words of memory ) , but the value can be treated as one of several abstract data types , having the type of the value that was last written to the memory area . In type theory , a union has a sum type ; this corresponds to disjoint union in mathematics . Depending on the language and type , a union value may be used in some operations , such as assignment and comparison for equality , without knowing its specific type . Other operations may require that knowledge , either by some external information , or by the use of a tagged union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Untagged unions 2 Unions in various programming languages 2.1 C / C++ 2.1. 1 Anonymous union 2.2 COBOL 3 Syntax and example 4 Difference between Union and Structure 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Untagged unions ( edit ) Because of the limitations of their use , untagged unions are generally only provided in untyped languages or in a type - unsafe way ( as in C ) . They have the advantage over simple tagged unions of not requiring space to store a data type tag . The name `` union '' stems from the type 's formal definition . If a type is considered as the set of all values that that type can take on , a union type is simply the mathematical union of its constituting types , since it can take on any value any of its fields can . Also , because a mathematical union discards duplicates , if more than one field of the union can take on a single common value , it is impossible to tell from the value alone which field was last written . However , one useful programming function of unions is to map smaller data elements to larger ones for easier manipulation . A data structure consisting , for example , of 4 bytes and a 32 - bit integer , can form a union with an unsigned 64 - bit integer , and thus be more readily accessed for purposes of comparison etc . Unions in various programming languages ( edit ) C / C++ ( edit ) In C and C++ , untagged unions are expressed nearly exactly like structures ( structs ) , except that each data member begins at the same location in memory . The data members , as in structures , need not be primitive values , and in fact may be structures or even other unions . C++ ( since C + + 11 ) also allows for a data member to be any type that has a full - fledged constructor / destructor and / or copy constructor , or a non-trivial copy assignment operator . For example , it is possible to have the standard C++ string as a member of a union . Like a structure , all of the members of a union are by default public . The keywords private , public , and protected may be used inside a structure or a union in exactly the same way they are used inside a class for defining private , public , and protected member access . The primary use of a union is allowing access to a common location by different data types , for example hardware input / output access , bitfield and word sharing , or type punning . Unions can also provide low - level polymorphism . However , there is no checking of types , so it is up to the programmer to be sure that the proper fields are accessed in different contexts . The relevant field of a union variable is typically determined by the state of other variables , possibly in an enclosing struct . One common C programming idiom uses unions to perform what C++ calls a reinterpret_cast , by assigning to one field of a union and reading from another , as is done in code which depends on the raw representation of the values . A practical example is the method of computing square roots using the IEEE representation . This is not , however , a safe use of unions in general . Structure and union specifiers have the same form . ( ... ) The size of a union is sufficient to contain the largest of its members . The value of at most one of the members can be stored in a union object at any time . A pointer to a union object , suitably converted , points to each of its members ( or if a member is a bit - field , then to the unit in which it resides ) , and vice versa . -- ANSI / ISO 9899 : 1990 ( the ANSI C standard ) Section 6.5. 2.1 Anonymous union ( edit ) In C++ , C11 , and as a non-standard extension in many compilers , unions can also be anonymous . Their data members do not need to be referenced , are instead accessed directly . They have some restrictions as opposed to traditional unions : in C11 , they must be a member of another structure or union , and in C++ , they can not have methods or access specifiers . Simply omitting the class - name portion of the syntax does not make a union an anonymous union . For a union to qualify as an anonymous union , the declaration must not declare an object . Example : # include # include int main ( ) ( using namespace std ; union ( float f ; uint32_t d ; / / Assumes float is 32 bits wide ) ; f = 3.14 f ; cout < < `` Binary representation of 3.14 = '' < < hex < < d < < endl ; return 0 ; ) COBOL ( edit ) In COBOL , union data items are defined in two ways . The first uses the RENAMES ( 66 level ) keyword , which effectively maps a second alphanumeric data item on top of the same memory location as a preceding data item . In the example code below , data item PERSON - REC is defined as a group containing another group and a numeric data item . PERSON - DATA is defined as an alphanumeric data item that renames PERSON - REC , treating the data bytes continued within it as character data . 01 PERSON - REC. 05 PERSON - NAME. 10 PERSON - NAME - LAST PIC X ( 12 ) . 10 PERSON - NAME - FIRST PIC X ( 16 ) . 10 PERSON - NAME - MID PIC X . 05 PERSON - ID PIC 9 ( 9 ) PACKED - DECIMAL. 01 PERSON - DATA RENAMES PERSON - REC . The second way to define a union type is by using the REDEFINES keyword . In the example code below , data item VERS - NUM is defined as a 2 - byte binary integer containing a version number . A second data item VERS - BYTES is defined as a two - character alphanumeric variable . Since the second item is redefined over the first item , the two items share the same address in memory , and therefore share the same underlying data bytes . The first item interprets the two data bytes as a binary value , while the second item interprets the bytes as character values . 01 VERS - INFO. 05 VERS - NUM PIC S9 ( 4 ) COMP. 05 VERS - BYTES PIC X ( 2 ) REDEFINES VERS - NUM Syntax and example ( edit ) In C and C++ , the syntax is : union ( ; ; ... ; ) ; A structure can also be a member of a union , as the following example shows : union name1 ( struct name2 ( int a ; float b ; char c ; ) svar ; int d ; ) uvar ; This example defines a variable uvar as a union ( tagged as name1 ) , which contains two members , a structure ( tagged as name2 ) named svar ( which in turn contains three members ) , and an integer variable named d . Unions may occur within structures and arrays , and vice versa : struct ( int flags ; char * name ; int utype ; union ( int ival ; float fval ; char * sval ; ) u ; ) symtab ( NSYM ) ; The number ival is referred to as symtab ( i ). u. ival and the first character of string sval by either of * symtab ( i ). u. sval or symtab ( i ). u. sval ( 0 ) . Difference between union and structure ( edit ) A union is a class all of whose data members are mapped to the same address within its object . The size of an object of a union is , therefore , the size of its largest data member . In a structure , all of its data members are stored in contiguous memory locations . The size of an object of a struct is , therefore , the size of the sum of all its data members . This gain in space efficiency , while valuable in certain circumstances , comes at a great cost of safety : the program logic must ensure that it only reads the field most recently written along all possible execution paths . The exception is when unions are used for type conversion : in this case , a certain field is written and the subsequently read field is deliberately different . An example illustrating this point is : + -- -- - + -- -- - + struct ( int a ; float b ; ) gives a b + -- -- - + -- -- - + ^ ^ memory location : 150 154 ˇ + -- -- - + union ( int a ; float b ; ) gives a b + -- -- - + Structures are used where an `` object '' is composed of other objects , like a point object consisting of two integers , those being the x and y coordinates : typedef struct ( int x ; / / x and y are separate int y ; ) tPoint ; Unions are typically used in situation where an object can be one of many things but only one at a time , such as a type-less storage system : typedef enum ( STR , INT ) tType ; typedef struct ( tType typ ; / / typ is separate . union ( int ival ; / / ival and sval occupy same memory . char * sval ; ) ; ) tVal ; See also ( edit ) Tagged union UNION operator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 6.63 Unnamed Structure and Union Fields '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . The C Programming Language Book by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie . Chapter 6.8 Unions External links ( edit ) boost : : variant , a type - safe alternative to C++ unions MSDN : Classes , Structures & Unions , for examples and syntax differences , differences between union & structure Difference between struct and union in C++ Data structures Types Collection Container Abstract Associative array Multimap List Stack Queue Double - ended queue Priority queue Double - ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint - set Arrays Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix Linked Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list Trees B - tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red -- black tree Self - balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R - tree R * tree R+ tree Hilbert R - tree Trie Hash tree Graphs Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph List of data structures Data types Uninterpreted Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array Numeric Arbitrary - precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Double precision Extended precision Half precision Long double Minifloat Octuple precision Quadruple precision Single precision Integer signedness Interval Rational Pointer Address physical virtual Reference Text Character String null - terminated Composite Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive List Object metaobject Option type Product Record Set Union tagged Other Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Top type Type class Unit type Void Related topics Abstract data type Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Protocol interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system See also platform - dependent and independent units of information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_type&oldid=800231586 '' Categories : Data types Composite data types C ( programming language ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 06 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the most common scenes in 19th-century native american ledger drawings were
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Ledger art
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ledger art
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Ledger art is a term for Plains Indian narrative drawing or painting on paper or cloth . Ledger art flourished primarily from the 1860s to the 1920s . A revival of ledger art began in the 1960s and 1970s . The term comes from the accounting ledger books that were a common source of paper for Plains Indians during the late 19th century .
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Kiowa ledger art from 1874 Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical precedents 2 New materials 3 Fort Marion 4 Subject matter 5 As fine art 6 Today 7 Notable ledger artists 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Historical precedents ( edit ) The Sand Creek massacre as drawn by eyewitness Howling Wolf ( 1874 -- 1875 ) . Ledger art evolved from Plains hide painting . Among Plains tribes , women traditionally paint abstract , geometrical designs , whereas men paint representational designs . The men 's designs were often heraldic devices or visions painted on shields , tipis , shirts , leggings , or robes . Before the Plains tribes were forced to live on reservations in the 1870s , men generally painted personal feats in battle or hunting . Plains ledger art depicted communally acknowledged events of valor and tribal importance in order to gain status for the individuals who participated in them , and their band and kin . Plains pictorial art emphasizes narrative action and eliminates unnecessary detail or backgrounds . Figures tended to be drawn in hard outlines and filled with solid fields of color . These were all traditionally painted on animal hides -- particularly buffalo hides . When buffalo became scarce after eradication programs encouraged by the US federal government , Plains artists began painting and drawing on paper , canvas , and muslin . New materials ( edit ) An increasing supply of ledger books and other paper came from traders , government agents , missionaries , and military officers . With these came pencils , ink fountain pens , crayons , and watercolor paints . These new tools allowed for greater detail and experimentation than the earlier tools , such as bone or wood styli dipped in mineral pigments , had . The compact ledger books and pencils were highly portable , making them ideal for nomadic lifestyles . Fort Marion ( edit ) Drawing by Black Hawk ( Sans Arc Lakota ) , c. 1880 depicting a horned Thunder Being ( Haokah ) on a horse - like creature with eagle talons and buffalo horns . The creature 's tail forms a rainbow that represents the entrance to the Spirit World , and the dots represent hail . Accompanying the picture on the page were the words : `` Dream or vision of himself changed to a destroyer and riding a buffalo eagle . '' The most celebrated ledger artists were prisoners of war at Fort Marion in St. Augustine , Florida . In 1874 , in what became known as the Red River War or Buffalo War , a group of Cheyenne , Kiowa , Comanche , Arapaho , and Caddo warriors fought the US Army to protect the last free herd of buffalo and to assert their autonomy . In the harsh winter of 1874 to 1875 , many tribal camps were forced to surrender to various Indian agencies , and the supposed leaders of the Red River War were rounded up and sent to Fort Marion . From 1875 to 1878 , the 71 men and one woman were under the command of Richard Henry Pratt , who used the opportunity to give the Indians a Western education . He also provided the prisoners with basic art supplies , such as pencils , ink , crayons , watercolor paint , and paper . Twenty - six of the Fort Marion prisoners engaged in drawing . They were younger Cheyenne , Arapaho , and Kiowa men . Some of the most prolific and well - known artists include Paul Caryl Zotom ( Kiowa ) ; David Pendleton Oakerhater or Making Medicine ( Cheyenne ) ; Tichkematse or Squint Eyes ( Cheyenne ) , who later worked for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , DC ; Wohaw ( Kiowa ) ; Howling Wolf ( Cheyenne ) ; Etahdleuh Doanmoe ( Kiowa ) ; White Bear ( Arapaho ) ; Koba ( Kiowa ) ; and Bear 's Heart ( Cheyenne ) . Tichtematse , Howling Wolf , White Bear , and Koba all continued drawing after their release from prison . Subject matter ( edit ) Karl Bodmer facsimile of Ledger art Red Horse Ledger art of Lakota Killed at Little Bighorn . Published as Plate XLIV Red Horse Ledger art of Lakota killed at Little Bighorn . Published as PLate XLV Battle exploits dominated ledger art . Other traditional themes such as hunting , courtship , and religious practices were common subjects . Ledger artists also documented their rapidly changing environment by portraying encroaching European Americans and new technologies such as trains and cameras . Many ledger artists worked with ethnologists , by documenting shield and tipi designs , ethnobotanical information , winter counts , dance customs and regalia , and other cultural information . Dreams and visions inspired ledger art just as they had inspired earlier hide paintings . The artists creating ledger art today often reference pre-reservation lifeways , historical transitions , and social commentary . They use this style to illustrate cultural continuity between historical and contemporary Native life . As fine art ( edit ) The warrior `` Low Dog '' by Red Dog , 1884 ledger art Missionaries , anthropologists , and tourists eagerly collected ledger books in the late 19th century . Carl Sweezy ( 1881 -- 1953 ) ( Arapaho ) and Haungooah ( Silver Horn ) ( 1860 -- 1940 ) ( Kiowa ) both established professional careers as ledger artists . They inspired the Kiowa Five or , as they are increasingly known , the Kiowa Six . These artists painted with more sophisticated materials and met with international success when they exhibited their work in the 1928 International Art Congress in Prague , Czechoslovakia . Today ( edit ) Numerous modern Plains artists create ledger paintings , including many women artists despite its history as a male domain . Many seek out 19th - century documents on which to paint , creating ironic juxtapositions between the printed text and the paintings . Dwayne Wilcox ( Oglala Lakota ) uses the style of 19th - century Lakota painters to express humorous views of modern realities for Lakota people . Arthur Amiotte ( Oglala Lakota ) builds upon the collage aspect of ledger art and combines text , photography , naturalistic painting and stylized Plains pictorial art in his work . Dolores Purdy Corcoran ( Caddo / Winnebago ) is a female ledger artist who uses bright colors and female figures frequently in her work . Notable ledger artists ( edit ) Evans M Flammond Sr , Rosebud Sioux Amos Bad Heart Bull , Oglala Sioux Black Hawk , Sans Arc Lakota Howling Wolf , Cheyenne Michael Horse , Yaqui - Mescalero Apache - Zuni - descent St. David Pendleton Oakerhater , Cheyenne Silver Horn , Kiowa Sitting Bull , Hunkpapa Lakota White Horse , Kiowa Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ledger Art History . '' Department of Ethnic Studies , University of California San Diego : Plains Indian Ledger Art Project . 2011 ( retrieved 2 Oct 2011 ) Jump up ^ Hansen , 138 Jump up ^ Greene , 11 Jump up ^ Greene , 63 Jump up ^ Swan , 70 Jump up ^ Hansen , 139 Jump up ^ Greene , 13 Jump up ^ Szabo , 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Szabo , 14 Jump up ^ Szabo , 25 Jump up ^ Szabo , 29 Jump up ^ Szabo , 110 ^ Jump up to : Fauntleroy , Gussie . `` Ledger Art : Looking Between the Lines . '' Native Peoples . Sept / Oct 2011 ( retrieved 7 Aug 2011 ) Jump up ^ Hansen , 140 Jump up ^ Pearce , p. xiii Jump up ^ Fauntleroy , Gussie . `` Ledger art : Looking between the lines . '' Native Peoples . Sep -- Oct 2011 . Retrieved 9 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sitting Bull 's ledger drawings . '' Smithsonian Institution Collections Search Center . ( retrieved 14 Aug 2010 ) References ( edit ) Greene , Candace S. Silver Horn : Master Illustrator of the Kiowas . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3307 - 4 . Hansen , Emma I. Memory and Vision : Arts , Cultures , and Lives of Plains Indian People . Cody , WY : Buffalo Bill Historical Center , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98580 - 1 . Pearce , Richard . `` Women and Ledger Art : Four Contemporary Native American Artists . '' University of Arizona Press , 2 - 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2104 - 3 . Swan , Daniel C. Peyote Religious Art : Symbols of Faith and Belief. Jackson : University of Mississippi Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 096 - 6 . Szabo , Joyce M. Art from Fort Marion : The Silberman Collection . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3883 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ledger art . Ledger drawings in the Smithsonian Institution 's collections Ledger Art Collection at the Milwaukee Public Museum Plains Indian Ledger Art Project , University of California , San Diego Keeping History : Plains Indian Ledger Drawings , Online exhibition from Smithsonian Institution Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ledger_art&oldid=809585155 '' Categories : Indigenous culture of the Great Plains Native American art Native American painting Art movements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger%20art
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where do leopard gecko live in the wild
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The genus Eublepharis , also known as the leopard geckos , was first described by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1827 . The etymology of their name is ' eu ' = good ( = true ) ' blephar ' = eyelid , and all have fully functional eyelids . Members of this genus are found in eastern and southwestern Asia where they are found in arid and semiarid habitats . These geckos are sturdily built . Their tail is shorter than their snout - vent length and their body is covered with numerous wart - like bumps . The toes do not have adhesive lamellae . Eublepharis are crepuscular or nocturnal ground - dwellers . Included in this group is the popular pet gecko : the leopard gecko .
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eastern and southwestern Asia where they are found in arid and semiarid habitats
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Eublepharis
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eublepharis
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Eublepharis angramainyu Eublepharis fuscus Eublepharis hardwickii Eublepharis macularius Eublepharis turcmenicus
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The genus Eublepharis , also known as the leopard geckos , was first described by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1827 . The etymology of their name is ' eu ' = good ( = true ) ' blephar ' = eyelid , and all have fully functional eyelids . Members of this genus are found in eastern and southwestern Asia where they are found in arid and semiarid habitats . These geckos are sturdily built . Their tail is shorter than their snout - vent length and their body is covered with numerous wart - like bumps . The toes do not have adhesive lamellae . Eublepharis are crepuscular or nocturnal ground - dwellers . Included in this group is the popular pet gecko : the leopard gecko . Species of the genus Eublepharis ( edit ) Iraqi eyelid gecko , Eublepharis angramainyu West Indian leopard gecko , Eublepharis fuscus East Indian leopard gecko , Eublepharis hardwickii Common leopard gecko , Eublepharis macularius Afghan leopard gecko , ( Eublepharis macularius afghanicus ) Eublepharis macularius fasciolatus Eublepharis macularius macularius Eublepharis macularius montanus Eublepharis macularius smithi Eublepharis satpuraensis Turkmenistan eyelid gecko , Eublepharis turcmenicus The members of the Goniurosaurus kuroiwae superspecies were formerly considered members of the genus Eublepharis . External links ( edit ) Eublepharis in the Reptile Database Taxon identifiers Wd : Q1500089 ADW : Eublepharis EoL : 33347 ITIS : 818033 NCBI : 96736 This article about a gecko is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eublepharis&oldid=815094995 '' Categories : Eublepharis Lizard genera Taxa named by John Edward Gray Gecko stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with ' species ' microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 19 : 03 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eublepharis
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where does the sun's luminosity come from
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The Sun is roughly middle - aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . It currently fuzes about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second , converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result . This energy , which can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape from its core , is the source of the Sun 's light and heat . In about 5 billion years , when hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . After this , it will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf , which no longer produces energy by fusion , but still glows and gives off heat from its previous fusion .
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, converting 4 million tons of matter into energy
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Sun
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sun
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The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System . It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma , with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process . It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth . Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers , i.e. 109 times that of Earth , and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth , accounting for about 99.86 % of the total mass of the Solar System . About three quarters of the Sun 's mass consists of hydrogen ( ~ 73 % ) ; the rest is mostly helium ( ~ 25 % ) , with much smaller quantities of heavier elements , including oxygen , carbon , neon , and iron .
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The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star ( G2V ) based on its spectral class . As such , it is informally and not completely accurately referred to as a yellow dwarf ( its light is closer to white than yellow ) . It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud . Most of this matter gathered in the center , whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System . The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core . It is thought that almost all stars form by this process . The Sun is roughly middle - aged ; it has not changed dramatically for more than four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than another five billion years . It currently fuzes about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second , converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result . This energy , which can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape from its core , is the source of the Sun 's light and heat . In about 5 billion years , when hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium , the core of the Sun will experience a marked increase in density and temperature while its outer layers expand to eventually become a red giant . It is calculated that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus , and render Earth uninhabitable . After this , it will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf , which no longer produces energy by fusion , but still glows and gives off heat from its previous fusion . The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars , one of which is the predominant calendar in use today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and etymology 1.1 Religious aspects 2 Characteristics 3 Sunlight 4 Composition 4.1 Singly ionized iron - group elements 4.2 Isotopic composition 5 Structure and energy production 5.1 Core 5.2 Radiative zone 5.3 Tachocline 5.4 Convective zone 5.5 Photosphere 5.6 Atmosphere 5.7 Photons and neutrinos 6 Magnetism and activity 6.1 Magnetic field 6.2 Variation in activity 6.3 Long - term change 7 Life phases 7.1 Formation 7.2 Main sequence 7.3 After core hydrogen exhaustion 8 Motion and location 8.1 Orbit in Milky Way 9 Theoretical problems 9.1 Coronal heating problem 9.2 Faint young Sun problem 10 History of observation 10.1 Early understanding 10.2 Development of scientific understanding 10.3 Solar space missions 11 Observation and effects 12 Planetary system 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Name and Etymology The English proper name Sun developed from Old English sunne and may be related to south . Cognates to English sun appear in other Germanic languages , including Old Frisian sunne , sonne , Old Saxon sunna , Middle Dutch sonne , modern Dutch zon , Old High German sunna , modern German Sonne , Old Norse sunna , and Gothic sunnō . All Germanic terms for the Sun stem from Proto - Germanic * sunnōn . The Latin name for the Sun , Sol , is used at times as another name for the Sun , but is not commonly used in everyday English . Sol is also used by planetary astronomers to refer to the duration of a solar day on another planet , such as Mars . The related word solar is the usual adjectival term used for the Sun , in terms such as solar day , solar eclipse , and Solar System . A mean Earth solar day is approximately 24 hours , whereas a mean Martian ' sol ' is 24 hours , 39 minutes , and 35.244 seconds . The English weekday name Sunday stems from Old English ( Sunnandæg ; `` Sun 's day '' , from before 700 ) and is ultimately a result of a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis , itself a translation of the Greek ἡμέρα ἡλίου ( hēméra hēlíou ) . Religious aspects Main article : Solar deity Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies . The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu , the god of justice and twin brother of Inanna , the Queen of Heaven , who was identified as the planet Venus . Later , Utu was identified with the East Semitic god Shamash . Utu was regarded as a helper - deity , who aided those in distress , and , in iconography , he is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw , which represented his role as the dispenser of justice . From at least the 4th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt , the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra , portrayed as a falcon - headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk , and surrounded by a serpent . In the New Empire period , the Sun became identified with the dung beetle , whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun . In the form of the Sun disc Aten , the Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent , if not only , divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton . In Proto - Indo - European religion , the sun was personified as the goddess * Seh ul . Derivatives of this goddess in Indo - European languages include the Old Norse Sól , Sanskrit Surya , Gaulish Sulis , Lithuanian Saulė , and Slavic Solntse . In ancient Greek religion , the sun deity was the male god Helios , but traces of an earlier female solar deity are preserved in Helen of Troy . In later times , Helios was syncretized with Apollo . In the Bible , Malachi 4 : 2 mentions the `` Sun of Righteousness '' ( sometimes translated as the `` Sun of Justice '' ) , which some Christians have interpreted as a reference to the Messiah ( Christ ) . In ancient Roman culture , Sunday was the day of the Sun god . It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background . The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians , and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions . In paganism , the Sun was a source of life , giving warmth and illumination to mankind . It was the center of a popular cult among Romans , who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed . The celebration of the winter solstice ( which influenced Christmas ) was part of the Roman cult of the unconquered Sun ( Sol Invictus ) . Christian churches were built with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East . Tonatiuh , the Aztec god of the sun , was usually depicted holding arrows and a shield and was closely associated with the practice of human sacrifice . The sun goddess Amaterasu is the most important deity in the Shinto religion , and she is believed to be the direct ancestor of all Japanese emperors . Characteristics The Sun is a G - type main - sequence star that comprises about 99.86 % of the mass of the Solar System . The Sun has an absolute magnitude of + 4.83 , estimated to be brighter than about 85 % of the stars in the Milky Way , most of which are red dwarfs . The Sun is a Population I , or heavy - element - rich , star . The formation of the Sun may have been triggered by shockwaves from one or more nearby supernovae . This is suggested by a high abundance of heavy elements in the Solar System , such as gold and uranium , relative to the abundances of these elements in so - called Population II , heavy - element - poor , stars . The heavy elements could most plausibly have been produced by endothermic nuclear reactions during a supernova , or by transmutation through neutron absorption within a massive second - generation star . The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth 's sky , with an apparent magnitude of − 26.74 . This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star , Sirius , which has an apparent magnitude of − 1.46 . The mean distance of the Sun 's center to Earth 's center is approximately 1 astronomical unit ( about 150,000,000 km ; 93,000,000 mi ) , though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion in January to aphelion in July . At this average distance , light travels from the Sun 's horizon to Earth 's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds , while light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less . The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis , and drives Earth 's climate and weather . The Sun does not have a definite boundary , but its density decreases exponentially with increasing height above the photosphere . For the purpose of measurement , however , the Sun 's radius is considered to be the distance from its center to the edge of the photosphere , the apparent visible surface of the Sun . By this measure , the Sun is a near - perfect sphere with an oblateness estimated at about 9 millionths , which means that its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter by only 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) . The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly affect the shape of the Sun . The Sun rotates faster at its equator than at its poles . This differential rotation is caused by convective motion due to heat transport and the Coriolis force due to the Sun 's rotation . In a frame of reference defined by the stars , the rotational period is approximately 25.6 days at the equator and 33.5 days at the poles . Viewed from Earth as it orbits the Sun , the apparent rotational period of the Sun at its equator is about 28 days . Sunlight Main article : Sunlight The solar constant is the amount of power that the Sun deposits per unit area that is directly exposed to sunlight . The solar constant is equal to approximately 7003136800000000000 ♠ 1,368 W / m ( watts per square meter ) at a distance of one astronomical unit ( AU ) from the Sun ( that is , on or near Earth ) . Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth 's atmosphere , so that less power arrives at the surface ( closer to 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1,000 W / m ) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith . Sunlight at the top of Earth 's atmosphere is composed ( by total energy ) of about 50 % infrared light , 40 % visible light , and 10 % ultraviolet light . The atmosphere in particular filters out over 70 % of solar ultraviolet , especially at the shorter wavelengths . Solar ultraviolet radiation ionizes Earth 's dayside upper atmosphere , creating the electrically conducting ionosphere . The Sun 's color is white , with a CIE color - space index near ( 0.3 , 0.3 ) , when viewed from space or when the Sun is high in the sky . When measuring all the photons emitted , the Sun is actually emitting more photons in the green portion of the spectrum than any other . When the Sun is low in the sky , atmospheric scattering renders the Sun yellow , red , orange , or magenta . Despite its typical whiteness , most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow ; the reasons for this are the subject of debate . The Sun is a G2V star , with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C , 9,941 ° F ) , and V that it , like most stars , is a main - sequence star . The average luminance of the Sun is about 1.88 giga candela per square metre , but as viewed through Earth 's atmosphere , this is lowered to about 1.44 Gcd / m . However , the luminance is not constant across the disk of the Sun ( limb darkening ) . Composition See also : Molecules in stars The Sun is composed primarily of the chemical elements hydrogen and helium . At this time in the Sun 's life , they account for 74.9 % and 23.8 % of the mass of the Sun in the photosphere , respectively . All heavier elements , called metals in astronomy , account for less than 2 % of the mass , with oxygen ( roughly 1 % of the Sun 's mass ) , carbon ( 0.3 % ) , neon ( 0.2 % ) , and iron ( 0.2 % ) being the most abundant . The Sun 's original chemical composition was inherited from the interstellar medium out of which it formed . Originally it would have contained about 71.1 % hydrogen , 27.4 % helium , and 1.5 % heavier elements . The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe , and the heavier elements were produced by previous generations of stars before the Sun was formed , and spread into the interstellar medium during the final stages of stellar life and by events such as supernovae . Since the Sun formed , the main fusion process has involved fuzing hydrogen into helium . Over the past 4.6 billion years , the amount of helium and its location within the Sun has gradually changed . Within the core , the proportion of helium has increased from about 24 % to about 60 % due to fusion , and some of the helium and heavy elements have settled from the photosphere towards the center of the Sun because of gravity . The proportions of metals ( heavier elements ) is unchanged . Heat is transferred outward from the Sun 's core by radiation rather than by convection ( see Radiative zone below ) , so the fusion products are not lifted outward by heat ; they remain in the core and gradually an inner core of helium has begun to form that can not be fuzed because at this time , the Sun 's core is not hot and dense enough to fuze helium . Overall in today 's photosphere the helium fraction is reduced , and the metallicity is only 84 % of what it was in the protostellar phase ( before nuclear fusion in the core started ) . In future , helium will continue to accumulate in the core , and in about 5 billion years this gradual build - up will eventually cause the Sun to leave the main sequence and become a red giant . The chemical composition of the photosphere is normally considered representative of the composition of the primordial Solar System . The solar heavy - element abundances described above are typically measured both using spectroscopy of the Sun 's photosphere and by measuring abundances in meteorites that have never been heated to melting temperatures . These meteorites are thought to retain the composition of the protostellar Sun and are thus not affected by settling of heavy elements . The two methods generally agree well . Singly ionized iron - group elements In the 1970s , much research focused on the abundances of iron - group elements in the Sun . Although significant research was done , until 1978 it was difficult to determine the abundances of some iron - group elements ( e.g. cobalt and manganese ) via spectrography because of their hyperfine structures . The first largely complete set of oscillator strengths of singly ionized iron - group elements were made available in the 1960s , and these were subsequently improved . In 1978 , the abundances of singly ionized elements of the iron group were derived . Isotopic composition Various authors have considered the existence of a gradient in the isotopic compositions of solar and planetary noble gases , e.g. correlations between isotopic compositions of neon and xenon in the Sun and on the planets . Prior to 1983 , it was thought that the whole Sun has the same composition as the solar atmosphere . In 1983 , it was claimed that it was fractionation in the Sun itself that caused the isotopic - composition relationship between the planetary and solar - wind - implanted noble gases . Structure and energy production The structure of the Sun contains the following layers : Core - the innermost 20 - 25 % of the Sun 's radius , where temperature ( energies ) and pressure are sufficient for nuclear fusion to occur . Hydrogen fuzes into helium ( which can not currently be fuzed at this point in the Sun 's life ) . The fusion process releases energy , and the helium gradually accumulates to form an inner core of helium within the core itself . Radiative zone - convection can not occur until much nearer the surface of the Sun . Therefore between about 20 - 25 % of the radius , and 70 % of the radius , there is a `` radiative zone '' in which energy transfer occurs by means of radiation ( photons ) rather than by convection . Tachocline - the boundary region between the radiative and convective zones . Convective zone - Between about 70 % of the Sun 's radius and a point close to the visible surface , the Sun is cool and diffuse enough for convection to occur , and this becomes the primary means of outward heat transfer , similar to weather cells which form in the earth 's atmosphere . Photosphere - the deepest part of the Sun which we can directly observe with visible light . Because the Sun is a gaseous object , it does not have a clearly - defined surface ; its visible parts are usually divided into a ' photosphere ' and ' atmosphere ' . Atmosphere - a gaseous ' halo ' surrounding the Sun , comprising the chromosphere , transition region , corona and heliosphere . These can be seen when the main part of the Sun is hidden , for example , during a solar eclipse . Core Main article : Solar core The structure of the Sun The core of the Sun extends from the center to about 20 -- 25 % of the solar radius . It has a density of up to 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150 g / cm ( about 150 times the density of water ) and a temperature of close to 15.7 million kelvins ( K ) . By contrast , the Sun 's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above . Through most of the Sun 's life , energy has been produced by nuclear fusion in the core region through a series of steps called the p -- p ( proton -- proton ) chain ; this process converts hydrogen into helium . Only 0.8 % of the energy generated in the Sun comes from the CNO cycle , though this proportion is expected to increase as the Sun becomes older . The core is the only region in the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of thermal energy through fusion ; 99 % of the power is generated within 24 % of the Sun 's radius , and by 30 % of the radius , fusion has stopped nearly entirely . The remainder of the Sun is heated by this energy as it is transferred outwards through many successive layers , finally to the solar photosphere where it escapes into space as sunlight or the kinetic energy of particles . The proton -- proton chain occurs around 7037919999999999999 ♠ 9.2 × 10 times each second in the core , converting about 3.7 × 10 protons into alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) every second ( out of a total of ~ 8.9 × 10 free protons in the Sun ) , or about 6.2 × 10 kg / s . Fusing four free protons ( hydrogen nuclei ) into a single alpha particle ( helium nucleus ) releases around 0.7 % of the fused mass as energy , so the Sun releases energy at the mass -- energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric tons per second ( which requires 600 metric megatons of hydrogen ) , for 384.6 yottawatts ( 7026384600000000000 ♠ 3.846 × 10 W ) , or 9.192 × 10 megatons of TNT per second . However , the large power output of the Sun is mainly due to the huge size and density of its core ( compared to earth and objects on earth ) , with only a fairly small amount of power being generated per cubic metre . Theoretical models of the Sun 's interior indicate a power density , or energy production , of approximately 276.5 watts per cubic metre , which is about the same rate of power production as takes place in reptile metabolism or a compost pile . The fusion rate in the core is in a self - correcting equilibrium : a slightly higher rate of fusion would cause the core to heat up more and expand slightly against the weight of the outer layers , reducing the density and hence the fusion rate and correcting the perturbation ; and a slightly lower rate would cause the core to cool and shrink slightly , increasing the density and increasing the fusion rate and again reverting it to its present rate . Radiative zone Main article : Radiative zone From the core out to about 0.7 solar radii , thermal radiation is the primary means of energy transfer . The temperature drops from approximately 7 million to 2 million kelvins with increasing distance from the core . This temperature gradient is less than the value of the adiabatic lapse rate and hence can not drive convection , which explains why the transfer of energy through this zone is by radiation instead of thermal convection . Ions of hydrogen and helium emit photons , which travel only a brief distance before being reabsorbed by other ions . The density drops a hundredfold ( from 20 g / cm to 0.2 g / cm ) from 0.25 solar radii to the 0.7 radii , the top of the radiative zone . Tachocline Main article : Tachocline The radiative zone and the convective zone are separated by a transition layer , the tachocline . This is a region where the sharp regime change between the uniform rotation of the radiative zone and the differential rotation of the convection zone results in a large shear between the two -- a condition where successive horizontal layers slide past one another . Presently , it is hypothesized ( see Solar dynamo ) that a magnetic dynamo within this layer generates the Sun 's magnetic field . Convective zone Main article : Convection zone The Sun 's convection zone extends from 0.7 solar radii ( 500,000 km ) to near the surface . In this layer , the solar plasma is not dense enough or hot enough to transfer the heat energy of the interior outward via radiation . Instead , the density of the plasma is low enough to allow convective currents to develop and move the Sun 's energy outward towards its surface . Material heated at the tachocline picks up heat and expands , thereby reducing its density and allowing it to rise . As a result , an orderly motion of the mass develops into thermal cells that carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun 's photosphere above . Once the material diffusively and radiatively cools just beneath the photospheric surface , its density increases , and it sinks to the base of the convection zone , where it again picks up heat from the top of the radiative zone and the convective cycle continues . At the photosphere , the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g / m ( about 1 / 6,000 the density of air at sea level ) . The thermal columns of the convection zone form an imprint on the surface of the Sun giving it a granular appearance called the solar granulation at the smallest scale and supergranulation at larger scales . Turbulent convection in this outer part of the solar interior sustains `` small - scale '' dynamo action over the near - surface volume of the Sun . The Sun 's thermal columns are Bénard cells and take the shape of hexagonal prisms . Photosphere The effective temperature , or black body temperature , of the Sun ( 5,777 K ) is the temperature a black body of the same size must have to yield the same total emissive power . Main article : Photosphere The visible surface of the Sun , the photosphere , is the layer below which the Sun becomes opaque to visible light . Above the photosphere visible sunlight is free to propagate into space , and almost all of its energy escapes the Sun entirely . The change in opacity is due to the decreasing amount of H ions , which absorb visible light easily . Conversely , the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen atoms to produce H ions . The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick , and is slightly less opaque than air on Earth . Because the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part , an image of the Sun appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk , in a phenomenon known as limb darkening . The spectrum of sunlight has approximately the spectrum of a black - body radiating at about 6,000 K , interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the photosphere . The photosphere has a particle density of ~ 10 m ( about 0.37 % of the particle number per volume of Earth 's atmosphere at sea level ) . The photosphere is not fully ionized -- the extent of ionization is about 3 % , leaving almost all of the hydrogen in atomic form . During early studies of the optical spectrum of the photosphere , some absorption lines were found that did not correspond to any chemical elements then known on Earth . In 1868 , Norman Lockyer hypothesized that these absorption lines were caused by a new element that he dubbed helium , after the Greek Sun god Helios . Twenty - five years later , helium was isolated on Earth . Atmosphere See also : Corona and Coronal loop During a total solar eclipse , the solar corona can be seen with the naked eye , during the brief period of totality . During a total solar eclipse , when the disk of the Sun is covered by that of the Moon , parts of the Sun 's surrounding atmosphere can be seen . It is composed of four distinct parts : the chromosphere , the transition region , the corona and the heliosphere . The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500 km above the photosphere , and has a temperature of about 7003410000000000000 ♠ 4,100 K . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water , which can be detected via their absorption spectra . The chromosphere , transition region , and corona are much hotter than the surface of the Sun . The reason is not well understood , but evidence suggests that Alfvén waves may have enough energy to heat the corona . Above the temperature minimum layer is a layer about 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 km thick , dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines . It is called the chromosphere from the Greek root chroma , meaning color , because the chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total solar eclipses . The temperature of the chromosphere increases gradually with altitude , ranging up to around 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 K near the top . In the upper part of the chromosphere helium becomes partially ionized . Taken by Hinode 's Solar Optical Telescope on 12 January 2007 , this image of the Sun reveals the filamentary nature of the plasma connecting regions of different magnetic polarity . Above the chromosphere , in a thin ( about 200 km ) transition region , the temperature rises rapidly from around 20,000 K in the upper chromosphere to coronal temperatures closer to 1,000,000 K . The temperature increase is facilitated by the full ionization of helium in the transition region , which significantly reduces radiative cooling of the plasma . The transition region does not occur at a well - defined altitude . Rather , it forms a kind of nimbus around chromospheric features such as spicules and filaments , and is in constant , chaotic motion . The transition region is not easily visible from Earth 's surface , but is readily observable from space by instruments sensitive to the extreme ultraviolet portion of the spectrum . The corona is the next layer of the Sun . The low corona , near the surface of the Sun , has a particle density around 10 m to 10 m . The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K ; however , in the hottest regions it is 8,000,000 -- 20,000,000 K . Although no complete theory yet exists to account for the temperature of the corona , at least some of its heat is known to be from magnetic reconnection . The corona is the extended atmosphere of the Sun , which has a volume much larger than the volume enclosed by the Sun 's photosphere . A flow of plasma outward from the Sun into interplanetary space is the solar wind . The heliosphere , the tenuous outermost atmosphere of the Sun , is filled with the solar wind plasma . This outermost layer of the Sun is defined to begin at the distance where the flow of the solar wind becomes superalfvénic -- that is , where the flow becomes faster than the speed of Alfvén waves , at approximately 20 solar radii ( 0.1 AU ) . Turbulence and dynamic forces in the heliosphere can not affect the shape of the solar corona within , because the information can only travel at the speed of Alfvén waves . The solar wind travels outward continuously through the heliosphere , forming the solar magnetic field into a spiral shape , until it impacts the heliopause more than 50 AU from the Sun . In December 2004 , the Voyager 1 probe passed through a shock front that is thought to be part of the heliopause . In late 2012 Voyager 1 recorded a marked increase in cosmic ray collisions and a sharp drop in lower energy particles from the solar wind , which suggested that the probe had passed through the heliopause and entered the interstellar medium . Photons and neutrinos See also : solar irradiance High - energy gamma - ray photons initially released with fusion reactions in the core are almost immediately absorbed by the solar plasma of the radiative zone , usually after traveling only a few millimeters . Re-emission happens in a random direction and usually at a slightly lower energy . With this sequence of emissions and absorptions , it takes a long time for radiation to reach the Sun 's surface . Estimates of the photon travel time range between 10,000 and 170,000 years . In contrast , it takes only 2.3 seconds for the neutrinos , which account for about 2 % of the total energy production of the Sun , to reach the surface . Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter , the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer , on the order of 30,000,000 years . This is the time it would take the Sun to return to a stable state , if the rate of energy generation in its core were suddenly changed . Neutrinos are also released by the fusion reactions in the core , but , unlike photons , they rarely interact with matter , so almost all are able to escape the Sun immediately . For many years measurements of the number of neutrinos produced in the Sun were lower than theories predicted by a factor of 3 . This discrepancy was resolved in 2001 through the discovery of the effects of neutrino oscillation : the Sun emits the number of neutrinos predicted by the theory , but neutrino detectors were missing ⁄ of them because the neutrinos had changed flavor by the time they were detected . Magnetism and activity Magnetic field See also : Stellar magnetic field , Sunspots , List of solar cycles , and Solar phenomena Visible light photograph of sunspot , 13 December 2006 Butterfly diagram showing paired sunspot pattern . Graph is of sunspot area . In this false - color ultraviolet image , the Sun shows a C3 - class solar flare ( white area on upper left ) , a solar tsunami ( wave - like structure , upper right ) and multiple filaments of plasma following a magnetic field , rising from the stellar surface . The heliospheric current sheet extends to the outer reaches of the Solar System , and results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the interplanetary medium . The Sun has a magnetic field that varies across the surface of the Sun . Its polar field is 1 -- 2 gauss ( 0.0001 -- 0.0002 T ) , whereas the field is typically 3,000 gauss ( 0.3 T ) in features on the Sun called sunspots and 10 -- 100 gauss ( 0.001 -- 0.01 T ) in solar prominences . The magnetic field also varies in time and location . The quasi-periodic 11 - year solar cycle is the most prominent variation in which the number and size of sunspots waxes and wanes . Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun 's photosphere , and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface . As a result , sunspots are slightly cooler than the surrounding photosphere , and , so , they appear dark . At a typical solar minimum , few sunspots are visible , and occasionally none can be seen at all . Those that do appear are at high solar latitudes . As the solar cycle progresses towards its maximum , sunspots tend form closer to the solar equator , a phenomenon known as Spörer 's law . The largest sunspots can be tens of thousands of kilometers across . An 11 - year sunspot cycle is half of a 22 - year Babcock -- Leighton dynamo cycle , which corresponds to an oscillatory exchange of energy between toroidal and poloidal solar magnetic fields . At solar - cycle maximum , the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo - cycle minimum strength , but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field , generated through differential rotation within the tachocline , is near its maximum strength . At this point in the dynamo cycle , buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere , giving rise to pairs of sunspots , roughly aligned east -- west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities . The magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs alternates every solar cycle , a phenomenon known as the Hale cycle . During the solar cycle 's declining phase , energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field , and sunspots diminish in number and size . At solar - cycle minimum , the toroidal field is , correspondingly , at minimum strength , sunspots are relatively rare , and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength . With the rise of the next 11 - year sunspot cycle , differential rotation shifts magnetic energy back from the poloidal to the toroidal field , but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle . The process carries on continuously , and in an idealized , simplified scenario , each 11 - year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change , then , in the overall polarity of the Sun 's large - scale magnetic field . The solar magnetic field extends well beyond the Sun itself . The electrically conducting solar wind plasma carries the Sun 's magnetic field into space , forming what is called the interplanetary magnetic field . In an approximation known as ideal magnetohydrodynamics , plasma particles only move along the magnetic field lines . As a result , the outward - flowing solar wind stretches the interplanetary magnetic field outward , forcing it into a roughly radial structure . For a simple dipolar solar magnetic field , with opposite hemispherical polarities on either side of the solar magnetic equator , a thin current sheet is formed in the solar wind . At great distances , the rotation of the Sun twists the dipolar magnetic field and corresponding current sheet into an Archimedean spiral structure called the Parker spiral . The interplanetary magnetic field is much stronger than the dipole component of the solar magnetic field . The Sun 's dipole magnetic field of 50 -- 400 μT ( at the photosphere ) reduces with the inverse - cube of the distance to about 0.1 nT at the distance of Earth . However , according to spacecraft observations the interplanetary field at Earth 's location is around 5 nT , about a hundred times greater . The difference is due to magnetic fields generated by electrical currents in the plasma surrounding the Sun . Variation in activity Measurements from 2005 of solar cycle variation during the last 30 years The Sun 's magnetic field leads to many effects that are collectively called solar activity . Solar flares and coronal - mass ejections tend to occur at sunspot groups . Slowly changing high - speed streams of solar wind are emitted from coronal holes at the photospheric surface . Both coronal - mass ejections and high - speed streams of solar wind carry plasma and interplanetary magnetic field outward into the Solar System . The effects of solar activity on Earth include auroras at moderate to high latitudes and the disruption of radio communications and electric power . Solar activity is thought to have played a large role in the formation and evolution of the Solar System . With solar - cycle modulation of sunspot number comes a corresponding modulation of space weather conditions , including those surrounding Earth where technological systems can be affected . Long - term change Long - term secular change in sunspot number is thought , by some scientists , to be correlated with long - term change in solar irradiance , which , in turn , might influence Earth 's long - term climate . For example , in the 17th century , the solar cycle appeared to have stopped entirely for several decades ; few sunspots were observed during a period known as the Maunder minimum . This coincided in time with the era of the Little Ice Age , when Europe experienced unusually cold temperatures . Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower - than - average global temperatures . A recent theory claims that there are magnetic instabilities in the core of the Sun that cause fluctuations with periods of either 41,000 or 100,000 years . These could provide a better explanation of the ice ages than the Milankovitch cycles . Life phases Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Stellar evolution The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life . It has not changed dramatically for over four billion years , and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more . However , after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped , the Sun will undergo severe changes , both internally and externally . Formation The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of part of a giant molecular cloud that consisted mostly of hydrogen and helium and that probably gave birth to many other stars . This age is estimated using computer models of stellar evolution and through nucleocosmochronology . The result is consistent with the radiometric date of the oldest Solar System material , at 4.567 billion years ago . Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short - lived isotopes , such as iron - 60 , that form only in exploding , short - lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae must have occurred near the location where the Sun formed . A shock wave from a nearby supernova would have triggered the formation of the Sun by compressing the matter within the molecular cloud and causing certain regions to collapse under their own gravity . As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure . Much of the mass became concentrated in the center , whereas the rest flattened out into a disk that would become the planets and other Solar System bodies . Gravity and pressure within the core of the cloud generated a lot of heat as it accreted more matter from the surrounding disk , eventually triggering nuclear fusion . Thus , the Sun was born . Main sequence Evolution of the Sun 's luminosity , radius and effective temperature compared to the present Sun . After Ribas ( 2010 ) The Sun is about halfway through its main - sequence stage , during which nuclear fusion reactions in its core fuse hydrogen into helium . Each second , more than four million tonnes of matter are converted into energy within the Sun 's core , producing neutrinos and solar radiation . At this rate , the Sun has so far converted around 100 times the mass of Earth into energy , about 0.03 % of the total mass of the Sun . The Sun will spend a total of approximately 10 billion years as a main - sequence star . The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence , because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused . The core is therefore shrinking , allowing the outer layers of the Sun to move closer to the centre and experience a stronger gravitational force , according to the inverse - square law . This stronger force increases the pressure on the core , which is resisted by a gradual increase in the rate at which fusion occurs . This process speeds up as the core gradually becomes denser . It is estimated that the Sun has become 30 % brighter in the last 4.5 billion years . At present , it is increasing in brightness by about 1 % every 100 million years . After core hydrogen exhaustion The size of the current Sun ( now in the main sequence ) compared to its estimated size during its red - giant phase in the future The Sun does not have enough mass to explode as a supernova . Instead it will exit the main sequence in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant . As a red giant , the Sun will grow so large that it will engulf Mercury , Venus , and probably Earth . Even before it becomes a red giant , the luminosity of the Sun will have nearly doubled , and Earth will receive as much sunlight as Venus receives today . Once the core hydrogen is exhausted in 5.4 billion years , the Sun will expand into a subgiant phase and slowly double in size over about half a billion years . It will then expand more rapidly over about half a billion years until it is over two hundred times larger than today and a couple of thousand times more luminous . This then starts the red - giant - branch phase where the Sun will spend around a billion years and lose around a third of its mass . Evolution of a Sun - like star . The track of a one solar mass star on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram is shown from the main sequence to the post-asymptotic - giant - branch stage . After the red - giant branch the Sun has approximately 120 million years of active life left , but much happens . First , the core , full of degenerate helium ignites violently in the helium flash , where it is estimated that 6 % of the core , itself 40 % of the Sun 's mass , will be converted into carbon within a matter of minutes through the triple - alpha process . The Sun then shrinks to around 10 times its current size and 50 times the luminosity , with a temperature a little lower than today . It will then have reached the red clump or horizontal branch , but a star of the Sun 's mass does not evolve blueward along the horizontal branch . Instead , it just becomes moderately larger and more luminous over about 100 million years as it continues to burn helium in the core . When the helium is exhausted , the Sun will repeat the expansion it followed when the hydrogen in the core was exhausted , except that this time it all happens faster , and the Sun becomes larger and more luminous . This is the asymptotic - giant - branch phase , and the Sun is alternately burning hydrogen in a shell or helium in a deeper shell . After about 20 million years on the early asymptotic giant branch , the Sun becomes increasingly unstable , with rapid mass loss and thermal pulses that increase the size and luminosity for a few hundred years every 100,000 years or so . The thermal pulses become larger each time , with the later pulses pushing the luminosity to as much as 5,000 times the current level and the radius to over 1 AU . According to a 2008 model , Earth 's orbit is shrinking due to tidal forces ( and , eventually , drag from the lower chromosphere ) , so that it will be engulfed by the Sun near the tip of the red giant branch phase , 1 and 3.8 million years after Mercury and Venus have respectively suffered the same fate . Models vary depending on the rate and timing of mass loss . Models that have higher mass loss on the red - giant branch produce smaller , less luminous stars at the tip of the asymptotic giant branch , perhaps only 2,000 times the luminosity and less than 200 times the radius . For the Sun , four thermal pulses are predicted before it completely loses its outer envelope and starts to make a planetary nebula . By the end of that phase -- lasting approximately 500,000 years -- the Sun will only have about half of its current mass . The post-asymptotic - giant - branch evolution is even faster . The luminosity stays approximately constant as the temperature increases , with the ejected half of the Sun 's mass becoming ionised into a planetary nebula as the exposed core reaches 30,000 K . The final naked core , a white dwarf , will have a temperature of over 100,000 K , and contain an estimated 54.05 % of the Sun 's present day mass . The planetary nebula will disperse in about 10,000 years , but the white dwarf will survive for trillions of years before fading to a hypothetical black dwarf . Motion and location Illustration of the Milky Way , showing the location of the Sun The Sun lies close to the inner rim of the Milky Way 's Orion Arm , in the Local Interstellar Cloud or the Gould Belt , at a distance of 7.5 -- 8.5 kpc ( 25,000 -- 28,000 light - years ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is contained within the Local Bubble , a space of rarefied hot gas , possibly produced by the supernova remnant Geminga , or multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 6,500 light - years . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is found in what scientists call the galactic habitable zone . The Apex of the Sun 's Way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels relative to other nearby stars . This motion is towards a point in the constellation Hercules , near the star Vega . Of the 50 nearest stellar systems within 17 light - years from Earth ( the closest being the red dwarf Proxima Centauri at approximately 4.2 light - years ) , the Sun ranks fourth in mass . Orbit in Milky Way The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way , and it is presently moving in the direction of the constellation of Cygnus . A simple model of the motion of a star in the galaxy gives the galactic coordinates X , Y , and Z as : X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + U ( 0 ) κ sin ( κ t ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ( 1 − cos ( κ t ) ) ( \ displaystyle X ( t ) = X ( 0 ) + ( \ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ) ) \ sin ( \ kappa t ) + ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) ( 1 - \ cos ( \ kappa t ) ) ) Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2 A ( X ( 0 ) + V ( 0 ) 2 B ) t − Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) sin ( κ t ) + 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ( 1 − cos ( κ t ) ) ( \ displaystyle Y ( t ) = Y ( 0 ) + 2A \ left ( X ( 0 ) + ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \ right ) t - ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \ sin ( \ kappa t ) + ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) ( 1 - \ cos ( \ kappa t ) ) ) Z ( t ) = W ( 0 ) ν sin ( ν t ) + Z ( 0 ) cos ( ν t ) ( \ displaystyle Z ( t ) = ( \ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \ nu ) ) \ sin ( \ nu t ) + Z ( 0 ) \ cos ( \ nu t ) ) where U , V , and W are the respective velocities with respect to the local standard of rest , A and B are the Oort constants , Ω 0 = A − B ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( 0 ) = A-B ) is the angular velocity of galactic rotation for the local standard of rest , κ = − 4 Ω 0 B ( \ displaystyle \ kappa = ( \ sqrt ( - 4 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) B ) ) ) is the `` epicyclic frequency '' , and ν is the vertical oscillation frequency . For the sun , the present values of U , V , and W are estimated as ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ( \ displaystyle ( U ( 0 ) , V ( 0 ) , W ( 0 ) ) = ( 10.00 , 5.25 , 7.17 ) ) km / s , and estimates for the other constants are A = 15.5 km / s / kpc , B = − 12.2 km / s / kpc , κ = 37 km / s / kpc , and ν = 74 km / s / kpc . We take X ( 0 ) and Y ( 0 ) to be zero and Z ( 0 ) is estimated to be 17 parsecs . This model implies that the sun circulates around a point that is itself going around the galaxy . The period of the sun 's circulation around the point is 2 π / κ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ kappa ) . which , using the equivalence that a parsec equals 1 km / s times 0.978 million years , comes to 166 million years , shorter than the time it takes for the point to go around the galaxy . In the ( X , Y ) coordinates , the sun describes an ellipse around the point , whose length in the Y direction is 2 × ( 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) ) 2 + ( Ω 0 B κ V ( 0 ) ) 2 = 1035 parsec . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( B \ kappa ) ) V ( 0 ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 1035 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) . ) and whose width in the X direction is 2 × ( U ( 0 ) κ ) 2 + ( V ( 0 ) 2 B ) 2 = 691 parsec ( \ displaystyle 2 \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( U ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 691 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) The ratio of length to width of this ellipse , the same for all stars in our neighborhood , is 2 Ω / κ ≈ 1.50 . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ Omega / \ kappa \ approx 1.50 . ) The moving point is presently at X = V ( 0 ) 2 B = − 215 parsec ( \ displaystyle X = ( \ frac ( V ( 0 ) ) ( 2B ) ) = - 215 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) Y = 2 Ω 0 κ 2 U ( 0 ) = 405 parsec . ( \ displaystyle Y = ( \ frac ( 2 \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) ( \ kappa ^ ( 2 ) ) ) U ( 0 ) = 405 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) . ) The oscillation in the Z direction takes the sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98 parsec ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( W ( 0 ) ) ( \ nu ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + Z ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = 98 ( \ text ( parsec ) ) ) above the galactic plane and the same distance below it , with a period of 2 π / ν ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ nu ) or 83 million years , approximately 2.7 times per orbit . Although 2 π / Ω 0 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / \ Omega _ ( 0 ) ) is 222 million years , the value of Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) at the point around which the sun circulates is Ω ≈ Ω 0 − 2 A R 0 Δ X ≈ 26.1 km / s / kpc ( \ displaystyle \ Omega \ approx \ Omega _ ( 0 ) - ( \ frac ( 2A ) ( R_ ( 0 ) ) ) \ Delta X \ approx 26.1 ( \ text ( km / s / kpc ) ) ) ( see Oort constants ) , corresponding to 235 million years , and this is the time that the point takes to go once around the galaxy . Other stars with the same value of X + V / ( 2 B ) ( \ displaystyle X + V / ( 2B ) ) have take the same amount of time to go around the galaxy as the sun and thus remain in the same general vicinity as the sun . The Sun 's orbit around the Milky Way is perturbed due to the non-uniform mass distribution in Milky Way , such as that in and between the galactic spiral arms . It has been argued that the Sun 's passage through the higher density spiral arms often coincides with mass extinctions on Earth , perhaps due to increased impact events . It takes the Solar System about 225 -- 250 million years to complete one orbit through the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so it is thought to have completed 20 -- 25 orbits during the lifetime of the Sun . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 251 km / s ( 156 mi / s ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 7 days to travel 1 AU . The Milky Way is moving with respect to the cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMB ) in the direction of the constellation Hydra with a speed of 550 km / s , and the Sun 's resultant velocity with respect to the CMB is about 370 km / s in the direction of Crater or Leo . Theoretical problems Map of the full Sun by STEREO and SDO spacecraft Coronal heating problem Main article : Corona The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K , whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000 -- 2,000,000 K . The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere . It is thought that the energy necessary to heat the corona is provided by turbulent motion in the convection zone below the photosphere , and two main mechanisms have been proposed to explain coronal heating . The first is wave heating , in which sound , gravitational or magnetohydrodynamic waves are produced by turbulence in the convection zone . These waves travel upward and dissipate in the corona , depositing their energy in the ambient matter in the form of heat . The other is magnetic heating , in which magnetic energy is continuously built up by photospheric motion and released through magnetic reconnection in the form of large solar flares and myriad similar but smaller events -- nanoflares . Currently , it is unclear whether waves are an efficient heating mechanism . All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona . In addition , Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona . Current research focus has therefore shifted towards flare heating mechanisms . Faint young Sun problem Main article : Faint young Sun paradox Theoretical models of the Sun 's development suggest that 3.8 to 2.5 billion years ago , during the Archean eon , the Sun was only about 75 % as bright as it is today . Such a weak star would not have been able to sustain liquid water on Earth 's surface , and thus life should not have been able to develop . However , the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history , and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today . One theory among scientists is that the atmosphere of the young Earth contained much larger quantities of greenhouse gases ( such as carbon dioxide , methane ) than are present today , which trapped enough heat to compensate for the smaller amount of solar energy reaching it . However , examination of Archaean sediments appears inconsistent with the hypothesis of high greenhouse concentrations . Instead , the moderate temperature range may be explained by a lower surface albedo brought about by less continental area and the `` lack of biologically induced cloud condensation nuclei '' . This would have led to increased absorption of solar energy , thereby compensating for the lower solar output . History of observation The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times , and the Sun has been regarded by some cultures as a deity . Early understanding The Trundholm sun chariot pulled by a horse is a sculpture believed to be illustrating an important part of Nordic Bronze Age mythology . The sculpture is probably from around 1350 BC . It is displayed at the National Museum of Denmark . See also : The Sun in culture The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures throughout human history . Humanity 's most fundamental understanding of the Sun is as the luminous disk in the sky , whose presence above the horizon creates day and whose absence causes night . In many prehistoric and ancient cultures , the Sun was thought to be a solar deity or other supernatural entity . Worship of the Sun was central to civilizations such as the ancient Egyptians , the Inca of South America and the Aztecs of what is now Mexico . In religions such as Hinduism , the Sun is still considered a god . Many ancient monuments were constructed with solar phenomena in mind ; for example , stone megaliths accurately mark the summer or winter solstice ( some of the most prominent megaliths are located in Nabta Playa , Egypt ; Mnajdra , Malta and at Stonehenge , England ) ; Newgrange , a prehistoric human - built mount in Ireland , was designed to detect the winter solstice ; the pyramid of El Castillo at Chichén Itzá in Mexico is designed to cast shadows in the shape of serpents climbing the pyramid at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes . The Egyptians portrayed the god Ra as being carried across the sky in a solar barque , accompanied by lesser gods , and to the Greeks , he was Helios , carried by a chariot drawn by fiery horses . From the reign of Elagabalus in the late Roman Empire the Sun 's birthday was a holiday celebrated as Sol Invictus ( literally `` Unconquered Sun '' ) soon after the winter solstice , which may have been an antecedent to Christmas . Regarding the fixed stars , the Sun appears from Earth to revolve once a year along the ecliptic through the zodiac , and so Greek astronomers categorized it as one of the seven planets ( Greek planetes , `` wanderer '' ) ; the naming of the days of the weeks after the seven planets dates to the Roman era . Development of scientific understanding In the early first millennium BC , Babylonian astronomers observed that the Sun 's motion along the ecliptic is not uniform , though they did not know why ; it is today known that this is due to the movement of Earth in an elliptic orbit around the Sun , with Earth moving faster when it is nearer to the Sun at perihelion and moving slower when it is farther away at aphelion . One of the first people to offer a scientific or philosophical explanation for the Sun was the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras . He reasoned that it was not the chariot of Helios , but instead a giant flaming ball of metal even larger than the land of the Peloponnesus and that the Moon reflected the light of the Sun . For teaching this heresy , he was imprisoned by the authorities and sentenced to death , though he was later released through the intervention of Pericles . Eratosthenes estimated the distance between Earth and the Sun in the 3rd century BC as `` of stadia myriads 400 and 80000 '' , the translation of which is ambiguous , implying either 4,080,000 stadia ( 755,000 km ) or 804,000,000 stadia ( 148 to 153 million kilometers or 0.99 to 1.02 AU ) ; the latter value is correct to within a few percent . In the 1st century AD , Ptolemy estimated the distance as 1,210 times the radius of Earth , approximately 7.71 million kilometers ( 0.0515 AU ) . The theory that the Sun is the center around which the planets orbit was first proposed by the ancient Greek Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC , and later adopted by Seleucus of Seleucia ( see Heliocentrism ) . This view was developed in a more detailed mathematical model of a heliocentric system in the 16th century by Nicolaus Copernicus . Observations of sunspots were recorded during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- AD 220 ) by Chinese astronomers , who maintained records of these observations for centuries . Averroes also provided a description of sunspots in the 12th century . The invention of the telescope in the early 17th century permitted detailed observations of sunspots by Thomas Harriot , Galileo Galilei and other astronomers . Galileo posited that sunspots were on the surface of the Sun rather than small objects passing between Earth and the Sun . Arabic astronomical contributions include Albatenius ' discovery that the direction of the Sun 's apogee ( the place in the Sun 's orbit against the fixed stars where it seems to be moving slowest ) is changing . ( In modern heliocentric terms , this is caused by a gradual motion of the aphelion of the Earth 's orbit ) . Ibn Yunus observed more than 10,000 entries for the Sun 's position for many years using a large astrolabe . Sol , the Sun , from a 1550 edition of Guido Bonatti 's Liber astronomiae . From an observation of a transit of Venus in 1032 , the Persian astronomer and polymath Avicenna concluded that Venus is closer to Earth than the Sun . In 1672 Giovanni Cassini and Jean Richer determined the distance to Mars and were thereby able to calculate the distance to the Sun . In 1666 , Isaac Newton observed the Sun 's light using a prism , and showed that it is made up of light of many colors . In 1800 , William Herschel discovered infrared radiation beyond the red part of the solar spectrum . The 19th century saw advancement in spectroscopic studies of the Sun ; Joseph von Fraunhofer recorded more than 600 absorption lines in the spectrum , the strongest of which are still often referred to as Fraunhofer lines . In the early years of the modern scientific era , the source of the Sun 's energy was a significant puzzle . Lord Kelvin suggested that the Sun is a gradually cooling liquid body that is radiating an internal store of heat . Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz then proposed a gravitational contraction mechanism to explain the energy output , but the resulting age estimate was only 20 million years , well short of the time span of at least 300 million years suggested by some geological discoveries of that time . In 1890 Joseph Lockyer , who discovered helium in the solar spectrum , proposed a meteoritic hypothesis for the formation and evolution of the Sun . Not until 1904 was a documented solution offered . Ernest Rutherford suggested that the Sun 's output could be maintained by an internal source of heat , and suggested radioactive decay as the source . However , it would be Albert Einstein who would provide the essential clue to the source of the Sun 's energy output with his mass - energy equivalence relation E = mc . In 1920 , Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen ( protons ) into helium nuclei , resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass . The preponderance of hydrogen in the Sun was confirmed in 1925 by Cecilia Payne using the ionization theory developed by Meghnad Saha , an Indian physicist . The theoretical concept of fusion was developed in the 1930s by the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe . Hans Bethe calculated the details of the two main energy - producing nuclear reactions that power the Sun . In 1957 , Margaret Burbidge , Geoffrey Burbidge , William Fowler and Fred Hoyle showed that most of the elements in the universe have been synthesized by nuclear reactions inside stars , some like the Sun . Solar Space missions See also : Solar observatory The Sun giving out a large geomagnetic storm on 1 : 29 pm , EST , 13 March 2012 Play media A lunar transit of the Sun captured during calibration of STEREO B 's ultraviolet imaging cameras The first satellites designed to observe the Sun were NASA 's Pioneers 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 and 9 , which were launched between 1959 and 1968 . These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth , and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field . Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time , transmitting data until May 1983 . In the 1970s , two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona . The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S. -- German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury 's orbit at perihelion . The Skylab space station , launched by NASA in 1973 , included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station . Skylab made the first time - resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona . Discoveries included the first observations of coronal mass ejections , then called `` coronal transients '' , and of coronal holes , now known to be intimately associated with the solar wind . Coronal hole on the Sun forms a question mark ( 22 December 2017 ) In 1980 , the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA . This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays , X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity . Just a few months after launch , however , an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode , and it spent the next three years in this inactive state . In 1984 Space Shuttle Challenger mission STS - 41C retrieved the satellite and repaired its electronics before re-releasing it into orbit . The Solar Maximum Mission subsequently acquired thousands of images of the solar corona before re-entering Earth 's atmosphere in June 1989 . Launched in 1991 , Japan 's Yohkoh ( Sunbeam ) satellite observed solar flares at X-ray wavelengths . Mission data allowed scientists to identify several different types of flares , and demonstrated that the corona away from regions of peak activity was much more dynamic and active than had previously been supposed . Yohkoh observed an entire solar cycle but went into standby mode when an annular eclipse in 2001 caused it to lose its lock on the Sun . It was destroyed by atmospheric re-entry in 2005 . One of the most important solar missions to date has been the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , jointly built by the European Space Agency and NASA and launched on 2 December 1995 . Originally intended to serve a two - year mission , a mission extension through 2012 was approved in October 2009 . It has proven so useful that a follow - on mission , the Solar Dynamics Observatory ( SDO ) , was launched in February 2010 . Situated at the Lagrangian point between Earth and the Sun ( at which the gravitational pull from both is equal ) , SOHO has provided a constant view of the Sun at many wavelengths since its launch . Besides its direct solar observation , SOHO has enabled the discovery of a large number of comets , mostly tiny sungrazing comets that incinerate as they pass the Sun . A solar prominence erupts in August 2012 , as captured by SDO All these satellites have observed the Sun from the plane of the ecliptic , and so have only observed its equatorial regions in detail . The Ulysses probe was launched in 1990 to study the Sun 's polar regions . It first travelled to Jupiter , to `` slingshot '' into an orbit that would take it far above the plane of the ecliptic . Once Ulysses was in its scheduled orbit , it began observing the solar wind and magnetic field strength at high solar latitudes , finding that the solar wind from high latitudes was moving at about 750 km / s , which was slower than expected , and that there were large magnetic waves emerging from high latitudes that scattered galactic cosmic rays . Elemental abundances in the photosphere are well known from spectroscopic studies , but the composition of the interior of the Sun is more poorly understood . A solar wind sample return mission , Genesis , was designed to allow astronomers to directly measure the composition of solar material . The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory ( STEREO ) mission was launched in October 2006 . Two identical spacecraft were launched into orbits that cause them to ( respectively ) pull further ahead of and fall gradually behind Earth . This enables stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena , such as coronal mass ejections . The Indian Space Research Organisation has scheduled the launch of a 100 kg satellite named Aditya for 2017 -- 18 . Its main instrument will be a coronagraph for studying the dynamics of the Solar corona . Observation and effects During certain atmospheric conditions , the Sun becomes clearly visible to the naked eye , and can be observed without stress to the eyes . Click on this photo to see the full cycle of a sunset , as observed from the high plains of the Mojave Desert . The Sun , as seen from low Earth orbit overlooking the International Space Station . This sunlight is not filtered by the lower atmosphere , which blocks much of the solar spectrum The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye ; however , doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes . Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness . It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina , slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that can not respond properly to the brightness . UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years , and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts , but this depends on general exposure to solar UV , and not whether one looks directly at the Sun . Long - duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV - induced , sunburn - like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds , particularly under conditions where the UV light from the Sun is intense and well focused ; conditions are worsened by young eyes or new lens implants ( which admit more UV than aging natural eyes ) , Sun angles near the zenith , and observing locations at high altitude . Viewing the Sun through light - concentrating optics such as binoculars may result in permanent damage to the retina without an appropriate filter that blocks UV and substantially dims the sunlight . When using an attenuating filter to view the Sun , the viewer is cautioned to use a filter specifically designed for that use . Some improvised filters that pass UV or IR rays , can actually harm the eye at high brightness levels . Herschel wedges , also called Solar Diagonals , are effective and inexpensive for small telescopes . The sunlight that is destined for the eyepiece is reflected from an unsilvered surface of a piece of glass . Only a very small fraction of the incident light is reflected . The rest passes through the glass and leaves the instrument . If the glass breaks because of the heat , no light at all is reflected , making the device fail - safe . Simple filters made of darkened glass allow the full intensity of sunlight to pass through if they break , endangering the observer 's eyesight . Unfiltered binoculars can deliver hundreds of times as much energy as using the naked eye , possibly causing immediate damage . It is claimed that even brief glances at the midday Sun through an unfiltered telescope can cause permanent damage . Halo with sun dogs Partial solar eclipses are hazardous to view because the eye 's pupil is not adapted to the unusually high visual contrast : the pupil dilates according to the total amount of light in the field of view , not by the brightest object in the field . During partial eclipses most sunlight is blocked by the Moon passing in front of the Sun , but the uncovered parts of the photosphere have the same surface brightness as during a normal day . In the overall gloom , the pupil expands from ~ 2 mm to ~ 6 mm , and each retinal cell exposed to the solar image receives up to ten times more light than it would looking at the non-eclipsed Sun . This can damage or kill those cells , resulting in small permanent blind spots for the viewer . The hazard is insidious for inexperienced observers and for children , because there is no perception of pain : it is not immediately obvious that one 's vision is being destroyed . A sunrise During sunrise and sunset , sunlight is attenuated because of Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering from a particularly long passage through Earth 's atmosphere , and the Sun is sometimes faint enough to be viewed comfortably with the naked eye or safely with optics ( provided there is no risk of bright sunlight suddenly appearing through a break between clouds ) . Hazy conditions , atmospheric dust , and high humidity contribute to this atmospheric attenuation . An optical phenomenon , known as a green flash , can sometimes be seen shortly after sunset or before sunrise . The flash is caused by light from the Sun just below the horizon being bent ( usually through a temperature inversion ) towards the observer . Light of shorter wavelengths ( violet , blue , green ) is bent more than that of longer wavelengths ( yellow , orange , red ) but the violet and blue light is scattered more , leaving light that is perceived as green . Ultraviolet light from the Sun has antiseptic properties and can be used to sanitize tools and water . It also causes sunburn , and has other biological effects such as the production of vitamin D and sun tanning . Ultraviolet light is strongly attenuated by Earth 's ozone layer , so that the amount of UV varies greatly with latitude and has been partially responsible for many biological adaptations , including variations in human skin color in different regions of the globe . Planetary System Main article : Solar System The Sun has eight known planets . This includes four terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) , two gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ) , and two ice giants ( Uranus and Neptune ) . The Solar System also has at least five dwarf planets , an asteroid belt , numerous comets , and a large number of icy bodies which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune . See also Book : The Sun Advanced Composition Explorer Antisolar point List of brightest stars Solar energy Sun dogs Sun path Sun - Earth Day Sunday Sungazing Timeline of the far future Star portal Solar System portal Notes ^ Jump up to : All numbers in this article are short scale . One billion is 10 , or 1,000,000,000 . Jump up ^ In astronomical sciences , the term heavy elements ( or metals ) refers to all elements except hydrogen and helium . Jump up ^ Hydrothermal vent communities live so deep under the sea that they have no access to sunlight . Bacteria instead use sulfur compounds as an energy source , via chemosynthesis . Jump up ^ 1.88 Gcd / m is calculated from the solar illuminance of 7005128000000000000 ♠ 128 000 lux ( see sunlight ) times the square of the distance to the center of the Sun , divided by the cross sectional area of the Sun . 1.44 Gcd / m is calculated using 7004980000000000000 ♠ 98 000 lux . Jump up ^ A 50 kg adult human has a volume of about 0.05 m , which corresponds to 13.8 watts , at the volumetric power of the solar center . This is 285 kcal / day , about 10 % of the actual average caloric intake and output for humans in non-stressful conditions . Jump up ^ Earth 's atmosphere near sea level has a particle density of about 2 × 10 m . References ^ Jump up to : Williams , D.R. ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Sun Fact Sheet '' . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Zombeck , Martin V. ( 1990 ) . Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Asplund , M. ; Grevesse , N. ; Sauval , A.J. ( 2006 ) . `` The new solar abundances -- Part I : the observations '' . Communications in Asteroseismology. 147 : 76 -- 79 . Bibcode : 2006CoAst. 147 ... 76A . doi : 10.1553 / cia147s76 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 99 : Frequently Asked Questions '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . 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( 2009 ) . `` Genesis capturing the Sun : Solar wind irradiation at Lagrange 1 '' . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 267 ( 7 ) : 1101 -- 1108 . Bibcode : 2009NIMPB. 267.1101 C . doi : 10.1016 / j. nimb. 2009.01. 132 . Jump up ^ `` STEREO Spacecraft & Instruments '' . NASA Missions. 8 March 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Howard , R.A. ; Moses , J.D. ; Socker , D.G. ; Dere , K.P. ; Cook , J.W. ( 2002 ) . `` Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation ( SECCHI ) '' . Advances in Space Research . 29 ( 12 ) : 2017 -- 2026 . Bibcode : 2008SSRv ... 136 ... 67H . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 008 - 9341 - 4 . Jump up ^ Laxman , Srinivas ; Rhik Kundu , TNN ( 9 September 2012 ) . `` Aditya 1 launch delayed to 2015 -- 16 '' . The Times of India . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . Jump up ^ White , T.J. ; Mainster , M.A. ; Wilson , P.W. ; Tips , J.H. ( 1971 ) . `` Chorioretinal temperature increases from solar observation '' . Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 33 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02476660 . Jump up ^ Tso , M.O.M. ; La Piana , F.G. ( 1975 ) . `` The Human Fovea After Sungazing '' . Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. 79 ( 6 ) : OP788 -- 95 . PMID 1209815 . Jump up ^ Hope - Ross , M.W. ; Mahon , GJ ; Gardiner , TA ; Archer , DB ( 1993 ) . `` Ultrastructural findings in solar retinopathy '' . Eye. 7 ( 4 ) : 29 -- 33 . doi : 10.1038 / eye. 1993.7 . PMID 8325420 . Jump up ^ Schatz , H. ; Mendelblatt , F. ( 1973 ) . `` Solar Retinopathy from Sun - Gazing Under Influence of LSD '' . British Journal of Ophthalmology. 57 ( 4 ) : 270 -- 3 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 57.4. 270 . PMC 1214879 . PMID 4707624 . Jump up ^ Chou , B.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . `` While environmental exposure to UV radiation is known to contribute to the accelerated aging of the outer layers of the eye and the development of cataracts , the concern over improper viewing of the Sun during an eclipse is for the development of `` eclipse blindness '' or retinal burns . '' Jump up ^ Ham , W.T. Jr. ; Mueller , H.A. ; Sliney , D.H. ( 1976 ) . `` Retinal sensitivity to damage from short wavelength light '' . Nature . 260 ( 5547 ) : 153 -- 155 . Bibcode : 1976Natur. 260 ... 153H . doi : 10.1038 / 260153a0 . Jump up ^ Ham , W.T. Jr. ; Mueller , H.A. ; Ruffolo , J.J. Jr. ; Guerry , D. III ( 1980 ) . `` Solar Retinopathy as a function of Wavelength : its Significance for Protective Eyewear '' . In Williams , T.P. ; Baker , B.N. The Effects of Constant Light on Visual Processes . Plenum Press . pp. 319 -- 346 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 40328 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kardos , T. ( 2003 ) . Earth science . J.W. Walch . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8251 - 4500 - 1 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Lee ( 2012 ) . `` 2 . Equipment for Observing the Sun '' . How to Observe the Sun Safely . New York : Springer Science + Business Media . p. 17 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 3825 - 0_2 . NEVER LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE SUN THROUGH ANY FORM OF OPTICAL EQUIPMENT , EVEN FOR AN INSTANT . A brief glimpse of the Sun through a telescope is enough to cause permanent eye damage , or even blindness . Even looking at the Sun with the naked eye for more than a second or two is not safe . Do not assume that it is safe to look at the Sun through a filter , no matter how dark the filter appears to be . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( 26 April 1996 ) . `` Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Haber , Jorg ; Magnor , Marcus ; Seidel , Hans - Peter ( 2005 ) . `` Physically based Simulation of Twilight Phenomena '' . ACM Transactions on Graphics . 24 ( 4 ) : 1353 -- 1373 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.67. 2567 . doi : 10.1145 / 1095878.1095884 . Jump up ^ Piggin , I.G. ( 1972 ) . `` Diurnal asymmetries in global radiation '' . Springer . 20 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 48 . Bibcode : 1972AMGBB ... 20 ... 41P . doi : 10.1007 / BF02243313 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Flash '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Barsh , G.S. ( 2003 ) . `` What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color ? '' . PLoS Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : e7 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0000027 . PMC 212702 . PMID 14551921 . Further reading Cohen , Richard ( 2010 ) . Chasing the Sun : the Epic Story of the Star that Gives us Life . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6875 - 4 . Thompson , M.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Solar interior : Helioseismology and the Sun 's interior '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 45 ( 4 ) : 21 -- 25 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun
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where was starsky and hutch tv show filmed
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Starsky & Hutch
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starsky & hutch
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Starsky & Hutch is an American action television series , which consisted of a 70 - minute pilot movie ( originally aired as a Movie of the Week entry ) and 92 episodes of 50 minutes each . The show was created by William Blinn , produced by Spelling - Goldberg Productions , and broadcast from April 1975 to May 1979 on the ABC network . It was distributed by Columbia Pictures Television in the United States and , originally , Metromedia Producers Corporation in Canada and some other parts of the world . Sony Pictures Television is now the worldwide distributor for the series . The series also inspired a theatrical film and a video game .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Supporting characters 1.2 Seasons 1 & 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 and syndication 2 List of episodes 3 DVD releases 4 International broadcasts 5 Cars 6 Firearms 7 Theme music 8 Other media 8.1 Film 8.2 Video game 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Soul and Glaser , 1975 The series ' protagonists were two Southern California police detectives : David Michael Starsky ( Paul Michael Glaser ) , the dark - haired , Brooklyn transplant and U.S. Army veteran , with a street-wise manner and intense , sometimes childlike moodiness ; and Kenneth Richard `` Hutch '' Hutchinson ( David Soul ) , the divorced , blond , Duluth , Minnesota , native with a more reserved and intellectual approach . Under the radio call sign `` Zebra Three '' , they were known for usually tearing around the streets of fictional Bay City , California . The vehicle of choice was Starsky 's two - door Ford Gran Torino , which was bright red , with a large white vector stripe on both sides . They used around four different cars for filming . Earlier shots had red wing mirrors usually for long shots or footage used in later episodes , close ups and later episodes had silver wing mirrors . The Torino was nicknamed the `` Striped Tomato '' by Hutch in the episode `` Snowstorm '' , and fans subsequently referred to the car by that nickname , too . However , this moniker did n't come from the writers , it came from a real - life comment that Glaser made . In a segment titled Starsky & Hutch : Behind the Badge that was featured on the first season DVD collection , Glaser stated that when he was first shown the Torino by series producer Aaron Spelling , he sarcastically said to Soul , `` That thing looks like a striped tomato ! '' In characteristic contrast , Hutch 's vehicle was a battered , tan , 1973 Ford Galaxie 500 . It occasionally appeared when the duo needed separate vehicles , or for undercover work . However , the duo 's cover was often blown because Hutch 's vehicle had a bad habit ; when its driver 's side door was opened , the horn would go off , instantly drawing attention . It was also noticeable due to the severely cluttered back seat , so cluttered that there was no room to transport both prisoners and the two detectives simultaneously . Supporting characters ( edit ) The detectives ' main confidential informant was the street-wise , ethically ambiguous , `` jive - talking '' Huggy Bear ( Antonio Fargas ) , who often dressed in a flashy manner and operated his own bar ( first named `` Huggy Bear 's '' , and later , `` The Pits '' ) . The duo 's boss was the gruff , no - nonsense - but - fair Captain Harold C. Dobey ( Bernie Hamilton in the series , and gravel - voiced Richard Ward in the pilot ) . Starsky and Hutch continued the 1960s trend in some prime - time , U.S. TV dramas of portraying African - Americans ( e.g. , Huggy Bear , Capt . Dobey ) in a positive light . Huggy 's immense popularity with viewers caused producers Spelling and Goldberg to consider giving actor Fargas his own TV series . The second - season episode `` Huggy Bear and the Turkey '' was the test pilot for a proposed spin off with Huggy and his friend , former Sheriff `` Turkey '' Turquet ( Dale Robinette ) becoming private investigators ; however , this premise proved unpopular with viewers , and a spinoff never materialized . In the episode it was revealed that Huggy 's last name is Brown ( no clue as to his first name was given , though ) . Two series characters were named for people from William Blinn 's past : Starsky was the name of a high school friend , and Huggy Bear was a local disc jockey . Series creator William Blinn first used the name Huggy Bear on - screen for a character , also a confidential informant , in an episode penned by Blinn for the TV series The Rookies , during the 1973 second season , `` Prayers Unanswered Prayers Unheard '' , there played by actor Johnny Brown . Seasons 1 & 2 ( edit ) In contrast to police characters on U.S. TV in prior years , Starsky and Hutch were open with physical gestures of friendly / brotherly affection toward one another , often declaring that they trusted only each other ( in an `` us against the world '' - type sense ) . While likely `` normal '' by the social standards of 1990s - and - later America , such body language conflicted with 1970s norms of ( emotionally restrained ) masculinity . In a blooper tape made during the show 's run that can be found on YouTube , the narrator intones that some Hollywood industry types referred to the characters as `` French kissing prime - time homos '' . Soul verified this statement in a 1999 cast reunion interview in the United Kingdom . Many fans were attracted not just by the characters , but the quality of writing during the first two seasons ( despite the fact that the majority of first - season stories were actually existing scripts that were merely adapted to fit the series ) . The second - season episode `` Long Walk Down a Short Dirt Road '' , featured country star Lynn Anderson as a singer being stalked by a deranged person ; it was based upon a real - life incident involving country music legend Dolly Parton . The part was written with Parton in mind , but Anderson wound up playing the role . Season 1 : Starsky & Hutch aired on Wednesday nights at 10pm and aired against the long forgotten Kate McShane on CBS and the second season law drama Petrocelli on NBC . Starsky & Hutch had no trouble beating its competition and finished # 16 with a 22.5 share in the A.C. Nielsen Ratings . Season 2 : Starsky & Hutch was moved to Saturday night for the second season and was up against tough competition on CBS with the Mary Tyler Moore Show followed by The Bob Newhart Show . NBC had the NBC Saturday Night Movie . Although the show lost some of their viewers from the move from the Wednesday night time slot from the previous season , Starsky & Hutch held their own finishing # 34 with a 19.6 rating in the Nielsens . Season 3 ( edit ) In 1977 , a rising concern in America about violence on TV , along with Glaser 's own concerns about the level of violence in the series , forced the writers to reduce the violent `` action '' scenes , use more romantically and socially themed storylines , and play - up the `` buddy - buddy '' aspect of the show 's leads even more . At the same time , the lead actors -- Glaser in particular -- became jaded with the general theme ; these and other factors contributed to the fading popularity of the series . Glaser indicated several times that he wanted to get out of his contract and quit the series ; he even sued the producers to force a release from his contract before the start of the third season . It seemed that he would not be returning for filming , so to fill the presumed void , the character `` Officer Linda Baylor '' ( played by Roz Kelly ) was created , and a number of alternative scripts featuring her instead of Starsky were written ( whether the show 's name would have remained the same , is unknown ) . After being granted more creative control over scripts , opportunities to direct episodes , and a per - episode pay raise ( to $35,000 , up from $5,000 ) , Glaser returned to the show . Ultimately , Officer Baylor only appeared in one episode ( alongside both Starsky and Hutch ) : the Play Misty for Me -- inspired episode , `` Fatal Charm '' . Although a major change in the tone of the show , with a lot of the violence ejected and more of a focus on the friendship of the two leads , viewership remained steady during the season . From September to December 1977 , the show stayed in its Saturday night time slot , now up against The Jeffersons and The Tony Randall Show on CBS and the NBC Saturday Night at the Movies . In January 1978 , the show moved back to it original Wednesday night time slot of 10 p.m. The ratings dropped a little bit , however Starsky & Hutch finished # 33 ( tied with ABC 's Lucan ) with a 19.2 Nielsen rating . Season 4 and syndication ( edit ) Glaser again voiced his desires to leave during the fourth and final season . This time , Starsky 's wayward younger brother Nick ( John Herzfeld ) was introduced , in the episode Starsky 's Brother . It was intended that if Glaser was to quit , that the reformed Nick would take David 's place on the police force ( and allow the series to avoid a title change ) . However , the disgruntled Glaser decided to return yet again , to finish out the season . Although a fifth season was planned , increasing production costs , Glaser 's persistent ( and oft - publicized ) desire to move on , and declining ratings , brought an end to the series . The final episode , Sweet Revenge ( which has Starsky fighting for his life after being gunned down ) , originally had its co-lead dying in the early drafts . However , the producers decided to have the character survive , as it was felt that a dead Starsky would disrupt the continuity of reruns / syndication , and preclude the option of the producers ' reviving the series in the near future . After its prime - time run , Starsky & Hutch was sold into syndication , and has been shown on several local channels and cable networks ( e.g. , The National Network , and WWME - CA in Chicago ) . In 2015 - 2016 , the series aired on cable 's El Rey Network on weekday mornings . Several episodes from the first two seasons can be viewed for free in Minisode and in regular format on Crackle . The show also can currently be seen on Cozi TV . Much of the series was shot on location in the Los Angeles beach community of San Pedro . The building that was used as the Metropolitan Division police headquarters is now San Pedro 's City Hall . For their fourth and final season , Starsky & Hutch finished # 36 in the Nielsen Ratings . List of episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Starsky & Hutch episodes DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released 4 Seasons on DVD in Regions 1 and 2 between 2004 and 2006 . As of 2014 , these releases have been discontinued and are out of print . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Starsky & Hutch . On March 4 , 2014 , they re-released the first season on DVD . On November 11 , 2014 , Mill Creek released Starsky and Hutch - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . DVD Name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 The Complete 1st Season 23 March 2 , 2004 March 4 , 2014 ( re-release ) March 15 , 2004 The Complete 2nd Season 25 July 20 , 2004 July 19 , 2004 The Complete 3rd Season 23 March 15 , 2005 February 28 , 2005 The Complete 4th and Final Season 22 October 17 , 2006 February 13 , 2006 The Complete Series 93 November 11 , 2014 November 20 , 2006 International broadcasts ( edit ) On March 15 , 1979 in Italy , Starsky and Hutch was aired on Rai Due achieving smash - hit status . In 1987 it was broadcast again , this time in the late afternoon , on Italia 1 and in 2007 on Rai Tre at lunchtime . After some reruns on Italia 1 and AXN , in 2009 the series appeared Mondays on Fox Retro . It was aired in the early morning on Rete 4 . In Summer 2015 it was aired on La7 . In France , the show was shown on TF1 between 1978 and 1984 , and subsequently on other channels . The French version replaces the original theme ( s ) with a French song , singing about `` Starsky et Hutch '' . The voices of the two French actors dubbing the series , who also introduced much more fun and jestering in their role , played a part in the popularity of the series in France . One of the voice - over actors later said that David Soul had acknowledged that he and Paul Michael Glaser had to be much more restrained when they played . In the United Kingdom , the series was an immediate hit when it began showing on Friday nights on BBC1 ( debuting 23 April 1976 , and soon catching up with US broadcasts ) , with occasional re-runs through to the early 1990s . It was re-run by Five in 2003 in a 10 a.m. slot ( later 11 a.m. , and eventually moving to a 2 : 30 p.m. slot ) ; During its prime - time run , however , the BBC heavily edited or skipped altogether certain episodes ; in fact , the first - season episode `` The Fix '' ( in which mobsters inject Hutch with heroin in order to extract information from him ) was deemed too graphic and was effectively `` banned '' from all the corporation 's runs of the series ( despite being shown after the 9 p.m. ' watershed ' ) . Several other controversial episodes did on occasion air , but were heavily edited and / or seldom aired due to their nature . `` The Fix '' was n't shown on British terrestrial television until May 31 , 1999 , as part of Channel 4 's `` Starsky & Hutch Night '' ( which also included the pilot , The Word On The Street - a documentary about the series - and the second - season episode `` Gillian '' ) . On January 10 , 2003 , Five actually broadcast `` The Fix '' in their regular 10 a.m. slot ; however , the episode was notably edited , and the scene of Hutch being injected with heroin was almost completely absent . The series was also shown on the UK satellite channel Granada Plus , and is now running on Zone Thriller , which was rebranded as CBS Action in November 2009 . The channel has broadcast all episodes , with minor edits in a few cases . The first season is frequently aired on the Middle East Broadcasting Center with Arabic subtitles . In Australia it airs on Digital Channel Go ! . In 2014 , it started to be shown on 7mate . It was a perennial favourite seen on the Nine Network from 1975 to 1991 and lastly on ABC Television in 1992 . Prior to GO ! , it screened on TV1 . In Malaysia it currently reruns on RTM 's TV2 , placed in Best of Retro slot , in 2009 . In Venezuela , the show was aired on Venevisión . In Mexico it was broadcast in Televisa . In Algeria , the show was aired in French on ENTV state television during the second half of the 80 - s , and was a big success . In Puerto Rico the show was aired on WKAQ TV , Channel 2 ( Telemundo ) during the mid to late 70s . It was dubbed to Spanish . Cars ( edit ) Stunt cars , camera cars , tow cars , dolly cars , and cars used for `` beauty '' shots varied in model year from 1974 to 1976 Ford Torinos , since the body style of the Gran Torino was unchanged . Originally , Blinn was to have Starsky drive a Chevrolet Camaro convertible because he fondly remembered a green and white one that he owned . However , when production started on the pilot episode , Ford Motor Company 's Studio - TV Car Loan Program was the lease supplier for Spelling - Goldberg . They looked at lease stock and chose two 1975 351 Windsor V8 - powered ( VIN code `` H '' ) `` Bright Red '' ( paint code 2B ) 2 - door Gran Torinos . Both cars had a role in the pilot movie , one being `` Starsky 's '' car , and the other being a similar car which is mistaken for Starsky 's car by the film 's villains . They each had body - side mouldings along with a black interior with vinyl bench seats . Interestingly , one of the pilot cars had the luxury remote - control chrome mirrors installed , while the other pilot car had the cheaper , entry - level manual chrome mirrors installed ; in editing the film , Starsky and Hutch are shown to be driving around in each of the two cars at different times during the film . The cars were also custom painted ( on top of the factory red paint color ) with the distinctive white `` vector '' stripe designed by Spelling - Goldberg 's transportation coordinator George Grenier . The rear ends were lifted by air shocks , and had Ansen Sprint 5 - slot mag wheels added with larger rear tires . While the tires were mounted so that only the black wall side would show , thus hiding any unauthorized brand - name display , in one first - season episode ( `` Kill Huggy Bear '' ) , a close - up shot of the villain cutting the rear brake lines shows the letters on the inside - facing side of the tires to say Firestone . It is reported that the original 2.75 : 1 ratio rear axle gearing ( standard on non-police Torinos from 1975 onward ) was replaced with numerically higher ratio gears for better acceleration during stunt driving scenes ; in the 1999 interview , Glaser said that `` We finally had to get a new rear end put in it so that at zero to sixty it had some pop . '' At least one of the second - season cars was known to have a Dymo label prominently attached to the dashboard which read `` DO NOT EXCEED 50 MPH '' ; this was probably due to the fact that the revised gearing would cause the engine RPM to go to a higher level , possibly leading to engine damage . Replica of the Ford Gran Torino used in the TV / motion picture Starsky & Hutch . In the `` Behind The Badge '' interviews , Glaser said that during the early stages of production of the pilot , Spelling took him outside to introduce him to the red & white - striped , mag - wheeled Torino . Glaser took an immediate and long - lasting dislike to the car , which has not changed to this day . According to Glaser in several early interviews , there were three main reasons why he instantly hated the car : First , in his opinion , it was big , ugly and childish - looking . Secondly , the idea that two undercover cops would drive around in a car with such an outlandish appearance seemed ludicrous , and lastly , he does not like Ford products ( although in a picture that was printed in an issue of the National Enquirer , Glaser is shown on the side of a California freeway with a flat - tired Ford Explorer ) . At the first viewing of the car with David Soul ( Hutch ) , Glaser remarked that the car looked like a `` striped tomato . '' That nickname stuck , and very soon the show 's writers had worked it into the show as Hutch 's derogatory name for Starsky 's beloved Torino . Glaser remarked to Soul that he hated the car and that he was `` going to destroy that car ... burn it down every chance I get '' , and repeated the story in the 1999 `` reunion '' interview . Several scenes of Glaser driving the car show him smashing the front wheels into curbs as he slides the car around corners and such , but that may also be attributable to the fact that he is primarily an actor , not a trained stunt - driver . Over the years , with the Starsky & Hutch Torino gaining in popularity and becoming a much - loved icon of the show and of the Seventies in general , Glaser has not so much grown to appreciate the car as he has learned to simply accept its popularity as a necessary component of the fans ' appreciation of the show . In fact , during filming of the 2004 Starsky & Hutch movie , Glaser had several opportunities to sit in the newest iteration of `` his '' car , and even drive them , but he refused . He just was not interested ; however , in 2004 , during the last day of filming a movie in Canada , the crew wanted a group picture of Glaser with a Starsky and Hutch Torino , so he agreed to sit in the driver 's seat of a Limited Edition replica with the crew surrounding the car . In the summer of 2012 during the introduction to the `` Las Vegas Car Stars 2012 '' charity event , Glaser drove up in a S&H Torino replica ; after being introduced by the master of ceremonies , he got out of the Torino and was cheered by the crowd . High performance engine sounds were dubbed over scenes during the show because California law forbade mechanically modifying the engines of new cars . When the pilot was successful , Spelling - Goldberg ordered two new 1975 red Gran Torinos for the first season . These cars were powered by 400 V8s ( VIN code `` S '' ) because extra power was going to be needed for additional stunt driving scenes . These new cars for the first - season were factory ordered in the bright red color ( Ford paint code : 2B ) , which was a regular production color for 1975 Torinos . Unlike the pilot - movie cars , the first - season Torinos had no body - side mouldings , but did have body - colored sport mirrors , and brocade cloth split - bench seats . With the acquisition of the new cars , the producers took the opportunity to improve the design of the white stripe painted on the cars . The original pilot - movie cars had the bottom horizontal edge of the stripe about an inch or so above the mid-body character line that ran along the car , which was apparently done so that the section of the stripe that passes above the front wheel opening would not be cut off by the wheel opening , but for the first - season cars , the bottom horizontal edge of the stripe was lowered until directly on the crease , which gave a more cohesive look to the design of the stripe . The section of stripe that runs across the front wheel opening was gradually curved up and around the opening . The stripe was also thicker on the roof section and whereas the front pointed section ended well behind the amber marker light on the pilot cars , the newer design had the point ending far ahead of it , on the front fascia piece . These new cars also featured the complete bumper protection group option , which included horizontal black rub - strips on both bumpers that were not included on the pilot cars . For the start of the second season , these were replaced by two 1976 Gran Torinos that had vinyl split - bench seats like the pilot episode cars . The new cars were ordered under Ford 's fleet program , which is what was required to get them painted in the previous year 's Bright Red ( 2B ) , as Ford used a different shade of red for new standard - order Torinos by this point . These newer cars can be identified by their silver sight shields ( bumper filler panels ) which Ford used on specially painted fleet - ordered cars . They also had the luxury chrome mirrors like one of the pilot cars . Even though the body - colored sport mirrors were still a Torino option in 1976 , they could not be installed on a fleet - ordered specialty - painted car , as Ford had no provision for producing those mirrors in anything other than the regular production colors listed for that year ; since the 2B bright red was a special fleet - ordered color for the ' 76 model year , the cars came equipped with the chrome mirrors . The body - side mouldings were installed on these cars and the stripe was , unlike the pilot cars , integrated with the mouldings . They were powered by 460 Lima V8s ( VIN code `` A '' ) , and Spelling - Goldberg kept these Torinos until production ceased . While these were the biggest , most powerful engines available from Ford at the time , even with dual exhaust , they were still somewhat underpowered at 202 net horsepower . A third car , owned by 20th Century Fox and 351 Windsor powered , was used as the first backup to the Ford lease cars . Over time , an unforeseen problem was discovered with the Torinos when they were used during stunt driving scenes . In sharp right - hand turns , Soul would sometimes slide accidentally across the vinyl bench into Glaser . Although a potential safety hazard at the time , the problem was solved by replacing the front bench of the number two Torino with bucket seats at Glaser and Soul 's request ; Glaser said in 1999 , `` It took us a year to get them to put bucket seats in it so David would n't slide all over the place whenever I took a corner . '' The aggressive stunt driving required of the show resulted in many accidents and fender - benders for the Torinos . The time demands of a weekly production mandated quick body and paint repairs so the cars could get back to work as soon as possible , and many of the quick and often sloppy repairs are quite evident to eagle - eyed viewers of the show . The front fenders seemed to have taken a lot of abuse , and the Gran Torino nameplates on the front fenders are missing in several episodes , as are the chrome wheelhouse moldings . Towards the end of the four seasons of production , the Torinos were noticeably worse - for - wear , and close watchers of the later episodes will spot many dents and other damage on the cars as they appear in various episodes . In particular , the driver 's side quarter panel and tail - light area were seen to be smashed up in 4th - season episodes , and at least one of the cars was shown to have a dented and twisted front bumper along with some visible damage to the grille behind . The very last appearance of the Torino on the series seems to show that the driver 's door and window will not even close correctly , possibly due to the rigours and effects of the spirited stunt driving the car suffered over the years . Due to the success of S&H , in 1976 ( the Torino 's final year ) Ford released a limited edition ( only 1,305 units total , plus three pilot production cars ) Starsky and Hutch replica Gran Torino . Manufactured at the Chicago plant , one of these code `` PS 122 '' units was leased by Spelling - Goldberg from the middle of season two until the series ' end as a second backup for the main cars and was known simply as `` Unit 129 '' . It was originally equipped with a 351 Modified ( also VIN code `` H '' ) ; however , during filming , one of the stuntmen damaged the engine beyond repair , and it was replaced overnight with a 429 Lima V8 . During the last season of Starsky and Hutch , The Dukes of Hazzard premiered on CBS , and one of the factory replicas was used in the first episode , `` One Armed Bandits '' , seen to be driven by regular character Cooter Davenport ( Ben L. Jones ) . This was the only appearance of the Torino in the series , and many fans have speculated over its strange one - off appearance . One theory is that it was merely an in - joke , with the Torino 's former iconic car status now being taken over by the Dukes ' car `` The General Lee '' . After Starsky and Hutch was cancelled , the cars were returned to Ford 's Studio - TV Car Lease Program and sold at a Ford Motor Company auction to A.E. Barber Ford of Ventura , California . The first retail sale of Torino # 1 was to a resident of Ojai , California ; he owned it for one year , then sold it in a private sale to an Air Force officer that owned it for 17 years . In 1988 , Torino # 1 was purchased by an Ohio resident ; however , he sold it in 2012 to Cars Of The Stars Motor Museum in the United Kingdom . A few years later , Torino # 1 was sold to Dezer Car Collection in Miami , Florida . Dezer sold Torino # 1 in a private auction in January 2015 to a Texas collector ; at the time , it was mostly unrestored and somewhat battered due to wear and tear from TV show filming and subsequent ownership . It still had its original 460 V8 , interior , and paint ; however , Mickey Thompson valve covers and a chrome air cleaner were added by the first owner after he purchased it from Barber Ford . The Texas collector has since done a `` sympathetic '' frame - off restoration . Torino # 2 is owned by a New Jersey man who supplied the main close - up Torino ( featured on the movie posters ) for 2004 's big - screen Starsky & Hutch movie . During its life after Starsky and Hutch , # 2 was wrecked and sold as salvage . It was repaired , although it was repainted the wrong shade of red and the iconic stripe was improperly painted . Although still equipped with bucket seats , # 2 no longer has its original 460 engine , which was replaced at some point with a 2.8 litre Ford V - 6 . The car underwent a full restoration in a Pennsylvania Shop and is back on the road . Finally , the 20th Century Fox Torino was purchased in 2009 by the owner of # 2 , sold to an Oklahoma couple in 2010 , and restored . `` Unit 129 '' is owned by a collector in New Hampshire . In addition , the Torino has many fans and sparked a collectors market in the United Kingdom , as evidenced by the large number of UK - owned replicas ( both factory and aftermarket ) . As stated previously , Glaser was not fond of the Torino as he found the car to be garish . Due to his contempt for the Torino , he deliberately mistreated the cars during close - up stunt scenes when he drove ( this was admitted to in a 1997 letter he wrote to the owner of the # 1 Torino ; and in a first season DVD interview he said that tried to `` destroy '' the cars ) and would often stop the car by hitting the front wheels against curbs , as well as coming into driveways at high speed and bumping into garbage dumpsters . Firearms ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the pilot episode , Starsky carries a Beretta which he identifies as such in an early scene while the two are sitting in Hutch 's car doing a weapon inventory , but once the series began , Starsky carried a M1911A1 Colt pistol , as seen in the opening theme of season 1 . A Smith & Wesson Model 59 ( 9mm ) can be clearly identified in a close up scene near the end of `` The Fix '' , the 4th episode of Season 1 . In the pilot episode , Hutch carried a . 38 ( also identified during the same weapons inventory scene ) , but carries a Colt Python . 357 Magnum revolver through the series entire run . Hutch 's weapon was a medium - barrel length at the start of the series ; however , in the third first - season episode `` Texas Longhorn '' , the `` Zak '' character carried a long - barreled model , and Soul subsequently asked to carry that version from that point forward . The criminals carry a variety of guns : rifles , shotguns , pistols and revolvers in a variety of makes , models , and calibers . Theme music ( edit ) The first season of the show had a dark and ominous theme written by Lalo Schifrin that seemed to fit the hard action and violence of the season ; the main title version was edited down from the chase climax cue of his score for the pilot episode ( the climax contains the shot of Hutch leaping off a fire escape and landing on his car which appears in the opening titles of all subsequent episodes ) . The end credits featured a similar piece of ominous music . The first season theme was replaced for the second season by a Tom Scott written theme entitled `` Gotcha '' . `` Gotcha '' is the best known of the show 's themes , and has been covered by several musicians , including the James Taylor Quartet and The Ventures . It also appears on the title screen of the Nintendo Entertainment System game Treasure Master , covered by Tim Follin . A version of `` Gotcha '' was featured on Scott 's 1977 album Blow It Out and is also on the album Best Of Tom Scott . For the third season , a more dramatic theme was used that highlighted the show 's move to more socially conscious and light - hearted stories . It was written by Mark Snow and released on an LP around 1979 . A reworked `` Gotcha '' , similar in style ( but not identical ) to the version on Blow It Out , returned for the fourth and last season . The revamped version was the most easy - going of the different themes for the series , reflecting the last season 's increased `` buddy cop '' feel . Schifrin , Scott and Snow also scored several episodes ; Alan Silvestri also worked on the series , scoring three episodes . Other media ( edit ) Panel discussion featuring Antonio Fargas , David Soul and Paul Michael Glaser at the 2018 East Coast Comicon in New Jersey Film ( edit ) Main article : Starsky & Hutch ( film ) A theatrical film produced by Weed Road Pictures and Red Hour Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and Dimension Films was released in theatres on March 5 , 2004 . The film stars Ben Stiller as Starsky , Owen Wilson as Hutch and Snoop Dogg as Huggy Bear , as they attempt to stop a drug kingpin played by Vince Vaughn . The film grossed $170,268,750 worldwide . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Starsky & Hutch ( video game ) A video game based on the series was developed by Mind 's Eye Productions and published by Empire Interactive for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Nintendo GameCube , Windows and Game Boy Advance in 2003 . The game combines driving and shooting gameplay and features the original voice of Huggy Bear , Antonio Fargas . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ozersky , Josh ( 2003 ) . Archie Bunker 's America : TV in an era of change , 1968 - 1978 . SIU Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2507 - 1 . Jump up ^ Episode : `` Hutchinson : Murder One '' - Ken Hutchinson 's ex-wife was featured in this episode Jump up ^ `` Paul Michael Glaser - '' Our ability to love is our truest power , our greatest power as human beings. `` '' . archive.org. 18 August 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Site News DVD news : Mill Creek Licenses 52 TV Shows from Sony for Low - Cost DVD Release - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Starsky and Hutch DVD news : Update about Starsky & Hutch - Season 1 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Starsky and Hutch DVD news : Announcement for Starsky and Hutch - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Starsky and Hutch - BBC One London - 23 April 1976 - BBC Genome '' . Jump up ^ `` Starsky and Hutch - BBC One London - 30 April 1976 - BBC Genome '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Xf8R306SYc Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ http://starskytorino.com/album/uktorinos.html ) Jump up ^ `` Starsky and Hutch ( complete ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Starsky and Hutch . Starsky and Hutch on IMDb Starsky and Hutch at TV.com Starsky & Hutch at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Encyclopedia of Television Starsky & Hutch Franchise TV series Episodes Film Video game See also Zebra Three Works produced by Aaron Spelling Feature films Guns of the Timberland ( 1960 ) California Split ( 1974 ) Baby Blue Marine ( 1976 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) ' night , Mother ( 1986 ) Cross My Heart ( 1987 ) Surrender ( 1987 ) Three O'Clock High ( 1987 ) Satisfaction ( 1988 ) Loose Cannons ( 1990 ) Soapdish ( 1991 ) And the Band Played On ( 1993 ) The Mod Squad ( 1999 ) Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) TV programs Johnny Ringo ( 1959 -- 60 ) Zane Grey Theatre ( 1959 -- 61 ) The Dick Powell Show ( 1961 -- 63 ) The Lloyd Bridges Show ( 1962 -- 63 ) Burke 's Law ( 1963 -- 66 ) Honey West ( 1965 -- 66 ) The Smothers Brothers Show ( 1965 -- 66 ) Rango ( 1967 ) The Guns of Will Sonnett ( 1967 -- 69 ) The Mod Squad ( 1968 -- 73 ) The New People ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Young Rebels ( 1970 -- 71 ) The Most Deadly Game ( 1970 -- 71 ) The Rookies ( 1972 -- 76 ) Chopper One ( 1974 ) Firehouse ( 1974 ) S.W.A.T. 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( 1970 ) The Old Man Who Cried Wolf ( 1970 ) Wild Women ( 1970 ) The House That Would Not Die ( 1970 ) The Over-the - Hill Gang Rides Again ( 1970 ) Crowhaven Farm ( 1970 ) Run , Simon , Run ( 1970 ) Love Hate Love ( 1971 ) Yuma ( 1971 ) River of Gold ( 1971 ) Congratulations , It 's a Boy ! ( 1971 ) Five Desperate Women ( 1971 ) The Last Child ( 1971 ) A Taste of Evil ( 1971 ) In Broad Daylight ( 1971 ) The Death of Me Yet ( 1971 ) The Reluctant Heroes ( 1971 ) If Tomorrow Comes ( 1971 ) The Trackers ( 1971 ) Two for the Money ( 1972 ) The Daughters of Joshua Cabe ( 1972 ) No Place to Run ( 1972 ) Say Goodbye , Maggie Cole ( 1972 ) Rolling Man ( 1972 ) The Bounty Man ( 1972 ) Home for the Holidays ( 1972 ) Every Man Needs One ( 1972 ) A Cold Night 's Death ( 1972 ) Snatched ( 1973 ) The Great American Beauty Contest ( 1973 ) The Affair ( 1973 ) Letters from Three Lovers ( 1973 ) Hijack ! 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( 1980 ) Waikiki ( 1980 ) Casino ( 1980 ) The Best Little Girl in the World ( 1981 ) Sizzle ( 1981 ) Do n't Go to Sleep ( 1982 ) The Wild Women of Chastity Gulch ( 1982 ) Massarati and the Brain ( 1982 ) Shooting Stars ( 1983 ) Making of a Male Model ( 1983 ) Venice Medical ( 1983 ) Dark Mirror ( 1984 ) Velvet ( 1984 ) International Airport ( 1985 ) Mr. and Mrs. Ryan ( 1986 ) Dark Mansions ( 1986 ) The Hope Division ( 1987 ) Cracked Up ( 1987 ) Harry 's Hong Kong ( 1987 ) The Loner ( 1987 ) Day One ( 1989 ) Just Temporary ( 1989 ) Rich Men , Single Women ( 1990 ) The Love Boat : A Valentine Voyage ( 1990 ) Jailbirds ( 1991 ) Back to the Streets of San Francisco ( 1992 ) Grass Roots ( 1992 ) A Stranger in the Mirror ( 1993 ) Gulf City ( 1993 ) Jane 's House ( 1994 ) Love on the Run ( 1994 ) Green Dolphin Beat ( 1994 ) Texas ( 1994 ) Crosstown Traffic ( 1995 ) Pier 66 ( 1996 ) After Jimmy ( 1996 ) Odd Jobs ( 1997 ) Satan 's School for Girls ( 2000 ) Stop at Nothing ( 2001 ) The Law and Mr. Lee ( 2003 ) Hotel ( 2003 ) Silver Lake ( 2004 ) Hitched ( 2005 ) Bounty Hunters ( 2005 ) Split Decision ( 2006 ) TV miniseries The French Atlantic Affair ( 1979 ) Hollywood Wives ( 1985 ) Crossings ( 1986 ) Dynasty : The Reunion ( 1991 ) The Invaders ( 1995 ) A Season in Purgatory ( 1996 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starsky_%26_Hutch&oldid=843143733 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings 1970s American television series ABC Movie of the Week American films American Broadcasting Company network shows American drama television series American crime television series American mystery television series English - language television programs Television duos Starsky & Hutch Television series by Spelling Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television with alias parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 05 : 14 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starsky%20%2526%20Hutch
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how did the philadelphia flyers get their name
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On April 4 , 1966 , Putnam announced a name - the - team contest . Details of the contest were released on July 12 . The team name was announced on August 3 .
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name - the - team contest
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Philadelphia Flyers
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philadelphia flyers
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Orange , black , white
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Media Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia The Comcast Network WCAU ( NBC 10 ) WPEN ( 97.5 The Fanatic ) WPGG ( WPG Talk Radio 104.1 ) Owner ( s ) Comcast Spectacor General manager Ron Hextall Head coach Dave Hakstol Captain Claude Giroux Minor league affiliates Lehigh Valley Phantoms ( AHL ) Reading Royals ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 2 ( 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 ) Conference championships 8 ( 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1996 -- 97 , 2009 -- 10 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 16 ( 1967 -- 68 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 00 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 11 ) Official website nhl.com/flyers The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post -- Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973 -- 74 and again in 1974 -- 75 . The Flyers are one the most popular teams in the NHL , and are considered to be one of the league 's iconic franchises . The team 's logo is one of the most iconic and recognizable in all of sports . The Flyers ' all - time points percentage of 57.6 % ( as of the 2016 -- 17 NHL season ) is the second - best in the NHL , behind only the Montreal Canadiens ' 59.0 % . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 38 out of 49 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center from 1996 to the present . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994 -- 95 and 2006 -- 07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered to be the best rivalry in the league . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 NHL in Philadelphia before 1967 1.2 1966 : Ed Snider brings hockey back to Philadelphia 1.3 1967 -- 1972 : Early days 1.4 1972 -- 1979 : Broad Street Bullies 1.4. 1 Back to back Stanley Cups 1.5 1979 -- 1989 : A new generation takes over 1.6 1989 -- 1997 : Rebuilding a winning team 1.7 1997 -- 2007 : From highs to lows 1.8 2007 -- 2014 : Multiple makeovers 1.9 2014 -- present : The Hextall era 2 Logo and Uniforms 2.1 Colors , name and logo 2.2 Jerseys 2.3 Short - lived additions 3 Players and personnel 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Team captains 3.3 Head coaches 3.4 General managers 3.5 Honored members 3.5. 1 Hall of Famers 3.5. 2 Retired numbers 3.5. 3 Flyers Hall of Fame 4 Team records 4.1 Season - by - season record 4.2 Statistical leaders 4.2. 1 Scoring 4.2. 2 Goaltending 4.3 Single season records 4.3. 1 Regular season 4.3. 2 Playoffs 4.3. 3 Team 5 Radio and television 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 8 External links History ( edit ) NHL in Philadelphia before 1967 ( edit ) 1930 -- 31 Philadelphia Quakers team photo . Prior to 1967 Philadelphia had only iced a team in the NHL for one season when the financially struggling Pittsburgh Pirates re-located there in 1930 and played as the Quakers at The Arena at 46th and Market Streets . The club , which like the Flyers was garbed in orange and black , was coached by J. Cooper Smeaton , who was be elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame 30 years later in his far more notable role as an NHL referee . Among the young Quakers ' skaters in 1930 -- 31 was another future Hall of Famer in 19 - year - old rookie center Syd Howe . The Quakers ' only `` claim to fame '' was to establish a single season NHL record for futility which has stood ever since by compiling a dismal record of 4 -- 36 -- 4 , still the fewest games ever won in a season by an NHL club . The Quakers quietly suspended operations after that single dreadful campaign to again leave the Can - Am League 's Philadelphia Arrows as Philadelphia 's lone hockey team . The Quakers ' dormant NHL franchise was finally canceled by the League in 1936 . ) In 1946 , a group led by Montreal and Philadelphia sportsman Len Peto announced plans to put another NHL team in Philadelphia , to build a $2.5 million rink to seat 20,000 where stood the old Baker Bowl and to acquire the franchise of the old Montreal Maroons . The latter was held by the Canadian Arena Company , owner of the Montreal Canadiens . Peto 's group , however , was unable to raise funding for the new arena project by the League - imposed deadline , and the NHL cancelled the Maroons franchise . 1966 : Ed Snider brings Hockey back to Philadelphia ( edit ) While attending a basketball game on November 29 , 1964 , at the Boston Garden , Ed Snider , the then - vice-president of the Philadelphia Eagles , observed a crowd of Boston Bruins fans lining up to purchase tickets to see a last - place ice hockey team . He began making plans for a new arena upon hearing the NHL was looking to expand due to fears of a competing league taking hold on the West Coast and the desire for a new television contract in the United States . Snider made his proposal to the League , which chose the Philadelphia group -- including Snider , Bill Putnam , Jerome Schiff and Philadelphia Eagles owner Jerry Wolman -- over the Baltimore group . On April 4 , 1966 , Putnam announced a name - the - team contest . Details of the contest were released on July 12 . The team name was announced on August 3 . 1967 -- 1972 : early days ( edit ) The new teams were hampered by restrictive rules that kept all major talent with the `` Original Six '' teams . In the NHL Expansion Draft , most of the players available were either aging veterans or career minor - leaguers before expansion occurred . Among the Flyers ' 20 selections were Bernie Parent , Doug Favell , Bill Sutherland , Ed Van Impe , Joe Watson , Lou Angotti , Leon Rochefort and Gary Dornhoefer . Having purchased the minor - league Quebec Aces , the team had a distinctly francophone flavor in its early years , with Parent , Rochefort , Andre Lacroix , Serge Bernier , Jean - Guy Gendron , Simon Nolet and Rosaire Paiement among others . Beginning play in 1967 -- 68 , the Philadelphia Flyers made their debut on October 11 , 1967 , losing 5 -- 1 on the road to the California Seals . They won their first game a week later , defeating the St. Louis Blues on the road , 2 -- 1 . The Flyers made their home debut in front of a crowd of 7,812 , shutting out their intrastate rivals , the Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 0 on October 19 . Lou Angotti was named the first captain in Flyers history , while Rochefort was the Flyers ' top goal scorer after netting a total of 21 goals . With all six expansion teams grouped into the same division , the Flyers were able to win the division with a sub -. 500 record despite being forced to play their last seven home games on the road due to a storm blowing parts of the Spectrum 's roof off . Playoff success , however , did not come so quickly , as the Flyers were upset by St. Louis in a first round , seven - game series . Flyers founder Ed Snider was credited for bringing hockey back to Philadelphia . Angotti left the team in the off - season and was replaced by Van Impe as team captain . Led by Van Impe and the team - leading 24 goals of Andre Lacroix , the Flyers struggled during their sophomore season by finishing 15 games under . 500 . Despite their poor regular season showing in 1968 -- 69 , they made the playoffs . They again lost to St. Louis , however , this time being dispatched in a four - game sweep . Not wanting his team to be physically outmatched again , majority owner Ed Snider instructed General Manager Bud Poile to acquire bigger , tougher players . While Head Coach Keith Allen soon after replaced Poile as GM , this mandate eventually led to one of the most feared teams to ever take the ice in the NHL . The keystone of those teams was acquired when the Flyers took a chance on a 19 - year - old diabetic from Flin Flon , Manitoba , Bobby Clarke , with their second draft pick , 17th overall , in the 1969 NHL Amateur Draft . Keeping to Snider 's mandate , the team also drafted future enforcer Dave Schultz 52nd overall . By the time training camp came around , it was clear that Clarke was the team 's best player , and he quickly became a fan favorite . His 15 goals and 31 assists in his rookie season earned him a trip to the NHL All - Star Game . Despite his arrival , the team struggled in 1969 -- 70 , recording only 17 wins -- the fewest in franchise history ( as of completion of the 2012 -- 13 season -- and set the NHL team record for most ties ( 24 ) . They lost the tiebreaker for the final playoff spot to Oakland , missing the playoffs for the first time . On December 11 , 1969 , the Flyers introduced what became one of the team 's best - known traditions : playing a recording of Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' instead of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before important games . The perception was that the team was more successful on these occasions , so the tradition grew . The move was initially done by Flyers Promotion Director Lou Scheinfeld as a way to defray national tensions at the time of the Vietnam War : Scheinfeld noticed that people regularly left their seats and walked around during the anthem , but showed more respect and often sang along to `` God Bless America . '' To this day , the team plays the song before major playoff games , currently with Lauren Hart , daughter of Hall of Fame Flyers broadcaster Gene Hart , performing the first part of the song , a recording of Smith singing the second part , and Lauren Hart joining the recording for the finale . As of the close of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers have a record of 100 -- 29 -- 5 when `` God Bless America '' is sung prior to Flyers home games . In 1970 -- 71 , the Flyers returned to the playoffs , but were swept by the Chicago Black Hawks in the first round . Even though the team had improved their record in his second season behind the bench , Head Coach Vic Stasiuk was replaced by Fred Shero in the off - season . Clarke continued to progress as he led the team in scoring in 1971 -- 72 and became the first Flyer to win an NHL award , the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for perseverance , sportsmanship and dedication to hockey . However , in the season 's final game , the Flyers needed a win or a tie against the second - year Buffalo Sabres to beat out Pittsburgh for the final playoff spot . The score was tied late in the game , but with just four seconds on the clock , former Flyer Gerry Meehan took a shot from just inside the blue line that eluded Flyers goaltender Doug Favell . The Flyers lost the tiebreaker to Pittsburgh and missed the playoffs . As it turned out , it was the last time the Flyers missed the playoffs for 18 years . 1972 -- 1979 : Broad Street Bullies ( edit ) See also : 1974 Stanley Cup Finals , 1975 Stanley Cup Finals , and 1976 Stanley Cup Finals `` Broad Street Bullies '' redirects here . For the documentary , see Broad Street Bullies ( film ) . Statue depicting Gary Dornhoefer 's overtime goal during the 1973 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was during the 1972 -- 73 season that the Flyers shed the mediocre expansion team label and became the intimidating Broad Street Bullies , a nickname coined by Jack Chevalier and Pete Cafone of the Philadelphia Bulletin on January 3 , 1973 after a 3 -- 1 brawling victory over the Atlanta Flames that led Chevalier to write in his game account , `` The image of the fightin ' Flyers spreading gradually around the NHL , and people are dreaming up wild nicknames . They 're the Mean Machine , the Bullies of Broad Street and Freddy 's Philistines . '' Cafone wrote the accompanying headline , `` Broad Street Bullies Muscle Atlanta . '' That same month , Clarke was the youngest player ( at that time ) in NHL history to be named team captain , replacing Ed Van Impe . Rick MacLeish became the first Flyer to score 50 goals in a season and the Flyers recorded their first winning season . An overtime goal by Gary Dornhoefer in Game 5 turned the tide of their first round series with the Minnesota North Stars in the Flyers ' favor , as the Flyers got their first playoff series win in six games . They were outmatched in the semi-finals by the Montreal Canadiens , however , losing in five games . After the season , Clarke was awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's Most Valuable Player . Back to back Stanley cups ( edit ) Goaltender Bernie Parent returned to the franchise in the off - season , and the Flyers proved that the expansion teams could challenge the Original Six in 1973 -- 74 . The Bullies continued their rough - and - tumble ways , led by Dave Schultz 's 348 penalty minutes , and reached the top of the West Division with a record of 50 -- 16 -- 12 . The return of Parent proved to be of great benefit , as he established himself as one of if not the best goaltender in the League after winning 47 games , a record which stood for 33 years . Since the Flyers , along with Chicago , allowed the fewest goals in the League , Parent also shared the Vezina Trophy with Chicago 's Tony Esposito . Bobby Clarke , pictured during the 1982 -- 83 season , was the leader of the Broad Street Bullies ; Clarke is widely acknowledged as being one of the greatest hockey players and captains of all time. . Come playoff time , the Flyers swept the Atlanta Flames in four games in the first round . In the Semi-finals , the Flyers faced the New York Rangers . The series , which saw the home team win every game , went seven games . Fortunately for the Flyers , they had home - ice advantage as they advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals by winning Game 7 and in the process made history by becoming the first expansion team to win a playoff series over an Original Six team . Their opponent , Bobby Orr and the Boston Bruins , took Game 1 in Boston , but Bobby Clarke scored an overtime goal in Game 2 to even the series . The Flyers then won Games 3 and 4 at home to take a 3 -- 1 series lead , though Boston won Game 5 to stave off elimination . That set the stage for Game 6 at the Spectrum . The Flyers picked up the lead early when Rick MacLeish scored a first period goal . Late in the game , Orr hauled down Clarke on a breakaway , a penalty which assured the Flyers of victory . Time expired as the Flyers brought the Stanley Cup to Philadelphia for the first time . Parent , having shutout Boston in Game 6 , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Playoff MVP . Throughout the 1973 -- 74 season , the Flyers often used a recording of Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' instead of the national anthem. Smith herself appeared before Game 6 to lead the crowd in the song , even miming a `` knockout punch '' after her performance . In 1974 -- 75 , Dave Schultz topped his mark from the previous season by setting an NHL record for penalty minutes with 472 . Clarke 's efforts earned him his second Hart Trophy and Parent was the lone recipient of the Vezina Trophy . The Flyers as a team improved their record slightly with a mark of 51 -- 18 -- 11 , the best record in the NHL . After a first - round bye , the Flyers easily swept the Toronto Maple Leafs and were presented with another New York - area team in the Semi-finals . The Flyers looked to be headed toward another sweep against the New York Islanders after winning the first three games . The Islanders , however , fought back by winning the next three games , setting up a deciding seventh game . The Flyers were finally able to shut the door on the Islanders , winning Game 7 , 4 -- 1 . Facing Buffalo in the Stanley Cup Finals , the Flyers won the first two games at home . Game 3 , played in Buffalo , went down in hockey lore as The Fog Game due to an unusual May heat wave in Buffalo that forced parts of the game to be played in heavy fog , as Buffalo 's arena lacked air conditioning . The Flyers lost Games 3 and 4 , but won Game 5 at home in dominating fashion , 5 -- 1 . On the road for Game 6 , Bob Kelly scored the decisive goal and Parent pitched another shutout ( a playoff record fifth shutout ) as the Flyers repeated as Stanley Cup champions . Parent also repeated as the playoff MVP , winning a second consecutive Conn Smythe Trophy . Enforcer Dave Schultz , the most notorious Broad Street Bully , set the NHL record for most penalty minutes in a single season during the 1974 -- 75 season . The highlight of the 1975 -- 76 season had no bearing on the season standings . On January 11 at the Spectrum , the Flyers , as part of the Super Series ' 76 , played a memorable exhibition game against the Soviet Union 's dominant Central Red Army team . As the Bullies had put intimidation to good use the past three years , the Flyers ' rugged style of play led the Soviets to leave the ice midway through the first period , protesting a hit on Valeri Kharlamov , whom Clarke had slashed on the ankle in the famous Summit Series ' 72 , by Ed Van Impe . After some delay , the Soviets returned after they were warned that they would lose their salary for the entire series . The Flyers went on to win the game rather easily , 4 -- 1 , and were the only team to defeat the Red Army outright in the series . After that win , the Spectrum became known as the `` most intimidating building to play in and has the most intimidating fans . '' Head Coach Fred Shero proclaimed , `` Yes we are world champions . If they had won , they would have been world champions . We beat the hell out of a machine . '' Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' prior to big games became one of the best known traditions of the Flyers . The Flyers recorded the best record in team history ( points-wise ) with a record of 51 -- 13 -- 16 . The LCB line , featuring Reggie Leach at right - wing , Clarke at center and Bill Barber at left - wing , set an NHL record for goals by a single line with 141 ( Leach 61 , Clarke 30 , Barber 50 ) . Clarke , on his way to a third Hart Trophy , set a club record for points in one season with 119 . Heading into the playoffs , the Flyers squeaked past Toronto in seven games and defeated Boston in five games , with Game 5 featuring a five - goal outburst by Leach , the `` Riverton Rifle , '' to head to a third - straight appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals . However , the Flyers did not come close to a third straight championship without an injured Bernie Parent , as they ran into an up - and - coming dynasty in Montreal , and were swept in four - straight games . Despite the loss , Leach was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy for scoring a record 19 goals in 16 playoff games . Dethroned , the heyday of the Broad Street Bullies began to come to an end , as prior to the 1976 -- 77 season , tough - guy Dave Schultz was traded to the Los Angeles Kings . Despite a slight drop - off in performance , the Flyers dominated the Patrick Division with what proved to be their fourth - straight division title . After disposing of Toronto in six games , the Flyers found themselves in the Semi-finals for the fifth consecutive season . Pitted against Boston , the Flyers lost Games 1 and 2 at home in overtime and did not return home as they were swept in four - straight games . The Flyers lost their hold on the Patrick Division in 1977 -- 78 and settled for second place . After sweeping the Colorado Rockies in two games in the preliminary round , the Flyers moved on to beat Buffalo in five games . They then faced Boston in the Semi-finals for the second consecutive season , and lost again , this time in five games . Following the season , the Flyers were stunned when Head Coach Shero left to become general manager and head coach of the Rangers . As compensation for Shero , the Flyers received the Rangers ' first - round draft pick in 1978 . Bob McCammon , who had just coached the Flyers ' first year AHL Maine Mariners farm club to a Calder Cup title , replaced Fred Shero behind the bench . After a slow start in 1978 -- 79 , the Flyers switched McCammon with Pat Quinn , Shero 's previous assistant coach , who had replaced McCammon with the Mariners . Adding to the problems , Bernie Parent suffered a career - ending eye injury . The Flyers rallied under Quinn and finished in second place . Matched - up against the Vancouver Canucks in the preliminary round , the Flyers won the series in three games . The Flyers ' season came to an end against Fred Shero 's Rangers in a five - game Quarterfinal loss . 1979 -- 1989 : a New generation Takes over ( edit ) See also : 1980 Stanley Cup Finals , 1985 Stanley Cup Finals , and 1987 Stanley Cup Finals The Flyers began the 1979 -- 80 season with a somewhat controversial move by naming Clarke a playing assistant coach and giving the captaincy to Mel Bridgman . While Clarke was against this initially , he accepted his new role . The Flyers went undefeated for a North American professional sports record 35 - straight games ( 25 -- 0 -- 10 ) , before losing 7 -- 1 to the Minnesota North Stars , a record that still stands to this day . The streak started after the team was 1 -- 1 on October 14 , and ended on January 7 , 1980 . In doing so , the Flyers wrapped up the Patrick Division title with 14 games to spare and the first overall seed in the playoffs . Their regular - season success continued into the playoffs , as the Flyers swept a young Wayne Gretzky and his Edmonton Oilers in the first round , then went on to get revenge against Fred `` The Fog '' Shero and his Rangers by beating them in five before disposing of Minnesota in five to lock up a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . Facing the Islanders for the Cup , the Flyers ultimately lost in six games on Bob Nystrom 's overtime Cup - winning goal . The end result of the series was marred by controversy , as the Islanders were offside on the play that resulted in their second goal , but the call was not made . Linesman Leon Stickle admitted after the game that he had blown the call . Pelle Lindbergh would win the Vezina after backstopping the Flyers to the 1985 Stanley Cup Finals , before his untimely death in a car accident early next season . After the loss to the Islanders , the last of the Broad Street Bullies guard moved on . Gone were the likes of Leach , MacLeish , Dupont , Kelly , Jimmy Watson and finally Barber and Clarke in 1984 , and taking their spots over the next few seasons were young talent such as Brian Propp , Tim Kerr , Dave Poulin , Pelle Lindbergh and Mark Howe , who upon arrival instantly became the Flyers ' top defenseman for the next decade . The Flyers made early playoff exits the next four years , including three first round exits in a row . After a tough , five - game preliminary round series win against the Quebec Nordiques , the team 's 1980 -- 81 season came to an end as they lost in the Quarterfinals to the Calgary Flames in seven games . They then lost to the Rangers two years in a row in 1981 -- 82 and 1982 -- 83 and then were swept by the Washington Capitals in 1983 -- 84 . It was after the latter of these playoff losses that Bobby Clarke retired and was named vice-president and general manager of the team . Hall of Famer Mark Howe , shown here in 2012 , anchored the Flyers ' blue line in the 1980s . Mike Keenan , a relative unknown at the time , was hired in 1984 to coach the team , and named second - year player Dave Poulin team captain . Behind the goaltending of Pelle Lindbergh ( who led the NHL with 40 wins and was the first European to win the Vezina Trophy ) , the Flyers won a franchise - record 53 games -- best in the League -- during the 1984 -- 85 season . The Flyers rolled through the playoffs by sweeping the Rangers in three games , defeating the Islanders in five and beating Quebec in six to return to the Stanley Cup Finals . Though they defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Oilers in Game 1 by a score of 4 -- 1 at home , Edmonton won the next four games and the series . A month into the 1985 -- 86 season , Pelle Lindbergh was killed in a car accident . The team rallied and showed perseverance by garnering the best record in the Wales Conference and matching their win total ( 53 ) from the previous year . Tim Kerr scored 58 goals and the defense pairing of Howe and Brad McCrimmon led the League in plus - minus , a + 85 and a + 83 , respectively . Bob Froese filled in admirably in net for Lindbergh , being named a second Team All - Star and sharing the William M. Jennings Trophy with teammate Darren Jensen . Despite their regular season success , an emotionally - exhausted Flyers team lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Rangers in five games . In 1986 , the Flyers were rejuvenated by the ascension of 22 - year - old goaltender Ron Hextall . In his rookie season , he became the third Flyers goaltender to win the Vezina Trophy , joining Parent and Lindbergh . With Hextall providing the critical stops at crucial times , the Flyers captured a third - straight Patrick Division title , and were able to gain revenge on the Rangers by beating them in six games , as well as surviving a tough seven - game test from a gritty Islanders club . The Flyers then defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Canadiens in a fiery six game series ( notable for a famous bench - clearing brawl during the Game 6 warmup ) to win the Wales Conference and return to the Stanley Cup Finals . As was the case two seasons prior , the Flyers became decimated by injuries , the most significant of which was losing Kerr for the remainder of the playoffs . After falling behind three games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals , the Flyers rallied from a two - goal deficit on the road in Game 5 to extend the series , then won Game 6 at home with another late - game comeback . However , they could not overcome the odds a third time and eventually succumbed to the Oilers , 3 -- 1 , in Game 7 . Hextall was voted playoff MVP , the second time a Flyer won the Conn Smythe Trophy despite being on the losing team ( the other being another Manitoban , Reggie Leach , in 1976 ) . The Flyers stumbled in 1987 -- 88 , finishing third in the Patrick Division ( after a first - place finish the previous three years ) . Hextall became the first NHL goaltender to score a goal by firing the puck into an empty net in a December 8 game against Boston . In their first round playoff series with Washington , the Flyers blew a 3 -- 1 series lead as Washington forced a Game 7 . They then blew a 3 -- 0 lead in Game 7 as Washington won in overtime 5 -- 4 . It was because of this playoff collapse that `` Iron Mike '' was fired . Paul Holmgren was named Keenan 's replacement , the first time a former Flyer was named the club 's head coach . Despite finishing at the . 500 mark in 1988 -- 89 , the Flyers made the playoffs for the 17th consecutive season . Facing first - place Washington in the first round , the Flyers pulled off the upset in six games . Ron Hextall managed to score another empty - net goal in the waning moments of Game 5 , becoming the first NHL goalie to score a goal in the playoffs . The Flyers then defeated Pittsburgh in seven games to make the Wales Conference Finals before bowing out to Montreal in six games . It was the Flyers ' last playoff appearance until 1995 . 1989 -- 1997 : rebuilding a winning team ( edit ) See also : 1997 Stanley Cup Finals The 1989 -- 90 season got off to a bad start for the Flyers , and continued to get worse . Hextall missed all but eight games due to suspension , contract holdout issues and injury , the suspension given for attacking Chris Chelios at the end of the Montreal playoff series the previous spring . Holmgren replaced Dave Poulin as captain in December with Ron Sutter , which led to Poulin 's ( and later that season , Brian Propp 's ) trade to Boston . As a result , the Flyers missed the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since 1972 . Bob Clarke , having been with the Flyers organization since he was drafted in 1969 , was fired and replaced as GM by Russ Farwell ; Clarke resurfaced with the Minnesota North Stars . Hextall continued to be hampered by injuries during the 1990 -- 91 season . He only played in 36 games and as a result the Flyers missed the playoffs for the second consecutive year , finishing fifth in the Division and three points short of a playoff spot after a late - season collapse . Prior to the 1991 -- 92 season , the Flyers acquired Rod Brind'Amour from St. Louis . Brind'Amour led the Flyers in goals ( 33 ) , assists ( 44 ) and points ( 77 ) in his first season with the club . With Ron Sutter gone to St. Louis in the Brind'Amour trade , Rick Tocchet was named team captain . As the Flyers continued to flounder , Paul Holmgren was fired midway through the season and replaced by Bill Dineen , father of Flyer Kevin Dineen . On February 19 , the Flyers and Pittsburgh made a major five - player deal which featured Tocchet -- who never grew comfortably into the role of captain -- heading to Pittsburgh and Mark Recchi coming to Philadelphia . Recchi recorded 27 points in his first 22 games as a Flyer , but the team missed the playoffs for the third consecutive year , due in large part to an awful road record ( 10 -- 26 -- 4 ) . With Tocchet traded , the Flyers remained without a captain until Kevin Dineen was named to the post in 1993 -- 94 , and instead went with three alternate captains . In June 1992 , the Flyers persuaded Clarke to return to the team as senior vice president after Jay Snider won the hard fought arbitration battle for 1991 first overall pick Eric Lindros against the Rangers . It was determined that Quebec had made a deal with the Flyers before making a deal with the Rangers . In order to acquire Lindros ' rights , the Flyers parted with six players , trading Steve Duchesne , Peter Forsberg , Ron Hextall , Kerry Huffman , Mike Ricci , Chris Simon , a 1993 first - round draft pick ( Jocelyn Thibault ) , a 1994 first - round draft pick ( Nolan Baumgartner ) and $15 million to Quebec . While Lindros became a preeminent star in Philadelphia , the trade proved heavily lopsided in favor of the Nordiques -- soon to become the Colorado Avalanche -- providing the core of their two Stanley Cup teams and an unprecedented eight - straight division championships , with Forsberg becoming a franchise player . The trio of Lindros , Recchi and Brent Fedyk formed the Crazy Eights line in Lindros ' first two years in the NHL , the eights being the player 's jersey numbers ( 88 , 8 and 18 respectively ) . In 1992 -- 93 , Recchi set the franchise record for points in a season with 123 ( 53 goals and 70 assists ) and Lindros scored 41 goals in 61 games . After struggling early , the Flyers made a run at the playoffs , but came four points short of the last spot . Head Coach Bill Dineen was fired at the season 's end , while Clarke left town again to become general manager of the expansion Florida Panthers . For 1993 -- 94 , Terry Simpson was hired as the new head coach in hopes of returning the Flyers to the playoffs after four consecutive off - years . Recchi recorded 107 points ( 40 goals and 67 assists ) and Lindros 97 ( 44 goals and 53 assists ) , while Mikael Renberg set a Flyers rookie record with 82 points . Offense was generated yet the Flyers still failed to clinch a playoff berth , again falling four points short of the final playoff spot . Jay Snider stepped down as president , forcing his father Ed Snider to take over day - to - day operations . The elder Snider had decided he had seen enough of Farwell as GM , and began courting Bob Clarke to leave his GM post with Florida to return to Philadelphia . Farwell 's last move as GM was firing Simpson after a lackluster performance . Bob Clarke returned to the general manager position prior to the lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 season and immediately began putting his stamp on the team . New Head Coach Terry Murray replaced Kevin Dineen as team captain with Lindros prior to the start of training camp . In order to shore up the defense , Ron Hextall was re-acquired from the Islanders and high - scoring winger Recchi was traded to Montreal for Eric Desjardins , Gilbert Dionne and John LeClair early in the abbreviated season . The Flyers initially struggled out of the gate , going only 3 -- 7 -- 1 through their first 11 games while being outscored 34 -- 22 . Lindros and LeClair then teamed with Renberg to form the Legion of Doom line , a mix of scoring talent and physical intimidation . In their 37 games ( including the 3 -- 1 victory on February 11 , 1995 , against the New Jersey Devils ) , the Flyers went 25 -- 9 -- 3 and outscored their opponents 128 -- 98 en route . Lindros tied Jaromir Jagr for the regular season scoring lead ( though Jagr won the Art Ross Trophy with more goals ) , and captured the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's MVP . The playoff drought came to an end as the Flyers won their first division title in eight years and clinched the second seed in the Eastern Conference . After dispatching Buffalo in five and sweeping the defending Stanley Cup champion Rangers , the Flyers were upset in the Eastern Conference Finals to the eventual Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils in six games . Lindros eclipsed the 100 - point mark for the first time in 1995 -- 96 , gathering 115 points , and LeClair scored 51 goals , as the Flyers repeated as Atlantic Division champs and clinched the top seed in the East . Facing the eighth - seeded Tampa Bay Lightning , the Flyers dropped two of the first three games . They rallied by winning three straight games to win the series . After taking two of the first three games against their second - round opponent , Florida , the Flyers were defeated in overtime in Game 4 and double - overtime in Game 5 . An upstart Florida club with stellar goaltending from John Vanbiesbrouck ended the Flyers ' season in Game 6 . The Flyers said goodbye to the Spectrum and prepared to open a new arena -- the CoreStates Center -- for the next season . The 1996 -- 97 season started off slowly , as Lindros missed 30 games , but LeClair still managed to score 50 goals for the second consecutive year . The mid-season acquisition of then - defenseman scoring leader Paul Coffey gave the Flyers a veteran presence . Despite finishing just one point shy of a third straight Atlantic Division title , the Flyers blitzed their way through the first three rounds of the playoffs , dominating Pittsburgh , Buffalo and the Rangers all in five games apiece to win the Eastern Conference championship , and clinch a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1986 -- 87 . Despite having home ice advantage , the Flyers were swept in four - straight games by the Detroit Red Wings . The goaltending tandem of Hextall and Garth Snow fared poorly in the Finals , as both conceded soft goals , and Murray 's strategy of alternating starters in goal was criticized . After Game 3 which was a 6 -- 1 loss , Murray blasted his team in a closed - door meeting and then described to the media that the Flyers were in a `` choking situation , '' a remark which angered his players and likely cost Murray his job , as his contract was not renewed . Following the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals Mikael Renberg was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning , in exchange for Chris Gratton , thus splitting up the famed Legion of Doom line . The trio of Lindros , LeClair and Renberg scored a combined total of 666 points in 547 regular season games . 1997 -- 2007 : from highs to lows ( edit ) The man picked to replace Murray as coach , Wayne Cashman , was deemed ill - suited for the job as the Flyers played inconsistently throughout the 1997 -- 98 season . With 21 games to go in the season , Roger Neilson took over as coach while Cashman was retained as an assistant . John LeClair was able to score at least 50 goals for the third consecutive year ( netting 51 ) , the first time for an American - born player , and goaltender Sean Burke was acquired at the trade deadline . Burke proved ineffective in net , as the Flyers were eliminated in the first round by Buffalo in five games . In the off - season , the Flyers went looking for a new goaltender . Burke was let go and Hextall was about to enter his final season as a backup . They chose to sign former Panther John Vanbiesbrouck over former Oiler Curtis Joseph , who ended up signing with Toronto . The 1998 -- 99 season was marred by a life - threatening injury sustained by Eric Lindros on April Fools ' Day during a game against the Nashville Predators , a season - ending injury later diagnosed as a collapsed lung . Up until that point , Lindros was having an MVP - type season with 40 goals and 53 assists in 71 games . Without Lindros , the Flyers had trouble scoring in the playoffs even after having re-acquired Mark Recchi at the trade deadline . Although Vanbiesbrouck allowed nine goals to Joseph 's eleven allowed , the Flyers lost their first round series with Toronto in six games . 1999 -- 2000 was one of the most tumultuous seasons in franchise history and the tumult actually started three months prior to the start of the regular season . In the span of a few days in July , longtime broadcaster Gene Hart died due to illness and defenseman Dmitri Tertyshny , coming off his rookie season , was fatally injured in a freak boating accident . Head Coach Roger Neilson was diagnosed with bone cancer , forcing him to step aside in February 2000 to undergo treatment , so Assistant Coach Craig Ramsay took over as interim coach for the rest of the season ; Neilson later recovered but was informed that he would not return . In January , longtime Flyer and fan favorite Rod Brind'Amour was shipped to the Carolina Hurricanes for Keith Primeau , with the intention of acquiring a big center to complement Lindros . Meanwhile , the strife between Flyers management ( particularly Clarke ) and Lindros , continued to worsen . Less than a month after Ramsay took over , Lindros suffered his second concussion of the season . He played several games after the initial hit and afterwards criticized the team 's training staff for failing to initially diagnose the concussion after it happened . It was after this that the Flyers ' organization decided to strip Lindros of the captaincy on March 27 and name defenseman Eric Desjardins the team 's captain . With Lindros out indefinitely , the Flyers rallied to overcome the distractions and a 15 - point deficit in the standings to win the Atlantic Division and the top seed in the East on the last day of the regular season . They easily defeated their first round opponent , Buffalo , in five games . Primeau 's goal in the fifth overtime of Game 4 against the team 's second - round opponent , Pittsburgh , turned that series in the Flyers ' favor as they won in six games , coming back from a 2 -- 0 series deficit . After dropping Game 1 to New Jersey in the Eastern Conference Finals , the Flyers peeled off three - straight wins to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . But New Jersey refused to give up . After New Jersey won Game 5 , Lindros returned to the lineup for the first time since March for Game 6 in another losing effort . Early in Game 7 , Lindros was on the receiving end of a controversial hit by Scott Stevens , giving him another concussion and leaving the Philadelphia crowd deflated . Without Lindros , the Flyers lost the decisive game by a score of 2 -- 1 . It was the second time in franchise history the team lost a series after being up three games to one . New Jersey went on to win the Stanley Cup . Lindros never again wore a Flyers uniform , as he sat out the season awaiting a trade . Craig Ramsay retained the head coaching position as Neilson was not asked to return , which became a matter of some controversy . Ramsay lasted only until December when he was replaced by former Flyer great Bill Barber . Brian Boucher , who as a rookie backstopped the Flyers ' playoff run the previous season , could not duplicate his performance in 2000 -- 01 and lost the starting goaltending job to Roman Cechmanek , a former star in the Czech Republic . The performance of Cechmanek , worthy of a Vezina nomination , helped the Flyers stay afloat , but they lost in the first round to Buffalo in six games . Jeremy Roenick was added after the departure of Lindros . In the off - season , the Flyers re-vamped their lineup by signing Jeremy Roenick and finally trading Lindros to the Rangers for Kim Johnsson , Jan Hlavac , Pavel Brendl and a 2003 third - round draft pick ( Stefan Ruzicka ) . Desjardins stepped down as team captain eight games into the season and was replaced by Primeau . The Flyers began 2001 -- 02 with high expectations and with Roenick leading the team in scoring , the Flyers finished with an Atlantic Division title . The power play was one of the NHL 's worst however , so Adam Oates , the third leading point - producer in the League at the time , was acquired from Washington at the NHL trade deadline . It was of no benefit , however , as the Flyers could not muster much offense , scoring only two goals in their five - game , first - round playoff loss to the Ottawa Senators . It turned out there was much discontent in the locker room as Bill Barber was fired . The Flyers hired a proven winner when they turned to former Dallas Stars and Stanley Cup - winning Head Coach Ken Hitchcock . In 2002 -- 03 , Roman Cechmanek had a 1.83 goals against average ( GAA ) and the Flyers acquired Sami Kapanen and Tony Amonte prior to the trade deadline ; however , they fell one point short of a second straight Atlantic Division title . As a result , the Flyers endured a long , brutal seven - game first round match - up with Toronto that featured three multiple overtime games , all in Toronto . After winning Game 7 , 6 -- 1 , the Flyers fought Ottawa in the second round with equal vigor as they split the first four games of the series , Cechmanek earning shutouts in both wins . Cechmanek 's inconsistency showed through , however , as he allowed ten goals in the final two games and Ottawa advanced in six games . Cechmanek was later traded to Los Angeles for a 2004 second round draft pick during the off - season despite having the second - best GAA in the League over his three years in Philadelphia . Free - agent goaltender Jeff Hackett was signed from Boston to replace Cechmanek and challenge backup Robert Esche for the starter 's spot in 2003 -- 04 , but Hackett was forced to retire in February due to vertigo . During the course of the season , serious injuries suffered by both Roenick ( broken jaw ) and Primeau ( concussion ) in February forced the Flyers to trade for Chicago 's Alexei Zhamnov , who filled in well and kept the Flyers afloat . On March 5 , 2004 , the Flyers set an NHL record in a game against Ottawa where they set a combined record of 419 penalty minutes in a single game . Esche entrenched himself as starter and remained in that position even after the Flyers re-acquired Sean Burke from the Phoenix Coyotes as the Flyers clinched the Atlantic Division title over New Jersey on the last day of the season . Though solid in net , Esche 's performance was trumped by the play of captain Keith Primeau in the playoffs . Primeau led the Flyers past the defending Stanley Cup champion Devils in five , and Toronto in six on their way to the Eastern Conference Finals and a match - up with Tampa Bay . Despite winning Game 6 on the late - game heroics of Primeau and winger Simon Gagne , the Flyers came up short once again losing Game 7 in Tampa , 2 -- 1 . With the NHL preparing for looming labor unrest , the Flyers let their leading scorer , Mark Recchi , leave for Pittsburgh during the off - season . Unsure about the future , the Flyers were unsure about his worth . The NHL lockout forced the cancellation of the 2004 -- 05 NHL season . The Flyers were one of the more active teams once the NHL lockout came to an end . Replacing the high - profile names of Amonte , LeClair and Roenick were superstar Peter Forsberg , along with defensemen Derian Hatcher and Mike Rathje , as well as several players from the Calder Cup - winning Philadelphia Phantoms . When all was said and done , the team had experienced a turnover of nearly two - thirds of the roster . Simon Gagne , placed on a line with Peter Forsberg and Mike Knuble , scored a career high 47 goals during the 2005 -- 06 season . The Flyers began the 2005 - 2006 NHL season with lofty expectations . Despite being hampered by injuries prior to and during 2005 -- 06 , the Flyers lived up to those expectations in the first half of the season , reaching the top of the league standings in January while simultaneously holding a ten - point lead in the Atlantic Division . The Deuces Wild line of Forsberg , Gagne and Mike Knuble recorded 75 , 79 and 65 points respectively while Gagne , with Forsberg feeding him , scored a career high of 47 goals . However , the injuries began to accumulate and take their toll , the most crippling of which was Keith Primeau season - ending concussion . The Flyers had been first in the league prior to the Olympic break , where an injury to Forsberg occurred . All told , the Flyers were third in the NHL with 388 - man - games lost to injury , tops amongst playoff teams . The second half of the regular season was defined by a record hovering around . 500 , sending the Flyers on a steady slide in the standings . The Flyers fell short of an Atlantic Division title , finishing second by tie - breaker to New Jersey , drawing the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference and a first round match - up with fourth - seeded Buffalo . The Flyers lost the series in six games . The Flyers ' 40th year anniversary season turned out to be the worst in franchise history . The Flyers traded Michal Handzus to Chicago , lost Kim Johnsson to free agency and Eric Desjardins and team captain Keith Primeau retired in the off - season . Peter Forsberg replaced Primeau as team captain , but a chronic foot injury developing in last season 's Olympics had him in and out of the lineup throughout the season and limited his effectiveness . Eight games into the regular season and with a record of 1 -- 6 -- 1 , General Manager Bobby Clarke resigned and Head Coach Ken Hitchcock was fired . Assistant Coach John Stevens replaced Hitchcock and Assistant General Manager Paul Holmgren took on Clarke 's responsibilities on an interim basis . The changes did little to improve the Flyers fortunes in 2006 -- 07 as setting franchise records for futility became the norm . They had several multiple - game losing streaks including a franchise worst ten - game losing streak and a 13 - game home losing streak that stretched from November 29 to February 10 . Ultimately , the Flyers finished with a 22 -- 48 -- 12 record -- the most losses and the worst winning percentage in franchise history , and the worst record in the League . They also set the NHL record for the biggest points drop off in the standings in a one - year span ( 101 points in 2005 -- 06 to 56 points in 2006 -- 07 , a difference of 45 points ) . The Flyers were left further dejected as they lost the NHL draft lottery and were demoted to the second overall selection . With the team clearly on the verge of missing the playoffs for the first time in 13 years , Paul Holmgren set his sights on rebuilding the team and preparing for the future . Forsberg , unwilling to commit to playing next season , was traded to Nashville for Scottie Upshall , Ryan Parent and 2007 - first and third - round draft picks at the deadline . Veteran defenseman Alexei Zhitnik was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers for prospect defenseman Braydon Coburn , while disappointing off - season acquisition Kyle Calder was sent to Detroit via Chicago in exchange for defenseman Lasse Kukkonen . The Flyers also acquired goaltender Martin Biron from Buffalo for a 2007 second - round pick . Given wide praise for his efforts , the Flyers gave Holmgren a two - year contract and removed the interim label from his title . 2007 -- 2014 : multiple makeovers ( edit ) See also : 2010 Stanley Cup Playoffs and 2010 Stanley Cup Finals Daniel Briere was signed to an eight - year contract on July 1 , 2007 . The Flyers began the 2007 -- 08 season with the intention of putting the disaster of the previous season behind them . In June , the Flyers made a trade that sent the first - round draft pick they had acquired in the Forsberg trade ( 23rd overall ) back to Nashville in exchange for the rights to negotiate with impending unrestricted free agents Kimmo Timonen and Scott Hartnell . Both were subsequently signed to six - year contracts . After much speculation about whether the Flyers would keep or trade the second overall pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Flyers opted to keep it , using it to select New Jersey native James van Riemsdyk . The Flyers wasted no time in addressing their free agent needs . On July 1 , the Flyers signed Buffalo co-captain Daniel Briere to an eight - year , $52 million contract . Continuing to revamp their defensive core , Joni Pitkanen and Geoff Sanderson were traded to Edmonton in exchange for Oilers captain Jason Smith and Joffrey Lupul. Smith was later named Flyers captain on October 1 . The season began in the image of the Broad Street Bullies era , with multiple - game suspensions handed out to five separate players , the most serious being 25 - game suspensions to both Steve Downie and Jesse Boulerice for two separate incidents . A 7 -- 3 start in October and a 9 -- 3 -- 1 January run had the Flyers near the top of both the Division and Conference standings . However , a disastrous ten - game losing streak in February , reminiscent of such a streak the previous season , nearly derailed the Flyers ' year . An 8 -- 3 -- 4 run in March , coupled with two huge wins over New Jersey and Pittsburgh over the final weekend of the regular season , put the Flyers back in the 2008 playoffs as the sixth seed , setting up a first - round matchup with Washington . After taking a three games to one lead over the Capitals , Washington then won Games 5 and 6 to force a deciding Game 7 in Washington . After an evenly fought game , the Flyers ultimately won the series in overtime via a Joffrey Lupul powerplay goal . The Flyers then drew a matchup with heavily favored Montreal in the second round . Despite being outshot a majority of the series , the Flyers upset the Canadiens in five games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2003 -- 04 to face Pittsburgh . Before the start of the series , the Flyers suffered a fatal blow when it was learned that Kimmo Timonen was out with a blood clot in his ankle . Coupled with a gruesome facial injury to Braydon Coburn in Game 2 , Pittsburgh ran roughshod over the Flyers ' depleted defense and jumped out to a 3 -- 0 series lead . The Flyers won Game 4 at home to stave off elimination , and although Timonen returned for Game 5 , Pittsburgh finished off the Flyers in five games . Mike Richards was named team captain prior to the 2008 -- 09 season . The Flyers began the 2008 -- 09 season by naming Mike Richards the 17th captain in team history on September 17 , with Jason Smith having departed to Ottawa as a free agent . The Flyers were looking to build on the success of the previous season , but instead got off to an 0 -- 3 -- 3 start . However , despite a solid December and January and finishing with four points more than the year before , for the most part the 2008 -- 09 Flyers played inconsistently and looked like different teams , playing at the top of their ability one night and a sub-par performance the next . Derian Hatcher missed the entire regular season and playoffs with a knee injury , and Steve Downie was traded to Tampa Bay with Steve Eminger , whom they had previously acquired in a trade with Washington prior to the season for defenseman Matt Carle . Two pleasant surprises were the emergence of rookie center Claude Giroux and defenseman Luca Sbisa , who was drafted by the Flyers in June with the 19th overall pick acquired from the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for R.J. Umberger , a victim of team salary cap constraints . Scottie Upshall also found himself the victim of such a crunch ; he was traded to Phoenix in exchange for Daniel Carcillo at the NHL trade deadline . Despite holding on to the fourth seed in the East for much of the season , thanks to a 4 -- 5 -- 1 finish to the season , highlighted by a home loss to the Rangers on the last day of the regular season , the Flyers slipped to the fifth seed and lost home - ice advantage in their first - round series with Pittsburgh . Pittsburgh dominated the Flyers in Game 1 , and despite a better effort by the Flyers in Game 2 , Pittsburgh came to Philadelphia with a 2 -- 0 series lead . The Flyers were the better team in Games 3 and 4 , but Pittsburgh gained a split in Philadelphia and took a 3 -- 1 series lead . After a decisive 3 -- 0 win in Game 5 , the Flyers jumped out to a 3 -- 0 lead in Game 6 , but promptly fell victim to the inconsistencies that plagued the team all season and gave up five unanswered goals in a season - ending 5 -- 3 loss . Giroux led the team in scoring in the playoffs . Jeff Carter ended the regular season with 46 goals , second in the NHL after Washington 's Alexander Ovechkin . Captain Mike Richards just missed out on the Frank J. Selke Trophy in the closest vote in the history of the award . The Flyers began the 2009 -- 10 season with some major changes , allowing goaltenders Martin Biron and Antero Niittymaki to depart via free agency , replacing them with former Ottawa netminder Ray Emery and former Flyer Brian Boucher , and significantly upgrading the defense with the addition of Chris Pronger from Anaheim . Pronger came at a price , however , costing the Flyers Joffrey Lupul , Luca Sbisa and the Flyers ' first - round draft picks in both 2009 and 2010 . The season began in earnest , though it soon unraveled with mediocre play that cost Head Coach John Stevens his job in December . Peter Laviolette was hired as his replacement in order to re institute accountability and restore success to the Flyers , though the results were not immediate ; the Flyers suffered a 2 -- 7 -- 1 stretch immediately following his arrival . Injuries took a major toll on the Flyers , with Blair Betts , Daniel Briere , Jeff Carter , Simon Gagne and Kimmo Timonen all missing significant numbers of games , though no position was nearly affected as much with injuries as goaltending . Emery suffered a hip injury in December , played sporadically afterwards and ultimately underwent season - ending surgery . Boucher suffered a hand injury shortly thereafter , which allowed journeyman goaltender Michael Leighton to step in and make an immediate impact . Leighton went 8 -- 0 -- 1 in his first ten starts , including a tough 2 -- 1 overtime loss in the 2010 Winter Classic to Boston at Fenway Park on New Year 's Day . Leighton , however , was forced out of the line - up in March with a high ankle sprain , necessitating Boucher 's return as starter . All told , seven different goaltenders suited up for the Flyers at various points throughout the year . Mediocre play down the stretch forced the Flyers into a do - or - die shootout with the Rangers in what could have been their final game of the year , with the contest being hosted at the Wachovia Center . Boucher stopped final shooter Olli Jokinen to clinch the seventh seed in the East and a first round matchup with New Jersey . The Flyers celebrate Claude Giroux 's overtime goal in game three of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals . Boucher and the Flyers consistently outplayed Martin Brodeur and New Jersey and pulled off the upset in five games . However , the victory was costly , as Carter suffered a broken foot and Gagne a broken toe in Game 4 , while Ian Laperriere suffered a grievous facial injury by blocking a shot in Game 5 . The Flyers then faced sixth - seeded Boston in the second round , and despite playing at an even level with the Bruins , the Flyers found themselves in a 3 -- 0 series deficit . Gagne returned in Game 4 and scored in overtime to force a Game 5 , which the Flyers won convincingly , 4 -- 0 . Boucher suffered MCL sprains during the game in both knees which forced Leighton back into net in his first time suiting up since March . Boucher and Leighton became the first goalies since 1955 to share a playoff shutout . A 2 -- 1 Flyers win in Game 6 forced a Game 7 in Boston . Falling behind 3 -- 0 in Game 7 , the Flyers pulled off the biggest comeback in both franchise and League history , winning 4 -- 3 on a late goal by Gagne to join Maple Leafs in 1942 , Islanders in 1975 and the Boston Red Sox in 2004 as the only sports teams to win a playoff series after trailing 3 -- 0 . In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Flyers had home - ice advantage as they faced eighth - seeded Montreal . Leighton became the first Flyers netminder to record three shutouts in a series , and Carter and Laperriere returned to the lineup as the Flyers won the Eastern Conference Championship in five games , advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1997 to face the Chicago Blackhawks . Dropping two close games in Chicago , the Flyers returned home to win Game 3 in overtime and Game 4 to even the series . A convincing 7 -- 4 win by Chicago in Game 5 , however , put the Flyers one game away from elimination . A late Scott Hartnell goal in Game 6 forced overtime , but Patrick Kane scored just over four minutes into overtime to eliminate the Flyers and give Chicago their first Stanley Cup since 1961 . Ville Leino , acquired in a mid-season trade from Detroit , set the Flyers rookie playoff scoring record and tied the NHL record with 21 points . Briere led the NHL playoff scoring race with 30 points , one point ahead of Conn Smythe Trophy winner , Jonathan Toews . Coming off the close loss to Chicago in the Finals , the Flyers traded Gagne to Tampa Bay to clear up cap space , acquired Andrej Meszaros from Tampa Bay in a separate trade and signed free agent Sean O'Donnell to shore up the defensive corps . The Flyers started the 2010 -- 11 season with rookie goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky from the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) in Russia , who recorded an opening - night win in his NHL debut against Pittsburgh and had steady numbers throughout the season . Boucher remained as the team 's backup goaltender , while Leighton played one game in December after recovering from a back injury before being demoted to Adirondack in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The Flyers led both the Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference for the majority of the season , and challenged Vancouver for the overall NHL lead . Kris Versteeg was brought in from Toronto to add additional offense for the stretch drive and playoffs . However , lackluster play throughout March and April , coupled with a broken hand suffered by Chris Pronger in late February that ended his regular season , cost the Flyers the top seed in the East during the last week of the regular season , although the Flyers hung on to win their first Atlantic Division title since 2003 -- 04 and clinched the second seed in the East . The Flyers signed Ilya Bryzgalov to a nine - year contract on June 23 , 2011 . The Flyers drew Buffalo in the first round . Bobrovsky played well in a 1 -- 0 Game 1 loss , but was replaced in Game 2 by Boucher , who held on for a 5 -- 4 Flyers win . Boucher played well in a Game 3 win and a Game 4 loss , but was replaced himself in a favor of Leighton during a bad first period in Game 5 , which Buffalo won in overtime . Pronger returned to the lineup and Leighton started Game 6 but was replaced by Boucher after a poor first period , though nonetheless the Flyers went on to win in overtime and forced a Game 7 , which Boucher started . The Flyers dominated Buffalo , 5 -- 2 , and became the first team to win a playoff series starting three different goaltenders since 1988 . The Flyers then drew a rematch with the Boston Bruins in the second round . Boston dominated the Flyers in Game 1 , where Boucher was again replaced , this time by Bobrovsky . Pronger again left the lineup with an undisclosed injury , while Boston won Game 2 in overtime and again dominated the Flyers in Game 3 to take a 3 -- 0 series lead . Bobrovsky started Game 4 , but there was no comeback like in their previous meeting , as Boston completed the sweep . The Flyers tied an NHL record with seven playoff in - game goalie changes , and were the only NHL team not to record a shutout in either the regular season or playoffs . 2006 first - round draft pick Claude Giroux broke out in 2011 -- 12 with 93 points in 77 regular - season games followed by 17 points in ten playoff games . Following his penchant for making big moves , Flyers General Manager Paul Holmgren pulled off perhaps the most stunning move of his tenure , trading Mike Richards to the Los Angeles Kings for Brayden Schenn , Wayne Simmonds and a 2012 second - round draft pick ; and Jeff Carter to Columbus for their 2011 first - round pick ( with which the Flyers selected Sean Couturier ) , 2011 third - round pick ( with which the Flyers selected Nick Cousins ) and Jakub Voracek , all within the span of one hour on June 23 . Later that same day , Holmgren addressed the Flyers ' long - standing goaltending issues by signing the Phoenix Coyotes ' Ilya Bryzgalov to a nine - year , $51 million contract . On July 1 , the Flyers signed Jaromir Jagr to a one - year contract , Maxime Talbot to a five - year contract and Andreas Lilja to a two - year contract . Additionally , Chris Pronger was named Flyers captain ; however , 13 games into the 2011 -- 12 season , he was lost for the remainder of the regular season and playoffs with severe post-concussion syndrome . Bryzgalov 's play ranged from spectacular to sub-par , including being benched in favor of Sergei Bobrovsky for the Flyers ' 3 -- 2 loss to the New York Rangers in the 2012 Winter Classic , but also being named NHL First Star for the month of March . Twelve rookies suited up for the Flyers during the season , with the play of Couturier , Schenn and Matt Read standing out impressively . The Flyers drew Pittsburgh in the first round of the 2012 playoffs , a series in which the two teams combined for an NHL - record 45 goals in the first four games and a total of 309 penalty minutes in an intense , fight - filled series . The Flyers pulled off the upset in six games against a Pittsburgh team that was heavily favored to win the Stanley Cup . In the second round against New Jersey , the Flyers were heavily favored to win the series , but the Flyers ' run - and - gun style of play was stymied by the Devils ' forechecking and defense , and , although they won the first game at home in overtime , the Flyers lost four games in a row and were eliminated in five . Briere and Giroux ended the playoffs tied with five other players for the League lead in playoff goals with eight , despite their team being eliminated in the second round . In the following off - season , in an attempt to gain a bona - fide , first - line defenseman to replace the injured Pronger and the aging Kimmo Timonen , the Flyers signed Nashville Predators defenseman Shea Weber to an offer sheet contract worth $110 million over 14 years ; the contract , however , was eventually matched by the Predators . The team began the lockout - shortened 2012 -- 13 season at 0 -- 3 -- 0 , their worst start in 17 years . The franchise finished at a record of 23 -- 22 -- 3 , fourth in the Atlantic and tenth in the East . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 -- 07 season and only the ninth time in team history . During the offseason , the Flyers handed big contracts out to Mark Streit ( four years , 21 million ) and to Vincent Lecavalier ( five years , 22.5 million ) . With Vincent Lecavalier , the Flyers were attempting to replace Daniel Brieres ' production . With Mark Streit , the Flyers wanted to add mobility and scoring to their blue line ; something that it was lacking the previous year . On January 15 , 2013 , the club announced that Claude Giroux had been named the 19th captain in franchise history . Later that year , on October 7 , head coach Peter Laviolette and assistant coach Kevin McCarthy were both fired just three games into the 2013 -- 14 season after the team again began the season 0 -- 3 -- 0 . Assistant Coach Craig Berube , who previously played for the Flyers and served two stints as head coach of the Flyers ' AHL affiliate , the Philadelphia Phantoms , was named the new head coach , while John Paddock and former Flyer Ian Laperriere were announced as Berube 's assistants . The team went 42 -- 27 -- 10 with Berube behind the bench , clinching a playoff berth and ultimately falling in seven games to the New York Rangers in 2014 Conference Quarterfinals . 2014 -- present : the Hextall era ( edit ) On May 7 , 2014 , the club announced that General Manager Paul Holmgren had been promoted to president , with Assistant General Manager Ron Hextall filling his vacancy . Hextall laid out a new plan for the franchise to develop players from within their system , rather than through outside acquisitions . In order to free up valuable cap space Scott Hartnell was traded before the start of the 2014 - 15 NHL season , following Braydon Coburn and Kimmo Timonen being traded away mid-season . Ron Hextall ( Philadelphia Flyers GM ) The Flyers did not qualify for the playoffs for the second time in three seasons in 2014 -- 15 , and head coach Berube was subsequently fired after the season . The Flyers finished with 33 wins and 31 losses for 84 points . On May 18 , 2015 , the Flyers hired the former head coach of the University of North Dakota 's men 's ice hockey team , Dave Hakstol . Hakstol had been North Dakota 's coach for the past 8 seasons , during which he accumulated a 289 -- 143 -- 43 record and led the school to the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship in each season at the helm . In 2014 -- 15 , the University went 29 -- 10 -- 3 and advanced to the Frozen Four for the seventh time during Hakstol 's tenure . The Flyers began the 2015 -- 16 season with a record of 4 -- 2 -- 1 in their first seven games . They found themselves outside of the playoff picture near the halfway point of the regular season , but a second - half surge , including a combined record of 17 -- 7 -- 5 in February and March , placed them into playoff position . On the second - to - last day of the season , the Flyers clinched the final wild card playoff berth with a win over the Penguins and a Senators win over the Bruins , which consequently eliminated the Bruins from playoff contention . The Flyers faced the Capitals in the first round , losing the first three games of the series . Despite their efforts to prevent the Capitals from obtaining their first - ever sweep in the playoffs , the Flyers lost the series in six games . On April 11 , 2016 , Flyers ' long time chairman , co-founder , and former majority owner Ed Snider died after a two - year battle with bladder cancer . In the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers won ten straight games during the months of November and December . However , they fell out of the playoff picture after that streak ended , struggling in the standings and letting other teams get ahead of them . They were eliminated from playoff contention during the last two weeks of the regular season , becoming the first team to miss the playoffs after having a winning streak of ten or more games in the process . Despite finishing sixth in their division , they won the second overall pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft lottery with just a 2.4 % chance to win that particular pick . They used this pick to select Nolan Patrick from the Brandon Wheat Kings . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Colors , name and logo ( edit ) On April 4 , 1966 , Bill Putnam -- a member of the Philadelphia group that was selected by the NHL for one of the six new franchises -- announced a name - the - team contest and that orange , black and white as the team colors . Wanting what he referred to as `` hot '' colors , Putnam 's choice was influenced by the orange and white of his alma mater -- the University of Texas at Austin -- and the orange and black of Philadelphia 's previous NHL team , the Quakers . Also announced on April 4 was the hiring of a Chicago firm to design the team 's arena . Details of the name - the - team contest were released on July 12 , 1966 . Ballots were available at local Acme Markets grocery stores -- sponsor of the contest . The top prize was an RCA 21 '' color television , with two season tickets for both the second - and third - prize winners , and a pair of single - game tickets for the next 100 winners . Among the names considered behind the scenes were Quakers , Ramblers and Liberty Bells . The first two were the names of previous Philadelphia hockey teams and -- given the connotations of losing ( Quakers ) and the minor leagues ( Ramblers ) -- were passed over . Liberty Bells , although seriously considered , was also the name of a local race track . Bashers , Blizzards , Bruisers , Huskies , Keystones , Knights , Lancers , Raiders and Sabres were among the other names considered . This alternate logo was used on the team 's third jerseys from 2002 -- 03 to 2006 -- 07 . It was Ed Snider 's sister Phyllis who named the team when she suggested `` Flyers '' on a return trip from a Broadway play . Ed knew immediately it would be the winning name , since it captured the speed of the game and went well phonetically with Philadelphia . On August 3 , 1966 , the team name was announced . Of the 11,000 ballots received , more than 100 selected Flyers as the team name and were entered into a drawing to select a winner . Alec Stockard , a 9 - year - old boy from Narberth , Pennsylvania , who had spelled it `` Fliers '' on his entry , won the drawing and was declared the winner . With the name and colors already known , Philadelphia advertising firm Mel Richmann Inc. was hired to design a logo and jersey . With Tom Paul as head of the project , artist Sam Ciccone designed both the logo and jerseys to represent speed . Ciccone 's winged `` P '' design -- four stylized wings attached to a slanted `` P '' with an orange dot to represent a puck -- was considered the `` obvious choice '' over his other designs , which included a winged skate . Ciccone 's jersey design , a stripe down each shoulder and down the arms , represented wings . The flying `` P '' has remained the same since the beginning and was ranked the sixth best NHL logo in a 2008 Hockey News poll . The Flyers unveiled a 3D version of this logo with metallic accents during the 2002 -- 03 season which was used on orange third jerseys until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . The team 's 2008 -- 09 retro uniforms used a lighter shade of orange than their original uniforms . This shade did not match earlier versions of a darker ' burnt orange ' that was associated with the Flyers , but continued on once the retros became their primary jerseys ( with a white version ) in 2010 -- 11 . Jerseys ( edit ) As with his logo design , Ciccone 's jersey design was meant to represent speed . The home jersey was orange with a white stripe down each shoulder and down the arms ( meant to represent wings ) with a white number on the back and black sleeve numbers . The away jersey was white with orange striping , an orange number on the back and white sleeve numbers . Other than a few minor alterations to the numbers and the switch the NHL made to wear white at home and dark on the road for 1970 -- 71 , this general design was used until the end of the 1981 -- 82 season . The Flyers unveiled second - generation jerseys for the 1982 -- 83 season . The main difference was the increased width of the shoulder and arm stripes with black trim added to the border of the stripes . Also , a pinstripe ( black for the white jersey , orange for the dark ) was added to the bottom of each sleeve . With the exception of a similarly designed black jersey replacing the orange and the NHL switching back to wearing darks at home and whites on the road prior to 2003 -- 04 , this design was used until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . Many NHL teams started using third jerseys during the mid-1990s and the Flyers unveiled a black third jersey that was similar in design to their second - generation jerseys during the 1997 -- 98 season . During the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the black jersey became the primary dark jersey with the orange jersey being retired after the 2000 -- 01 season ( although it was worn for one final game early in the following season on Halloween night ) . In 2002 -- 03 , a new orange third jersey was introduced which was a radical departure from any jersey the Flyers had used before . Unique striping and fonts were used along with the aforementioned metallic 3D logo and the first use of a color other than orange , black or white on a Flyers jersey -- silver / gray . These jerseys were used until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . The Flyers , along with the rest of the NHL , unveiled new Rbk Edge jerseys prior to the 2007 -- 08 season . The black jersey featured white shoulders with orange and black sections at the elbow and black cuffs . The white road jersey featured orange shoulders with black and white sections at the elbow , and black cuffs . The Flyers unveiled a new orange third jersey based on their 1973 -- 74 jerseys during the 2008 -- 09 season . and had replaced the black jerseys as the primary home jersey during the 2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs . The team wore the 1973 -- 74 white jersey -- reverse of their current home uniform but with a black nameplate with white lettering -- at the 2010 NHL Winter Classic versus the Boston Bruins at Fenway Park . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Winter Classic jersey was adopted as the team 's primary road jersey and the team 's alternate black jersey was retired . In January 2012 , for their second Winter Classic appearance -- this time against their arch - rivals the New York Rangers at Citizens Bank Park -- the Flyers wore a traditional sweater design in orange with cream and black trim , featuring a cream nameplate with black lettering , as well as black numbers . It also contained a neck tie string which no other Flyers jersey has had before it . This design was later adopted as a third jersey for the 2014 -- 15 season . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers retired their Winter Classic third jerseys in favor of a commemorative 50th - anniversary jersey . The uniform is white with orange and black striping , along with gold numbers , black nameplate with white lettering bordered in gold , and the classic Flyers logo with gold borders . The franchise 's founding season is inscribed on the neckline . The Flyers wore a black uniform for the 2017 NHL Stadium Series , featuring enlarged black numbers with white trim , orange striping on the sleeves and tail , and orange nameplate with black lettering . Short - lived additions ( edit ) The Flyers debuted a short - lived skating mascot named `` Slapshot '' in 1976 but dropped the character by the next season . It remains the only mascot in Flyers ' team history , although the team occasionally employed the services of `` Phlex '' , the then - mascot of the team 's minor - league affiliate and former next - door neighbors , the Philadelphia Phantoms ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , who became the Adirondack Phantoms ( 2009 -- 2014 ) and are now re-branded the Lehigh Valley Phantoms , playing in the PPL Center in Allentown , Pennsylvania . The Flyers were the first and one of only two NHL teams ( the Hartford Whalers being the other ) to wear Cooperalls , hockey pants that extend from the waist to the ankles , in 1981 -- 82 . They wore them the following season as well , but returned to the traditional hockey pants in 1983 -- 84 due to Cooperalls being banned from the NHL for safety reasons . Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated September 26 , 2017 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 United States ! Bardreau , Cole Cole Bardreau 7.0 ! RW 24 000000002015 - 03 - 12 - 0000 2015 Fairport , New York 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Canada ! Couturier , Sean Sean Couturier 4.0 ! C 24 000000002011 - 06 - 24 - 0000 2011 Phoenix , Arizona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Canada ! Elliott , Brian Brian Elliott 1.0 ! G 32 000000002017 - 07 - 01 - 0000 2017 Newmarket , Ontario 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Finland ! Filppula , Valtteri Valtteri Filppula 4.0 ! C 33 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 2017 Vantaa , Finland 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Giroux , Claude Claude Giroux ( C ) 4.0 ! C 29 000000002006 - 06 - 24 - 0000 2006 Hearst , Ontario 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 United States ! Gostisbehere , Shayne Shayne Gostisbehere 2.0 ! D 24 000000002012 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2012 Pembroke Pines , Florida 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Czech Republic ! Gudas , Radko Radko Gudas 2.0 ! D 27 000000002015 - 03 - 02 - 0000 2015 Prague , Czechoslovakia 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Sweden ! Hagg , Robert Robert Hagg 2.0 ! D 22 000000002013 - 06 - 30 - 0000 2013 Uppsala , Sweden 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Canada ! Konecny , Travis Travis Konecny 6.0 ! LW 20 000000002015 - 06 - 26 - 0000 2015 London , Ontario 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Canada ! Laughton , Scott Scott Laughton 4.0 ! C 23 000000002012 - 06 - 22 - 0000 2012 Oakville , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Finland ! Lehtera , Jori Jori Lehtera 4.0 ! C 29 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2017 Lempäälä , Finland 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Canada ! Leier , Taylor Taylor Leier 6.0 ! LW 23 000000002012 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2012 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Sweden ! Lindblom , Oskar Oskar Lindblom 6.0 ! LW 21 000000002014 - 06 - 28 - 0000 2014 Gävle , Sweden 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Canada ! MacDonald , Andrew Andrew MacDonald 2.0 ! D 31 000000002014 - 03 - 04 - 0000 2014 Judique , Nova Scotia 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Canada ! Manning , Brandon Brandon Manning 2.0 ! D 27 000000002010 - 11 - 23 - 0000 2010 Prince George , British Columbia 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 United States ! McDonald , Colin Colin McDonald 7.0 ! RW 32 000000002015 - 07 - 03 - 0000 2015 New Haven , Connecticut 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Canada ! Morin , Samuel Samuel Morin 2.0 ! D 22 000000002013 - 06 - 30 - 0000 2013 Lac - Beauport , Quebec 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Czech Republic ! Neuvirth , Michal Michal Neuvirth 1.0 ! G 29 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 2015 Ústí nad Labem , Czechoslovakia 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 Canada ! Patrick , Nolan Nolan Patrick 4.0 ! C 19 000000002017 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russia ! Provorov , Ivan Ivan Provorov 2.0 ! D 20 000000002015 - 06 - 26 - 0000 2015 Yaroslavl , Russia 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Austria ! Raffl , Michael Michael Raffl 6.0 ! LW 28 000000002013 - 05 - 31 - 0000 2013 Villach , Austria 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Canada ! Read , Matt Matt Read 7.0 ! RW 31 000000002011 - 03 - 24 - 0000 2011 Ilderton , Ontario 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Canada ! Sanheim , Travis Travis Sanheim 2.0 ! D 21 000000002014 - 06 - 27 - 0000 2014 Elkhorn , Manitoba 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Canada ! Simmonds , Wayne Wayne Simmonds ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 29 000000002011 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2011 Scarborough , Ontario 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 United States ! Stolarz , Anthony Anthony Stolarz 1.0 ! G 23 000000002012 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2012 Jackson , New Jersey 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 United States ! Vecchione , Mike Mike Vecchione 4.0 ! C 24 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 2017 Saugus , Massachusetts 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Czech Republic ! Voracek , Jakub Jakub Voracek 7.0 ! RW 28 000000002011 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2011 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Russia ! Vorobyev , Mikhail Mikhail Vorobyev 4.0 ! C 20 000000002015 - 06 - 27 - 0000 2015 Salavat , Russia 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Canada ! Weal , Jordan Jordan Weal 6.0 ! LW 25 000000002016 - 01 - 06 - 0000 2016 North Vancouver , British Columbia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Canada ! Weise , Dale Dale Weise 7.0 ! RW 29 000000002016 - 07 - 01 - 0000 2016 Winnipeg , Manitoba Team captains ( edit ) No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Lou Angotti October 11 , 1967 June 11 , 1968 Ed Van Impe November 6 , 1968 January 17 , 1973 Bobby Clarke January 17 , 1973 August 10 , 1979 Mel Bridgman October 11 , 1979 October 9 , 1981 5 Bill Barber October 9 , 1981 January 6 , 1983 6 Bobby Clarke January 6 , 1983 May 15 , 1984 7 Dave Poulin October 11 , 1984 December 15 , 1989 8 Ron Sutter December 15 , 1989 September 22 , 1991 9 Rick Tocchet October 2 , 1991 February 19 , 1992 10 Kevin Dineen October 5 , 1993 September 6 , 1994 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 11 Eric Lindros September 6 , 1994 March 27 , 2000 12 Eric Desjardins March 27 , 2000 October 23 , 2001 13 Keith Primeau October 23 , 2001 September 14 , 2006 14 Derian Hatcher January 29 , 2006 September 14 , 2006 15 Peter Forsberg September 14 , 2006 February 15 , 2007 16 Jason Smith October 1 , 2007 July 8 , 2008 17 Mike Richards September 17 , 2008 June 23 , 2011 18 Chris Pronger September 16 , 2011 January 15 , 2013 19 Claude Giroux January 15 , 2013 -- Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers head coaches No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Keith Allen June 6 , 1966 May 19 , 1969 Vic Stasiuk May 19 , 1969 May 27 , 1971 Fred Shero June 2 , 1971 May 22 , 1978 Bob McCammon July 6 , 1978 January 30 , 1979 5 Pat Quinn January 30 , 1979 March 19 , 1982 -- Bob McCammon March 19 , 1982 April 25 , 1984 6 Mike Keenan May 24 , 1984 May 11 , 1988 7 Paul Holmgren June 1 , 1988 December 4 , 1991 8 Bill Dineen December 4 , 1991 May 24 , 1993 9 Terry Simpson May 24 , 1993 May 20 , 1994 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 10 Terry Murray June 23 , 1994 June 13 , 1997 11 Wayne Cashman July 7 , 1997 March 9 , 1998 12 Roger Neilson March 9 , 1998 June 8 , 2000 13 Craig Ramsay June 8 , 2000 December 10 , 2000 14 Bill Barber December 10 , 2000 April 30 , 2002 15 Ken Hitchcock May 14 , 2002 October 22 , 2006 16 John Stevens October 22 , 2006 December 4 , 2009 17 Peter Laviolette December 4 , 2009 October 7 , 2013 18 ! 18 Craig Berube October 7 , 2013 April 17 , 2015 19 ! 19 Dave Hakstol May 18 , 2015 -- General managers ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers general managers No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Bud Poile May 31 , 1966 December 19 , 1969 Keith Allen December 22 , 1969 May 27 , 1983 Bob McCammon May 27 , 1983 April 25 , 1984 Bob Clarke May 15 , 1984 April 16 , 1990 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 5 Russ Farwell June 6 , 1990 June 15 , 1994 -- Bob Clarke June 15 , 1994 October 22 , 2006 6 Paul Holmgren October 22 , 2006 May 7 , 2014 7 Ron Hextall May 7 , 2014 -- Honored members ( edit ) See also : List of Philadelphia Flyers players and List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners Hall of famers ( edit ) The Flyers currently have nineteen personnel in the Hockey Hall of Fame ; thirteen have been inducted into the players category and six in the builders category . Inducted as players and who spent a significant part of their career with the Flyers were goaltender Bernie Parent in 1984 , forward Bobby Clarke in 1987 , forward Bill Barber in 1990 , defenseman Mark Howe in 2011 , forward Eric Lindros in 2016 , and forward Mark Recchi in 2017 . Of the other Flyers also inducted as players -- Paul Coffey , Peter Forsberg , Dale Hawerchuk , Adam Oates , Chris Pronger , Darryl Sittler and Allan Stanley -- only Pronger and Sittler played a third season with the Flyers . Inducted as builders were Keith Allen , who was head coach ( 1967 -- 69 ) , general manager ( 1969 -- 83 ) and executive vice-president ( 1980 -- 2014 ) , Roger Neilson , head coach ( 1997 -- 2000 ) , mainly for his overall NHL coaching career , Bud Poile , general manager ( 1967 -- 69 ) , Pat Quinn , head coach ( 1979 -- 82 ) , Fred Shero , head coach ( 1971 -- 78 ) , and Ed Snider , the Flyers majority owner ( 1967 -- 96 ) and chairman ( 1996 -- 2016 ) . Gene Hart ( 1967 -- 95 ) , was honored as a broadcaster ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) in 1997 . Retired numbers ( edit ) Mark Howe speaking at the retirement of his number ( 2 ) on March 6 , 2012 . See also : List of NHL retired numbers The Flyers have retired five of their jersey numbers and taken another number out of circulation . Barry Ashbee 's number 4 was retired a few months after his death from leukemia . Bernie Parent 's number 1 -- Parent wore number 30 during his first stint with the Flyers -- and Bobby Clarke 's number 16 were retired less than a year after retiring while Bill Barber 's number 7 and Mark Howe 's number 2 were retired shortly after their inductions into the Hockey Hall of Fame . The number 31 , last worn by goaltender Pelle Lindbergh , was removed from circulation after Lindbergh 's death on November 11 , 1985 , but it is not officially retired . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . On January 18th , 2018 , the Flyers will retire Eric Lindros 's number 88 . Philadelphia Flyers retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement Parent , Bernie Bernie Parent Goaltender 1967 -- 1971 , 1973 -- 1979 000000001979 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 1979 Howe , Mark Mark Howe Defense 1982 -- 1992 000000002012 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2012 Ashbee , Barry Barry Ashbee Defense 1970 -- 1974 000000001977 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1977 7 Barber , Bill Bill Barber Left Wing 1972 -- 1984 000000001990 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 1990 16 Clarke , Bobby Bobby Clarke Center 1969 -- 1984 000000001984 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1984 88 Lindros , Eric Eric Lindros Center 1992 -- 2000 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Flyers Hall of Fame ( edit ) Further information : List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners § Flyers Hall of Fame Established in 1988 , the Flyers Hall of Fame was designed to `` permanently honor those individuals who have contributed to the franchise 's success . '' Candidates for the hall are nominated and voted upon by a panel of media members and team officials . To date , twenty - five former players and executives have been inducted . Bobby Clarke and Bernie Parent , 1988 Keith Allen , Bill Barber and Ed Snider , 1989 Rick MacLeish and Fred Shero , 1990 Barry Ashbee and Gary Dornhoefer , 1991 Gene Hart and Reggie Leach , 1992 Joe Scott and Ed Van Impe , 1993 Tim Kerr , 1994 Joe Watson , 1996 Brian Propp , 1999 Mark Howe , 2001 Dave Poulin , 2004 Ron Hextall , 2008 Dave Schultz , 2009 John LeClair and Eric Lindros , 2014 Eric Desjardins and Rod Brind'Amour , 2015 Jimmy Watson , 2016 Team records ( edit ) Statistics and records are current after the 2016 -- 17 season , except where noted . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Flyers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Philadelphia Flyers seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Records as of the 2016 -- 17 season . Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 23 22 49 133 141 4th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 82 42 30 10 94 236 235 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 82 33 31 18 84 215 234 6th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 82 41 27 14 96 214 218 5th , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Capitals ) 2016 -- 17 82 39 33 10 88 219 236 6th , Metropolitan Did not qualify Statistical leaders ( edit ) See also : List of Philadelphia Flyers players and List of Philadelphia Flyers records Appeared in a Flyers game during the most recently completed season Scoring ( edit ) These are the top - ten regular season point - scorers in franchise history . Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts Bobby Clarke 1969 -- 1984 1,144 358 852 1,210 Bill Barber 1972 -- 1984 LW 903 420 463 883 Brian Propp 1979 -- 1990 LW 790 369 480 849 Rick MacLeish 1970 -- 1981 1983 -- 1984 741 328 369 697 Eric Lindros 1992 -- 2000 486 290 369 659 Tim Kerr 1980 -- 1991 RW 601 363 287 650 John LeClair 1995 -- 2004 LW 649 333 310 643 Mark Recchi 1991 -- 1995 1998 -- 2004 RW 602 232 395 627 Rod Brind'Amour 1991 -- 2000 633 235 366 601 Claude Giroux 2007 -- present 656 180 395 575 Goaltending ( edit ) These are the top - ten goaltenders in franchise history by regular season wins . Goaltenders Player Seasons GP OT Ron Hextall 1986 -- 1992 1994 -- 1999 489 240 172 58 12 Bernie Parent 1967 -- 1971 1973 -- 1979 486 232 141 104 -- Steve Mason 2012 -- 2017 231 104 78 -- 36 Wayne Stephenson 1974 -- 1979 165 93 35 22 -- Bob Froese 1982 -- 1987 144 92 29 12 -- Roman Cechmanek 2000 -- 2003 163 92 43 22 8 Pelle Lindbergh 1981 -- 1986 157 87 49 15 -- Pete Peeters 1978 -- 1982 1989 -- 1991 179 85 57 20 -- Doug Favell 1967 -- 1973 215 76 87 37 -- Brian Boucher 1999 -- 2002 2009 -- 2011 2012 -- 2013 174 73 68 12 10 Single season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers records Regular season ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Reggie Leach , 61 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most assists in a season : Bobby Clarke , 89 ( 1974 -- 75 & 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season : Mark Recchi , 123 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Dave Schultz , 472 ( 1974 -- 75 ) ( NHL record ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Mark Howe , 82 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Mikael Renberg , 82 ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most wins in a season : Bernie Parent , 47 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Most shutouts in a season : Bernie Parent , 12 ( 1973 -- 74 & 1974 -- 75 ) Most power play goals in a season : Tim Kerr , 34 ( 1985 -- 86 ) ( NHL record ) Playoffs ( edit ) Most goals in a playoff season : Reggie Leach , 19 ( 1975 -- 76 ) ( NHL record ) Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season : Andy Delmore , 5 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Most assists in a playoff season : Pelle Eklund , 20 ( 1986 -- 87 ) Most points in a playoff season : Daniel Briere , 30 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most points in a playoff season , rookie : Ville Leino , 21 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( NHL record ) Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season : Doug Crossman ( 1986 -- 87 ) & Chris Pronger ( 2009 -- 10 ) , 18 Most penalty minutes in a playoff season : Dave Schultz , 139 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Team ( edit ) Most points in a season : 118 , ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most wins in a season : 53 , ( 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 ) Most goals scored : 350 , ( 1983 -- 84 ) Fewest goals allowed ( full season ) : 164 , ( 1973 -- 74 ) Longest undefeated streak : 35 games , ( 1979 -- 80 ) ( NHL record ) Radio and television ( edit ) Further information : List of Philadelphia Flyers broadcasters See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Sports portal List of NHL statistical leaders South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia References ( edit ) `` Philadelphia Flyers hockey team statistics and history '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meltzer , Bill ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Meltzer : Uniformity '' . Philadelphia Flyers . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Bill ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` On This Day : Franchise Adopts Flyers as Team Name '' . Philadelphia Flyers . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teams -- NHL.com '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers '' An Iconic NHL Franchise `` . Comcast . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boylen , Rory . `` NHL Logo Rankings No. 10 : Philadelphia Flyers '' . TVA Group . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , John . `` Capitals vs. Flyers : The Philthy Rivalry '' . NoVa Caps . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carchidi , Sam . `` Flyers , Capitals renew growing rivalry '' . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers - Penguins Is The NHL 's Best Rivalry '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' I think this is currently the biggest rivalry in the NHL . '' - Four former NHL players talk Penguins vs. Flyers `` . Vox Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NHL 's 10 Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` A Concise History of the American Hockey League & Minor Pro Hockey in Philadelphia : 1927 - 2009 '' , HockeyScoop.net Jump up ^ `` TWO SEXTETS OUT OF HOCKEY LEAGUE : Ottawa and Philadelphia Agree to Suspension of Franchises for a Year . '' ( AP ) The New York Times , September 27 , 1931 , p . S2 Jump up ^ `` Maroon Hockey Franchise May Go to Philadelphia '' , The New York Times , February 1 , 1946 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` HOCKEY FRANCHISES SOUGHT BY 3 CITIES : National League Weighs Bids by Philadelphia , San Francisco and Los Angeles '' , The New York Times , February 15 , 1946 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Revival of Maroon Six For Philadelphia Seen '' ( AP ) , The New York Times August 17 , 1947 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Snider 's Flyers Hall of Fame Profile '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : For details , see # Colors , name and logo . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Ever Game '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Ever Win '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Home Game '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in Flyers History ... March 1 '' . PhiladelphiaFlyers.com . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.com webpage with complete Kate Smith record , retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Philadelphia - Buffalo boxscore from April 2 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jim . Walking Together Forever : The Broad Street Bullies , Then and Now . Sports Publishing L.L.C. pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Jack Chevalier ( 1973 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Broad Street Bullies Muscle Atlanta '' . Philadelphia Bulletin . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Michael ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` What About Bob ? : The Flyers are stacked for a run at the Cup . The only question mark is in goal -- where else ? But unflappable Russian rookie Sergei Bobrovsky looks up to the task '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . In the beginning there was Bernie . Jump up ^ Pelletier , Joe . `` Bobby Clarke '' . Greatest Hockey Legends.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Patrick . `` Top 10 captains in NHL history '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Flyers vs. Red Army . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Some Facts & Figures About the Streak . Jump up ^ `` Old Flyers know what makes a streak '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenstock , Kathy ( June 2 , 1980 ) . `` Putting the Hammer to the Old Bugaboo '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ As of February 2011 , Hextall is one of only four rookies and five players to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as a member of the losing team . The other four players are Roger Crozier ( 1966 ) , Glenn Hall ( 1968 ) , Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jean - Sebastien Giguere ( 2003 ) . Farber , Michael ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` What About Bob ? : The Flyers are stacked for a run at the Cup . The only question mark is in goal -- where else ? But unflappable Russian rookie Sergei Bobrovsky looks up to the task '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . January 13 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( July 25 , 1999 ) . `` Tertyshny Is Killed in Boating Accident '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why is no one talking about the Flyers ? '' . The Canadian Press . TSN.ca . September 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers -- Preview -- January 24 , 2013 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers fire Laviolette , replace with Berube '' . www.nhl.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ron Hextall Era begins '' . Jump up ^ `` Craig Berube relieved of duties as Flyers head coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers. April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Standings - 2014 - 15 '' . `` ESPN '' . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers hire Dave Hakstol '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . Jump up ^ Isaac , Dave ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Flyers Owner Ed Snider Says He 's Cancer - Free '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flyers Founder , Owner Ed Snider Dies '' . NBC10.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Brian ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flyers owner Snider dies '' . NHL . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers History - Flyers Jersey History Gallery '' . FlyersHistory.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : THN. com 's NHL Logo Rankings '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Slideshow '' . Flyers.nhl.com. 2007 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers ' New Third Jersey '' . Flyers.nhl.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers 2017 Roster '' . Philadelphia Flyers . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Angotti Leads Flyers '' . Arizona Republic . October 12 , 1967 . p. 108 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Pick Up Angotti in 3 - Team Trade '' . UPI . Chicago Tribune . June 12 , 1968 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Van Impe Named Captain of Flyers '' . Pottstown Mercury . November 6 , 1968 . p. 19 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CLARKE NAMED CAPTAIN '' . The Herald . January 18 , 1973 . p. 14 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Clarke , Watson added to Flyers ' coaching staff '' . Ottawa Journal . August 11 , 1979 . p. 24 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bridgman Named Captain '' . The Gettysburg Times . October 12 , 1979 . p. 15 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` FLYERS ' BARBER FULFILLING ROLE '' . The New York Times . October 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSIANS BEAT FLYERS IN FINALE '' . The New York Times . January 7 , 1983 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Clarke Quits Playing '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1984 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shope , Dan ( October 12 , 1984 ) . `` Kerr 's Late Goal Gives Flyers Tie '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morganti , Al ( December 16 , 1989 ) . `` Sutter Takes The Ice As Captain of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( September 23 , 1991 ) . `` Flyers Send Sutter , Baron To Blues '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( October 3 , 1991 ) . `` Tocchet Is Named Team Captain '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( February 20 , 1992 ) . `` Shaking Up The Flyers '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( October 6 , 1993 ) . `` Veteran Dineen Chosen As Flyers ' Captain '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen , Les ( September 7 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Official : Lindros Gets His Stripes '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( March 28 , 2000 ) . `` Outspokenness Costs Lindros His Captain 's ' C ' '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( October 24 , 2001 ) . `` Desjardins yields helm as captain of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Primeau Announces His Retirement '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derian Hatcher Named Team Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Forsberg Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Acquire Ryan Parent , Scottie Upshall and Two Draft Picks for Peter Forsberg '' . Philadelphia Flyers . February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Smith Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulletin : Senators Sign Jason Smith To A Two - year Contract '' . Ottawa Senators . July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richards Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richards Traded to LA for Simmonds , Schenn '' . Philadelphia Flyers . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pronger Named Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Claude Giroux named Captain of the Flyers '' . Philadelphia Flyers . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allen To Coach Philadelphia Club '' . Brandon Sun . June 7 , 1966 . p. 6 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` PHILADELPHIA FLYERS NAME STASIUK COACH '' . Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 1969 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Fire Coach Vic Stasiuk '' . Chicago Tribune . May 28 , 1971 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Flyers Name Shero New Coach '' . AP . The Schenectady Gazette . June 3 , 1971 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juliano , Joe ( November 25 , 1990 ) . `` Fred Shero , Ex-flyers Coach , Dead '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . he announced his resignation on May 22 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Flyers hire McCammon '' . AP . The Free Lance -- Star . July 7 , 1978 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Ax Coach McCammon , Name Quinn as Replacement '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . January 31 , 1979 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers unload Quinn , call back McCammon '' . AP . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . March 20 , 1982 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; 2 Coaches Out '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 1984 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shope , Dan ( May 25 , 1984 ) . `` Flyers Name Mike Keenan As Head Coach '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( May 12 , 1988 ) . `` ' Toughest Decision ' Dumps Flyer Coach '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; 2 N.H.L. Coaches Hired '' . The New York Times . June 2 , 1988 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( December 5 , 1991 ) . `` Flyers Pull Plug on Holmgren Dineen Named As Successor '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( May 25 , 1993 ) . `` Flyers Pass Torch To Simpson '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( May 21 , 1994 ) . `` Players Claim Share of Blame in Flyers ' Firing of Simpson '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Murray Named Coach of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( June 14 , 1997 ) . `` Where There 's Choke There 's Fire '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moran , Edward ( July 8 , 1997 ) . `` Wayne Manner '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( March 10 , 1998 ) . `` All The Right Moves ? All Sides Endorse Flyers ' Changes '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( June 9 , 2000 ) . `` Flyers Give Ramsay Reward '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( December 11 , 2000 ) . `` Clarke Dumps Ramsay '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Ax Falls on Barber '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( May 15 , 2002 ) . `` Flyers Try New Direction '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers GM Clarke resigns ; coach Hitchcock fired '' . ESPN.com . October 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Name Peter Laviolette Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRAIG BERUBE NAMED FLYERS HEAD COACH '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers ' Berube Fired as Coach '' . 2015 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Hakstol Named Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Poile Joins Philadelphia '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . May 31 , 1966 . p. 9 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Named General Manager of Flyers as Successor to Poile '' . The New York Times . December 22 , 1969 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Flyer Changes '' . The New York Times . May 28 , 1983 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE : HOCKEY ; Flyers Dismiss Clarke '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1990 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Gm Arrives , Gm Departs : Farwell Gets His Chance With Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( June 16 , 1994 ) . `` Clarke Waves Off Trading As A Goal '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLYERS PROMOTE PAUL HOLMGREN TO PRESIDENT ; RON HEXTALL TO GENERAL MANAGER '' . Philadelphia Flyers . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Michael ( April 2012 ) . `` Old - time Hockey , Baby ! '' . Sports Illustrated : 38 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers pay tribute to Barry Ashbee '' . AP . The Calgary Herald . October 13 , 1977 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers Sweater Numbers '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seravalli , Frank ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Pelle Lindbergh 's spirit lives on , 25 years after fatal crash '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saleski Scores 2 Goals As Flyers Top Hawks '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . October 14 , 1977 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lindros to have No. 88 retired by Flyers '' . NHL . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schultz to Join Flyers Hall of Fame '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lindros , John LeClair and Eric Desjardins to be inducted into the Flyers Hall of Fame '' . Philadelphia Flyers . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season - All Skaters - Career for Franchise - Career Points - NHL.com - Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season - Goalie - Goalie Career for Franchise - Career Wins - NHL.com - Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Flyers . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia%20Flyers
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when did the sat scores change from 1600 to 2400
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In 2005 , the test was changed again , largely in response to criticism by the University of California system . In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula , certain types of questions were eliminated : analogies from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section . A new writing section , with an essay , based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test , was added , in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores . Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student ; hence the essay . The essay section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score , which increased the new maximum score to 2400 . The `` New SAT '' was first offered on March 12 , 2005 , after the last administration of the `` old '' SAT in January 2005 . The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics . To emphasize the importance of reading , the verbal section 's name was changed to the Critical Reading section .
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March 12 , 2005
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SAT
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sat
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The SAT ( / ˌɛs eɪ ˈtiː / es - ay - TEE ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States . Introduced in 1926 , its name and scoring have changed several times ; originally called the Scholastic Aptitude Test , it was later called the Scholastic Assessment Test , then the SAT I : Reasoning Test , then the SAT Reasoning Test , and now , simply the SAT .
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The SAT is owned , developed , and published by the College Board , a private , non-profit organization in the United States . It is administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service , which until recently developed the SAT as well . The test is intended to assess students ' readiness for college . The SAT was originally designed to not be aligned with high school curricula , but several adjustments were made for the version of the SAT introduced in 2016 , and College Board president , David Coleman , has said that he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students learned in high school . On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced that a redesigned version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016 . The current SAT , introduced in 2016 , takes three hours to finish , plus 50 minutes for the SAT with essay , and as of 2017 costs US $45 ( US $57 with the optional essay ) , excluding late fees , with additional processing fees if the SAT is taken outside the United States . Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600 , combining test results from two 800 - point sections : mathematics , and critical reading and writing . Taking the SAT , or its competitor , the ACT , is required for freshman entry to many , but not all , colleges and universities in the United States . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 school year , the College Board also announced it would team up with Khan Academy , a free , online education site to provide SAT prep , free of charge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Structure 2.1 Reading Test 2.2 Writing and Language Test 2.3 Mathematics 2.3. 1 Calculator use 2.4 Style of questions 3 Logistics 4 Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles 5 SAT - ACT score comparisons 6 History 6.1 1901 essay exams 6.2 1926 test 6.3 1928 and 1929 tests 6.4 1930 test and 1936 changes 6.5 1941 and 1942 score scales 6.6 1946 test and associated changes 6.7 1960s and 1970s score declines 6.8 1994 changes 6.9 1995 recentering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) 6.10 1995 re-centering controversy 6.11 2002 changes -- Score Choice 6.12 2005 changes , including a new 2400 - point score 6.13 Scoring problems of October 2005 tests 6.14 2008 changes 6.15 2012 changes 6.16 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score 7 Name changes 8 Math -- verbal achievement gap 9 Reuse of old SAT exams 10 Perception 10.1 Association with culture 10.2 Association with family income 10.3 Association with gender 10.4 Association with race and ethnicity 10.5 Dropping SAT 10.6 IQ studies 10.7 Preparation 10.8 Use by high - IQ societies 10.9 Writing section 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Function ( edit ) Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal The SAT is typically taken by high school juniors and seniors . The College Board states that the SAT measures literacy , numeracy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college . They state that the SAT assesses how well the test takers analyze and solve problems -- skills they learned in school that they will need in college . However , the test is administered under a tight time limit ( speeded ) to help produce a range of scores . The College Board also states that use of the SAT in combination with high school grade point average ( GPA ) provides a better indicator of success in college than high school grades alone , as measured by college freshman GPA . Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a statistically significant increase in correlation of high school grades and college freshman grades when the SAT is factored in . A large independent validity study on the SAT 's ability to predict college freshman GPA was performed by the University of California . The results of this study found how well various predictor variables could explain the variance in college freshman GPA . It found that independently high school GPA could explain 15.4 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , SAT I ( the SAT Math and Verbal sections ) could explain 13.3 % of the variance in college freshman GPA , and SAT II ( also known as the SAT subject tests ; in the UC 's case specifically Writing , Mathematics IC or IIC , plus a third subject test of the student 's choice ) could explain 16 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT I were combined , they explained 20.8 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When high school GPA and the SAT II were combined , they explained 22.2 % of the variance in college freshman GPA . When SAT I was added to the combination of high school GPA and SAT II , it added a . 1 percentage point increase in explaining the variance in college freshman GPA for a total of 22.3 % . There are substantial differences in funding , curricula , grading , and difficulty among U.S. secondary schools due to U.S. federalism , local control , and the prevalence of private , distance , and home schooled students . SAT ( and ACT ) scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data -- such as course work , grades , and class rank -- in a national perspective . However , independent research has shown that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of high school type or quality . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2006 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . This map of the United States shows the states in which ( blue color ) more seniors in the class of 2017 took the SAT than the ACT , and the states in which ( red color ) more seniors took the ACT than the SAT . Historically , the SAT was more widely used by students living in coastal states and the ACT was more widely used by students in the Midwest and South ; in recent years , however , an increasing number of students on the East and West coasts have been taking the ACT . Since 2007 , all four - year colleges and universities in the United States that require a test as part of an application for admission will accept either the SAT or ACT , and over 950 four - year colleges and universities do not require any standardized test scores at all for admission . Structure ( edit ) The SAT has four sections : Reading , Writing and Language , Math ( no calculator ) , and Math ( calculator allowed ) . The test taker may optionally write an essay which , in that case , is the fifth test section . The total time for the scored portion of the SAT is three hours ( or three hours and fifty minutes if the optional essay section is taken ) . Some test takers who are not taking the essay may also have a fifth section which is used , at least in part , for the pretesting of questions that may appear on future administrations of the SAT . ( These questions are not included in the computation of the SAT score . ) Two section scores result from taking the SAT : Evidence - Based Reading and Writing , and Math . Section scores are reported on a scale of 200 to 800 , and each section score is a multiple of ten . A total score for the SAT is calculated by adding the two section scores , resulting in total scores that range from 400 to 1600 . There is no penalty for guessing on the SAT : scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly . In addition to the two section scores , three `` test '' scores on a scale of 10 to 40 are reported , one for each of Reading , Writing and Language , and Math . The essay , if taken , is scored separately from the two section scores . Reading test ( edit ) The Reading Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 52 questions and a time limit of 65 minutes . All questions are multiple - choice and based on reading passages . Tables , graphs , and charts may accompany some passages , but no math is required to correctly answer the corresponding questions . There are five passages ( up to two of which may be a pair of smaller passages ) on the Reading Test and 10 - 11 questions per passage or passage pair . SAT Reading passages draw from three main fields : history , social studies , and science . Each SAT Reading Test always includes : one passage from U.S. or world literature ; one passage from either a U.S. founding document or a related text ; one passage about economics , psychology , sociology , or another social science ; and , two science passages . Answers to all of the questions are based only on the content stated in or implied by the passage or passage pair . Writing and Language test ( edit ) The Writing and Language Test of the SAT is made up of one section with 44 multiple - choice questions and a time limit of 35 minutes . As with the Reading Test , all questions are based on reading passages which may be accompanied by tables , graphs , and charts . The test taker will be asked to read the passages , find mistakes or weaknesses in writing , and to provide corrections or improvements . Reading passages on this test range in content from topic arguments to nonfiction narratives in a variety of subjects . The skills being evaluated include : increasing the clarity of argument ; improving word choice ; improving analysis of topics in social studies and science ; changing sentence or word structure to increase organizational quality and impact of writing ; and , fixing or improving sentence structure , word usage , and punctuation . Mathematics ( edit ) An example of an SAT `` grid - in '' math question and the correctly gridded answer . The mathematics portion of the SAT is divided into two sections : Math Test -- Calculator and Math Test -- No Calculator . In total , the SAT math test is 80 minutes long and includes 58 questions : 45 multiple choice questions and 13 grid - in questions . The multiple choice questions have four possible answers ; the grid - in questions are free response and require the test taker to provide an answer . The Math Test -- No Calculator section has 20 questions ( 15 multiple choice and 5 grid - in ) and lasts 25 minutes . The Math Test -- Calculator section has 38 questions ( 30 multiple choice and 8 grid - in ) and lasts 55 minutes . Several scores are provided to the test taker for the math test . A subscore ( on a scale of 1 to 15 ) is reported for each of three categories of math content : `` Heart of Algebra '' ( linear equations , systems of linear equations , and linear functions ) , `` Problem Solving and Data Analysis '' ( statistics , modeling , and problem - solving skills ) , and `` Passport to Advanced Math '' ( non-linear expressions , radicals , exponentials and other topics that form the basis of more advanced math ) . A test score for the math test is reported on a scale of 10 to 40 , and a section score ( equal to the test score multiplied by 20 ) is reported on a scale of 200 to 800 . Calculator use ( edit ) All scientific and most graphing calculators , including Computer Algebra System ( CAS ) calculators , are permitted on the SAT Math -- Calculator section only . All four - function calculators are allowed as well ; however , these devices are not recommended . All mobile phone and smartphone calculators , calculators with typewriter - like ( QWERTY ) keyboards , laptops and other portable computers , and calculators capable of accessing the Internet are not permitted . Research was conducted by the College Board to study the effect of calculator use on SAT I : Reasoning Test math scores . The study found that performance on the math section was associated with the extent of calculator use : those using calculators on about one third to one half of the items averaged higher scores than those using calculators more or less frequently . However , the effect was `` more likely to have been the result of able students using calculators differently than less able students rather than calculator use per se . '' There is some evidence to suggest that the frequent use of a calculator in school outside of the testing situation has a positive effect on test performance compared to those who do not use calculators in school . Style of questions ( edit ) Most of the questions on the SAT , except for the optional essay and the grid - in math responses , are multiple choice ; all multiple - choice questions have four answer choices , one of which is correct . Thirteen of the questions on the math portion of the SAT ( about 22 % of all the math questions ) are not multiple choice . They instead require the test taker to bubble in a number in a four - column grid . All questions on each section of the SAT are weighted equally . For each correct answer , one raw point is added . No points are deducted for incorrect answers . The final score is derived from the raw score ; the precise conversion chart varies between test administrations . Section Average Score Time ( Minutes ) Content Mathematics 527 80 Number and operations ; algebra and functions ; geometry ; statistics , probability , and data analysis Evidence - Based Reading and Writing 533 100 Vocabulary , Critical reading , sentence - level reading , Grammar , usage , and diction . Logistics ( edit ) The SAT is offered seven times a year in the United States : in August , October , November , December , March , May , and June . The test is typically offered on the first Saturday of the month for the October , November , December , May , and June administrations . In other countries , the SAT is offered four times a year : in October , December , March , and May . The test was taken by 1,715,481 high school graduates in the class of 2017 . Candidates wishing to take the test may register online at the College Board 's website , by mail , or by telephone , at least three weeks before the test date . The SAT costs $45 ( $57 with the optional essay ) , plus additional fees if testing outside the United States ) as of 2017 . The College Board makes fee waivers available for low income students . Additional fees apply for late registration , standby testing , registration changes , scores by telephone , and extra score reports ( beyond the four provided for free ) . Candidates whose religious beliefs prevent them from taking the test on a Saturday may request to take the test on the following day , except for the October test date in which the Sunday test date is eight days after the main test offering . Such requests must be made at the time of registration and are subject to denial . Students with verifiable disabilities , including physical and learning disabilities , are eligible to take the SAT with accommodations . The standard time increase for students requiring additional time due to learning disabilities or physical handicaps is time + 50 % ; time + 100 % is also offered . Raw scores , scaled scores , and percentiles ( edit ) Students receive their online score reports approximately three weeks after test administration ( six weeks for mailed , paper scores ) , with each section graded on a scale of 200 -- 800 and two sub scores for the writing section : the essay score and the multiple choice sub score . In addition to their score , students receive their percentile ( the percentage of other test takers with lower scores ) . The raw score , or the number of points gained from correct answers and lost from incorrect answers is also included . Students may also receive , for an additional fee , the Question and Answer Service , which provides the student 's answer , the correct answer to each question , and online resources explaining each question . The corresponding percentile of each scaled score varies from test to test -- for example , in 2003 , a scaled score of 800 in both sections of the SAT Reasoning Test corresponded to a percentile of 99.9 , while a scaled score of 800 in the SAT Physics Test corresponded to the 94th percentile . The differences in what scores mean with regard to percentiles are due to the content of the exam and the caliber of students choosing to take each exam . Subject Tests are subject to intensive study ( often in the form of an AP , which is relatively more difficult ) , and only those who know they will perform well tend to take these tests , creating a skewed distribution of scores . The percentiles that various SAT scores for college - bound seniors correspond to are summarized in the following chart : Percentile Score , 1600 Scale ( official , 2006 ) Score , 2400 Scale ( official , 2006 ) 99.93 / 99.98 * 1600 2400 99 + * * ≥ 1540 ≥ 2280 99 ≥ 1480 ≥ 2200 98 ≥ 1450 ≥ 2140 97 ≥ 1420 ≥ 2100 93 ≥ 1340 ≥ 1990 88 ≥ 1280 ≥ 1900 81 ≥ 1220 ≥ 1800 72 ≥ 1150 ≥ 1700 61 ≥ 1090 ≥ 1600 48 ≥ 1010 ≥ 1500 36 ≥ 950 ≥ 1400 24 ≥ 870 ≥ 1300 15 ≥ 810 ≥ 1200 8 ≥ 730 ≥ 1090 ≥ 650 ≥ 990 ≥ 590 ≥ 890 * The percentile of the perfect score was 99.98 on the 2400 scale and 99.93 on the 1600 scale . * * 99 + means better than 99.5 percent of test takers . The older SAT ( before 1995 ) had a very high ceiling . In any given year , only seven of the million test - takers scored above 1580 . A score above 1580 was equivalent to the 99.9995 percentile . In 2015 the average score for the Class of 2015 was 1490 out of a maximum 2400 . That was down 7 points from the previous class 's mark and was the lowest composite score of the past decade . SAT - ACT score comparisons ( edit ) The College Board and ACT , Inc. conducted a joint study of students who took both the SAT and the ACT between September 2004 ( for the ACT ) or March 2005 ( for the SAT ) and June 2006 . Tables were provided to concord scores for students taking the SAT after January 2005 and before March 2016 . In May , 2016 , the College Board released concordance tables to concord scores on the SAT used from March 2005 through January 2016 to the SAT used since March 2016 , as well as tables to concord scores on the SAT used since March 2016 to the ACT . History ( edit ) Mean SAT Scores by year Year of exam Reading / Verbal Score Math Score 1972 530 509 1973 523 506 521 505 512 498 1976 509 497 1977 507 496 1978 507 494 1979 505 493 1980 502 492 1981 502 492 1982 504 493 503 494 1984 504 497 1985 509 500 1986 509 500 507 501 505 501 504 502 500 501 1991 499 500 500 501 500 503 499 504 1995 504 506 505 508 505 511 1998 505 512 1999 505 511 2000 505 514 506 514 2002 504 516 2003 507 519 508 518 2005 508 520 2006 503 518 2007 502 515 2008 502 515 2009 501 515 501 516 2011 497 514 2012 496 514 2013 496 514 2014 497 513 2015 495 511 2016 494 508 2017 533 527 Historical average SAT scores of college - bound seniors . Many college entrance exams in the early 1900s were specific to each school and required candidates to travel to the school to take the tests . The College Board , a consortium of colleges in the northeastern United States , was formed in 1900 to establish a nationally administered , uniform set of essay tests based on the curricula of the boarding schools that typically provided graduates to the colleges of the Ivy League and Seven Sisters , among others . In the same time period , Lewis Terman and others began to promote the use of tests such as Alfred Binet 's in American schools . Terman in particular thought that such tests could identify an innate `` intelligence quotient '' ( IQ ) in a person . The results of an IQ test could then be used to find an elite group of students who would be given the chance to finish high school and go on to college . By the mid-1920s , the increasing use of IQ tests , such as the Army Alpha test administered to recruits in World War I , led the College Board to commission the development of the SAT . The commission , headed by Carl Brigham , argued that the test predicted success in higher education by identifying candidates primarily on the basis of intellectual promise rather than on specific accomplishment in high school subjects . In 1934 , James Conant and Henry Chauncey used the SAT as a means to identify recipients for scholarships to Harvard University . Specifically , Conant wanted to find students , other than those from the traditional northeastern private schools , that could do well at Harvard . The success of the scholarship program and the advent of World War II led to the end of the College Board essay exams and to the SAT being used as the only admissions test for College Board member colleges . The SAT rose in prominence after World War II due to several factors . Machine - based scoring of multiple - choice tests taken by pencil had made it possible to rapidly process the exams . The G.I. Bill produced an influx of millions of veterans into higher education . The formation of the Educational Testing Service ( ETS ) also played a significant role in the expansion of the SAT beyond the roughly fifty colleges that made up the College Board at the time . The ETS was formed in 1947 by the College Board , Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , and the American Council on Education , to consolidate respectively the operations of the SAT , the GRE , and the achievement tests developed by Ben Wood for use with Conant 's scholarship exams . The new organization was to be philosophically grounded in the concepts of open - minded , scientific research in testing with no doctrine to sell and with an eye toward public service . The ETS was chartered after the death of Brigham , who had opposed the creation of such an entity . Brigham felt that the interests of a consolidated testing agency would be more aligned with sales or marketing than with research into the science of testing . It has been argued that the interest of the ETS in expanding the SAT in order to support its operations aligned with the desire of public college and university faculties to have smaller , diversified , and more academic student bodies as a means to increase research activities . In 1951 , about 80,000 SATs were taken ; in 1961 , about 800,000 ; and by 1971 , about 1.5 million SATs were being taken each year . A timeline of notable events in the history of the SAT follows . 1901 essay exams ( edit ) On June 17 , 1901 , the first exams of the College Board were administered to 973 students across 67 locations in the United States , and two in Europe . Although those taking the test came from a variety of backgrounds , approximately one third were from New York , New Jersey , or Pennsylvania . The majority of those taking the test were from private schools , academies , or endowed schools . About 60 % of those taking the test applied to Columbia University . The test contained sections on English , French , German , Latin , Greek , history , mathematics , chemistry , and physics . The test was not multiple choice , but instead was evaluated based on essay responses as `` excellent '' , `` good '' , `` doubtful '' , `` poor '' or `` very poor '' . 1926 test ( edit ) The first administration of the SAT occurred on June 23 , 1926 , when it was known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . This test , prepared by a committee headed by Princeton psychologist Carl Campbell Brigham , had sections of definitions , arithmetic , classification , artificial language , antonyms , number series , analogies , logical inference , and paragraph reading . It was administered to over 8,000 students at over 300 test centers . Men composed 60 % of the test - takers . Slightly over a quarter of males and females applied to Yale University and Smith College . The test was paced rather quickly , test - takers being given only a little over 90 minutes to answer 315 questions . The raw score of each participating student was converted to a score scale with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100 . This scale was effectively equivalent to a 200 to 800 scale , although students could score more than 800 and less than 200 . 1928 and 1929 tests ( edit ) In 1928 , the number of sections on the SAT was reduced to seven , and the time limit was increased to slightly under two hours . In 1929 , the number of sections was again reduced , this time to six . These changes were designed in part to give test - takers more time per question . For these two years , all of the sections tested verbal ability : math was eliminated entirely from the SAT . 1930 test and 1936 changes ( edit ) In 1930 the SAT was first split into the verbal and math sections , a structure that would continue through 2004 . The verbal section of the 1930 test covered a more narrow range of content than its predecessors , examining only antonyms , double definitions ( somewhat similar to sentence completions ) , and paragraph reading . In 1936 , analogies were re-added . Between 1936 and 1946 , students had between 80 and 115 minutes to answer 250 verbal questions ( over a third of which were on antonyms ) . The mathematics test introduced in 1930 contained 100 free response questions to be answered in 80 minutes , and focused primarily on speed . From 1936 to 1941 , like the 1928 and 1929 tests , the mathematics section was eliminated entirely . When the mathematics portion of the test was re-added in 1942 , it consisted of multiple choice questions . 1941 and 1942 score Scales ( edit ) Until 1941 , the scores on all SATs had been scaled to a mean of 500 with a standard deviation of 100 . Although one test - taker could be compared to another for a given test date , comparisons from one year to another could not be made . For example , a score of 500 achieved on an SAT taken in one year could reflect a different ability level than a score of 500 achieved in another year . By 1940 , it had become clear that setting the mean SAT score to 500 every year was unfair to those students who happened to take the SAT with a group of higher average ability . In order to make cross-year score comparisons possible , in April 1941 the SAT verbal section was scaled to a mean of 500 , and a standard deviation of 100 , and the June 1941 SAT verbal section was equated ( linked ) to the April 1941 test . All SAT verbal sections after 1941 were equated to previous tests so that the same scores on different SATs would be comparable . Similarly , in June 1942 the SAT math section was equated to the April 1942 math section , which itself was linked to the 1942 SAT verbal section , and all SAT math sections after 1942 would be equated to previous tests . From this point forward , SAT mean scores could change over time , depending on the average ability of the group taking the test compared to the roughly 10,600 students taking the SAT in April 1941 . The 1941 and 1942 score scales would remain in use until 1995 . 1946 test and associated changes ( edit ) Paragraph reading was eliminated from the verbal portion of the SAT in 1946 , and replaced with reading comprehension , and `` double definition '' questions were replaced with sentence completions . Between 1946 and 1957 students were given 90 to 100 minutes to complete 107 to 170 verbal questions . Starting in 1958 time limits became more stable , and for 17 years , until 1975 , students had 75 minutes to answer 90 questions . In 1959 questions on data sufficiency were introduced to the mathematics section , and then replaced with quantitative comparisons in 1974 . In 1974 both verbal and math sections were reduced from 75 minutes to 60 minutes each , with changes in test composition compensating for the decreased time . 1960s and 1970s score declines ( edit ) From 1926 to 1941 , scores on the SAT were scaled to make 500 the mean score on each section . In 1941 and 1942 , SAT scores were standardized via test equating , and as a consequence , average verbal and math scores could vary from that time forward . In 1952 , mean verbal and math scores were 476 and 494 , respectively , and scores were generally stable in the 1950s and early 1960s . However , starting in the mid-1960s and continuing until the early 1980s , SAT scores declined : the average verbal score dropped by about 50 points , and the average math score fell by about 30 points . By the late 1970s , only the upper third of test takers were doing as well as the upper half of those taking the SAT in 1963 . From 1961 to 1977 , the number of SATs taken per year doubled , suggesting that the decline could be explained by demographic changes in the group of students taking the SAT . Commissioned by the College Board , an independent study of the decline found that most ( up to about 75 % ) of the test decline in the 1960s could be explained by compositional changes in the group of students taking the test ; however , only about 25 percent of the 1970s decrease in test scores could similarly be explained . Later analyses suggested that up to 40 percent of the 1970s decline in scores could be explained by demographic changes , leaving unknown at least some of the reasons for the decline . 1994 changes ( edit ) In early 1994 , substantial changes were made to the SAT . Antonyms were removed from the verbal section in order to make rote memorization of vocabulary less useful . Also , the fraction of verbal questions devoted to passage - based reading material was increased from about 30 % to about 50 % , and the passages were chosen to be more like typical college - level reading material , compared to previous SAT reading passages . The changes for increased emphasis on analytical reading were made in response to a 1990 report issued by a commission established by the College Board . The commission recommended that the SAT should , among other things , `` approximate more closely the skills used in college and high school work '' . A mandatory essay had been considered as well for the new version of the SAT ; however , criticism from minority groups as well as a concomitant increase in the cost of the test necessary to grade the essay led the College Board to drop it from the planned changes . Major changes were also made to the SAT mathematics section at this time , due in part to the influence of suggestions made by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . Test - takers were now permitted to use calculators on the math sections of the SAT . Also , for the first time since 1935 , the SAT would now include some math questions that were not multiple choice , instead requiring students to supply the answers . Additionally , some of these `` student - produced response '' questions could have more than one correct answer . The tested mathematics content on the SAT was expanded to include concepts of slope of a line , probability , elementary statistics including median and mode , and counting problems . 1995 re-centering ( raising mean score back to 500 ) ( edit ) By the early 1990s , average total SAT scores were around 900 ( typically , 425 on the verbal and 475 on the math ) . The average scores on the 1994 modification of the SAT I were similar : 428 on the verbal and 482 on the math . SAT scores for admitted applicants to highly selective colleges in the United States were typically much higher . For example , the score ranges of the middle 50 % of admitted applicants to Princeton University in 1985 were 600 to 720 ( verbal ) and 660 to 750 ( math ) . Similarly , median scores on the modified 1994 SAT for freshmen entering Yale University in the fall of 1995 were 670 ( verbal ) and 720 ( math ) . For the majority of SAT takers , however , verbal and math scores were below 500 : In 1992 , half of the college - bound seniors taking the SAT were scoring between 340 and 500 on the verbal section and between 380 and 560 on the math section , with corresponding median scores of 420 and 470 , respectively . The drop in SAT verbal scores , in particular , meant that the usefulness of the SAT score scale ( 200 to 800 ) had become degraded . At the top end of the verbal scale , significant gaps were occurring between raw scores and uncorrected scaled scores : a perfect raw score no longer corresponded to an 800 , and a single omission out of 85 questions could lead to a drop of 30 or 40 points in the scaled score . Corrections to scores above 700 had been necessary to reduce the size of the gaps and to make a perfect raw score result in an 800 . At the other end of the scale , about 1.5 percent of test takers would have scored below 200 on the verbal section if that had not been the reported minimum score . Although the math score averages were closer to the center of the scale ( 500 ) than the verbal scores , the distribution of math scores was no longer well approximated by a normal distribution . These problems , among others , suggested that the original score scale and its reference group of about 10,000 students taking the SAT in 1941 needed to be replaced . Beginning with the test administered in April 1995 , the SAT score scale was recentered to return the average math and verbal scores close to 500 . Although only 25 students had received perfect scores of 1600 in all of 1994 , 137 students taking the April test scored a 1600 . The new scale used a reference group of about one million seniors in the class of 1990 : the scale was designed so that the SAT scores of this cohort would have a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 110 . Because the new scale would not be directly comparable to the old scale , scores awarded on April 1995 and later were officially reported with an `` R '' ( for example , `` 560R '' ) to reflect the change in scale , a practice that was continued until 2001 . Scores awarded before April 1995 may be compared to those on the recentered scale by using official College Board tables . For example , verbal and math scores of 500 received before 1995 correspond to scores of 580 and 520 , respectively , on the 1995 scale . 1995 re-centering controversy ( edit ) Certain educational organizations viewed the SAT re-centering initiative as an attempt to stave off international embarrassment in regards to continuously declining test scores , even among top students . As evidence , it was presented that the number of pupils who scored above 600 on the verbal portion of the test had fallen from a peak of 112,530 in 1972 to 73,080 in 1993 , a 36 % backslide , despite the fact that the total number of test - takers had risen over 500,000 . Other authors have argued that the evidence for a decline in student quality is mixed , citing that top scorers on the ACT have shown little change in the same period , and that the proportion of 17 - year - olds scoring at the highest performance level on the NAEP long - term trend assessment has been roughly stable for decades . 2002 changes -- score choice ( edit ) In October 2002 , the College Board dropped the Score Choice Option for SAT - II exams . Under this option , scores were not released to colleges until the student saw and approved of the score . The College Board has since decided to re-implement Score Choice in the spring of 2009 . It is described as optional , and it is not clear if the reports sent will indicate whether or not this student has opted - in or not . A number of highly selective colleges and universities , including Yale , the University of Pennsylvania , and Stanford , have announced they will require applicants to submit all scores . Stanford , however , only prohibits Score Choice for the traditional SAT . Others , such as MIT and Harvard , have fully embraced Score Choice . 2005 changes , including a New 2400 - point score ( edit ) In 2005 , the test was changed again , largely in response to criticism by the University of California system . In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula , certain types of questions were eliminated : analogies from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section . A new writing section , with an essay , based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test , was added , in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores . Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student ; hence the essay . The essay section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score , which increased the new maximum score to 2400 . The `` New SAT '' was first offered on March 12 , 2005 , after the last administration of the `` old '' SAT in January 2005 . The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics . To emphasize the importance of reading , the verbal section 's name was changed to the Critical Reading section . Scoring problems of October 2005 tests ( edit ) In March 2006 , it was announced that a small percentage of the SATs taken in October 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers ' being moist and not scanning properly , and that some students had received erroneous scores . The College Board announced they would change the scores for the students who were given a lower score than they earned , but at this point many of those students had already applied to colleges using their original scores . The College Board decided not to change the scores for the students who were given a higher score than they earned . A lawsuit was filed in 2006 on behalf of the 4,411 students who received an incorrect score on the SAT . The class - action suit was settled in August 2007 when the College Board and Pearson Educational Measurement , the company that scored the SATs , announced they would pay $2.85 million into a settlement fund . Under the agreement each student could either elect to receive $275 or submit a claim for more money if he or she felt the damage was greater . A similar scoring error occurred on a secondary school admission test in 2010 -- 2011 when the ERB ( Educational Records Bureau ) announced after the admission process was over that an error had been made in the scoring of the tests of 2010 ( 17 % ) of the students who had taken the Independent School Entrance Examination for admission to private secondary schools for 2011 . Commenting on the effect of the error on students ' school applications in The New York Times , David Clune , President of the ERB stated `` It is a lesson we all learn at some point -- that life is n't fair . '' 2008 changes ( edit ) In late 2008 , a new variable came into play . Previously , applicants to most colleges were required to submit all scores , with some colleges that embraced Score Choice retaining the option of allowing their applicants not to have to submit all scores . However , in 2008 , an initiative to make Score Choice universal had begun , with some opposition from colleges desiring to maintain score report practices . While students theoretically now have the choice to submit their best score ( in theory one could send any score one wishes to send ) to the college of their choice , some colleges and universities , such as Cornell , ask that students send all test scores . This had led the College Board to display on their web site which colleges agree with or dislike Score Choice , with continued claims that students will still never have scores submitted against their will . Regardless of whether a given college permits applicants to exercise Score Choice options , most colleges do not penalize students who report poor scores along with high ones ; many universities , such as Columbia and Cornell , expressly promise to overlook those scores that may be undesirable to the student and / or to focus more on those scores that are most representative of the student 's achievement and academic potential . College Board maintains a list of colleges and their respective score choice policies that is recent as of November 2011 . 2012 changes ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , test takers were required to submit a current , recognizable photo during registration . Students are required to present their photo admission ticket -- or another acceptable form of photo ID -- for admittance to their designated test center . Student scores and registration information , including the photo provided , are made available to the student 's high school . In the event of an investigation involving the validity of a student 's test scores , their photo may be made available to institutions to which they have sent scores . Any college that is granted access to a student 's photo is first required to certify that they are all admitted students . 2016 changes , including the return to a 1600 - point score ( edit ) On March 5 , 2014 , the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom . The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016 . Some of the major changes are : an emphasis on the use of evidence to support answers , a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career , a math section that is focused on fewer areas , a return to the 1600 - point score scale , an optional essay , and the removal of penalty for wrong answers ( rights - only scoring ) . To combat the perceived advantage of costly test preparation courses , the College Board announced a new partnership with Khan Academy to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos . Name changes ( edit ) The SAT has been renamed several times since its introduction in 1926 . It was originally known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test . In 1990 , a commission set up by the College Board to review the proposed changes to the SAT program recommended that the meaning of the initialism SAT be changed to `` Scholastic Assessment Test '' because a `` test that integrates measures of achievement as well as developed ability can no longer be accurately described as a test of aptitude '' . In 1993 , the College Board changed the name of the test to SAT I : Reasoning Test ; at the same time , the name of the Achievement Tests was changed to SAT II : Subject Tests . The Reasoning Test and Subject Tests were to be collectively known as the Scholastic Assessment Tests . According to the president of the College Board at the time , the name change was meant `` to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction . '' The new SAT debuted in March 1994 , and was referred to as the Scholastic Assessment Test by major news organizations . However , in 1997 , the College Board announced that the SAT could not properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test , and that the letters SAT did not stand for anything . In 2004 , the Roman numeral in SAT I : Reasoning Test was dropped , making SAT Reasoning Test the new name of the SAT . Math -- verbal achievement gap ( edit ) Main article : Math -- verbal achievement gap In 2002 , Richard Rothstein ( education scholar and columnist ) wrote in The New York Times that the U.S. math averages on the SAT and ACT continued their decade - long rise over national verbal averages on the tests . Reuse of old SAT exams ( edit ) The College Board has been accused of completely reusing old SAT papers previously given in the United States . The recycling of questions from previous exams has been exploited to allow for cheating on exams and impugned the validity of some students ' test scores , according to college officials . Test preparation companies in Asia have been found to provide test questions to students within hours of a new SAT exam 's administration . Perception ( edit ) Association with culture ( edit ) For decades many critics have accused designers of the verbal SAT of cultural bias as an explanation for the disparity in scores between poorer and wealthier test - takers . A famous ( and long past ) example of this bias in the SAT I was the oarsman -- regatta analogy question . The object of the question was to find the pair of terms that had the relationship most similar to the relationship between `` runner '' and `` marathon '' . The correct answer was `` oarsman '' and `` regatta '' . The choice of the correct answer was thought to have presupposed students ' familiarity with rowing , a sport popular with the wealthy . However , according to Murray and Herrnstein , the black - white gap is smaller in culture - loaded questions like this one than in questions that appear to be culturally neutral . Analogy questions have since been replaced by short reading passages . Association with family income ( edit ) A report from The New York Times stated that family income can explain about 95 % of the variance in SAT scores . In response , Lisa Wade , contributor at the website The Society Pages , commented that those with higher family income , `` tend to have better teachers , more resource - rich educational environments , more educated parents who can help them with school and , sometimes , expensive SAT tutoring . '' However , University of California system research found that after controlling for family income and parental education , the already low ability of the SAT to measure aptitude and college readiness fell sharply while the more substantial aptitude and college readiness measuring abilities of high school GPA and the SAT II each remained undiminished ( and even slightly increased ) . The University of California system required both the SAT and the SAT II from applicants to the UC system during the four years included in the study . They further found that , after controlling for family income and parental education , the so - called achievement tests known as the SAT II measure aptitude and college readiness 10 times higher than the SAT . As with racial bias , correlation with income could also be due to the social class of the makers of the test , although according to the authors of The Bell Curve , empirical research suggests that poorer students actually perform worse on questions the authors believed to be `` neutral '' compared to the ones they termed as `` privileged . '' Association with gender ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) The largest association with gender on the SAT is found in the math section , where male students , on average , score higher than female students by approximately 30 points . In 2013 , the American College Testing Board released a report stating that boys outperformed girls on the mathematics section of the test . Association with race and ethnicity ( edit ) African American , Hispanic , and Native American students , on average , perform an order of one standard deviation lower on the SAT than white and Asian students . Researchers believe that the difference in scores is closely related to the overall achievement gap in American society between students of different racial groups . This gap may be explainable in part by the fact that students of disadvantaged racial groups tend to go to schools that provide lower educational quality . This view is supported by evidence that the black - white gap is higher in cities and neighborhoods that are more racially segregated . It has also been suggested that stereotype threat has a significant effect on lowering achievement of minority students . For example , African Americans perform worse on a test when they are told that the test measures `` verbal reasoning ability '' , than when no mention of the test subject is made . Other research cites poorer minority proficiency in key coursework relevant to the SAT ( English and math ) , as well as peer pressure against students who try to focus on their schoolwork ( `` acting white '' ) . Cultural issues are also evident among black students in wealthier households , with high achieving parents . John Ogbu , a Nigerian - American professor of anthropology , found that instead of looking to their parents as role models , black youth chose other models like rappers and did not put forth the effort to be a good student . However , they felt that racism was wrong . One set of studies has reported differential item functioning -- namely , some test questions function differently based on the racial group of the test taker , reflecting some kind of systematic difference in a groups ability to understand certain test questions or to acquire the knowledge required to answer them . In 2003 Freedle published data showing that Black students have had a slight advantage on the verbal questions that are labeled as difficult on the SAT , whereas white and Asian students tended to have a slight advantage on questions labeled as easy . Freedle argued that these findings suggest that `` easy '' test items use vocabulary that is easier to understand for white middle class students than for minorities , who often use a different language in the home environment , whereas the difficult items use complex language learned only through lectures and textbooks , giving both student groups equal opportunities to acquiring it . The study was severely criticized by the ETS board , but the findings were replicated in a subsequent study by Santelices and Wilson in 2010 . There is no evidence that SAT scores systematically underestimate future performance of minority students . However , the predictive validity of the SAT has been shown to depend on the dominant ethnic and racial composition of the college . Some studies have also shown that African American students under - perform in college relative to their white peers with the same SAT scores ; researchers have argued that this is likely because white students tend to benefit from social advantages outside of the educational environment ( for example , high parental involvement in their education , inclusion in campus academic activities , positive bias from same - race teachers and peers ) which result in better grades . Christopher Jencks concludes that as a group African Americans have been harmed by the introduction of standardized entrance exams such as the SAT . This , according to him , is not because the tests themselves are flawed , but because of labeling bias and selection bias ; the tests measure the skills that African Americans are less likely to develop in their socialization , rather than the skills they are more likely to develop . Furthermore , standardized entrance exams are often labeled as tests of general ability , rather than of certain aspects of ability . Thus , a situation is produced in which African American ability is consistently underestimated within the education and workplace environments , contributing in turn to selection bias against them which exacerbates underachievement . Dropping SAT ( edit ) A growing number of colleges have joined the SAT optional movement . These colleges do not require the SAT for admission . One example of a college that did this is Drew University in New Jersey . After they adopted an optional SAT policy , they had a 20 % increase in applications . Dean of Admissions Mary Beth Carey says that `` Our own research showed us that high school grade point average is by far the most important predictor of success in college . '' The college reported that they accepted their most diverse class ever as a result of the policy . In a 2001 speech to the American Council on Education , Richard C. Atkinson , the president of the University of California , urged dropping the SAT as a college admissions requirement : Anyone involved in education should be concerned about how overemphasis on the SAT is distorting educational priorities and practices , how the test is perceived by many as unfair , and how it can have a devastating impact on the self - esteem and aspirations of young students . There is widespread agreement that overemphasis on the SAT harms American education . In response to threats by the University of California to drop the SAT as an admission requirement , the College Entrance Examination Board announced the restructuring of the SAT , to take effect in March 2005 , as detailed above . In the 1960s and 1970s there was a movement to drop achievement scores . After a period of time , the countries , states and provinces that reintroduced them agreed that academic standards had dropped , students had studied less , and had taken their studying less seriously . They reintroduced the tests after studies and research concluded that the high - stakes tests produced benefits that outweighed the costs . IQ studies ( edit ) Frey and Detterman ( 2003 ) investigated associations of SAT scores with intelligence test scores . Using an estimate of general mental ability , or g , based on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery , which can be best thought of as representing crystallized intelligence ( learned abilities ) , they found SAT scores to be highly correlated with g ( r =. 82 in their sample , . 857 when adjusted for non-linearity ) in their sample taken from a 1979 national probability survey . Additionally , they investigated the correlation between SAT results , using the revised and recentered form of the test , and scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices , a test of fluid intelligence ( reasoning ) , this time using a non-random sample . They found that the correlation of SAT results with scores on the Raven 's Advanced Progressive Matrices was . 483 . They estimated that this latter correlation would have been about 0.72 were it not for the restriction of ability range in the sample . They also noted that there appeared to be a ceiling effect on the Raven 's scores which may have suppressed the correlation . Beaujean and colleagues ( 2006 ) have reached similar conclusions to those reached by Frey and Detterman . Preparation ( edit ) SAT preparation is a highly lucrative field . The field was pioneered by Stanley Kaplan , whose SAT preparation course began in 1946 as a 64 - hour course . Many companies and organizations offer test preparation in the form of books , classes , online courses , and tutoring . The test preparation industry began almost simultaneously with the introduction of university entrance exams in the U.S. and flourished from the start . The College Board maintains that the SAT is essentially uncoachable and research by the College Board and the National Association of College Admission Counseling suggests that tutoring courses result in an average increase of about 20 points on the math section and 10 points on the verbal section . Other studies have shown significantly different results . A longitudinal study from Ohio State showed that taking private SAT prep classes correlated with scores higher by ~ 60 points . A study from Oxford showed that coaching courses boosted scores by an average of 56 points . Montgomery and Lilly ( 2012 ) performed a systematic literature review of all published SAT coaching research in search of high quality studies ( defined as those with randomized controlled trials ) . They found that the randomized treatments resulted in V / M gains of + 23 / 32 points for a total of + 56 ; the high quality study that showed the highest score increase was Johnson ( 1984 ; San Francisco ) which was based on a 30 - hour prep course that showed an average increase of 178 points . The Johnson San Francisco study was also the only high quality study found on a prep course of 30 hours or more in length , although validity of this outlier study is uncertain due to the attrition of half the participants . Use by high - IQ societies ( edit ) Certain high IQ societies , like Mensa , the Prometheus Society and the Triple Nine Society , use scores from certain years as one of their admission tests . For instance , the Triple Nine Society accepts scores of 1450 on tests taken before April 1995 , and scores of at least 1520 on tests taken between April 1995 and February 2005 . The SAT is sometimes given to students younger than 13 by organizations such as the Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth , Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth , Duke TIP , and other organizations who use the results to select , study and mentor students of exceptional ability . Writing section ( edit ) In 2005 , MIT Writing Director Pavan Sreekireddy plotted essay length versus essay score on the new SAT from released essays and found a high correlation between them . After studying over 50 graded essays , he found that longer essays consistently produced higher scores . In fact , he argues that by simply gauging the length of an essay without reading it , the given score of an essay could likely be determined correctly over 90 % of the time . He also discovered that several of these essays were full of factual errors ; the College Board does not claim to grade for factual accuracy . Perelman , along with the National Council of Teachers of English also criticized the 25 - minute writing section of the test for damaging standards of writing teaching in the classroom . They say that writing teachers training their students for the SAT will not focus on revision , depth , accuracy , but will instead produce long , formulaic , and wordy pieces . `` You 're getting teachers to train students to be bad writers '' , concluded Perelman . See also ( edit ) ACT ( test ) , a college entrance exam , competitor to the SAT College admissions in the United States List of admissions tests PSAT / NMSQT SAT Subject Tests References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fees And Costs '' . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About ETS '' . ETS . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Massive ' breach exposes hundreds of questions for upcoming SAT exams '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baird , Katherine ( 2012 ) . Trapped in Mediocrity : Why Our Schools Are n't World - Class and What We Can Do About It . Lanham : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . `` And a separate process that began in 1926 was complete by 1942 : the much easier SAT -- a test not aligned to any particular curriculum and thus better suited to a nation where high school students did not take a common curriculum -- replaced the old college boards as the nations 's college entrance exam . This broke the once tight link between academic coursework and college admission , a break that remains to this day . '' Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . He said he also wanted to make the test reflect more closely what students did in high school ^ Jump up to : Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT Registration Fees '' . College Board . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy , Lynn ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Other Side of ' Test Optional ' '' . The New York Times . p. 6 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Balf , Todd ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) . `` The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Registration '' . College Board . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . `` Most students take the SAT spring of junior year or fall of senior year . '' Jump up ^ Atkinson , Richard ; Geiser , Saul ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Problem With the New SAT '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 01 - 249. RD. ResNoteRN - 10 collegeboard.com '' ( PDF ) . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Geiser , Saul ; Studley , Roger ( October 29 , 2001 ) , UC and the SAT : Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California ( PDF ) , University of California , Office of the President . Jump up ^ Korbin , L. ( 2006 ) . SAT Program Handbook . A Comprehensive Guide to the SAT Program for School Counselors and Admissions Officers , 1 , 33 + . Retrieved January 24 , 2006 , from College Board Preparation Database . Jump up ^ Atkinson , R.C. ; Geiser , S. ( 2009 ) . `` Reflections on a Century of College Admissions Tests '' . Educational Researcher. 38 ( 9 ) : 665 -- 676 . doi : 10.3102 / 0013189x09351981 . Jump up ^ Honawar , Vaishali ; Klein , Alyson ( August 30 , 2006 ) . `` ACT Scores Improve ; More on East Coast Taking the SAT 's Rival '' . Education Week . Jump up ^ Slatalla , Michelle ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` ACT vs. SAT '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Colleges and Universities That Do Not Use SAT / ACT Scores for Admitting Substantial Numbers of Students Into Bachelor Degree Programs '' . fairtest.org . The National Center for Fair & Open Testing . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marklein , Mary Beth ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` All four - year U.S. colleges now accept ACT test '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` The SAT and SAT Subject Tests Educator Guide '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Reading Test '' . College Board . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Writing and Language Test '' . College Board . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Math Test '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Score Structure -- SAT Suite of Assessments '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PSAT / NMSQT Understanding Scores 2015 -- SAT Suite of Assessments '' ( PDF ) . The College Board . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Study Guide for Students -- SAT Suite of Assessments '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Calculator Policy '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scheuneman , Janice ; Camara , Wayne . `` Calculator Use and the SAT I Math '' . The College Board . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Should graphing calculators be allowed on important tests ? '' ( PDF ) . Texas Instruments . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The SAT Math Test '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College Board Test Tips '' . College Board . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Dates And Deadlines '' . College Board . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAT International Registration '' . College Board . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My SAT : Help '' . collegeboard.com . Jump up ^ `` SAT Percentile Ranks for Males , Females , and Total Group : 2006 College - Bound Seniors -- Critical Reading + Mathematics '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SAT Percentile Ranks for Males , Females , and Total Group : 2006 College - Bound Seniors -- Critical Reading + Mathematics + Writing '' ( PDF ) . College Board . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Membership Committee ( 1999 ) . `` 1998 / 99 Membership Committee Report '' . Prometheus Society . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nick SAT scores at lowest level in 10 years , fueling worries about high schools Washington Post . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` ACT and SAT ® Concordance Tables '' ( PDF ) . Research Note 40 . College Board . Retrieved 18 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACT - SAT Concordance Tables '' ( PDF ) . ACT , Inc . Retrieved 18 Mar 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Higher Education Concordance Information '' . College Board . Retrieved 18 Mar 2017 . 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Retrieved October 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dorans , Neil . `` The Recentering of SAT ® Scales and Its Effects on Score Distributions and Score Interpretations '' ( PDF ) . Research Report No. 2002 - 11 . College Board . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donlon , Thomas ; Angoff , William ( 1971 ) . Angoff , William , ed . The College Board Admissions Testing Program : A Technical Report on Research and Development Activities Relating to the Scholastic Aptitude Test and Achievement Tests . New York : College Entrance Examination Board . pp. 32 -- 33 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Available at the Education Resources Information Center . Jump up ^ Stedman , Lawrence ; Kaestle , Carl ( 1991 ) . `` The Great Test Score Decline : A Closer Look '' . In Kaestle , Carl . Literacy in the United States . Yale University Press . p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Honan , William ( March 20 , 1994 ) . `` Revised and Renamed , S.A.T. Brings Same Old Anxiety '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( November 1 , 1990 ) . `` Revisions Adopted in College Entrance Tests '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Assessment Test Score Averages for High - School College - Bound Seniors '' . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The College Handbook , 1985 -- 86 . New York : College Entrance Examination Board . 1985 . p. 953 . Jump up ^ `` Yale University Scholastic Assessment Test ( SAT ) Scores for Freshmen Matriculants Class of 1980 -- Class of 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College - Bound Seniors : 1992 Profile of SAT and Achievement Test Takers '' . College Entrance Examination Board . 1992 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Available at the Education Resources Information Center . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( July 26 , 1995 ) . `` When Close Is Perfect : Even 4 Errors Ca n't Prevent Top Score on New S.A.T. '' The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ Lewin , Tamar ( June 23 , 2002 ) . `` New SAT Writing Test Is Planned '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the New SAT '' . Inside Higher Ed . 25 May 2005 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arenson , Karen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` SAT Errors Raise New Qualms About Testing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Arenson , Karen ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Class - Action Lawsuit to Be Filed Over SAT Scoring Errors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hoover , Eric ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` $2.85 - Million Settlement Proposed in Lawsuit Over SAT - Scoring Errors '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maslin Nir , Sarah ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` 7,000 Private School Applicants Got Incorrect Scores , Company Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cornell Rejects SAT Score Choice Option '' . The Cornell Daily Sun . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Universities Requesting All Scores '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://professionals.collegeboard.com/profdownload/sat-score-use-practices-list.pdf Jump up ^ `` Test Security and Fairness '' . The College Board . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New , Reading - Heavy SAT Has Students Worried '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SAT FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions '' . College Board . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Commission on New Possibilities for the Admissions Testing Program ( 1990 ) . Beyond Prediction . College Entrance Examination Board . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Pitsch , Mark ( November 7 , 1990 ) . `` S.A.T. Revisions Will Be Included In Spring ' 94 Test '' . Education Week . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ( March 27 , 1993 ) . `` SAT Changes Name , But It Wo n't Score 1,600 With Critics '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ( May 5 , 1995 ) . `` Perfectly Happy With Her SAT ; D.C. Junior Aces Scholastic Assessment Test With a 1,600 '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( April 2 , 1997 ) . `` Insisting It 's Nothing , Creator Says SAT , Not S.A.T. '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Richard ( August 28 , 2002 ) . `` Sums vs. Summarizing : SAT 's Math - Verbal Gap '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Pope , Justin . `` Old SAT Exams Get Reused '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Renee Dudley ; Steve Stecklow ; Alexandra Harney ; Irene Jay Liu ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` As SAT was hit by security breaches , College Board went ahead with tests that had leaked '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Renee Dudley ; Steve Stecklow ; Alexandra Harney ; Irene Jay Liu ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` How Asian test - prep companies quickly penetrated the new SAT '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Zwick , Rebecca ( 2004 ) . Rethinking the SAT : The Future of Standardized Testing in University Admissions . New York : RoutledgeFalmer . pp. 203 -- 204 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94835 - 5 . Jump up ^ Herrnstein , Richard Ol ; Murray , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life . New York : Free Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 914673 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rampell , Catherine ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` SAT Scores and Family Income '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade , L ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` The Correlation Between Income and SAT Scores '' . The Society Pages . Jump up ^ Geiser , Saul ; Studley , Roger ( October 29 , 2001 ) , UC and the SAT : Predictive Validity and Differential Impact of the SAT I ad SAT II at the University of California ( PDF ) , University of California , Office of the President . Jump up ^ Herrnstein , Richard Ol ; Murray , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Bell Curve : Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life . New York : Free Press . pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( 29 August 2001 ) . `` SAT 's Gender Gap Widening '' . Jump up ^ Cummins , Denise ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Boys outperform girls on mathematic portion '' . psychology today . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Minorities : Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 Jump up ^ `` Average SAT scores for 12th - grade SAT - taking population , by race / ethnicity : 2006 '' . Institute of Educational Sciences . The College Board , College Bound Seniors , 2006 . 2006 . Jump up ^ Abigail Thernstrom & Stephan Thernstrom. 2004 . No Excuses : Closing the Racial Gap in Learning . Simon and Schuster Jump up ^ Jaschik , S ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on the SAT '' . Inside Higher ED . Jump up ^ Card , D. ; Rothstein , Ol ( 2007 ) . `` Racial segregation and the black -- white test score gap '' . Journal of Public Economics . 91 ( 11 ) : 2158 -- 2184 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpubeco. 2007.03. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Jencks , C. ( 1998 ) . Racial bias in testing . The Black - White test score gap , 55 , 84 . Jump up ^ `` The Widening Racial Scoring Gap on the SAT College Admissions Test '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ogbu , John U. ( 3 January 2003 ) . Black American Students in An Affluent Suburb : A Study of Academic Disengagement ( Sociocultural , Political , and Historical Studies in Education ) . New York : Routledge . pp. 16 , 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 4516 - 7 . Jump up ^ Freedle , R.O. ( 2003 ) . `` Correcting the SAT 's ethnic and social - class bias : A method for reestimating SAT Scores '' . Harvard Educational Review . 73 : 1 -- 38 . doi : 10.17763 / haer. 73.1. 8465k88616hn4757 . Jump up ^ Crain , W ( 2004 ) . `` Biased test '' . ENCOUNTER : Education for meaning and social justice . 17 ( 3 ) : 2 -- 4 . Jump up ^ http://files.campus.edublogs.org/blogs.leeward.hawaii.edu/dist/c/124/files/2011/10/BiasedTests-ths23o.pdf Jump up ^ `` New Evidence of Racial Bias on SAT '' . insidehighered.com . Jump up ^ Santelices , M.V. ; Wilson , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Unfair treatment ? The case of Freedle , the SAT , and the standardization approach to differential item functioning '' . Harvard Educational Review . 80 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 134 . doi : 10.17763 / haer. 80.1. j94675w001329270 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Ol ( 2002 ) . Who will succeed in college ? When the SAT predicts Black students ' performance . The Review of Higher Education , 25 ( 3 ) , 281 - 296 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Marilyn ( December 2007 ) . `` Colleges Making SAT Optional as Admissions Requirement '' . Education Digest . 73 ( 4 ) : 35 -- 39 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Achievement Versus Aptitude Tests in College Admissions '' . Jump up ^ Phelps , Richard ( 2003 ) . Kill the Messenger . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 7658 - 0178 - 7 . Jump up ^ Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Jump up ^ Beaujean , A.A. ; Firmin , M.W. ; Knoop , A. Ol ; Michonski , Ol D. ; Berry , T.B. ; Lowrie , R.E. ( 2006 ) . `` Validation of the Frey and Detterman ( 2004 ) IQ prediction equations using the Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales '' ( PDF ) . Personality and Individual Differences. 41 : 353 -- 357 . doi : 10.1016 / Olpaid. 2006.01. 014 ( inactive 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . Jump up ^ Research and Markets ltd. `` 2009 Worldwide Exam Preparation & Tutoring Industry Report '' . researchandmarkets.com . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Stanley ( 2001 ) . Test Pilot : How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 30 -- 33 . ISBN 074320168X . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Paul ; Lilly , Jane ( 2012 ) . `` Systematic Reviews of the Effects of Preparatory Courses on University Entrance Examinations in High School - Age Students '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Social Welfare. 21 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2397.2011. 00812. x . Jump up ^ Allen Grove . `` SAT Prep -- Are SAT Prep Courses Worth the Cost ? '' . About.com Education . Jump up ^ Jeff Grabmeier ( August 7 , 2006 ) . `` SAT PREP TOOLS GIVE ADVANTAGE TO STUDENTS FROM WEALTHIER FAMILIES '' . Ohio State University . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` triplenine.org '' . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` SAT Essay Test Rewards Length and Ignores Errors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Lynn ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` Testing , testing '' . Salon.com . Further reading ( edit ) Balf , Todd ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Story Behind the SAT Overhaul '' . The New York Times Magazine . Lewin , Tamar ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork '' . The New York Times . `` Key shifts of the SAT redesign '' . The Washington Post . March 5 , 2014 . Coyle , T.R. & Pillow , D.R. ( 2008 ) . `` SAT and ACT predict college GPA after removing g '' . Intelligence . 36 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 729 . doi : 10.1016 / Olintell. 2008.05. 001 ( inactive 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . Coyle , T. ; Snyder , A. ; Pillow , D. ; Kochunov , P. ( 2011 ) . `` SAT predicts GPA better for high ability subjects : Implications for Spearman 's Law of Diminishing Returns '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 50 ( 4 ) : 470 -- 474 . doi : 10.1016 / j. paid. 2010.11. 009 . PMC 3090148 . PMID 21562615 . Frey , M.C. ; Detterman , D.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Scholastic Assessment or g ? The Relationship Between the Scholastic Assessment Test and General Cognitive Ability '' ( PDF ) . Psychological Science . 15 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 378 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0956 - 7976.2004. 00687. x . PMID 15147489 . Gould , Stephen Jay ( 1996 ) . The Mismeasure of Man ( Rev / Expd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31425 - 1 . Hoffman , Banesh ( 1962 ) . The Tyranny of Testing . Orig . pub . Collier . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43091 - X. ( and others ) Hubin , David R. ( 1988 ) . The Scholastic Aptitude Test : Its Development and Introduction , 1900 -- 1948 . Ph. D. dissertation in American History at the University of Oregon . Owen , David ( 1999 ) . None of the Above : The Truth Behind the SATs ( Revised ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9507 - 7 . Sacks , Peter ( 2001 ) . Standardized Minds : The High Price of America 's Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It . Perseus . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0433 - 1 . Zwick , Rebecca ( 2002 ) . Fair Game ? The Use of Standardized Admissions Tests in Higher Education . Falmer . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92560 - 6 . Gladwell , Malcolm ( December 17 , 2001 ) . `` Examined Life : What Stanley H. Kaplan taught us about the S.A.T. '' The New Yorker . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : SAT Study Guide Wikimedia Commons has media related to SAT . Official website Admission tests to colleges and universities Africa South Africa : Matriculation in South Africa Tunisia : Tunisian Baccalaureate Americas Brazil : Vestibular , ENEM Canada : Alberta Diploma Exam Chile : PSU Colombia : ICFES United States : SAT , ACT Asia - Pacific Australia : ATAR , STAT China : Gaokao Hong Kong : HKDSE ( JUPAS ) India : IITJEE , AIEEE , EAMCET Indonesia : UN , SBMPTN Iran : Concours Israel : The Psychometry Japan : NCTUA , EJU Kazakhstan : UBT Malaysia : STPM Philippines : UPCAT , PUPCET Singapore : GCE - O , GCE - A South Korea : Suneung Taiwan : GSAT , DRT Thailand : GAT , PAT Europe Belarus : CTRB Denmark : Studentereksamen Estonia : Küpsuseksamid Finland : Ylioppilastutkinto France : Baccalauréat Germany : Abitur Ireland : Leaving Certificate Netherlands : Eindexamen Portugal : ENES Romania : Bacalaureat Russia : Unified State Exam ( EGE ) Spain : Selectividad Sweden : Högskoleprovet Turkey : YGS - LYS Ukraine : External independent evaluation ( ZNO ) United Kingdom : A-Level , Higher Albania , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Republic of Macedonia , Montenegro , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Switzerland : Matura College Board Presidents Gaston Caperton ( 1999 -- 2012 ) David Coleman ( 2012 -- present ) SAT Tests Main Tests SAT PSAT / NMSQT Subject Tests Biology E / M Chemistry English Language Proficiency ( discontinued ) French Literature Mathematics Level 1 Mathematics Level 2 Physics U.S. History World History AP exams Arts Art History Music Theory Studio Art : 2 - D Design Studio Art : 3 - D Design Studio Art : Drawing English English Language English Literature History & Social Science Comparative Government and Politics European History Human Geography Macroeconomics Microeconomics Psychology U.S. History U.S. Government and Politics World History Math & Computer Science Calculus AB Calculus BC Computer Science A Computer Science Principles Statistics Sciences Biology Chemistry Environmental Science Physics 1 : Algebra - Based Physics 2 : Algebra - Based AP Physics B ( discontinued ) Physics C : Mechanics Electricity and Magnetism World Languages & Cultures Chinese French French Literature ( discontinued ) German Italian Japanese Latin Latin Literature ( discontinued ) Russian ( in development ) Spanish Spanish Literature Programs & apps Advanced Placement College Level Examination CSS PROFILE Related Educational Testing Service Math -- verbal achievement gap National Merit Scholarship Corporation Glossaries of science and engineering Aerospace engineering Archaeology Architecture Artificial intelligence Astronomy Biology Botany Calculus Chemistry Civil engineering Clinical research Ecology Economics Electrical and electronics engineering Engineering Entomology Environmental science Geography Geology Machine vision Mathematics Mechanical engineering Physics Probability and statistics Robotics Structural engineering Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAT&oldid=824382019 '' Categories : Standardized tests in the United States 1901 introductions Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT
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who plays rachel diaz in stuck in the middle
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Harley Diaz ( Jenna Ortega ) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy . She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor . Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table , the Slushinator , the Skate Kite , and a snow machine . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is revealed it is her 13th birthday . A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation . Rachel Diaz ( Ronni Hawk ) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley 's vain older sister . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that she is 16 . Ethan Diaz ( Isaak Presley ) is Harley 's oldest brother and her partner - in - crime ; she refers to him as her `` best friend in the family '' . He is an aspiring musician . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven , behind Rachel and Georgie . Daphne Diaz ( Ariana Greenblatt ) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley 's younger sister . She enjoys having tea time with her dolls . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first . Georgie Diaz ( Kayla Maisonet ) is one of Harley 's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports as well . Lewie Diaz ( Nicolas Bechtel ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Beast 's twin . It is revealed in `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes . Beast Diaz ( Malachi Barton ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Lewie 's twin . Suzy Diaz ( Cerina Vincent ) is Harley 's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places . Tom Diaz ( Joe Nieves ) is Harley 's father who operates a marina store , called `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' , which sells camping and fishing equipment .
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Ronni Hawk
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Stuck in the Middle ( tv series )
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stuck in the middle ( tv series )
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Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series created by Alison Brown that premiered on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notes 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Broadcast 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in Massachusetts , in the fictional town of Marshport , the series tells the story of the Diaz family , specifically focusing on Harley , the middle of the seven children . Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Harley Diaz ( Jenna Ortega ) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy . She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor . Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table , the Slushinator , the Skate Kite , and a snow machine . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is revealed it is her 13th birthday . A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation . Rachel Diaz ( Ronni Hawk ) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley 's vain older sister . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that she is 16 . Ethan Diaz ( Isaak Presley ) is Harley 's oldest brother and her partner - in - crime ; she refers to him as her `` best friend in the family '' . He is an aspiring musician . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven , behind Rachel and Georgie . Daphne Diaz ( Ariana Greenblatt ) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley 's younger sister . She enjoys having tea time with her dolls . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first . Georgie Diaz ( Kayla Maisonet ) is one of Harley 's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports as well . Lewie Diaz ( Nicolas Bechtel ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Beast 's twin . It is revealed in `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes . Beast Diaz ( Malachi Barton ) is one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Lewie 's twin . Suzy Diaz ( Cerina Vincent ) is Harley 's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places . Tom Diaz ( Joe Nieves ) is Harley 's father who operates a marina store , called `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' , which sells camping and fishing equipment . Recurring ( edit ) Bethany Peters ( Lauren Pritchard ) is a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom 's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast . She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in `` Stuck in the Block Party '' . Ellie Peters ( Lulu Lambros ) is Bethany 's daughter and Harley 's best friend . She is on the same basketball team as Georgie . In `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' , it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights , darkness , and birds . In `` Stuck with a Bad Influence , '' Ellie is sent to a boarding school by her mother . Cuff ( Brett Pierce ) is an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel 's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom . When Cuff works briefly at `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' in `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' , his real first name is revealed to be Warren . He has only appeared in the first season . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode , but Bechtel is credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . Production ( edit ) Production on the series began in November 2015 . A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . Additional episodes began airing on March 11 , 2016 . Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15 , 2016 . The second season premiered on February 3 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) TBA February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) TBA TBA December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 2.81 July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 2.06 1.60 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 2.13 TBA TBD 1.19 TBA December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) TBD TBA TBD TBD Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Nominated Broadcast ( edit ) The series first premiered 15 minutes before the first airing in the U.S. on Disney Channel in Canada as a special on February 14 , 2016 . The series premiered on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15 , 2016 . The series began airing regularly on March 11 , 2016 , airing at the same time as the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Diaz Family from Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle '' . TV Insider . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Orders Latino Family Sitcom Toplined by Jane the Virgin Star '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Stuck in the Middle '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle Renewed for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle , Bunk 'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards México 2017 '' . publimetro.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son los nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia 2017 '' . 90minutos.co ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son todos los nominados a los Kid 's Choice Awards Argentina 2017 '' . mundotkm.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Quick - Witted Tween Uses Her Inventions to Navigate Life in the Comedy Series Stuck in the Middle on a Preview Episode on Disney Channel on Sunday , February 14 , 2016 '' . Corus Entertainment . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle on IMDb ( hide ) Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Right Hand Guy ( Fall 2017 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_(TV_series)&oldid=809196142 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American teen sitcoms Disney Channel shows Television shows set in Massachusetts Television series about families Television series about siblings Single - camera television sitcoms Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Română Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 18 : 14 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck%20in%20the%20Middle%20%28TV%20series%29
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when did don't smile at me come out
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dont smile at me EP by Billie Eilish Released August 11 , 2017 Recorded 2016 Length 28 : 58 Label Interscope Producer Finneas O'Connell Singles from dont smile at me `` Ocean Eyes '' Released : November 18 , 2016 `` Bellyache '' Released : February 24 , 2017 `` Watch '' Released : June 30 , 2017 `` Idontwannabeyouanymore '' Released : July 20 , 2017
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August 11 , 2017
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Do n't Smile at Me
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don't smile at me
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Do n't Smile at Me ( stylized in small caps ) is the debut extended play by American singer and songwriter Billie Eilish . It was released on August 11 , 2017 through Interscope Records , and contains several of her previously released singles , including `` Ocean Eyes '' , `` Bellyache '' and `` Watch '' . The track `` My Boy '' was used in the fourth episode of the third season of the American television series Shadowhunters .
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Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Finneas O'Connell and Billie Eilish O'Connell , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Copycat '' 3 : 13 2 . `` Idontwannabeyouanymore '' 3 : 23 3 . `` My Boy '' 2 : 50 4 . `` Watch '' F. O'Connell 2 : 57 5 . `` Party Favor '' 3 : 24 6 . `` Bellyache '' 2 : 59 7 . `` Ocean Eyes '' F. O'Connell 3 : 20 8 . `` Hostage '' 3 : 49 9 . `` &Burn '' ( with Vince Staples ) Vincent Staples F. O'Connell 3 : 00 Total length : 28 : 58 All tracks are stylized in lowercase letters , except for `` Copycat '' , which is stylized as `` COPYCAT '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 72 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 64 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 95 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 63 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 13 UK Albums ( OCC ) 80 US Billboard 200 65 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smither , Tanis ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Billie Eilish releases lush debut EP `` dont smile at me '' -- EARMILK `` . Earmilk . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` S3 E4 Thy Soul Instructed '' . TuneFind . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Billie Eilish -- Do n't Smile at Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Eilish Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Billie Eilish -- Do n't Smile at Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Billie Eilish '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Eilish Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Billie Eilish EPs Do n't Smile at Me Singles `` Ocean Eyes '' `` Bellyache '' Related articles Finneas O'Connell This EP - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Smile_at_Me&oldid=850223293 '' Categories : 2017 EPs EP stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 14 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%2527t%20Smile%20at%20Me
| 1,566 |
game where you type in something and it appears
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Scribblenauts is an emergent puzzle action video game developed by 5th Cell and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Nintendo DS . The game was released in 2009 in all regions except Japan , and in 2011 in Japan as Flash Puzzle : Maxwell 's Mysterious Notebook ( ヒラメキ パズル マックス ウェル の 不思議 な ノート , Hirameki Pazuru : Makkusuweru no Fushigi na Nōto ) by Konami . It is the third Nintendo DS video game made by 5th Cell , the first two being Drawn to Life and Lock 's Quest . The objective of Scribblenauts , as implied by its catchphrase `` Write Anything , Solve Everything '' , is to complete puzzles to collect `` Starites '' , helped by the player 's ability to summon any object ( from a database of tens of thousands ) by writing its name on the touchscreen . The game is considered by its developers to help promote emergent gameplay by challenging the player to solve its puzzles within certain limitations or through multiple solutions .
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Scribblenauts
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Scribblenauts
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scribblenauts
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Scribblenauts is an emergent puzzle action video game developed by 5th Cell and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Nintendo DS . The game was released in 2009 in all regions except Japan , and in 2011 in Japan as Flash Puzzle : Maxwell 's Mysterious Notebook ( ヒラメキ パズル マックス ウェル の 不思議 な ノート , Hirameki Pazuru : Makkusuweru no Fushigi na Nōto ) by Konami . It is the third Nintendo DS video game made by 5th Cell , the first two being Drawn to Life and Lock 's Quest . The objective of Scribblenauts , as implied by its catchphrase `` Write Anything , Solve Everything '' , is to complete puzzles to collect `` Starites '' , helped by the player 's ability to summon any object ( from a database of tens of thousands ) by writing its name on the touchscreen . The game is considered by its developers to help promote emergent gameplay by challenging the player to solve its puzzles within certain limitations or through multiple solutions .
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Jeremiah Slaczka , creator and director of Scribblenauts , envisioned the game as a combination of solving life situation puzzles alongside Mad Libs . His vision was brought to realization through the `` Objectnaut '' engine created by 5th Cell 's technical director , Marius Fahlbusch . Objectnaut allowed for a data driven approach , and a significant portion of the development time was spent researching nouns and their properties , and categorizing them into the Objectnaut database . This , along with the simple art designs of 5th Cell 's Edison Yan , allowed for the team to easily add new words to the database without expending much effort to program new behavior . Scribblenauts was first shown in a playable form at the 2009 Electronic Entertainment Expo , and became a sleeper hit , winning several `` Best of Show '' awards , being the first portable console game to win such praise . Reviewers believed that 5th Cell delivered on their promise to allow nearly any possible object to be created for use in Scribblenauts , but also lamented that the choice of controls in the game hampered their full enjoyment of the title . The success of the title has led to a number of sequels including Super Scribblenauts , Scribblenauts Remix , and Scribblenauts Unlimited . The series has sold over 13 million copies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 2.1 Engine 2.2 Promotion 3 Reception 3.1 Pre-release 3.2 Release 3.3 Lawsuit 4 Sequels 4.1 Super Scribblenauts 4.2 Scribblenauts Remix 4.3 Scribblenauts Unlimited 4.4 Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure 4.5 Scribblenauts : Fighting Words 4.6 Scribblenauts Showdown 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Screenshot of Scribblenauts . The top screen displays an image of the level and various indicators . The bottom screen shows Maxwell , using a helicopter and rope to rescue an injured woman during one of the puzzle levels . Scribblenauts is an exclusively side - scrolling game controlled almost entirely with the Nintendo DS stylus , with the D - pad and face buttons controlling the camera and the left and right shoulder buttons rotating objects . The player controls a character named Maxwell , who must collect objects called `` Starites '' to complete each level . Maxwell is guided by tapping the touchscreen , or if the player taps an object , Maxwell will pick it up or be given other options for interacting with that object , such as riding a horse or bicycle or shooting at an object if he holds a weapon . A fundamental element of Scribblenauts is the ability of the player to summon myriad objects into the game . This is achieved by writing the name of an object on the touchscreen . For example , the player can write `` ladder '' , summoning a ladder , which the player may use to climb to an out - of - reach Starite . The player may turn the ladder on its side and set it on fire . The player may also chain objects together , such as chaining a piece of meat to a pole and holding it while riding on a raptor . Summoned objects range among animals , weapons , forces of nature , famous people ( both fictional and real ) , vehicles , household objects , easter eggs of the development team , and even internet memes . However , the game does not include trademarked terms , nor potential profanity ( summoning `` ass '' will spawn a donkey ; summoning `` cock '' will spawn a rooster ) . The game includes a homonym system to offer the player possible choices between similar - sounding objects , such as distinguishing between a toy balloon and a hot - air balloon ; there is also a spellchecker to provide close matches for misspelled words . The North American release includes support for other languages including Brazilian Portuguese , French , and Spanish , with French - Canadian and Latin American variants available for words in the French and Spanish language sets , respectively . The UK version also accounts for difference between American and British English , such as the differing meanings of the word `` football '' . 5th Cell has stated that the limit to what objects may be summoned is up to the player 's imagination . Players , using special software , claimed to have discovered that the full list of words is greater than 22,800 unique entries , but , in response , Slaczka said there were many more than this number . The game is segmented into 220 levels over 10 themed areas , and each given a 4 star ranking based on its difficulty , with later areas featuring more high ranked levels . Puzzles are given a par for the number of objects they can summon , typically being between two and four , though the player is free to summon more , so long as there is space in the meter at the top screen ( summoning the same number of objects as the par or less earns more points ) . There are two types of levels -- puzzle and action levels . Puzzle levels are real - life situations ( such as having to open a piñata ) where the Starite is awarded once the puzzle is solved , while action levels will appeal to gamers that prefer side - scrolling platformers , featuring switches , spike traps , and other similar elements . Players are awarded `` merits '' for completing levels while meeting certain requirements , such as not summoning any weapon - like object . Once the player completes a level , a silver star appears on the level selection button and a `` Free play '' mode is unlocked . At that point , the player is given the option to play through the level three consecutive times without reusing objects . Successfully completing the challenge grants the player a gold star for that level . Scribblenauts presents a simplistic storyline , as the developers wished to focus on engaging gameplay . The game always rewards the player with `` Ollars '' , its in - game money , to allow them to purchase new areas , different avatars and other visual changes to the game . The game includes a level editor , allowing users to share these levels over the Nintendo Wi - Fi system . The player can start with any level that they have already beaten from the main game , and add new objects with new game properties . These new properties can vary significantly from the normal behavior , such as having a bear able to eat a plane . Development ( edit ) Jeremiah Slaczka , creative director for 5TH Cell , upon receiving the Game Developers Choice Award for Best Handheld Game for Scribblenauts during the 2010 Game Developers Conference . Scribblenauts was first conceived in the second quarter of 2007 , near the same time that they had envisioned Lock 's Quest . Creative Director for 5th Cell , Jeremiah Slaczka , stated that they were seeking counterparts of Nintendogs and Brain Age , games that had attracted a much wider demographic than most other niche games , that 5th Cell could develop . The concept of Scribblenauts came from a combination of a previous idea he had for the DS that was similar to Mad Libs and a dream of his . An example given for the Mad Libs was that players could write a Mad Lib of a `` dog walking through a forest '' , and a dog would appear in a forest and walk through it . However , he realized the game would be tedious and that players would only be interested in using keywords . The dream was of being inside an Aztec temple and having to solve puzzles ; one in particular involved three paintings , with the objective being straightening them and then moving on to the next room through a portal . While he thought it was a good idea for a game , he also felt that it lacked both a hook and replayability . He debated whether this would work best on the Wii or the DS , but later decided to combine the writing element with a puzzle element to fix the lack of replayability . Slaczka realized that the concept of the game might be considered impossible by other programmers , but found that 5th Cell 's Technical Director Marius Fahlbusch felt confident they could create the required elements . The developers considered that the nature of the flexible and sometimes unforeseen solutions made the game strongly promote emergent gameplay . During development , Slaczka and the team tried to figure out what they could do with the DS hardware , trying to make Scribblenauts appeal to everyone . As Lock 's Quest was thought of first , they focused on releasing that game first while beginning the development of Scribblenauts . The game entered beta around May 2009 , and had numerous play - testers exploring the game . About half of 5th Cell 's staff worked on the game . It was developed alongside the DS version of Drawn to Life : The Next Chapter . Scribblenauts was originally developed without having a publisher for the game . Slaczka noted that unlike other games where the developers could complete and polish a single level to garner interest while work on the rest of the game continued , Scribblenauts needed to show support for its large dictionary from the start , making it difficult to promote the game . The company was in negotiations with a publisher in the early part of 2009 , letting that publisher decide when it would be best to announce the game . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment officially announced itself as the publisher for Scribblenauts in May 2009 . Slaczka noted that of the other publishers they talked to , they felt Warner Bros. was the best one , particularly due to their proximity to 5th Cell and their interest in the title . Scribblenauts was originally titled `` Wordplay '' , but the team felt that this was `` generic '' . The title Scribblenauts began as a temporary name that would be effective for pitching the game , but as development proceeded , the team could n't think of a better one , so the name stuck and became the final title of the product . Konami published the game in Japan on January 27 , 2011 ; this localized version features Konami characters such as Old Snake , Manaka Takane and the Vic Viper . Engine ( edit ) The core engine of Scribblenauts is a data - driven engine called `` Objectnaut '' created by Fahlbusch . Within Objectnaut , each object is given a set of properties , including physical characteristics , artificial intelligence behavior , and how the player ( through Maxwell ) can interact with it . Five people from the team spent six months researching dictionaries and encyclopedias to create a large database of objects within the Objectnaut 's framework , and then mapped out a hierarchy of data from this information . For example , every mammal - based object in the game is given the property of having `` organic flesh '' , allowing it to be eaten or turned into meat , without having to specify these functions for each type of mammal they used . The Objectnaut approach allowed the team to create two distinct objects for words that may have similar meanings simply by adjusting each word 's properties in the database : `` lion '' , `` tiger '' and `` leopard '' while similar will behave differently and have different art assets , while the only difference in the game between `` croissant '' and `` danish '' is that the danish may be able to roll like a wheel . The team made sure to balance the abilities of the various objects that could be summoned to avoid creating an `` uber character '' that would act as a skeleton key for solving all of the levels , and give players more courage to try different elements . Slaczka noted that he would be frequently asked if certain difficult words were in the game when interviewed by the press , most of the time being able to respond affirmatively to these questions . In an example given by Slaczka , a `` hardcore '' journalist wanted twenty minutes with the game to try to stump it during the 2009 E3 convention , but , according to Slaczka , `` he had a real hard time stumping it and shook my hand '' after that period . Designing each item required the developers to go word - by - word . Slaczka stated that certain kinds of words , such as cheeses , require little to no differences , besides items such as Limburger which would scare people away from it . He stated that the developers used discretion when deciding what to make look different , providing a cyborg , robot , and android , which he felt were different enough to require their own individual designs . He later stated that there was no way to test out each item and each way they interact with another item , as it was virtually impossible for them to accomplish this , using an example of an airplane being frozen , brought back in time , placing an old man on top of it , bringing it back to present time , and setting it on fire . Slaczka stated that while many games create a first level with enemies and platforms , polishing the level and moving on , the players can write any item available in level one that they can write in a later level . He commented that if players wrote `` anvil '' and it was missing its `` heavy '' property , they may be turned off of the game . They spent roughly 80 % of the development fine - tuning the various items , and as such , they could not provide a preview to demonstrate the game . Each of the words programmed into the game has associated art with it led by 5th Cell artist Edison Yan . The task of creating the art was simplified through the `` minimal '' design style of 5th Cell 's previous games . Each object is rendered as in 3D with objects acting as doll on a 2D plane . This was chosen to avoiding having to create a large number of animations for 2D . The development team had to design each AI - controlled object by hand , according to Slaczka , describing how the objects moves , and what it likes and dislikes , how much health it has , and other possible characteristics . Level design focused on providing a large variety of situations , including splitting levels between Puzzle and Action types , to avoid having the player develop a limited toolbox of common words and not exploring other possible solutions . Much of the initial level development was done on paper and to explore situations not commonly found in video games , due to their vocabulary system . They ended up selecting more than a hundred levels out of over seven hundred they had generated internally for the game . Both Merits and Ollars were added to reward the player for completion , with Slaczka comparing these to Xbox Live Achievements . The game primarily uses the touchscreen to control Maxwell and other objects ; the developers considered using the directional pad of the DS but realized that they would still need to rely on the touchscreen for certain actions and thus focused most of the game 's controls through that interface . The game includes 5th Cell 's own handwriting recognition system for writing down objects which Slaczka considered to be better than Nintendo 's own system for Brain Age . The team included a virtual keyboard in addition to this system knowing that even `` the human brain ca n't understand chicken scratch '' . Promotion ( edit ) Customers with their `` rooster hats '' pre-order bonus for waiting in line for the start of Scribblenauts launch event on September 13 , 2009 at the Nintendo World Store in New York City . Players who pre-ordered the game at GameStop and EB Games in the United States , Canada , and Australia received a replica of Maxwell 's `` rooster hat '' , a term coined by Destructoid according to Slaczka . The game was launched by a special event at the Nintendo World Store in New York City on September 13 , 2009 , with Slaczka and other 5th Cell developers on hand for the event . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) The game was well received at the 2009 E3 Convention and was considered the `` sleeper hit '' of the show . Scribblenauts is the first portable video game in history to win `` Best of Show '' awards for E3 from any major gaming media outlet . The game was named `` Best Original Game '' and `` Best Handheld Game '' by the Game Critics Awards . Scribblenauts was named the overall `` Best of Show '' by GameSpot , GameSpy , and IGN , in addition to other awards . 1UP.com named Scribblenauts their E3 's `` Most Innovative '' title . X-Play gave the game its E3 `` Best Original Game '' and `` Best Handheld Game '' awards . Ars Technica considered the game as the show 's `` Most Pleasant Surprise '' . Joystiq performed a ten - word test of the game , and found only one word , `` plumbob '' , was not yet present in the game , but were promised it would be in the final version . Part of the success at E3 was considered partially due to the inclusion of then - recent Keyboard Cat Internet meme , which led to a grassroots - type excitement about the game at the convention . Adam Sessler of G4 TV believed that Scribblenauts 's E3 success was from being a small but successful game from a small company in contrast to numerous other premier titles from other major developers and publishers that have become standard for the convention , such that the uniqueness of everything about the game made it the standout title of the show . Scribblenauts was given a much more predominate display in Warner Bros. Interactive 's booth at the next major convention , the 2009 Comic - Con International . IGN listed Scribblenauts in a preview of Nintendo DS games in 2009 , labeling it as one of their top picks for the year . They described it as `` quite possibly one of the system 's most ambitious designs yet . '' `` Post 217 '' as drawn by 5th Cell artist Edison Yan , based on a NeoGAF post , has been used as promotional material for the game . One example of the possibilities of Scribblenauts that led to further attention to the game are given in the ESRB 's attempt to describe the `` cartoon violence '' and `` comic mischief '' within the game as to grant it an `` E10 + '' rating . The ESRB 's description includes possible examples of the game 's level of violence as `` a club can be used to hit an animal ; steak can be attached to a baby to attract lions ; rockets can be lobbed at a man '' . In a post at NeoGAF within a thread dedicated to the game , user `` Feep '' relayed the experience of discovering during E3 that he was able to go back in time with a time machine to collect a dinosaur in order to defeat an army of robot zombies that could not be defeated with regular weapons . The story , as memorialized as `` Post 217 '' , has led to 5th Cell artist Edison Yan creating a desktop wallpaper image of the story , in appreciation of the positive fan response to the game , and the terms `` Post Two One Seven '' , `` Feep '' , and `` Neogaf '' have been included as summonable objects in the game . Slaczka credits the word - of - mouth popularity of `` Post 217 '' for part of the game 's success at E3 , and noted that he had contacted Feep to gain his permission to include `` Feep '' ( appearing as a robot zombie ) within the game . The NeoGAF forums proceeded to expand on their praise for the game by creating a series of avatars of video game and other related characters ( which will not otherwise appear in the game due to trademark issues ) for their forums inspired by Yan 's art design , and even some of the members that created the avatars were contacted to work in the second game , Super Scribblenauts . Yan himself has drawn several more avatars in the same style for other games such as Street Fighter II and Final Fantasy VII . Release ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 79.08 % Metacritic 79 / 100 Review scores Publication Score 1UP.com B+ Eurogamer 7 / 10 G4 4 / 5 GameSpy IGN 8.7 / 10 Scribblenauts was found by reviewers to live up to the premise that the game was built on the ability to bring about nearly any object imagined into the game . John Walker of Eurogamer considered the game `` an incredible achievement '' , with its word database `` so utterly complete in its collection of everything ever in the universe '' and its specificness on these terms . Craig Harris of IGN asserted that `` the developers fully deliver on ( the ) promise '' of allowing player to summon nearly any imagined object , and the core game alone is an `` incredibly versatile Nintendo DS experience '' . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica praises the game as `` undeniably new and impressive '' and urged players to support games that take risks with their innovation . Ray Barnholt of 1UP.com noted that while the game `` is n't exactly the be-all end - all videogame '' that it received prior to release , the game remains `` unmissable '' due to its sheer novelty value . The game 's feature of forcing the player to consider different solutions when replaying levels was seen by Anthony Gallegos of GameSpy as a `` really clever way to encourage replayability while subtly upping the challenge '' . However , reviewers complained about the game 's poor controls , to the point that the implementation `` almost kills a fantastic game '' , according to IGN 's Harris . Reviews specifically commented how the touch screen is used both to manipulate the objects placed in the game and to move Maxwell ; this would result in inadvertently having Maxwell walk to his death or to disrupt a delicately prepared arrangement of objects prior to being ready to move him . Craig Harris of IGN notes that while one can direct Maxwell indirectly , the character would often fail to avoid or overcome simple obstacles , similar to troop movements in real - time strategy games , such that overcoming these issues requires a significant amount of precise controls by the player . It was suggested that while it was understood why 5th Cell opted to use the touchscreen in this manner to avoid too much flipping between the stylus and face - button controls , they would have appreciated the option for customizing the controls . The decision to use the touch screen controls was described by Walker as `` possibly the most wildly stupid design decision of all time '' , and that if the movement controls were mapped to the face buttons , the game would have been a `` beautiful thing '' . Walker also questioned the choice to have the game 's camera snap back to Maxwell as soon as the controls for it were released by the player , as it made it both difficult to set up objects that were off - screen from Maxwell , and to watch the results of certain interactions , such as fights between computer - controlled characters , that occurred off - screen . When it is possible to connect objects to other objects , reviewers found that finding the connection points to be difficult , and would often trigger Maxwell to move . Barnholt described the entire game as feeling like a prototype with its odd physics , and not as polished as 5th Cell 's previous games , though acknowledged the overall game is still an impressive feat for the small development team . IGN 's Ryan Geddes criticized the game 's poor controls and physics , demanding patience to overcome , and raised concerns that the title was rushed to market after its overwhelming positive response from the E3 convention . In a postmortem , 5TH Cell 's co-founder Joseph Tringali stated that they were aware that the controls would take `` a big hit '' from game reviewers , and attempted to work in a face - button control scheme , but would have not been able to complete it within the deadline set by their self - funded schedule . Tringali further noted that they did not spend as much time on the stylus controls earlier in development , and would have considered sacrificing another feature , like the Nintendo Wi - Fi , to improve them . Reviewers also identified some unexpected behavior from some objects or combinations of them , such as attempting to direct a non-player character in picking up an object , leading to an inconsistency in the difficulty of the various puzzles . Ben Kuchera of Ars Technica , in calling Scribblenauts `` a frustrating , often maddening game '' , described that he often encounters puzzles that , after trying several solutions that should have worked by common sense , he eventually happened upon a less logical solution that worked . Walker considered the puzzles range `` between uninspired and simple and frustratingly obscure and fiddly '' . Many critics experienced that after getting stumped on a puzzle , they would often resort to playing around in the free play mode . Edge magazine identified that the free play mode was more enjoyable as it masked the problems with controls , physics , and the general structure of the puzzle game that followed it , and considered what improvements in these modes could be made to create an experience closer to that of LittleBigPlanet . In particular for the action levels , reviewers found that they would be less likely to explore alternate solutions and fall into the pattern of using the same set of objects , making these levels repetitive towards the end . On the other hand , the puzzle levels were well - received ; Andrew Reiner of Game Informer stated the time spent while solving the puzzle levels was when his `` creative juices were joyously sapped '' . The presence of the `` Ollars '' currency system allows players to skip levels they found difficult . Kurchera also noted that with some puzzles , the game is often better played with others , including young children , as the combination of imaginative ideas will likely eventually stumble upon a solution . Simon Parkin of Game Set Watch agreed , believing the game is best enjoyed when one thinks like a child as `` free of the dry , efficient logic of adulthood , a child 's imagination also opens the game up in ways beyond most adults ' reach '' . Seth Schiesel of the New York Times considers the ultimate experience of the game a let - down after the E3 hype due to the controls and obfuscation of the puzzles , and though it was not a `` great game '' , he considers the concept a `` great idea '' that can be built upon for a possible sequel . According to the NPD Group , Scribblenauts sold 194,000 units in the United States during September 2009 , following Mario & Luigi : Bowser 's Inside Story and Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days in top Nintendo DS sales . The game also showed strong sales during December 2009 , becoming the 16th best selling game of that month in North America . By February 2010 , the game had sold more than one million units worldwide . It was the 5th best - selling Nintendo DS game for 2009 in North America and the 1st best selling 3rd party game on DS . Time named Scribblenauts the 7th best video game of 2009 . Scribblenauts won the `` Outstanding Innovation in Gaming '' , `` Portable Game of the Year '' , and `` Outstanding Achievement in Portable Game Design '' awards , and was nominated for the `` Casual Game of the Year '' award for the 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Award from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . The game won `` Innovation '' and `` Best Handheld Game '' at the 10th annual Game Developers Choice Awards . Lawsuit ( edit ) In May 2013 , Charles Schmidt and Christopher Orlando Torres , the creators of the Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat characters respectively , jointly sued 5th Cell and Warner Bros. for copyright infringement and trademark infringement for the appearances of these characters without permission across Scribblenauts and its sequels . Schmidt and Torres have both registered copyrights on their characters and have pending trademark applications on the names . The case was settled out of court , with Warner Bros. officially licensing the two cat characters for use in the game . Sequels ( edit ) Super Scribblenauts ( edit ) A Nintendo DS sequel to Scribblenauts titled Super Scribblenauts was released on October 12 , 2010 . In addition to addressing issues with the control scheme , Super Scribblenauts includes a larger vocabulary including the use of adjectives to modify nouns , influencing the objects ' behavior . Scribblenauts Remix ( edit ) Scribblenauts Remix , a version of Scribblenauts for the iOS platform , was released by Warner Bros. Interactive on October 12 , 2011 . Ported to the platform by developers Iron Galaxy , the iOS version provides forty levels from both Scribblenauts and its sequel , along with ten new levels for the iOS game . The mechanics of the game are based on Super Scribblenauts , allowing for the use of adjectives in addition to nouns . The game uses built - in features of iOS , such as the touch keyboard , and was released simultaneously with iOS version 5 , incorporating new features such as cloud storage to play the game across multiple devices . An Android version was released on June 26 , 2013 . Scribblenauts Unlimited ( edit ) A fourth title , Scribblenauts Unlimited , was released for Wii U , PC and Nintendo 3DS on November 13 , 2012 . The game features multiple worlds which Maxwell must find out how to help various non-player characters to gain Starites , using the extended vocabulary abilities of Super Scribblenauts to solve puzzles . An Android and iOS version were both released on December 15 , 2015 . Scribblenauts Unmasked : a DC Comics adventure ( edit ) A fifth game in the franchise , Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure , was announced in development for Wii U , PC and Nintendo 3DS , featuring over 2000 characters from the DC Comics universe . The game was released on September 24 , 2013 . Scribblenauts : Fighting words ( edit ) A sixth game in the series , titled Scribblenauts : Fighting Words was in development for iOS since 2014 , but was cancelled in 2016 after 5th Cell laid off 45 employees , including lead animator Tim Borrelli . Scribblenauts Showdown ( edit ) Announced in January 2018 , Scribblenauts Showdown is a party game for up to four players , using mini-games based on the Scribblenauts formula . The game is being developed by Shiver Entertainment and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , for release on Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One , with an expected release date of March 6 , 2018 . It will be the first title in the series released for Sony and Microsoft consoles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts '' . GameSpy. 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Molina , Brett ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Release dates galore : ' Scribblenauts , ' ' Uncharted 2 ' and more '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Purchase , Robert ( 2009 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Scribblenauts UK date changed '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ KONAMI 公式 ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` ヒラメキ パズル マックス ウェル の 不思議 な ノート ( DS ) PV '' . 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Jump up ^ GameSpy Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` GameSpy 's Best of E3 2009 Awards '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Editorial Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 12 ) . `` IGN 's Overall Best of E3 2009 Awards '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` E3 ' 09 Editors Choice Awards '' . GameSpot. 2009 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ 1UP Staff ( 2009 - 06 - 11 ) . `` 1UP 's Best Games of E3 2009 '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pfister , Andrew ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` X-Play's Best of E3 2009 '' . G4TV . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . `` E3 2009 : Who won ? Who lost ? Who wins a golden Ars ? '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Griffin ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Scribblenauts passes our ten - word challenge with flying colors '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schiesel , Seth ( 2009 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Lay Down the Guns and Swords ; Your Best Weapon Is the Dictionary '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Adam ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . Sessler 's Soapbox : Scribblenauts Makes Adam Happy ! . G4 TV . Event occurs at 3 : 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( 2009 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Comic - Con 2009 : Scribblenauts towers over everything '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ IGN Nintendo Team ( 2009 - 01 - 21 ) . `` IGN Nintendo DS 2009 Preview '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Rating Information -- Scribblenauts '' . ESRB . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Leahy , Brian ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Scribblenauts Gets Best ESRB Description Ever ! '' . G4TV . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Garratt , Patrick ( 2009 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Scribblenauts includes `` vomit '' and `` cabbage '' `` . VG247 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Harold , Charles ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A game to help you think creatively '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , JC ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Celebrate a legendary Scribblenauts moment with this wallpaper '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Brandon ( 2009 - 06 - 16 ) . `` One shot : the Scribblenauts time - travelling T - rex robot - zombie smashing wallpaper '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Broder , Aaron ( 2009 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Q&A : Scribblenauts emerges as breakthrough game for 5th Cell '' . Tech Flash . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Scribblenaut - ized Heavy , Spy , and Pyro by Turk128 '' . Tiny Cartridge . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pluckett , Luke ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` If Only These Characters Were Actually In Scribblenauts ... '' Kotaku . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Caoili , Eric ( 2009 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Scribblenaut - ized Street Fighter 2 cast by Edison Yan '' . Tiny Cartridge . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts for DS '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts ( ds ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Barnholt , Ray ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts ( Nintendo DS ) '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , John ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Klepek , Patrick ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts Review '' . G4 TV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gallegos , Anthony ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The Consensus : Scribblenauts Review '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Craig ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Carson , Ben ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Scribblenauts is genius , maddening ; Ars reviews hit of E3 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan ( 2009 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Scribblenauts : Another Take '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Reiner , Andrew ( 2009 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Scribblenauts '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Little Big Scribble '' . Edge. 2009 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Frushtick , Russ ( 2009 - 09 - 15 ) . `` ' Scribblenauts ' Review '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Simon ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) . `` There Was a Young Lady Who Swallowed a Fly '' . Game Set Watch . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Scribblenauts Sees Solid September Sales '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Graft , Kris ( 2010 - 01 - 15 ) . `` NPD : Wii , DS Titles Command December 2009 Top 20 '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Announces Scribblenauts Sells In More Than One Million Units Worldwide '' . BusinessWire. 2010 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Matt ( 2010 - 02 - 15 ) . `` NPD : Behind the Numbers , January 2010 '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ; Ha , Peter ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) . `` The Top 10 Everything of 2009 '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves ' Breaks Away and Flees with 10 Awards During the 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards '' . PR Newswire. 2010 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . 2010 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Tor ( 2010 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Uncharted 2 scores five at GDC Awards , full video inside '' . Gamespot . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Warner Bros. and 5th Cell targeted by Keyboard Cat , Nyan Cat lawsuit '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nyan Cat and Keyboard Cat creators sue Warner Bros '' . BBC News . 2013 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Woollacott , Emma ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Warner Brothers Sued For Infringing Cat Meme Copyright '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Adi Robertson ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Nyan Cat and Keyboard Cat creators sue ' Scribblenauts ' studio for using their memes '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Van Syckle , Katie ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat Come Out Ahead in Lawsuit Against Warner Bros '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( 2010 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Super Scribblenauts fixes problems of original '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rose , Mike ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Scribblenauts Remix Released For iOS Devices '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Tolito , Stephen ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Scribblenauts , the Video Game that Seems Like a Magic Trick , is Pretty Good on iOS '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts Remix - Android - IGN '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeffrey ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) . `` Scribblenauts Unlimited ( PC ) '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scribblenauts Unlimited - Android Apps on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tolito , Stephan ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` This Game Might Include Every DC Comics Hero ( And Villain ) Ever '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Colin ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` 5th Cell lays off staff as Scribblenauts : Fighting Words canned ( update ) '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` New Scribblenauts For PS4 , Xbox One , Switch Announced ; Release Date Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 5th Cell 's website Video games by 5th Cell Scribblenauts series Scribblenauts Super Remix Unlimited Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure Other games Drawn to Life Lock 's Quest Drawn to Life : The Next Chapter Run Roo Run Hybrid Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment Franchises Batman : Arkham Defender F.E.A.R. Game Party Gauntlet Injustice Joust Lego Middle - earth Mortal Kombat Rampage Scribblenauts Spy Hunter Tapper Subsidiaries Avalanche Software Monolith Productions NetherRealm Studios Portkey Games Rocksteady Studios TT Games Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion Turbine WB Games Montréal Former subsidiaries Midway Games Snowblind Studios Surreal Software Related articles Eidos Interactive List of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment video games Time Warner Warner Bros . Ed Boon Sefton Hill Jon Burton Diane Nelson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scribblenauts&oldid=820974625 '' Categories : 2009 video games 5th Cell games Action - adventure games Nintendo DS games Nintendo DS - only games Puzzle video games Video games developed in the United States Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment games Video games with user - generated gameplay content Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 18 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribblenauts
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most goals in all competitions in premier league
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Most league goals scored in a season : ( 134 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1960 -- 61 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 42 games ) : 128 , Aston Villa ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 38 games ) : 106 , Manchester City ( Premier League , 2017 -- 18 ) Most goals scored in all competitions in a season by a top - flight side : 156 , Manchester City ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most top - flight goals scored in total : 6929 , Everton. - to end 2016 / 17 season Most home league goals scored in a season : 87 , Millwall ( Third Division South , 1927 -- 28 ) Most away league goals scored in a season : 60 , Arsenal ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most consecutive games scoring : 55 , Arsenal ( Premier League , 19 May 2001 -- 30 November 2002 ) Most consecutive games without scoring : 11 , Coventry City ( Second Division , 1919 -- 20 ) and Hartlepool United ( League Two , 1992 -- 93 ) First league goal awarded by goal - line technology : scored by Edin Džeko in the 14th minute of the Premier League game between Manchester City and Cardiff City on 18 January 2014 . The game was officiated by Neil Swarbrick , who consulted his watch when Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton quickly cleared the ball away just after it entered the goal .
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134
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Football Records in England
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football records in england
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This article concerns football records in England . Unless otherwise stated , records are taken from the Football League or Premier League . Where a different record exists for the top flight ( Football League First Division 1888 -- 1992 , and Premier League 1992 -- ) , this is also given .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 National team 2 League 2.1 Titles 2.2 Top - flight appearances 2.3 Representation 2.4 Wins 2.5 Draws 2.6 Losses 2.7 Points 2.8 Games without a win 2.9 Goals 2.10 Scorelines 2.11 Disciplinary 2.12 Transfers 2.13 Individual 2.13. 1 Appearances 2.13. 2 Goals 3 FA Cup 3.1 Final 3.1. 1 Team 3.1. 2 Individual 3.2 All rounds 4 League Cup 4.1 Final 4.2 All rounds 5 FA Charity / Community Shield 5.1 Final 6 All competitions 7 Attendance records 8 List of English record winners of elite competitions 8.1 Ongoing competitions 8.2 Discontinued Competitions 9 Managers 10 Footnotes 11 See also 12 References 13 External links National team ( edit ) Main article : England national football team records League ( edit ) See also : Premier League records and statistics Records in this section refer to the English Football Pyramid Titles ( edit ) Most League titles : 20 , Manchester United Most consecutive League titles : 3 , joint record : Huddersfield Town : 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1925 -- 26 Arsenal : 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 Liverpool : 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Manchester United ( twice ) : 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 ; 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Top - flight title win at first attempt : Ipswich Town : 1961 -- 62 Top - flight appearances ( edit ) Most seasons in top flight overall : 114 seasons , Everton Most consecutive seasons in top flight : 90 seasons , Arsenal ( 1919 -- present , though no League football was played due to World War II between 1939 and 1945 -- 46 ) Fewest seasons in top flight overall : 1 season , joint record , Glossop , Leyton Orient , Northampton Town , Carlisle United , Swindon Town , and Barnsley have completed only one season in top flight in their history . Representation ( edit ) Most participants in top flight from one area : During the three consecutive seasons 1919 -- 21 , the historic boundaries ( pre-1974 ) of the County of Lancashire had nine participants in the top - flight : Blackburn Rovers , Bolton Wanderers , Burnley , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Oldham Athletic , and Preston North End . During the Premiership era , there were eight participants in the historic county of Lancashire during the 2010 -- 11 season : Blackburn Rovers , Blackpool , Bolton Wanderers , Everton , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , and Wigan Athletic . Most participants in top flight from one city : During the season 1989 -- 1990 , London had eight entrants in the top - flight : Arsenal , Charlton Athletic , Chelsea , Crystal Palace , Millwall , Queen 's Park Rangers , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . City represented with most seasons in top flight : Liverpool . The city has always had a top flight member of either Everton or Liverpool . Wins ( edit ) Most wins in the top - flight overall : 1863 , Liverpool Most wins at home overall : 1341 , Manchester United Most wins at home in top - flight overall : 1203 , Liverpool Most wins away overall : 755 , Manchester United Most wins away in top - flight overall : 667 , Arsenal Most wins from start of a top flight season : 11 , Tottenham Hotspur ( First Division , 1960 - 61 ) Most wins from start of a season : 13 , Reading F.C. ( Third Division , 1985 - 86 ) Most consecutive league wins : 18 , Manchester City ( Premier League , 28 August 2017 - 27 December 2017 ) Most consecutive wins ( all competitions ) : 20 , Manchester City ( 26 August 2017 - 3 December 2017 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws overall in the top flight : 1106 , Everton Most draws in a season : 23 , joint record : Norwich City ( from 42 games , First Division , 1978 -- 79 ) Exeter City ( from 46 games , Fourth Division , 1986 -- 87 ) Hartlepool United ( from 46 games , Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ) Cardiff City ( from 46 games , Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ) Most consecutive draws : 8 : Torquay United ( Third Division , 1969 -- 70 ) Middlesbrough ( Second Division , 1970 -- 71 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1971 -- 72 ) Birmingham City ( Third Division , 1990 -- 91 ) Chesterfield ( League One , 2005 -- 06 ) Southampton ( Championship , 2005 -- 06 ) Swansea City ( Championship , 2008 -- 09 ) Losses ( edit ) Most losses overall in the top flight : 1,506 , Everton Most losses in a season : 34 , Doncaster Rovers , ( Third Division , 1997 -- 98 ; final record P46 W4 D8 L34 ) Fewest losses : 0 , joint record : Preston North End ( First Division , 1888 -- 89 ; final record P22 W18 D4 L0 ) Arsenal ( Premier League , 2003 -- 04 ; final record P38 W26 D12 L0 ) Liverpool ( Second Division , 1893 - 94 ; final record P28 W22 D6 L0 ) Most consecutive losses : 18 , Darwen , 1898 -- 1899 ( Second Division ) 17 , Rochdale , 1931 -- 32 ( Division 3 North ) 17 , Sunderland , 2002 - 2003 ( 15 in top tier ) Points ( edit ) Most points overall in the top flight ( mixed 3pts for a win and 2pts for win ) : 5,437 , Liverpool Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 74 , Lincoln City ( Fourth Division , 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season ( 3 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 106 , Reading ( Championship , 2005 -- 06 ) Most points in a season for a top - flight team ( 2 points for a win - 42 matches ) : 68 ( 30 wins 8 draws ) , Liverpool ( First Division , 1978 -- 79 ) Most points in a season for a top - flight team ( 3 points for a win - 38 matches ) : 100 points ( 32 wins 4 draws , 2 defeats ) , Manchester City ( Premier League , 2017 -- 18 ) Fewest points in a season ( 2 points for a win - 34 matches ) : 8 , joint record : Loughborough ( Second Division , 1899 -- 1900 ) Doncaster Rovers ( Second Division , 1904 -- 05 ) Fewest points in a season ( 3 points for a win - 38 matches ) : 11 , Derby County ( Premier League , 2007 -- 08 ) Most points in a season while being relegated ( 2 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 41 , Rotherham United ( Third Division , 1972 -- 73 ) Most points in a season while being relegated ( 3 points for a win - 46 matches ) : 54 , joint record : Southend United ( Third Division , 21st of 24 ; 1988 -- 89 ) Peterborough United ( Championship , 22nd of 24 ; 2012 - 13 ) Games without a win ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without a win : 32 , Derby County ( Premier League / Championship 22 September 2007 to 13 September 2008 ) Longest run without a home win : Sunderland ( Premier League / Championship 17 December 2016 to 16 December 2017 ) . Goals ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : ( 134 ) Peterborough United ( Fourth Division , 1960 -- 61 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 42 games ) : 128 , Aston Villa ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most top - flight goals scored in a season ( 38 games ) : 106 , Manchester City ( Premier League , 2017 -- 18 ) Most goals scored in all competitions in a season by a top - flight side : 156 , Manchester City ( 2013 -- 14 ) Most top - flight goals scored in total : 6929 , Everton. - to end 2016 / 17 season Most home league goals scored in a season : 87 , Millwall ( Third Division South , 1927 -- 28 ) Most away league goals scored in a season : 60 , Arsenal ( First Division , 1930 -- 31 ) Most consecutive games scoring : 55 , Arsenal ( Premier League , 19 May 2001 -- 30 November 2002 ) Most consecutive games without scoring : 11 , Coventry City ( Second Division , 1919 -- 20 ) and Hartlepool United ( League Two , 1992 -- 93 ) First league goal awarded by goal - line technology : scored by Edin Džeko in the 14th minute of the Premier League game between Manchester City and Cardiff City on 18 January 2014 . The game was officiated by Neil Swarbrick , who consulted his watch when Cardiff defender Kevin McNaughton quickly cleared the ball away just after it entered the goal . Scorelines ( edit ) Record win : 13 -- 0 , joint record : Stockport County 13 -- 0 Halifax Town ( Third Division North , 6 January 1934 ) Newcastle United 13 -- 0 Newport County ( Second Division , 5 October 1946 ) Record win in top division : 12 -- 0 , joint record : West Bromwich Albion 12 -- 0 Darwen ( First Division , 4 April 1892 ) Nottingham Forest 12 -- 0 Leicester Fosse ( First Division , 21 March 1909 ) Record away win : Port Vale 0 -- 10 Sheffield United ( Second Division , 10 December 1892 ) Record away win in top flight : by 8 goals , joint record Wolverhampton Wanderers 0 -- 8 West Bromwich Albion ( First Division , 27 December 1893 ) Newcastle United 1 -- 9 Sunderland ( First Division , 5 December 1908 ) Cardiff City 1 -- 9 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( First Division , 3 November 1955 ) Highest scoring draw : 6 -- 6 , joint record : Leicester City 6 -- 6 Arsenal ( First Division , 21 April 1930 ) Charlton Athletic 6 -- 6 Middlesbrough ( Second Division , 22 October 1960 ) Most double figure league wins by a team : 5 , Birmingham City ( 12 -- 0 v Walsall , 17 December 1892 ; 10 -- 2 v Manchester City , 17 March 1894 ; 10 -- 1 v Blackpool , 2 March 1901 ; 12 -- 0 v Doncaster Rovers , 11 April 1903 ; 11 -- 1 v Glossop , 6 January 1915 ) ( all Second Division ) Most goals scored by a losing side : 6 by Huddersfield Town losing 7 -- 6 to Charlton Athletic ( 21 December 1957 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards in a single match : 5 joint : Bradford City ( 3 ) v. Crawley Town ( 2 ) ( 27 March 2012 ) ( all after the final whistle ) Chesterfield ( 2 ) v. Plymouth Argyle ( 3 ) ( 22 February 1997 ) Wigan Athletic ( 1 ) v. Bristol Rovers ( 4 ) ( 2 December 1997 ) Exeter City ( 3 ) v. Cambridge United ( 2 ) ( 23 November 2002 ) Most red cards in a career ( individual ) : 13 , joint record : Roy McDonough ( Colchester United , Exeter City , Southend United ) , Steve Walsh ( Wigan Athletic and Leicester City ) Fastest red card : 13 seconds , Kevin Pressman ( Sheffield Wednesday v Wolverhampton Wanderers , 13 August 2000 ) Fastest yellow card : 3 seconds , Vinnie Jones ( Chelsea v Sheffield United , 21 March 1992 ) Fastest red card for a substitute on the field of play : 0 seconds , joint record : Walter Boyd ( Swansea City , 12 March 2000 ) , Keith Gillespie ( Sheffield United , 20 January 2007 ) Both players came on as a substitute and elbowed / pushed an opponent before the game had been restarted . Transfers ( edit ) See also : British football transfer record Highest transfer fee received : £ 142 million : Philippe Coutinho , from Liverpool to FC Barcelona ( 7 January 2018 ) Highest transfer fee paid : £ 89 million : Paul Pogba , from Juventus to Manchester United ( 8 August 2016 ) Individual ( edit ) Appearances ( edit ) Most titles won by an individual player : 13 , Ryan Giggs Most career league appearances : 1,005 ( 849 in First Division ) , Peter Shilton ( 1966 to 1997 ) Most career league appearances by an outfield player : 931 , Tony Ford ( 1975 to 2002 ) Most career league appearances at one club : 770 , John Trollope ( Swindon Town , 1960 to 1980 ) Most career top - flight league appearances at one club : 672 , Ryan Giggs ( Manchester United , 1991 to 6 May 2014 ) Most career consecutive league appearances : 375 , Harold Bell ( Tranmere Rovers ) , 1946 to 1955 ( 401 consecutive club games including 26 FA Cup appearances ) Oldest player : Neil McBain , 51 years and 20 days ( for New Brighton v. Hartlepool United , 1947 ) Youngest player : Reuben Noble - Lazarus , 15 years and 45 days ( for Barnsley v. Ipswich Town , 30 September 2008 ) Goals ( edit ) Further information : English Football first tier Top Scorers Most career league goals : 434 , Arthur Rowley ( 619 matches , for West Bromwich Albion , Fulham , Leicester City and Shrewsbury Town , 1946 to 1965 ) Most career top - flight goals : 357 , Jimmy Greaves ( 516 matches , for Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United , 1957 to 1971 ) Most consecutive top flight league matches scored in : 12 , Jimmy Dunne , for Sheffield United between 24 October 1931 and 1 January 1932 , for a total of 18 goals . Most goals in a season : 60 , Dixie Dean ( 39 matches , for Everton 1927 -- 28 ) Most goals in a game : 10 , Joe Payne ( for Luton Town v. Bristol Rovers , 13 April 1936 ) Most goals in a top - flight game : 7 , Ted Drake for Arsenal v. Aston Villa ( away ) , 14 December 1935 Fastest goal : 3.5 seconds , Colin Cowperthwaite ( for Barrow v. Kettering Town , 1979 ) Fastest goal on a League debut : 7 seconds , Freddy Eastwood ( for Southend United v. Swansea City , 16 October 2004 ) Fastest hat - trick ( time between first and third goals ) : 2 minutes 21 seconds , James Hayter ( for AFC Bournemouth v. Wrexham , 23 February 2004 ) Fastest goal by a substitute : 6 seconds , Nicklas Bendtner ( for Arsenal v. Tottenham Hotspur , 22 December 2007 ) Most teams outscored by a single player in the history of England 's top - flight in a single season : 3 teams by Mohamed Salah ( Liverpool , 2017 - 18 ) ( West Bromwich Albion and Swansea City and Huddersfield Town ) Fastest player to 100 English top flight goals Dave Halliday - 101 games Players to score over 30 league goals in four consecutive seasons Dave Halliday - 1925 - 29 . Halliday in fact scored at least 35 goals in each of those four seasons Most own goals in one season : 5 , SP Bloke ( Middlesbrough , 1934 -- 35 ) Most hat - tricks in one season : 9 , George Camsell ( Middlesbrough , 1926 -- 27 ) Most career hat - tricks : 37 , Dixie Dean ( Tranmere Rovers , Everton , 1923 -- 1937 ) Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal : 1,311 minutes , Edwin van der Sar ( for Manchester United , 2008 -- 09 ) Youngest goalscorer : Ronnie Dix , 15 years and 180 days ( for Bristol Rovers v. Norwich City , 3 March 1928 ) Youngest top - flight goalscorer : Jason Dozzell , 16 years and 57 days ( for Ipswich Town v. Coventry City , February 1984 ) Youngest hat - trick goalscorer : Trevor Francis , 16 years and 317 days ( for Birmingham City v. Bolton Wanderers , 20 February 1971 ) FA Cup ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Team ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most wins : 13 : Arsenal ( 1930 , 1936 , 1950 , 1971 , 1979 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 3 , joint record : Wanderers ( 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Blackburn Rovers , ( 1884 , 1885 , 1886 ) Most appearances in a final : 20 , joint record : Arsenal ( 1927 , 1930 , 1932 , 1936 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1972 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1993 , 1998 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) Manchester United ( 1909 , 1948 , 1957 , 1958 , 1963 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2016 , 2018 ) Most consecutive / uninterrupted years as FA Cup Champions : 7 , Portsmouth F.C. , ( 1939 - 1946 ) Most Final appearances without ever winning : 4 , Leicester City ( 1949 , 1961 , 1963 , 1969 ) Most Final appearances without ever losing : 5 , Wanderers ( 1872 , 1873 , 1876 , 1877 , 1878 ) Most Final appearances without losing ( streak ) : 7 , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1901 , 1921 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 , 1981 , 1982 ) Biggest win : 6 goals : Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County , ( 1903 ) Most goals in a final : 7 : Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 Sheffield Wednesday ( 1890 ) Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers ( 1953 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 : Bolton Wanderers : Lost 3 -- 4 against Blackpool ( 1953 ) West Ham United : Drew 3 -- 3 but lost in a penalty shootout against Liverpool ( 2006 ) Most defeats : 8 , Everton ( 1893 , 1897 , 1907 , 1968 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 2009 ) Individual ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most wins : 7 , Ashley Cole ( Arsenal ) ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) & ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Most appearances : 9 , Arthur Kinnaird ( Wanderers ) ( 1872 -- 73 , 1874 -- 75 , 1875 -- 76 , 1876 -- 77 , 1877 -- 78 ) & ( Old Etonians ) ( 1878 -- 79 , 1880 -- 81 , 1881 -- 82 , 1882 -- 83 ) Most goals ( one final ) : 3 , Billy Townley ( Blackburn Rovers ) ( 1890 ) , James Logan ( Notts County ) ( 1894 ) & Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) ( 1953 ) Most goals ( all finals ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) Most finals scored in : 4 , Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) ( 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) Youngest FA Cup finalist : Curtis Weston ( Millwall ) , 17 years and 119 days Youngest player to score in an FA Cup Final : Norman Whiteside ( Manchester United ) , 18 years and 19 days Oldest player : Billy Hampson , 41 years and 257 days ( for Newcastle United v. Aston Villa , 1923 -- 24 ) All Rounds ( edit ) Most FA Cup goals scored : 844 : Kettering town Most FA Cup goals conceded : 539 : Aston Villa . Highest FA Cup goal difference : + 305 : Aston Villa . Most FA Cup games played : 440 : Arsenal . Most FA Cup games won : 236 : Manchester United . Most FA Cup games lost : 128 : Notts County . Most FA Cup games drawn : 103 : Arsenal . Biggest win : Preston North End 26 -- 0 Hyde ( First Round , 15 October 1887 ) Biggest away win : Clapton 0 -- 14 Nottingham Forest ( First Round , 17 January 1891 ) and Boston United 0 - 14 Spalding United ( First Qualifying Round , 1964 Biggest away win by a non-league club against a league club : Derby County 1 -- 6 Boston United ( Second Round , 1955 / 56 ) Most clubs competing for trophy in a season : 763 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Longest tie : 660 minutes ( 6 matches in total ) , Oxford City v. Alvechurch ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 1971 -- 72 ; Alvechurch won the sixth match 1 -- 0 ) Longest penalty shootout : 20 penalties each , Tunbridge Wells v. Littlehampton Town ( Preliminary Round Replay , 31 August 2005 ; Tunbridge Wells won 16 -- 15 ) Most rounds played in a season : 9 , joint record : Brighton & Hove Albion ( 1932 -- 33 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) New Brighton ( 1956 -- 57 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Blyth Spartans ( 1977 -- 78 : 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 5th Rounds ) Harlow Town ( 1979 -- 80 : Preliminary , 1st -- 4th Qualifying Rounds , 1st -- 4th Rounds ) Most games played in a season : 13 , Bideford ( 1973 -- 74 : one First Qualifying , two Second Qualifying , five Third Qualifying , four Fourth Qualifying and one First Round ) Fastest goal : 4 seconds , Gareth Morris ( for Ashton United v. Skelmersdale United , 17 September 2001 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : 22 , Blackburn Rovers ( 1884 -- 1886 ) Most consecutive games without defeat : ( Excluding defeat by penalty shoot - out ) 29 , Chelsea ( 2009 -- 13 ) Fastest hat - trick : 2 min 20 sec , Andy Locke ( for Nantwich Town v. Droylsden , 1995 ) Most Career Goals : 49 , Henry `` Harry '' Cursham ( Notts County between 1877 and 1888 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup season : 19 , Jimmy Ross ( for Preston North End , 1887 - 88 ) . Most goals by a player in a single FA Cup game : 9 , Ted MacDougall ( for AFC Bournemouth in 1971 ) Scoreline : Two examples of teams scoring 7 goals and not winning -- Dulwich Hamlet 8 -- 7 St Albans City ( Fourth Qualifying Round Replay , 22 November 1922 ) , and Dulwich Hamlet 7 -- 7 Wealdstone ( Fourth Qualifying Round , 16 November 1929 ) . Youngest player : Andy Awford , 15 years and 88 days ( for Worcester City v. Boreham Wood , Third qualifying round , 1987 -- 88 ) , Youngest goalscorer : Sean Cato , 16 years and 25 days ( for Barrow Town v. Rothwell Town , 2011 -- 12 ) Youngest goalscorer ( proper rounds ) : George Williams , 16 years , 2 months and 5 days ( for Milton Keynes Dons v. Nantwich Town , 2011 -- 12 ) League Cup ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Most wins ( team ) : 8 , Liverpool ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1995 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 ) Biggest win in a final : 5 goals : Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City ( 2013 ) Most goals in a final ( Since one - off match ) : 5 goals ( joint record ) Queens Park Rangers 3 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion ( 1967 ) Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton ( 1977 ) ( Second replay ) Nottingham Forest 3 -- 2 Southampton ( 1979 ) Luton Town 3 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1988 ) Chelsea 3 -- 2 Liverpool ( 2005 ) Swansea City 5 -- 0 Bradford City ( 2013 ) Manchester United 3 -- 2 Southampton ( 2017 ) Most appearances ( team ) : 12 , Liverpool Most wins ( individual ) : 5 , Ian Rush ( Liverpool , 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 ) Most defeats in a final : 6 , Arsenal ( 1968 , 1969 , 1988 , 2007 , 2011 , 2018 ) Most appearances without winning : 2 : West Ham United Everton Bolton Wanderers Sunderland Southampton Lowest ranked winners : Queens Park Rangers , Swindon Town -- Third Division ( now EFL League One ) Lowest ranked finalists : Rochdale -- Fourth Division ( now EFL League Two ) and Bradford City ( EFL League Two ) Fastest goal in League Cup Final : 45 seconds , John Arne Riise ( Liverpool v. Chelsea in 3 -- 2 defeat , 2005 ) All Rounds ( edit ) Biggest win ( single match ) : 10 -- 0 , joint record : West Ham United 10 -- 0 Bury ( Second round , second leg , 25 October 1983 ) Liverpool 10 -- 0 Fulham ( Second round , first leg , 23 September 1986 ) Biggest win ( aggregate ) : by 11 goals , joint record : Liverpool 13 -- 2 Fulham ( 10 -- 0 First leg & 3 -- 2 Second leg , 1986 ) Bury 1 -- 12 West Ham United ( 1 -- 2 First leg & 0 -- 10 Second leg , 1983 ) Liverpool 11 -- 0 Exeter City ( 5 -- 0 First leg & 6 -- 0 Second leg , 1981 ) Watford 11 -- 0 Darlington ( 8 -- 0 First leg & 3 -- 0 Second leg , 1987 ) Everton 11 - 0 Wrexham ( 5 - 0 First leg : Away & 6 - 0 Second leg : Home , 1990 ) Most career goals : 49 , joint record : Geoff Hurst ( West Ham United and Stoke City , 1958 to 1976 ) Ian Rush ( Liverpool and Newcastle United , 1980 to 1998 ) Most goals in a single match : 6 , Frankie Bunn ( for Oldham Athletic v. Scarborough , 25 October 1989 , in their 7 -- 0 win ) Most goals by a losing side : Reading ( 5 ) , Reading v. Arsenal , 30 October 2012 in their 5 -- 7 defeat ( after extra time ) Most goals by a side without winning : Dagenham & Redbridge ( 6 ) , Brentford v. Dagenham & Redbridge , 11 August 2014 in a 6 - 6 draw ( Brentford won 4 -- 2 on penalties ) . FA Charity / Community Shield ( edit ) Final ( edit ) Most wins ( team ) : 21 ( 17 outright , 4 shared ) , Manchester United ( 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 , 1967 , 1977 , 1983 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Most appearances ( team ) : 30 , Manchester United ( 1908 , 1911 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1963 , 1965 , 1967 , 1977 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) Record scoreline : Manchester United 8 -- 4 Swindon Town in 1911 Most wins ( individual ) : 9 , Ryan Giggs all outright wins ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2013 ) Most appearances ( individual ) : 15 , Ryan Giggs of Manchester United ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) Most defeats ( individual ) : 6 , Ryan Giggs ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2009 ) Most consecutive wins : 4 , Everton ( 1984 , 1985 , 1986 ( shared ) , 1987 ) Most consecutive defeats : 4 , Manchester United ( 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Most consecutive appearances : 6 , Manchester United ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Most consecutive appearances ( individual ) : 6 , Ryan Giggs ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) All competitions ( edit ) Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season ( in fewest no. of games played ) : 103 goals scored in 34 games by Manchester City in season 2013 -- 14 . Previous record : 100 goals scored in 42 games by Chelsea in season 2012 -- 13 ( excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield ( 1 / 2 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 1 / 1 ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( 2 / 3 ) ) . Fastest century of goals scored during a Premier League season ( in elapsed calendar days ) : 103 goals scored on 18 January 2014 by Manchester City in 2013 -- 14 . Previous record : 100 goals scored on 21 February 2013 by Chelsea in season 2012 -- 13 ( excludes games played / goals scored in FA Community Shield ( 1 / 2 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 1 / 1 ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( 2 / 3 ) ) . Most consecutive penalty shoot out wins : 9 by Bradford City between 6 October 2009 and 11 December 2012 Football League Cup ( 5th Round ) , 11 December 2012 , Bradford City beat Arsenal 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 1 -- 1 after extra time ) FA Cup ( 2nd Round Proper replay ) , 13 November 2012 , Bradford City beat Northampton Town 4 -- 2 on penalties ( score 3 -- 3 after extra time ) Football League Cup ( 4th Round ) , 30 October 2012 , Bradford City beat Wigan Athletic 4 -- 2 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after extra time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 9 October 2012 , Bradford City beat Hartlepool United 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( Quarter - finals ) , 8 November 2011 , Bradford City beat Sheffield United 6 -- 5 on penalties ( score 1 -- 1 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 4 October 2011 , Bradford City beat Huddersfield Town 4 -- 3 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 1st Round ) , 30 August 2011 , Bradford City beat Sheffield Wednesday 3 -- 1 on penalties ( score 0 -- 0 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( Quarter - finals ) , 10 November 2009 , Bradford City beat Port Vale 5 -- 4 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Football League Trophy ( 2nd Round ) , 6 October 2009 , Bradford City beat Notts County 3 -- 2 on penalties ( score 2 -- 2 after normal time ) Fastest penalty awarded : 6 seconds . Chester v Witton Albion -- 13 December 2016 . Referee Joseph Johnson awarded a penalty when Blaine Hudson upended Tolani Omotola after 6 seconds . Attendance Records ( edit ) Record attendance : 126,047 -- Bolton Wanderers v West Ham United played at Wembley FA Cup Final ( 28 April 1923 ) . Record attendance at club ground : 121,919 -- Aston Villa v Sunderland played at Crystal Palace FA Cup Final ( 19 April 1913 ) . Record home attendance : 85,512 -- Tottenham Hotspur v Bayer Leverkusen played at Wembley UEFA Champions League ( 2 November 2016 ) . Record home attendance at own stadium : 84,569 -- Manchester City v Stoke City played at Maine Road FA Cup R6 ( 3 March 1934 ) . Record league attendance : 83,260 -- Manchester United v Arsenal played at Maine Road First Division ( 17 January 1948 ) . Record league attendance at own stadium : 82,905 -- Chelsea v Arsenal played at Stamford Bridge First Division ( 12 October 1935 ) . Record attendance at new Wembley : 89,874 -- Portsmouth v Cardiff FA Cup Final ( 17 May 2008 ) . List of English record winners of elite competitions ( edit ) This section is about the record winners of these competitions only . For a complete ranking of English football clubs by the number of wins in these competitions , see List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won . These tables list the clubs that have won elite honours an English record number of times . It lists all international competitions organised by UEFA and FIFA . It also lists elite competitions organised by the English governing bodies the English Football League , the Premier League , and The Football Association ; those competitions where clubs would n't have qualified for a higher alternative competition , and those which were neither invitational nor regional . Ongoing competitions ( edit ) English record winners of all ongoing elite competitions Competition Record club Total wins Newest win Notes English Champions Manchester United 20 2013 FA Cup Arsenal 13 2017 EFL Cup Liverpool 8 2012 FA Community Shield Manchester United 21 2016 UEFA Champions League Liverpool 5 2005 UEFA Europa League Liverpool 2001 UEFA Super Cup Liverpool 2005 FIFA Club World Cup Manchester United 2008 Discontinued competitions ( edit ) This table follows the elite criteria above . It also includes any competitions that were not directly run by the governing bodies but were precursors to such competitions . English record winners of discontinued elite competitions Competition Record club Total wins Newest win Notes Full Members Cup Chelsea & Nottingham Forest Football League Centenary Trophy Arsenal 1988 Sheriff of London Charity Shield Corinthian 1904 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Chelsea 1998 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Leeds United 1971 Intercontinental Cup Manchester United 1999 Managers ( edit ) Longest - serving manager at one club : Fred Everiss , 46 years ( West Bromwich Albion 1902 -- 1948 ) Shortest - serving manager at one club ( excluding caretakers ) : Leroy Rosenior , 10 minutes ( Torquay United , 17 May 2007 ) Most trophy wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 38 ( Manchester United ) Most League title wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 13 ( Manchester United ) Most FA Cup wins : Arsène Wenger , 7 ( Arsenal ) Most League Cup wins : 4 , joint record : Brian Clough with Nottingham Forest Sir Alex Ferguson with Manchester United José Mourinho with Chelsea and Manchester United Most FA Charity / Community Shield wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 10 ( 9 outright , 1 shared ) ( Manchester United ) Most Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 2 ( Manchester United ) Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League wins : Bob Paisley , 3 ( Liverpool ) * Most Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League wins : Don Revie , 2 ( Leeds United ) Most top - flight League game wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 625 games ( Manchester United ) Most European Cup / UEFA Champions League game wins : Sir Alex Ferguson , 110 games ( Manchester United ) ( * ) This is also a joint overall European record . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ GGM 26 : Arsenal clinch a hat - trick of titles News Archive News Arsenal.com Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ All - Time Arsenal The Club Arsenal.com ^ Jump up to : English Football League and F.A. Premier League Tables 1888 - 2016 by Michael Robinson ( 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : England -- First Level All - Time Tables ^ Jump up to : England -- Professional Football All - Time Tables Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Top 10 starts to a season : Man United , Man City , Liverpool , Arsenal , Leeds United , Spurs and Preston '' . talksport.com . Talksport . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Club Honours and Records '' . Reading F.C. 11 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Bate , Adam ( 27 December 2017 ) . `` Manchester City have won 18 games in a row : Who can stop them now ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton , David ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Silva 's late winner makes it 20 wins in a row '' . Manchester City . Manchester . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Football League Stats Records Records -- League Draws DRAWS Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barclay , Patrick ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Arsenal join the Invincibles '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Football League : Most Consecutive Losses Archived 19 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ England -- All - Time Table Jump up ^ `` English Premier League : Full All Time Table '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Football League Stats Records Records -- League Goals GOALS Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aston Villa did not win the championship , finishing second to Arsenal whose goal tally of 127 that season is the second - highest ever in the top flight . Jump up ^ `` Man City on course to smash the English goalscoring record '' . MEN. 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ England -- First Level All - Time Tables Jump up ^ Behind the Numbers : Scoring scoring Arsenal Club Records History Arsenal.com Archived 21 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League review : Man City landmark and did Suarez dive ? '' . London . 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football League Matches : Arsenal Only Draw , Record Scoring by Stockport '' . The Manchester Guardian . 8 January 1934 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Premier League : Records '' . statto.com . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Arsenal 's A to Z ... L is for Ljungberg Arsenal.com Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` More Gaffer football trivia answers '' . Orange . 10 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Away penalties at Old Trafford '' , Sean Ingle , Barry Glendenning and Matt Cunningham , The Guardian , 26 June 2003 ^ Jump up to : `` Football League Records : Disciplinary '' Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , The Football League , accessed 4 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tallest Footballers ever '' , The Guardian , accessed 10 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Lock , Stock and Three Smoking Seconds ! '' , Bobby F.C. , accessed 16 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` Peter Shilton : Biography '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Throughout his amazing 30 - year career he played for 11 English league clubs through which he accumulated a record 1005 League appearances . Jump up ^ `` Barnsley schoolboy makes history '' . BBC Sport. 1 October 2008 . Retrieved 1 October 2008 . Jump up ^ GGM 38 : Ted Drake scores seven in one game News Archive News Arsenal.com Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ; Searl , Liz ( 8 December 1995 ) . `` Football 's fastest goal claimed '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Fastest football ( soccer ) goal in the Premier League by a substitute '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Halliday , Queens Legends . www.qosfc.com ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 26 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Barber , David ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Fastest Cup hat - trick '' . The FA . Retrieved 4 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup Heroes '' . The Football Association . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ 20 November -- Mac o ' Nine Tales , On This Football Day . Jump up ^ `` Gills ' Freeman makes Cup history '' . BBC Sport. 12 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager breaks FA Cup record on his debut '' . Loughborough Echo. 10 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bradford City penalty shoot - out record following history - making victory over Arsenal '' . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/chester-fc-concede-quickest-penalty-12317985 Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 1 Sep 2016 ) . `` England - List of Champions '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` England FA Challenge Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , James ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` England - Football League Cup Finals '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , James ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` England - List of FA Charity / Community Shield Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` European Champions ' Cup Matches '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 8 September 2016 ) . `` UEFA Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` European Super Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ; Di Maggio , Roberto ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` FIFA Club World Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football League Full Members ' Cup Summary '' . www.fchd.info . Football Club History Database . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Arsenal won the Centenary Trophy , the least celebrated title in their history '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` European Cup Winners ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` Fairs ' Cup '' . www.rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LMA 's Longest Serving Managers -- Historical '' . League Manager 's Association . Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leroy Rosenior lost his job at Torquay just 10 minutes after being introduced as the Devon club 's new manager . The then Chairman Mike Bateson called him to say he had just sold the club to a group led by Colin Lee , who reinstated himself as director of football only a matter of days after being made redundant by the club . ^ Jump up to : `` UNITED under Sir Alex FERGUSON '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won References ( edit ) `` Football League Records : Points '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Wins '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 8 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Losses '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Draws '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Goals '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Appearances '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Disciplinary '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 7 December 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . `` Football League Records : Attendances '' . The Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . External links ( edit ) `` Historical Rankings of English Football Clubs : Points '' . Aboutaball.co.uk . Archived from the original on 6 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 December 2006 . Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records Association football records AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen CAF Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of Congo Djibouti DR Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Reunion Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zanzibar Zimbabwe CONCACAF Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States & Canada US Virgin Islands CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela OFC American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belguim Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Portugal Poland Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_records_in_England&oldid=843190622 '' Categories : English football club statistics History of football in England Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 14 : 18 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football%20records%20in%20England
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what is the degrees of a 7 sided shape
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Polygon
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polygon
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In elementary geometry , a polygon ( / ˈpɒlɪɡɒn / ) is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit . These segments are called its edges or sides , and the points where two edges meet are the polygon 's vertices ( singular : vertex ) or corners . The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its body . An n - gon is a polygon with n sides ; for example , a triangle is a 3 - gon . A polygon is a 2 - dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions .
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The basic geometrical notion of a polygon has been adapted in various ways to suit particular purposes . Mathematicians are often concerned only with the bounding closed polygonal chain and with simple polygons which do not self - intersect , and they often define a polygon accordingly . A polygonal boundary may be allowed to intersect itself , creating star polygons and other self - intersecting polygons . These and other generalizations of polygons are described below . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Classification 2.1 Number of sides 2.2 Convexity and non-convexity 2.3 Equality and symmetry 2.4 Miscellaneous 3 Properties and formulas 3.1 Angles 3.2 Area and centroid 3.2. 1 Simple polygons 3.2. 2 Self - intersecting polygons 4 Generalizations of polygons 5 Naming polygons 5.1 Constructing higher names 6 History 7 Polygons in nature 8 Polygons in computer graphics 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 10.2 Notes 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word `` polygon '' derives from the Greek adjective πολύς ( polús ) `` much '' , `` many '' and γωνία ( gōnía ) `` corner '' or `` angle '' . It has been suggested that γόνυ ( gónu ) `` knee '' may be the origin of `` gon '' . Classification ( edit ) Some different types of polygon Number of sides ( edit ) Polygons are primarily classified by the number of sides . See table below . Convexity and non-convexity ( edit ) Polygons may be characterized by their convexity or type of non-convexity : Convex : any line drawn through the polygon ( and not tangent to an edge or corner ) meets its boundary exactly twice . As a consequence , all its interior angles are less than 180 ° . Equivalently , any line segment with endpoints on the boundary passes through only interior points between its endpoints . Non-convex : a line may be found which meets its boundary more than twice . Equivalently , there exists a line segment between two boundary points that passes outside the polygon . Simple : the boundary of the polygon does not cross itself . All convex polygons are simple . Concave . Non-convex and simple . There is at least one interior angle greater than 180 ° . Star - shaped : the whole interior is visible from at least one point , without crossing any edge . The polygon must be simple , and may be convex or concave . Self - intersecting : the boundary of the polygon crosses itself . Branko Grünbaum calls these coptic , though this term does not seem to be widely used . The term complex is sometimes used in contrast to simple , but this usage risks confusion with the idea of a complex polygon as one which exists in the complex Hilbert plane consisting of two complex dimensions . Star polygon : a polygon which self - intersects in a regular way . A polygon can not be both a star and star - shaped . Equality and symmetry ( edit ) Equiangular : all corner angles are equal . Cyclic : all corners lie on a single circle , called the circumcircle . Isogonal or vertex - transitive : all corners lie within the same symmetry orbit . The polygon is also cyclic and equiangular . Equilateral : all edges are of the same length . The polygon need not be convex . Tangential : all sides are tangent to an inscribed circle . Isotoxal or edge - transitive : all sides lie within the same symmetry orbit . The polygon is also equilateral and tangential . Regular : the polygon is both isogonal and isotoxal . Equivalently , it is both cyclic and equilateral , or both equilateral and equiangular . A non-convex regular polygon is called a regular star polygon . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Rectilinear : the polygon 's sides meet at right angles , i.e. , all its interior angles are 90 or 270 degrees . Monotone with respect to a given line L : every line orthogonal to L intersects the polygon not more than twice . Properties and formulas ( edit ) Euclidean geometry is assumed throughout . Angles ( edit ) Any polygon has as many corners as it has sides . Each corner has several angles . The two most important ones are : Interior angle -- The sum of the interior angles of a simple n - gon is ( n − 2 ) π radians or ( n − 2 ) × 180 degrees . This is because any simple n - gon ( having n sides ) can be considered to be made up of ( n − 2 ) triangles , each of which has an angle sum of π radians or 180 degrees . The measure of any interior angle of a convex regular n - gon is ( 1 − 2 n ) π ( \ displaystyle \ left ( 1 - ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( n ) ) \ right ) \ pi ) radians or 180 − 360 n ( \ displaystyle 180 - ( \ tfrac ( 360 ) ( n ) ) ) degrees . The interior angles of regular star polygons were first studied by Poinsot , in the same paper in which he describes the four regular star polyhedra : for a regular p q ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( p ) ( q ) ) ) - gon ( a p - gon with central density q ) , each interior angle is π ( p − 2 q ) p ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ( p - 2q ) ) ( p ) ) ) radians or 180 ( p − 2 q ) p ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 180 ( p - 2q ) ) ( p ) ) ) degrees . Exterior angle -- The exterior angle is the supplementary angle to the interior angle . Tracing around a convex n - gon , the angle `` turned '' at a corner is the exterior or external angle . Tracing all the way around the polygon makes one full turn , so the sum of the exterior angles must be 360 ° . This argument can be generalized to concave simple polygons , if external angles that turn in the opposite direction are subtracted from the total turned . Tracing around an n - gon in general , the sum of the exterior angles ( the total amount one rotates at the vertices ) can be any integer multiple d of 360 ° , e.g. 720 ° for a pentagram and 0 ° for an angular `` eight '' or antiparallelogram , where d is the density or starriness of the polygon . See also orbit ( dynamics ) . Area and centroid ( edit ) Simple polygons ( edit ) Coordinates of a non-convex pentagon . For a non-self - intersecting ( simple ) polygon with vertices ( ( x i , y i ) ) i = 0 n − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ ( ( x_ ( i ) , y_ ( i ) ) \ ) _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ) the signed area and the Cartesian coordinates of the centroid are given by : A = 1 2 ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) , w h e r e ( x n , y n ) = ( x 0 , y 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) - x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) ) , \ , where ( \ displaystyle ( \ bigl ( ) x_ ( n ) , y_ ( n ) ( \ bigr ) ) = ( \ bigl ( ) x_ ( 0 ) , y_ ( 0 ) ( \ bigr ) ) ) , ) 16 A 2 = ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ∑ j = 0 n − 1 Q i , j Q i , j + 1 , Q i + 1 , j Q i + 1 , j + 1 , ( \ displaystyle 16A ^ ( 2 ) = \ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) \ sum _ ( j = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) Q_ ( i , j ) &Q_ ( i , j + 1 ) , \ \ Q_ ( i + 1 , j ) &Q_ ( i + 1 , j + 1 ) \ \ \ end ( vmatrix ) ) , \ , ) where Q i , j ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( i , j ) ) is the squared distance between ( x i , y i ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( i ) , y_ ( i ) ) ) and ( x j , y j ) ; ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( j ) , y_ ( j ) ) ; ) and C x = 1 6 A ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ( x i + x i + 1 ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) , ( \ displaystyle C_ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6A ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ( x_ ( i ) + x_ ( i + 1 ) ) ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) - x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) ) , \ , ) C y = 1 6 A ∑ i = 0 n − 1 ( y i + y i + 1 ) ( x i y i + 1 − x i + 1 y i ) . ( \ displaystyle C_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 6A ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( n - 1 ) ( y_ ( i ) + y_ ( i + 1 ) ) ( x_ ( i ) y_ ( i + 1 ) - x_ ( i + 1 ) y_ ( i ) ). \ , ) To close the polygon , the first and last vertices are the same , i.e. , x , y = x , y . The vertices must be ordered according to positive or negative orientation ( counterclockwise or clockwise , respectively ) ; if they are ordered negatively , the value given by the area formula will be negative but correct in absolute value , but when calculating C x ( \ displaystyle C_ ( x ) ) and C y ( \ displaystyle C_ ( y ) ) , the signed value of A ( \ displaystyle A ) ( which in this case is negative ) should be used . This is commonly called the shoelace formula or Surveyor 's formula . The area A of a simple polygon can also be computed if the lengths of the sides , a , a , ... , a and the exterior angles , θ , θ , ... , θ are known , from : A = 1 2 ( a 1 ( a 2 sin ( θ 1 ) + a 3 sin ( θ 1 + θ 2 ) + ⋯ + a n − 1 sin ( θ 1 + θ 2 + ⋯ + θ n − 2 ) ) + a 2 ( a 3 sin ( θ 2 ) + a 4 sin ( θ 2 + θ 3 ) + ⋯ + a n − 1 sin ( θ 2 + ⋯ + θ n − 2 ) ) + ⋯ + a n − 2 ( a n − 1 sin ( θ n − 2 ) ) ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( a_ ( 1 ) ( a_ ( 2 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( 1 ) ) + a_ ( 3 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( 1 ) + \ theta _ ( 2 ) ) + \ cdots + a_ ( n - 1 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( 1 ) + \ theta _ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + \ theta _ ( n - 2 ) ) ) \ \ ( ) + a_ ( 2 ) ( a_ ( 3 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( 2 ) ) + a_ ( 4 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( 2 ) + \ theta _ ( 3 ) ) + \ cdots + a_ ( n - 1 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + \ theta _ ( n - 2 ) ) ) \ \ ( ) + \ cdots + a_ ( n - 2 ) ( a_ ( n - 1 ) \ sin ( \ theta _ ( n - 2 ) ) ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The formula was described by Lopshits in 1963 . If the polygon can be drawn on an equally spaced grid such that all its vertices are grid points , Pick 's theorem gives a simple formula for the polygon 's area based on the numbers of interior and boundary grid points : the former number plus one - half the latter number , minus 1 . In every polygon with perimeter p and area A , the isoperimetric inequality p 2 > 4 π A ( \ displaystyle p ^ ( 2 ) > 4 \ pi A ) holds . If any two simple polygons of equal area are given , then the first can be cut into polygonal pieces which can be reassembled to form the second polygon . This is the Bolyai -- Gerwien theorem . The area of a regular polygon is also given in terms of the radius r of its inscribed circle and its perimeter p by A = 1 2 ⋅ p ⋅ r . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot p \ cdot r . ) This radius is also termed its apothem and is often represented as a . The area of a regular n - gon with side s inscribed in a unit circle is A = n s 4 4 − s 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( ns ) ( 4 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 4 - s ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The area of a regular n - gon in terms of the radius R of its circumscribed circle and its perimeter p is given by A = R 2 ⋅ p ⋅ 1 − p 2 4 n 2 R 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( R ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot p \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 1 - ( \ tfrac ( p ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4n ^ ( 2 ) R ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) . ) The area of a regular n - gon inscribed in a unit - radius circle , with side s and interior angle α , ( \ displaystyle \ alpha , ) can also be expressed trigonometrically as A = n s 2 4 cot π n = n s 2 4 cot α n − 2 = n ⋅ sin π n ⋅ cos π n = n ⋅ sin α n − 2 ⋅ cos α n − 2 . ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ frac ( ns ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ cot ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) = ( \ frac ( ns ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ cot ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( n - 2 ) ) = n \ cdot \ sin ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) = n \ cdot \ sin ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( n - 2 ) ) \ cdot \ cos ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( n - 2 ) ) . ) The lengths of the sides of a polygon do not in general determine the area . However , if the polygon is cyclic the sides do determine the area . Of all n - gons with given sides , the one with the largest area is cyclic . Of all n - gons with a given perimeter , the one with the largest area is regular ( and therefore cyclic ) . Self - intersecting polygons ( edit ) The area of a self - intersecting polygon can be defined in two different ways , each of which gives a different answer : Using the above methods for simple polygons , we allow that particular regions within the polygon may have their area multiplied by a factor which we call the density of the region . For example , the central convex pentagon in the center of a pentagram has density 2 . The two triangular regions of a cross-quadrilateral ( like a figure 8 ) have opposite - signed densities , and adding their areas together can give a total area of zero for the whole figure . Considering the enclosed regions as point sets , we can find the area of the enclosed point set . This corresponds to the area of the plane covered by the polygon , or to the area of one or more simple polygons having the same outline as the self - intersecting one . In the case of the cross-quadrilateral , it is treated as two simple triangles . Generalizations of polygons ( edit ) The idea of a polygon has been generalized in various ways . Some of the more important include : A spherical polygon is a circuit of arcs of great circles ( sides ) and vertices on the surface of a sphere . It allows the digon , a polygon having only two sides and two corners , which is impossible in a flat plane . Spherical polygons play an important role in cartography ( map making ) and in Wythoff 's construction of the uniform polyhedra . A skew polygon does not lie in a flat plane , but zigzags in three ( or more ) dimensions . The Petrie polygons of the regular polytopes are well known examples . An apeirogon is an infinite sequence of sides and angles , which is not closed but has no ends because it extends indefinitely in both directions . A skew apeirogon is an infinite sequence of sides and angles that do not lie in a flat plane . A complex polygon is a configuration analogous to an ordinary polygon , which exists in the complex plane of two real and two imaginary dimensions . An abstract polygon is an algebraic partially ordered set representing the various elements ( sides , vertices , etc . ) and their connectivity . A real geometric polygon is said to be a realization of the associated abstract polygon . Depending on the mapping , all the generalizations described here can be realized . A polyhedron is a three - dimensional solid bounded by flat polygonal faces , analogous to a polygon in two dimensions . The corresponding shapes in four or higher dimensions are called polytopes . Naming polygons ( edit ) The word `` polygon '' comes from Late Latin polygōnum ( a noun ) , from Greek πολύγωνον ( polygōnon / polugōnon ) , noun use of neuter of πολύγωνος ( polygōnos / polugōnos , the masculine adjective ) , meaning `` many - angled '' . Individual polygons are named ( and sometimes classified ) according to the number of sides , combining a Greek - derived numerical prefix with the suffix - gon , e.g. pentagon , dodecagon . The triangle , quadrilateral and nonagon are exceptions . Beyond decagons ( 10 - sided ) and dodecagons ( 12 - sided ) , mathematicians generally use numerical notation , for example 17 - gon and 257 - gon . Exceptions exist for side counts that are more easily expressed in verbal form ( e.g. 20 and 30 ) , or are used by non-mathematicians . Some special polygons also have their own names ; for example the regular star pentagon is also known as the pentagram . Polygon names and miscellaneous properties Name Edges Properties monogon Not generally recognised as a polygon , although some disciplines such as graph theory sometimes use the term . digon Not generally recognised as a polygon in the Euclidean plane , although it can exist as a spherical polygon . triangle ( or trigon ) The simplest polygon which can exist in the Euclidean plane . Can tile the plane . quadrilateral ( or tetragon ) The simplest polygon which can cross itself ; the simplest polygon which can be concave ; the simplest polygon which can be non-cyclic . Can tile the plane . pentagon 5 The simplest polygon which can exist as a regular star . A star pentagon is known as a pentagram or pentacle . hexagon 6 Can tile the plane . heptagon ( or septagon ) 7 The simplest polygon such that the regular form is not constructible with compass and straightedge . However , it can be constructed using a Neusis construction . octagon 8 nonagon ( or enneagon ) 9 `` Nonagon '' mixes Latin ( novem = 9 ) with Greek , `` enneagon '' is pure Greek . decagon 10 hendecagon ( or undecagon ) 11 The simplest polygon such that the regular form can not be constructed with compass , straightedge , and angle trisector . dodecagon ( or duodecagon ) 12 tridecagon ( or triskaidecagon ) 13 tetradecagon ( or tetrakaidecagon ) 14 pentadecagon ( or pentakaidecagon ) 15 hexadecagon ( or hexakaidecagon ) 16 heptadecagon ( or heptakaidecagon ) 17 Constructible polygon octadecagon ( or octakaidecagon ) 18 enneadecagon ( or enneakaidecagon ) 19 icosagon 20 icositetragon ( or icosikaitetragon ) 24 triacontagon 30 tetracontagon ( or tessaracontagon ) 40 pentacontagon ( or pentecontagon ) 50 hexacontagon ( or hexecontagon ) 60 heptacontagon ( or hebdomecontagon ) 70 octacontagon ( or ogdoëcontagon ) 80 enneacontagon ( or enenecontagon ) 90 hectogon ( or hecatontagon ) 100 257 Constructible polygon chiliagon 1000 Philosophers including René Descartes , Immanuel Kant , David Hume , have used the chiliagon as an example in discussions . myriagon 10,000 Used as an example in some philosophical discussions , for example in Descartes ' Meditations on First Philosophy 65,537 Constructible polygon megagon 1,000,000 As with René Descartes ' example of the chiliagon , the million - sided polygon has been used as an illustration of a well - defined concept that can not be visualised . The megagon is also used as an illustration of the convergence of regular polygons to a circle . apeirogon ∞ A degenerate polygon of infinitely many sides . Constructing higher names ( edit ) To construct the name of a polygon with more than 20 and less than 100 edges , combine the prefixes as follows . The `` kai '' term applies to 13 - gons and higher and was used by Kepler , and advocated by John H. Conway for clarity to concatenated prefix numbers in the naming of quasiregular polyhedra . Tens and Ones final suffix - kai - - hena - - gon 20 icosi - ( icosa - when alone ) - di - 30 triaconta - ( or triconta - ) - tri - 40 tetraconta - ( or tessaraconta - ) - tetra - 50 pentaconta - ( or penteconta - ) 5 - penta - 60 hexaconta - ( or hexeconta - ) 6 - hexa - 70 heptaconta - ( or hebdomeconta - ) 7 - hepta - 80 octaconta - ( or ogdoëconta - ) 8 - octa - 90 enneaconta - ( or eneneconta - ) 9 - ennea - History ( edit ) Historical image of polygons ( 1699 ) Polygons have been known since ancient times . The regular polygons were known to the ancient Greeks , with the pentagram , a non-convex regular polygon ( star polygon ) , appearing as early as the 7th century B.C. on a krater by Aristonothos , found at Caere and now in the Capitoline Museum . The first known systematic study of non-convex polygons in general was made by Thomas Bradwardine in the 14th century . In 1952 , Geoffrey Colin Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex plane , where each real dimension is accompanied by an imaginary one , to create complex polygons . Polygons in nature ( edit ) The Giant 's Causeway , in Northern Ireland Polygons appear in rock formations , most commonly as the flat facets of crystals , where the angles between the sides depend on the type of mineral from which the crystal is made . Regular hexagons can occur when the cooling of lava forms areas of tightly packed columns of basalt , which may be seen at the Giant 's Causeway in Northern Ireland , or at the Devil 's Postpile in California . In biology , the surface of the wax honeycomb made by bees is an array of hexagons , and the sides and base of each cell are also polygons . Polygons in computer graphics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In computer graphics , a polygon is a primitive used in modelling and rendering . They are defined in a database , containing arrays of vertices ( the coordinates of the geometrical vertices , as well as other attributes of the polygon , such as color , shading and texture ) , connectivity information , and materials . Naming conventions differ from those of mathematicians : A simple polygon is convex , planar , more easily handled by algorithms and hardware . a concave polygon is a simple polygon having at least one interior angle greater than 180 ° . A complex polygon may have arbitrary topology including holes , requiring more advanced algorithms ( often systems will tesselate these into simple polygons ) . Any surface is modelled as a tessellation called polygon mesh . If a square mesh has n + 1 points ( vertices ) per side , there are n squared squares in the mesh , or 2n squared triangles since there are two triangles in a square . There are ( n + 1 ) / 2 ( n ) vertices per triangle . Where n is large , this approaches one half . Or , each vertex inside the square mesh connects four edges ( lines ) . The imaging system calls up the structure of polygons needed for the scene to be created from the database . This is transferred to active memory and finally , to the display system ( screen , TV monitors etc . ) so that the scene can be viewed . During this process , the imaging system renders polygons in correct perspective ready for transmission of the processed data to the display system . Although polygons are two - dimensional , through the system computer they are placed in a visual scene in the correct three - dimensional orientation . In computer graphics and computational geometry , it is often necessary to determine whether a given point P = ( x , y ) lies inside a simple polygon given by a sequence of line segments . This is called the Point in polygon test . See also ( edit ) Boolean operations on polygons Complete graph Constructible polygon Cyclic polygon Geometric shape Golygon Polyform Polygon soup Polygon triangulation Synthetic geometry Tiling Tiling puzzle References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Coxeter , H.S.M. ; Regular Polytopes , ( Methuen and Co. , 1948 ) . Cromwell , P. ; Polyhedra , CUP hbk ( 1997 ) , pbk. ( 1999 ) . Grünbaum , B. ; Are your polyhedra the same as my polyhedra ? Discrete and comput . geom : the Goodman - Pollack festschrift , ed . Aronov et al. Springer ( 2003 ) pp. 461 -- 488 . ( pdf ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Craig , John ( 1849 ) . A new universal etymological technological , and pronouncing dictionary of the English language . Oxford University . p. 404 . Extract of page 404 Jump up ^ Kappraff , Jay ( 2002 ) . Beyond measure : a guided tour through nature , myth , and number . World Scientific . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 4702 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bourke , Paul ( July 1988 ) . `` Calculating The Area And Centroid Of A Polygon '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ B.Sz . Nagy , L. Rédey : Eine Verallgemeinerung der Inhaltsformel von Heron . Publ . Math . Debrecen 1 , 42 -- 50 ( 1949 ) Jump up ^ Bart Braden ( 1986 ) . `` The Surveyor 's Area Formula '' ( PDF ) . The College Mathematics Journal . 17 ( 4 ) : 326 -- 337 . doi : 10.2307 / 2686282 . Jump up ^ A.M. Lopshits ( 1963 ) . Computation of areas of oriented figures . translators : J Massalski and C Mills , Jr. DC Heath and Company : Boston , MA . Jump up ^ Dergiades , Nikolaos , `` An elementary proof of the isoperimetric inequality '' , Forum Mathematicorum 2 , 2002 , 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Robbins , `` Polygons inscribed in a circle , '' American Mathematical Monthly 102 , June -- July 1995 . Jump up ^ Chakerian , G.D. `` A Distorted View of Geometry . '' Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums ( R. Honsberger , editor ) . Washington , DC : Mathematical Association of America , 1979 : 147 . ^ Jump up to : Mathworld Jump up ^ Grunbaum , B. ; `` Are your polyhedra the same as my polyhedra '' , Discrete and computational geometry : the Goodman - Pollack Festschrift , Ed . Aronov et al. , Springer ( 2003 ) , page 464 . Jump up ^ Hass , Joel ; Morgan , Frank ( 1996 ) , `` Geodesic nets on the 2 - sphere '' , Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society , 124 ( 12 ) : 3843 -- 3850 , doi : 10.1090 / S0002 - 9939 - 96 - 03492 - 2 , JSTOR 2161556 , MR 1343696 . Jump up ^ Coxeter , H.S.M. ; Regular polytopes , Dover Edition ( 1973 ) , Page 4 . ^ Jump up to : Salomon , David ( 2011 ) . The Computer Graphics Manual . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 88 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85729 - 886 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : The New Elements of Mathematics : Algebra and Geometry by Charles Sanders Peirce ( 1976 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.polygon.names.html Jump up ^ Sepkoski , David ( 2005 ) . `` Nominalism and constructivism in seventeenth - century mathematical philosophy '' ( PDF ) . Historia Mathematica. 32 : 33 -- 59 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hm. 2003.09. 002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Gottfried Martin ( 1955 ) , Kant 's Metaphysics and Theory of Science , Manchester University Press , p. 22 . Jump up ^ David Hume , The Philosophical Works of David Hume , Volume 1 , Black and Tait , 1826 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Gibilisco , Stan ( 2003 ) . Geometry demystified ( Online - Ausg . ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 141650 - 4 . Jump up ^ Darling , David J. , The universal book of mathematics : from Abracadabra to Zeno 's paradoxes , John Wiley & Sons , 2004 . Page 249 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 27047 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dugopolski , Mark , College Algebra and Trigonometry , 2nd ed , Addison - Wesley , 1999 . Page 505 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 34712 - 1 . Jump up ^ McCormick , John Francis , Scholastic Metaphysics , Loyola University Press , 1928 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Merrill , John Calhoun and Odell , S. Jack , Philosophy and Journalism , Longman , 1983 , p. 47 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 28157 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hospers , John , An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis , 4th ed , Routledge , 1997 , p. 56 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 15792 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mandik , Pete , Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2010 , p. 26 , ISBN 1 - 84706 - 349 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Anthony , The Rise of Modern Philosophy , Oxford University Press , 2006 , p. 124 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 875277 - 6 . Jump up ^ Balmes , James , Fundamental Philosophy , Vol II , Sadlier and Co. , Boston , 1856 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Potter , Vincent G. , On Understanding Understanding : A Philosophy of Knowledge , 2nd ed , Fordham University Press , 1993 , p. 86 , ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1486 - 9 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand , History of Western Philosophy , reprint edition , Routledge , 2004 , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32505 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Naming Polygons and Polyhedra '' . Ask Dr. Math . The Math Forum -- Drexel University . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath , Sir Thomas Little ( 1981 ) , A History of Greek Mathematics , Volume 1 , Courier Dover Publications , p. 162 , ISBN 9780486240732 . Reprint of original 1921 publication with corrected errata . Heath uses the spelling `` Aristonophus '' for the vase painter 's name . Jump up ^ Cratere with the blinding of Polyphemus and a naval battle Archived 2013 - 11 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Castellani Halls , Capitoline Museum , accessed 2013 - 11 - 11 . Two pentagrams are visible near the center of the image , Jump up ^ Coxeter , H.S.M. ; Regular Polytopes , 3rd Edn , Dover ( pbk ) , 1973 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Shephard , G.C. ; `` Regular complex polytopes '' , Proc. London Math . Soc . Series 3 Volume 2 , 1952 , pp 82 - 97 Jump up ^ `` opengl vertex specification '' . Jump up ^ `` direct3d rendering , based on vertices & triangles '' . External links ( edit ) Look up polygon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polygons . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Polygon '' . MathWorld . What Are Polyhedra ? , with Greek Numerical Prefixes Polygons , types of polygons , and polygon properties , with interactive animation How to draw monochrome orthogonal polygons on screens , by Herbert Glarner comp. graphics. algorithms Frequently Asked Questions , solutions to mathematical problems computing 2D and 3D polygons Comparison of the different algorithms for Polygon Boolean operations , compares capabilities , speed and numerical robustness Interior angle sum of polygons : a general formula , Provides an interactive Java investigation that extends the interior angle sum formula for simple closed polygons to include crossed ( complex ) polygons Polygons Regular List 1 -- 10 sides Monogon Digon Triangle Equilateral Isosceles Quadrilateral Square Rectangle Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezoid Kite Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Nonagon ( Enneagon ) Decagon 11 -- 20 sides Hendecagon Dodecagon Tridecagon Tetradecagon Pentadecagon Hexadecagon Heptadecagon Octadecagon Enneadecagon Icosagon 21 -- 100 sides ( selected ) Icosidigon ( 22 ) Icositetragon ( 24 ) Icosihexagon ( 26 ) Icosioctagon ( 28 ) Triacontagon ( 30 ) Triacontadigon ( 32 ) Triacontatetragon ( 34 ) Tetracontagon ( 40 ) Tetracontadigon ( 42 ) Tetracontaoctagon ( 48 ) Pentacontagon ( 50 ) Hexacontagon ( 60 ) Hexacontatetragon ( 64 ) Heptacontagon ( 70 ) Octacontagon ( 80 ) Enneacontagon ( 90 ) Enneacontahexagon ( 96 ) Hectogon ( 100 ) > 100 sides 120 - gon 257 - gon 360 - gon Chiliagon ( 1,000 ) Myriagon ( 10,000 ) 65537 - gon Megagon ( 1,000,000 ) Apeirogon ( ∞ ) Star polygons ( 5 -- 12 sides ) Pentagram Hexagram Heptagram Octagram Enneagram Decagram Hendecagram Dodecagram ( hide ) Fundamental convex regular and uniform polytopes in dimensions 2 -- 10 Family I ( p ) / D E / E / E / F / G Regular polygon Triangle Square p - gon Hexagon Pentagon Uniform polyhedron Tetrahedron Octahedron Cube Demicube Dodecahedron Icosahedron Uniform 4 - polytope 5 - cell 16 - cell Tesseract Demitesseract 24 - cell 120 - cell 600 - cell Uniform 5 - polytope 5 - simplex 5 - orthoplex 5 - cube 5 - demicube Uniform 6 - polytope 6 - simplex 6 - orthoplex 6 - cube 6 - demicube 1 2 Uniform 7 - polytope 7 - simplex 7 - orthoplex 7 - cube 7 - demicube 1 2 3 Uniform 8 - polytope 8 - simplex 8 - orthoplex 8 - cube 8 - demicube 1 2 4 Uniform 9 - polytope 9 - simplex 9 - orthoplex 9 - cube 9 - demicube Uniform 10 - polytope 10 - simplex 10 - orthoplex 10 - cube 10 - demicube Uniform n - polytope n - simplex n - orthoplex n - cube n - demicube 1 2 k n - pentagonal polytope Topics : Polytope families Regular polytope List of regular polytopes and compounds Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polygon&oldid=838367631 '' Categories : Polygons Euclidean plane geometry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 15 : 35 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon
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what did the barons do in the feudal system
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Historically , feudal barons were the king 's tenants - in - chief , that is to say men who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction ( court baron ) over their territory , the barony , comprising several manors . Such men , if not already noblemen , were ennobled by obtaining such tenure , and had thenceforth an obligation , upon summons by writ , to attend the king 's peripatetic court , the earliest form of Parliament and the House of Lords . They thus formed the baronage , which later formed a large part of the peerage of England .
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tenants - in - chief
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Feudal baron
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feudal baron
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Historically , feudal barons were the king 's tenants - in - chief , that is to say men who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction ( court baron ) over their territory , the barony , comprising several manors . Such men , if not already noblemen , were ennobled by obtaining such tenure , and had thenceforth an obligation , upon summons by writ , to attend the king 's peripatetic court , the earliest form of Parliament and the House of Lords . They thus formed the baronage , which later formed a large part of the peerage of England .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 England 2 Scotland 3 Irish feudal barony 4 References England ( edit ) Main article : English feudal barony English feudal baronies ( and all lesser forms of feudal tenure ) were abolished by the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 , but long before then the royal summons to attend parliament had been withheld from all but the most powerful feudal barons and had been extended to persons with lesser feudal tenures who had personal qualities fitting them to be royal councillors and thus peers . These latter were barons by writ . The English feudal barony , or `` barony by tenure '' , now has no legal existence . It was the highest form of feudal land tenure , namely per baroniam ( Latin for `` by barony '' ) under which the land - holder owed the now little understood service of `` being one of the king 's barons '' . It must be distinguished from the lesser barony , also feudal , which existed within a county palatine , such as the barony of Halton within the Palatinate of Chester . Such barons were merely tenants - in - chief of a prince , whose own overlord was the king . The duties and privileges owed by feudal barons can not now be defined exactly but the main duty certainly was the provision of soldiers to the royal feudal army on demand by the king , and a further duty , which involved considerable expense and travel , clearly also a privilege , was the attendance at the king 's feudal court , the precursor of Parliament . The principal benefit clearly was the revenue generated from rents and production within the demesne lands of the barony , and also the personal power and prestige derived from the feudal service of the tenants , the highest level of whom , lords of their own manors , became knights in the baron 's retinue . The estate - in - land held by barony if containing a significant castle as its caput and if especially large , that is to say consisting of more than about 20 knight 's fees ( each loosely equivalent to a manor ) , was termed an `` honour '' . Constituent manors of a barony were mostly subinfeudated by the baron to his own knights or followers , with a few retained tenantless as his demesne . Most English Feudal Barons were converted to baronies of writ or peerage according to the Abolition Act of 1660 . The baronies not converted became baronies of free socage , a dignity title . There exist today a very few cases of English families which , had it not been for the 1660 Act , would still be feudal barons of ancient creation . One such is the Berkeley family , which although its Earldom of Berkeley became extinct in 1942 and it recently lost its older peerage title Baron Berkeley to a female line , still possesses and resides ( that is to say retains tenure ) as county gentry at Berkeley Castle in 2014 , the caput of the feudal barony of Berkeley granted by King Henry II ( 1154 - 1189 ) to its direct ancestor in the male line Robert FitzHarding ( d. 1171 ) , whose son took the surname de Berkeley . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : Scottish feudal barony In contrast , the Scottish feudal barony retains a dignity preserved by the `` Abolition of Feudal Tenure , etc ( Scotland ) Act 2000 '' . A feudal barony is the only title of dignity legally assignable and able to be legally alienated from the bloodline of its previous possessor . The heraldry and legal determination of ownership of Scottish baronies are governed by the court of the Lord Lyon . Irish feudal barony ( edit ) The Irish feudal barony also existed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Several of the men granted feudal baronies by William the Conqueror were of obscure Norman origin who had served conspicuously during the Norman Conquest and had revealed valuable personal qualities to a king seeking to establish his rule in a conquered land ( e.g. Turstin FitzRolf , feudal baron of North Cadbury ) Jump up ^ Sanders ( 1960 ) , p. 138 , refers to the `` Lord '' of Halton being the hereditary constable of the County Palatine of Chester , and omits Halton from both his lists Jump up ^ Debrett 's Peerage , 1968 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Sanders , I.J. English Baronies : A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086 - 1327 , Oxford , 1960 , p. 13 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feudal_baron&oldid=766765349 '' Categories : Feudalism in England Feudalism in Scotland Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2017 , at 00 : 55 . About Wikipedia
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what type of volleyball is used in the olympics
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Volleyball
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volleyball
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This article needs attention from an expert in Volleyball . The specific problem is : too much unsourced information . WikiProject Volleyball may be able to help recruit an expert . ( September 2015 ) Volleyball Typical volleyball action Highest governing body FIVB First played 1895 , Holyoke , Massachusetts , United States Characteristics Contact No contact Team members 6 Mixed gender Single Type Indoor , beach , grass Equipment Volleyball Glossary Glossary of volleyball Presence Olympic 1964 Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net . Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team 's court under organized rules . It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964 . The complete rules are extensive , but simply , play proceeds as follows : a player on one of the teams begins a ' rally ' by serving the ball ( tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm ) , from behind the back boundary line of the court , over the net , and into the receiving team 's court . The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court . The team may touch the ball up to 3 times , but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively . Typically , the first two touches are used to set up for an attack , an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court . The rally continues , with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches , until either ( 1 ) : a team makes a kill , grounding the ball on the opponent 's court and winning the rally ; or ( 2 ) : a team commits a fault and loses the rally . The team that wins the rally is awarded a point and serves the ball to start the next rally . A few of the most common faults include : causing the ball to touch the ground or floor outside the opponents ' court or without first passing over the net ; catching and throwing the ball ; double hit : two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player ; four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team ; net foul : touching the net during play ; foot fault : the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving . The ball is usually played with the hands or arms , but players can legally strike or push ( short contact ) the ball with any part of the body . A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball , including spiking and blocking ( because these plays are made above the top of the net , the vertical jump is an athletic skill emphasized in the sport ) as well as passing , setting , and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin of volleyball 1.2 Refinements and later developments 1.3 Volleyball in the Olympics 2 Rules of the game 2.1 The court dimensions 2.2 The ball 2.3 Game play 2.4 Scoring 2.5 Libero 2.6 Recent rule changes 3 Skills 3.1 Serve 3.2 Pass 3.3 Set 3.4 Attack 3.5 Block 3.6 Dig 4 Team play 5 Coaching 5.1 Basic 6 Strategy 6.1 Player specialization 6.2 Formations 6.2. 1 4 -- 2 6.2. 2 6 -- 2 6.2. 3 5 -- 1 7 Controversies 8 Variations and related games 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links History Origin of volleyball William G. Morgan In the winter of 1895 , in Holyoke , Massachusetts ( United States ) , William G. Morgan , a YMCA physical education director , created a new game called Mintonette , a name derived from the game of badminton , as a pastime to be played ( preferably ) indoors and by any number of players . The game took some of its characteristics from other sports such as tennis and handball . Another indoor sport , basketball , was catching on in the area , having been invented just ten miles ( sixteen kilometers ) away in the city of Springfield , Massachusetts , only four years before . Mintonette was designed to be an indoor sport , less rough than basketball , for older members of the YMCA , while still requiring a bit of athletic effort . The first rules , written down by William G Morgan , called for a net 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) high , a 25 ft × 50 ft ( 7.6 m × 15.2 m ) court , and any number of players . A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning , and no limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents ' court . In case of a serving error , a second try was allowed . Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul ( with loss of the point or a side - out ) -- except in the case of the first - try serve . After an observer , Alfred Halstead , noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896 , played at the International YMCA Training School ( now called Springfield College ) , the game quickly became known as volleyball ( it was originally spelled as two words : `` volley ball '' ) . Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs . A scene of playing Volleyball of the village Naldahari in India Refinements and later developments Japanese American women playing volleyball , Manzanar internment camp , California , ca . 1943 The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed ; some sources say Spalding created the first official ball in 1896 , while others claim it was created in 1900 . The rules evolved over time : in 1916 , in the Philippines , the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced , and four years later a `` three hits '' rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established . In 1917 , the game was changed from requiring 21 points to win to a smaller 15 points to win . In 1919 , about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies , which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries . The first country outside the United States to adopt volleyball was Canada in 1900 . An international federation , the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball ( FIVB ) , was founded in 1947 , and the first World Championships were held in 1949 for men and 1952 for women . The sport is now popular in Brazil , in Europe ( where especially Italy , the Netherlands , and countries from Eastern Europe have been major forces since the late 1980s ) , in Russia , and in other countries including China and the rest of Asia , as well as in the United States . A nudist / naturist volleyball game at the Sunny Trails Club during the 1958 Canadian Sunbathing Association ( CSA ) convention in British Columbia , Canada Beach volleyball , a variation of the game played on sand and with only two players per team , became a FIVB - endorsed variation in 1987 and was added to the Olympic program at the 1996 Summer Olympics . Volleyball is also a sport at the Paralympics managed by the World Organization Volleyball for Disabled . Nudists were early adopters of the game with regular organized play in clubs as early as the late 1920s . By the 1960s , a volleyball court had become standard in almost all nudist / naturist clubs . Volleyball in the Olympics Main article : Volleyball at the Summer Olympics Volleyball has been part of the Summer Olympics program for both men and women consistently since 1964 . Rules of the game Volleyball court The court dimensions A volleyball court is 9 m × 18 m ( 29.5 ft × 59.1 ft ) , divided into equal square halves by a net with a width of one meter ( 39.4 in ) . The top of the net is 2.43 m ( 7 ft 11 ⁄ in ) above the center of the court for men 's competition , and 2.24 m ( 7 ft 4 ⁄ in ) for women 's competition , varied for veterans and junior competitions . The minimum height clearance for indoor volleyball courts is 7 m ( 23.0 ft ) , although a clearance of 8 m ( 26.2 ft ) is recommended . A line 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) from and parallel to the net is considered the `` attack line '' . This `` 3 meter '' ( or `` 10 - foot '' ) line divides the court into `` back row '' and `` front row '' areas ( also back court and front court ) . These are in turn divided into 3 areas each : these are numbered as follows , starting from area `` 1 '' , which is the position of the serving player : Rotation pattern After a team gains the serve ( also known as siding out ) , its members must rotate in a clockwise direction , with the player previously in area `` 2 '' moving to area `` 1 '' and so on , with the player from area `` 1 '' moving to area `` 6 '' . Each player rotates only one time after the team gains possession of the serve ; the next time each player rotates will be after the other team wins possession of the ball and loses the point . The team courts are surrounded by an area called the free zone which is a minimum of 3 meters wide and which the players may enter and play within after the service of the ball . All lines denoting the boundaries of the team court and the attack zone are drawn or painted within the dimensions of the area and are therefore a part of the court or zone . If a ball comes in contact with the line , the ball is considered to be `` in '' . An antenna is placed on each side of the net perpendicular to the sideline and is a vertical extension of the side boundary of the court . A ball passing over the net must pass completely between the antennae ( or their theoretical extensions to the ceiling ) without contacting them . The ball Main article : Volleyball ( ball ) FIVB regulations state that the ball must be spherical , made of leather or synthetic leather , have a circumference of 65 -- 67 cm , a weight of 260 -- 280 g and an inside pressure of 0.30 -- 0.325 kg / cm . Other governing bodies have similar regulations . Game play White is on the attack while red attempts to block . Buddhist monks play volleyball in the Himalayan state of Sikkim , India . Each team consists of six players . To get play started , a team is chosen to serve by coin toss . A player from the serving team throws the ball into the air and attempts to hit the ball so it passes over the net on a course such that it will land in the opposing team 's court ( the serve ) . The opposing team must use a combination of no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent 's side of the net . These contacts usually consist first of the bump or pass so that the ball 's trajectory is aimed towards the player designated as the setter ; second of the set ( usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger - tips at the ball ) by the setter so that the ball 's trajectory is aimed towards a spot where one of the players designated as an attacker can hit it , and third by the attacker who spikes ( jumping , raising one arm above the head and hitting the ball so it will move quickly down to the ground on the opponent 's court ) to return the ball over the net . The team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball as described is said to be on offense . The team on defense attempts to prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court : players at the net jump and reach above the top ( and if possible , across the plane ) of the net to block the attacked ball . If the ball is hit around , above , or through the block , the defensive players arranged in the rest of the court attempt to control the ball with a dig ( usually a fore - arm pass of a hard - driven ball ) . After a successful dig , the team transitions to offense . The game continues in this manner , rallying back and forth , until the ball touches the court within the boundaries or until an error is made . The most frequent errors that are made are either to fail to return the ball over the net within the allowed three touches , or to cause the ball to land outside the court . A ball is `` in '' if any part of it touches a sideline or end - line , and a strong spike may compress the ball enough when it lands that a ball which at first appears to be going out may actually be in . Players may travel well outside the court to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end - line in the air . Other common errors include a player touching the ball twice in succession , a player `` catching '' the ball , a player touching the net while attempting to play the ball , or a player penetrating under the net into the opponent 's court . There are a large number of other errors specified in the rules , although most of them are infrequent occurrences . These errors include back - row or libero players spiking the ball or blocking ( back - row players may spike the ball if they jump from behind the attack line ) , players not being in the correct position when the ball is served , attacking the serve in the front court and above the height of the net , using another player as a source of support to reach the ball , stepping over the back boundary line when serving , taking more than 8 seconds to serve , or playing the ball when it is above the opponent 's court . Scoring Scorer 's table just before a game When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries or an error is made , the team that did not make the error is awarded a point , whether they served the ball or not . If the ball hits the line , the ball is counted as in . The team that won the point serves for the next point . If the team that won the point served in the previous point , the same player serves again . If the team that won the point did not serve the previous point , the players of the serving team rotate their position on the court in a clockwise manner . The game continues , with the first team to score 25 points by a two - point margin awarded the set . Matches are best - of - five sets and the fifth set , if necessary , is usually played to 15 points . ( Scoring differs between leagues , tournaments , and levels ; high schools sometimes play best - of - three to 25 ; in the NCAA matches are played best - of - five to 25 as of the 2008 season . ) Before 1999 , points could be scored only when a team had the serve ( side - out scoring ) and all sets went up to only 15 points . The FIVB changed the rules in 1999 ( with the changes being compulsory in 2000 ) to use the current scoring system ( formerly known as rally point system ) , primarily to make the length of the match more predictable and to make the game more spectator - and television - friendly . The final year of side - out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women 's Volleyball Championship was 2000 . Rally point scoring debuted in 2001 , and games were played to 30 points through 2007 . For the 2008 season , games were renamed `` sets '' and reduced to 25 points to win . Most high schools in the U.S. changed to rally scoring in 2003 , and several states implemented it the previous year on an experimental basis . Libero The libero player was introduced internationally in 1998 , and made its debut for NCAA competition in 2002 . The libero is a player specialized in defensive skills : the libero must wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates and can not block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height . When the ball is not in play , the libero can replace any back - row player , without prior notice to the officials . This replacement does not count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set , although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced . Most U.S. high schools added the libero position from 2003 to 2005 . The libero may function as a setter only under certain restrictions . If she / he makes an overhand set , she / he must be standing behind ( and not stepping on ) the 3 - meter line ; otherwise , the ball can not be attacked above the net in front of the 3 - meter line . An underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court . The libero is , generally , the most skilled defensive player on the team . There is also a libero tracking sheet , where the referees or officiating team must keep track of whom the libero subs in and out for . There may only be one libero per set ( game ) , although there may be a different libero in the beginning of any new set ( game ) . Furthermore , a libero is not allowed to serve , according to international rules , with the exception of the NCAA women 's volleyball games , where a 2004 rule change allows the libero to serve , but only in a specific rotation . That is , the libero can only serve for one person , not for all of the people for whom she goes in . That rule change was also applied to high school and junior high play soon after . Recent rule changes Other rule changes enacted in 2000 include allowing serves in which the ball touches the net , as long as it goes over the net into the opponents ' court . Also , the service area was expanded to allow players to serve from anywhere behind the end line but still within the theoretical extension of the sidelines . Other changes were made to lighten up calls on faults for carries and double - touches , such as allowing multiple contacts by a single player ( `` double - hits '' ) on a team 's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball . In 2008 , the NCAA changed the minimum number of points needed to win any of the first four sets from 30 to 25 for women 's volleyball ( men 's volleyball remained at 30 for another 3 years , switching to 25 in 2011 . ) If a fifth ( deciding ) set is reached , the minimum required score remains at 15 . In addition , the word `` game '' is now referred to as `` set '' . Changes in rules have been studied and announced by the FIVB in recent years , and they have released the updated rules in 2009 . Skills Competitive teams master six basic skills : serve , pass , set , attack , block and dig . Each of these skills comprises a number of specific techniques that have been introduced over the years and are now considered standard practice in high - level volleyball . Serve A player making a jump serve Play media 3D animation floating serve A player stands behind the inline and serves the ball , in an attempt to drive it into the opponent 's court . The main objective is to make it land inside the court ; it is also desirable to set the ball 's direction , speed and acceleration so that it becomes difficult for the receiver to handle it properly . A serve is called an `` ace '' when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent . In contemporary volleyball , many types of serves are employed : Underhand : a serve in which the player strikes the ball below the waist instead of tossing it up and striking it with an overhand throwing motion . Underhand serves are considered very easy to receive and are rarely employed in high - level competitions . Sky ball serve : a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball , where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line . This serve was invented and employed almost exclusively by the Brazilian team in the early 1980s and is now considered outdated . During the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro , however , the sky ball serve was extensively played by Italian beach volleyball player Adrian Carambula . In Brazil , this serve is called Jornada nas Estrelas ( Star Trek ) Topspin : an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist snap , giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a straight flight path . Topspin serves are generally hit hard and aimed at a specific returner or part of the court . Standing topspin serves are rarely used above the high school level of play . Float : an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable , akin to a knuckleball in baseball . Jump serve : an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air , then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball , hitting it with much pace and topspin . This is the most popular serve among college and professional teams . Jump float : an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve . The ball is tossed lower than a topspin jump serve , but contact is still made while in the air . This serve is becoming more popular among college and professional players because it has a certain unpredictability in its flight pattern . It is the only serve where the server 's feet can go over the inline . Pass A player making a forearm pass or bump Also called reception , the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent 's serve , or any form of attack . Proper handling includes not only preventing the ball from touching the court , but also making it reach the position where the setter is standing quickly and precisely . The skill of passing involves fundamentally two specific techniques : underarm pass , or bump , where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform , at waist line ; and overhand pass , where it is handled with the fingertips , like a set , above the head . Either are acceptable in professional and beach volleyball ; however , there are much tighter regulations on the overhand pass in beach volleyball . Set Jump set The set is usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball . The main goal of setting is to put the ball in the air in such a way that it can be driven by an attack into the opponent 's court . The setter coordinates the offensive movements of a team , and is the player who ultimately decides which player will actually attack the ball . As with passing , one may distinguish between an overhand and a bump set . Since the former allows for more control over the speed and direction of the ball , the bump is used only when the ball is so low it can not be properly handled with fingertips , or in beach volleyball where rules regulating overhand setting are more stringent . In the case of a set , one also speaks of a front or back set , meaning whether the ball is passed in the direction the setter is facing or behind the setter . There is also a jump set that is used when the ball is too close to the net . In this case the setter usually jumps off his or her right foot straight up to avoid going into the net . The setter usually stands about 2⁄3 of the way from the left to the right of the net and faces the left ( the larger portion of net that he or she can see ) . Sometimes a setter refrains from raising the ball for a teammate to perform an attack and tries to play it directly onto the opponent 's court . This movement is called a `` dump '' . This can only be performed when the setter is in the front row , otherwise it constitutes an illegal back court attack . The most common dumps are to ' throw ' the ball behind the setter or in front of the setter to zones 2 and 4 . More experienced setters toss the ball into the deep corners or spike the ball on the second hit . As with a set or an overhand pass , the setter / passer must be careful to touch the ball with both hands at the same time . If one hand is noticeably late to touch the ball this could result in a less effective set , as well as the referee calling a ' double hit ' and giving the point to the opposing team . Attack A Spanish player , # 18 in red outfit , about to spike towards the Portuguese field , whose players try to block the way The attack , also known as the spike , is usually the third contact a team makes with the ball . The object of attacking is to handle the ball so that it lands on the opponent 's court and can not be defended . A player makes a series of steps ( the `` approach '' ) , jumps , and swings at the ball . Ideally the contact with the ball is made at the apex of the hitter 's jump . At the moment of contact , the hitter 's arm is fully extended above his or her head and slightly forward , making the highest possible contact while maintaining the ability to deliver a powerful hit . The hitter uses arm swing , wrist snap , and a rapid forward contraction of the entire body to drive the ball . A ' bounce ' is a slang term for a very hard / loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponent 's court and bounces very high into the air . A `` kill '' is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point . Contemporary volleyball comprises a number of attacking techniques : Backcourt ( or backrow ) / pipe attack : an attack performed by a back row player . The player must jump from behind the 3 - meter line before making contact with the ball , but may land in front of the 3 - meter line . Line and Cross-court Shot : refers to whether the ball flies in a straight trajectory parallel to the side lines , or crosses through the court in an angle . A cross-court shot with a very pronounced angle , resulting in the ball landing near the 3 - meter line , is called a cut shot . Dip / Dink / Tip / Cheat / Dump : the player does not try to make a hit , but touches the ball lightly , so that it lands on an area of the opponent 's court that is not being covered by the defense . Tool / Wipe / Block - abuse : the player does not try to make a hard spike , but hits the ball so that it touches the opponent 's block and then bounces off - court . Off - speed hit : the player does not hit the ball hard , reducing its speed and thus confusing the opponent 's defense . Quick hit / `` One '' : an attack ( usually by the middle blocker ) where the approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball . The set ( called a `` quick set '' ) is placed only slightly above the net and the ball is struck by the hitter almost immediately after leaving the setter 's hands . Quick attacks are often effective because they isolate the middle blocker to be the only blocker on the hit . Slide : a variation of the quick hit that uses a low back set . The middle hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her . Double quick hit / `` Stack '' / `` Tandem '' : a variation of quick hit where two hitters , one in front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter , jump to perform a quick hit at the same time . It can be used to deceive opposite blockers and free a fourth hitter attacking from back - court , maybe without block at all . Block Three players performing a block ( a.k.a. triple block ) Blocking refers to the actions taken by players standing at the net to stop or alter an opponent 's attack . A block that is aimed at completely stopping an attack , thus making the ball remain in the opponent 's court , is called offensive . A well - executed offensive block is performed by jumping and reaching to penetrate with one 's arms and hands over the net and into the opponent 's area . It requires anticipating the direction the ball will go once the attack takes place . It may also require calculating the best foot work to executing the `` perfect '' block . The jump should be timed so as to intercept the ball 's trajectory prior to it crossing over the net . Palms are held deflected downward roughly 45 -- 60 degrees toward the interior of the opponents court . A `` roof '' is a spectacular offensive block that redirects the power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker 's floor , as if the attacker hit the ball into the underside of a peaked house roof . By contrast , it is called a defensive , or `` soft '' block if the goal is to control and deflect the hard - driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes easier to defend . A well - executed soft - block is performed by jumping and placing one 's hands above the net with no penetration into the opponent 's court and with the palms up and fingers pointing backward . Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved . Thus , one may speak of single ( or solo ) , double , or triple block . Successful blocking does not always result in a `` roof '' and many times does not even touch the ball . While it 's obvious that a block was a success when the attacker is roofed , a block that consistently forces the attacker away from his or her ' power ' or preferred attack into a more easily controlled shot by the defense is also a highly successful block . At the same time , the block position influences the positions where other defenders place themselves while opponent hitters are spiking . Dig Player going for a dig Digging is the ability to prevent the ball from touching one 's court after a spike or attack , particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground . In many aspects , this skill is similar to passing , or bumping : overhand dig and bump are also used to distinguish between defensive actions taken with fingertips or with joined arms . It varies from passing however in that is it a much more reflex based skill , especially at the higher levels . It is especially important while digging for players to stay on their toes ; several players choose to employ a split step to make sure they 're ready to move in any direction . Some specific techniques are more common in digging than in passing . A player may sometimes perform a `` dive '' , i.e. , throw his or her body in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball , and land on his or her chest . When the player also slides his or her hand under a ball that is almost touching the court , this is called a `` pancake '' . The pancake is frequently used in indoor volleyball , but rarely if ever in beach volleyball because the uneven and yielding nature of the sand court limits the chances that the ball will make a good , clean contact with the hand . When used correctly , it is one of the more spectacular defensive volleyball plays . Sometimes a player may also be forced to drop his or her body quickly to the floor to save the ball . In this situation , the player makes use of a specific rolling technique to minimize the chances of injuries . Team play U.S. women 's team doing team planning Volleyball is essentially a game of transition from one of the above skills to the next , with choreographed team movement between plays on the ball . These team movements are determined by the teams chosen serve receive system , offensive system , coverage system , and defensive system . The serve - receive system is the formation used by the receiving team to attempt to pass the ball to the designated setter . Systems can consist of 5 receivers , 4 receivers , 3 receivers , and in some cases 2 receivers . The most popular formation at higher levels is a 3 receiver formation consisting of two left sides and a libero receiving every rotation . This allows middles and right sides to become more specialized at hitting and blocking . Offensive systems are the formations used by the offense to attempt to ground the ball into the opposing court ( or otherwise score points ) . Formations often include designated player positions with skill specialization ( see Player specialization , below ) . Popular formations include the 4 - 2 , 6 - 2 , and 5 - 1 systems ( see Formations , below ) . There are also several different attacking schemes teams can use to keep the opposing defense off balance . Coverage systems are the formations used by the offense to protect their court in the case of a blocked attack . Executed by the 5 offensive players not directly attacking the ball , players move to assigned positions around the attacker to dig up any ball that deflects off the block back into their own court . Popular formations include the 2 - 3 system and the 1 - 2 - 2 system . In lieu of a system , some teams just use a random coverage with the players nearest the hitter . Defensive systems are the formations used by the defense to protect against the ball being grounded into their court by the opposing team . The system will outline which players are responsible for which areas of the court depending on where the opposing team is attacking from . Popular systems include the 6 - Up , 6 - Back - Deep , and 6 - Back - Slide defense . There are also several different blocking schemes teams can employ to disrupt the opposing teams offense . When one player is ready to serve , some teams will line up their other five players in a screen to obscure the view of the receiving team . This action is only illegal if the server makes use of the screen , so the call is made at the referee 's discretion as to the impact the screen made on the receiving team 's ability to pass the ball . The most common style of screening involves a W formation designed to take up as much horizontal space as possible . Coaching Basic Coaching for volleyball can be classified under two main categories : match coaching and developmental coaching . The objective of match coaching is to win a match by managing a team 's strategy . Developmental coaching emphasizes player development through the reinforcement of basic skills during exercises known as `` drills . '' Drills promote repetition and refinement of volleyball movements , particularly in footwork patterns , body positioning relative to others , and ball contact . A coach will construct drills that simulate match situations thereby encouraging speed of movement , anticipation , timing , communication , and team - work . At the various stages of a player 's career , a coach will tailor drills to meet the strategic requirements of the team . The American Volleyball Coaches Association is the largest organization in the world dedicated exclusively to volleyball coaching . Strategy An image from an international match between Italy and Russia in 2005 . A Russian player on the left has just served , with three men of his team next to the net moving to their assigned block positions from the starting ones . Two others , in the back - row positions , are preparing for defense . Italy , on the right , has three men in a line , each preparing to pass if the ball reaches him . The setter is waiting for their pass while the middle hitter with no . 10 will jump for a quick hit if the pass is good enough . Alessandro Fei ( no . 14 ) has no passing duties and is preparing for a back - row hit on the right side of the field . Note the two liberos with different color dress . Middle hitters / blockers are commonly substituted by liberos in their back - row positions . Player specialization There are 5 positions filled on every volleyball team at the elite level . Setter , Outside Hitter / Left Side Hitter , Middle Hitter , Opposite Hitter / Right Side Hitter and Libero / Defensive Specialist . Each of these positions plays a specific , key role in winning a volleyball match . Setters have the task for orchestrating the offense of the team . They aim for second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents ' court for a point . They have to be able to operate with the hitters , manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to set . Setters need to have swift and skillful appraisal and tactical accuracy , and must be quick at moving around the court . Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve . They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills . Libero means ' free ' in Italian -- they receive this name as they have the ability to substitute for any other player on the court during each play . They do not necessarily need to be tall , as they never play at the net , which allows shorter players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and play an important role in the team 's success . A player designated as a libero for a match may not play other roles during that match . Liberos wear a different color jersey than their teammates . Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that usually take place near the setter . They are specialized in blocking , since they must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the court . In non-beginners play , every team will have two middle hitters . Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna . The outside hitter is usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the most sets . Inaccurate first passes usually result in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite . Since most sets to the outside are high , the outside hitter may take a longer approach , always starting from outside the court sideline . In non-beginners play , there are again two outside hitters on every team in every match . Opposite hitters or Right - side hitters carry the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the front row . Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well formed block against the opponents ' Outside Hitters and serve as a backup setter . Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side of the antennae . At some levels where substitutions are unlimited , teams will make use of a Defensive Specialist in place of or in addition to a Libero . This position does not have unique rules like the libero position , instead , these players are used to substitute out a poor back row defender using regular substitution rules . A defensive specialist is often used if you have a particularly poor back court defender in right side or left side , but your team is already using a libero to take out your middles . Most often , the situation involves a team using a right side player with a big block who must be subbed out in the back row because they are n't able to effectively play back court defense . Similarly , teams might use a Serving Specialist to sub out a poor server . Formations The three standard volleyball formations are known as `` 4 -- 2 '' , `` 6 -- 2 '' and `` 5 -- 1 '' , which refers to the number of hitters and setters respectively . 4 -- 2 is a basic formation used only in beginners ' play , while 5 -- 1 is by far the most common formation in high - level play . 4 -- 2 The 4 -- 2 formation has four hitters and two setters . The setters usually set from the middle front or right front position . The team will therefore have two front - row attackers at all times . In the international 4 -- 2 , the setters set from the right front position . The international 4 -- 2 translates more easily into other forms of offense . The setters line up opposite each other in the rotation . The typical lineup has two outside hitters . By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation , there will always be one of each position in the front and back rows . After service , the players in the front row move into their assigned positions , so that the setter is always in middle front . Alternatively , the setter moves into the right front and has both a middle and an outside attacker ; the disadvantage here lies in the lack of an offside hitter , allowing one of the other team 's blockers to `` cheat in '' on a middle block . The clear disadvantage to this offensive formation is that there are only two attackers , leaving a team with fewer offensive weapons . Another aspect is to see the setter as an attacking force , albeit a weakened force , because when the setter is in the front court they are able to ' tip ' or ' dump ' , so when the ball is close to the net on the second touch , the setter may opt to hit the ball over with one hand . This means that the blocker who would otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the hitters to have an easier attack . 6 -- 2 In the 6 -- 2 formation , a player always comes forward from the back row to set . The three front row players are all in attacking positions . Thus , all six players act as hitters at one time or another , while two can act as setters . So the 6 -- 2 formation is actually a 4 -- 2 system , but the back - row setter penetrates to set . The 6 -- 2 lineup thus requires two setters , who line up opposite to each other in the rotation . In addition to the setters , a typical lineup will have two middle hitters and two outside hitters . By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation , there will always be one of each position in the front and back rows . After service , the players in the front row move into their assigned positions . The advantage of the 6 -- 2 is that there are always three front - row hitters available , maximizing the offensive possibilities . However , not only does the 6 -- 2 require a team to possess two people capable of performing the highly specialized role of setter , it also requires both of those players to be effective offensive hitters when not in the setter position . At the international level , only the Cuban National Women 's Team employs this kind of formation . It is also used by NCAA teams in Division III men 's play and women 's play in all divisions , partially due to the variant rules used which allow more substitutions per set than the 6 allowed in the standard rules -- 12 in matches involving two Division III men 's teams and 15 for all women 's play . 5 -- 1 The 5 -- 1 formation has only one player who assumes setting responsibilities regardless of his or her position in the rotation . The team will therefore have three front - row attackers when the setter is in the back row , and only two when the setter is in the front row , for a total of five possible attackers . The player opposite the setter in a 5 -- 1 rotation is called the opposite hitter . In general , opposite hitters do not pass ; they stand behind their teammates when the opponent is serving . The opposite hitter may be used as a third attack option ( back - row attack ) when the setter is in the front row : this is the normal option used to increase the attack capabilities of modern volleyball teams . Normally the opposite hitter is the most technically skilled hitter of the team . Back - row attacks generally come from the back - right position , known as zone 1 , but are increasingly performed from back - center in high - level play . The big advantage of this system is that the setter always has 3 hitters to vary sets with . If the setter does this well , the opponent 's middle blocker may not have enough time to block with the outside blocker , increasing the chance for the attacking team to make a point . There is another advantage , the same as that of a 4 -- 2 formation : when the setter is a front - row player , he or she is allowed to jump and `` dump '' the ball onto the opponent 's side . This too can confuse the opponent 's blocking players : the setter can jump and dump or can set to one of the hitters . A good setter knows this and thus wo n't only jump to dump or to set for a quick hit , but when setting outside as well to confuse the opponent . The 5 -- 1 offense is actually a mix of 6 -- 2 and 4 -- 2 : when the setter is in the front row , the offense looks like a 4 -- 2 ; when the setter is in the back row , the offense looks like a 6 -- 2 . Controversies In 2017 , a new volleyball union was formed in response to dissatisfaction with the organization and structure of professional beach volleyball tournaments . The union is named the International Beach Volleyball Players Association , and it consists of almost 100 professional players . IBVPA claims its goal is to help athletes and provide them with the means to enjoy playing volleyball by improving the way the sport is run . Another controversy within the sport is the issue of the inclusion of transgender players . With transgender athletes such as Tifanny Abreu joining professional volleyball teams alongside other non-transgender teammates , many professionals , sports analysts , and fans of volleyball are either expressing concerns about the legitimacy and fairness of having transgender players on a team or expressing support for the transgenders ' efforts . Variations and related games Main article : Volleyball variations There are many variations on the basic rules of volleyball . By far the most popular of these is beach volleyball , which is played on sand with two people per team , and rivals the main sport in popularity . Some games related to volleyball include : Beachball volleyball : A game of indoor volleyball played with a beach ball instead of a volleyball . Biribol : an aquatic variant , played in shallow swimming pools . The name comes from the Brazilian city where it was invented , Birigui . It is similar to Water volleyball . Ecua - volley : A variant invented in Ecuador , with some significant variants , such as number of players , and a heavier ball . Footvolley : A sport from Brazil in which the hands and arms are not used , but it is otherwise similar to beach volleyball . Hooverball : Popularized by President Herbert Hoover , it is played with a volleyball net and a medicine ball ; it is scored like tennis , but the ball is caught and then thrown back . The weight of the medicine ball can make the sport physically demanding for players ; annual championship tournaments are held in West Branch , Iowa . Newcomb ball ( sometimes spelled `` Nuke ' Em '' ) : In this game , the ball is caught and thrown instead of hit ; it rivaled volleyball in popularity until the 1920s . Prisoner Ball : Also played with volleyball court and a volleyball , prisoner ball is a variation of Newcomb ball where players are `` taken prisoner '' or released from `` prison '' instead of scoring points . This version is usually played by young children . Sepak Takraw : Played in Southeast Asia using a rattan ball and allowing only players ' feet , knees , chests , and heads to touch the ball . Snow volleyball : a variant of beach volleyball that is played on snow . The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball has announced its plans to make snow volleyball part of the future Winter Olympic Games programme . Throwball : became popular with female players at the YMCA College of Physical Education in Chennai ( India ) in the 1940s . Towel volleyball : towel volleyball is a popular form of outdoor entertainment . The game takes place in a volleyball court , and players work in pairs , holding towels in their hands and attempting to throw the ball into the opponent 's field . This version can also be played with blankets held by four people . There are several variations . Wallyball : A variation of volleyball played in a racquetball court with a rubber ball . 9 - man : A variant invented by Chinese immigrants to the United States in the 1930s . 9 - man is still played in Asian countries and North America , being recognized for its historic and cultural significance . In 2014 , an award - winning documentary was produced for the sport of 9 - man , and a YouTube documentary was made for the sport in 2017 . See also List of volleyball players List of volleyball video games Volley squash Volleyball Hall of Fame Volleyball jargon Volleyball injuries Notes Jump up ^ `` Volleyball '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Joel. , Dearing , ( 2003 ) . Volleyball fundamentals . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0736045082 . OCLC 50643900 . Jump up ^ `` The International Association Training School Notes ( vol. 4 no . 8 ) , October , 1895 '' . Jump up ^ `` In 1895 , William Morgan Invents Mintonette '' . New England Historical Society . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Putting his mind to the challenge , Morgan examined the rules of sports such as baseball , basketball , handball and badminton . Taking pieces from each , he created a game he called Mintonette , deriving the name from badminton Jump up ^ `` Bet You Do n't Know Where Volleyball Came From '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Volleyball Story '' . Fédération Internationale de Volleyball ( FIVB ) . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Volleyball Began '' . Northern California Volleyball Association . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` History Of Volleyball '' . Volleyball World Wide . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` History of Volleyball '' . SportsKnowHow.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` History of Volleyball '' . volleyball.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIVB History '' . Fédération Internationale de Volleyball . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Frances ( 1931 ) . Among The Nudists . Garden City , New York : Garden City Publishing Company , Inc . pp. Illustration Plate following p. 188 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Frances ( 1932 ) . Nudism Comes to America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. Illustration Plate following p. 57 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , M.S. ( 1967 ) . `` The Nudist Camp : Way of Life and Social Structure '' . Human Organization . 26 ( 3 ) : 91 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : `` volleyball Definition , Rules , Positions , & Facts '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Section 1.1 '' . Official Volleyball Rules 2011 -- 2012 ( PDF ) . FIVB. 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . The playing court is ( ... ) surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3 m wide on all sides . Jump up ^ `` Section 3.1 '' . Official Volleyball Rules 2011 -- 2012 ( PDF ) . FIVB. 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . STANDARDS : The ball shall be spherical ... Jump up ^ `` Section 12.4. 4 '' . Official Volleyball Rules 2011 -- 2012 ( PDF ) . FIVB. 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the first referee whistles for service . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Major Rules - Change Proposals '' ( PDF ) . ncaa.org . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kraus , Hillary ( August 25 , 2001 ) . `` Volleyball serves up new rules '' . Spokesman = Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . p . C7 . Jump up ^ Bosak , Chris ( April 4 , 2003 ) . `` Rule changes everyone will recognize '' . The Hour . ( Norwalk , Connecticut ) . p . E1 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler , Rob ( May 14 , 2003 ) . `` H.S. volleyball makes big changes '' . Arlington Times . ( Washington ) . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Derrick , Chris ( September 4 , 2003 ) . `` Ready or not , rally scoring has arrived '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Diane ( October 10 , 2002 ) . `` Winds of change blowing through volleyball world '' . McCook Daily Gazette . ( Nebraska ) . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The term , meaning `` free '' in Italian , is pronounced LEE - beh - ro ( although many players and coaches pronounce it lih - BEAR - oh ) . The American NCAA introduced the libero in 2002 . Pettit , Terry ; Potts , Kerri ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Rules changes for the 2002 season '' . NCAA Women 's Volleyball Rules Committee . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . The NCAA Women 's Volleyball Rules Committee ( ... ) approved several rules changes for the 2002 women 's volleyball season including the use of the libero player Jump up ^ Bean , Josh ( August 30 , 2002 ) . `` Volleyball gets new look with ' libero ' '' . Times Daily . ( Florence , Alabama ) . p. 6C . Jump up ^ Linenberger , Shawn ( October 5 , 2005 ) . `` Volleyball players adjusting to libero role '' . The Mirror . ( Tonganoxie , Kansas ) . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` FIVB Official Rules 2009 '' . FIVB. 2009 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Volleyball glossary '' . Cambridge University Volleyball Club . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Men 's Volleyball 2015 -- 17 Rules Modifications '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Note that if a Division III team is playing a team in the National Collegiate division ( Division I or II ) , the FIVB limit of 6 substitutions per set is enforced . Jump up ^ `` Rule 11.3. 2 : Substitutions -- Limitations '' ( PDF ) . Women 's Volleyball 2016 and 2017 Rules and Interpretations . NCAA . p. 42 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press , The Associated . `` Pro beach volleyball players from around world form union - NY Daily News '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transgender Volleyball Star in Brazil Eyes Olympics and Stirs Debate '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Games For Youth Groups . Youth Specialties. 1997 . ISBN 9780310220305 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President Graça pledges to make volleyball first Summer and Winter Olympic sport '' . fivb.org . Fédération Internationale de Volleyball . May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' We 've extended the golden era of volleyball `` : the FIVB 's Fabio Azevedo on the sport 's global growth '' . SportsPro . September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snow volleyball hopes to stake claim in Winter Olympics '' . NBC Sports . February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Adapt.lv . `` VOLEJBOLA DVIEĻI '' . www.lgk.lv . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volleyball . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball
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how many dolphins are born at a time
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Dolphin copulation happens belly to belly ; though many species engage in lengthy foreplay , the actual act is usually brief , but may be repeated several times within a short timespan . The gestation period varies with species ; for the small Tucuxi dolphin , this period is around 11 to 12 months , while for the orca , the gestation period is around 17 months . Typically dolphins give birth to a single calf , which is , unlike most other mammals , born tail first in most cases . They usually become sexually active at a young age , even before reaching sexual maturity . The age of sexual maturity varies by species and gender .
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a single calf
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Dolphin
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dolphin
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Dolphins Dolphins are an informal grouping of the infraorder Cetacea Bottlenose dolphin Information Classification of Cetacea Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Cetartiodactyla Clade : Cetancodontamorpha Suborder : Whippomorpha Infraorder : Cetacea Families thought of as dolphins Delphinidae Iniidae † Lipotidae Platanistidae Pontoporiidae Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals . They are an informal grouping within the order Cetacea , excluding whales and porpoises , so to zoologists the grouping is paraphyletic . The dolphins comprise the extant families Delphinidae ( the oceanic dolphins ) , Platanistidae ( the Indian river dolphins ) , Iniidae ( the new world river dolphins ) , and Pontoporiidae ( the brackish dolphins ) , and the extinct Lipotidae ( baiji or Chinese river dolphin ) . There are 40 extant species of dolphins . Dolphins , alongside other cetaceans , belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even - toed ungulates . Cetaceans ' closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses , having diverged about 40 million years ago . Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 m ( 5.6 ft ) long and 50 kg ( 110 lb ) Maui 's dolphin to the 9.5 m ( 31 ft ) and 10 t ( 11 short tons ) killer whale . Several species exhibit sexual dimorphism , in that the males are larger than females . They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers . Though not quite as flexible as seals , some dolphins can travel at 55.5 km / h ( 34.5 mph ) . Dolphins use their conical shaped teeth to capture fast moving prey . They have well - developed hearing which is adapted for both air and water and is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind . Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths . They have a layer of fat , or blubber , under the skin to keep warm in the cold water . Although dolphins are widespread , most species prefer the warmer waters of the tropic zones , but some , like the right whale dolphin , prefer colder climates . Dolphins feed largely on fish and squid , but a few , like the killer whale , feed on large mammals , like seals . Male dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year , but females only mate every two to three years . Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them . Mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively long period of time . Dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations , usually in the form of clicks and whistles . Dolphins are sometimes hunted in places like Japan , in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting . Besides drive hunting , they also face threats from bycatch , habitat loss , and marine pollution . Dolphins have been depicted in various cultures worldwide . Dolphins occasionally feature in literature and film , as in the film series Free Willy . Dolphins are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks . The most common dolphin species kept is the bottlenose dolphin , while there are around 60 captive killer whales . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy and distribution 2.1 Ocean dolphins 2.2 River dolphins 2.3 Hybridization 3 Evolution 4 Anatomy 4.1 Locomotive 4.2 Sensory 5 Behavior 5.1 Socialization 5.2 Reproduction and sexuality 5.3 Feeding 5.4 Vocalization 5.5 Jumping and playing 5.6 Intelligence 5.7 Sleeping 6 Threats 6.1 Humans 7 Relationships with humans 7.1 In history and religion 7.2 In captivity 7.2. 1 Species 7.2. 2 Controversy 7.2. 3 Military 7.2. 4 Therapy 7.3 Consumption 7.3. 1 Cuisine 7.3. 2 Health concerns 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology The name is originally from Greek δελφίς ( delphís ) , `` dolphin '' , which was related to the Greek δελφύς ( delphus ) , `` womb '' . The animal 's name can therefore be interpreted as meaning `` a ' fish ' with a womb '' . The name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus ( the romanization of the later Greek δελφῖνος -- delphinos ) , which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin , which reintroduced the ph into the word . The term mereswine ( that is , `` sea pig '' ) has also historically been used . The term ' dolphin ' can be used to refer to , under the parvorder Odontoceti , all the species in the family Delphinidae ( oceanic dolphins ) and the river dolphin families Iniidae ( South American river dolphins ) , Pontoporiidae ( La Plata dolphin ) , Lipotidae ( Yangtze river dolphin ) and Platanistidae ( Ganges river dolphin and Indus river dolphin ) . This term has often been misused in the US , mainly in the fishing industry , where all small cetaceans ( dolphins and porpoises ) are considered porpoises , while the fish dorado is called dolphin fish . In common usage the term ' whale ' is used only for the larger cetacean species , while the smaller ones with a beaked or longer nose are considered ' dolphins ' . The name ' dolphin ' is used casually as a synonym for bottlenose dolphin , the most common and familiar species of dolphin . There are six species of dolphins commonly thought of as whales , collectively known as blackfish : the killer whale , the melon - headed whale , the pygmy killer whale , the false killer whale , and the two species of pilot whales , all of which are classified under the family Delphinidae and qualify as dolphins . Though the terms ' dolphin ' and ' porpoise ' are sometimes used interchangeably , porpoises are not considered dolphins and have different physical features such as a shorter beak and spade - shaped teeth ; they also differ in their behavior . Porpoises belong to the family Phocoenidae and share a common ancestry with the Delphinidae . A group of dolphins is called a `` school '' or a `` pod '' . Male dolphins are called `` bulls '' , females `` cows '' and young dolphins are called `` calves '' . Taxonomy and distribution Common dolphin Bottlenose dolphin Spotted dolphin Atlantic spotted dolphin Commerson 's dolphin Dusky dolphin Killer whale Amazon river dolphin Parvorder Odontoceti , toothed whales Family Platanistidae Ganges and Indus river dolphin , Platanista gangetica with two subspecies Ganges river dolphin ( or Susu ) , Platanista gangetica gangetica Indus river dolphin ( or Bhulan ) , Platanista gangetica minor Family Iniidae Amazon river dolphin ( or Boto ) , Inia geoffrensis Orinoco river dolphin ( the Orinoco subspecies ) , Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana Araguaian river dolphin ( Araguaian boto ) , Inia Araguaiaensis Bolivian river dolphin , Inia boliviensis Family Lipotidae Baiji ( or Chinese river dolphin ) , Lipotes vexillifer ( possibly extinct , since December 2006 ) Family Pontoporiidae La Plata dolphin ( or Franciscana ) , Pontoporia blainvillei Family Delphinidae , oceanic dolphins Genus Delphinus Long - beaked common dolphin , Delphinus capensis Short - beaked common dolphin , Delphinus delphis Genus Tursiops Common bottlenose dolphin , Tursiops truncatus Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin , Tursiops aduncus Burrunan dolphin , Tursiops australis , a newly discovered species from the sea around Melbourne in September 2011 . Genus Lissodelphis Northern right whale dolphin , Lissodelphis borealis Southern right whale dolphin , Lissodelphis peronii Genus Sotalia Tucuxi , Sotalia fluviatilis Costero , Sotalia guianensis Genus Sousa Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , Sousa chinensis Chinese white dolphin , Sousa chinensis chinensis Atlantic humpback dolphin , Sousa teuszii Genus Stenella Atlantic spotted dolphin , Stenella frontalis Clymene dolphin , Stenella clymene Pantropical spotted dolphin , Stenella attenuata Spinner dolphin , Stenella longirostris Striped dolphin , Stenella coeruleoalba Genus Steno Rough - toothed dolphin , Steno bredanensis Genus Cephalorhynchus Chilean dolphin , Cephalorhynchus eutropia Commerson 's dolphin , Cephalorhynchus commersonii Haviside 's dolphin , Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Hector 's dolphin , Cephalorhynchus hectori Genus Grampus Risso 's dolphin , Grampus griseus Genus Lagenodelphis Fraser 's dolphin , Lagenodelphis hosei Genus Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin , Lagenorhynchus acutus Dusky dolphin , Lagenorhynchus obscurus Hourglass dolphin , Lagenorhynchus cruciger Pacific white - sided dolphin , Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Peale 's dolphin , Lagenorhynchus australis White - beaked dolphin , Lagenorhynchus albirostris Genus Orcaella Australian snubfin dolphin , Orcaella heinsohni Irrawaddy dolphin , Orcaella brevirostris Genus Peponocephala Melon - headed whale , Peponocephala electra Genus Orcinus Killer whale ( Orca ) , Orcinus orca Genus Feresa Pygmy killer whale , Feresa attenuata Genus Pseudorca False killer whale , Pseudorca crassidens Genus Globicephala Long - finned pilot whale , Globicephala melas Short - finned pilot whale , Globicephala macrorhynchus Genus † Australodelphis † Australodelphis mirus Six species in the family Delphinidae are commonly called `` whales '' , but genetically are dolphins . They are sometimes called blackfish . Melon - headed whale , Peponocephala electra Killer whale ( Orca ) , Orcinus orca Pygmy killer whale , Feresa attenuata False killer whale , Pseudorca crassidens Long - finned pilot whale , Globicephala melas Short - finned pilot whale , Globicephala macrorhynchus Ocean dolphins Name Repartition Image La Plata dolphin South America ( east ) Long - beaked common dolphin cosmopolitan Short - beaked common dolphin cosmopolitan Common bottlenose dolphin cosmopolitan Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin Indo - Pacific Burrunan dolphin Australia ( south - east ) Northern right whale dolphin Pacific ( north ) Southern right whale dolphin Southern Ocean Guiana dolphin South America ( north & east ) Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin Indo - Pacific Atlantic humpback dolphin Africa ( west ) Australian humpback dolphin Australia ( north ) & New Guinea Atlantic spotted dolphin Atlantic Clymene dolphin Atlantic Pantropical spotted dolphin pantropical Spinner dolphin pantropical Striped dolphin cosmopolitan Rough - toothed dolphin cosmopolitan Chilean dolphin South America ( south - west ) Commerson 's dolphin South America ( south - east ) Haviside 's dolphin Africa ( south - west ) Hector 's dolphin New - Zealand ( South Island ) Risso 's dolphin cosmopolitan Fraser 's dolphin pantropical Atlantic white - sided dolphin Atlantic ( north ) , North & Baltic Sea Dusky dolphin southern hemisphere Hourglass dolphin Southern Ocean Pacific white - sided dolphin Pacific ( north ) Peale 's dolphin South America ( south ) White - beaked dolphin Atlantic ( north ) , North & Baltic Sea Australian snubfin dolphin Australia ( north ) Irrawaddy dolphin Indo - Pacific Melon - headed whale pantropical Killer whale cosmopolitan Pygmy killer whale pantropical False killer whale cosmopolitan Short - finned pilot whale cosmopolitan Long - finned pilot whale Atlantic ( north ) & Southern Ocean River dolphins Name Repartition Image Baiji Yangtze River South Asian river dolphin Asia ( south ) Amazon river dolphin Amazon Basin Araguaian river dolphin Amazon ( east ) Bolivian river dolphin Amazon ( Bolivia ) Tucuxi Amazon Basin Hybridization In 1933 , three strange dolphins beached off the Irish coast ; they appeared to be hybrids between Risso 's and bottlenose dolphins . This mating was later repeated in captivity , producing a hybrid calf . In captivity , a bottlenose and a rough - toothed dolphin produced hybrid offspring . A common - bottlenose hybrid lives at SeaWorld California . Other dolphin hybrids live in captivity around the world or have been reported in the wild , such as a bottlenose - Atlantic spotted hybrid . The best known hybrid is the wolphin , a false killer whale - bottlenose dolphin hybrid . The wolphin is a fertile hybrid . Two wolphins currently live at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii ; the first was born in 1985 from a male false killer whale and a female bottlenose . Wolphins have also been observed in the wild . Evolution Main article : Evolution of cetaceans Dolphins display convergent evolution with fish and aquatic reptiles Dolphins are descendants of land - dwelling mammals of the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates ) . They are related to the Indohyus , an extinct chevrotain - like ungulate , from which they split approximately 48 million years ago . The primitive cetaceans , or archaeocetes , first took to the sea approximately 49 million years ago and became fully aquatic by 5 -- 10 million years later . Archaeoceti is a parvorder comprising ancient whales . These ancient whales are the predecessors of modern whales , stretching back to their first ancestor that spent their lives near ( rarely in ) the water . Likewise , the archaeocetes can be anywhere from near fully terrestrial , to semi-aquatic to fully aquatic , but what defines an archaeocete is the presence of visible legs or asymmetrical teeth . Their features became adapted for living in the marine environment . Major anatomical changes include the hearing set - up that channeled vibrations from the jaw to the earbone which occurred with Ambulocetus 49 million years ago , a streamlining of the body and the growth of flukes on the tail which occurred around 43 million years ago with Protocetus , the migration of the nasal openings toward the top of the cranium and the modification of the forelimbs into flippers which occurred with Basilosaurus 35 million years ago , and the shrinking and eventual disappearance of the hind limbs which took place with the first odontocetes and mysticetes 34 million years ago . The modern dolphin skeleton has two small , rod - shaped pelvic bones thought to be vestigial hind limbs . In October 2006 , an unusual bottlenose dolphin was captured in Japan ; it had small fins on each side of its genital slit , which scientists believe to be an unusually pronounced development of these vestigial hind limbs . Today , the closest living relatives of cetaceans are the hippopotamuses ; these share a semi-aquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls some 60 million years ago . Around 40 million years ago , a common ancestor between the two branched off into cetacea and anthracotheres ; anthracotheres became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene two - and - a-half million years ago , eventually leaving only one surviving lineage : the hippo . Anatomy The anatomy of a dolphin showing its skeleton , major organs , tail and body shape Dolphins have torpedo shaped bodies with generally non-flexible necks , limbs modified into flippers , non-existent external ear flaps , a tail fin , and bulbous heads . Dolphin skulls have small eye orbits , long snouts , and eyes placed on the sides of its head . Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 metres ( 5.6 ft ) long and 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) Maui 's dolphin to the 9.5 metres ( 31 ft ) and 10 metric tons ( 11 short tons ) killer whale . Overall , however , they tend to be dwarfed by other Cetartiodactyls . Several species have female - biased sexual dimorphism , with the females being larger than the males . Dolphins have conical teeth , as opposed to porpoises ' spade - shaped teeth . These conical teeth are used to catch swift prey such as fish , squid or large mammals , such as seal . Breathing involves expelling stale air from their blowhole , forming an upward , steamy spout , followed by inhaling fresh air into the lungs , however this only occurs in the polar regions of the oceans . Dolphins have rather small , unidentifiable spouts . All dolphins have a thick layer of blubber , thickness varying on climate . This blubber can help with buoyancy , protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat , and energy for leaner times ; the primary usage for blubber is insulation from the harsh climate . Calves , generally , are born with a thin layer of blubber , which develops at different paces depending on the habitat . Dolphins have a two - chambered stomach that is similar in structure to terrestrial carnivores . They have fundic and pyloric chambers . Dolphins ' reproductive organs are located inside the body , with genital slits on the ventral ( belly ) side . Males have two slits , one concealing the dolphin penis and one further behind for the anus . Females have one genital slit , housing the vagina and the anus , with a mammary slit on either side . Locomotive Dolphins have two pectoral flippers , containing four digits , a boneless dorsal fin for stability , and a tail fin for propulsion . Although dolphins do not possess external hind limbs , some possess discrete rudimentary appendages , which may contain feet and digits . Dolphins are fast swimmers in comparison to seals which typically cruise at 9 -- 28 kilometres per hour ( 5.6 -- 17.4 mph ) ; the killer whale ( orca ) , in comparison , can travel at speeds up to 55.5 kilometres per hour ( 34.5 mph ) . The fusing of the neck vertebrae , while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds , decreases flexibility , which means they are unable to turn their heads . River dolphins , however , have non-fused neck vertebrae and are able to turn their head up to 90 ° . Dolphins swim by moving their tail fin and rear body vertically , while their flippers are mainly used for steering . Some species log out of the water , which may allow them to travel faster . Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers . All species have a dorsal fin to prevent themselves from involuntarily spinning in the water . Some dolphins are adapted for diving to great depths . In addition to their streamlined bodies , some can slow their heart rate to conserve oxygen . Some can also re-route blood from tissue tolerant of water pressure to the heart , brain and other organs . Their hemoglobin and myoglobin store oxygen in body tissues and they have twice the concentration of myoglobin than hemoglobin . Sensory Biosonar by cetaceans The dolphin ear has specific adaptations to the marine environment . In humans , the middle ear works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air 's low impedance and the cochlear fluid 's high impedance . In dolphins , and other marine mammals , there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments . Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear , dolphins receive sound through the throat , from which it passes through a low - impedance fat - filled cavity to the inner ear . The dolphin ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air - filled sinus pockets , which allow for greater directional hearing underwater . Dolphins send out high frequency clicks from an organ known as a melon . This melon consists of fat , and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression . This allows dolphins to produce biosonar for orientation . Though most dolphins do not have hair , they do have hair follicles that may perform some sensory function . Beyond locating an object , echolocation also provides the animal with an idea on an object 's shape and size , though how exactly this works is not yet understood . The small hairs on the rostrum of the boto are believed to function as a tactile sense , possibly to compensate for the boto 's poor eyesight . The dolphin eye is relatively small for its size , yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight . As well as this , the eyes of a dolphin are placed on the sides of its head , so their vision consists of two fields , rather than a binocular view like humans have . When dolphins surface , their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light ; they contain both rod and cone cells , meaning they can see in both dim and bright light , but they have far more rod cells than they do cone cells . Dolphins do , however , lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a more limited capacity for color vision than most mammals . Most dolphins have slightly flattened eyeballs , enlarged pupils ( which shrink as they surface to prevent damage ) , slightly flattened corneas and a tapetum lucidum ; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and , therefore , a very clear image of the surrounding area . They also have glands on the eyelids and outer corneal layer that act as protection for the cornea . The olfactory lobes are absent in dolphins , suggesting that they have no sense of smell . Dolphins are not thought to have a good sense of taste , as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether . However , some have preferences between different kinds of fish , indicating some sort of attachment to taste . Behavior A pod of Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphins in the Red Sea See also : Cetacean surfacing behaviour Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth 's most intelligent animals , though it is hard to say just how intelligent . Comparing species ' relative intelligence is complicated by differences in sensory apparatus , response modes , and nature of cognition . Furthermore , the difficulty and expense of experimental work with large aquatic animals has so far prevented some tests and limited sample size and rigor in others . Compared to many other species , however , dolphin behavior has been studied extensively , both in captivity and in the wild . See cetacean intelligence for more details . Socialization Dolphins surfing at Snapper Rocks , Queensland , Australia Dolphins are highly social animals , often living in pods of up to a dozen individuals , though pod sizes and structures vary greatly between species and locations . In places with a high abundance of food , pods can merge temporarily , forming a superpod ; such groupings may exceed 1,000 dolphins . Membership in pods is not rigid ; interchange is common . Dolphins can , however , establish strong social bonds ; they will stay with injured or ill individuals , even helping them to breathe by bringing them to the surface if needed . This altruism does not appear to be limited to their own species . The dolphin Moko in New Zealand has been observed guiding a female Pygmy Sperm Whale together with her calf out of shallow water where they had stranded several times . They have also been seen protecting swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around the swimmers or charging the sharks to make them go away . Dolphins communicate using a variety of clicks , whistle - like sounds and other vocalizations . Dolphins also use nonverbal communication by means of touch and posturing . Dolphins also display culture , something long believed to be unique to humans ( and possibly other primate species ) . In May 2005 , a discovery in Australia found Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops aduncus ) teaching their young to use tools . They cover their snouts with sponges to protect them while foraging . This knowledge is mostly transferred by mothers to daughters , unlike simian primates , where knowledge is generally passed on to both sexes . Using sponges as mouth protection is a learned behavior . Another learned behavior was discovered among river dolphins in Brazil , where some male dolphins use weeds and sticks as part of a sexual display . Forms of care - giving between fellows and even for members of different species ( see Moko ( dolphin ) ) are recorded in various species - such as trying to save weakened fellows or female pilot whales holding up dead calves for long periods . Dolphins engage in acts of aggression towards each other . The older a male dolphin is , the more likely his body is to be covered with bite scars . Male dolphins can get into disputes over companions and females . Acts of aggression can become so intense that targeted dolphins sometimes go into exile after losing a fight . Male bottlenose dolphins have been known to engage in infanticide . Dolphins have also been known to kill porpoises for reasons which are not fully understood , as porpoises generally do not share the same diet as dolphins and are therefore not competitors for food supplies . The Cornwall Wildlife Trust records about one such death a year . Possible explanations include misdirected infanticide , misdirected sexual aggression or play behaviour . Reproduction and sexuality See also : Bottlenose dolphin § Reproduction , Dusky dolphin § Social behavior and reproduction , and Short - beaked common dolphin § Reproduction A skin - skeletal preparation Dolphin copulation happens belly to belly ; though many species engage in lengthy foreplay , the actual act is usually brief , but may be repeated several times within a short timespan . The gestation period varies with species ; for the small Tucuxi dolphin , this period is around 11 to 12 months , while for the orca , the gestation period is around 17 months . Typically dolphins give birth to a single calf , which is , unlike most other mammals , born tail first in most cases . They usually become sexually active at a young age , even before reaching sexual maturity . The age of sexual maturity varies by species and gender . Dolphins are known to display non-reproductive sexual behavior , engaging in masturbation , stimulation of the genital area of other individuals using the rostrum or flippers , and homosexual contact . Various species of dolphin have been known to engage in sexual behavior up to and including copulation with dolphins of other species . Sexual encounters may be violent , with male dolphins sometimes showing aggressive behavior towards both females and other males . Male dolphins may also work together and attempt to herd females in estrus , keeping the females by their side by means of both physical aggression and intimidation , to increase their chances of reproductive success . Occasionally , dolphins behave sexually towards other animals , including humans . Feeding Various methods of feeding exist among and within species , some apparently exclusive to a single population . Fish and squid are the main food , but the false killer whale and the orca also feed on other marine mammals . Orcas on occasion also hunt whale species larger than themselves . One common feeding method is herding , where a pod squeezes a school of fish into a small volume , known as a bait ball . Individual members then take turns plowing through the ball , feeding on the stunned fish . Coralling is a method where dolphins chase fish into shallow water to catch them more easily . Orcas and bottlenose dolphins have also been known to drive their prey onto a beach to feed on it , a behaviour known as beach or strand feeding . Some species also whack fish with their flukes , stunning them and sometimes knocking them out of the water . Reports of cooperative human - dolphin fishing date back to the ancient Roman author and natural philosopher Pliny the Elder . A modern human - dolphin partnership currently operates in Laguna , Santa Catarina , Brazil . Here , dolphins drive fish towards fishermen waiting along the shore and signal the men to cast their nets . The dolphins ' reward is the fish that escape the nets . Vocalization Spectrogram of dolphin vocalizations . Whistles , whines , and clicks are visible as upside down V 's , horizontal striations , and vertical lines , respectively . Dolphins are capable of making a broad range of sounds using nasal airsacs located just below the blowhole . Roughly three categories of sounds can be identified : frequency modulated whistles , burst - pulsed sounds and clicks . Dolphins communicate with whistle - like sounds produced by vibrating connective tissue , similar to the way human vocal cords function , and through burst - pulsed sounds , though the nature and extent of that ability is not known . The clicks are directional and are for echolocation , often occurring in a short series called a click train . The click rate increases when approaching an object of interest . Dolphin echolocation clicks are amongst the loudest sounds made by marine animals . Bottlenose dolphins have been found to have signature whistles , a whistle that is unique to a specific individual . These whistles are used in order for dolphins to communicate with one another by identifying an individual . It can be seen as the dolphin equivalent of a name for humans . These signature whistles are developed during a dolphin 's first year ; it continues to maintain the same sound throughout its lifetime . In order to obtain each individual whistle sound , dolphins undergo vocal production learning . This consists of an experience with other dolphins that modifies the signal structure of an existing whistle sound . An auditory experience influences the whistle development of each dolphin . Dolphins are able to communicate to one another by addressing another dolphin through mimicking their whistle . The signature whistle of a male bottlenose dolphin tends to be similar to that of his mother , while the signature whistle of a female bottlenose dolphin tends to be more distinguishing . Bottlenose dolphins have a strong memory when it comes to these signature whistles , as they are able to relate to a signature whistle of an individual they have not encountered for over twenty years . Research done on signature whistle usage by other dolphin species is relatively limited . The research on other species done so far has yielded varied outcomes and inconclusive results . Because dolphins are generally associated in groups , communication is necessary . Signal masking is when other similar sounds ( conspecific sounds ) interfere with the original acoustic sound . In larger groups , individual whistle sounds are less prominent . Dolphins tend to travel in pods , upon which there are groups of dolphins that range from a few to many . Although they are traveling in these pods , the dolphins do not necessarily swim right next to each other . Rather , they swim within the same general vicinity . In order to prevent losing one of their pod members , there are higher whistle rates . Because their group members were spread out , this was done in order to continue traveling together . Jumping and playing Pacific white - sided dolphins porpoising Dolphins frequently leap above the water surface , this being done for various reasons . When travelling , jumping can save the dolphin energy as there is less friction while in the air . This type of travel is known as porpoising . Other reasons include orientation , social displays , fighting , non-verbal communication , entertainment and attempting to dislodge parasites . Dolphins show various types of playful behavior , often including objects , self - made bubble rings , other dolphins or other animals . When playing with objects or small animals , common behavior includes carrying the object or animal along using various parts of the body , passing it along to other members of the group or taking it from another member , or throwing it out of the water . Dolphins have also been observed harassing animals in other ways , for example by dragging birds underwater without showing any intent to eat them . Playful behaviour that involves another animal species with active participation of the other animal can also be observed however . Playful human interaction with dolphins being the most obvious example , however playful interactions have been observed in the wild with a number of other species as well , such as humpback whales and dogs . Juvenile dolphins off the coast of Western Australia have been observed chasing , capturing , and chewing on blowfish . While some reports state that the dolphins are becoming intoxicated on the tetrodotoxin in the fishes ' skin , other reports have characterized this behavior as the normal curiosity and exploration of their environment in which dolphins engage . Intelligence Main article : Cetacean intelligence See also : Cetacean surfacing behaviour Dolphins are known to teach , learn , cooperate , scheme , and grieve . The neocortex of many species is home to elongated spindle neurons that , prior to 2007 , were known only in hominids . In humans , these cells are involved in social conduct , emotions , judgment , and theory of mind . Cetacean spindle neurons are found in areas of the brain that are homologous to where they are found in humans , suggesting that they perform a similar function . Brain size was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal . Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions , greater ratios of brain to body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks . Allometric analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the 2⁄3 or 3⁄4 exponent of the body mass . Comparison of a particular animal 's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an encephalization quotient that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence . Killer whales have the second largest brain mass of any animal on earth , next to the sperm whale . The brain to body mass ratio in some is second only to humans . Self - awareness is seen , by some , to be a sign of highly developed , abstract thinking . Self - awareness , though not well - defined scientifically , is believed to be the precursor to more advanced processes like meta - cognitive reasoning ( thinking about thinking ) that are typical of humans . Research in this field has suggested that cetaceans , among others , possess self - awareness . The most widely used test for self - awareness in animals is the mirror test in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal 's body , and the animal is then presented with a mirror ; they then see if the animal shows signs of self - recognition . Some disagree with these findings , arguing that the results of these tests are open to human interpretation and susceptible to the Clever Hans effect . This test is much less definitive than when used for primates , because primates can touch the mark or the mirror , while cetaceans can not , making their alleged self - recognition behavior less certain . Skeptics argue that behaviors that are said to identify self - awareness resemble existing social behaviors , and so researchers could be misinterpreting self - awareness for social responses to another individual . The researchers counter-argue that the behaviors shown are evidence of self - awareness , as they are very different from normal responses to another individual . Whereas apes can merely touch the mark on themselves with their fingers , cetaceans show less definitive behavior of self - awareness ; they can only twist and turn themselves to observe the mark . In 1995 , Marten and Psarakos used television to test dolphin self - awareness . They showed dolphins real - time footage of themselves , recorded footage , and another dolphin . They concluded that their evidence suggested self - awareness rather than social behavior . While this particular study has not been repeated since then , dolphins have since passed the mirror test . Sleeping Sleeping dolphin in captivity : a tail kick reflex keeps the dolphin 's blowhole above the water Further information : Sleep ( non-human ) Generally , dolphins sleep with only one brain hemisphere in slow - wave sleep at a time , thus maintaining enough consciousness to breathe and to watch for possible predators and other threats . Earlier sleep stages can occur simultaneously in both hemispheres . In captivity , dolphins seemingly enter a fully asleep state where both eyes are closed and there is no response to mild external stimuli . In this case , respiration is automatic ; a tail kick reflex keeps the blowhole above the water if necessary . Anesthetized dolphins initially show a tail kick reflex . Though a similar state has been observed with wild sperm whales , it is not known if dolphins in the wild reach this state . The Indus river dolphin has a sleep method that is different from that of other dolphin species . Living in water with strong currents and potentially dangerous floating debris , it must swim continuously to avoid injury . As a result , this species sleeps in very short bursts which last between 4 and 60 seconds . Threats Lesions in the dorsal fin of a bottlenose dolphin caused by lobomycosis , a fungal infection of the skin Dolphins have few marine enemies . Some species or specific populations have none , making them apex predators . For most of the smaller species of dolphins , only a few of the larger sharks , such as the bull shark , dusky shark , tiger shark and great white shark , are a potential risk , especially for calves . Some of the larger dolphin species , especially orcas ( killer whales ) , may also prey on smaller dolphins , but this seems rare . Dolphins also suffer from a wide variety of diseases and parasites . The Cetacean morbillivirus in particular has been known to cause regional epizootics often leaving hundreds of animals of various species dead . Symptoms of infection are often a severe combination of pneumonia , encephalitis and damage to the immune system , which greatly impair the cetacean 's ability to swim and stay afloat unassisted . A study at the U.S. National Marine Mammal Foundation revealed that dolphins , like humans , develop a natural form of type 2 diabetes which may lead to a better understanding of the disease and new treatments for both humans and dolphins . Dolphins can tolerate and recover from extreme injuries such as shark bites although the exact methods used to achieve this are not known . The healing process is rapid and even very deep wounds do not cause dolphins to hemorrhage to death . Furthermore , even gaping wounds restore in such a way that the animal 's body shape is restored , and infection of such large wounds seems rare . The study , published in the journal Marine Mammal Science , suggests that at least some dolphins are up to the shark challenge with research finding that many dolphins survive attacks using everything from sophisticated combat moves to teaming up against the shark . Humans See also : Dolphin drive hunting and Cetacean bycatch Dead Atlantic white - sided dolphins in Hvalba on the Faroe Islands , killed in a drive hunt Some dolphin species are at risk of extinction , especially some river dolphin species such as the Amazon river dolphin , and the Ganges and Yangtze river dolphin , which are critically or seriously endangered . A 2006 survey found no individuals of the Yangtze river dolphin , which now appears to be functionally extinct . Pesticides , heavy metals , plastics , and other industrial and agricultural pollutants that do not disintegrate rapidly in the environment concentrate in predators such as dolphins . Injuries or deaths due to collisions with boats , especially their propellers , are also common . Various fishing methods , most notably purse seine fishing for tuna and the use of drift and gill nets , unintentionally kill many dolphins . Accidental by - catch in gill nets and incidental captures in antipredator nets that protect marine fish farms are common and pose a risk for mainly local dolphin populations . In some parts of the world , such as Taiji in Japan and the Faroe Islands , dolphins are traditionally considered food and are killed in harpoon or drive hunts . Dolphin meat is high in mercury and may thus pose a health danger to humans when consumed . Dolphin safe labels attempt to reassure consumers that fish and other marine products have been caught in a dolphin - friendly way . The earliest campaigns with `` Dolphin safe '' labels were initiated in the 1980s as a result of cooperation between marine activists and the major tuna companies , and involved decreasing incidental dolphin kills by up to 50 % by changing the type of nets used to catch tuna . The dolphins are netted only while fishermen are in pursuit of smaller tuna . Albacore are not netted this way , making albacore the only truly dolphin - safe tuna . Loud underwater noises , such as those resulting from naval sonar use , live firing exercises , and certain offshore construction projects such as wind farms , may be harmful to dolphins , increasing stress , damaging hearing , and causing decompression sickness by forcing them to surface too quickly to escape the noise . Dolphins and other smaller cetaceans are also hunted in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting . This is accomplished by driving a pod together with boats and usually into a bay or onto a beach . Their escape is prevented by closing off the route to the ocean with other boats or nets . Dolphins are hunted this way in several places around the world , including the Solomon Islands , the Faroe Islands , Peru , and Japan , the most well - known practitioner of this method . By numbers , dolphins are mostly hunted for their meat , though some end up in dolphinariums . Despite the controversial nature of the hunt resulting in international criticism , and the possible health risk that the often polluted meat causes , thousands of dolphins are caught in drive hunts each year . Relationships with humans In History and religion Fresco of Dolphins , ca . 1600 BC , from Knossos , Crete . Vessel in form of killer whale , Nazca culture , circa 200 AD . American Museum of Natural History collections . Dolphins have long played a role in human culture . Dolphins are sometimes used as symbols , for instance in heraldry . In Greek myths , dolphins were seen invariably as helpers of humankind . Dolphins also seem to have been important to the Minoans , judging by artistic evidence from the ruined palace at Knossos . During the 2009 excavations of a major Mycenaean city at Iklaina , a striking fragment of a wall - paintings came to light , depicting a ship with three human figures and dolphins . Dolphins are common in Greek mythology , and many coins from ancient Greece have been found which feature a man , a boy or a deity riding on the back of a dolphin . The Ancient Greeks welcomed dolphins ; spotting dolphins riding in a ship 's wake was considered a good omen . In both ancient and later art , Cupid is often shown riding a dolphin . A dolphin rescued the poet Arion from drowning and carried him safe to land , at Cape Matapan , a promontory forming the southernmost point of the Peloponnesus . There was a temple to Poseidon and a statue of Arion riding the dolphin . The Greeks reimagined the Phoenician god Melqart as Melikertês ( Melicertes ) and made him the son of Athamas and Ino . He drowned but was transfigured as the marine deity Palaemon , while his mother became Leucothea . ( cf Ino . ) At Corinth , he was so closely connected with the cult of Poseidon that the Isthmian Games , originally instituted in Poseidon 's honor , came to be looked upon as the funeral games of Melicertes . Phalanthus was another legendary character brought safely to shore ( in Italy ) on the back of a dolphin , according to Pausanias . Dionysus was once captured by Etruscan pirates who mistook him for a wealthy prince they could ransom . After the ship set sail Dionysus invoked his divine powers , causing vines to overgrow the ship where the mast and sails had been . He turned the oars into serpents , so terrifying the sailors that they jumped overboard , but Dionysus took pity on them and transformed them into dolphins so that they would spend their lives providing help for those in need . Dolphins were also the messengers of Poseidon and sometimes did errands for him as well . Dolphins were sacred to both Aphrodite and Apollo . When heraldry developed in the Middle Ages , not much was known about the biology of the dolphin and it was often depicted as a sort of fish . Traditionally , the stylised dolphins in heraldry still may take after this notion , sometimes showing the dolphin skin covered with fish scales . Dolphins are present in the coat of arms of Anguilla and the coat of arms of Romania , and the coat of arms of Barbados has a dolphin supporter . A well - known historical example of a dolphin in heraldry , was the arms for the former province of the Dauphiné in southern France , from which were derived the arms and the title of the Dauphin of France , the heir to the former throne of France ( the title literally means `` The Dolphin of France '' ) . `` Dolfin '' was the name of an aristocratic family in the maritime Republic of Venice , whose most prominent member was the 13th Century Doge Giovanni Dolfin . In Hindu mythology the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with Ganga , the deity of the Ganges river . The dolphin is said to be among the creatures which heralded the goddess ' descent from the heavens and her mount , the Makara , is sometimes depicted as a dolphin . The Boto , a species of river dolphin that resides in the Amazon River , are believed to be shapeshifters , or encantados , who are capable of having children with human women . There are comparatively few surviving myths of dolphins in Polynesian cultures , in spite of their maritime traditions and relevance of other marine animals such as sharks and seabirds ; unlike these , they are more often perceived as food than as totemic symbols . Dolphins are most clearly represented in Rapa Nui Rongorongo , and in the traditions of the Caroline Islands they are depicted similarly to the Boto , being sexually active shapeshifters . In captivity Species SeaWorld show featuring bottlenose dolphins and pilot whales The renewed popularity of dolphins in the 1960s resulted in the appearance of many dolphinaria around the world , making dolphins accessible to the public . Criticism and animal welfare laws forced many to close , although hundreds still exist around the world . In the United States , the best known are the SeaWorld marine mammal parks . In the Middle East the best known are Dolphin Bay at Atlantis , The Palm and the Dubai Dolphinarium . SeaWorld San Diego pilot whale with trainers Various species of dolphins are kept in captivity . These small cetaceans are more often than not kept in theme parks , such as SeaWorld , commonly known as a dolphinarium . Bottlenose dolphins are the most common species of dolphin kept in dolphinariums as they are relatively easy to train , have a long lifespan in captivity and have a friendly appearance . Hundreds if not thousands of bottlenose dolphins live in captivity across the world , though exact numbers are hard to determine . Other species kept in captivity are spotted dolphins , false killer whales and common dolphins , Commerson 's dolphins , as well as rough - toothed dolphins , but all in much lower numbers than the bottlenose dolphin . There are also fewer than ten pilot whales , Amazon river dolphins , Risso 's dolphins , spinner dolphins , or tucuxi in captivity . An unusual and very rare hybrid dolphin , known as a wolphin , is kept at the Sea Life Park in Hawaii , which is a cross between a bottlenose dolphin and a false killer whale . The number of killer whales kept in captivity is very small , especially when compared to the number of bottlenose dolphins , with 60 captive killer whales being held in aquaria as of 2017 . The killer whale 's intelligence , trainability , striking appearance , playfulness in captivity and sheer size have made it a popular exhibit at aquaria and aquatic theme parks . From 1976 to 1997 , 55 whales were taken from the wild in Iceland , 19 from Japan , and three from Argentina . These figures exclude animals that died during capture . Live captures fell dramatically in the 1990s , and by 1999 , about 40 % of the 48 animals on display in the world were captive - born . Organizations such as the Mote Marine Laboratory rescue and rehabilitate sick , wounded , stranded or orphaned dolphins while others , such as the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society and Hong Kong Dolphin Conservation Society , work on dolphin conservation and welfare . India has declared the dolphin as its national aquatic animal in an attempt to protect the endangered Ganges River Dolphin . The Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary has been created in the Ganges river for the protection of the animals . Controversy See also : Captive killer whales Shamu the killer whale , 2009 , with a collapsed dorsal fin There is debate over the welfare of cetaceans in captivity , and often welfare can vary greatly dependent on the levels of care being provided at a particular facility . In the United States , facilities are regularly inspected by federal agencies to ensure that a high standard of welfare is maintained . Additionally , facilities can apply to become accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) , which ( for accreditation ) requires `` the highest standards of animal care and welfare in the world '' to be achieved . Facilities such as SeaWorld and the Georgia Aquarium are accredited by the AZA . Organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society campaign against the practice of keeping them in captivity . In captivity , they often develop pathologies , such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 60 -- 90 % of male killer whales . Captives have vastly reduced life expectancies , on average only living into their 20s , although there are examples of killer whales living longer , including several over 30 years old , and two captive orcas , Corky II and Lolita , are in their mid-40s . In the wild , females who survive infancy live 46 years on average , and up to 70 -- 80 years in rare cases . Wild males who survive infancy live 31 years on average , and up to 50 -- 60 years . Captivity usually bears little resemblance to wild habitat , and captive whales ' social groups are foreign to those found in the wild . Critics claim captive life is stressful due to these factors and the requirement to perform circus tricks that are not part of wild killer whale behavior . Wild killer whales may travel up to 160 kilometres ( 100 mi ) in a day , and critics say the animals are too big and intelligent to be suitable for captivity . Captives occasionally act aggressively towards themselves , their tankmates , or humans , which critics say is a result of stress . Although dolphins generally interact well with humans , some attacks have occurred , most of them resulting in small injuries . Orcas , the largest species of dolphin , have been involved in fatal attacks on humans in captivity . The record - holder of documented orca fatal attacks is a male named Tilikum , who has lived at SeaWorld since 1992 . Tilikum has played a role in the death of three people in three different incidents ( 1991 , 1999 and 2010 ) . Tilikum 's behaviour sparked the production of the documentary Blackfish , which focuses on the consequences of keeping orcas in captivity . There are documented incidents in the wild , too , but none of them fatal . Fatal attacks from other species are less common , but there is a registered occurrence off the coast of Brazil in 1994 , when a man died after being attacked by a bottlenose dolphin named Tião . Tião had suffered harassment by human visitors , including attempts to stick ice cream sticks down her blowhole . Non-fatal incidents occur more frequently , both in the wild and in captivity . While dolphin attacks occur far less frequently than attacks by other sea animals , such as sharks , some scientists are worried about the careless programs of human - dolphin interaction . Dr. Andrew J. Read , a biologist at the Duke University Marine Laboratory who studies dolphin attacks , points out that dolphins are large and wild predators , so people should be more careful when they interact with them . Several scientists who have researched dolphin behaviour have proposed that dolphins ' unusually high intelligence in comparison to other animals means that dolphins should be seen as non-human persons who should have their own specific rights and that it is morally unacceptable to keep them captive for entertainment purposes or to kill them either intentionally for consumption or unintentionally as by - catch . Four countries -- Chile , Costa Rica , Hungary , and India -- have declared dolphins to be `` non-human persons '' and have banned the capture and import of live dolphins for entertainment . Military Main article : Military dolphin A military dolphin A military dolphin is a dolphin trained for military uses . A number of militaries have employed dolphins for various purposes from finding mines to rescuing lost or trapped humans . The military use of dolphins , however , drew scrutiny during the Vietnam War when rumors circulated that the United States Navy was training dolphins to kill Vietnamese divers . The United States Navy denies that at any point dolphins were trained for combat . Dolphins are still being trained by the United States Navy for other tasks as part of the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program . The Russian military is believed to have closed its marine mammal program in the early 1990s . In 2000 the press reported that dolphins trained to kill by the Soviet Navy had been sold to Iran . Therapy Dolphins are an increasingly popular choice of animal - assisted therapy for psychological problems and developmental disabilities . For example , a 2005 study found dolphins an effective treatment for mild to moderate depression . However , this study was criticized on several grounds . For example , it is not known whether dolphins are more effective than common pets . Reviews of this and other published dolphin - assisted therapy ( DAT ) studies have found important methodological flaws and have concluded that there is no compelling scientific evidence that DAT is a legitimate therapy or that it affords more than fleeting mood improvement . Consumption Cuisine Plate of dolphin sashimi In some parts of the world , such as Taiji , Japan and the Faroe Islands , dolphins are traditionally considered as food , and are killed in harpoon or drive hunts . Dolphin meat is consumed in a small number of countries worldwide , which include Japan and Peru ( where it is referred to as chancho marino , or `` sea pork '' ) . While Japan may be the best - known and most controversial example , only a very small minority of the population has ever sampled it . Dolphin meat is dense and such a dark shade of red as to appear black . Fat is located in a layer of blubber between the meat and the skin . When dolphin meat is eaten in Japan , it is often cut into thin strips and eaten raw as sashimi , garnished with onion and either horseradish or grated garlic , much as with sashimi of whale or horse meat ( basashi ) . When cooked , dolphin meat is cut into bite - size cubes and then batter - fried or simmered in a miso sauce with vegetables . Cooked dolphin meat has a flavor very similar to beef liver . Health concerns There have been human health concerns associated with the consumption of dolphin meat in Japan after tests showed that dolphin meat contained high levels of mercury . There are no known cases of mercury poisoning as a result of consuming dolphin meat , though the government continues to monitor people in areas where dolphin meat consumption is high . The Japanese government recommends that children and pregnant women avoid eating dolphin meat on a regular basis . Similar concerns exist with the consumption of dolphin meat in the Faroe Islands , where prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs primarily from the consumption of pilot whale meat has resulted in neuropsychological deficits amongst children . The Faroe Islands population was exposed to methylmercury largely from contaminated pilot whale meat , which contained very high levels of about 2 mg methylmercury / kg . However , the Faroe Islands populations also eat significant numbers of fish . 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The End of the Line : How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25505 - 0 . Jump up ^ Díaz López , Bruno ; Bernal Shirai , J.A. ( 2006 ) . `` Bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) presence and incidental capture in a marine fish farm on the north - eastern coast of Sardinia ( Italy ) '' . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK . 87 : 113 -- 117 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025315407054215 . Jump up ^ Díaz López , Bruno ( 2006 ) . `` Interactions between Mediterranean bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) and gillnets off Sardinia , Italy '' . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 63 ( 5 ) : 946 -- 951 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icesjms. 2005.06. 012 . Jump up ^ Matsutani , Minoru ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Details on how Japan 's dolphin catches work '' . Japan Times . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Eric ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Mercury danger in dolphin meat '' . Japan Times . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Time Of Truth For US Dolphin Safe Logos '' . atuna . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ CBC news ( 2003 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Navy sonar may be killing whales , dolphins '' . CBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Npower renewables Underwater noise & vibration , section 9.4 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Taras '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Eyers , Jonathan ( 3 December 2012 ) . Do n't Shoot the Albatross ! : Nautical Myths and Superstitions . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 3213 - 5 . Jump up ^ Herodotus I. 23 ; Thucydides I. 128 , 133 ; Pausanias iii. 25 , 4 Jump up ^ Hentea , Călin ( 2007 ) . Brief Romanian Military History . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5820 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ali , Arif ( 1996 ) . Barbados : Just Beyond Your Imagination . Hertford , UK : Hansib Publications . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870518 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ali , Arif ( 1996 ) . Barbados : Just Beyond Your Imagination . Hansib . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870518 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijay ( 1997 ) . The River Goddess . Creative Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88682 - 825 - 7 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Atlantis : The Palm , Dubai . `` Swim With the Dolphins in Dubai '' . atlantisthepalm.com . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Dubai Dolphinarium . `` The Dubai Dolphinarium '' . dubaidolphinarium.ae . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rose , Naoimi ; Parsons , E.C.M. ; Farinato , Richard . The Case Against Marine Mammals in Captivity ( PDF ) ( 4 ed . ) . Humane Society of the United States . pp. 13 , 42 , 43 , 59 . Jump up ^ Sean B. Carroll . `` Remarkable creatures '' . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orcas in Captivity - A look at killer whales in aquariums and parks '' . 23 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ NMFS 2005 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ india.gov . `` National Aquatic Animal '' . india.gov . Jump up ^ Rose , N.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Killer Controversy : Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity '' ( PDF ) . Humane Society International and the Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate '' . CBS News . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Susan J. ; Botzler , Richard G. ( 18 November 2016 ) . The Animal Ethics Reader . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 42196 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : William Broad ( 1999 - 07 - 06 ) . `` An article on the aggressive nature of dolphins '' . Fishingnj.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Tim ( 2011 ) . `` The Killer in the Pool '' . The Best American Sampler 2011 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Corpse Is Found on Whale '' . The New York Times . July 7 , 1999 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale '' . CNN . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Killer whale Tilikum to be spared after drowning trainer by ponytail '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale bumps but does n't bite boy '' . Juneau Empire -- Alaska 's Capital City Online Newspaper. 2005 - 08 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wong , David . `` The 6 Cutest Animals That Can Still Destroy You '' . Cracked.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Male Dolphin Kills Man '' . Science-frontiers.com . Sep -- Oct 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` LONE DOLPHINS -- FRIEND OR FOE ? '' . BBC . 2002 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ White , Thomas I. ( 18 May 2009 ) . In Defense of Dolphins : The New Moral Frontier . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 46969 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leake , Jonathan ; Brooks , Helen ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` Scientists say dolphins should be treated as ' non - human persons ' '' ( PDF ) . dolphinmovie.com . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Land , Graham ( 29 July 2013 ) . Dolphin rights : The world should follow India 's lead . Asiancorrespondent.com . Hybrid News Ltd . Accessed on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Policy on establishment of dolphinarium Jump up ^ PBS -- Frontline . `` The Story of Navy dolphins '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iran buys kamikaze dolphins '' . BBC News . 2000 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Antonioli , C ; Reveley , MA ( 2005 ) . `` Randomised controlled trial of animal facilitated therapy with dolphins in the treatment of depression '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 331 ( 7527 ) : 1231 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7527. 1231 . JSTOR 25455488 . PMC 1289317 . PMID 16308382 . Jump up ^ Biju Basil ; Maju Mathews ( 2005 ) . `` Methodological concerns about animal - facilitated therapy with dolphins '' . BMJ. 331 ( 7529 ) : 1407 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 331.7529. 1407 . PMC 1309662 . PMID 16339258 . Jump up ^ Lori Marino ; Scott O. Lilienfeld ( 2007 ) . `` Dolphin - Assisted Therapy : more flawed data and more flawed conclusions '' ( PDF ) . Anthrozoös. 20 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 49 . doi : 10.2752 / 089279307X224782 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Matsutani , Minoru ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Details on how Japan 's dolphin catches work '' . Japan Times . p. 3 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 2009 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Dolphin slaughter turns sea red as Japan hunting season returns '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kevin G. ( 2003 ) . `` Dolphin meat widely available in Peruvian stores : Despite protected status , ' sea pork ' is popular fare '' . The Seattle Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ イルカ の 味噌 根菜 煮 ( Dolphin in Miso Vegetable Stew ) . Cookpad ( in Japanese ) . 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : World Health Organisation / United Nations Environment Programme DTIE Chemicals Branch ( 2008 ) . `` Guidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury exposure '' ( PDF ) . p. 36 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare . `` 平成 15 年 6 月 3 日 に 公表 した 「 水銀 を 含有 する 魚介 類 等 の 摂 食 に関する 注意 事項 」 について '' . Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ( in Japanese ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Further reading Carwardine , M. , Whales , Dolphins and Porpoises , Dorling Kindersley , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2781 - 6 . Williams , Heathcote , Whale Nation , New York , Harmony Books , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 56932 - 0 . External links Find more aboutDolphinsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Taxonomy from Wikispecies Conservation , research and news : De Rohan , Anuschka . `` Why dolphins are deep thinkers '' , The Guardian , July 3 , 2003 . The Dolphin Institute The Oceania Project , Caring for Whales and Dolphins Tursiops.org : Current Cetacean - related news Understanding Dolphins The `` Dolphin Rape '' Myth Photos : Red Sea Spinner Dolphin -- Photo gallery PBS NOVA : Dolphins : Close Encounters David 's Dolphin Images Images of Wild Dolphins in the Red Sea Extant Cetacea species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Laurasiatheria Order Artiodactyla Suborder Whippomorpha Parvorder Mysticeti ( Baleen whales ) Balaenidae Balaena Bowhead whale ( B. mysticetus ) Eubalaena ( Right whales ) Southern right whale ( E. australis ) North Atlantic right whale ( E. glacialis ) North Pacific right whale ( E. japonica ) Balaenopteridae ( Rorquals ) Balaenoptera Common minke whale ( B. acutorostrata ) Antarctic minke whale ( B. bonaerensis ) Sei whale ( B. borealis ) Bryde 's whale ( B. brydei ) Pygmy Bryde 's whale ( B. edeni ) Blue whale ( B. musculus ) Omura 's whale ( B. omurai ) Fin whale ( B. physalus ) Megaptera Humpback whale ( M. novaeangliae ) Eschrichtiidae Eschrichtius Gray whale ( E. robustus ) Neobalaenidae Caperea Pygmy right whale ( C. marginata ) Parvorder Odontoceti ( Toothed whales ) ( cont . below ) Delphinidae ( Oceanic dolphins ) Cephalorhynchus Commerson 's dolphin ( C. commersonii ) Chilean dolphin ( C. eutropia ) Heaviside 's dolphin ( C. heavisidii ) Hector 's dolphin ( C. hectori ) Delphinus Long - beaked common dolphin ( D. capensis ) Short - beaked common dolphin ( D. delphis ) Feresa Pygmy killer whale ( F. attenuata ) Globicephala ( Pilot whales ) Short - finned pilot whale ( G. macrorhynchus ) Long - finned pilot whale ( G. melas ) Grampus Risso 's dolphin ( G. griseus ) Lagenodelphis Fraser 's dolphin ( L. hosei ) Lagenorhynchus Atlantic white - sided dolphin ( L. acutus ) White - beaked dolphin ( L. albirostris ) Peale 's dolphin ( L. australis ) Hourglass dolphin ( L. cruciger ) Pacific white - sided dolphin ( L. obliquidens ) Dusky dolphin ( L. obscurus ) Lissodelphis ( Right whale dolphins ) Northern right whale dolphin ( L. borealis ) Southern right whale dolphin ( L. peronii ) Orcaella Irrawaddy dolphin ( O. brevirostris ) Australian snubfin dolphin ( O. heinsohni ) Orcinus Killer whale ( O. orca ) Peponocephala Melon - headed whale ( P. electra ) Pseudorca False killer whale ( P. crassidens ) Sotalia Tucuxi ( S. fluviatilis ) Guiana dolphin ( S. guianensis ) Sousa Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphin ( S. chinensis ) Atlantic humpback dolphin ( S. teuszii ) Stenella Pantropical spotted dolphin ( S. attenuata ) Clymene dolphin ( S. clymene ) Striped dolphin ( S. coeruleoalba ) Atlantic spotted dolphin ( S. frontalis ) Spinner dolphin ( S. longirostris ) Steno Rough - toothed dolphin ( S. bredanensis ) Tursiops Indo - Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( T. aduncus ) Burrunan dolphin ( T. australis ) Common bottlenose dolphin ( T. truncatus ) Monodontidae Delphinapterus Beluga ( D. leucas ) Monodon Narwhal ( M. monoceros ) Phocoenidae Neophocaena Finless porpoise ( N. phocaeniodes ) Narrow - ridged finless porpoise ( N. asiaorientalis ) Phocoena Spectacled porpoise ( P. dioptrica ) Harbor porpoise ( P. phocoena ) Vaquita ( P. sinus ) Burmeister 's porpoise ( P. spinipinnis ) Phocoenoides Dall 's porpoise ( P. dalli ) Physeteridae Physeter Sperm whale ( P. macrocephalus ) Kogiidae Kogia Pygmy sperm whale ( K. breviceps ) Dwarf sperm whale ( K. simus ) Iniidae Inia Amazon river dolphin ( I. geoffrensis ) Lipotidae Lipotes Baiji ( L. vexillifer ) Platanistidae Platanista Ganges and Indus River dolphin ( P. gangetica ) Pontoporiidae Pontoporia La Plata dolphin ( P. blainvillei ) Ziphiidae ( Beaked whales ) Berardius Arnoux 's beaked whale ( B. arnuxii ) Baird 's beaked whale ( B. bairdii ) Hyperoodon Northern bottlenose whale ( H. ampullatus ) Southern bottlenose whale ( H. planifrons ) Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale ( I. pacificus ) Mesoplodon ( Mesoplodont whales ) Sowerby 's beaked whale ( M. bidens ) Andrews ' beaked whale ( M. bowdoini ) Hubbs ' beaked whale ( M. carlhubbsi ) Blainville 's beaked whale ( M. densirostris ) Gervais ' beaked whale ( M. europaeus ) Ginkgo - toothed beaked whale ( M. ginkgodens ) Gray 's beaked whale ( M. grayi ) Hector 's beaked whale ( M. hectori ) Strap - toothed whale ( M. layardii ) True 's beaked whale ( M. mirus ) Perrin 's beaked whale ( M. perrini ) Pygmy beaked whale ( M. peruvianus ) Stejneger 's beaked whale ( M. stejnegeri ) Spade - toothed whale ( M. traversii ) Tasmacetus Shepherd 's beaked whale ( T. sheperdi ) Ziphius Cuvier 's beaked whale ( Z. cavirostris ) Heraldry Armiger Law of heraldic arms Grant of arms Blazon Officials Authorities Officers of arms King of Arms , Herald , Pursuivant Private Officer of Arms Conventional elements of coats of arms Escutcheon Chief Field ( Tincture ) Division Supporter Supporter Slogan ( battle cry ) Crest Torse Mantling Helmet / Galero Crown / Coronet Compartment Order Ordinaries Charges Motto Dexter Sinister ( right ) ( left ) Subjects National coat of arms Arms of dominion Ecclesiastical heraldry Burgher arms Civic heraldry Canting arms Attributed arms Heraldic achieve - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin
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miles davis gil evans complete columbia studio recordings
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Miles Davis & Gil Evans : the Complete Columbia Studio Recordings
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miles davis & gil evans : the complete columbia studio recordings
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Miles Davis & Gil Evans : The Complete Columbia Studio Recordings is a box set of music by jazz musicians Miles Davis and Gil Evans originally released on CD in 1996 and remastered and re-released in 2004 . It collects work from 1957 through 1968 at Columbia Records recording studios .
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Miles Davis and Gil Evans had worked together on Davis ' landmark 1949 album Birth of the Cool . Evans was a distinguished soloist , but it was his role as arranger that is well - illustrated here with alternate and working takes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 References 4 External links Track listing ( edit ) Disc 1 - Miles Ahead ( masters released on Miles Ahead ) `` Springsville '' ( master ) - 3 : 28 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( master ) - 3 : 59 `` The Duke '' ( master ) - 3 : 28 `` My Ship '' ( master ) - 4 : 28 `` Miles Ahead '' ( master ) - 3 : 29 `` Blues For Pablo '' ( master ) - 5 : 19 `` New Rhumba '' ( master ) - 4 : 35 `` The Meaning of the Blues '' ( master ) - 2 : 50 `` Lament '' ( master ) - 2 : 16 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( master ) - 3 : 07 `` Springsville '' ( remake take 7 ) - 3 : 16 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( take 1 ) - 3 : 57 `` The Duke '' ( take 11 ) - 3 : 32 `` My Ship '' ( take 1 ) - 4 : 23 `` Miles Ahead '' ( take 4 ) - 3 : 32 `` Blues For Pablo '' ( take 1 ) - 3 : 01 `` New Rhumba '' ( take 5 ) - 4 : 45 `` The Meaning of the Blues '' ( rehearsal take ) - 2 : 49 `` Lament '' ( rehearsal take ) - 2 : 20 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) ( Take 8 ) '' - 3 : 11 Disc 2 - Porgy And Bess ( masters released on Porgy and Bess ) `` Buzzard Song '' ( master ) - 4 : 09 `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ( master ) - 5 : 12 `` Gone '' ( master ) - 3 : 38 `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' ( master ) - 2 : 05 `` Summertime '' ( master ) - 3 : 21 `` Oh Bess , Oh Where 's My Bess '' ( master ) - 4 : 31 `` Prayer ( Oh Doctor Jesus ) '' ( master ) - 4 : 42 `` Fisherman , Strawberry , Devil Crab '' ( master ) - 4 : 11 `` My Man 's Gone Now '' ( master ) - 6 : 16 `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ( master ) - 4 : 25 `` Here Come De Honey Man '' ( master ) - 1 : 20 `` I Loves You , Porgy '' ( master ) - 3 : 43 `` There 's a Boat That 's Leaving '' ( master ) - 3 : 28 `` Gone '' ( take 3 ) - 3 : 40 `` Summertime '' ( take 2 ) - 3 : 19 `` Prayer ( Oh Doctor Jesus ) '' ( take 2 ) - 4 : 16 `` I Loves You , Porgy '' ( take 1 , second version ) - 4 : 17 `` There 's a Boat That 's Leaving ... '' ( take 2 ) - 3 : 41 `` Oh Bess , Oh Where 's My Bess '' ( take 5 ) - 4 : 22 `` Gone '' ( take 4 ) - 3 : 40 Disc 3 - Sketches Of Spain ( masters released on Sketches of Spain ) `` Concierto De Aranjuez ( Adagio ) '' ( master ) - 16 : 23 `` Will O ' the Wisp '' ( master ) - 3 : 50 `` The Pan Piper '' ( master ) - 3 : 43 `` Saeta '' ( master ) - 5 : 08 `` Solea '' ( master ) - 12 : 24 `` Song of Our Country '' ( master ) - 3 : 29 `` Saeta '' ( full version of master ) - 6 : 05 `` The Pan Piper '' ( take 1 ) - 3 : 11 `` Concierto De Aranjuez ( Adagio ) '' ( alternate take , part one ) - 12 : 03 `` Concierto De Aranjuez ( Adagio ) '' ( alternate take , part two ) - 3 : 32 `` Song of Our Country '' ( take 14 ) - 3 : 11 Disc 4 - Quiet Nights And More ( masters released on Quiet Nights ) `` Song No : 2 '' ( master ) - 1 : 40 `` Once Upon a Summertime '' ( master ) - 3 : 27 `` Aos Pes Da Cruz '' ( master ) - 4 : 18 `` Song No : 1 '' ( master ) - 4 : 37 `` Wait Till You See Her '' ( master ) - 4 : 06 `` Corcovado '' ( master ) - 2 : 45 `` Blue Xmas '' ( master ) - 2 : 43 `` Nothing Like You '' ( master ) - 2 : 00 `` Devil May Care '' ( master ) - 3 : 29 `` The Time of the Barracudas '' ( master ) - 12 : 48 `` Falling Water '' ( take 4 ) - 3 : 45 `` Falling Water '' ( take 6 ) - 4 : 25 `` Falling Water '' ( take 8 ) - 4 : 17 `` Falling Water '' ( take 9 ) - 4 : 23 `` Springsville '' ( take 5 ) - 3 : 34 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( take 11 ) - 4 : 06 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( take 11 , insert 1 ) - 2 : 38 `` Lament ( Medley ) '' - ( take 2 ) - 2 : 37 `` The Duke '' ( take 1 ) - 3 : 30 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( CK 53225 issued version ) - 3 : 07 Disc 5 - The Making Of Miles Ahead `` Springsville '' ( rehearsal sequence ) - 7 : 01 `` Springsville '' ( rehearsal w / piano ) - 2 : 32 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( take 9 ) - 0 : 34 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( take 10 ) - 4 : 12 `` The Maids of Cadiz '' ( rehearsal sequence ) `` Count Off For the Duke '' ( take 3 ) - 0 : 37 `` The Duke '' ( take 8 ) - 3 : 33 `` The Duke '' ( piano take 3 ) - 1 : 55 `` My Ship '' ( take 6 ) - 4 : 39 `` Miles Ahead '' ( rehearsal sequence ) - 1 : 40 `` Miles Ahead '' ( take 12 ) - 3 : 34 `` Miles Ahead '' ( take 15 ) - 3 : 31 Studio Discussion - 0 : 30 `` My Ship '' ( take 7 ) - 4 : 41 `` Miles Ahead '' ( piano insert - mono ) - 3 : 09 `` Blues For Pablo '' ( rehearsal sequence ) - 5 : 54 `` New Rhumba '' ( take 2 ) - 4 : 40 `` Lament '' ( take 1 ) - 2 : 24 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( rehearsal ) - 2 : 13 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( take 5 ) - 2 : 58 Studio Discussion - 0 : 35 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( piano take 4 ) - 2 : 57 Disc 6 - Alternate And Rehearsal Takes Studio Discussion - 0 : 21 `` Springsville '' ( take 8 w / out overdubs ) - 3 : 33 Studio Discussion - 0 : 06 `` Miles Ahead '' ( take 11 w / out overdubs ) - 3 : 31 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( take 3 w / out overdubs ) - 2 : 59 `` Springsville '' ( overdub take 1 ) - 2 : 07 `` Springsville '' ( overdubbed solos 4 - 5 ) - 2 : 20 `` Springsville '' ( overdubbed solos 6 - 9 ) - 2 : 31 `` Springsville '' ( issued overdubbed solo ) - 0 : 26 `` Miles Ahead '' ( issued overdubbed Solo ) - 1 : 53 `` Miles Ahead '' ( overdubbed solo ) - 1 : 35 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( overdubbed solo 1 ) - 1 : 05 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( overdubbed solo 2 ) - 1 : 25 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( overdubbed solo 4 ) - 2 : 04 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( overdubbed solo 8 ) - 3 : 04 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Kissed ( By Anyone But You ) '' ( overdubbed solo 19 & 19c ) - 2 : 56 `` Miles Ahead '' ( mono master ) - 3 : 29 `` Gone '' ( rehearsal sequence ) - 2 : 53 `` Gone , Gone , Gone '' ( rehearsal sequence ) - 2 : 57 Studio Discussion - 0 : 53 `` Bess , You Is My Woman Now '' ( rehearsal take ) - 4 : 57 `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ( take 1 ) - 3 : 22 `` Oh Bess , Oh Where 's My Bess '' ( take 3 ) - 3 : 53 `` I Loves You , Porgy '' ( rehearsal sequence ) - 2 : 17 `` There 's A Boat That 's Leaving Soon For New York '' ( remake ) - 2 : 23 `` My Man 's Gone Now '' ( remake take ) - 6 : 12 `` Song of Our Country '' ( take 9 ) - 2 : 58 `` Concierto De Aranjuez ( Adagio ) '' ( rehearsal ) - 7 : 20 `` Concierto De Aranjuez ( Adagio ) '' ( alternate ending ) - 1 : 21 Personnel ( edit ) Miles Davis - trumpet , flugelhorn Gil Evans - piano , arranger , conductor Bob Dorough ( vocals , piano ) Steve Lacy ( soprano saxophone ) Lee Konitz , Cannonball Adderley ( alto saxophone ) Wayne Shorter ( tenor saxophone ) Ernie Royal , Bernie Glow , James Jorda , John Carisi , Louis Mucci ( trumpet ) Jimmy Cleveland , J.J. Johnson , Frank Rehak , Joe Bennett , Tom Mitchell ( trombone ) Julius Watkins , Gunther Schuller , Willie Ruff , Tony Miranda , Jim Buffington ( French horn ) Bill Barber ( tuba ) Romeo Penque ( flute , clarinet , bass clarinet , oboe ) Hubert Laws ( flute ) Jack Knitzer ( bassoon ) Janet Putnam ( harp ) Wynton Kelly ( piano ) Herbie Hancock ( piano , electric piano ) Joe Beck ( electric guitar ) Paul Chambers , Ron Carter ( bass ) Arthur Taylor , Philly Joe Jones , Jimmy Cobb , Tony Williams ( drums ) Willie Bobo ( bongos ) Elvin Jones ( percussion ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Rolling Stone review Jump up ^ The album name is rendered differently in different places . Jump up ^ allmusic ( hide ) Miles Davis Discography Studio albums Prestige Era The New Sounds Young Man with a Horn Blue Period The Compositions Of Al Cohn Miles Davis Volume 2 Miles Davis , Volume 3 Miles Davis Quartet Miles Davis All - Star Sextet Miles Davis Quintet Miles Davis with Sonny Rollins Miles Davis All Stars , Volume 1 Miles Davis All Stars , Volume 2 The Musings of Miles Blue Moods Dig Miles : The New Miles Davis Quintet Miles Davis and Horns Quintet / Sextet Collectors ' Items Blue Haze Walkin ' Bags ' Groove Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants Cookin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Relaxin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Workin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Steamin ' with the Miles Davis Quintet Columbia Era ' Round About Midnight Miles Ahead Milestones Jazz Track Porgy and Bess Kind of Blue Sketches of Spain Someday My Prince Will Come Seven Steps to Heaven Quiet Nights E.S.P. Miles Smiles Sorcerer Nefertiti Miles in the Sky Filles de Kilimanjaro In a Silent Way Bitches Brew Jack Johnson Live - Evil On the Corner The Man with the Horn Star People Decoy You 're Under Arrest Tutu Amandla Aura Doo - Bop Live recordings Birdland 1951 Miles Davis at Newport 1955 - 1975 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 4 Miles & Coltrane Miles Davis Quintet at Peacock Alley Amsterdam Concert At Newport 1958 Jazz at the Plaza Vol . I In Person : At the Blackhawk , San Francisco Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall Miles & Monk at Newport Miles Davis in Europe Live at the 1963 Monterey Jazz Festival My Funny Valentine Four & More Miles in Tokyo Miles in Berlin The Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965 Live in Europe 1967 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 1 1969 Miles -- Festiva De Juan Pins Live in Europe 1969 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 2 Live at the Fillmore East , March 7 , 1970 : It 's About that Time Bitches Brew Live Black Beauty : Miles Davis at Fillmore West Miles Davis at Fillmore Miles at the Fillmore - Miles Davis 1970 : The Bootleg Series Vol. 3 The Cellar Door Sessions Live - Evil In Concert Dark Magus Agharta Pangaea Miles ! Miles ! Miles ! We Want Miles Live Around the World Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux Compilations Birth of the Cool Miles Davis Volume 1 Miles Davis Volume 2 Miles Davis ' Greatest Hits Basic Miles : The Classic Performances of Miles Davis 1958 Miles Big Fun Get Up with It Water Babies Circle in the Round Directions The Columbia Years 1955 -- 1985 Super Hits The Essential Miles Davis Box sets The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis with John Coltrane Miles Davis & Gil Evans : The Complete Columbia Studio Recordings Seven Steps : The Complete Columbia Recordings of Miles Davis 1963 -- 1964 The Complete Studio Recordings of The Miles Davis Quintet 1965 -- 1968 The Complete In a Silent Way Sessions The Complete Bitches Brew Sessions The Complete Jack Johnson Sessions The Complete On the Corner Sessions The Original Mono Recordings In Person Friday and Saturday Nights at the Blackhawk , Complete The Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965 The Complete Miles Davis at Montreux The Cellar Door Sessions Miles Davis : The Complete Columbia Album Collection The Legendary Prestige Quintet Sessions Remix albums Panthalassa : The Music of Miles Davis 1969 -- 1974 Panthalassa : The Remixes Evolution of the Groove Compositions `` All Blues '' `` Blue in Green '' `` Boplicity '' `` Dig '' `` Donna Lee '' `` Four '' `` Flamenco Sketches '' `` Freddie Freeloader '' `` Milestones '' `` Nardis '' `` Seven Steps to Heaven '' `` So What '' Related Miles ! The Definitive Miles Davis at Montreux DVD Collection That 's What Happened : Live in Germany 1987 Miles from India A Different Kind of Blue ( 2004 documentary ) Book Portal External links ( edit ) Miles Ahead : A Miles Davis Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_Davis_%26_Gil_Evans:_The_Complete_Columbia_Studio_Recordings&oldid=799001273 '' Categories : Gil Evans albums Miles Davis compilation albums 1996 compilation albums Albums recorded at CBS 30th Street Studio Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Davis%20%2526%20Gil%20Evans%3A%20The%20Complete%20Columbia%20Studio%20Recordings
| 1,573 |
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who is the girl in i could use a love song video
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The music video of the song was released on May 6 , 2017 , and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple .
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Shelley Hennig
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I Could Use a Love Song
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i could use a love song
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`` I Could Use a Love Song '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Maren Morris for her debut studio album , Hero ( 2016 ) . Morris wrote the song with Jimmy Robbins and Laura Veltz , and co-produced the track with busbee . It was released to North American country radio on March 27 , 2017 through Columbia Nashville as the album 's third single . A song about heartbreak and finding redemption through love , it garnered positive reviews from critics . `` I Could Use a Love Song '' reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart , giving Morris her second number - one single , and her first as a solo artist . It also peaked at numbers 7 and 56 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively . The song was certified Gold , and has sold 206,000 copies as of December 2017 . It received similar chart success in Canada , reaching number 14 on the Country chart and garnering a Gold plaque from Music Canada , denoting sales of over 40,000 units in that country .
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The music video of the song was released on May 6 , 2017 , and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Background and release 3 Critical reception 4 Accolades 5 Chart performance 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References 9 External links Content ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is a `` no frills heartbreak song '' that finds the narrator becoming jaded towards love . Despite having been burned by previous relationships , Morris remains optimistic and believes that a love song can restore her faith in finding love . Background and Release ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' was announced as the album 's third single on February 24 , 2017 . The song was made available to country radio on March 13 , but did not officially impact the format until March 27 , 2017 . Critical reception ( edit ) Mike Wass of Idolator expressed surprise over the choice of single , but wrote that the song `` harks back to a time in country music when songs examined matters of the heart over simple arrangements , '' which works in the track 's favor . Billy Dukes of Taste of Country reviewed the song favorably . He wrote that `` I Could Use a Love Song '' is `` more immediately accessible than her previous two radio hits , '' and praised Morris for expressing a new side to her artistry . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Result 2018 Grammy Awards Best Country Solo Performance Nominated Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Could Use a Love Song '' debuted at number 56 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart dated April 1 , 2017 and was the week 's highest - debuting single . It has sold 206,000 copies in the United States as of December 2017 . It peaked at number one on the Country Airplay chart dated January 20 , 2018 , giving Morris her second number one single , and her first as a solo artist . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 31 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 44 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` Like I Loved You '' by Brett Young Billboard Country Airplay number - one single January 20 , 2018 Succeeded by `` Yours '' by Russell Dickerson Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Canada March 27 , 2017 Country radio Sony Music Canada United States Columbia Nashville References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Future Release for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dukes , Billy ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Maren Morris , ' I Could Use a Love Song ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reuter , Annie ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Album Review : Maren Morris ' ' Hero ' '' . Sounds Like Nashville . SpinMedia . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stefano , Angela ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Maren Morris ' Next Single , ' I Could Use a Love Song ' '' . The Boot . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Konicki , Lisa ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Maren Morris ' Next Single , `` I Could Use A Love Song '' `` . Nash Country Weekly . American Media , Inc . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song '' . United States : Daily Play MPE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Maren Morris ' Next Single Is `` I Could Use A Love Song '' `` . Idolator . Hive Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 26 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canada Year - End Country Airplay of 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Maren Morris -- I Could Use A Love Song '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Maren Morris -- I Could Use A Love Song '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song '' . Canada : Daily Play MPE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Maren Morris Discography Studio albums Hero Singles `` My Church '' `` 80s Mercedes '' `` I Could Use a Love Song '' `` The Middle '' `` Rich '' Guest singles `` Craving You '' Related articles Ryan Hurd Flicker World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Use_a_Love_Song&oldid=827945270 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2016 songs Maren Morris songs Columbia Nashville Records singles Songs written by Jimmy Robbins Song recordings produced by busbee Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Could%20Use%20a%20Love%20Song
| 1,574 |
what state did little house on the prairie take place in
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Little House on the Prairie
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little house on the prairie
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Little House on the Prairie is a series of American children 's novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder based on her childhood in the northern Midwestern United States during the 1870s and 1880s . Eight were completed by Wilder , and published by Harper & Brothers from 1932 and 1943 , of which the last covers her courtship with Almanzo Wilder and one covers his childhood . The first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the Little House series .
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Little House on the Prairie is also the title of the third - published book in the series and it may refer to the American media franchise that includes the fiction series , screen and stage adaptations , related non-fiction books by Ingalls Wilder , perhaps some books by her daughter Rose Wilder Lane ( who assisted with the Little House series ) , several subseries by later writers featuring descendants , and some tourist attractions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Books 2.1 Little House in the Big Woods 2.2 Farmer Boy 2.3 Little House on the Prairie 2.4 On the Banks of Plum Creek 2.5 By the Shores of Silver Lake 2.6 The Long Winter 2.7 Little Town on the Prairie 2.8 These Happy Golden Years 2.9 The First Four Years 3 Little House locations and historical sites 3.1 Laura 's birthplace in Wisconsin 3.2 Independence , Kansas 3.3 Walnut Grove , Minnesota 3.4 Burr Oak , Iowa 3.5 De Smet , South Dakota 3.6 Mansfield , Missouri 4 Television adaptations 4.1 Jackanory ( 1966 , 1968 ) 4.2 Little House on the Prairie ( TV series , 1974 -- 1984 ) 4.3 Laura , the Prairie Girl ( animated series , 1975 ) 4.4 Beyond the Prairie ( 2000 , 2001 ) 4.5 Little House on the Prairie ( 2005 miniseries ) 5 Stage adaptation 6 Documentary 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The Little House series is based on decades - old memories of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's childhood in the northern Midwest region of the United States late in the 19th century . The books are narrated in the third person with Laura Ingalls as the central character and protagonist , and are generally classified as fiction rather than as autobiography in libraries and bookstores . Wilder 's daughter Rose Wilder Lane assisted her mother with the editing of the works . The depth of her involvement , and the extent of her influence on the theme and content of the books , has been the subject of some scholarly debate in recent years . Almost all Wilder scholars and her biographers consider that the writing of the books was a tense but ultimately effective continuing collaboration between mother and daughter , with Wilder writing the books and her daughter editing them . The original Little House books have remained continuously in print since their publication in the 1930s and early 1940s by Harper & Brothers ( succeeded by Harper & Row and HarperCollins ) . They are considered classics of American children 's literature and remain widely read . In a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience , Little House in the Big Woods was ranked number 19 among all - time best children 's novels , and two of its sequels were ranked among the top 100 . The eight children 's novels were originally illustrated primarily by Helen Sewell , with Mildred Boyle co-illustrator for the last five of them . Those five were all among the annual Newbery Medal runners - up ( now called Newbery Honor Books ) . In 1953 Harper issued a complete set re-illustrated by Garth Williams , who also illustrated The First Four Years ( 1971 ) . Modern editions generally retain the Williams illustrations . The books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once , most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie , which ran from 1974 to 1983 . Books ( edit ) Main article : List of Little House on the Prairie books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) -- about her husband 's childhood on a farm in New York Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) The first eight novels were published by Harper with cover illustrations by Helen Sewell and interior illustrations by Sewell or by Sewell and Mildred Boyle . The last concluded with a note , `` The end of the Little house books . '' In 1953 , the eight were reissued in a `` newly illustrated , uniform edition '' with cover and interior illustrations by Garth Williams , which later editions have commonly retained . The eight Little House books published during the author 's lifetime are now public domain in countries where the term of copyright lasts 50 years after the death of the author , or less . The books first published posthumously are not covered by this rule . The First Four Years ( 1971 ) , unedited and published posthumously , perhaps intended as a book in the series or a novel for adults ; Ingalls Wilder never developed the manuscript beyond a first draft , and her ultimate intent is not known The ninth novel , unfinished and published posthumously , is commonly considered part of the Little House series and is included in the 9 - volume paperback box set Little House , Big Adventure ( Harper Trophy , May 1994 ) . The nine alone are summarized in the subsections below . On the Way Home ( 1962 ) , published posthumously original diary from a trip from De Smet to Mansfield in 1894 West From Home ( 1974 ) , unedited and published posthumously The Road Back ( 2006 ) , unedited and published posthumously as a part of A Little House Traveler : Writings from Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Journeys Across America The success of the Little House series has resulted in two series ( `` Little House Chapter Books '' and `` My First Little House Books '' ) that present the original stories in condensed and simplified form for younger readers . Other titles include sticker and craft books , cookbooks , diaries , calendars , dishes , and so on . Four series of books expand the Little House series to include five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's family . The `` Martha Years '' and `` Charlotte Years '' series , by Melissa Wiley , are fictionalized tales of Laura 's great - grandmother in Scotland in the late 18th century and grandmother in early 19th century Massachusetts . The `` Caroline Years '' series narrates Laura 's mother , Caroline Quiner 's , childhood in Wisconsin . The Rose Years ( originally known as the `` Rocky Ridge Years '' ) series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco . It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride . Lane 's novels , Let the Hurricane Roar ( also known as Young Pioneers ) and Free Land can be seen as re-tellings of the Little House books from an adult perspective , as many of the incidents in both books mirror the experiences of her parents and grandparents . In fact , `` Young Pioneers '' 's main characters are even named Charles and Caroline , the names of Laura 's parents . Noted children 's author Cynthia Rylant has written a slender volume , Old Town in the Green Groves , that covers the two years in Laura 's life between On The Banks of Plum Creek and By The Shores of Silver Lake which are unnarrated in the original series of books . Two volumes of Laura 's letters and diaries have also been issued under the Little House imprint : On The Way Home and West From Home , both published by Harper Collins in 1962 and 1974 respectively . The series The Days of Laura Ingalls Wilder by Thomas L. Tedrow , offers tales of Laura 's early adulthood in Missouri ; unlike the core Little House books , the Tedrow series is not drawn from episodes in Wilder 's life . In 2011 Wendy McClure published The Wilder Life : My Adventures in The Lost World of Little House on the Prairie . McClure describes in detail her personal journey into what she calls `` Laura World '' : visiting the locations mentioned in the original books , attempting to buy a butter churn on eBay so she can experience making butter the way Laura and Ma did , and her internet research into anyone or anything remotely connected with the Ingalls family . McClure brings her somewhat reluctant boyfriend Chris with her on her journeys . Little House in the Big Woods ( edit ) Main article : Little House in the Big Woods Front hardcover , first ed. of the first vol. ( 1932 ) The story of the first book in the series , Little House in the Big Woods revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin , Wisconsin . The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls , father Charles Ingalls , elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls , and younger daughter ( and protagonist ) , Laura Ingalls Wilder . Also in the story , though not yet born historically , is Laura 's baby sister Carrie . In the book , Laura herself turns five years old , when the real - life author had only been three during the events of the book . According to a letter from her daughter , Rose , to biographer William Anderson , the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three - year - old to have specific memories such as she wrote about . For similar reasons and for the sake of consistency , in the later book , Little House on the Prairie , Laura portrayed herself as 6 -- 7 years old . Little House replica at the Little House Wayside Little House in the Big Woods describes the homesteading skills Laura observed and began to practice during her fifth year . The cousins come for Christmas that year , and Laura receives a doll , which she names Charlotte . Later that winter , the family goes to Grandma Ingalls 's and has a `` sugaring off , '' when they harvest sap and make maple syrup . They return home with buckets of syrup , enough to last the year . Laura remembered that sugaring off , and the dance that followed , for the rest of her life . The book also describes other farm work duties and events , such as the birth of a calf , and the availability of milk , butter and cheese , gardening , field work , hunting , gathering , and more . Everyday housework is also described in detail . When Pa went into the woods to hunt , he usually came home with a deer then smoked the meat for the coming winter . One day he noticed a bee tree and returned from hunting early to get the wash tub and milk pail to collect the honey . When Pa returned in the winter evenings , Laura and Mary always begged him to play his fiddle , as he was too tired from farm work to play during the summertime . Farmer Boy ( edit ) Main article : Farmer Boy This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) Farmer Boy , published in 1933 , is the second - published of the Little House books and it is commonly numbered two in the series , but its story is unrelated to that of the inaugural novel , Little House in the Big Woods . It features the boyhood of Laura 's future husband Almanzo Wilder from before his ninth birthday until after his tenth . The Wilder family -- in the novel as in fact -- lived in New York state . In the book , Almanzo has two sisters , Eliza Jane and Alice , and one brother , Royal . In reality , he had a sister named Laura , but she was left out of the book . The book describes his schooling , holidays , farm work , and most of all , food . Little House on the Prairie ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( novel ) Little House on the Prairie , published in 1935 , is the third book in the Little House series but only the second that features the Ingalls family ; it continues directly the story of the inaugural novel , Little House in the Big Woods . The book takes place from 1869 to 1870 . The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas , around the town of Independence , Kansas . At the beginning of this story , Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin , and move the family , via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence , Kansas , as there were widely circulating stories that the land ( technically still under Osage ownership ) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders imminently . So Laura , along with Pa and Ma , Mary , and baby Carrie , move to Kansas . Along the way , Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs , which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty . Caroline and Charles Ingalls When the family reaches Indian Territory , they meet Mr. Edwards , who is extremely polite to Ma , but tells Laura and Mary that he is `` a wildcat from Tennessee . '' Mr. Edwards is an excellent neighbor , and helps the Ingalls in every way he can , beginning with helping Pa erect their house . Pa builds a roof and a floor for their house and digs a well , and the family is finally settled . At their new home , unlike their time in the Big Woods , the family meets difficulty and danger . The Ingalls family becomes terribly ill from a disease called at that time `` fever ' n ' ague '' ( fever with severe chills and shaking ) which was later identified as malaria . Laura comments on the varied ways they believe to have acquired it , with `` Ma '' believing it came from eating bad watermelon . Mrs. Scott , another neighbor , takes care of the family while they are sick . Around this time , Mr. Edwards brings Laura and Mary their Christmas presents from Independence , and in the spring , the Ingalls plant the beginnings of a small farm . Irony also becomes a part of this book . Ma 's prejudice about American Indians , and Laura 's childish observations of them , are contrasted with Pa 's more egalitarian view of them , and these views collectively are shown side by side with the objective portrayal of the Osage tribe that lives on and owns that land . At the end of this book , the family is told that the land must be vacated by settlers as it is not legally open to settlement yet , and in 1870 Pa elects to leave the land and move before the Army forcibly requires him to abandon the land . Many of the incidents in the book are actual situations that happened to the Ingalls family at that time in their lives as told to Laura by her Pa , Ma and sister Mary over the years . Because Laura was , in fact , 2 to 31⁄2 years old while her family lived in Indian Territory during 1869 -- 1870 , and did not remember the incidents herself , Laura did more historical research on this novel than on any other novel she wrote , in an attempt to have all details as correct as possible . On the Banks of Plum Creek ( edit ) Main article : On the Banks of Plum Creek On the Banks of Plum Creek , published in 1937 and fourth in the series , follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin , Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove , Minnesota , and settle in a dugout `` on the banks of Plum Creek ( Redwood County , Minnesota ) '' . In reality , the occurrences and anecdotes in the first book Little House on the Prairie took place after their return from Indian Territory . The Ingalls family left for their journey to Minnesota on Laura 's seventh birthday , February 7 , 1874 . In this book , Laura is between the ages of seven to nine years old , which was chronologically correct . During the course of the story , Jack , the family bulldog , moves with the family to Plum Creek , though in real life he did not make the journey with the family . Readers liked Jack so much that Laura decided to include him in this book . Pa trades his horses Pet and Patty to the property owner ( a man named Hanson ) for the land and crops , but later gets two new horses as Christmas presents for the family , which Laura and her sister Mary name `` Sam '' and `` David '' . Pa soon builds a new , above - ground , wooden house for the family . During this story , Laura and Mary go to school for the first time in Walnut Grove ( the town is never actually named by Laura in the book ) where they meet their teacher , Miss Eva Beadle . They also meet Nellie Oleson , who makes fun of Laura and Mary for being `` country girls . '' Laura plays with her bulldog Jack when she is home , and she and Mary are invited to a party at the Olesons ' home . Laura and Mary invite all the girls ( including Nellie ) to a party at their house to reciprocate . The family soon goes through hard times when a plague of Rocky Mountain Locust decimates their crops . The book ends with Pa returning safely to the house after being unaccounted for during a severe four - day blizzard . By the Shores of Silver Lake ( edit ) Main article : By the Shores of Silver Lake By the Shores of Silver Lake , published in 1939 and fifth in the series , is based on Laura 's late childhood spent near De Smet , South Dakota , beginning in 1879 . The book also introduces Laura 's youngest sister Grace Pearl . The story begins when the family is about to leave Plum Creek , shortly after the family has recovered from the scarlet fever which caused Mary to become blind . The family welcomes a visit from Aunt Docia , whom they had not seen for several years . She suggests that Pa and Ma move west to the rapidly developing Dakota Territory , where Pa could work in Uncle Henry 's railroad camp at very good wages for that era . Ma and Pa agree , since it will allow Pa to look for a homestead while he works . The family has endured many hardships on Plum Creek and Pa especially is anxious for a new start . After selling his land and farm to neighbors , Pa goes ahead with the wagon and team . Mary is still too weak to travel so the rest of the family follows later by train . The day Pa leaves , however , their beloved bulldog Jack is found dead , which saddens Laura greatly . In actuality , the dog upon whom Jack was based was no longer with the family at this point , but the author inserted his death here to serve as a transition between her childhood and her adolescence . Laura also begins to play a more mature role in the family due to Mary 's blindness -- Pa instructs Laura to `` be Mary 's eyes '' and to assist her in daily life as she learns to cope with her disability . Mary is strong and willing to learn . The family travels to Dakota Territory by train -- this is the children 's first train trip and they are excited by the novelty of this new mode of transportation that allows them to travel in one hour the distance it would take a horse and wagon an entire day to cover . With the family reunited and situated at the railroad camp , Laura meets her cousin Lena , and the two become good friends . As winter approaches , and the railroad workers take down the cabins and head back East , the family wonders where they might stay for the winter . As luck would have it , the county surveyor needs a house - sitter while he is East for the winter , and Pa signs up . It is a winter of luxury for the Ingalls family as they are given all the provisions they need in the large , comfortable house . They spend a cozy winter with their new friends , Mr. and Mrs. Boast , and both families look forward to starting their new claims in the spring . But the `` Spring Rush '' comes early . The large mobilization of pioneers to the Dakotas in early March prompts Pa to leave immediately on the few days ' trip to the claims office . The girls are left alone and spend their days and nights boarding and feeding all the pioneers passing through . They charge 25 cents for dinner and boarding , starting a savings account toward sending Mary to the School for the Blind in Vinton , Iowa ( she does go two books later ) . Pa successfully files his claim , with the aid of old friend Mr. Edwards . As the spring flowers bloom and the prairie comes alive with new settlers , the Ingalls family moves to their new piece of land and begins building what will become their permanent home . The long winter ( edit ) Main article : The Long Winter ( novel ) The Long Winter , published in 1940 and sixth in the series , covers the shortest timespan of the novels , only an eight - month period . The winter of 1880 -- 1881 was a notably severe winter in history , sometimes known as `` The Snow Winter '' . The story begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead in South Dakota on a hot September day in 1880 as Laura and her father ( `` Pa '' ) are haying . Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter , and this year , they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen . In mid-October , the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty . Soon afterward , Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source : a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards . Impressed , Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter . Laura attends school with her younger sister , Carrie until the weather becomes too severe to permit them to walk to and from the school building . Blizzard after blizzard sweeps through the town over the next few months . Food and fuel become scarce and expensive , as the town depends on the trains to bring supplies but the frequent blizzards prevent the trains from getting through . Eventually , the railroad company suspends all efforts to dig out the train , stranding the town . For weeks , the Ingalls subsist on potatoes and coarse brown bread , using twisted hay for fuel . As even this meager food runs out , Laura 's future husband Almanzo Wilder and his friend Cap Garland risk their lives to bring wheat to the starving townspeople -- enough to last the rest of the winter . Laura 's age in this book is also accurate . ( In 1880 , she would have been 13 , as she states in the first chapter . ) However , Almanzo Wilder 's age is misrepresented in this book . Much is made of the fact that he is 19 pretending to be 21 in order to illegally obtain a homestead claim from the US government . But in 1880 , his true age would have been 23 . Scholar Ann Romines has suggested that Laura made Almanzo younger because it was felt that more modern audiences would be scandalized by the great difference in their ages in light of their young marriage . As predicted , the blizzards continue for seven months . Finally , the trains begin running again , bringing the Ingalls a Christmas barrel full of good things -- including a turkey . In the last chapter , they sit down to enjoy their Christmas dinner in May . Little town on the Prairie ( edit ) Main article : Little Town on the Prairie Little Town on the Prairie , published in 1941 and seventh in the series , begins in 1881 , just after the long winter , and is largely set in De Smet , South Dakota . Laura is 14 years old . The story begins as Laura accepts her first job performing sewing work in order to earn money for Mary to go to a college for the blind in Iowa . Laura 's hard work comes to an end by summer when she is let go , and the family begins planning to raise cash crops to pay for Mary 's college . After the crops are destroyed by blackbirds , Pa sells a calf to earn the balance of the money needed . When Ma and Pa escort Mary to the college , Laura , Carrie , and Grace are left alone for a week . In order to stave off the loneliness stemming from Mary 's departure , Laura , Carrie , and Grace do the fall cleaning . They have several problems , but the house is sparkling when they are done . Ma and Pa come home , and are truly surprised . In the fall , the Ingalls quickly prepare for a move to town for the winter . Laura and Carrie attend school in town and Laura is reunited with her friends Minnie Johnson and Mary Power and meets a new girl , Ida Brown . There is a new schoolteacher for the winter term : Eliza Jane Wilder , Almanzo 's sister . Nellie Oleson , Laura 's nemesis from Plum Creek , has moved to De Smet and is attending the school . Nellie turns the teacher against Laura and Miss Wilder loses control of the school for a time . A visit by the school board restores order ; however , Miss Wilder leaves at the end of the fall term , and is eventually replaced by Mr. Clewett and then Mr. Owen , the latter of whom befriends Laura . Through the course of the winter , Laura sets herself to studying , as she only has one year left before she can apply for a teaching certificate . At the same time , Almanzo Wilder begins escorting Laura home from church . By Christmastime , Almanzo once again sees Laura home , and offers to take her on a sleigh ride after he completes the cutter he is building . At home , Laura is met by Mr. Boast and Mr. Brewster , who ask Laura if she would be interested in a teaching position at a settlement led by Brewster twelve miles ( 19 km ) from town . The school superintendent , George Williams , comes and tests Laura ( though she is two months too young , he never asks her age ) , and she is awarded a third - grade teaching certificate . These Happy Golden years ( edit ) Main article : These Happy Golden Years These Happy Golden Years , published in 1943 and eighth in the series , originally ended with a note alone on the last page : `` The end of the Little house books . '' It takes place between 1882 and 1885 . As the story begins , Pa is taking Laura 12 miles ( 19 km ) from home to her first teaching assignment at Brewster settlement . Laura , only 15 and a schoolgirl herself , is apprehensive as this is both the first time she has left home and the first school she has taught . She is determined to complete her assignment and earn $40 to help her sister Mary , who is attending Vinton College for the Blind in Iowa . This first school proves difficult for her . Laura must board with the Brewsters in their two - room claim shanty , sleeping on their sofa . The Brewsters are an unhappy family and Laura is deeply uncomfortable observing the way husband and wife quarrel . In one particularly unsettling incident , she wakes in the night to see Mrs Brewster standing over her husband with a knife . It 's a bitterly cold winter , and neither the claim shanty or the school house can be heated adequately . The children she is teaching , some of whom are older than she is herself , test her skills as a teacher . Laura grows more self - assured through the term , and successfully completes the two - month term . To Laura 's surprise and delight , homesteader Almanzo Wilder ( with whom she became acquainted in Little Town on the Prairie ) appears at the end of her first week of school in his new two - horse cutter to bring her home for the weekend . Already fond of Laura and wanting to ease her homesickness , Almanzo takes it upon himself to bring her home and back to school each weekend . The relationship continues after the school term ends . Sleigh rides give way to buggy rides in the spring , and Laura impresses Almanzo with her willingness to help break his new and often temperamental horses . Laura 's old nemesis , Nellie Oleson , makes a brief appearance during two Sunday buggy rides with Almanzo . Nellie 's chatter and flirtatious behavior towards Almanzo annoys Laura . Shortly thereafter , Nellie moves back to New York after her family loses their homestead . Laura 's Uncle Tom ( Ma 's brother ) visits the family and tells of his failed venture with a covered wagon brigade seeking gold in the Black Hills . Laura helps out seamstress Mrs. McKee by staying with her and her daughter on their prairie claim for two months to `` hold it down '' as required by law . The family enjoys summer visits from Mary . The family finances have improved to the point that Pa can sell a cow to purchase a sewing machine for Ma . Laura continues to teach and work as a seamstress . Almanzo invites Laura to attend summer `` singing school '' with him and her classmates . On the last evening of singing school while driving Laura home , Almanzo -- who has by now been courting Laura for three years -- proposes to Laura . During their next ride , Almanzo presents Laura with a garnet - and - pearl ring and they share their first kiss . Several months later , after Almanzo has finished building a house on his tree claim , he asks Laura if she would mind getting married within a few days as his sister and mother have their hearts set on a large church wedding , which Pa can not afford . Laura agrees , and she and Almanzo are married in a simple ceremony by the Reverend Brown . After a wedding dinner with her family , Laura drives away with Almanzo and the newlyweds settle contentedly into their new home . The first Four years ( edit ) Main article : The First Four Years ( novel ) The First Four Years , published in 1971 , is commonly considered the ninth and last book in the original Little House series . It is the last one to feature Laura as the protagonist , and covers the earliest years of Laura and Almanzo 's marriage . The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged . Laura did not want to be a farm wife , but she consented to try farming for three years . At the end of that time , Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year , a `` year of grace '' , in Laura 's words . The book ends at the close of that fourth year , on a rather optimistic note . In reality , the continually hot , dry Dakota summers , and several other tragic events described in the book eventually drove them from their land , but they later founded a very successful fruit and dairy farm in Missouri , where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths . Little House locations and historical sites ( edit ) Main article : List of places in Little House on the Prairie Laura 's birthplace in Wisconsin ( edit ) Pepin , Wisconsin was Wilder 's birthplace . Her birthplace is about seven miles ( 11 km ) north of the village , and is marked by a replica cabin along the former WIS - 183 at the Little House Wayside ( near Lund , Wisconsin ) . Pepin celebrates her life every September with traditional music , craft demonstrations , a `` Laura look - alike '' contest , a spelling bee , and other events . Independence , Kansas ( edit ) Independence , Kansas is the location where the Ingalls family settled on the Osage Diminished Reserve from 1869 to 1870 , and was at the center of the plot of the book , Little House on the Prairie . Within a year of settling , the government required the family to vacate , and they never returned . Laura had always heard from her family that the home was `` 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Independence , '' which would have put the house approximately where the town of Nowata , Oklahoma , is today . It was , in fact , about 13 miles ( 21 km ) from Independence , not 40 miles ( 64 km ) , though the surveying techniques of the day would in fact have measured it as being 14 miles ( 23 km ) . The reason for this rather large discrepancy is not known , although she may have misheard or mis - remembered `` 14 miles '' as `` 40 miles '' . The actual site of the Charles Ingalls house on Indian land was located in what is now the southeast corner of Section 36 , Rutland Township , Montgomery County , Kansas . It is the only quarter section in that area with no claim filed in 1870 ( no claims could be filed until 1871 , and the Ingallses had returned to Wisconsin by then ) and it is the only quarter section with a hand - dug well ( which Pa told of digging shortly after their arrival there ) . Carrie Ingalls ' birth is also recorded as being in Montgomery County , Kansas in August 1870 . Today there is a facsimile log cabin at the site . The state of Kansas has designated the childhood home of Laura Ingalls southwest of Independence as an historic site , which is open to visitors . The site includes a cabin modeled after the original Ingalls cabin . Sunnyside School House has been moved to the site and the original post office used at near by Wayside , Kansas has also been moved to the location . Much of the surrounding countryside retains its open and undeveloped nature . Walnut Grove , Minnesota ( edit ) In 1874 , when Wilder was seven years old , the family left their home near Pepin for the second time and settled just outside Walnut Grove , Minnesota . Walnut Grove may be the most recognized name of all the towns Wilder wrote about in her books ( although it is the only town she did not mention by name ) because Michael Landon 's television series Little House on the Prairie of the 1970s and 1980s was set here . Although the show depicts the family as living here through Wilder 's adulthood , in reality , they only lived here a few years . Burr Oak , Iowa ( edit ) The Masters ' Hotel Museum in Burr Oak , Iowa , 2009 The Ingalls family moved to Burr Oak , Iowa briefly in 1876 so that Pa could take a job co-managing The Masters ' Hotel . They would stay for only one year before returning to Walnut Grove , and the family 's time in Burr Oak was never mentioned in any of the `` Little House '' books . In 1976 the restored Hotel was opened as a museum . De Smet , South Dakota ( edit ) The Surveyors ' House historic site in De Smet , South Dakota , with replica Brewster School in background , 2005 De Smet , South Dakota , attracts many fans with its historic sites from the books By the Shores of Silver Lake , The Long Winter , Little Town on the Prairie , These Happy Golden Years , and The First Four Years . The Ingalls family moved to De Smet from Minnesota in 1879 , and most members of the family lived there ( or nearby ) for the rest of their lives . Locations in the area that have been restored and are open to visitors include : the Surveyors ' House , where the family stayed during the winter of 1879 -- 80 ( the house was moved into town in 1885 from its original location on Silver Lake ) ; the Ingalls Homestead southeast of town ; a replica of the Brewster School , where Wilder taught as a teenager ; and a house on Third Street built by Charles Ingalls in 1887 ( Wilder herself never lived there , as she was already married when the house was built ) . Charles , Caroline , Mary , Carrie , and Grace Ingalls , and the unnamed infant son of Laura and Almanzo Wilder are buried in the De Smet Cemetery . Laura and Almanzo Wilder stayed briefly in Westville , Florida , in the 1890s , and they moved permanently to Mansfield , Missouri , in 1894 . Mansfield , Missouri ( edit ) Mansfield , Missouri is the chosen final home town of Laura Ingalls Wilder . It was here , on her farm , that she wrote the Little House books . Each year the whole town celebrates with a festival , turning back the clock to the late 19th century . During the festival , the town square becomes a showcase for handmade crafts . There is a big parade , and folk music is played from the gazebo in the park . Television adaptations ( edit ) Jackanory ( 1966 , 1968 ) ( edit ) Jackanory is a British television series intended to encourage children to read ; it ran from 1965 to 1996 , and was revived in 2006 . From October 24 through October 28 , 1966 , five short episodes aired that were based on Little House in the Big Woods , with Red Shively as the storyteller . From October 21 through October 25 , 1968 , five more were released , this time based on Farmer Boy , with Richard Monette as the storyteller . Little House on the Prairie ( tv series , 1974 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV series ) The television series Little House on the Prairie aired on the NBC network from 1974 to 1983 . The show was a loose adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's Little House on the Prairie semi-autobiographical novel series , although the namesake book was represented in the premiere only ; the ensuing television episodes primarily followed characters and locations from the follow - up book , On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) , although the continuity of the television series greatly departed from this book as well . Some storylines were borrowed from Wilders ' later books but were portrayed as having taken place in the Plum Creek setting . Michael Landon starred as Charles Ingalls , Karen Grassle played Caroline Ingalls , Melissa Gilbert played Laura Ingalls , Melissa Sue Anderson played Mary Ingalls , and the twins Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush ( credited as Lindsay Sidney Greenbush ) played Carrie Ingalls . Victor French portrayed long - time friend Mr. Edwards . Dean Butler portrayed Laura 's husband , Almanzo Wilder . Some characters were added in the show , such as Albert , played by Matthew Laborteaux , an orphan whom the family adopted . Although it deviated from the original books in many respects , the television series , which was set in Walnut Grove , Minnesota , was one of a few long - running successful dramatic family shows . It remained a top - rated series , and garnered 17 Emmy ® and three Golden Globe ® nominations , along with two People 's Choice ® Awards . Laura , the Prairie girl ( animated series , 1975 ) ( edit ) Main article : Laura , the Prairie Girl A Japanese cartoon series of 26 episodes ( about 24 minutes each ) , originally entitled Sōgen no shōjo Laura . Beyond the Prairie ( 2000 , 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beyond the Prairie : The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder Two made for television movies by Marcus Cole , with Meredith Monroe as Laura . Part 1 tells the story of teenage Laura in DeSmet , while the second part is about Laura and Almanzo 's ( Walton Goggins ) marriage and their life in Mansfield , Missouri . It also focuses a lot on the character of Wilder 's young daughter ; Rose ( Skye McCole Bartusiak ) . Little House on the Prairie ( 2005 miniseries ) ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( TV miniseries ) The 2005 ABC five - hour ( six - episode ) miniseries Little House on the Prairie attempted to follow closely the books Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie . It starred Cameron Bancroft as Charles Ingalls ; Erin Cottrell as Caroline Ingalls ; Kyle Chavarria as Laura Ingalls ; Danielle Chuchran as Mary Ingalls ; and Gregory Sporleder as Mr Edwards . It was directed by David L. Cunningham . In 2006 the mini-series was released on DVD and the 2 - disc set runs approximately 255 minutes long . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie ( musical ) A musical version of the Little House books premiered at the Guthrie Theater , Minnesota on July 26 , 2008 . The musical has music by Rachel Portman and lyrics by Donna DiNovelli and is directed by Francesca Zambello with choreography by Michele Lynch . The cast includes Melissa Gilbert as `` Ma '' . The musical began a US national tour in October 2009 . Documentary ( edit ) Main article : Little House on the Prairie : The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie : The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder is a one - hour documentary film that looks at the life of Wilder . Wilder 's story as a writer , wife , and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians , archival photography , paintings by frontier artists , and dramatic reenactments . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Novels portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One 5 - volume set , Little House : The Laura Years ( January 1994 ) comprises volumes 1 and 3 -- 6 -- thus featuring the Ingalls family until Laura is 14 years old . Another 5 - volume set , A Little House Collection ( 2006 ) comprises volumes 1 -- 5 -- thus featuring the Ingalls family until Laura is 13 and Armanzo Wilder at ages 8 to 10 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Little House Big Adventure ( 9 Volumes ) '' : Paperback -- Box set , 1994 . Amazon product page . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` These happy golden years '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Online Catalog ( catalog.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Little House the Laura Years Boxed Set : The Early Years Collection '' : Paperback -- Box set , 1994 . Amazon product page . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Little House Collection : The First Five Novels '' : Hardcover , 2006 . Amazon product page . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Laura Ingalls Wilder : Young Pioneer , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Laura Ingalls Wilder : The Iowa Story , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum '' . archives.gov . Jump up ^ Laskin , David . The Children 's Blizzard . New York : HarperCollins , 2004 . Pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Potter , Constance . `` Genealogy Notes : De Smet , Dakota Territory , Little Town in the National Archives , Part 2 '' . Prologue , Vol. 35 , No. 4 ( Winter 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Robinson , Doane . History of South Dakota ( 1904 ) . Volume I , Chapter III , pp. 306 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Natural Kansas '' . Natural Kansas ( naturalkansas.org ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Ingalls Wilder Park and Museum '' . Laura Ingalls Wilder ( lauraingallswilder.us ) . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Little House on the Prairie '' . littlehouseontheprairie.com . Jump up ^ `` The Television Mini-Series '' . littlehouseontheprairie.com . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` New Musical Little House on the Prairie Makes World Premiere July 26 at the Guthrie '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , July 26 , 2008 Jump up ^ Rothstein , Mervyn. `` Prairie Tales '' Archived 2008 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , July 26 , 2008 Further reading ( edit ) Kilgore , John . `` Little House in the Culture Wars '' . Eastern Illinois University . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Miller , John E. ( May 1998 ) . Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder : The Woman Behind the Legend . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1167 - 4 . Zochert , Donald ( 1977 - 05 - 01 ) . Laura : The Life of Laura Ingalls Wilder . Avon . ISBN 0 - 380 - 01636 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Little House on the Prairie Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : Laura Ingalls Wilder ( in the public domain in Canada ) - the complete text of the first 8 Little House books Official website at Friendly Family Productions , LLC Little House on the Prairie historic site , near Independence , Kansas ( hide ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie Books Little House in the Big Woods ( 1932 ) Farmer Boy ( 1933 ) Little House on the Prairie ( 1935 ) On the Banks of Plum Creek ( 1937 ) By the Shores of Silver Lake ( 1939 ) The Long Winter ( 1940 ) Little Town on the Prairie ( 1941 ) These Happy Golden Years ( 1943 ) On the Way Home ( 1962 , posthumous ) The First Four Years ( 1971 ) West from Home ( 1974 ) Old Town in the Green Groves ( 2002 ) A Little House Traveler ( 2006 ) Characters Mr. Edwards Nellie Oleson Robert Alden The Wilder Family Other Live - action TV series pilot episodes Animated TV series TV films TV miniseries Musical Little House Wayside Locations Winoka Family Charles Ingalls Caroline Ingalls Mary Ingalls Carrie Ingalls Grace Ingalls Almanzo Wilder Rose Wilder Lane Other Young Pioneers novel pilot miniseries Christmas special Free Land Highway Medal William Anderson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_House_on_the_Prairie&oldid=803351541 '' Categories : Little House series American children 's book series Book series introduced in 1932 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with Wikilivres links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands Polski Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 00 : 20 . 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the curious incident of the dog in the night-
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The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time
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the curious incident of the dog in the night - time
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The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon . Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1892 short story `` Silver Blaze '' . Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year , the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best First Book , and the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize . Unusually , it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children .
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The novel is narrated in the first - person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone , a 15 - year - old boy who describes himself as `` a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties '' living in Swindon , Wiltshire . Although Christopher 's condition is not stated , the book 's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome , high - functioning autism , or savant syndrome . In July 2009 , Haddon wrote on his blog that `` Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger 's ... if anything it 's a novel about difference , about being an outsider , about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way . The book is not specifically about any specific disorder , '' and that he , Haddon , is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome . The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters , rather than the conventional successive numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Themes 3.1 Social disability 3.2 Metaphor 4 Reception 4.1 Awards 4.2 Critical reaction 4.3 Medical professionals ' reviews 4.4 Texas community reactions 5 Adaptations 5.1 Stage 5.2 Film 6 References 7 External links Plot Christopher , a fifteen - year - old boy with an autism spectrum condition , lives with his father , who has told him that his mother , Judy , died two years ago . The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour 's dog , Wellington , speared by a garden fork . Mrs Shears , the dog 's owner , calls the police , and Christopher comes under suspicion . When a policeman touches him , he hits the policeman , and is arrested , then released with a police caution . He decides to investigate the dog 's death , despite his father 's orders to stay out of other people 's business . He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him . Throughout his adventures , Christopher records his experiences in a book , which he calls a `` murder mystery novel '' . During his investigation , Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered , even though they live on the same street , including the elderly Mrs Alexander , who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time . Christopher 's father , Ed , discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy . While searching for the confiscated book , Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him , dated after her supposed death , which his father has also hidden . He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother 's death that he is unable to move , curls up on the bed , vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home . Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up . He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy 's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington , stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears . Christopher , having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog , decides to live with his mother and runs away . He remembers his mother 's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London , where his mother lives with Mr Shears . After a long and event - filled journey , evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him , he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears 's home , and waits outside until they arrive . Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her ; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead . Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did . Very soon after arriving , Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level . His mother leaves Mr Shears , their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears 's rejection of Christopher . Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon . After an argument with Ed , she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits . Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking . He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington , although his mother explains that for this to happen , Mrs Shears would have to press charges . The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy , whom Christopher gets to name , and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly , `` no matter how long it takes '' . Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university . He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little . Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut , but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist . The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future , having solved the mystery of the murdered dog , gone to London on his own , found his mother , written a book about his adventures , and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam . Characters Christopher John Francis Boone The 15 - year - old protagonist and narrator of the novel , who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears ' large black poodle . Ed Boone Christopher 's father , a boiler engineer . Prior to the beginning of the story , he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years . Judy Boone Christopher 's mother . Early in the book , Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book 's events . Siobhan Christopher 's paraprofessional and mentor at school . She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines . Roger Shears One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones , but who has left his wife before the story begins . Eileen Shears Mr Shears 's wife , who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother 's death . Mrs Alexander An old lady , who is one of Christopher 's neighbours , who offers information to help Christopher 's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears . Rhodri Ed Boone 's employee . Toby Christopher 's pet rat . Wellington Mrs Shears ' large black poodle , which Christopher finds dead in her garden , with a garden fork sticking out of him . Themes Social disability In a June 2003 interview with NPR 's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air , Haddon said about Christopher , `` If he were diagnosed , he would be diagnosed as having Asperger 's syndrome , which is a form of autism . I suppose you 'd call it high - function autism in that he can function on , you know , a day - to - day basis , in a kind of rudimentary way . But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really does n't empathize with other human beings . He ca n't read their faces . He ca n't put himself in their shoes . And he ca n't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever 's said to him , although I 'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word ' Asperger 's ' or ' autism . ' ... Because I do n't want him to be labelled , and because , as with most people who have a disability , I do n't think it 's necessarily the most important thing about him ... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book , a friend who is himself a mathematician , it 's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger 's syndrome ; it 's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems . And I think that 's right . '' Haddon added , in the conversation with Terry Gross , `` I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station , where some of the novel takes place , than I did about Asperger 's syndrome . I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by , and then I did n't read any more about Asperger 's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger 's syndrome , and they 're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society . And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining , that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right , whatever that might mean . '' Haddon states on his website that , although he had read `` a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about , or by , people with Asperger 's and autism '' in preparation for writing the book , he knows `` very little '' about Asperger 's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people . According to Haddon , none of these people can be labelled as having a disability . Haddon added that he `` slightly regret ( s ) '' that the term Asperger 's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel . In 2010 , in an interview with The Independent , he was described as `` now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger 's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel , because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures . '' In a critical essay on the novel , Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory : `` In its presentation of Christopher 's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives , the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition , and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome . The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer , invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a ' quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself ' ( cited in ( S . ) Adams 2005 , p. 1 ) . Along similar lines , ( Alex ) McClimens writes that Haddon 's novel is ' an ethnographic delight ' and that ' Haddon 's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character 's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic ' ( 2005 , p. 24 ) . '' Muller adds that the novel `` works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject , drawing readers into Christopher 's cognitive / corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions ... The narrative also bristles with diagrams , maps , drawings , stories , texts that inform Christopher 's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds . '' She also admires such elements as `` the digressive stream - of - connectedness - and - disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks ; the obsessive focus on minutiae ; his musings about why animals behave the way they do ; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife ; his ambition to be an astronaut ... '' In a survey of children 's books which `` teach about emotional life , '' Laura Jana wrote , `` On the one hand , this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order , deals with a family crisis , and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it . But it also provides profound insight into a disorder -- autism -- that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions . In so doing , The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel , express , and interpret emotions . This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger 's syndrome and autism - spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy . '' Metaphor Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes . He gives as an example a quote that he found in `` a proper novel '' : `` I am veined with iron , with silver and with streaks of common mud . I can not contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus . '' Haddon told Terry Gross , `` Funnily enough , it 's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf . It 's Virginia Woolf on an off day , in the middle , I think , of The Waves . An author whom I love actually , but who sometimes got a little too carried away . '' Reception Awards The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize , won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies . Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards , which `` honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents . '' As well as winning the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize , Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time was also long - listed for the Man Booker Prize , and `` many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist . '' John Carey , chairman of the Booker panel of judges , told The Guardian , `` We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon 's book about a boy with Asperger 's syndrome breathtaking . '' Critical Reaction A survey in Great Britain , conducted by the BBC 's literacy campaign for World Book Day , found Curious Incident to be among `` the top five happy endings , as voted on by readers '' in novels ( the others were Pride and Prejudice , To Kill a Mockingbird , Jane Eyre and Rebecca , the last of which Curious outranked ) . School Library Journal praised it as a `` rich and poignant novel . '' The San Jose Mercury News said , `` Haddon does something audacious here , and he does it superbly . He shows us the way consciousness orders the world , even when the world does n't want to be ordered , '' adding that `` the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness . It 's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity . Filled with humor and pain , it verges on profundity in its examination of those things -- customs , habits , language , symbols , daily routines , etc. -- that simultaneously unite and separate human beings . '' A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as `` an absorbing , plausible book '' : `` The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom , but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child . '' A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution wrote that the story is `` a touching evolution , one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care ... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently , but like many kids his age , does n't quite know how to feel . '' Professor Roger Soder called it `` visceral '' and a `` delightful story , '' declaring , `` All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability , and we found the story believable . '' Medical professionals ' reviews Dr. Alex McClimens , whom Muller quoted above , also wrote , `` This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders . This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story ... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers . Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger 's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted . He uses the literal mind - set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot . '' Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book `` a fairly ripping adventure story '' and writes , `` It 's also quite a feat of writing . The actual use of language is somewhat austere -- an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator -- but it has its own beauty , and it works . So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher , not only is he a character you 're rooting for , he 's also the character in the story you understand the best . It 's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes . '' Reviewer David Ellis , naming Curious Incident an `` ambitious and innovative novel , '' wrote that Haddon `` manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity . Instead of becoming the focus of the plot , the autism enhances it . The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy , and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly . '' He concludes that Christopher 's story is `` far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook . '' Texas community reactions The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program , a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County , Texas . Kimball Brizendine , the Mayor of Friendswood , issued a proclamation declaring `` Galveston County Reads Day '' and encouraging `` all citizens , teens to seniors '' to read the novel . Five days later , he retracted the statement , declaring that it was `` not ( his ) intention to endorse this readership ( sic ) for our younger readers . '' The journal American Libraries reported , `` City Council member Chris Peden went a step further , asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he had n't read Curious Incident in its entirety , he had noted that the ' F word ' appeared on page four and that ' later in the book , the ( lead character ) says there is no God and there is no life after death . Clearly , these are not ideas we should promote to kids ' . '' In August , 2007 , some parents in Bryan , Texas , `` were appalled to see what their kids were reading '' and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries , with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book ( Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson ) were `` unsuitable for not just some but all high school students . '' Adaptations Stage Main article : The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) A stage adaptation , by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott , premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012 . It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher , Nicola Walker as his mother Judy , Paul Ritter as his father Ed , Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan . The production , which ran until late October 2012 , was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme . The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue , London , from March 2013 . On 19 December 2013 , during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo , parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside . The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014 . The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone , with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan , Nicolas Tennant as Ed , Mary Stockley as Judy , Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander , Indra Ové as Mrs Shears , Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears , Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson , Pearl Mackie as No. 40 / Punk Girl , Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher . They were joined by Mark Rawlings , Penelope McGhie , Naomi Said and Simon Victor . An adaptation and translation into Spanish by María Renée Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014 . The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo Méndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days . An Israeli adaptation ( translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat ) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014 , starring Nadav Netz as Christopher . Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role . Film The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers . In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project , but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced . References Jump up ^ `` Ethan Frome '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded '' . State Library of Victoria . 15 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize 2003 ( top page ) . guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 13 November 2003 ) . `` Curious incident of writer 's literary hat trick : Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asperger 's & Autism '' . Mark Haddon . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Interview : Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book , The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NPR . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Haddon : The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright '' . The Independent . UK . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Muller , Vivienne ( December 2006 ) . `` Constituting Christopher : Disability Theory and Mark Haddon 's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Papers : Explorations into Children 's Literature. 16 ( 2 ) : 118 + . Jump up ^ Jana , Laura A. ( February 2005 ) . `` Feelings 101 : Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature '' . Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 ( 2 ) : 87 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Books that Appeal to Teens '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 7 . August -- September 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sarvas , Mark ( 27 January 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Modern Word . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Endings '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 23 ( 5 ) : 4 . April -- May 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Haddon , Mark . The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night - Time '' . School Library Journal . 50 ( 4 ) : S64. April 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( 22 June 2003 ) . `` Narrator is Autistic -- Reasoning is Artistic '' . San Jose Mercury News . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Christian Century . 122 ( 25 ) : 23 . 13 December 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Freeman , John ( 29 June 2003 ) . `` BOOKS : Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy 's Mind '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Jump up ^ Soder , Roger ( June 2005 ) . `` Books for Summer Reading '' . Phi Delta Kappan . Phi Delta Kappa. 86 ( 10 ) : 777 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McClimens , Alex ( May 2005 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( Adult version ) '' . Learning Disability Practice . Royal College of Nursing. 8 ( 4 ) : 24 . Jump up ^ Moorehead , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` Comfortable in Alien Shoes '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . Canadian Medical Association . 174 ( 9 ) : 1307 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 060083 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David S.J. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Student BMJ . British Medical Association . 12 : 84 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas '' . American Libraries . American Library Association . 37 ( 3 ) : 19 . March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Roggenkamp , Karen . `` Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime '' . Commerce , TX : Texas A&M University . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time -- Cast & Creative '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( 5 August 2012 ) . `` National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon 's Curious Incident '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Homepage '' . National Theatre . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Apollo Theatre 's roof collapses '' . BBC News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page ( Hebrew ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Actress shows off her knack for comedy '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010 's Power 100 : David Heyman '' . Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . External links Powell 's interview with author Mark Haddon Works by Mark Haddon Youth titles Gilbert 's Gobstopper Mikie Joy Toni and the Tomato Soup A Narrow Escape for Princess Sharon Agent Z Meets the Masked Crusader Titch Johnson , Almost World Champion Agent Z Goes Wild At Home At Playgroup In the Garden On Holiday The Real Porky Phillips Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars The Sea of Tranquility Secret Agent Handbook Agent Z and the Killer Bananas Ocean Star Express The Ice Bear 's Cave Gridzbi Spudvetch ! Footprints on the Moon Boom ! 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who plays aang in avatar the last airbender movie
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The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written , co-produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series of the same name . The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang , with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko , Nicola Peltz as Katara , and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka . Development for the film began in 2007 . It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Premiering in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , it opened the following day in the rest of the country , grossing an estimated $16 million .
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Noah Ringer
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The Last Airbender
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the last airbender
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The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written , co-produced , and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series of the same name . The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang , with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko , Nicola Peltz as Katara , and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka . Development for the film began in 2007 . It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures . Premiering in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , it opened the following day in the rest of the country , grossing an estimated $16 million .
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The film was universally panned by critics and audiences alike upon release , with many reviewers citing inconsistencies between the plot , screenplay , and source material as well as deriding the acting , writing , casting , and dialogue . However , some praised James Newton Howard 's soundtrack , and the performances from Dev Patel , Aasif Mandvi , and Shaun Toub , while the film 's visual effects received mixed reception . The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 2010 , with five `` wins '' including Worst Picture ; the film is sometimes considered one of the worst ever made . Despite the negative reviews , The Last Airbender opened in second place at the box office behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Produced on a $150 million budget , the film grossed $131 million domestically and $319 million worldwide . It is currently the fourth highest grossing Nickelodeon film , behind The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) , and The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 3.5 Music 4 Casting controversy 5 Marketing 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Graphic novels 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Creators ' responses 7.4 Director 's responses 7.5 Awards and nominations 8 Possible sequels 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) 15 - year - old Sokka and his 14 - year - old sister , Katara , are near a river at the Southern Water Tribe , a small village in the South Pole . While hunting , they discover an iceberg that when broken open shoots a beam of light into the sky . Inside of the iceberg is a 12 - year - old boy named Aang and a giant flying bison named Appa . Unknown to them , Aang is the long - lost Avatar -- the only person capable of `` bending '' all 4 elements of Air , Water , Earth and Fire . A century has passed since the Fire Nation has declared war on the other 3 nations of Air , Water , and Earth in their attempt to conquer the world . Zuko is the scarred 16 - year - old exiled prince of the Fire Nation on a quest to find the Avatar and bring him to his father , Fire Lord Ozai , so he can regain his honor . Seeing the light that appeared from Aang 's release , Zuko and some Fire Nation soldiers arrive at the Southern Water Tribe to demand the villagers hand over the Avatar . Aang reveals himself and surrenders to Zuko on the condition that he agrees to leave the village alone . On the ship , Aang is tested by Zuko 's paternal uncle Iroh to confirm he is the Avatar . After being informed that he is to be their prisoner for passing the test , Aang escapes using his glider and flies to his flying bison brought by Katara and Sokka . Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple where they meet a winged lemur , who Aang later names Momo . Aang also learns that he was in the ice for a whole century and that the Fire Nation wiped out all of the Air Nomads , including his guardian , Monk Gyatso . In despair , he enters the Avatar State and finds himself in the Spirit World where he encounters a Dragon Spirit . Katara 's pleas bring Aang back out of the Avatar State . To seek shelter , Aang 's group arrives at a little Earth Kingdom village controlled by the Fire Nation , but they are arrested and taken to a prison for Earthbenders surrounded by earth because Katara tries to help a young boy escape from Fire Nation soldiers . They incite a rebellion by reminding the disgruntled Earthbenders that Earth was given to them . Aang tells Katara and Sokka that he only knows airbending and he must master the other three elements . Katara is given a waterbending scroll that she uses to greatly strengthen and hone her waterbending abilities and to help Aang learn as they make their way to the Northern Water Tribe ( where Aang will be able to learn from waterbending masters ) and liberate more Earth Kingdom villages in the process , weakening the Fire Nation 's food and water supplies . During a side track to the Northern Air Temple on his own , Aang is betrayed by a Southern Earth Kingdom peasant and captured by a group of Fire Nation archers , led by Commander Zhao , a Fire Nation Commander appointed by the Fire Lord . However , a masked marauder , the `` Blue Spirit '' , helps Aang escape from his imprisonment , fighting off the Fire Nation soldiers under Zhao 's command until the blue spirit realises they will be overwhelmed , at which point he takes Aang hostage to negotiate their way out . During the prison break , Zhao realizes that Zuko is the masked vigilante . He arranges to kill the prince , first by having a crossbowman fire a bolt over a huge distance that shatters the lower half of Zuko 's mask and knocks him out , however Aang uses his skills to bend a cloud across the bridge connecting the prison to the other side of the valley , causing the Fire Nation soldiers in pursuit to stop in fear . With the cloud covering their escape , Aang escapes with an unconscious Zuko into a nearby forest and watches over Zuko until morning , when he leaves to reunite with Sokka and Katara . Zhao tries again to kill Zuko , this time by rupturing a gas pipe running through Zuko 's quarters on Iroh 's ship . Noticing the danger , Zuko manages to survive the attempt on his life with Iroh 's help . He sneaks aboard Zhao 's lead ship as his fleet departs for the Northern Water Tribe , which is a heavy fortress , to capture the Avatar . Upon arriving , Aang 's group is welcomed warmly by the citizens of the Northern Water Tribe . Sokka quickly befriends the Northern Water Tribe princess , Yue . After a few agreements , a waterbending master , Pakku , teaches Aang waterbending . Katara also becomes a much stronger and more powerful waterbender due to her training with Master Pakku . Soon , the Fire Nation arrives and Zhao begins his attack while Zuko begins his search for the Avatar on his own . After defeating Katara in a battle , Zuko captures Aang as he enters the Spirit World to find the Dragon Spirit to give him the wisdom to defeat the Fire Nation who tells him to let his emotions `` flow like water '' . Returning to his body , Aang battles Zuko before Katara freezes him . Before leaving to join the battle , Aang lowers the ice so that Zuko can breathe . As the battle escalates , Iroh watches Zhao capture the Moon Spirit , with which its Ocean Spirit counterpart had assumed the form of a fish . Despite Iroh 's pleas , Zhao kills the Moon Spirit to strip all of the waterbenders of their ability to waterbend . Iroh , enraged by Zhao 's disrespect for sacredness and by his actions to unbalance the world , reveals the extent of his mastery of firebending by using his chi to create huge flame jets from his wrists , scaring Zhao and his entourage of Fire Nation Soldiers out of the sacred cave . Yue explains to everyone that the Moon Spirit gave her life and , with Iroh 's help , realises she can give her life back to the Moon Spirit as she dies in the process . With the tables turned , Zhao finds out Zuko survived . They almost fight before Iroh appears and tells Zuko it 's not worth it . Zhao attempts one more time to kill Zuko with a massive blast of fire , which Iroh manages to deflect . Zhao is drowned by waterbenders after Zuko and Iroh leave him to his fate . Aang remembers his life before being trapped in the ice , including when he left his home , seeing his master 's face . With his waterbending powers and his emotions `` flowing like water '' , Aang enters the Avatar State and raises the ocean into a gigantic wall to drive the armada back . Aang now fully embraces his destiny as the Avatar as he , Katara and Sokka prepare to continue their journey to the Earth Kingdom to find an earthbending teacher for Aang . The Fire Lord learns of the defeat ; angry over the betrayal of his brother Iroh and the failure of his eldest son Zuko , he tasks his youngest daughter , Zuko 's sister , Azula to stop the Avatar from mastering Earth and Fire before the arrival of Sozin 's Comet . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Avatar : The Last Airbender characters Noah Ringer as Aang An airbender who disappeared from public sight a hundred years ago . While chronologically one hundred and thirteen years old , Aang still retains his biological age of twelve . He is the latest incarnation of the Avatar Spirit . Though he is capable of bending all four elements , at the beginning of the film he has only learned to airbend . Dev Patel as Prince Zuko Age sixteen . A Fire Nation prince who travels with his Uncle Iroh . The former heir to the throne , he was exiled by his father , Fire Lord Ozai , who caused him a facial scar following a battle with him and ordered to capture the Avatar ( who had not been seen in almost a century , making the assignment a wild - goose chase ) in order to regain his lost honor . Nicola Peltz as Katara Age fourteen . A girl of the Southern Water Tribe and its last remaining waterbender . Since the death of her mother , Kya , she has served as the motherly figure in her family , and is no stranger to responsibility despite her young age . Jackson Rathbone as Sokka Age fifteen . He is Katara 's brother and a warrior from the Southern Water Tribe . He can be condescending , and has no waterbending abilities . He often takes up leadership roles by virtue of coming up with most of the workable plans and tactics . Shaun Toub as Uncle Iroh Zuko 's paternal uncle and the brother of Fire Lord Ozai . He is very easy - going and friendly , and often acts as a surrogate father to Zuko . Formerly a great general of the Fire Nation , personal tragedies led to his retirement , and the role of heir - presumptive passed to his younger brother . He is the only firebender shown in the film who is advanced enough to bend fire using only his chi . Aasif Mandvi as Commander Zhao A hot - tempered Fire Nation Commander in pursuit of the Avatar . He is Zuko 's principal rival . He has an obsession with libraries . Seychelle Gabriel as Princess Yue The princess of the Northern Water Tribe , who was Sokka 's romantic love interest . In a tragic turn of events , she sacrificed herself to save the water tribe and the balance of the planet , by turning into the moon . Cliff Curtis as Fire Lord Ozai The mighty leader of the Fire Nation , the brother of Iroh , and the father of Prince Zuko and Princess Azula . Summer Bishil as Princess Azula Age fifteen . She is the daughter of Fire Lord Ozai and sister to Prince Zuko . She appears once at the battle where Zuko refuses to fight and again at the end where she accepts the role as hunter of her older brother and uncle , and destroying the Avatar . Francis Guinan as Master Pakku A waterbending master of the Northern Water Tribe , who taught Aang to waterbend . Randall Duk Kim as Old man in temple An Earth Kingdom villager , who often visits the remains of the Northern Air Temple . Isaac Jin Solstein as Haru He started the prison uprising by earthbending a pebble to the back of the lead Fire Nation soldier 's head . Keong Sim as Tyro He and other earthbenders in his occupied village agreed to be imprisoned in exchange for the non-benders being allowed to live in peace . John Noble as Dragon Spirit A new composite character taking over the roles of Avatar Roku , Fang , Koh and Guru Pathik from the cartoon series . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) According to an interview with the co-creators in SFX magazine , Shyamalan came across Avatar when his daughter wanted to be Katara for Halloween . Intrigued , Shyamalan researched and watched the series with his family . `` Watching Avatar has become a family event in my house ... so we are looking forward to how the story develops in season three , '' said Shyamalan . `` Once I saw the amazing world that Mike and Bryan created , I knew it would make a great feature film . '' He added he was attracted to the spiritual and martial arts influences on the show . Avatar : The Last Airbender co-creators Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko voiced their opinion within an interview regarding Shyamalan writing , directing , and producing the film . The two displayed much enthusiasm over Shyamalan 's decision for the adaptation , stating that they admire his work and , in turn , he respects their material . Producer Frank Marshall explained that they have high hopes to stick to a PG rating . `` I 'm not even sure we want to get in the PG - 13 realm . Furthermore , Shyamalan said , `` A lot of the inspiration for the direction we took comes from a friend of mine . A Nathan Blackmer helped shape this Idea into the film it became . I took away a little bit of the slapsticky stuff that was there for the little little kids , the fart jokes and things like that ... We grounded Katara 's brother ... and that really did wonderful things for the whole theme of the movie . '' Paramount 's president Brad Grey said that despite the director 's career being inconsistent , he `` believed in ( Shyamalan 's ) vision and that he could execute it , '' adding that `` It 's a bold step because he had to create a potential new franchise . '' The studio was willing to spend $250 million in a trilogy of films , one for each season . The Last Airbender 's budget wound up being $150 million , with later over $130 million being spent on marketing costs , making it Shyamalan 's most expensive film . During production , the name Avatar was removed from the title to avoid confusion with the highly - successful 2009 film Avatar . Casting ( edit ) Shyamalan originally offered the roles of Aang to Noah Ringer ; Sokka to Jackson Rathbone ; Katara to Nicola Peltz ; and Zuko to Jesse McCartney . In an interview with People , Shyamalan claimed that he did not want to make The Last Airbender without Nicola Peltz , `` I said that only once before in my career , and that was when I met Haley in The Sixth Sense auditions . '' In February 2009 , Dev Patel replaced Jesse McCartney , whose tour dates conflicted with a boot camp scheduled for the cast to train in martial arts . Katharine Houghton played `` Gran Gran '' , the grandmother of Katara and Sokka , and Seychelle Gabriel portrayed Princess Yue , another of Sokka 's love interests and princess of the Northern Water Tribe . Isaac Jin Solstein played an earthbending boy . Comedian Aasif Mandvi played Commander Zhao , Cliff Curtis played Fire Lord Ozai , and Keong Sim was cast in the role of an Earthbender . Ringer began practicing Taekwondo -- the martial art and national sport of Korea -- at the age of 10 . His skills later garnered accolades , including the title of American Taekwondo Association Texas State Champion . He began shaving his head during his martial arts training to help cool off , which gave him the nickname `` Avatar '' due to his resemblance to Aang from the animated series . When he heard about the film adaptation , he made an audition tape with his instructor and sent it to the filmmakers . He had n't worked on a film before , but his resemblance to Aang -- enhanced by painting a blue arrow on his already shaved head , swung him the role . Having not acted before , Ringer was required to attend acting school a month before filming commenced . Peltz was familiar with the character before submitting for the part of Katara , having faithfully watched Avatar : The Last Airbender , the animated series on which the film is based , with her younger twin brothers . She describes her character as being a big role model with young girls and women , `` She 's really mentally and physically strong , strong - willed and - minded , but she 's also caring and compassionate ... The movie has a lot of values , but it 's also fun . It 's fantasy , but it 's also a really cool battle between good and evil . '' She explained that she initially did n't know about Rathbone starring in the Twilight films until after she met him and said that working with Shyamalan was an amazing experience . Rathbone , who originally auditioned for the role of Zuko , was approached by Shyamalan to audition for the film . After waiting for six months , he received a call informing him that he was cast as Sokka . Rathbone stated that his favorite scenes were the fight sequences , which he prepared for by stickfighting . Before Slumdog Millionaire was released , Patel auditioned for the role of Zuko by submitting a tape to the studio . Shyamalan called Patel personally to inform him that he got the part . Training for the film was intense , as he had to learn Wushu and different martial arts . Patel recalls fighting , punching , and throwing and said the experience was `` truly amazing . '' While he was filming Slumdog in India , he would finish a take and turn one of the channels over to the animated series . Even though it is based on a cartoon , he wanted to bring as much of himself as possible to the character he was portraying . Shaun Toub , who was cast as Iroh , describes his character in the first film as `` loose '' and `` free '' . He compares Zuko 's `` obsession '' to his childhood memories and how kids are always looking for their parents ' approval , saying that Zuko just wants his father 's . `` He is n't necessarily bad , he just has a great deal of built up anger and forgets to consider others . I think people will understand that he 's not bad , he 's just angry and hurting because he really wants his father to love him , but his father is too busy with other things . '' He says that Patel is an `` 18 year old with all this energy , '' and that Patel was able to influence him into appreciating the business of filmmaking more . While comparing the animated series to the film , he says the film is much more serious . He attributed this change to the director trying to relate to every age group , rather than just kids . Filming ( edit ) Pre-production began in late 2008 , while filming began in March 2009 in Greenland . After two weeks , the cast and crew moved to Reading , Pennsylvania , where production designers and special - effects crews worked for several weeks , preparing the local site for the film . A production team scouting the area found the pagoda on Mount Penn , which served as an ancient temple in the film . Reading mayor Tom McMahon explained that crews made road improvements and buried electrical lines surrounding the structure . Filming also took place in Ontelaunee Township and at the William Penn Memorial Fire Tower in Pennsylvania after the production crew finished at the Pagoda . When asked about shooting the film in Reading , Pamela Shupp , vice president of Berks Economic Development said , `` They needed buildings to shoot all the interiors , and were looking for a group of buildings with high ceilings and specific column spacing . We showed them a number of buildings , but we could n't come up with enough to meet their requirements . So the interiors will be shot in Philadelphia . '' Visual effects ( edit ) With a film as technologically advanced as Avatar , the expectations of realistically throwing balls of fire and water were pushed to the limit on The Last Airbender . Pablo Helman , who previously worked on Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , was the visual effects supervisor for the Industrial Light and Magic team on the film . He worked closely with Shyamalan , reviewing each scene and talking about the visual effects needed to tell the story , and ultimately worked with about 300 people to reflect the director 's vision , who he said planned it all in a story - board book . Upper : Water being animated . Lower : Final version of animated scene . Industrial Light and Magic was posed with visualizing the elemental tribes of Air , Water , Earth , and Fire ; most importantly creating the `` bending '' styles of these elements . Additionally , they were required to animate creatures and enhance stunt work with digital doubles . `` The work was challenging , '' shares Helman . `` We had to figure out what `` bending '' is for fire , water , air and earth . '' The project was started without the desired technology needed to create the effects . Rather than software , computer graphic cards were the basis for `` bending '' the elements , allowing previews to be viewed more swiftly . This resulted in Shyamalan having to direct more than sixty takes before the effect was finished and lined up with his visions . Due to reality - based expectations , fire and water were the hardest elements to effectively bend , and because of particle work which was unable to be rendered in hardware , earth bending also was difficult to create . With water , the variety in different scales required Helman and his team to create different techniques . The concept for air was derived from the animation of the television series . To create the air bending effect , visual effects art director Christian Alzman and digital matte department supervisor Barry Williams explained that seeing dust and snow particles , rather than seeing the air itself , helped shape the real world effect of bending the element . Before the bending effects could be applied though , the actor 's movements had to be matched ; Shyamalan therefore wanted each character 's bending styles to be unique to fit with their unique personalities . The challenge for fire did n't come with making it look realistic , but rather making the fire behave in an unrealistic way that would be believable to the audience . The film that inspired The Last Airbender 's fire style was the sixth Harry Potter film , which was re-engineered to reflect two - dimensional simulations . Helman 's team referenced images of flames being pushed through the air by giant fans for certain shots needed throughout the film . The team also considered using a meshed image of real and digital fire , but in the end , went with the richer , deeper texture of computer generated flame . In matte paintings , this was the biggest show that Helman had ever done . The paintings had to be in 3D because the visual style included long duration shots in which the camera always moved . The climax , which was enacted on a 200 by 200 feet ( 61 m × 61 m ) set , had to be incorporated with still of the landscapes shot in Greenland , as well as the low - angle lighting that was captured on location there . The camera was animated to get angles needed for different shots in the film by importing these stills into the computer . Multiple cameras were used to capture the different wire - work and animation that was used to create the creatures and many fight scenes within the film . In creating these creatures , the team referenced nature . In order for them to be believable , they looked for examples of the same size and weight as the animated character and then developed hybrids from different animals to make each species unique . This was done by observing actual animals to get a take on how they would act . Shyamalan 's take on the personality of each creature also influenced the creation stage of the creatures . For example , the lemur Momo has flying mechanics based on a giant fruit bat . Other elements , such as texturing , hair or scale simulation , and light and shadow complimentary to the live action , were added to make the final animation appear as real as possible during the later stages of character development . Paramount Pictures made an announcement in late April 2010 , revealing that The Last Airbender would be released in 3D . This decision came after an increasing number of films being made or converted to 3D , such as Avatar , Alice in Wonderland and Clash of the Titans , made a decent profit at the box office . Although Helman stated that Shyamalan 's way of shooting without fast edits and the film 's visuals could lend itself to the 3D conversion well , James Cameron voiced his disapproval on any film being converted using this process , saying , `` You can slap a 3 - D label on it and call it 3 - D , but there 's no possible way that it can be done up to a standard that anybody would consider high enough . '' Despite this , Shyamalan opted to work with Stereo D LLC , the company who worked on James Cameron 's own Avatar . The conversion process for the film cost between $5 million and $10 million , adding to the reported $100 million that already went into the film . Music ( edit ) Main article : The Last Airbender ( soundtrack ) In December 2008 , James Newton Howard was announced as the composer for The Last Airbender . The film marks the seventh collaboration between Howard and M. Night Shyamalan , after the 2008 film The Happening . Howard had received acclaim for his work with Hans Zimmer on The Dark Knight . On May 13 , 2009 , producer Frank Marshall announced that Howard was recording music for the teaser trailer that was later released that summer ; it was later confirmed by Frank Marshall that all of the film 's trailers featured original music by Howard himself . The soundtrack , released by Lakeshore Records on June 29 , 2010 , required Howard to hire a 119 - member ensemble . Running at about 66 minutes , it contains eleven tracks ranging from three to seven minutes , with a twelfth track , called `` Airbender Suite '' running at nearly eleven minutes . Reviews for the score were overwhelmingly positive . Casting controversy ( edit ) Main article : Racebending The casting of white actors in the East Asian and Inuit - influenced Avatar universe , as well as the fact that the casting of the heroes and villains seemed to be backward racially from the show , triggered negative reactions from some fans marked by accusations of racism , a letter - writing campaign , and various protests . `` To take this incredibly loved children 's series , and really distort not only the ethnicity of the individual characters but the message of acceptance and cultural diversity that the original series advocated , is a huge blow , '' said Michael Le of Racebending.com , a fan site calling for a boycott of the martial - arts fantasy . As a result of the casting , the Media Action Network for Asian - Americans urged a film boycott for the first time in the organization 's 18 - year history . `` This was a great opportunity to create new Asian - American stars ... I 'm disappointed . '' stated Guy Aoki , president of the organization . After a casting call specifically looking for `` Caucasians and other ethnicities , '' Shyamalan explained that `` Ultimately , this movie , and then the three movies , will be the most culturally diverse tent - pole movies ever released , period . '' Furthermore , Paramount provided a statement about the casting choices , `` The movie has 23 credited speaking roles -- more than half of which feature Asian and Pan Asian actors of Korean , Japanese and Indian descent . The filmmaker 's interpretation reflects the myriad qualities that have made this series a global phenomenon . We believe fans of the original and new audiences alike will respond positively once they see it . '' Shyamalan commented on the issues regarding fans ' perceptions of the casting in an interview with Washington Post columnist Jen Chaney , saying , `` Anime is based on ambiguous facial features . It 's meant to be interpretive . It 's meant to be inclusive of all races , and you can see yourself in all these characters ... This is a multicultural movie and I 'm going to make it even more multicultural in my approach to its casting . There 's African - Americans in the movie ... so it 's a source of pride for me . The irony that ( protesters ) would label this with anything but the greatest pride , that the movie poster has Noah and Dev on it and my name on it . I do n't know what else to do . '' In this quote , Shyamalan 's reference to Noah Ringer can be explained by Noah 's self - identification of his ancestry as `` American Indian , '' although critics of the film 's casting have presumed that the actor is simply `` white '' when making their complaints . Rathbone was also one to dismiss the complaints in an interview with MTV , saying , `` I think it 's one of those things where I pull my hair up , shave the sides , and I definitely need a tan . It 's one of those things where , hopefully , the audience will suspend disbelief a little bit . '' The controversy was poorly received by critics as well . Film critic Roger Ebert was one of the critical voices against the casting . When asked about casting a white cast to portray the characters , he said , `` The original series Avatar : The Last Airbender was highly regarded and popular for three seasons on Nickelodeon . Its fans take it for granted that its heroes are Asian . Why would Paramount and Shyamalan go out of their way to offend these fans ? There are many young Asian actors capable of playing the parts . '' Jevon Phillips of the Los Angeles Times noted that despite Shyamalan 's attempts to defuse the situation , `` this is definitely not an issue that will fade away or be overlooked '' and that this film exemplifies the need for a debate within Hollywood about racial diversity in its films . In July 2013 , series co-creator Bryan Konietzko responded to an online comment about skin color in The Legend of Korra . Konietzko wrote that his work on the two series `` speaks for itself which obviously does not include the gross misinterpretations and misrepresentations of our work in ( Shyamalan 's ) work . '' Marketing ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) The teaser trailer for the film was attached to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , released in theaters on June 24 , 2009 . The teaser trailer was also shown exclusively on the June 22 , 2009 episode of Entertainment Tonight . The trailer shows Aang airbending in a temple which is being attacked by a multitude of Fire Nation ships . A trailer was to be released around Christmas 2009 , but it was pushed back until February 2010 because not enough visual effects shots were completed . This trailer was attached to the first Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief film released on February 12 , 2010 . A trailer was later released on March 25 , 2010 . It was then attached with How to Train Your Dragon . The last theatrical trailer is attached to Iron Man 2 which was released May 7 , 2010 . The first TV spot aired during Super Bowl XLIV on February 7 , 2010 . It showed parts of the film that were not shown in the teaser trailer and had no diagetic dialogue , but merely narration . On February 10 , the theatrical trailer was released online . It shows multiple scenes from the film and is an expanded version of the first TV spot . McDonald 's sold Happy Meals to promote the film . On February 9 , 2010 , Nickelodeon Consumer Products also debuted the upcoming line of toys based on The Last Airbender . It includes various 3 ⁄ - inch action figures , as well as larger , action - enabled figures , costumes and other props . Among the toys featured in the line were figures based on Aang , Prince Zuko , Sokka , Katara , and a fully ride - able Appa the Sky Bison . `` We worked very closely with M. Night , the rest of the Paramount team and our in - house design team , along with our partner Spin - Master , to come up with the right assortment , the right size for these action figures and make sure we had representation of all the nations within the ' Airbender ' series , '' said Nickelodeon 's Lourdes Arocho . The Last Airbender action figures are expected to be released in three `` waves '' ; wave one on June 1 , wave two near the film 's July release date , and wave three near the 2010 holiday season . THQ Studio Australia also developed a video game based on the film . Titled The Last Airbender , it was released on June 29 , 2010 for the Wii and the Nintendo DS . Graphic novels ( edit ) Two original black - and - white graphic novels , entitled The Last Airbender Prequel : Zuko 's Story and The Last Airbender , drawn in the manga style , were written by Dave Roman and Alison Wilgus . `` We 're excited to be working with Nickelodeon to bring these great stories to the manga audience '' , says Dallas Middaugh , Associate Publisher of Del Rey Manga . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender has shown incredible crossover appeal with manga fans . The release of The Last Airbender movie and original tie - in manga gives us the chance to share completely new stories with Avatar fans looking for more about Aang , Zuko , and their favorite characters . '' The second manga , The Last Airbender , illustrated by Joon Choi , was released on June 22 , 2010 . The plot , like the film , is a condensed version of the first season of the series . The prequel , Zuko 's Story , is co-written by Alison Wilgus and Dave Roman and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto and was released on May 18 , 2010 . The synopsis for the graphic novel was released in early 2010 , `` When Prince Zuko dared to question authority , his father , Fire Lord Ozai , banished him from the Fire Nation . Horribly scarred and stripped of everything he held dear , Zuko has wandered the earth for almost three years in search of his only chance at redemption : the Avatar , a mystical being who once kept the four nations in balance . Everyone he encounters believes that this is an impossible task , as the Avatar disappeared a century ago . But Zuko stubbornly continues the search . He must regain his honor , so his quest is all he has left . '' Roman and Wilgus , who developed comics based on the series for Nick Magazine , consulted series creators Mike Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , and head writer for the show Aaron Ehasz while they were developing Zuko 's Story . The four wanted to try a comic that would fit into with the continuity of the show . The prequel , though mostly associated with the film , was meant to be a prequel to the series . Roman explained , `` In a lot of ways , it 's like an expanded origin . With the film and the series , there are differences and there are places where they split off , but the setup for both is exactly the same -- so when you 're introduced to the characters , that 's the part where they 're completely identical . '' The prequel allowed the expansions of different details told in the series ; for example , an episode called `` The Blue Spirit '' in the series was seen in the film . However , since explaining everything that happened in that episode was hard to translate onto film , the prequel allowed for them to `` delve '' into that specific story . What more , when asked about whether he answered some questions that were left open at the end of the series , Roman stated that , while he had a strong relationship with the show 's creators and got their blessing for his project , it was n't his plot to address . Release ( edit ) The Last Airbender was rumored to be released in the summer of 2010 before it received a formal release date of July 1 , 2010 . To avoid confusion with James Cameron 's Avatar , the title was changed from Avatar : The Last Airbender to simply The Last Airbender . On June 16 , 2010 , it was revealed that the film would be released on July 1 , 2010 , and after questions about the definition of the release being limited or wide , was later confirmed by the studio to be a full nationwide release . The film premiered in New York City on June 30 , 2010 , and opened the following day in 3,169 theaters , against The Twilight Saga : Eclipse which also stars Jackson Rathbone . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Airbender was released on DVD and Blu - ray on November 16 , 2010 . At the same time , a Blu - ray 3D version was also made available exclusively at Best Buy locations . The Last Airbender grossed $12,757,094 and sold a total of 750,859 units in its first week on DVD . The Last Airbender was re-released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 25 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Airbender had grossed $131,772,187 in the United States , and $187,941,694 in other countries , making for a total of $319,713,881 worldwide . On its opening day in the United States , The Last Airbender made $16,614,112 , ranking fifth overall for Thursday openings . For its opening three - day , Fourth of July weekend , The Last Airbender accumulated a total of $40,325,019 . The following Monday , it grossed $11,479,213. 54 % of its total gross was from 3D presentations at 1,606 screens . On Thursday , July 1 , 2010 , its opening day , it debuted at # 2 behind The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . It stayed # 2 until Monday , July 5 , 2010 , when it went down to # 3 now behind Eclipse and Toy Story 3 . On July 9 , it went down to # 5 behind Despicable Me , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , Predators , and Toy Story 3 . By Friday , July 23 , it was down to # 9 behind Inception , Salt , Despicable Me , Ramona and Beezus , The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , Toy Story 3 , Grown Ups , and Eclipse . Opening overseas in 923 sites , the film grossed an estimated $9 million , $8 million of which was from 870 sites in Russia , making it the number one film there . The film grossed $9.4 million from its second weekend in overseas markets . The film was the twentieth highest - grossing film of 2010 . Critical response ( edit ) The film was panned by critics and fans of the TV show alike . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave a 6 % approval rating based on 183 reviews with an average rating of 2.8 out of 10 , making it the lowest rated film ever produced by Nickelodeon Movies , and Shyamalan 's worst - reviewed film to date . The consensus was `` The Last Airbender squanders its popular source material with incomprehensible plotting , horrible acting , and detached joyless direction . '' By comparison , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews from the top mainstream critics , calculated an average score of 20 out of 100 , based on 33 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was `` C '' on an A+ to F scale . Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail stated the film had little chance to develop its characters and therefore suffered , with the overall storyline of the film becoming a run - on narrative . According to Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly , who gave the film a C , `` The Last Airbender keeps throwing things at you , but its final effect is , in every way , flat . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film half a star in his review , stating that it `` bores and alienates its audiences , '' and notes the poor use of 3D among the film 's faults . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film an F , criticizing the performances of the child actors , overuse of exposition , and shoehorned 3D special effects , calling it the worst summer blockbuster of 2010 . Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said that the lack of correct casting caused the film to lose substantial credibility in regard to its source material , but did praise the casting and acting of Noah Ringer as Aang . Peter Debruge of Variety criticized the casting and the score , saying that the overall effect of each play into making the film a bore . Rifftrax put the film at number 5 of The top 10 Worst Movies of All Time , saying `` We CAN state for the record that it is quite easy to detest this movie even if you 've never seen a frame of the TV show . '' `` The Last Airbender '' is an agonizing experience in every category I can think of and others still waiting to be invented . The laws of chance suggest that something should have gone right . Not here . It puts a nail in the coffin of low - rent 3D , but it will need a lot more coffins than that . -- Roger Ebert , Sun Times Charlie Jane Anders in the review by io9 criticized `` the personality - free hero , the nonsensical plot twists , the CG clutter , the bland romance , the new - age pablum ... '' , concluding that `` Shyamalan 's true achievement in this film is that he takes a thrilling cult TV series , Avatar : The Last Airbender , and he systematically leeches all the personality and soul out of it -- in order to create something generic enough to serve as a universal spoof of every epic , ever . '' Anders summarized the experience of watching the film by stating that , `` Actually , my exact words when I walked out of this film were , ' Wow , this makes Dragonball Evolution look like a masterpiece . ' '' Ai n't It Cool News ' review questioned why Shyamalan was allowed to write the script , as well as why he was even chosen to direct such a high - profile film after a string of previous flops : `` Burdened by ( a ) never - ending onslaught of expository dialogue awkwardly delivered by actors giving career - worst performances across the board , The Last Airbender is so outrageously bad it 's a wonder it ever got before cameras . '' Scott Bowles of USA Today gave a generally favorable review , claiming that Shyamalan delivered on fight scenes and the film worked as a kid 's film , although he also added that poor scriptwriting made some of the performances sound wooden . Another favorable review came from Stephanie Zacharek of MovieLine , who praises the way Shyamalan captures the art of action and human motion . David Roark of Relevant Magazine accused other critics of having a bias against Shyamalan and gave the film a positive review , stating that its visuals and heart far outweighed the clunky plotting and `` awful '' dialogue . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian noted an unfortunate linguistic problem that reduced British viewers to `` a state of nervous collapse '' due to laughter . In British English , ' bent ' is a slang term for gay , with ' bender ' meaning a gay man , giving an entirely different meaning to lines such as , `` I could tell at once that you were a bender . '' Bradshaw commented that the response from the audience to such lines was `` deafeningly immature '' and would `` inevitably be repeated in every cinema in the land showing The Last Airbender . '' Creators ' responses ( edit ) In a Reddit AmA thread by Dante Basco , the original voice of Prince Zuko , when he was asked what he thought of the Last Airbender film , he responded by saying that Konietzko and DiMartino told him not to see it . The creators officially said that they would like to pretend the film does not exist . Bryan and Mike spoke extensively about how the project was given the go - ahead without their approval , and when they tried to provide input it was ignored . Director 's responses ( edit ) In a Vulture interview , Shyamalan argued that his style and art - form of storytelling resulted in the negative reviews of the film and compared it to asking a painter to change to a different style : `` I bring as much integrity to the table as humanly possible . It must be a language thing , in terms of a particular accent , a storytelling accent . I can only see it this certain way and I do n't know how to think in another language . I think these are exactly the visions that are in my head , so I do n't know how to adjust it without being me . '' Shyamalan also addressed criticisms about the barely 90 minute runtime of the film , which was considered bizarre given that it had to condense a 20 - episode TV season into one film , and is a far shorter runtime than is typical for summer blockbusters . Shyamalan 's response was that all of his previous films were 90 minutes , because they were small - scale supernatural thrillers , and as a result his instinct for the pacing of the film was to edit it down to 90 minutes . This short runtime indirectly led to several other problems which multiple critics listed above objected to : characters frequently resort to giving long speeches of exposition to summarize entire scenes that were cut for time , and a running voiceover commentary by Katara was added in which she summarizes entire subplots ( e.g. Sokka 's relationship with Yue ) that barely appear on screen . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Last Airbender received nine nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture . The film went on to sweep the Razzies with five awards : Worst Picture , Worst Director ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Screenplay ( Shyamalan ) , Worst Supporting Actor ( Jackson Rathbone ) , and a special award , `` Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D . '' Award Year Category Nominee Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer : Movie The Last Airbender Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Film Music Composition of the Year for `` Flow Like Water '' James Newton Howard Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror film Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actor ) Noah Ringer Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Supporting Young Actress ) Seychelle Gabriel 31st Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Frank Marshall , Sam Mercer and M. Night Shyamalan Won Worst Director M. Night Shyamalan Worst Screenplay Worst Supporting Actor Dev Patel Nominated Jackson Rathbone , also for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse Won Worst Supporting Actress Nicola Peltz Nominated Worst Screen Couple The Entire Cast Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel The Last Airbender Worst Eye - Gouging Mis - Use of 3D Won Possible sequels ( edit ) Shyamalan or Paramount / Nickelodeon did not immediately confirm the `` go - ahead '' or whether the plug will be pulled on the trilogy . While filming The Last Airbender , Shyamalan mapped out a rough draft for a second film that is `` darker '' and includes Azula , portrayed by Summer Bishil , as the main antagonist . In a July 2010 interview with New York Magazine , Shyamalan commented `` In the next few months we 'll be able to know whether we have that opportunity or not '' when asked about the sequel . No such announcement was made and in a September 2010 interview when asked if he knew when the sequel will be made , he replied , `` I do n't , because there are so many factors they take into account '' , adding , `` I guess it will get into an area where it becomes a discussion -- like pros and cons . '' In September 2015 , Shyamalan confirmed to Metro UK that he may work on the sequel after completing his next thriller , which started shooting in November 2015 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Whitewashing in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie '' . Moviefone.com . June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` THE LAST AIRBENDER ( 12A ) '' . Paramount Pictures . British Board of Film Classification . June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Last Airbender carries Shyamalan into new territory '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender -- Box Office Data , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : DiOrio , Carl ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Last Airbender release moved up one day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair . `` ' Last Airbender ' Star Noah Ringer Joins ' Cowboys And Aliens ' Cast . '' MTV . April 19 , 2010 . Web . February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarafin , Jarrod ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Paramount and M. Night Shyamalan Previews Last Airbender '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Dips on Thursday , ' Airbender ' Debuts Solidly '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : LMCullen . `` VIPs bei der Premiere von ' The Last Airbender in 3D ' in NY '' . Eclipse Movie . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bryan Lufkin ( 2011 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Razzies on - the - scene : M. Night Shyamalan ' wins ' big at last night 's camp-fest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Channel Awesome ( 2013 ) . Nostalgia Critic : The Last Airbender . In the show , the prison is on a metal ship , where no earthbending is possible , and thus , it breaks their spirit because they ca n't get away . They are powerless to stop them . Here , THEY 'RE FUCKING SURROUNDED BY THE STUFF ! ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sperling ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire . March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` `` Nickelodeon 's Avatar Returns to Restore Peace to The Four Corners of the World and Prepares to Face Off With the Fire Nation Once and for All '' . January 2009 . Jump up ^ Rachel Abramowitz ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` Shyamalan Unveils Airbender Secrets '' . Los Angeles Times . M. Night Shyamalan had a sense about ' Airbender ' : ' This would make a killer movie ' Jump up ^ Mike Szymanski ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Avatar Creators Praise Night '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 17 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secrets And Glimpses Of The Last Airbender Filming -- M. Night Shyamalan '' . io9. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` Four more land ' Airbender ' roles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Shyamalan lines up his cast for ' The Last Airbender ' EW.com '' . Hollywoodinsider.ew.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dyball , Rennie ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` 3 Reasons to Watch for Actress Nicola Peltz -- Movie News , M. Night Shyamalan , Robert Pattinson '' . People.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2009 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan cast floats on ' Air ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Slumdog Millionaire Star Joins The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Inqlings : For Manuel , a job he can phone in '' ( PDF ) . Philly.com. 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` New Last Airbender Casting Stays On Right Side Of Racebending Debate ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` More are cast in M. Night Shyamalan Last Airbender '' . Sci Fi Wire. 2009 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : June 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender set visit : Nicola Peltz and Noah Ringer '' . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Dart , Allan ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Jackson Rathbone `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 05 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Starlog 's `` Last Airbender '' set visit : Dev Patel `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Jul 01 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Starlog 's `` The Last Airbender '' set visit : Shaun Toub `` . Fangoria.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : George Hatza ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Sixth Sense director shooting new movie in Reading beginning Thursday ; Pagoda to get a close - up '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ILM Bends Fantasy into Reality in The Last Airbender Below the Line '' . Btlnews.com. 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender and ILM 's quest for fire Hero Complex Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Paramount And M. Night Shyamalan Make ' Airbender ' Into 3D Conversion '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Last Airbender ' to Get 3 - D Treatment '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 2010 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Avatar 's Cameron calls for 3 - D watchdog '' . Toronto : thestar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender and The Green convert to 3D -- Films , Arts & Entertainment '' . London : The Independent . 2010 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Newton Howard To Score The Last Airbender / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2008 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ LeDoctor . `` Frank Marshall ( LeDoctor ) on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` News Tidbits : Iron Man 2 , The Last Airbender and xXx 3D / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` The Last Airbender '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender ( James Newton Howard ) '' . Filmtracks. 2010 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Music Review : The Last Airbender Soundtrack '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2010 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Avatar Casting Makes Fans See ... White '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jeff Yang ( 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Avatar an Asian thing - why is n't the cast ? '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Critics : ' Airbender ' & ' Prince ' were ' whitewashed ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Aucoin , Don ( 2010 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Airbender reopens race debate '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Talking with director M. Night Shyamalan about ' Last Airbender , ' race and more '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Twilight Star Jackson Rathbone Hopes To ' Show His Range ' in Last Airbender '' . MTV . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( 2010 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Racebending -- The Controversy Continues -- The Last Airbender '' . UGO.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Answer Man '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` The Last Airbender is causing a casting commotion '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Konietzko , Bryan ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` This past Friday I published this post which '' . Tumblr . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Teaser Trailer Attached to Transformers 2 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 20 , 2009 ) . `` A Brief First Look at The Last Airbender Teaser Trailer '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Trailer For Christmas '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Airbender Trailer Delayed Until February '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's Buying What in the Super Bowl 2010 '' . Advertising Age . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alternate Trailer for The Last Airbender Online '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Frank Marshall : New Airbender trailer is l '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( 2010 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Last Airbender 's Super Bowl Ad Unleashes Fun '' . Wired . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for The Last Airbender ! '' . ComingSoon.net. 2010 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan 's ' The Last Airbender ' Toys Arrive ! '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender : Appa and Other Characters Revealed ! '' . Screen Rant. 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ US.thq.com Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Manga from Del Rey and Nickelodeon '' . M. Night Fans. 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : ' The Last Airbender : Prequel : Zuko 's Story ' Preview '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Airbender Q&A : Exploring Zuko 's Story With Co-Writer Dave Roman '' . Splashpage.mtv.com. 2010 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , Hunter ( April 15 , 2008 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan 's The Last Airbender Gets Release Date , Director Update , `` Avatar '' Dropped From Title `` . / FILM . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Opens One Day Earlier '' . Jump up ^ `` Theater Counts for Week 27 of 2010 '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Epic Based on Nickelodeon 's Popular Series Delivers Inspiring Adventure the Whole Family Can Enjoy : The Last Airbender '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ News flash on Blu - ray 3D release Jump up ^ The-numbers.com Jump up ^ `` Opening Thursday Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Swoons But Sweeps Up Over Independence Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` Eclipse still has bite at No. 1 overseas '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Inception ' Still Spinning on Top '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Boxofficemojo.com Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audiences agree with critics on ' Last Airbender ' : It 's a stinker '' . CinemaScore . L.A. Times . 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canada . `` The Last Airbender : Another bend in Shyamalan 's career '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) . `` The Last Airbender Movies '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Blog , Chaz 's ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Keith Phipps ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender '' . A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2010 - 06 - 30 ) . `` The Last Airbender -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Airbender Review -- Read Variety 's Analysis Of The Movie The Last Airbender '' . Variety.com. 2010 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rifftrax ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Top 10 Worst Movies of All Time '' . Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Airbender : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . RogerEbert.com . Sun Times . Retrieved 27 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan Finally Made A Comedy '' . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` If It Bends , It 's Funny ! If It Breaks , It 's Mr. Beaks 's The Last Airbender review ! '' . 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Scott Bowles ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Shyamalan 's ' Airbender ' has some good elements '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : A Few Nifty Visuals Ca n't Exhausting Last Airbender '' . Movieline . 2010 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : The Last Airbender : David Roark Says All the Other Critics Are ( Mostly ) Wrong '' . RELEVANT Magazine . 2010 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Film review : The Last Airbender '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/17ybeo/i_am_rufio_prince_zuko_ama/c89x58c Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/videos/2014/10/02/korra-creators-on-book-four-and-ending-the-series-channel-surfing-podcast Jump up ^ reznoire ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) , Bryan Konietzko & Michael Dante DiMartino discuss The Last Airbender film , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` M. Night Shyamalan Responds to Negative ' Airbender ' Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse , Last Airbender Lead Razzie Nominations '' . MTV Movie News . 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chris Tookey ( 21 February 2011 ) . `` Over-priced , over-hyped -- and they even make you feel ill . Are 3 - D films the biggest rip - off in cinema history ? '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` M Night Shyamalan 's Last Airbender wins Razzie Awards '' . BBC News . 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The 31st Annual Razzie Awards '' . ^ Jump up to : Warmoth , Brian ( 2010 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Last Airbender 2 Will Be Darker , M. Night Shyamalan Says -- Movie News Story MTV Movie News '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Lane Brown ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` Vulture Breaks the News to M. Night Shyamalaman About The Last Airbender 's Reviews '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( 21 July 2010 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender Sequel Coming To Nickelodeon '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rick Marshall ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Will ' The Last Airbender ' Get A Sequel ? M. Night Shyamalan Ponders Potential ' Book 2 ' Adaptation '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` The Last Airbender , Part 2 ( Earth ) and M. Night Shyamalaman '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hanna Flint ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : M. Night Shyamalan to make ' another thriller ' before The Last Airbender 2 '' . Metro UK . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ali Jaafar ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Joaquin Phoenix , M. Night Shyamalan & Jason Blum In Talks To Reunite On New Project '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Last Airbender on IMDb The Last Airbender at Box Office Mojo The Last Airbender at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Airbender at Metacritic Ba Gua Demonstration representing style used for Air Nation characters on YouTube . Avatar Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko The Last Airbender Episodes Book 1 : Water Book 2 : Earth Book 3 : Fire `` Sozin 's Comet '' Comics The Promise The Search The Rift Smoke and Shadow North and South Characters Aang Appa Zuko Katara Sokka Toph Beifong Iroh Azula Video games Avatar : The Last Airbender The Burning Earth Into the Inferno Other Lego Roller coaster ride Trading card game The Legend of Korra Episodes Book 1 : Air `` Welcome to Republic City '' Book 2 : Spirits `` Rebel Spirit '' `` The Southern Lights '' `` Civil Wars '' Book 3 : Change Book 4 : Balance Comics Turf Wars Characters Korra Asami Sato Bolin Mako Tenzin Lin Beifong Zaheer Kuvira Video games The Legend of Korra A New Era Begins Film The Last Airbender video game soundtrack Zuko 's Story Related Nicktoons Nitro Nicktoons MLB Book Category Nickelodeon Movies Feature films Animated The Rugrats Movie ( 1998 ) Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2001 ) Hey Arnold ! : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Wild Thornberrys Movie ( 2002 ) Rugrats Go Wild ( 2003 ) The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie ( 2005 ) Barnyard ( 2006 ) Rango ( 2011 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Amusement Park ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie ( 2019 ) The Loud House Movie ( 2020 ) Live - action Harriet the Spy ( 1996 ) Good Burger ( 1997 ) Snow Day ( 2000 ) Clockstoppers ( 2002 ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) Mad Hot Ballroom ( 2005 ) Yours , Mine & Ours ( 2005 ) Nacho Libre ( 2006 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Angus , Thongs and Perfect Snogging ( 2008 ) Hotel for Dogs ( 2009 ) Imagine That ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Fun Size ( 2012 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Monster Trucks ( 2017 ) Film franchises Rugrats ( 1998 -- 2003 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 2002 -- 03 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2004 -- present ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 -- present ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 -- 16 ) Book Category Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Praying with Anger ( 1992 ) Wide Awake ( 1998 ) The Sixth Sense ( 1999 ) Unbreakable ( 2000 ) Signs ( 2002 ) The Village ( 2004 ) Lady in the Water ( 2006 ) The Happening ( 2008 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) After Earth ( 2013 ) The Visit ( 2015 ) Split ( 2016 ) Glass ( 2019 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Airbender&oldid=815584871 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films 2010s martial arts films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American films Avatar : The Last Airbender Films about reincarnation Films shot in Greenland Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in Vietnam Films using computer - generated imagery Live - action films based on animated series Blinding Edge Pictures films Paramount Pictures films Nickelodeon Movies films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films directed by M. Night Shyamalan Films produced by Frank Marshall Films produced by M. Night Shyamalan Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Airbender
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who took the final decision in pakistan after election
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Pakistani general election , 2013
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pakistani general election, 2013
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Raja Pervez Ashraf PPP
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Elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif PML ( N ) Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution Parliament ( show ) Senate Chairman : Raza Rabbani Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri National Assembly Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi Government ( show ) President ( list ) Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister ( list ) Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Federal Cabinet Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Governors ( show ) Punjab Malik Muhammad Rafique Rajwana Balochistan Muhammad Khan Achakzai Sindh Mohammad Zubair Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Iqbal Zafar Jhagra Gilgit -- Baltistan Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan Chief Ministers ( show ) Punjab Shahbaz Sharif Sindh Murad Ali Shah Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pervez Khattak Balochistan Sanaullah Zehri Gilgit - Baltistan Hafiz Hafeezur Rehman Political parties ( show ) Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal Muttahida Qaumi Movement Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Awami National Party Minor parties Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2013 2008 2007 General : 2013 2008 2002 Administrative units ( show ) Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Capital Territory Tribal areas Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Local government ( show ) Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas Results of the 2013 Pakistani General Election Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Muttahida Qaumi Movement Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) Pakhtun - khwa Milli Awami Party Jamaat - e-Islami National Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Qaumi Watan Party All Pakistan Muslim League National Party ( Pakistan ) Balochistan National Party Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan Awami Muslim League Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) Awami National Party Independents Repoll ordered Postponed / terminated / withheld General elections were held in Pakistan on 11 May 2013 to elect the members of the 14th National Assembly and to the four provincial assemblies of Punjab , Sindh , Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Elections were held in all four provinces , Islamabad 's federal capital territory and in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas . The remaining two territories of Pakistan , the Azad Kashmir and Gilgit - Baltistan , were ineligible to vote due to their disputed status . Allegations on systematic vote rigging , favouritism , and ethnicity trends on political parties marred with controversy regarding the nationwide elections ; this eventually led to anti-government march that called for electoral reforms in 2014 . The fifth largest democracy and second largest Muslim democracy after Indonesia in the world , the elections are noted for the first civilian transfer of power following the successful completion of a five - year term by a democratically elected government . Election took place in 272 constituencies , whilst a further 70 seats were awarded to parties having been reserved for women and minority groups ; none of the parties achieved the 172 seats needed for an overall majority . The Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) won the largest number of votes and seats but still fell six seats short ; this resulted in a hung parliament where no party was able to command a majority in the National Assembly . Initial results saw the hung parliament for a second consecutive general election -- the first being the prior general election in 2008 . Potential for a hung parliament was widely considered and predicted as both countries ' politicians were better prepared for the constitutional process that would follow such a result , in contrast to 2008 . Speculations for the potential hung parliament were dismissed when the independent candidates joined the PML ( N ) which allowed that party to form a simple - majority government by bringing on - board nineteen independent candidates , thirteen more than the minimum required to form a government . This swing ultimately resulted in Nawaz Sharif becoming the new Prime Minister of Pakistan . Prior to the elections , the leftist PPP formed an alliance with PML ( Q ) , while on the conservative side , the PML ( N ) allied with PML ( F ) and Baloch parties . Cricketer - turned - politician Imran Khan led the centrist PTI , and the Jamaat - e-Islami also participated in the elections . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Process 1.2 Schedule 1.3 Caretaker government 2 Registered voters 3 Campaign 3.1 Pakistan Peoples Party 3.2 Pakistan Muslim League 3.3 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 3.4 Pervez Musharraf 4 Violence 4.1 Pre-election violence 4.2 Election day violence 5 Opinion polls 5.1 Support based on generation gap 5.2 Voting trends by ethnicity 5.3 Support based on household income 6 International monitor recommendations 6.1 European Union 6.2 United States 7 Results 7.1 National Assembly 7.2 Provincial Assemblies 7.3 Bye - elections 8 Reactions 8.1 Domestic 8.2 Economic 8.3 International 9 Controversies 9.1 Incidents of malpractice and rigging 9.2 Incidents of improper investigations 9.3 Incidents of incompetence 10 Analysis 10.1 Aftermath 10.2 Government formation 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Long March ( Pakistan ) By Constitution 's stipulation on Time of conducting elections in the country , the ( general ) election are to be held at an interval of five years or whenever parliament is dissolved by the President . Upon dissolution of the National Assembly ( a lower house of the Parliament ) , the elections are to be held within a period of sixty days immediately under a caretaker set -- up . The previous elections were held in February 2008 and its term naturally expired on February 2013 . In mid-January 2013 , Sufi cleric and politician Dr. Tahir - ul - Qadri led a Long March from Lahore to Islamabad , which is over 350 km , demanding the electoral reforms , the quick dissolution of the National Assembly and a precise date for the election . The march attracted about ~ 50,000 participants from across Pakistan and ended peacefully . However , this appeared to have little impact on the PPP government who continued on as per normal , and were seemingly following their plan as to when to announce elections . The anti-corruption activism led by Imran Khan gathered momentum and political interests . In the run up to the elections , a US Congressional report provided a brief overview of the PPP government between 2008 and 2013 . The annual report included the input of 16 US intelligence agencies , including the CIA , which pointed the policies and performances of the PPP government during their five - year term . The report wanted that `` Economically , trouble looms . Pakistan , with its small tax base , poor system of tax collection , and reliance on foreign aid , faces no real prospects for sustainable economic growth . The government has been unwilling to address economic problems that continue to constrain economic growth . The PPP government has made no real effort to persuade its disparate coalition members to accept much - needed monetary policy and tax reforms , because members are simply focused on retaining their seats in the upcoming elections . '' Process ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Pakistan With assistance from the International Foundation for Electoral Systems , the Election Commission of Pakistan ( ECP ) announced the printing of computerised electoral rolls , the first of its kind database which resulted in the elimination of 35 million bogus voters off the list . Schedule ( edit ) 1 August 2012 : The Election Commission of Pakistan announces 2012 general elections would be held on the basis of same old constituencies . December 2012 : The Supreme Court of Pakistan orders delimitation of constituencies and door - to - door verification of voters with the help of Pakistan Army in Karachi . 17 January 2013 : The Election Commission of Pakistan ( ECP ) starts door - to - door verification of voters list . 3 February 2013 : President Asif Ali Zardari announced the date for the general elections in the country , between 8 and 14 March 2013 . 31 March 2013 : Last date to submit the candidates ' papers . Caretaker government ( edit ) Following the recommendations in Article 224 ( Clauses 1A - 1B ) of the constitution of Pakistan , there arose a need to form a caretaker government to operate in the interim period between the normal dissolution of parliament , facilitating the election process , until a new government was formed after the election results were known . To this effect , prime minister Pervez Ashraf wrote a letter to the opposition leader Nisar Ali Khan , requesting him to propose names of persons for appointment as the caretaker prime minister . The Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) ( PML - N ) , Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan ( JI ) , Pakistan Tehrik - i - Insaaf ( PTI ) and Jamiat Ulema - i - Islam ( JUI - F ) all agreed on the name of retired senior justice Nasir Aslam Zahid as the caretaker PM until the elections take place . After a failure to achieve a consensus between the PPP government and the opposition , the matter was forwarded to a parliamentary committee of four members from both the government and the opposition . Under the provision of Article 224 - A ( Clause 3 ) of the constitution , the Election Commission announced the appointment of retired Federal Shariat Court chief justice Mir Hazar Khan Khoso on 24 March 2013 in a press conference held by chief election commissioner Fakhruddin G Ebrahim . Consequently , Khoso was sworn into office as the caretaker prime minister on 25 March 2013 , while his caretaker federal cabinet was sworn into office on 2 April 2013 . Registered voters ( edit ) Following is the final list of registered voters in each district of Pakistan who are eligible to cast their vote . The total number of registered voters for the election were 76,194,802 . The province of Punjab had the highest number of registered voters . In cities , five districts of Karachi which form the city of Karachi had a total of 7,171,237 registered voters ; more than total voters of the province of Balochistan and more than any other city or district in Pakistan . In Balochistan , due to sparse population , some National Assembly seats were shared by two or three districts . ( show ) Province District No. of Voters Seat No Balochistan Awaran 56,387 NA - 270 Balochistan Barkhan 55,327 NA - 263 Balochistan Chagai 66,836 NA - 260 Balochistan Dera Bugti 63,953 NA - 265 Balochistan Gwadar 93,650 NA - 272 Balochistan Harnai 33,140 NA - 265 Balochistan Jaffarabad 247,316 NA - 266 Balochistan Jhal Magsi 44,533 NA - 267 Balochistan Kachhi ( Bolan ) 103,108 NA - 267 Balochistan Kalat 104,445 NA - 268 Balochistan Kech 173,972 NA - 272 Balochistan Kharan 45,176 NA - 271 Balochistan Khuzdar 165,593 NA - 269 Balochistan Killa Abdullah 184,832 NA - 262 Balochistan Killa Saifullah 88,424 NA - 264 Balochistan Kohlu 38,624 NA - 265 Balochistan Lasbela 182,697 NA - 270 Balochistan Loralai 107,028 NA - 263 Balochistan Mastung 80,118 NA - 268 Balochistan Musakhel 51,864 NA - 263 Balochistan Nasirabad 162,349 NA - 266 Balochistan Nushki 61,878 NA - 260 Balochistan Panjgur 74,751 NA - 271 Balochistan Pishin 196,859 NA - 261 Balochistan Quetta 559,939 NA - 259 Balochistan Sherani 31,837 NA - 264 Balochistan Sibi 75,832 NA - 265 Balochistan Washuk 38,171 NA - 271 Balochistan Zhob 96,278 NA - 264 Balochistan Ziarat 51,742 NA - 261 BALOCHISTAN TOTAL 3,336,659 NA - 259 to NA - 272 FATA Bajaur Agency 353,554 NA - 43 , NA - 44 FATA F.R. Bannu 9,482 NA - 47 FATA F.R.D.I. Khan 22,269 NA - 47 FATA F.R. Kohat 41,070 NA - 47 FATA F.R. Lakki Marwat 9,939 NA - 47 FATA F.R. Peshawar 23,371 NA - 47 FATA F.R. Tank 15,581 NA - 47 FATA Khyber Agency 336,763 NA - 45 , NA - 46 FATA Kurram Agency 262,021 NA - 37 , NA - 38 FATA Mohmand Agency 177,244 NA - 36 FATA North Waziristan Agency 160,666 NA - 40 FATA Orakzai Agency 125,687 NA - 39 FATA South Waziristan Agency 200,666 NA - 41 , NA - 42 FATA TOTAL 1,738,313 NA - 36 to NA - 47 Federal Area Islamabad 625,964 NA - 48 , NA - 49 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abbottabad 675,188 NA - 17 , NA - 18 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bannu 444,059 NA - 26 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Batagram 204,980 NA - 22 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Buner 360,019 NA - 28 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Charsadda 704,680 NA - 7 , NA - 8 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chitral 206,909 NA - 32 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa D.I. Khan 606,959 NA - 24 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Hangu 214,703 NA - 16 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Haripur 531,866 NA - 19 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Karak 315,087 NA - 15 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat 409,372 NA - 14 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohistan 127,015 NA - 23 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Lakki Marwat 330,274 NA - 27 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Lower Dir 541,565 NA - 34 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Malakand 311,172 NA - 35 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mansehra 742,674 NA - 20 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mardan 987,122 NA - 9 , NA - 10 , NA - 11 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Nowshera 619,914 NA - 5 , NA - 6 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar 1,393,144 NA - 1 , NA - 2 , NA - 3 , NA - 4 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Shangla 296,722 NA - 31 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Swabi 714,454 NA - 12 , NA - 13 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Swat 981,823 NA - 29 , NA - 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tank 150,585 NA - 25 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tor Ghar 64,867 NA - 21 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Upper Dir 331,004 NA - 33 KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA TOTAL 12,266,157 NA - 1 to NA - 35 Punjab Attock 1,022,180 NA - 57 , NA - 58 , NA - 59 Punjab Bahawalnagar 1,264,077 NA - 188 , NA - 189 , NA - 190 , NA - 191 Punjab Bahawalpur 1,522,061 NA - 183 , NA - 184 , NA - 185 , NA - 186 , NA - 187 Punjab Bhakkar 711,837 NA - 73 , NA - 74 Punjab Chakwal 929,747 NA - 60 , NA - 61 Punjab Chiniot 602,290 NA - 86 , NA - 87 , NA - 88 Punjab Dera Ghazi Khan 1,052,720 NA - 171 , NA - 172 , NA - 173 Punjab Faisalabad 3,622,748 NA - 75 , NA - 76 , NA - 77 , NA - 78 , NA - 79 , NA - 80 , NA - 81 , NA - 82 , NA - 83 , NA - 84 , NA - 85 Punjab Gujranwala 2,273,141 NA - 95 , NA - 96 , NA - 97 , NA - 98 , NA - 99 , NA - 100 , NA - 101 Punjab Gujrat 1,581,402 NA - 104 , NA - 105 , NA - 106 , NA - 107 Punjab Hafizabad 543,646 NA - 102 , NA - 103 Punjab Jhang 1,145,415 NA - 89 , NA - 90 , NA - 91 Punjab Jhelum 783,571 NA - 62 , NA - 63 Punjab Kasur 1,463,575 NA - 138 , NA - 139 , NA - 140 , NA - 141 , NA - 142 Punjab Khanewal 1,301,926 NA - 156 , NA - 157 , NA - 158 , NA - 159 Punjab Khushab 680,471 NA - 69 , NA - 70 Punjab Lahore 4,410,095 NA - 118 , NA - 119 , NA - 120 , NA - 121 , NA - 122 , NA - 123 , NA - 124 , NA - 125 , NA - 126 , NA - 127 , NA - 128 , NA - 129 , NA - 130 Punjab Layyah 736,509 NA - 181 , NA - 182 Punjab Lodhran 727,177 NA - 154 , NA - 155 Punjab Mandi Bahauddin 815,154 NA - 108 , NA - 109 Punjab Mianwali 757,191 NA - 71 , NA - 72 Punjab Multan 2,110,177 NA - 148 , NA - 149 , NA - 150 , NA - 151 , NA - 152 , NA - 153 Punjab Muzaffargarh 1,681,436 NA - 176 , NA - 177 , NA - 178 , NA - 179 , NA - 180 Punjab Nankana Sahib 623,625 NA - 135 , NA - 136 , NA - 137 Punjab Narowal 792,379 NA - 115 , NA - 116 , NA - 117 Punjab Okara 1,396,811 NA - 143 , NA - 144 , NA - 145 , NA - 146 , NA - 147 Punjab Pakpattan 823,478 NA - 164 , NA - 165 , NA - 166 Punjab Rahim Yar Khan 1,904,615 NA - 192 , NA - 193 , NA - 194 , NA - 195 , NA - 196 , NA - 197 Punjab Rajanpur 724,286 NA - 174 , NA - 175 Punjab Rawalpindi 2,645,608 NA - 50 , NA - 51 , NA - 52 , NA - 53 , NA - 54 , NA - 55 , NA - 56 Punjab Sahiwal 1,190,424 NA - 160 , NA - 161 , NA - 162 , NA - 163 Punjab Sargodha 1,861,804 NA - 64 , NA - 65 , NA - 66 , NA - 67 , NA - 68 Punjab Sheikhupura 1,341,341 NA - 131 , NA - 132 , NA - 133 , NA - 134 Punjab Sialkot 1,841,347 NA - 110 , NA - 111 , NA - 112 , NA - 113 , NA - 114 Punjab Toba Tek Singh 1,089,508 NA - 92 , NA - 93 , NA - 94 Punjab Vehari 1,285,562 NA - 167 , NA - 168 , NA - 169 , NA - 170 PUNJAB TOTAL 49,259,334 NA - 50 to NA - 197 Sindh Badin 639,314 NA - 224 , NA - 225 Sindh Dadu 609,609 NA - 231 , NA - 232 , NA - 233 Sindh Ghotki 568,065 NA - 200 , NA - 201 Sindh Hyderabad 923,140 NA - 218 , NA - 219 , NA - 220 , NA - 221 Sindh Jacobabad 394,557 NA - 208 , NA - 209 , NA - 210 Sindh Jamshoro 369,424 NA - 231 Sindh Kambar - Shahdadkot 508,062 NA - 206 Sindh Karachi Central 1,632,487 NA - 244 , NA - 245 , NA - 246 , NA - 247 Sindh Karachi East 2,093,898 NA - 253 , NA - 254 , NA - 255 , NA - 256 Sindh Karachi South 1,131,376 NA - 248 , NA - 249 , NA - 250 , NA - 251 , NA - 252 Sindh Karachi West 1,493,055 NA - 239 , NA - 240 , NA - 241 , NA - 242 , NA - 243 Sindh Karachi Malir 820,421 NA - 257 , NA - 258 Sindh Kashmore 353,616 NA - 210 Sindh Khairpur 838,502 NA - 215 , NA - 216 , NA - 217 Sindh Larkana 585,519 NA - 204 , NA - 205 , NA - 207 Sindh Matiari 300,486 NA - 223 Sindh Mirpur Khas 585,262 NA - 226 , NA - 227 Sindh Naushahro Feroze 600,090 NA - 211 , NA - 212 Sindh Sanghar 793,397 NA - 234 , NA - 235 , NA - 236 Sindh Shaheed Benazirabad 668,193 NA - 213 , NA - 214 Sindh Shikarpur 488,878 NA - 202 , NA - 203 Sindh Sukkur 527,635 NA - 198 , NA - 199 Sindh Tando Allahyar 286,956 NA - 223 Sindh Tando Muhammad Khan 230,554 NA - 222 Sindh Tharparkar 471,831 NA - 229 , NA - 230 Sindh Thatta 663,543 NA - 237 , NA - 238 Sindh Umerkot 385,505 NA - 228 SINDH TOTAL 18,963,375 NA - 198 to NA - 258 PAKISTAN TOTAL 86,194,802 Campaign ( edit ) Party leader Most recent position of party leader Seats won Popular vote Status after election Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister of Pakistan ( November 1990 to July 1993 Then from February 1997 to October 1999 And then June 2013 to July 2017 125 14,794,188 In Government Asif Ali Zardari 11th President of Pakistan ( 2008 -- 2013 ) 31 6,822,958 In Opposition Imran Khan Chairman of Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( 1995 -- present ) 27 7,563,504 In Opposition With the announcement of the care - taker government , campaigning from parties -- including the PPP , PML ( N ) and PTI -- started as early as 27 March , six weeks ahead of the 11 May election date . Observers noted that different parties stressed on different interest groups -- PTI on the disaffected youth , PML - N on the centre - right constituency , PPP on liberal classes and rural Sindhis , and MQM on Karachi - based muhajirs. Power shortages were another issue in the election campaign . Pakistan Peoples party ( edit ) Main articles : New Left , Socialism in Pakistan , and Centre - left The PPP is a socialist party , advocating for Social democracy and Marxist economics . Founded in 1968 , the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) is a centre - left and left oriented party , with a mainstream agenda of promoting socialist economics and social justice . The PPP announced that Bilawal Zardari would be its candidate for the next Prime Minister , though Zardari was still too young to become Prime Minister . Article 62 of the Constitution clearly states that the Prime Minister must be a person who is `` not less than twenty - five years of age and is enrolled as a voter in any electoral roll for election to the seat '' . Zardari was not 25 until September 2013 . On 5 May 2013 , it was revealed that Zardari had left Pakistan for Dubai and would not be present at all on election day . He unexpectedly left the country and would not be addressing any party rallies or meetings . The PPP also announced that he would not return until after the elections are over . The PPP 's campaign was led by Amin Fahim , accompanied by notable leftist activists such as Taj Haider , Aitzaz Ahsan , Raza Rabbani , and Yousaf Gillani . The PPP ran two different political programmes during the election campaign : `` Massawat '' ( lit . Egalitarianism ) and `` People 's Employment Programme '' for the youth voters , and also its vintage `` Roti Kapda Aur Makaan ( lit . Bread , Cloth , House ) slogan . The PPP highlighted its implementation of the nationalization and welfare programs that were launched in 2008 . In addition , the PPP greatly supported awareness of industrial and labor rights , importance of higher education in the country , promotion of social economics , a foreign policy of building relations with Russia and Eastern Europe , counterterrorism legislation , efforts to reduce gas shortages in the country . Generally , the PPP 's main focused was on gathering its support from Sindh . In a critical editorial in the English - language newspaper , The Nation , the PPP neglected to highlight the prevailing issue of energy conservation to reduce the repeated cycle of loadshedding in the country . Soon after the PM 's last address on 16 March 2013 , TV carried live broadcasts from the streets of Lahore and Karachi , where the public mood was one of anger over corruption , the bad economy , and faulty public services . The reaction of political analysts was mixed , with many holding massive corruption and nepotism as the reasons for the government 's perceived failures . Even in his televised address , while trumpeting the occasion , PM Raja P Ashraf quietly conceded that his government had also been a source of disappointment for many . Public resentment had been fed by an endless list of problems : enduring power shortages ( up to 18 hours a day at the peak of summer ) ; the failure to curb terrorist attacks , protect religious minorities and formulate a coherent anti-terrorism strategy ; slow and weak response to the floods ; sluggish economic growth , a bloated public sector , cresting inflation ; and tales of legendary corruption , carving out private fortunes from a treasury to which they scandalously paid little in tax . Many Pakistanis , particularly among the urban middle classes , were looking to the next elections with relief . In Karachi and other parts of the country , the PPP also maintained a New Left alliance with the ANP , MQM , and Communist Party against the conservative parties in Sindh . Pakistan Muslim League ( edit ) Main articles : New Right , Centre - right , and Conservatism in Pakistan The Pakistan Muslim League , a centre - right conservative party , began its campaign on terminating the energy conservation crises , and also the issues involving the national security , economic development , higher education , immigration , and taxation reforms . The campaign was led by Nawaz Sharif , who emphasis the success of the privatisation to alleviate youth employment and small businesses , introducing policies for the environmental preservation , building motorways , counterterrorism legislation , economic liberalisation , improvement of the public transportation in all over the country , and then the decision of authorising the nuclear - testing programme in 1998 . Over several days , Sharif delivered speeches and visited in all over the country for the support , promising that : `` Just like the nuclear blasts , conducted in our last tenure , made us an atomic power , an economic explosion in our next term will turn the country into a commercial powerhouse . '' Furthermore , the PML ( N ) indicated to bring a balance on civil - military relations with the military , through opening a source of political channel to resolve issues . The PML ( N ) ran a political programme which was termed as `` Ilmi aur Maashi Dhamaka '' ( lit . Education and Economic boom ) at the public circles , and gained a lot of public support from all over the Punjab , and the financial support from the business community in Karachi , which proved to be a crucial factor in PML ( N ) 's efforts to gain majority in the elections . After delivering a victory speech on May 2013 , Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister for a third term on 5 June 2013 after receiving vote of confidence in the Parliament . He received 244 votes in the 342 - seat parliament . The PML ( N ) was generally supported by PML ( F ) against the PPP in Sindh and BNP in Balochistan , also against the PPP . Terming it as `` EEE programme '' for Education , Energy , Economy , the PML ( N ) popularise its slogan `` Stronger Economy -- Strong Pakistan '' , which was released in 2012 . Addressing to the national via news channels representatives , the PML ( N ) debated that aside from balancing the energy conservation , ending stagflation as well inflation , and resolving the issues relating to counter-terrorism and national security , its quick economic recovery programmes is also aimed to increase the expenditure on education , health , food security , and `` non-pension '' social security from the annual GDP by 2018 , as part of the policy measurement programmes . Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( edit ) Main article : Third Way The Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) is a conservative and welfarist political party a mainstream political programme of supporting the `` Third Way '' and `` welfarism '' . In the midst of election campaign , the PTI 's chairman , Imran Khan , called for an inter-party elections for the leadership of the PTI . Many renowned individuals were defeated in the intra-party elections , such as Arif Alvi who was replaced by Pervez Khattak as secretary - general and Ejaz Chaudhary who defeated Ahsan Rasheed . Imran informed the media that no - one from his party will be eligible to hold the post of the party chairman for more than two terms . Motives behind this inter-party elections were to will ultimately finish off the `` dynasty - type , family limited companies politics '' from the country , as Imran Khan maintained . The PTI rigorously campaigned on social awareness , social reforms , telecommunication , and the expansion of the e-government in all over the country . Other main points of PTI 's campaign was to end the role of country in the War on Terrorism and to regulate private schools ' fees structure with the quality of education they provide . The PTI targeted the left - wing policies of PPP and the corruption that took place in state - owned enterprises after underwent through the nationalisation programme , started in 2008 by the PPP . During a campaign rally in Lahore , Imran fell 14 ft as he was stepping off an improvised forklift . He was seen to be bleeding and unconscious with a gash on his head . He was then taken to Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital where Imran was treated for two fractures to his spinal column . During the election process , the PTI was also leading a religio - political alliance , consisting of Jamaat - e-Islami and the Shia minority MWM . Pervez Musharraf ( edit ) On 24 March 2013 , former President Pervez Musharraf returned from self - imposed exile to lead the liberal APML and to run in the election despite threats from the far - right and extremist Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan ( TTP ) on his life , similar to the return of Benazir Bhutto , who was assassinated shortly after returning . On immediate basis , Musharraf 's candidature was rejected from his home town of Karachi on the grounds that he violated the Constitution and that he had sacked senior judges during his presidency . Electoral returning officer Ikramur Rehman upheld the objections by his rivals . The liberal PML ( Q ) official , Afzal Agha , said `` this is a biased decision . '' He was also rejected from the Kasur -- a rural town in Punjab . However , he was later approved in the Chitral , also a rural town in Khyber -- Pathtunkwa . On 8 April 2013 , the Supreme Court issued a summon to be appear over in the apex court to face charges of treason and barred him from leaving the country . On 16 April , an appeal for his approval from Chitral decided by a court in the provincial capital of Peshawar in which he was barred on the grounds that he violated the constitution by imposing emergency rule in 2007 . His lawyer said that he would appeal to the Supreme Court . He was also ordered to be kept under house arrest for two weeks . On 23 April , He appeared at a Rawalpindi court under tight security on charges relating to the assassination of Benazir Bhutto . On 25 April , he was formally arrested for the same charge . The Peshawar High Court then banned him for life from taking part in politics activities . Chief Justice Dost Mohammad Khan said : `` The former dictator ( Musharraf ) had ordered senior judges and their families be put under house arrest and twice abrogated the country 's constitution . '' In reaction to the ban , a party spokeswoman for the All Pakistan Muslim League said that it would boycott the election . He was granted US $20,000 bail on 20 May . Violence ( edit ) Pre-election violence ( edit ) The extremist terrorist organisation , the Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan ( TTP ) , claimed the responsibility for two bombings at the offices of independent candidates on 28 April . In Kohat , the TTP bombed left - wing ANP 's Nasir Khan Afridi 's office which killed six and critically wounded others . In the suburbs of Peshawar , a device bomb at killed three people . The next day , at least eight people , including the son of Afghani cleric Qazi Amin Waqad , were killed and 45 others were wounded in a suicide attack in Peshawar . The bomb had targeted Sahibzada Anees , a senior city administrator , who had just passed the area . Hilal was a part of the Afghan High Peace Council and was organising a meeting of Afghan and Pakistani religious scholars to oppose militancy . All political parties condemned the attack . The same day , at a Karachi press conference the leaders of the left - wing parties -- the PPP , MQM and ANP -- said that the attacks would not stop them from participating in the election . ANP 's Secretary - General , Bashir Jan , said that his party had previously made sacrifices in relations to the 2012 assassination of Bashir Bilour , the former party leader . His statement followed an explosion that wounded three children near the election office of Mohammad Ahmed Khan , the ANP candidate from Charsadda in Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa . On 2 May , a bomb exploded outside the MQM headquarters in which seven people were injured . On 4 May , at least three people were killed and 34 others were wounded when two bombs targeted the election office of the MQM in the Azeezabad area of Karachi . In a rally in Kurram Valley , at least 15 people were dead and over 50 injured at a JUI ( F ) rally for candidates Munir Orakzai and Ain - u-Dun Shakir . The rally was part of the faction led by Fazal - ur - Rehman . The latter was slightly wounded . Armed skirmishes and tensions also flared near the Afghanistan -- Pakistan border . On 9 May , the son of former Prime Minister Yousef Raza Gilani , Ali Haider Gilani , was abducted following a gunfight at a rally in Multan that killed his personal secretary . Election day violence ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Pakistan election day bombings Scattered gun and bomb attacks marred an otherwise celebratory day in a nation mired in economic crisis and locked in a fight with a virulent native Taliban insurgency . By the time polls closed in the evening , at least 20 people had died in attacks , the most serious targeting a pro-US political party in the southern port city of Karachi . The violence , which included blasts outside a political office in Karachi that left 10 dead , capped a bloody election season . More than 130 people have been killed in bombings and shootings over the campaign , prompting some to call this one of the deadliest votes in the country 's history . Several bombs were reportedly defused before voting began on Saturday morning , according to al - Jazeera . No one had so far taken the responsibility for the attacks , except for the initial two blasts in the coastal city of Karachi , claimed by TTP . Opinion polls ( edit ) `` `` Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf to play important role in next government . '' '' -- Najam Sethi , 2013 Various polls were conducted by different organisations , all of which show inconsistencies and different results . In March 2013 , a survey by Heinrich Böll Foundation showed that 29 % of the people surveyed would support the Pakistan Peoples Party , the highest nummain opposition party , 39 % would support the Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) , led by former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . Another 20 % supported the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) led by former cricketer Imran Khan . According to a survey conducted by Gallup Pakistan and PILDAT the Pakistan Muslim League topped the list on voting intention score in Punjab , followed by the PPP and the PTI respectively . The February 2013 political forecast is based on a nationwide poll of approximately 9,660 voters in 300 villages and urban localities . The voting intention score of PML - N stands at 63 % in North and Central Punjab , 69 % in Western Punjab and 49 % in Southern Punjab , shows the survey . According to the consolidated findings of two nationwide polls on voting intentions , conducted by IRI and Gallup Pakistan respectively during past three months , the front runner in Pakistan 's elections scheduled in mid-2013 is the PML - N. The PTI , according to the survey , is making deep inroads in Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa where it has surpassed every other player by a 30 % score . `` `` Pakistan Peoples Party to emerge victorious on basis of performance . '' '' -- Qamar Zaman Kaira , 2013 Senior political analyst , Najam Sethi said , Nawaz Sharif held public meetings and rallies in every nook and corner of the country while Shahbaz Sharif completed development projects in Punjab which attracted politicians from the other parties . Sethi said that the 3 % raise in the popularity graph of the PPP was made possible due to Asif Ali Zardari 's efforts who gathered many such politicians as used to oppose him . He said the popularity of both the parties increased due to the revival of the traditional politics and the same was the cause of decrease in popularity of unorthodox politicians like Imran Khan . However , Imran Khan 's next public meetings would help him a lot , Sethi predicted , saying that the PTI leader 's graph would go up after public rallies in Lahore and Peshawar and the party would play an important role in formation of the next government . Support based on generation gap ( edit ) Main article : Generation gap The survey 's findings indicate that the PTI 's support is derived from all age groups -- 22.9 per cent of those between 18 and 35 years , 18.6 per cent of those between 36 and 50 years , 18.4 per cent of those between 51 and 70 years and 7.7 of those above 70 years support the PTI , dispelling the notion that its vote bank is rooted in the younger generation . The highest proportion of those aged between 36 and 50 years ( 32.5 per cent ) indicate a preference for the PPP . Similarly , 46.2 per cent of those aged over 70 expressed a preference for the PML ( N ) . Compared with respondents ' voting histories , the PML ( N ) 's vote bank appears to have remained stagnant while the PPP 's seems to have declined significantly . It appears that the PTI has a stronger urban base , while a higher proportion of rural respondents indicated that they would vote for either the PPP or the PML ( N ) in the upcoming elections . Voting trends by ethnicity ( edit ) Predictably , the highest level of support for the ruling Pakistan Peoples Party was pledged by Sindhis , 55 % of whom said they would vote for the PPP in the upcoming elections . This was followed by Seraiki - speakers at 46 % . Around ~ 44 % of Hindko - speakers said they intend to vote for the Pakistan Muslim League , closely followed by Punjabi people at 43 % . The same proportion of Hindko - speakers -- 44 % -- also expressed an intention to vote for the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf , indicating a close contest between the two parties ( PMLN and PTI ) within that particular demographic . It is worth noting that while 34 % of Pakhtuns stated that they would vote for Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf , only 11 % expressed support for the Awami National Party ( ANP ) . 47 % of Balochis said that they would vote for the Balochistan National Party . Support based on household income ( edit ) On average , approximately a third of those earning up to 30,000 rupees each month indicated a preference for the Pakistan Peoples Party whereas , among those earning more than 30,000 rupees , support for the party dropped to 10.8 percent . This is in keeping with the party 's traditional pro-poor image . No such trend could be determined for the Pakistan Muslim League , whose level of support remained similar across all income levels . Those earning in excess of 250,000 rupees each month ( the highest identified income bracket in the survey ) expressed the maximum intention to vote for either the Muttahida Qaumi Movement ( MQM ) or the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf , at 33 per cent each . While this figure may appear anomalistic in the MQM 's case -- support for the party within the second highest income bracket ( those earning between 100,000 and 250,000 rupees each month ) was only four per cent -- it was possible to identify a rough direct trend between level of income and support for the PTI . In general , it appeared that support for smaller parties declined with increasing levels of income . International monitor recommendations ( edit ) The National Democratic Institution have stated the elections will be a `` historical transition . '' An NDI assessment mission -- consisting of Canada 's former prime minister Joe Clark , former Indonesian House of Representatives member Nursanita Nasution , Chatham House senior fellow Xenia Dormandy and NDI Asia programmes director Peter Manikas -- released its findings at a press briefing in Islamabad after its observation of Pakistan 's political framework . The mission visited Pakistan from 16 to 21 December and met with election authorities , government officials , party leaders , media and citizen monitoring groups . Joe Clark commended the co-operation of all parties , especially in adopting measures to bring the Federally Administered Tribal Areas under the political umbrella . Clark stated that the 18th Amendment to the constitution reflects the parliament 's integrity and commitment towards a fair democratic handover . Nursanita Nasution highlighted the need to address the rights of women in the polling process so that `` fear and intimidation in high - risk areas such as Baluchistan , FATA , Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa and Karachi '' would not strip women of the opportunity to vote . Xenia Dormandy suggested `` improving accessibility and adjusting locations '' of women polling stations closer to those for men so that they could travel with the men in their families to vote . Sandra Houston , Regional Director of NDI , stated `` We are impressed with the cooperation of all the stakeholders in assuring a smooth transition , '' sharing that voters have been registered with Computerised National Identity Cards and biometrics including photographs where possible . European Union ( edit ) The European Union offered to send its observers to Pakistan 's elections , in a bid to ensure a `` peaceful , credible '' vote that will be `` acceptable '' to all . `` The EU looks forward to upcoming elections that are peaceful , credible , transparent , inclusive and acceptable to the Pakistani people , '' EU foreign ministers said released after talks . The 27 - nation bloc `` is ready to assist by deploying an election observation mission , as a tangible sign of our support for the democratic process , '' the statement added . The ministers also said they looked forward to re-energizing ties with the next government and hoped quick contacts could lead to a third EU - Pakistan summit . Pakistan responded by saying it will welcome a European Union election observation mission during the forthcoming general elections. `` Yes , we will welcome the observation mission '' , foreign secretary Jalil Abbas Jilani said . A 110 - member team from the European Union will observe Pakistan 's elections . The European Union High Representative and Vice-President of the European Commission , Ms. Catherine Ashton , has decided to authorise a European Union Election Observation Mission ( EOM ) to observe the elections . A member of the European Parliament will lead the 2013 EU EOM as its Chief Observer . The EU EOM team will include observers , experts , election analysts , political analysts , legal analysts , human rights analysts , media analysts and others . On the basis of special agreements with the EU , observers from Norway , Switzerland and Canada are also part of the EOM . Some members will be deployed well in advance of election day , while others will be deployed at least ten days prior to the election day . The observers will assess aspects of the election process , nomination of candidates , election campaign , counting , tabulation , announcement of official results and complaints ' procedures , and will cover pre-election preparations , election - day itself and the post-electoral period . The observers will follow the political campaign and hold regular meetings with representatives of election management bodies , political parties , candidates and civil society groups . United States ( edit ) The US Ambassador to Pakistan Richard Olsen stated that the United States applauds democratic tendencies in Pakistan , expressing hopes that free and fair general elections would lead to peaceful transfer of authority from one civilian government to successor dispensation . Completion of the current term by a democratically elected government will be a milestone in Pakistan 's history . A US delegation consisting of Senator Carl Levin , US Ambassador to Pakistan Richard Olsen and Armed Services Committee Senator Jack Reed visited Pakistan on 8 January for talks with Prime Minister Raja Pervaiz Ashraf . The delegation stated that not only the US , but the world would observe the general election with great interest . The Centre for American Progress published a report called `` Previewing Pakistan 's 2013 Elections '' whose author , Colin Cookman , writes that the United States should work with , and not attempt to control Pakistan 's internal political processes . The report also warns that whoever wins the elections should try to resolve the problems the country faces or be prepared to face accountability . Cookman states that `` only Pakistanis themselves are capable of establishing a more stable , democratic system capable of balancing diverse interest groups and effectively addressing the country 's challenges . '' It encourages the US to make efforts to support Pakistan 's democratic evolution and the success of its upcoming elections . Such efforts should include a public commitment to neutrality and respect for the electoral processes , coupled with support for an international observation mission . It also urges US diplomatic and military officials to continue to engage with a broad array of Pakistani civilian leaders and military officials , while making it clear that the United States `` does not favour any specific electoral outcome and strongly opposes any disruption of the constitutional process or intervention during the caretaker period . '' US officials have denied the general perception in Pakistan that the US government wants to influence the electoral process in Pakistan to bring in a friendly government . US Secretary of State John Kerry skipped a planned visit to Pakistan to avoid accusations of meddling in the 11 May elections . Spokesperson Victoria Nuland stated that the message the United States wants to send out during the election season is `` we have no favourites among Pakistani politicians and we are looking forward to work with whoever is elected on May 11 . '' Secretary Kerry 's decision to skip Pakistan during his South Asia visit is an indication of Washington 's eagerness to maintain neutrality during the elections . Results ( edit ) ↓ 166 42 35 99 PMLN PPP PTI other Statistics and database collected and published by the Election Commission ( EC ) , approximately ~ 86.9 million Pakistanis were registered to vote . Overall , the Voter turnout was 55.02 % , the highest since 1970 and 1977 . The Election Commission results were broadcast by news channels announcing that the PML ( N ) had emerged as the largest party , winning four times as many seats as its nearest competitor , the PPP . Though , it fell short for a supermajority in the Parliament . The PML - N ranks were boosted into an overall majority by 19 independent winning candidates who switched allegiance to the PML - N. The PPP emerged as the second largest party , with 45 seats , and the PTI , with 33 seats , emerged as third largest party . A supporter of PMLN in NA 49 Islamabad , in Model Town Hummak , on the roof of a car rising his party flag and announcing the triumph of his party in that area National Assembly ( edit ) See also : List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan Party Vote % Seats General Women Minorities Total + / -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 14,874,104 32.77 126 34 6 166 Pakistan Peoples Party 6,911,218 15.23 33 8 42 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 7,679,954 16.92 28 6 35 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 2,456,153 5.41 19 24 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam ( F ) 1,461,371 3.22 11 15 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 1,409,905 3.11 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 1,072,846 2.36 5 0 6 Jamaat - e-Islami 963,909 2.12 0 Awami National Party 453,057 1.00 0 0 Mutahida Deeni Mahaz 360,297 0.79 0 0 0 0 Pakhtun - khwa Milli Awami Party 214,631 0.47 0 National Peoples Party 197,829 0.44 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 128,510 0.28 0 0 Bahawalpur National Awami Party 113,365 0.25 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulama - e-Islam Nazryati 103,098 0.23 0 0 0 0 Awami Muslim League 93,046 0.20 0 0 Sindh United Party 82,634 0.18 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Tahaffuz - e-Pakistan 76,358 0.17 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( J ) 71,773 0.16 0 0 0 0 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan 71,175 0.16 0 0 Jamiat Ulema - e-Pakistan 67,966 0.15 0 0 0 0 Balochistan National Party 63,979 0.14 0 0 National Party ( Pakistan ) 61,148 0.13 0 0 All Pakistan Muslim League 54,231 0.12 0 0 Pakistan National Muslim League 52,398 0.12 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Peoples Party ( Shaheed Bhutto ) 50,046 0.11 0 0 0 0 Qaumi Watan Party 46,574 0.10 0 0 Tehreek - e-Suba Hazara 43,265 0.10 0 0 0 0 Majlis - e-Wahdat - e-Muslimeen 41,520 0.09 0 0 0 0 Sunni Ittehad Council 37,732 0.08 0 0 0 0 Sunni Tehreek 25,485 0.06 0 0 0 0 Sindh Taraqi Passand Party 23,397 0.05 0 0 0 0 Qoumi Wattan Party 19,253 0.04 0 0 0 0 Awami Workers Party 18,650 0.04 0 0 0 0 Balochistan National Party ( Awami ) 12,866 0.03 0 0 0 0 Hazara Democratic Party 11,052 0.02 0 0 0 0 Mohajir Qaumi Movement 10,575 0.02 0 0 0 0 Jamote Qaumi Movement 10,468 0.02 0 0 0 0 Saraiki Party 5,236 0.01 0 0 0 0 Kissan Ittehad 4,367 0.01 0 0 0 0 Falah Party 4,207 0.01 0 0 0 0 Awami Justice Party 3,803 0.01 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Justice Party 3,230 0.01 0 0 0 0 Islamli Tehreek 2,694 0.01 0 0 0 0 Christian Progressive Movement 2,523 0.01 0 0 0 0 Mohib - e-Wattan Nowjawan Inqilabion Ki Anjuman 2,503 0.01 0 0 0 0 Mutahidda Qabil Party 2,399 0.01 0 0 0 0 Qaumi Tahaffaz Party 2,202 0.00 0 0 0 0 Mustaqbil Pakistan 2,052 0.00 0 0 0 0 Sairkistan Qaumi Ittehad 1,890 0.00 0 0 0 0 Seraiki Sooba Movement 1,797 0.00 0 0 0 0 Awami Workers Party 1,657 0.00 0 0 0 0 Jamhoori Wattan Party 1,632 0.00 0 0 0 0 Karwan - i - Millat 1,412 0.00 0 0 0 0 Jannat Pakistan Party 1,269 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehreek Tabdili Nizam 1,164 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( SB ) 1,063 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Insani Haqook Party 989 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Patriotic Movement 948 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( S ) 890 0.00 0 0 0 0 Markazi Jamiat Mushaikh 833 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Conservative Party 794 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Istehkaam 651 0.00 0 0 0 0 Islamic Republican Party 631 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Tehrek - e-Inqalab 593 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Ittehad Ummat 583 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pak Justice Party 537 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Freedom Party 502 0.00 0 0 0 0 Roshan Pakistan Muhaibban Wattan Party 493 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( H ) 472 0.00 0 0 0 0 Mutahida Baloch Movement 471 0.00 0 0 0 0 Menecracy Action Party 447 0.00 0 0 0 0 Awami Himayat Tehreek 330 0.00 0 0 0 0 Islami Inqalab Party 274 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Human Rights Party 266 0.00 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulama - e-Islam ( S ) 258 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Gharib Party 256 0.00 0 0 0 0 Sindh Dost Ittehad Party 250 0.00 0 0 0 0 Istehkaam - e-Pakistan 240 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pak Wattan Party 220 0.00 0 0 0 0 Istiqlal Party 218 0.00 0 0 0 0 Hazara Awami Ittehad 214 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan National Democratic Party 191 0.00 0 0 0 0 Communist Party of Pakistan 191 0.00 0 0 0 0 Ghareeb Awam Party 174 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( M ) 172 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) 152 0.00 0 0 0 0 Afgan Qomi Movement 152 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Brohi Party 149 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muhajir League 134 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muhafiz Watan Party 126 0.00 0 0 0 0 Azad Pakistan Party 116 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Zehri ) 101 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehrik - e-Masawaat 99 0.00 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Bayrozgar Party 89 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Aman Party 71 0.00 0 0 0 0 Mutthuda Majlis - e-Amal 69 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Motherland Party 68 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( H ) 64 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Qaumi Party 55 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Islami Justice Party 54 0.00 0 0 0 0 Tehreek - e-Wafaq 48 0.00 0 0 0 0 Salam Pakistan Party 34 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aap Janab Sarkar Party 30 0.00 0 0 0 0 Jamiat Ulma - e-Pakistan ( Niazi ) 27 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Muhammadi Party 24 0.00 0 0 0 0 Aalay Kalam Ullah Farman Rasool 15 0.00 0 0 0 0 All Pakistan Youth Working Party 14 0.00 0 0 0 0 Punjab National Party 13 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami Quwat Party 9 0.00 0 0 0 0 Pakistan Awami Inqalab 7 0.00 0 0 0 0 Independents 5,880,658 12.96 27 0 0 27 Repoll ordered -- -- -- -- Postponed / terminated / withheld -- -- 5 -- 6 Total 45,388,404 100 272 60 10 342 Registered voters / turnout 84,207,524 55.02 -- -- -- -- -- Source : ECP ( elected seats ) , ECP ( minority seats ) , ECP ( women seats ) , ECP ( votes ) Following the elections , 19 independents joined PML ( N ) . Provincial Assemblies ( edit ) Party Punjab Sindh Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 214 8 12 Pakistan Peoples Party 6 69 0 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 24 39 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 0 34 0 0 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam 0 0 0 13 Pakistan Muslim League ( F ) 0 6 0 0 Jamaat - e-Islami 0 7 Pakhtun - khwa Milli Awami Party 0 0 10 0 National Peoples Party 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 7 0 0 National Party ( Pakistan ) 0 0 6 0 Awami National Party 0 0 5 Balochistan National Party 0 0 0 All Pakistan Muslim League 0 0 0 Pakistan Muslim League ( Z ) 0 0 0 Awami Muslim League 0 0 0 0 Qaumi Watan Party 0 0 0 7 Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan 0 0 0 Bahawalpur National Awami Party 0 0 0 Jamote Qaumi Movement 0 0 0 Majlis - e-Wahdat - e-Muslimeen 0 0 0 Pakistan National Muslim League 0 0 0 Independents 39 6 7 14 Results awaited 8 13 6 0 Elections postponed 0 Total 297 130 51 99 Bye - elections ( edit ) Starting from 22 August 2013 , several rounds of bye - elections were held by Election Commission to fill vacant seats in all constituent assemblies . As of October 2017 , bye - elections have been held for 36 National Assembly seats , 29 Punjab Assembly seats , 19 Sindh Assembly seats , 13 Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa Assembly seats , and 6 Balochistan Assembly seats . The consolidated results are as follows : Party Punjab Sindh Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa National Assembly Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) 22 0 16 Pakistan Peoples Party 13 0 5 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf 5 0 0 5 8 Muttahida Qaumi Movement 0 6 0 0 Jamiat Ulema - e-Islam 0 0 Awami National Party 0 0 0 Pakhtun - khwa Milli Awami Party 0 0 0 0 Jamaat - e-Islami Pakistan 0 0 0 0 Independents 0 0 Total 29 19 6 13 36 Reactions ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) On the night of the elections , the youth supporter , partisans , and lobbyists gathered in Raiwand -- a private residential place of president of the PML , Nawaz Sharif . Speaking to his supporters and media representatives , Nawaz Sharif who was standing with his daughter , ( Maryam Nawaz ) and ( Kulsoom Nawaz ) , he said : Through this vote and campaign , I have felt how much love Pakistan has for me . And I have twice as much love for you . Thank God that he has given us the chance to help you , to help Pakistan , to help the young people . We will fulfill all the promises that we have made . Pray that we can make a government on our own , without compromises or have to lean on anyone else . Because if we have to ask for seats , we can not make a strong government . We forgive anyone who has abused us along the way and we have not cursed anyone . We want to get Pakistan out of trouble . We have a program to change the State of Pakistan . We must make a decision to change this country . To all other parties , I say come and sit at the table . -- Nawaz Sharif , on 11 May 2013 , source The Chief Election Commissioner Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim expressed gratitude to the voters for the record high turnout of 60 % . Secretary of the Election Commission Ishtiaq Ahmed Khan said that the elections were free , fair and transparent and the claims of irregularities will be answered on a case - by - case basis . Even before the result was announced , the PTI conceded defeat . PTI leader Imran Khan congratulated Nawaz Sharif but also demanded recounting in numerous constituencies . MQM leader Altaf Hussain spoke to PML ( N ) . He also called then the ' Punjabis representative party . ' He went on to say that the `` Muslim League ( N ) has emerged victorious in the elections and Nawaz Sharif is a representative leader of the Punjabis . '' His statements were condemned by some in the Pakistani media and from supporters of the PML ( N ) . Military analyst and security expert Talat Masood said : `` This is an ideal and a graceful victory for Sharif . He will form a strong government at the center , which is badly needed to tackle some enormous economic and security challenges . '' President Asif Ali Zardari blamed the poor performance of PPP on a domestic and international conspiracy , as well as domestic terrorism by the Taliban preventing the party from campaigning . Economic ( edit ) Main articles : Karachi Stock Exchange , Lahore Stock Exchange , and Islamabad Stock Exchange The country 's stocks rose to record and the economic indicators performed well in advance of the unofficially determined results in an expectation of PML ( N ) 's win . Upon news of the results , the KSE 100 at the Karachi Stock Exchange crossed the 20,000 mark for the first time on 13 May 2013 . The victory by PML ( N ) in the general election lifted the stock market to an all - time high on 11 -- 13 May , in a sign that investors , which include Goldman Sachs and Mark Mobius of Templeton , were seen as the top foreign investors at the Karachi Stock Exchange on the prospect of further market gains through a stable government . On the day of the elections , the benchmark KSE 100 Index gained 1.8 % , the most since 12 March , ~ 20,272.28 Marks , taking its rally this year to 20.0 % . The MCB Ltd. gained ~ 4.9 % to Rs. 261.60 million , poised for the highest close since May 2008 . The Pakistan State Oil ( PSO ) jumped 5.0 % to Rs. 221.86 million ; the ABL Assets also increased its profit variation to ~ $ 203.0 million . International ( edit ) Supranational bodies European Union -- High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton called the election an `` historic victory '' for democracy in the country . `` I wish to congratulate the people of Pakistan . The 2013 general election marks a historic victory for the democratic life on their country . Despite an extremely difficult security environment and threats from extremists , voters turned out in unprecedented numbers with many Pakistani citizens voting for the first time . All the main stakeholders , in particular the political parties and state institutions , acted in a responsible manner , demonstrating their support for democracy and the holding of the elections . '' United Nations -- Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon congratulated the government and people of Pakistan on the successful conduction of national and provincial elections , hailing the polls , for which millions of voters turned out , as a major democratic step . `` This is the first ever transition from one civilian government to another and a significant step forward for democracy in the country . By exercising their constitutional right to vote , the people of Pakistan have reaffirmed their desire for and commitment to a democratic Pakistan and their respect for the constitution of the country . '' States Afghanistan -- President Hamid Karzai telephoned PML ( N ) leader Nawaz Sharif and congratulated him on his party triumph in the general elections . The Afghan President also expressed well wishes for Nawaz Sharif and his party . Karzai said that he was optimistic that ties between two brotherly countries would be friendly after Nawaz take charge of Premier office . Nawaz vowed that Pakistan would take every step to improve its relationship with all neighbours especially with Afghanistan . China -- President Xi Jinping and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs congratulated Nawaz Sharif . Spokesman Hong Lei said the Chinese government were happy to see steady and smooth elections in Pakistan . `` As China 's all - weather friend , China will continue to support Pakistan 's efforts to maintain stability and achieve development . Sino - Pakistani friendly and cooperative relations will enter into a new high with the efforts by the two sides . '' India -- Prime Minister Manmohan Singh congratulated Nawaz Sharif on his `` emphatic victory '' in the historic elections and said he hoped for better relations . Singh wrote on his official Twitter account : `` Congratulations to Mr. Nawaz Sharif and his party for their emphatic victory in Pakistan 's elections '' . He said he hoped to work with Sharif to chart `` a new course for the relationship '' between the nuclear - armed neighbours and invited him to `` visit India at a mutually convenient time . '' Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah congratulated Nawaz Sharif for his party 's performance and hoped that he would live up to his commitment to restart the peace process with India . The opposition BJP congratulated Mr. Nawaz Sharif on his historic electoral victory Saudi Arabia -- The royal family greeted Nawaz Sharif on his thumping victory in the elections . Sources said that Saudi personalities congratulating Nawaz Sharif have expressed their well wishes for him . Sri Lanka -- President Mahinda Rajapaksa telephoned Nawaz Sharif and congratulated him on his victory in historic election . Iran -- Foreign Ministry spokesman Abbas Araghchi congratulated Pakistan for successful elections and for Sharif 's ability to win the people 's trust . Araqchi further pointed to the close relations between Iran and Pakistan and hoped for further expansion of bilateral relations between the two neighbouring countries . Turkey -- Both President Abdullah Gul and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan made separate phone calls to Nawaz Sharif and felicitated him on his victory . United Arab Emirates -- Sheikh Khalifa congratulated Nawaz Sharif on his victory in the elections . United Kingdom -- Prime Minister David Cameron congratulated Nawaz Sharif on his resounding election victory and praised his commitment to economic reforms . Cameron spoke to Sharif on the telephone and they agreed to work to reinforce the `` strong bond '' between their two countries . They also pledged their commitment to the trilateral process , the three - way talks between Britain , Pakistan and Afghanistan aimed at finding peace in Afghanistan , where Britain is starting to reduce its 9,000 - strong troop presence . The Prime Minister and Nawaz Sharif agreed that the strong bond between the UK and Pakistan was a huge asset and that they would work together to strengthen the relationship further . Cameron welcomed Nawaz Sharif 's commitment to prioritise economic reforms . The two leaders also agreed on their shared commitment to the trilateral process and its importance in achieving peace in Afghanistan and the wider region . United States -- President Barack Obama praised Pakistanis for upholding their commitment to democratic rule by successfully completing the elections . Obama hailed `` this historic peaceful and transparent transfer of civilian power . '' He said Pakistanis ran competitive campaigns and persevered despite `` intimidation by violent extremists . '' Three days later , Obama called Sharif over the phone and again congratulated him on his party 's election victory . `` The US president said his country respects the mandate given to Nawaz Sharif in the elections . '' US Secretary of State John Kerry called Sharif on the phone to congratulate him on his strong showing in Saturday 's elections . Kerry also told Sharif that he looks forward to working with the government as the government is formed in Pakistan . Kerry is hoping to visit Pakistan soon , once the new government is in place . Controversies ( edit ) Incidents of malpractice and rigging ( edit ) The winning candidate on PS - 114 , in Sindh of the ruling PML - N was disqualified and re-election ordered after it emerged that a large number of votes were invalid The winning candidate on PP - 97 Gujranwala , from the ruling PML - N , was disqualified and fresh elections were ordered after it emerged that serious rigging had taken place on the seat The Chief Election Commissioner conceded that the Election Commission had failed to conduct free and fair elections in Karachi , Pakistan 's largest city of 20 million and its main economic hub . The Chief election Commissioner resigned , citing extreme judicial interference preventing the investigation of voter irregularities . The Election Commission admitted that it had no control of the Returning officers , the persons responsible for overseeing the election at individual polling stations . The PTI demanded the thumb verification be held in four constituencies -- to check if the votes were genuine or bogus . The PMLN refused , ostensibly due to cost , despite the fact that the PTI offered to pay A candidate for PTI paid Rs. 5 million to have his votes verified . The election commission then confirmed that 265 bags of votes were bogus and only 69 were genuine . The PTI candidate was defeated by the PML - N candidate . A candidate of JUI - F was disqualified after it was learned that there had been rigging on 28 different women 's polling stations . A PTI candidate disqualified PS - 93 seat in Karachi to JI and re-election was ordered . In the National Assembly Constituency NA - 125 the National Database and Registration Authority NADRA found that more than 20 % of all votes cast were not verifiable In the National Assembly Constituency NA - 118 the National Database and Registration Authority NADRA found that more than 33 % of the votes cast could not be verified . More than 4000 votes were cast with incorrect / incomplete CNIC numbers . This constituency had been won by Malik Riaz . In the National Assembly Constituency NA - 154 the National Database and Registration Authority NADRA found that more than 20,000 votes were not verifiable . The seat was won by an independent candidate , Muhammad Siddique Khan Baloch , who later joined the Pakistan Muslim League - N . In the Provincial Assembly Constituency PP - 107 ( Hafizabad - III ) the election tribunal found evidence of `` massive '' and `` organized '' rigging. The extracts of the report , focusing on PP - 107 , Hafizabad - III , stated that `` the result of the election favourable to the returned candidate is not the will of the electors of the constituency in the true sense at all '' . Tribunal judge Kazim Ali Malik states , `` The election does not reflect the true will of the people . '' `` I am fully justified on the basis of documentary evidence to set aside the election of the returned candidate , which does not reflect the true will of the people , '' Malik states in the report . `` I therefore discard the available record as well as the election record , which has been misappropriated or stolen . I declare the election of the returned candidates from PP - 107 , Hafizabad - III as a whole to be void . '' In PP - 107 , Hafizabad - III , 21,298 fake and bogus votes were counted as valid votes towards the vote account of the candidates . The number of used counterfoils found in election bags by the commission was 54,242 , while the total number of polled votes in a statement by the Returning Officer ( RO ) was recorded as 72,895 . In the Provincial Assembly Constituency PP - 97 ( Gujranwala - VII ) the election tribunal declared null and void the voting results in PP - 97 and ordered re-election on 33 polling stations in the Punjab Assembly constituency won by ruling Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz 's candidate . Incidents of improper investigations ( edit ) The PML - N has been accused of hindering the bureaucracy 's ability to carry out Free and fair elections , Tariq Malik , the chairman of NADRA was fired by Nawaz Sharif after he announced that NADRA had the technology to verify votes through thumbprint verification The Islamabad High Court had him restored to his position , after which Tariq Malik resigned alleging that he had been threatened with kidnapping of him and his family by those who did not want the election process verified . After Tariq Malik 's sacking . It emerged that someone had broken into NADRA 's office and tampered with the ballot boxes of seat NA - 118 ( Lahore ) which was at the centre of the rigging allegations . The boxes had been moved to NADRA so that the votes could be thumb verified , as demanded by the PTI , but had instead been tampered with . This has led to accusations by the opposition that the civil service is either under extreme pressure or incompetent in adjudicating disputes but no proof was given Incidents of incompetence ( edit ) The election commission confirmed that there was a `` typing error '' on NA - 68 . PM Nawaz Sharif 's winning seat , it emerged that the PM had received only 779 votes rather than 7879 as originally recorded . This has led to accusations of incompetence which has compromised the fairness of the elections They announced this a whole year after the PTI , led by Imran Khan demanded an investigation , which has led to accusations of critical inefficiency at the ECP . Analysis ( edit ) Aftermath ( edit ) On 17 May 2013 , the Vice-President of the PTI , Zahra Hussain , was shot and killed in Karachi just before re-election was due to be held . Three days later , it was announced that the PTI had taken the Karachi seat in re-polling . Imran Khan alleged that Altaf Hussain , a leader of MQM , was responsible for inciting violence and was responsible for the murder . Few days later , British Police raided Altaf Hussain 's house in London . Government formation ( edit ) Further information : Third Sharif ministry The PML ( N ) 's key strategist , Sartaj Aziz , announced in news media the next day that the independents candidates were in negotiation process with the PML ( N ) to join the party to form the government and to work out `` a few key portfolios . '' A total of nineteenth independents who had won from their respected constituencies joined the PML ( N ) , which allowed the party to form a government with a simple majority . This swing ultimately led to Nawaz Sharif elevated as the Prime Minister . 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Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Center for Research & Security Studies ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Analysis of May 11 , 2013 General Elections : Pakistan 's RIGHT Swing or Vote for Reform ? '' . Center for Research and Security Studies . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PML ( N ) political programme of tripe EEE '' . PMLN -- Press Public relations . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N launches its election manifesto '' . Express Tribune . 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf -- Profile -- Insaf -- Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Fans Club '' . Insaf -- Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Fans Club . Jump up ^ DAWN.COM ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` PTI intra-party polls : Imran Khan elected chairman unopposed '' . Dawn . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Imran Khan ' stable ' after fall '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf back in Pakistan from exile '' . Al Jazeera English . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf cleared to run in Pakistan election '' . Al Jazeera English . 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan summons Musharraf over treason case '' . Al Jazeera English . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan court bars Musharraf from elections '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Security tight as Musharraf appears in court '' . Al Jazeera English . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf put on remand over Bhutto killing '' . Al Jazeera English . 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf banned from politics for ' life ' '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf party to boycott Pakistan election '' . Al Jazeera English . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musharraf granted bail in Bhutto murder case '' . Al Jazeera English . 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taliban attacks target Pakistani politicians '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Several killed in Pakistan suicide blast '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-election violence continues in Pakistan '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blast targets Pakistan 's MQM party '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twin blasts hit election office in Karachi -- Central & South Asia '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly bombing targets Pakistan poll rally '' . Al Jazeera English . 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Afghan - Pakistani border tension flares again '' . Al Jazeera English . 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Son of former Pakistan PM kidnapped '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Sharif set for election victory '' . CBC . Associated Press . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dozens killed in attacks as Pakistan holds landmark election '' . RT . 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Desk , Web ( 7 March 2013 ) . `` PPP to lead in the polls : Survey '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PML - N front - runner in next election : Survey '' . Khaleej Times . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sharifs ' efforts behind PML - N 's growing popularity : Najam Sethi '' . The News . 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alizeh Kohari & Saba Fatima Mirza ( 9 February 2013 ) . `` Elections 2013 : survey indicates close contest '' . Dawn . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Myra ( 22 December 2012 ) . `` 2013 polls : For fairer elections , engage the youth and ensure women participation '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EU offers to send observers for Pakistan elections '' . The Express Tribune . AFP . 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan welcomes EU observers for May polls '' . The News . 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU to observe Pakistan 's elections '' . Turkishweekly. 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Olson says US applauds democratic tendencies in Pakistan -- The Kooza -- latest news Pakistan , News from Pakistan , Pakistani epaper , News papers , English , Urdu Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in focus : World will keenly observe next elections , say US senators '' . The Express Tribune . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Anwar Iqbal . `` Report urges US not to attempt to control Pakistan politics '' . dawn.com . Jump up ^ Anwar Iqbal . `` US has no favourites in Pakistani political arena '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ EC . `` Registered Voters in General Elections 2008 & 2013 '' . Govt of Pakistan . Election Commission of Pakistan . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Voter turn out . `` Voter turn out '' . Election Commission . Voter turn out . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ See the comparison results by Election Commission for voter turn during the Pakistan general elections , 1970 and Pakistan general elections , 1977 ^ Jump up to : EC . `` Overall party position '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of Pakistan ( results and overall party position ) . Election Commission of Pakistan ( results and overall party position ) . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://tribune.com.pk/story/549100/raiwind-meetings-pml-n-begins-talks-with-independent-candidates/ Jump up ^ Party Position ( National Assembly ) ECP Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` By - elections 2013 : PML - N leads the pack '' . The Express Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Bye Election 2013 to 2017 Result '' . Election Pakistani . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Election and Bye - Elections Results '' . Election Commission of Pakistan . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharif claims victory in Pakistan elections '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PTV 's Official Election 2013 Web Portal '' . Election2013.ptv.com.pk . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PTV 's Official Election 2013 Web Portal '' . Election2013.ptv.com.pk . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PTI concedes defeat in Pakistan elections '' . The Express Tribune . AFP . 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan : ' Pakistan will never be the same again ' '' . BBC News . 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Imran demands recount with fingerprint verification on 4 constituencies '' . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Altaf congratulates ' Punjab representative party ' on winning '' . Pakistan Today . 16 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Anwar , Haris ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Sharif Set to Be Pakistan Premier Again as Economy Stalls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Conspiracies behind PPP 's defeat in polls : Zardari Pak Tribune , 21 May 2013 Jump up ^ Staff correspondents . `` Pakistan Elections 2013 : Pakistani stock exchange rises on wave of post-election optimism '' . 11 May 2013 . Jewish News Network . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stocks hit record high as Pak Inc celebrates Nawaz Sharif 's victory ; army cautious '' . Times of India . 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Pakistan Election Bolsters Bull Market Case for Mobius , Goldman '' . CNBC Pakistan . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mangi , Fasih ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` Pakistan Stocks Rise to Record as Sharif Approaches Win '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EU congratulates people of Pakistan on historic elections -- Politics -- 13 / 05 / 2013 '' . KUNA . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief hails Pakistani polls as major democratic step '' . The Express Tribune . AFP . 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karzai telephones Nawaz '' . Thenews.com.pk. 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manmohan Singh congratulates Nawaz Sharif '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Omar Abdullah greets Pakistan 's Nawaz Sharif , hopes a restart in peace process '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press : Shri Rajnath Singh on Mr. Nawaz Sharif 's win in Pakistan polls '' . Jump up ^ `` Saudi royal family 's key personalities greet Nawaz Sharif Pakistan '' . geo.tv. 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka President felicitates Nawaz Sharif '' . Thefrontierpost.com . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World leaders greet Nawaz on poll victory '' . Thenews.com.pk. 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan polls : World leaders congratulate Nawaz Sharif - Pakistan News -- IBNLive Mobile '' . M.ibnlive.com . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ONLINE -- International News Network '' . Onlinenews.com.pk . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British PM praises Nawaz Sharif for economic aims '' . Dawn. 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Obama praises democratic transition in Pakistan '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John Kerry congratulates Nawaz Sharif over the phone '' . Thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election on PS - 114 constituency ' void ' '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Tribunal disqualifies PML - N MPA , orders re-election in PP - 97 Gujranwala '' . Dunya News . Jump up ^ `` ECP admits failure in holding free , fair election in Karachi '' . The Nation. 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.awaztoday.tv/News-Talk-Shows/57113/Fakhruddin-GIbrahim-admits-that-he-resigned-because-of-interference-of-Iftikhar-Chaudhry.aspx Jump up ^ `` Newswatchpakistan.com '' . Newswatch Pakistan . May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://fafen.org/fafen_unfolds_reforms_for_transparent_and_accountable_election_system Jump up ^ `` PTI demands thumb impression audit , PML - N says no '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` VIEW POINT : The unresolved issue of electoral rigging '' . Business Recorder . Jump up ^ `` Tribunal disqualifies JUI - F MPA , orders re-polling at Mansehra seat '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ `` Rigging proved in PS - 93 , PTI 's Hafeez Uddin de-seated '' . Dunya News . Jump up ^ `` NA - 125 constituency : NADRA report shows 280 out of 1,254 votes fake '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Electoral fraud : NADRA finds rigging in records of NA - 118 '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` NA - 154 : Over 20,000 votes were polled with invalid CNICs or without CNICs '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ `` Rigging in PP - 107 : Election ' does not reflect true will of people ' '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Election tribunal orders reelection in PP - 97 '' . Samaa TV . ^ Jump up to : `` Govt all thumbs ? : Within hours , NADRA chief sacked then reinstated '' . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` NADRA chairman Tariq Malik resigns '' . Dunya News . Jump up ^ `` Imran 's complaint : EC detects clear difference in NA - 68 vote count '' . Dunya News . Jump up ^ `` NA 68 vote count : ECP terms discrepancy a ' typing error ' '' . Dunya News . ^ Jump up to : `` Imran Khan 's party wins Karachi revote '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif poised to return as Pakistan PM -- Central & South Asia '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths in US drone attack in Pakistan '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Pakistan : Putting Democracy to the Test , Al Jazeera episode of Inside Story Elections and referendums in Pakistan General elections 1920 1 1923 1 1926 1 1930 1 1934 1 1945 1 1970 1977 1985 2002 2008 2013 2018 Senate elections 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018 Regional elections 1937 1946 1951 1953 1954 Referendums 1960 1984 2002 1 As part of British India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_general_election,_2013&oldid=815556038 '' Categories : 2013 elections in Asia 2013 in Pakistan General elections in Pakistan May 2013 events Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano پنجابی Русский اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani%20general%20election%2C%202013
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how many rooms does the sanderson hotel have
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Sanderson Hotel
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sanderson hotel
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The Sanderson Hotel was constructed on Berners Street , London during 1958 as the new headquarters and showroom for Arthur Sanderson and Sons , manufacturers of wallpaper , fabrics and paint for its centennial . It was designed by architect Reginald Uren , of the architectural firm , Slater and Uren . The original design allowed for dynamic room configurations . The building plan was fabricated around an open - to - the - sky inner courtyard with a Japanese garden designed by Philip Hicks . In 1991 , the Sanderson building was listed Grade II * by English Heritage . It was reopened on 25 April 2000 by Morgans Hotel Group after refurbishment by Philippe Starck and Denton Corker Marshall .
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The hotel occupies the site of 54 Berners Street , known for the Berners Street Hoax of 1810 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design features 2 Popular culture 3 References 4 External links Design features ( edit ) The original building was constructed with a steel and glass frontage reflecting architecture of the 1960s that is seen in the opening footage of the ' Danger Man ' television series . Its Courtyard garden was situated on top of an underground car park and fronted the wholesale trade sales area to the right . The retail areas were to the left and centre . The courtyard was designed by landscape architect Philip Hicks in the late 1950s . The private courtyard garden was classified as a landmark `` Heritage Garden . '' Originally the main entrance featured both lifts / elevators and a grand staircase which ascended against a huge stained glass mural masking the lift shafts . The first floor was devoted to wallpaper displays and its lengthy retail counter allowed for conversion to a long bar . The second floor was reserved for fabric displays , while the third floor held management offices and an interior design studio . In each room , above the bed , there was a painting bolted to the ceiling . The painting was a reproduction of `` The Cloud '' by Swedish painter , Prince Eugen . The original dates back to 1895 . The paintings have now been removed . Suka , opened in April 2007 with redesign by designer India Mahdavi , is a restaurant that offers Malaysian and European cuisine . In 2014 , the hotel rooms had a major design make - over , by Tim Andreas . Popular culture ( edit ) In the summer of 2009 , The Sanderson 's courtyard hosted live sessions every week , called ' Sanderson Predicts ' ; featuring the newest UK artists , the gigs saw both Marina & The Diamonds and Little Boots perform before they were big stars . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Historic England . `` Sanderson Hotel ( formerly Sanderson House ) ( 1248457 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barreneche , Raul . `` Incredible India ! - Articles '' . Departures . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.quintessentially.com/insider/sanderson-st-martins-lane Jump up ^ http://www.designinsiderlive.com/custom-lighting-scheme-by-chelsom-created-for-the-transformation-of-sanderson-london/ Jump up ^ `` Sanderson '' . The Handbook . July 13 , 2009 . External link in work = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website Sanderson review , photos , history and design by cosmopolis.ch Opening `` Danger Man Opening '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . and closing `` Danger Man Closing '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 . scenes of the original Sanderson showrooms as seen in the credits of the ' Danger Man ' television series . Hotels in London 22 Jermyn Street 41 Hotel Andaz Liverpool Street London Hotel The Athenaeum Hotel Baglioni Hotel The Bentley London The Berkeley Blakes Hotel Brown 's Hotel Cadogan Hotel Capital Hotel Charlotte Street Hotel Churchill Hotel Claridge 's The Connaught Corinthia Hotel Courthouse Hotel Covent Garden Hotel The Dorchester Draycott Hotel Durrants Edgwarebury Hotel Egerton House Hotel Four Seasons Canary Wharf Four Seasons London Franklin Hotel Goring Hotel Grange City Hotel Grange Holborn Hotel Great Eastern Hotel Grosvenor House Hotel Halkin Hotel Hazlitt 's Hempel Hotel Hilton London Hyde Park Hilton London Metropole Hilton London Paddington InterContinental London Jumeirah Carlton Tower The Landmark London Knightsbridge Green Hotel The Lanesborough Langham Hotel Langorf Hotel Le Méridien Piccadilly Hotel London Hilton on Park Lane Mandarin Oriental Hyde Park Marriott County Hall Hotel Marriott Grand Residence Marriott London Grosvenor Square Marriott London Park Lane Marriott West India Quay The May Fair Millennium Hotel Mayfair Number Sixteen One Aldwych Pembridge Court Park Plaza Westminster Bridge The Park Tower Knightsbridge Hotel The Portobello Radisson Edwardian Hampshire Hotel Radisson Edwardian Heathrow Hotel Ritz Hotel Rosewood London Hotel Royal Garden Hotel Royal National Hotel Saint Georges Hotel St Ermin 's Hotel St. Pancras Renaissance London Hotel Sanderson Hotel Savoy Hotel San Domenico House ( Sloane Hotel ) Sheraton Grand London Park Lane Hotel Sheraton Skyline Hotel at London Heathrow Sofitel St. James Soho Hotel Swissotel London , The Howard The Montcalm Hotel Threadneedles City Boutique Hotel Tophams Belgravia The Trafalgar Hotel Waldorf Hilton Wyndham Grand Chelsea Harbour Coordinates : 51 ° 31 ′ 03 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 14 '' W / 51.5175 ° N 0.1371 ° W / 51.5175 ; - 0.1371 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanderson_Hotel&oldid=800269401 '' Categories : Hotels in London Hotels established in 2000 2000 establishments in England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox building with unsupported parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where does friday the 13th part 4 take place
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Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito and the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th film series . Following the events of Friday the 13th Part III , Jason Voorhees returns to Crystal Lake and continues his killing spree on a family and a group of neighboring teenagers after being revived from his mortal wound . The film stars Corey Feldman , Ted White , Kimberly Beck , and Crispin Glover .
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Crystal Lake
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Friday the 13th : the Final Chapter
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friday the 13th : the final chapter
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Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher film directed by Joseph Zito and the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th film series . Following the events of Friday the 13th Part III , Jason Voorhees returns to Crystal Lake and continues his killing spree on a family and a group of neighboring teenagers after being revived from his mortal wound . The film stars Corey Feldman , Ted White , Kimberly Beck , and Crispin Glover .
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Despite the film 's negative reviews , it grossed $33 million in the United States . Much like Part III , the film was initially supposed to end the series and was billed as `` The Final Chapter '' ; however , the film 's success produced a sequel , Friday the 13th Part V : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The night after the events at Higgins Haven , Jason Voorhees 's body is found and delivered to the morgue . After reviving from his wounds and escaping from the cold storage , Jason kills coroner Axel with a hacksaw , and then stabs nurse Robbie Morgan with a scalpel . The next day , a group of teenagers drive to Crystal Lake for the weekend . The group consists of Paul , his girlfriend Sam , her virgin friend Sarah , pretty - boy Doug , socially awkward Jimmy , and jokester Ted . On the way , the group comes across Pamela Voorhees 's tombstone and a female hitchhiker , who is soon killed by Jason . The teens arrive and meet neighbors Trish Jarvis , her twelve - year - old brother Tommy , their mother , and the family dog Gordon . While going for a walk the next day , the teens meet twin sisters Tina and Terri , and go skinny dipping with them . Trish and Tommy happen upon the scene , and Trish is invited to a party to take place that night . Afterwards , when their car breaks down , Trish and Tommy are helped out by a young man named Rob . They take him to their house , where Tommy shows Rob several monster masks he made himself before Rob leaves to go camping . Later that night , as the teens begin the party , Sam goes out to the lake , where Jason impales her from under a raft . When Paul goes out to be with her , he is harpooned in the groin . Terri tries to leave the party early and has a spear rammed in her back . Jimmy intends to celebrate sleeping with Tina with a bottle of wine but Jason slams the corkscrew on his hand and hacks him in the face with a meat cleaver . Tina looks out a window upstairs and is grabbed and thrown to her death , crashing on the car . While a stoned Ted watches vintage stag films with a film projector , he gets too close to the projector screen and is stabbed in the head from the other side . After Doug and Sara finish making love in the shower , Jason attacks Doug , crushing his head against the shower tile . He then kills Sara by driving an double - bit axe through the front door when she tries to escape . Trish and Tommy return from town and discover the power outage . While looking for their mother , who had been killed by Jason earlier without her knowledge , Trish comes across Rob 's campsite and learns that he is actually the older brother of Sandra . Rob further explains to her that Jason is still alive and he came to Crystal Lake to get revenge for Sandra 's murder . Worried for Tommy 's safety , they return to the house . They then go next door to investigate and discover the teens ' bodies . Gordon flees and Rob is soon caught and killed by Jason in the basement as Trish runs home . She and Tommy barricade the house , but Jason breaks in and chases them into Tommy 's room . Trish lures Jason out of the house and escapes , then returns home and is devastated to learn that Tommy is still there . She senses Jason behind her and tries to fight him off with a machete but is overpowered . Tommy , having disguised himself to look like Jason as a child , distracts him long enough for Trish to hit him with the machete , but she merely whacks off his mask . As Trish stands horrified at Jason 's deformed face , Tommy takes the machete and slams it in the side of the killer 's skull and he collapses to the floor , splitting his head upon impact . When Tommy notices that Jason 's fingers are moving , he continues to hack at his body screaming , `` Die ! Die ! '' At the hospital , Trish is visited by Tommy . He rushes in , embraces her , and gives a disturbed look while staring ahead . Cast ( edit ) Kimberly Beck as Trish Jarvis E. Erich Anderson as Rob Dier Corey Feldman as Tommy Jarvis Barbara Howard as Sara Joan Freeman as Mrs. Jarvis Peter Barton as Doug Crispin Glover as Jimmy Judie Aronson as Samantha Camilla More as Tina Lawrence Monoson as Ted Alan Hayes as Paul Carey More as Terri Bruce Mahler as Axel Lisa Freeman as Nurse Robbie Morgan Bonnie Hellman as Hitchhiker Ted White as Jason Voorhees ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) When Friday the 13th Part III was first released , it was initially supposed to end the series as a trilogy , however there was no moniker to indicate it as such . In 1983 , there was a rumor that Paramount billed the fourth installment as `` The Final Chapter '' as they felt embarrassed by their association with the series , thus the possible reason for the moniker . Despite how Siskel & Ebert claimed this in their review of the film , Paramount was aware that the slasher genre had been losing interest and thought it was a good choice to conclude the series . However , the idea came from Frank Mancuso , Jr. ( the son of Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr . ) , as he had begun to resent the series due to how he felt everyone saw him as only doing the work for Part 2 and Part 3 and that no one respected him for it , regardless of how much money it made . Because of him wanting to work on different projects , he wanted to conclude the series and kill off Jason . Writing ( edit ) Joseph Zito , director of The Prowler , was initially set to both direct and write the screenplay for the film . Zito initially claimed that he was not a writer , in which the contract consisted of receiving doubled money for the two jobs , resulting him accepting the contract . Zito secretly used the extra salary to hire Barney Cohen to write the script . Their process involved Zito taking one - hour a night phone calls with Phil Scuderi to discuss the story and script for the film . Zito then met Cohen in a New York apartment to use the concepts Scuderi had offered , which they would then turn into script pages and to be sent to Scuderi for the conversation discussed again over the phone . Cohen remained the writing credit for the film , but Zito and Cohen eventually got into trouble with the Writer 's Guild of America as a result . In the Friday the 13th series , the films had always had attractive young women being the sole final girl against Jason . Unlike its predecessors , this marks the first installment in the series having two survivors and one them being male , but it is currently the only installment where the survivor is rather a child . The filmmakers believed they had never seen something like this before in slasher films , and they wanted to create characters audiences would not want to see harmed or killed . By including the Jarvis family ( divorced mother , teenage daughter , pre-teen son ) opposite the more typical cabin of horny teenagers , they could create more drama and resonant tragedy , such as the mother of Tommy and Trish implied to be killed by Jason outside , thus it remains debatable how intentional the parallels between Jason and Tommy were . Tommy 's interest for being a make - up artist with masks and props serve as homages to Tom Savini . Casting ( edit ) Actress Camilla More auditioned for the role of Samantha , but when the filmmakers discovered she had a twin sister named Carey , they were instead both offered the roles of Tina and Terri . Carey More had appeared alongside her sister in the Doublemint gum commercials . Because of how they were swayed by the twins idea , Carey 's audition was to read only one line in the film . Amy Steel , who starred as heroine Ginny Field in Part 2 of the series talked actor Peter Barton into being in the film . Both he and Steel co-starred in the sitcom The Powers of Matthew Star . When the sitcom was cancelled and no longer aired , Barton was offered a role in the film . Initially , Barton had reservations as he wanted no part in the horror genre , especially due to he how disliked working on Hell Night . However , because of Steel 's involvement in the second installment , she talked Barton into doing the film ... Make - up artist Tom Savini , who worked on the first installment , agreed to return to work on the film , as he wanted to kill the character Jason , who he helped create . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography was shot from October 1983 and finished in January 1984 in Topanga Canyon and Newhall , California . For its release date , it was originally set for a release in October 1984 . When Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr. screened the footage to much enthusiasm and then pushed the date up to April 1984 . The only time Paramount assisted with the installment 's production , they rented a Malibu household for the filmmakers to stay in and conduct editing sessions , with food brought to them from the studio . They barely made the release date , but the final result had most of the footage trimmed and later ended up in television airings . The film had troubled production on set . Due to director Joseph Zito 's poor treatment of the actors and the film 's budget , many of the actors themselves had to perform uncomfortable or dangerous stunts during the film . Judie Aronson was required to remain submerged in a near - freezing lake ( in which she later developed hypothermia because of it ) and Peter Barton was actually slammed into the shower wall when Jason attacks him . Ted White , who portrays Jason , defended several of the actors by requesting Barton be allowed to use a crash pad and threatening to quit when Zito refused to allow Aronson to get out of the lake between takes . White and Zito maintained a hostile relationship on set , which resulted in White demanding his name be removed from the credits . According to White , Corey Feldman maintained a bratty attitude on set due to Zito 's treatment . When filming the scene of Tommy hacking Jason 's body with a machete ( which was actually two sandbags he was striking at ) , Feldman pretended that the struck sandbags were Zito . According in the book Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , actress Kimberly Beck stated that she does not like the horror genre . In addition to this , she felt that the film was more of a C - movie rather than a B - movie . During filming , Kimberly Beck experienced strange encounters , including a man watching her while she ran in the park and receiving odd phone calls at all hours . This stopped when production was finished . Actress Bonnie Hellman 's agents told her about taking the role of the hitchhiker in the film . They told her she would not want to do it as they were no lines said for the character , but she accepted the role anyway . Music ( edit ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini Released January 13 , 2012 ( La - La Land ) Genre Film score Length 52 : 20 Label Gramavision , La - La Land The film 's music was composed by Harry Manfredini , who composed the scores to all of the series ' previous installments . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six entries of the film series . The release was sold out in less than 24 hours of availability . The song `` Love Is a Lie '' by Lion is featured in the film , but not on the soundtrack . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` What Boy , Ma'am ? / Main Titles '' 4 : 43 2 . `` Helicopter '' 3 : 41 3 . `` The Morgue '' 1 : 40 4 . `` Hacksaw to Throat '' 1 : 09 5 . `` Squeezing the Banana '' 1 : 29 6 . `` Dock Prank '' 2 : 16 7 . `` Stalled Car '' 0 : 39 8 . `` Tommy 's Room '' 0 : 40 9 . `` Midnight Skinny Dip '' 2 : 16 10 . `` Paul Gets the Point '' 4 : 01 11 . `` Mom Looks for Kids '' 1 : 53 12 . `` Lights Out '' 1 : 59 13 . `` Jimmy Is Screwed / Tina Thrown / Ted Watches Movie '' 1 : 36 14 . `` Lights ! Camera ! Hacktion ! '' 1 : 29 15 . `` You Give Me Cleaver '' 1 : 52 16 . `` Trish and Rob '' 2 : 44 17 . `` Tommy Reads / Trish Pleads / Rob and Trish Meet Jason '' 7 : 13 18 . `` La Muerte de Jason '' 11 : 00 Release ( edit ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter opened on Friday , April 13 , 1984 , on 1,594 screens to weekend box office gross of $11,183,148 ; this was the sixth - highest of the year . The film would ultimately take in a total of $32,980,880 at the U.S. box office . It placed at number 26 on the list of the top - grossing films of 1984 . Reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25 % of 24 film critics have given the film a positive review ; the rating average is 4.2 out of 10 . The film received what The Week characterized as `` scathing reviews '' , especially from film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert , with the latter considering the film `` an immoral and reprehensible piece of trash '' . Scott Meslow summarized Roger Ebert 's criticism as calling it `` a cynical retread '' of the earlier films . Meslow instead says that the film attempts to kill off the series while focusing more on characterization than gore . In a series retrospective , Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly ranked it the best Friday the 13th film , complimenting both its narrative and kills . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part IV : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Things You May Not Know About Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( # 2 ) '' . We Minored In Film . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : Final Chapter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th - The Final Chapter Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) . `` The brilliance and lies of Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter '' . The Week . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th ' : We rank the movies to prep for the TV show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter on IMDb Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at AllMovie Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at Rotten Tomatoes Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter at Box Office Mojo Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Friday the 13th : The Game ( 2017 ) Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Films directed by Joseph Zito Abduction ( 1975 ) Bloodrage ( 1979 ) The Prowler ( 1981 ) Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) Missing in Action ( 1984 ) Invasion U.S.A. ( 1985 ) Red Scorpion ( 1989 ) Delta Force One : The Lost Patrol ( 2000 ) Power Play ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th:_The_Final_Chapter&oldid=801144562 '' Categories : 1984 films English - language films 1984 horror films 1980s teen films 1980s sequel films 1980s serial killer films American sequel films American slasher films American teen horror films Friday the 13th ( franchise ) films Paramount Pictures films Summer camps in films Films set in 1984 Film scores by Harry Manfredini Films directed by Joseph Zito Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 22 : 56 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday%20the%2013th%3A%20The%20Final%20Chapter
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when is the popular vote for president done
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However , federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day , which is `` the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November , '' i.e. , a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8 . Today , the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors . Thus , the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government .
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the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November
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United states presidential election
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united states presidential election
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House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or in Washington , D.C. cast ballots not directly for those offices , but instead for members of the U.S. Electoral College , known as electors . These electors then in turn cast direct votes , known as electoral votes , for President , and for Vice President . The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes ( at least 270 out of a total of 538 , since the Twenty - Third Amendment granting voting rights to citizens of Washington , D.C. ) is then elected to that office . If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for President , the House of Representatives chooses the winner ; if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for Vice President , then the Senate chooses the winner . The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II , Section 1 , Clauses 2 and 4 ; and the Twelfth Amendment ( which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804 ) . Under Clause 2 , each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress , while , per the Twenty - third Amendment ratified in 1961 , Washington , D.C. casts the same number of electoral votes as the least - represented state , which is three . Also under Clause 2 , the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature , not directly by the federal government . Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly , but over time all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors , which persists today . Once chosen , electors generally cast their electoral votes for the candidate who won the plurality in their state , but at least 21 states do not have provisions that specifically address this behavior ; those who vote in opposition to the plurality are known as `` faithless '' or `` unpledged electors '' . In modern times , faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election , so the results can generally be determined based on the state - by - state popular vote . Presidential elections occur quadrennially with registered voters casting their ballots on Election Day , which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after November 1 . This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal , state , and local races ; since local governments are responsible for managing elections , these races typically all appear on one ballot . The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their respective state capitals . Congress then certifies the results in early January , and the presidential term begins on Inauguration Day , which since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment has been set at January 20 . The nomination process , consisting of the primary elections and caucuses and the nominating conventions , was not specified in the Constitution , but was developed over time by the states and political parties . These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November , while the nominating conventions are held in the summer . Though not codified by law , political parties also follow an indirect election process , where voters in the 50 U.S. states , Washington , D.C. , and U.S. territories , cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who then in turn elect their party 's presidential nominee . Each party may then choose a vice presidential running mate to join the ticket , which is either determined by choice of the nominee or by a second round of voting . Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns , presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election ( almost 18 months before Inauguration Day ) . A 2016 general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates Contents 1 History 2 Procedure 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Nominating process 2.3 The popular vote on Election Day 2.4 Electoral college 2.5 Election calendar 3 Trends 3.1 Previous experience 3.2 Technology and media 4 Criticisms 4.1 Proposed changes to the election process 5 Electoral college results 6 Voter turnout 7 Financial disclosures 8 Presidential coattails 8.1 Comparison with other U.S. general elections 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections , including the Electoral College . This was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president , and those who preferred a national popular vote . Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined . With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961 , the District of Columbia is also granted a number of electors , equal to the number of those held by the least populous state . However , U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College . Constitutionally , the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature . During the first presidential election in 1789 , only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote . Gradually throughout the years , the states began conducting popular elections to help choose their slate of electors , resulting in the overall , nationwide indirect election system that it is today . Under the original system established by Article Two , electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president . The candidate with the highest number of votes ( provided it was a majority of the electoral votes ) became the president , and the second - place candidate became the vice president . This presented a problem during the presidential election of 1800 when Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson and challenged Jefferson 's election to the office . In the end , Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamilton 's influence in the House of Representatives . In response to the 1800 election , the 12th Amendment was passed , requiring electors to cast two distinct votes : one for President and another for Vice President . While this solved the problem at hand , it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the Vice Presidency , as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the Presidency . The separate ballots for President and Vice President became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state 's Electoral College delegation . Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate ( offered by the same political party ) . So , while the Constitution says that the President and Vice President are chosen separately , in practice they are chosen together . The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College . In the presidential election of 1824 , Andrew Jackson received a plurality , but not a majority , of electoral votes cast . The election was thrown to the House of Representatives , and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency . A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay , who had also been a candidate in the election . Since 1824 , aside from the occasional `` faithless elector , '' the popular vote determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote , as each state or district 's popular vote determines its electoral college vote . Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election , it does strongly correlate with who is the victor . In 53 of the 58 total elections held so far ( about 91 percent ) , the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote . The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote differ only in close elections . In highly competitive elections , candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority , so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one - party areas . However , candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election . In the 1824 election , Jackson won the popular vote , but no one received the majority of electoral votes . According to the 12th Amendment in the Constitution , the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election . Clay had come fourth , so he threw his support to Adams , who then won . Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State , Jackson 's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay . Charges of a `` corrupt bargain '' followed Adams through his term . Comparison of the popular vote totals since 1900 . Republican Democrat All other candidates together Then in 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 , the winner of electoral vote lost the popular vote outright . Numerous constitutional amendments have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote , but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress . Another alternate proposal is the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , an interstate compact whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of just their respective statewide results . The presidential election day was established on a Tuesday in the month of November because of the factors involved ( weather , harvests and worship ) . When voters used to travel to the polls by horse , Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on Sunday , ride to their county seat on Monday , and vote on Tuesday -- all before market day , Wednesday . The month of November also fits nicely between harvest time and harsh winter weather , which could be especially bad to people traveling by horse and buggy . Until 1937 , presidents were not sworn in until March 4 because it took so long to count and report ballots , and because of the winner 's logistical issues of moving to the capital . With better technology and the 20th Amendment being passed , presidential inaugurations were moved to noon on January 20 -- allowing presidents to start their duties sooner . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 was enacted to increase disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns . Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 . Thus , this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the Spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign . The first president , George Washington , was elected as an independent . Since the election of his successor , John Adams , in 1796 , all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties . Third parties have taken second place only twice , in 1860 and 1912 . The last time a third ( independent ) candidate achieved significant success ( although still finishing in third place ) was in 1992 , and the last time a third - party candidate received any electoral votes not from faithless electors was in 1968 . Procedure ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) The hand - written copy of the natural - born - citizen clause as it appeared in 1787 Article Two of the United States Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as President , the individual must be a natural - born citizen of the United States , at least 35 years old , and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years . A candidate may start running his or her campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency , but must meet the age and residency requirements by Inauguration Day . The Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution also sets a term limit : a President can not be elected to more than two terms . The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all federal offices in general , not just the presidency . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 states that if the U.S. Congress convicts any officer on impeachment , they may also bar that person from holding any public office in the future . And Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who had held any federal or state office and then engaged in insurrection , rebellion or treason ; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . In addition , the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the Vice-President must meet all of the qualifications of being a President . Although not a mandatory requirement , Federal campaign finance laws including the Federal Election Campaign Act state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 , among others , must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission . This has led presidential candidates , especially members from the two major political parties , to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign . Potential candidates usually form exploratory committees even earlier to determining the feasibility of them actually running . Nominating process ( edit ) Main articles : United States presidential primary and United States presidential nominating convention A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City , Iowa . The Iowa caucuses are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses . Madison Square Garden in New York City , the site of the 1976 , 1980 , and 1992 Democratic National Conventions ; and the 2004 Republican National Convention . The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts : a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state , and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party . This process was never included in the United States Constitution , and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates . The primary elections are run by state and local governments , while the caucuses are organized directly by the political parties . Some states hold only primary elections , some hold only caucuses , and others use a combination of both . These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election , with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary , respectively . Like the general election , presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections . The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions , usually all held in the summer before the federal election . Depending on each state 's law and state 's political party rules , when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary , they may be voting to award delegates `` bound '' to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions , or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention . Unlike the general election , voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions . Furthermore , each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory . In 2012 for example , the Democratic and Republican party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates . The Democrats - based theirs on two main factors : the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections , and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College . In contrast , the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates , plus 3 delegates per congressional district . Both parties then gave fixed amounts of delegates to each territory , and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria . Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses , state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include `` unpledged '' delegates that have a vote . For Republicans , they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory . Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called `` superdelegates '' , who are party leaders and elected officials . Each party 's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same ticket , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates ( including both pledged and unpledged ) , then a `` brokered convention '' results . All pledged delegates are then `` released '' and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate . Thereafter , the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political horse trading , and additional rounds of re-votes . The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers , but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favored sports arenas and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance . The popular vote on election Day ( edit ) A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot , 2008 Election Day Under the United States Constitution , the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state 's legislature . Although each state designates electors by popular vote , other methods are allowed . For instance , instead of having a popular vote , a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself . However , federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day , which is `` the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November , '' i.e. , a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8 . Today , the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors . Thus , the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government . Like any other election in the United States , the eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level . The Constitution states that suffrage can not be denied on grounds of race or color , sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older . Beyond these basic qualifications , it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility . Generally , voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice . The presidential ballot is a vote `` for the electors of a candidate '' meaning that the voter is not voting for the candidate , but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate . Many voting ballots allow a voter to `` blanket vote '' for all candidates in a particular political party or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system . Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as ballot access . Usually , the size of the candidate 's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot . Thus , the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for President , but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed . Laws are in effect to have other candidates pre-listed on a ticket , provided that enough voters have endorsed the candidate , usually through a signature list . The final way to be elected for president is to have one 's name written in at the time of election as a write - in candidate . This is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket . It is also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates , by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as Mickey Mouse or comedian Stephen Colbert ( whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party ) . In any event , a write - in candidate has never won an election for President of the United States . Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College , U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for President . Guam has held straw polls for president since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact . Electoral College ( edit ) Main article : Electoral College ( United States ) Electoral College map showing the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Republican candidate Donald Trump won the popular vote in 30 states ( denoted in red ) to capture 305 electoral votes ( plus 1 electoral vote from Maine 's second congressional district ) . Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in 20 states and Washington , D.C. ( denoted in blue ) to capture 232 electoral votes . Most state laws establish a winner - take - all system , wherein the ticket that wins a plurality of votes wins all of that state 's allocated electoral votes , and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . Maine and Nebraska do not use this method , instead giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district . Each state 's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for President and Vice President . Although Electoral College members can technically vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution , 24 states have laws to punish faithless electors , those who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom they have pledged to elect . In early January , the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting Vice President , acting in his capacity as President of the Senate , and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the President . If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote ( at least 270 ) , the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment . Specifically , the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election in a ballot of the House of Representatives . For the purposes of electing the President , each state has only one vote . A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the Vice President . In this ballot , each senator has one vote . The House of Representatives has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice , in 1800 and 1824 ; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once , in 1836 . If the President is not chosen by Inauguration Day , the Vice President - elect acts as President . If neither are chosen by then , Congress by law determines who shall act as President , pursuant to the 20th Amendment . Unless there are faithless electors , disputes , or other controversies , the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner can be determined based on the state - by - state popular vote results . Between the general election and Inauguration Day , this apparent winner is referred to as the `` President - elect '' ( unless it is a sitting President that has won re-election ) . Election calendar ( edit ) The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows , with the dates corresponding to the 2016 general election : Spring 2015 -- Candidates announce their intentions to run , and ( if necessary ) file their Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission August 2015 to March 2016 -- Primary and caucus debates February 1 to June 14 , 2016 -- Primaries and caucuses April to August , 2016 -- Nominating conventions ( including those of the minor third parties ) September and October , 2016 -- Presidential election debates November 8 , 2016 -- Election Day December 19 , 2016 -- Electors cast their electoral votes January 6 , 2017 -- Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes January 20 , 2017 -- Inauguration Day Trends ( edit ) Previous experience ( edit ) See also : List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience and List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held John Adams was the first of 26 presidents who have been lawyers . Among the 44 persons who have served as president , only Donald Trump had never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office . The only previous experience that Zachary Taylor , Ulysses S. Grant , and Dwight D. Eisenhower had was in the military . Herbert Hoover previously served as the Secretary of Commerce . Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president , such as being Vice President , a member of the United States Congress , or a state or territorial governor . Fourteen Presidents also served as vice president . However , only John Adams ( 1796 ) , Thomas Jefferson ( 1800 ) , Martin Van Buren ( 1836 ) , Richard Nixon ( 1968 ) and George H.W. Bush ( 1988 ) began their first term after winning an election . The remaining nine began their first term as president according to the presidential line of succession after the intra-term death or resignation of their predecessor . Of these , Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge , Harry S. Truman , and Lyndon B. Johnson were subsequently elected to a full term of their own , while John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Andrew Johnson , Chester A. Arthur , and Gerald Ford were not . Ford 's accession to the presidency is unique in American history in that he became vice president through the process prescribed by the Twenty - fifth Amendment rather than by winning an election , thus making him the only U.S. president to not have been elected to either office . Sixteen presidents had previously served in the U.S. Senate , including four of the five who served between 1945 and 1974 . However , only three were incumbent senators at the time they were elected president ( Warren G. Harding in 1920 , John F. Kennedy in 1960 , and Barack Obama in 2008 ) . Eighteen presidents had earlier served in the House of Representatives . However , only one was a sitting representative when elected to presidency ( James A. Garfield in 1880 ) . Four of the last seven presidents ( Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ) have been governors of a state . Geographically , these presidents were from either very large states ( Reagan from California , Bush from Texas ) or from a state south of the Mason -- Dixon line and east of Texas ( Carter from Georgia , Clinton from Arkansas ) . In all , sixteen presidents have been former governors , including seven who were incumbent governors at the time of their election to the presidency . The most common job experience , occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer ; 26 presidents had served as attorneys . Twenty - two presidents were also in the military . Eight presidents had served as Cabinet Secretaries , with five of the six Presidents who served between 1801 and 1841 having held the office of U.S. Secretary of State . After leaving office , one president , William Howard Taft , served as Chief Justice of the United States . Two others later served in Congress -- John Quincy Adams , who served in the House , and Andrew Johnson , who served in the Senate . Technology and media ( edit ) See also : Social media in the United States presidential election , 2016 Play media Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1964 `` Daisy '' advertisement Advances in technology and media have also affected presidential campaigns . The invention of both radio and television have given way to the reliance of national political advertisements across those methods of communication . National advertisements such as Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1964 commercial `` Daisy '' , Ronald Reagan 's 1984 commercial `` Morning in America '' , and George H.W. Bush 's 1988 commercial `` Revolving Door '' became major factors in those respective elections . In 1992 , George H.W. Bush 's promise of `` Read my lips : no new taxes '' was extensively used in the commercials of Bill Clinton and Bush 's other opponents with significant effect during the campaign . Since the development of the internet in the mid-90s , Internet activism has also become an invaluable component of presidential campaigns , especially since 2000 . The internet was first used in the 1996 presidential elections , but primarily as a brochure for the candidate online . It was only used by a few candidates and there is no evidence of any major effect on the outcomes of that election cycle . In 2000 , both candidates ( George W. Bush and Al Gore ) created , maintained and updated their campaign website . But it was not until the 2004 presidential election cycle was the potential value of the internet seen . By the summer of 2003 , ten people competing in the 2004 presidential election had developed campaign websites . Howard Dean 's campaign website from that year was considered a model for all future campaign websites . His website played a significant role in his overall campaign strategy . It allowed his supporters to read about his campaign platform and provide feedback , donate , get involved with the campaign , and connect with other supporters . A Gallup poll from January 2004 revealed that 49 percent of Americans have used the internet to get information about candidates , and 28 percent said that they use the internet to get this information frequently . In 2008 , the internet became a grassroots and a voice of the people tool -- a way for the users to connect with each other and with the campaign , like Dean 's website had done in 2004 . All of the major candidates had a website and utilized social networking like Facebook and MySpace . The popularity of a candidate could be measured by the number of `` friends '' on these sites as well as on websites like Hitwise , which listed the number of hits all of the presidential candidate 's websites had each week . Internet channels such as YouTube were used by candidates to share speeches and ads for free . This also served as a forum for users to attack other candidates by uploading videos of gaffes . A study done by the Pew Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with Princeton Survey Research Associates in November 2010 shows that 54 percent of adults in the United States used the internet to get information about the 2010 midterm elections and about specific candidates . This represents 73 percent of adult internet users . The study also showed that 22 percent of adult internet users used social network sites or Twitter to get information about and discuss the elections and 26 percent of all adults used cell phones to learn about or participate in campaigns . E-campaigning as it has come to be called , is subject to very little regulation . On March 26 , 2006 , the Federal Election Commission voted unanimously to `` not regulate political communication on the Internet , including emails , blogs and the creating of Web sites '' This decision made only paid political ads placed on websites subject to campaign finance limitations . A comment was made about this decision by Roger Alan Stone of Advocacy Inc. which explains this loophole in the context of a political campaign : `` A wealthy individual could purchase all of the e-mail addresses for registered voters in a congressional district ... produce an Internet video ad , and e-mail it along with a link to the campaign contribution page ... Not only would this activity not count against any contribution limits or independent expenditure requirements ; it would never even need to be reported . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Main articles : Criticisms of the Electoral College , Criticisms of U.S. presidential primaries , and History of U.S. presidential nominating conventions 2012 Republican primaries and caucuses calendar . January 2012 ( 4 ) February 2012 ( 7 ) March 2012 ( 23 ) April 2012 ( 9 ) May 2012 ( 7 ) June 2012 ( 6 ) 2012 swing states , where the margin of victory was 8 percentage points or fewer . States won by Republican Mitt Romney by 0 -- 4 percentage points States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 0 -- 4 percentage points States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 4 -- 8 percentage points The presidential election process is controversial , with critics arguing that it is inherently undemocratic , and discourages voter participation and turnout in many areas of the country . Because of the staggered nature of the primary season , voters in Iowa , New Hampshire and other small states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses first in January usually have a major impact on the races . Campaign activity , media attention , and voter participation are usually higher in these states , as the candidates attempt to build momentum and generate a bandwagon effect in these early primaries . Conversely , voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries last in June usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidates will be . The races are usually over by then , and thus the campaigns , the media , and voters have little incentive to participate in these late primaries . As a result , more states vie for earlier primaries to claim a greater influence in the process . However , compressing the primary calendar in this way limits the ability of lesser - known candidates to effectively corral resources and raise their visibility among voters , especially when competing with better - known candidates who have more financial resources and the institutional backing of their party 's establishment . Primary and caucus reform proposals include a National Primary held on a single day ; or the Interregional Primary Plan , where states would be grouped into six regions , and each of the regions would rotate every election on who would hold their primaries first . With the primary races usually over before June , the political conventions have mostly become scripted , ceremonial affairs . As the drama has left the conventions , and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies , public interest and viewership has fallen off . After having offered gavel - to - gavel coverage of the major party conventions in the mid-20th century , the Big Three television networks now only devote approximately three hours of coverage ( one hour per night ) . Critics also argue that the Electoral College is archaic and inherently undemocratic . With all states , except Maine and Nebraska , using a winner - take - all system , both the Democratic and the Republican candidates are almost certain to win all the electoral votes from those states whose residents predominantly vote for the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , respectively . This encourages presidential candidates to focus exponentially more time , money , and energy campaigning in a few so - called `` swing states '' , states in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support . Such swing states like Ohio are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers , and debates . Meanwhile , candidates and political parties have no incentive to mount nationwide campaign efforts , or work to increase voter turnout , in predominately Democratic Party `` safe states '' like California or predominately Republican Party `` safe states '' like Texas . In practice , the winner - take - all system also both reinforces the country 's two - party system and decreases the importance of third and minor political parties . Furthermore , a candidate can win the electoral vote without securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote , such as during the 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 and 2016 elections . In theory , it is possible to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from just the top 11 populous states and then ignore the rest of the country . Proposed changes to the election process ( edit ) In 1844 , Representative Samuel F. Vinton of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system . The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect , by a simple majority , a presidential candidate of said state . Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election results . Congress would then inscribe the name of every state on uniform balls , equal to the number of said state 's members of Congress , and deposit into a box . In a joint session of Congress , a ball would be drawn , and the elected candidate of the state of which is written on the drawn ball would be named President . A second ball would immediately be drawn after , and that state 's candidate would be named Vice-President . The resolution did not pass the House . Representative Vinton proposed an identical amendment in 1846 . Again , it was unsuccessful . The driving force behind the introduction of the resolution is unclear , as there is no recorded debate for either proposal . Other constitutional amendments , such as the Every Vote Counts Amendment , have been proposed seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote , which proponents argue would increase turnout and participation . Other proposed reforms include the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , an interstate compact without Congressional authorization , whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote , instead of voting their respective statewide results . Another proposal is for every state to simply adopt the District system used by Maine and Nebraska : give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district . The Automatic Plan would replace the Electors with an automatic tallying of votes to eliminate the faithless elector affecting the outcome of the election . The Proportional Plan , often compared to the District Plan , would distribute electoral votes in each state in proportion to the popular vote , introducing third party effects in election outcomes . The House Plan would require a constitutional amendment to allocate electors based on the House apportionment alone to lessen small state advantage . Direct election plans and bonus plans have in common a higher valuation on the popular vote for president . Electoral College results ( edit ) See also : List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin and List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin This is a table of electoral college results . Included are candidates who received at least 1 electoral vote or at least 5 % of the popular vote . Year Party Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Popular vote % Electoral votes Notes 1788 Independent George Washington None 43,782 100.0 69 / 138 Federalist John Adams N / A N / A 34 / 138 John Jay 9 / 138 Robert H. Harrison 6 / 138 John Rutledge 6 / 138 John Hancock 4 / 138 Anti-Administration George Clinton 3 / 138 Federalist Samuel Huntington 2 / 138 John Milton 2 / 138 James Armstrong 1 / 138 Benjamin Lincoln 1 / 138 Anti-Administration Edward Telfair 1 / 138 1792 Independent George Washington 28,579 100.0 132 / 264 Federalist John Adams N / A N / A 77 / 264 Democratic - Republican George Clinton 50 / 264 Thomas Jefferson 4 / 264 Aaron Burr 1 / 264 1796 Federalist John Adams 35,726 53.4 71 / 276 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson 31,115 46.6 68 / 276 Federalist Thomas Pinckney N / A N / A 59 / 276 Democratic - Republican Aaron Burr 30 / 276 Samuel Adams 15 / 276 Federalist Oliver Ellsworth 11 / 276 Democratic - Republican George Clinton 7 / 276 Federalist John Jay 5 / 276 James Iredell 3 / 276 Independent George Washington 2 / 276 Democratic - Republican John Henry 2 / 276 Federalist Samuel Johnston 2 / 276 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 1 / 276 1800 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 41,330 61.4 % 73 / 276 Federalist John Adams Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 25,952 38.6 % 64 / 276 John Jay 1 / 276 1804 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson George Clinton 104,110 72.8 % 162 / 176 Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Rufus King 38,919 27.2 % 14 / 176 1808 Democratic - Republican James Madison George Clinton 124,732 64.7 % 113 / 176 John Langdon 9 / 176 Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Rufus King 62,431 32.4 % 47 / 176 Democratic - Republican George Clinton James Madison N / A N / A 3 / 176 James Monroe 3 / 176 1812 Democratic - Republican James Madison Elbridge Gerry 140,431 50.4 % 128 / 217 Democratic - Republican / Federalist DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 % 86 / 217 Elbridge Gerry 3 / 217 1816 Democratic - Republican James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 76,592 68.2 % 83 / 217 Federalist Rufus King John Eager Howard 34,740 30.9 % 22 / 217 James Ross 5 / 217 John Marshall 4 / 217 Robert Goodloe Harper 3 / 217 1820 Democratic - Republican James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 87,343 80.6 % 218 / 232 Richard Stockton ( Federalist ) 8 / 232 Daniel Rodney ( Federalist ) 4 / 232 Robert Goodloe Harper ( Federalist ) 1 / 232 John Quincy Adams Richard Rush ( Federalist ) N / A N / A 1 / 232 1824 Democratic - Republican ( Adams faction ) John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun 113,122 30.9 % 74 / 261 Andrew Jackson 9 / 261 N / A 1 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Jackson faction ) Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 151,271 41.4 % 99 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Crawford faction ) William H. Crawford Nathaniel Macon 40,856 11.2 % 24 / 261 Martin Van Buren 9 / 261 John C. Calhoun 2 / 261 Henry Clay 2 / 261 Nathan Sanford 2 / 261 Andrew Jackson 1 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Clay faction ) Henry Clay Nathan Sanford 47,531 13.0 % 28 / 261 John C. Calhoun 7 / 261 Andrew Jackson 3 / 261 1828 Democratic Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 642,553 56.0 % 171 / 261 William Smith 7 / 261 National Republican John Quincy Adams Richard Rush 500,897 43.6 % 83 / 261 1832 Democratic Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren 701,780 54.2 % 189 / 286 William Wilkins 30 / 286 National Republican Henry Clay John Sergeant 484,205 37.4 % 49 / 286 Nullifier John Floyd Henry Lee N / A N / A 11 / 286 Anti-Masonic William Wirt Amos Ellmaker 100,715 7.8 % 7 / 286 1836 Democratic Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson 763,291 50.8 % 147 / 294 William Smith 23 / 294 Whig William Henry Harrison Francis Granger 549,907 36.6 % 63 / 294 John Tyler 10 / 294 Hugh L. White John Tyler 146,107 9.7 % 26 / 294 Daniel Webster Francis Granger 41,201 2.7 % 14 / 294 Willie Person Mangum John Tyler N / A N / A 11 / 294 1840 Whig William Henry Harrison John Tyler 1,275,390 52.9 % 234 / 294 Democratic Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson 1,128,854 46.8 % 48 / 294 Littleton W. Tazewell 11 / 294 James K. Polk 1 / 294 1844 Democratic James K. Polk George M. Dallas 1,339,494 49.5 % 170 / 275 Whig Henry Clay Theodore Frelinghuysen 1,300,004 48.1 % 105 / 275 1848 Whig Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore 1,361,393 47.3 % 163 / 290 Democratic Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler 1,223,460 42.5 % 127 / 290 Free Soil Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams Sr . 291,501 10.1 % 0 / 290 1852 Democratic Franklin Pierce William R. King 1,607,510 50.8 % 254 / 296 Whig Winfield Scott William Alexander Graham 1,386,942 43.9 % 42 / 296 Free Soil John P. Hale George Washington Julian 155,210 4.9 % 0 / 296 1856 Democratic James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge 1,836,072 45.3 % 174 / 296 Republican John C. Frémont William L. Dayton 1,342,345 33.1 % 114 / 296 American Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.6 % 8 / 296 1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin 1,865,908 39.8 % 180 / 303 Democratic ( Southern ) John C. Breckinridge Joseph Lane 848,019 18.1 % 72 / 303 Constitutional Union John Bell Edward Everett 590,901 12.6 % 39 / 303 Democratic ( Northern ) Stephen A. Douglas Herschel V. Johnson 1,380,202 29.5 % 12 / 303 1864 National Union / Republican Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson 2,218,388 55.0 % 212 / 233 Democratic George B. McClellan George H. Pendleton 1,812,807 45.0 % 21 / 233 1868 Republican Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax 3,013,650 52.7 % 214 / 294 Democratic Horatio Seymour Francis Preston Blair Jr . 2,708,744 47.3 % 80 / 294 1872 Republican Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson 3,598,235 55.6 % 286 / 352 Democratic Thomas A. Hendricks Benjamin Gratz Brown ( Liberal Republican ) 2,834,761 43.8 % 41 / 352 42 / 352 William S. Groesbeck 0 / 352 1 / 352 George Washington Julian ( Liberal Republican ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 John M. Palmer ( Liberal Republican ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 Liberal Republican Benjamin Gratz Brown Alfred H. Colquitt ( Democratic ) 5 / 352 George Washington Julian 4 / 352 5 / 352 Thomas E. Bramlette ( Democratic ) 3 / 352 John M. Palmer 2 / 352 3 / 352 Nathaniel P. Banks 1 / 352 Willis Benson Machen ( Democratic ) 1 / 352 William S. Groesbeck ( Democratic ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 Horace Greeley Benjamin Gratz Brown 3 / 352 Democratic Charles J. Jenkins Benjamin Gratz Brown 2 / 352 Liberal Republican David Davis Benjamin Gratz Brown 0 / 352 1 / 352 William S. Groesbeck ( Democratic ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 George Washington Julian 0 / 352 1 / 352 John M. Palmer 0 / 352 1 / 352 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler 4,034,142 47.9 % 185 / 369 Democratic Samuel J. Tilden Thomas A. Hendricks 4,286,808 50.9 % 184 / 369 1880 Republican James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur 4,446,158 48.3 % 214 / 369 Democratic Winfield Scott Hancock William Hayden English 4,444,260 48.3 % 155 / 369 1884 Democratic Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks 4,914,482 48.9 % 219 / 401 Republican James G. Blaine John A. Logan 4,856,903 48.3 % 182 / 401 1888 Republican Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton 5,443,892 47.8 % 233 / 401 Democratic Grover Cleveland Allen G. Thurman 5,534,488 48.6 % 168 / 401 1892 Democratic Grover Cleveland Adlai Stevenson I 5,553,898 46.0 % 277 / 444 Republican Benjamin Harrison Whitelaw Reid 5,190,819 43.0 % 145 / 444 Populist James B. Weaver James G. Field 1,026,595 8.5 % 22 / 444 1896 Republican William McKinley Garret Hobart 7,111,607 51.0 % 271 / 447 Democratic / Populist William Jennings Bryan Arthur Sewall ( Democratic ) 6,509,052 46.7 % 149 / 447 Thomas E. Watson ( Populist ) 27 / 447 1900 Republican William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt 7,228,864 51.6 % 292 / 447 Democratic William Jennings Bryan Adlai Stevenson I 6,370,932 45.5 % 155 / 447 1904 Republican Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks 7,630,457 56.4 % 336 / 476 Democratic Alton B. Parker Henry G. Davis 5,083,880 37.6 % 140 / 476 1908 Republican William Howard Taft James S. Sherman 7,678,335 51.6 % 321 / 483 Democratic William Jennings Bryan John W. Kern 6,408,979 43.0 % 162 / 483 1912 Democratic Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 6,296,284 41.8 % 435 / 531 Progressive Theodore Roosevelt Hiram Johnson 4,122,721 27.4 % 88 / 531 Republican William Howard Taft Nicholas Murray Butler 3,486,242 23.2 % 8 / 531 Socialist Eugene V. Debs Emil Seidel 901,551 6.0 % 0 / 531 1916 Democratic Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 9,126,868 49.2 % 277 / 531 Republican Charles Evans Hughes Charles W. Fairbanks 8,548,728 46.1 % 254 / 531 1920 Republican Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge 16,144,093 60.3 % 404 / 531 Democratic James M. Cox Franklin D. Roosevelt 9,139,661 34.2 % 127 / 531 1924 Republican Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes 15,723,789 54.0 % 382 / 531 Democratic John W. Davis Charles W. Bryan 8,386,242 28.8 % 136 / 531 Progressive Robert La Follette Burton K. Wheeler 4,831,706 16.6 % 13 / 531 1928 Republican Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 21,427,123 58.2 % 444 / 531 Democratic Al Smith Joseph Taylor Robinson 15,015,464 40.8 % 87 / 531 1932 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner 22,821,277 57.4 % 472 / 531 Republican Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 15,761,254 39.7 % 59 / 531 1936 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner 27,752,648 60.8 % 523 / 531 Republican Alf Landon Frank Knox 16,681,862 36.5 % 8 / 531 1940 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace 27,313,945 54.7 % 449 / 531 Republican Wendell Willkie Charles L. McNary 22,347,744 44.8 % 82 / 531 1944 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman 25,612,916 53.4 % 432 / 531 Republican Thomas E. Dewey John W. Bricker 22,017,929 45.9 % 99 / 531 1948 Democratic Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley 24,179,347 49.6 % 303 / 531 Republican Thomas E. Dewey Earl Warren 21,991,292 45.1 % 189 / 531 Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond Fielding L. Wright 1,175,930 2.4 % 39 / 531 1952 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon 34,075,529 55.2 % 442 / 531 Democratic Adlai Stevenson II John Sparkman 27,375,090 44.3 % 89 / 531 1956 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon 35,579,180 57.4 % 457 / 531 Democratic Adlai Stevenson II Estes Kefauver 26,028,028 42.0 % 73 / 531 Walter Burgwyn Jones Herman Talmadge N / A N / A 1 / 531 1960 Democratic John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson 34,220,984 49.7 % 303 / 537 Republican Richard Nixon Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . 34,108,157 49.6 % 219 / 537 Southern Democratic Harry F. Byrd Strom Thurmond 610,409 0.4 % 14 / 537 Barry Goldwater ( Republican ) 1 / 537 1964 Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert Humphrey 43,127,041 61.0 % 486 / 538 Republican Barry Goldwater William E. Miller 27,175,754 38.5 % 52 / 538 1968 Republican Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew 31,783,783 43.4 % 301 / 538 Democratic Hubert Humphrey Edmund Muskie 31,271,839 42.7 % 191 / 538 American Independent George Wallace Curtis LeMay 9,901,118 13.5 % 46 / 538 1972 Republican Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew 47,168,710 60.7 % 520 / 538 Democratic George McGovern Sargent Shriver 29,173,222 37.5 % 17 / 538 Libertarian John Hospers Tonie Nathan 3,674 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 1976 Democratic Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale 40,831,881 50.1 % 297 / 538 Republican Gerald Ford Bob Dole 39,148,634 48.0 % 240 / 538 Ronald Reagan N / A N / A 1 / 538 1980 Republican Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 43,903,230 50.7 % 489 / 538 Democratic Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale 35,480,115 41.0 % 49 / 538 Independent John B. Anderson Patrick Lucey 5,719,850 6.6 % 0 / 538 1984 Republican Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 54,455,472 58.8 % 525 / 538 Democratic Walter Mondale Geraldine Ferraro 37,577,352 40.6 % 13 / 538 1988 Republican George H.W. Bush Dan Quayle 48,886,597 53.4 % 426 / 538 Democratic Michael Dukakis Lloyd Bentsen 41,809,476 45.6 % 111 / 538 Lloyd Bentsen Michael Dukakis N / A N / A 1 / 538 1992 Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 44,909,806 43.0 % 370 / 538 Republican George H.W. Bush Dan Quayle 39,104,550 37.4 % 168 / 538 Independent Ross Perot James Stockdale 19,743,821 18.9 % 0 / 538 Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 47,401,185 49.2 % 379 / 538 Republican Bob Dole Jack Kemp 39,197,469 40.7 % 159 / 538 Reform Ross Perot Pat Choate 8,085,294 8.4 % 0 / 538 2000 Republican George W. Bush Dick Cheney 50,456,002 47.9 % 271 / 538 Democratic Al Gore Joe Lieberman 50,999,897 48.4 % 266 / 538 Republican George W. Bush Dick Cheney 62,040,610 50.7 % 286 / 538 Democratic John Kerry John Edwards 59,028,444 48.3 % 251 / 538 John Edwards 5 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 2008 Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 69,498,516 52.9 % 365 / 538 Republican John McCain Sarah Palin 59,948,323 45.7 % 173 / 538 2012 Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 65,915,795 51.1 % 332 / 538 Republican Mitt Romney Paul Ryan 60,933,504 47.2 % 206 / 538 2016 Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 62,979,636 46.0 % 304 / 538 Ron Paul ( Libertarian ) 124 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Democratic Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 65,844,610 48.1 % 227 / 538 Republican ( cast by Democratic electors ) Colin Powell Susan Collins 25 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) 1 / 538 Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) 1 / 538 Republican John Kasich Carly Fiorina 2,684 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Democratic Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren 108,776 0.08 % 1 / 538 Faith Spotted Eagle Winona LaDuke ( Green ) N / A N / A 1 / 538 Voter turnout ( edit ) See also : Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections Voter turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections showed a noticeable increase over the turnout in 1996 and 2000 . Prior to 2004 , voter turnout in presidential elections had been decreasing while voter registration , measured in terms of voting age population ( VAP ) by the U.S. Census , has been increasing . The VAP figure , however , includes persons ineligible to vote -- mainly non-citizens and ineligible felons -- and excludes overseas eligible voters . Opinion is mixed on whether this decline was due to voter apathy. or an increase in ineligible voters on the rolls . The difference between these two measures are illustrated by analysis of turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections . Voter turnout from the 2004 and 2008 election was `` not statistically different , '' based on the voting age population used by a November 2008 U.S. Census survey of 50,000 households . If expressed in terms of vote eligible population ( VEP ) , the 2008 national turnout rate was 61.7 % from 131.3 million ballots cast for president , an increase of over 1.6 percentage points over the 60.1 % turnout rate of 2004 , and the highest since 1968 . Financial disclosures ( edit ) Prior to 1967 , many presidential candidates disclosed assets , stock holdings , and other information which might affect the public trust . In that year , Republican candidate George W. Romney went a step further and released his tax returns for the previous twelve years . Since then , many presidential candidates -- including all major - party nominees from 1980 to 2012 -- have released some of their returns , although few of the major party nominees have equaled or exceeded George Romney 's twelve . The Tax History Project -- a project directed by Joseph J. Thorndike and established of the nonprofit Tax Analysts group -- has compiled the publicly released tax returns of presidents and presidential candidates ( including primary candidates ) . In 2016 , Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump broke with tradition , becoming the only major - party candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 to not make any of his full tax returns public . Trump gave as a reason that he was being audited by the IRS . However , no law or precedent prevents a person from releasing their tax returns while under audit , and in fact President Richard M. Nixon released his tax returns while being audited . Presidential coattails ( edit ) Main article : Coattail effect Presidential elections are held on the same date as those for all the seats in the United States House of Representatives , the full terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate , the governorships in several U.S. states , and many state and local elections . Presidential candidates tend to bring out supporters who then vote for their party 's candidates for those other offices . These other candidates are said to ride on the presidential candidates ' coattails . Voter turnout is also generally higher during presidential election years than either midterm election years or odd - numbered election years . Comparison with other U.S. general elections ( edit ) Basic rotation of U.S. general elections ( fixed - terms only ) Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Type Presidential Off - year Midterm Off - year Presidential President Yes No Yes Senate Class III ( 34 seats ) No Class I ( 33 seats ) No Class II ( 33 seats ) House All 435 seats No All 435 seats No All 435 seats Gubernatorial 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV 2 states NJ , VA 36 states , 3 territories AL , AK , AZ , AR , CA , CO , CT , FL , GA , GU , HI , ID , IL , IA , KS , ME , MP , MD , MA , MI , MN , NE , NV , NH , NM , NY , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , VI , VT , WI , WY 3 states KY , LA , MS 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV Other state and local offices Varies This table does not include special elections , which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections . As well as all six non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . As well as five non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico instead serves a four - year term that coincides with the presidential term . The Governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two - year terms . The other 48 state governors serve four - year terms . view talk See also ( edit ) Outline of American politics # Elections American election campaigns in the 19th century Elections in the United States First Party System , Federalists vs Jeffersonian Republicans , 1790s - 1820s Second Party System , Democrats vs Whigs , 1830s - 1850s Third Party System , Republicans vs Democrats , 1850s - 1890s Fourth Party System , Republicans vs Democrats , 1890s - 1930s ; `` Progressive Era '' Fifth Party System , Democrats vs Republicans , 1930s - 1960s Sixth Party System , Democrats vs Republicans , 1960s - present Statistical forecasts : Electoral-vote.com FiveThirtyEight.com PollyVote 270towin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dixon , Robert G. , Jr. ( 1950 ) . `` Electoral College Procedure '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 3 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 443484 . JSTOR 443484 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` A Viewer 's Guide to the Next Year in Presidential Politics '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Andrew ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Could a Hurricane Like Sandy Postpone the Presidential Election ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jose A. DelReal ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton might have just two more weeks or so to announce she 's running for president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Bugh ( 2010 ) . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7751 - 2 . Jump up ^ Of the 13 original states during the 1789 election , six states chose electors by some form of popular vote , four states chose electors by a different method , North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution , and New York failed to appoint their allotment of electors in time because of a deadlock in their state legislature . Jump up ^ Rose , Douglas Dana . `` The Ten Most Competitive American Presidential Elections '' . ResearchGate . ^ Jump up to : Yan , Holly ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Why Tuesday , why November , why elephants ? Election riddles solved '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers '' ( Press release ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation -- 2012 '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republican Detailed Delegate Allocation -- 2012 '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul , Katie ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Convention Wisdom '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Eun Kyung Kim ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Convention Q & A '' . Gannett News Service . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ Clift , Eleanor ( 2008 - 02 - 06 ) . `` A Ticking Clock '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Gold , Jeffrey ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Post-primary questions answered '' . Associated Press . Courier - Post . Jump up ^ `` Sandy unlikely to postpone election '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Faithless Electors '' . FairVote . Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's First 100 Days : An ' Entry - Level ' Presidency '' . NPR . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p. 10 , Shirley V. Scott ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Timothy D. ; Chesebro , James W. ; Studinski , David Paul ( 2009 ) . `` The Role of the Internet in Presidential Campaigns '' . Communications Studies . 60 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 10510970903260418 . ^ Jump up to : Endres , Warnick ( 2004 ) . `` Text - based Interactivity in Candidate Campaign Web Sites : A case Study from the 2002 Elections '' . Western Journal of Communication . 68 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 10570310409374804 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron . `` Pew Internet & American Life Project '' . The Internet and Campaign 2010 . Pew Research Center . ^ Jump up to : Bimbaum , Jeffrey ( June 11 , 2006 ) . `` Loophole a Spigot for E-Mail ; Critics Fear Voters Will Be Deluged as Fall Elections Near '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Trent & Friedenberg ( 2008 ) . Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution ( H.J. Res . ) 8 Proposing a Constitutional Amendment to Elect the President by Lot '' . National Archives Catalog . Center for Legislative Archives , National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Melcher , James P. , `` Electing to Reform : Maine and the District Plan for Selection of Presidential Electors '' , 2004 , New England Political Science Association . viewed October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prior to the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution , electors cast two ballots , both for President . The candidate who received a majority of electoral votes became President , and the runner - up became Vice President . ^ Jump up to : Adams was elected Vice President . Jump up ^ Jefferson was elected Vice President . ^ Jump up to : Breakdown by ticket results are available for the 1800 election . Jump up ^ In total , Jefferson received 122 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Six faithless electors from New York voted for Clinton instead of Madison . Three cast their vice presidential vote for Madison , and three for Monroe . Jump up ^ While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . Jump up ^ Three faithless electors , two from Massachusetts and one from New Hampshire , voted for Gerry for vice president instead of Ingersoll . Jump up ^ Electors from Massachusetts voted for Howard , electors from Delaware voted for Harper , and electors from Connecticut split their vote between Ross and Marshall . In total , King received 34 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Although the Federalists did not field a candidate , several Federalist electors voted for Federalist vice presidential candidates instead of Tompkins . In total , Monroe received 231 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Faithless elector William Plumer of New Hampshire voted for Adams and Rush instead of Monroe and Tompkins . Jump up ^ Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote , the House of Representatives elected the president . In the House , 13 state delegations voted for Adams , 7 for Jackson , and 4 for Crawford . Jump up ^ 74 of Adams ' electors voted for Calhoun , 9 voted for Jackson , and one did not vote for vice president . Jump up ^ In total , Crawford received 40 electoral votes . Jump up ^ In total , Clay received 38 electoral votes . Jump up ^ 7 faithless electors from Georgia voted for Smith instead of Calhoun . Jump up ^ All 30 of Pennsylvania 's electors voted for Wilkins instead of Van Buren . In total , Jackson received 219 electoral votes . ^ Jump up to : All of the electoral votes came from South Carolina , where the electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote . Jump up ^ All 23 of Virginia 's electors voted for Smith for vice president instead of Johnson , which resulted in Johnson failing to obtain a majority of the electoral votes . As a result , the election went to the Senate , which elected Johnson by a vote of 33 -- 16 . Jump up ^ In total , Harrison received 73 electoral votes . Jump up ^ In total , Van Buren received 60 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Johnson , a Democrat , was nominated on the National Union ticket along with Lincoln , a Republican . Jump up ^ The electoral votes of Tennessee and Louisiana were not counted . Had they been counted , Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes . Jump up ^ All popular votes were originally for Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown . ^ Jump up to : The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of 4 electoral votes in Missouri . Therefore , the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each . Jump up ^ In total , Hendricks received 42 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Greeley died before the Electoral College voted ; as a result the electoral vote intended for Greeley and Brown went to several other candidates . Jump up ^ In total , Davis received 1 electoral vote . Jump up ^ While the Democrats and Populists both nominated Bryan , the two parties had different vice presidential running mates . Jump up ^ Butler replaced Sherman , who died before the election was held . Jump up ^ W.F. Turner , a faithless elector from Alabama , voted for Jones and Talmadge instead of Stevenson and Kefauver . Jump up ^ Unpledged electors voted for Byrd and Thurmond . Henry D. Irwin , a faithless elector from Oklahoma , cast his vote for Byrd and Goldwater instead of Nixon and Lodge . Jump up ^ Faithless elector Roger MacBride of Virginia voted for Hospers and Nathan instead of Nixon and Agnew . Jump up ^ Mike Padden , a faithless elector from Washington , voted for Reagan instead of Ford . He voted for Dole , however , as pledged . Jump up ^ Faithless elector Margarette Leach of West Virginia voted for Bentsen for president and Dukakis for vice president , instead of Dukakis for president and Bentsen for vice president . Jump up ^ One of the D.C. electors pledged to Gore - Lieberman abstained from the final vote . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College '' . www.archives.gov . Jump up ^ One anonymous faithless elector from Minnesota voted for Edwards for both president and vice president . ^ Jump up to : Collins Walsh , Sean ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 1 faithless electoral vote from Texas . Jump up ^ 3 faithless electoral votes from Washington . Jump up ^ 1 faithless electoral vote from Hawaii . Jump up ^ 1 faithless electoral vote from Washington . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` National Voter Turnout in Federal Elections : 1960 -- 1996 '' . Federal Election Commission . 2003 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Election Information : Election Statistics '' . Office of the Clerk . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Voting and Registration Date '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Frequently Asked Questions '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Preliminary Voter Turnout '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Income Tax Returns Released for Last 12 Years by Romney , St. Joseph Gazette , United Press International , November 27 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Shaxson , Nicholas ( August 2012 ) . `` Where the Money Lives '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Sherman , Amy ( August 19 , 2012 ) , Debbie Wasserman Schultz ' claim about release of tax returns of major candidates is false , says PolitiFact Florida , Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Robert Farley , Romney and the Tax Return Precedent , FactCheck.org , Annenberg Public Policy Center , July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About the Project , Tax History Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Tax Returns , Tax History Project . ^ Jump up to : Alan Rappeport , Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns , New York Times ( May 11 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jeanne Sahadi , Nixon released his tax returns under audit . Why ca n't Trump ? , CNN Money ( May 11 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Sean Gorman , Tim Kaine correctly notes Richard Nixon released tax returns despite audit , PolitiFact ( October 5 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Government By the People ; national , state , and local version '' Prentice Hall publishers , by Cronin Magleby O'Brien Light Jump up ^ Desilver , D. ( 2014 ) Voter turnout always drops off for midterm elections , but why ? Pew Research Center , July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout '' . FairVote . Retrieved 2001 - 04 - 08 . Low turnout is most pronounced in off - year elections for state legislators and local officials as well as primaries Further reading ( edit ) Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 - 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 - 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 - 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 - 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 - 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 - 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 - 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 - 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 - 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 - 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 - 2001 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election . The American Presidency Project ( UC Santa Barbara : 52,000 + Presidential Documents ) Electoral College Box Scores Teaching about Presidential Elections All the maps since 1840 by counties ( French language site ) Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections History of U.S. Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 2004 Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state ( Java Applet ) A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite `` poles '' , Vermont , and Alabama The Living Room Candidate : A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads Presidential Elections , from History.com A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 How close were Presidential Elections ? -- Michael Sheppard , Michigan State University Better World Links on the U.S. Presidential Election Presidential Elections : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Presidential Elections : Vacancies in Major - Party Candidacies and the Position of President - Elect from Congressional Research Service U.S. Election Statistics : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress `` Electoral Votes '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year , and also includes the results for Vice President . Statistical forecasts Election Projection 17 poll composite Princeton Election Consortium Gallup United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Politics portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election&oldid=861608205 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Caucus November events Presidential elections in the United States Quadrennial events 1788 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20presidential%20election
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who wins the great food truck race 2017
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The Great food truck Race
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the great food truck race
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The Great Food Truck Race is a reality television and cooking series that originally aired on August 15 , 2010 , on Food Network , with Tyler Florence as the host . Billed as a cross between Cannonball Run and Top Chef , this late summer show features several competing teams of three who drive across the United States in their food trucks and make stops every week to sell food in different cities .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Series overview 3 Production Notes 4 References 5 External links Format ( edit ) Every season , between six and eight food truck teams compete in a race where they must cook , sell , and adapt to different challenges in the hopes of winning $50,000 ( and in some cases , their very own food truck ) . Starting off on the west coast and driving east , every week the food truck that makes the least profit is eliminated and sent home , while the rest of the food trucks continue on to the next city . They 're usually given `` seed money '' at the beginning of each episode that goes towards grocery shopping . The teams are assigned different challenges every week for a chance to earn more money ( usually in the form of selling the most of a special dish or making a version of a local delicacy for Tyler and a guest judge ) . They 're also thrown obstacles that hinder their ability to make normal sales ( examples : switching their menu to vegan food or being unable to restock supplies for the day . ) In the first two seasons of the Great Food Truck Race , the competitors were seasoned , professional food truck operators who were competing for a cash prize ( first season was $50,000 and second season was $100,000 ) . In the following seasons ( save for season six ) , food trucks were provided to novices ( from home cooks to former restaurateurs ) who have dreamt of owning and operating their very own food truck . In seasons three , four , and five , the winning team got the money and got to keep the food truck they were provided by the show . In season six and onward , the show reverted to awarding the winning teams only the $50,000 . Series overview ( edit ) List of The Great Food Truck Race episodes Season Episodes Season premiere Season finale 6 August 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 15 ) September 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 19 ) 7 August 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 14 ) September 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 25 ) 7 August 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 19 ) September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) 7 August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 5 7 August 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 6 6 August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 7 5 August 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 28 ) September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 8 6 August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) Production notes ( edit ) Bob Tuschman , general manager of the Food Network , had gotten several pitches for a food truck themed competition show before settling on the show that would become The Great Food Truck Race . He believed it to be ideal because it combined the Survivor - style reality show competition with the rising trend of food trucks . Tyler Florence was immediately on board and as the show grew and got renewed , so did the food truck scene . Florence believed the food truck trend grew in large part because of the economic slump around the early 2000s , and his show `` helped invent an entirely new genre of restaurants '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Great Food Truck Race Episodes '' . Television Food Network G.P . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Florence Interview '' . Tvsquad.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Florence talks about Food Network 's new reality competition '' . ew.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Food ( Truck ) Fight : Putting Griddle to the Metal '' . nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` How ' The Great Food Truck Race ' Influenced America 's Food Truck Scene '' . thedailymeal.com . External links ( edit ) Official website The Great Food Truck Race on IMDb Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2010 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guilty Pleasures ( since 2015 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( since 2006 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( since 2015 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes 2008 -- 2013 Paula 's Home Cooking 2002 -- 2012 Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) See also : Food Network pilots and specials Food Network Canada programming Current Bake with Anna Olson ( since 2012 ) The Baker Sisters ( since 2017 ) Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( since 2016 ) Cake Hunters ( since 2016 ) Cake Wars : Christmas ( since 2015 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Carnival Eats ( since 2014 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped Canada ( since 2014 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cooks vs. Cons ( since 2016 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( since 2015 ) Cupcake Wars ( since 2009 ) David Rocco 's Dolce Vita ( since 2010 ) Diners , Drive - Ins and Dives ( since 2006 ) Donut Showdown ( since 2013 ) Food Factory ( since 2012 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Food Network Star Kids ( since 2016 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Giada Entertains ( since 2016 ) Giada in Italy ( since 2015 ) Ginormous Food ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Family Road Trip ( since 2017 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) I Hart Food ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( since 2015 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Bakers in America ( since 2016 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) You Gotta Eat Here ! ( since 2012 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Door Knock Dinners ( 1999 -- 2002 ) East Meets West ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Hot Off the Grill With Bobby Flay ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Molto Mario ( 1996 -- 2010 ) Nigella Bites ( 1999 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts The 100 Mile Challenge ( 2009 ) 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) At the Table With ... ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) The Best Thing I Ever Ate ( 2009 -- 2011 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2009 -- unknown ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Calling All Cooks ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Canadian Living Cooks ( unknown -- 2005 ) Chef Abroad ( 2007 or 2008 -- 2009 ) Chef at Home ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Chef at Large ( 2000 -- unknown ) Chef vs. City ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef Academy ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Chef School ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Christine Cushing Live ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Christine Cushing : Cook with Me ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Chuck 's Day Off ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Cooking for Real ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Cook Like a Chef ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Crash My Kitchen ( 2005 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Eat , Shrink , and Be Merry ( since 2007 -- 2011 ) Everyday Exotic ( since 2008 -- 2009 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) The F Word ( 2008 -- 2011 ) The Family Restaurant ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Hunter ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Food Jammers ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) French Food at Home ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Fresh with Anna Olson ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( since 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- unknown ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) The Heat with Mark McEwan ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Honey , We 're Killing the Kids ( 2005 -- unknown ) How 'd That Get On My Plate ? ( 2008 ) I Do , Let 's Eat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) In Search of Perfection ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Iron Chef America ( 2005 -- 2014 ) Jamie at Home ( 2008 ) Jamie 's Great Italian Escape ( 2005 ) Jamie 's Kitchen Australia ( 2008 ) Just One Bite ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Kitchen Crimes ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Kitchen Nightmares ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Kitchen Equipped ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Kylie Kwong : Simply Magic ( 2006 ) Licence to Grill ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Made to Order ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Man - Made Food ( 2004 -- unknown ) The Manic Organic ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Martin Yan 's Chinatown ( 2002 ) New Classics With Chef Rob Feenie ( 2000 -- 2004 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Nigella Express ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Nigella Feasts ( 2006 ) Opening Soon ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Party Dish ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Quick Fix Meals with Robin Miller ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Ramsay 's Kitchen Nightmares ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Makeover ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Return to Tuscany ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Ricardo and Friends ( 2006 -- 2009 ) River Cottage Treatment ( 2006 ) Road Grill ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Simply Delicioso ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Sugar ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Summer 's Best ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Supersizers Go ... ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Surfing the Menu ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Surreal Gourmet ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) The Thirsty Traveler ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Top Chef Masters ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Around the World in 80 Plates ( 2012 ) Buddy 's Family Vacation ( 2016 ) CheF * OFF ( 2010 ) Chef in Your Ear ( 2015 -- 2016 ) The Delinquent Gourmet ( 2011 ) Dinner Party Wars ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Duff Till Dawn ( 2015 ) Eat St. ( 2011 -- 2015 ) Family Cook Off ( 2012 ) Food 's Greatest Hits ( 2016 ) Food Fighters ( 2014 -- 2015 ) From Spain with Love with Annie Sibonney ( 2011 ) Gordon Ramsay 's Ultimate Home Cooking ( 2015 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Ice Cold Cash ( 2012 ) The Incredible Food Race ( 2015 ) Jamie 's 30 - Minute Meals ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Jamie 's Comfort Food ( 2014 ) Jamie 's Super Food ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Mexican Made Easy ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Nadia G 's Bitchin ' Kitchen ( 2010 -- 2013 ) The Opener ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Outrageous Food ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Pitchin ' In ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Kids Cook - Off ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recipe for Success ( 2004 -- unknown ) Recipe to Riches ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Takeover ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Sandwich King ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Secrets of a Restaurant Chef ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Spice Goddess ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Sugar High ( 2011 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Top Chef Canada ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Top Chef Just Desserts ( 2010 -- 2011 ) World 's Weirdest Restaurants ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Food_Truck_Race&oldid=807069834 '' Categories : Food Network series Food reality television series American reality television series Food trucks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Food%20Truck%20Race
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blackpink as if it's your last record
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As If It 's Your Last
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as if it's your last
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`` As If It 's Your Last '' ( Hangul : 마지막 처럼 ; RR : Majimakcheoreom ) is a 2017 single by South Korean girl group Black Pink , released on June 22 , 2017 by YG Entertainment and distributed by Genie Music . The song was a commercial success , topping Billboard 's World Digital Songs and peaking at number 3 on the Gaon Digital Chart .
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Contents 1 Background and release 2 Music video 3 Composition 4 Promotion 5 Commercial performance 6 Usage in media 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Monthly charts 7.3 Sales 8 Accolades 8.1 Music program awards 9 References Background and release ( edit ) As early as mid-May 2017 , YG Entertainment officials had confirmed that Black Pink were working toward a June comeback , and on June 5 it was revealed that Black Pink would be filming the music video for the new single during that week . On the same day , YG Entertainment 's CEO Yang Hyun - suk released a photo of Black Pink on the filming location of the new music video , confirming that Black Pink would make a June comeback , which is 7 months after the group 's last release Square Two with the songs `` Playing with Fire '' and `` Stay '' in November 2016 . The next day on June 6 it was announced that Black Pink would likely release the new song between June 15 and June 20 . On June 13 , 2017 , YG Entertainment revealed a teaser of the new single and confirmed the release date to be June 22 . Subsequently , from June 16 to June 18 each of Black Pink 's members ' individual teaser was released . On June 19 , the title of the single was revealed to be `` As If It 's Your Last '' ( Korean : 마지막 처럼 ) , and the time of the new release was confirmed to be 6 pm KST on June 22 . It was further explained that this song would be a surprise for fans while Black Pink prepares for Square Three , the next release in the Square series after Square Two and Square One . On June 20 , a teaser of the music video was released on both Black Pink 's official YouTube channel and the group 's official V Live channel . On the next day , a behind - the - scenes video was released , and YG Entertainment announced that the group would hold a comeback special live on Naver 's V App at 8 pm KST on June 22 . Music video ( edit ) On June 22 at 6 pm KST , `` As If It 's Your Last '' was released on major music portals in South Korea , and its music video was released on Black Pink 's YouTube and V Live channels . Within 17 hours after release , the music video for `` As If It 's Your Last '' gained more than 11 million views on YouTube , becoming the fastest music video to exceed 10 million views by a K - pop group at that time and breaking the record previously held by `` Not Today '' by BTS , which gained 10 million views within 21 hours . Furthermore , the music video became the second most viewed online video in the first 24 hours by a Korean act , with more than 13.3 million views within 24 hours after release , second only to Psy 's `` Gentleman '' . As of July 15 , 2018 , their music video has 343.4 million views . On June 24 , the dance practice video for `` As If It 's Your Last '' was released on Black Pink 's V Live channel . Composition ( edit ) `` As If It 's Your Last '' is described as Black Pink 's most exciting and upbeat song that they have released so far . Black Pink 's member Jisoo said that the group had thus far in their history only had `` Black '' concepts up until then , and that this new single would be a `` Pink '' concept . The song was described as a `` mixed genre of house , reggae and moombahton music '' , a change of sound from their previous releases . `` As If It 's Your Last '' is written in the key of A-flat major at 125 beats per minute , this song uses common time and it follows the chord progression of F ( no3no5 ) for the verses and Fm - A ♭ - E ♭ - D ♭ - E ♭ for the pre-chorus . It switches to D ♭ - A ♭ - E ♭ - Fm - E ♭ for the chorus . The melody for the verse uses the F Mixolydian Scale while it uses F Minor for the pre-chorus and A-flat major scale for the chorus . Promotion ( edit ) Black Pink will promote `` As If It 's Your Last '' on various music shows in South Korea in the month leading up to their Japan debut in July . Specifically , the group held their comeback stage on MBC 's Show ! Music Core on June 24 , which was the first time that they ever appeared on the show . Commercial performance ( edit ) In South Korea , the song debuted at number 4 on the Gaon Digital Chart on the chart issue dated June 18 -- 24 , 2017 , with 181,883 downloads sold and 2,996,521 streams . In its second week , the song peaked at number 3 , with 157,224 downloads sold and 6,632,012 streams . The song entered at number 12 on the chart for the month of June 2017 , with 323,104 downloads sold . In Canada , the song debuted at number 45 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 on the week ending June 29 , 2017 - their highest peak in the country since `` Playing with Fire '' debuted at 92 in 2016 . In Japan , the song debuted at number 19 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 , becoming Black Pink 's highest charting effort in the country . The song stayed in position 19 for the second week on chart . Being released on a Thursday , the song had one day within the tracking week ending June 22 , 2017 in the United States . Despite the limited window , `` As If It 's Your Last '' debuted at number one on Billboard World Digital Songs after selling 4,000 copies that week . Usage in media ( edit ) The song and its music video were featured in the DC Extended Universe 's film Justice League . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia Streaming Audio Visual Tracks ( ARIA ) 30 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Finland Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) 7 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) 5 France Download ( SNEP ) 180 Japan Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 19 Malaysia ( RIM ) New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Portugal ( Single Top 50 ) 48 South Korea ( Gaon Digital Chart ) South Korea ( K - pop Hot 100 ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 13 US World Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Monthly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position South Korea ( Gaon Digital Chart ) 12 Sales ( edit ) Country Sales South Korea 1,429,854 + United States 9,000 + Accolades ( edit ) Music program awards ( edit ) Program Date Ref . Inkigayo ( SBS ) July 2 , 2017 July 9 , 2017 July 16 , 2017 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' 컴백 ' 블랙 핑크 , 가장 빠르고 시원한 곡 으로 승부 본다 '' ( in Korean ) . Newsen . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 뮤직 톡톡 ) 블랙 핑크 , 6 월 컴백 목표 로 준비 중 ... ' YG 열일 칭찬 해 ' '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Osen . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 입장 ) YG 측 `` 블랙 핑크 , 6 월 컴백 예정 ... 금주 MV 촬영 '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . Osen . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Pink confirms June release , following G - Dragon '' . The Korea Herald . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( 단독 ) ' 7 개월 만 컴백 ' 블랙 핑크 , 예능 + 가요 프로 활발 활동 한다 `` 15 ~ 20 일 컴백 '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . Starnews Korea . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLACKPINK 要 回歸 了 ! 倒數 不 到 十 天 啦 ~ '' ( in Chinese ) . Korea Star Daily . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Innocent → Breathtaking '' A teaser image of chic JENNIE of BLACKPINK unveiled `` . YG Life . June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Pink 's Jisoo Comes Back Stunningly Beautiful '' . Korea Portal . June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 컴백 D - 4 ' 블랙 핑크 로제 X 리사 , 핑크 블랙 걸 크러시 '' ( in Korean ) . YG Life . June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 블랙 핑크 , 신곡 타이틀 은 ' 마지막 처럼 ' ... 완전체 티저 공개 '' ( in Korean ) . YG Life . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLACKPINK - ' 마지막 처럼 ( AS IF IT 'S YOUR LAST ) ' M / V TEASER '' . YouTube . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLACKPINK - ' 마지막 처럼 ( AS IF IT 'S YOUR LAST ) ' M / V TEASER '' . V Live . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLACKPINK unveiled part of title track for comeback D - 1 `` Bold promotion '' `` . YG Life . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 美 친 차트 ) 블랙 핑크 , 신곡 발표 직후 음원 차트 1 위 ... 괴물 신인 저력 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Osen . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 블랙 핑크 , ' 마지막 처럼 ' MV K 팝 그룹 역대 최단 시간 1 천만 뷰 돌파 '' ( in Korean ) . Star Daily News . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Pink shatters the K - pop MV YouTube record for 10 million views '' . SBS PopAsia . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BLACKPINK Breaks Another K - Pop Group Record , This Time For Most MV Views In 24 Hours '' . Soompi . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 블랙 핑크 , ' 마지막 처럼 ' MV 하루 만 에 1 천 3 백만 뷰 , 최단 신기록 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Herald Pop . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BLACKPINK ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) , BLACKPINK - ' 마지막 처럼 ( AS IF IT 'S YOUR LAST ) ' M / V , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 Jump up ^ `` 블랙 핑크 ' 마지막 처럼 ' 연습실 안무 영상 공개 ... 관심 UP '' . StarNews ( in Korean ) . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 컴백 ' 블랙 핑크 `` 지금 까진 ' 블랙'이었다면 이번엔 ' 핑크 ' '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . The Daily Sports . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jae - heun ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` BLACKPINK reveals digital single before Japanese showcase '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) 블랙 핑크 , 데뷔 10 개월 만 ' 음중 ' 첫 출격 ... 24 일 컴백 첫방 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Starnews Korea . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 음악 중심 ' 블랙 핑크 컴백 , 청량 + 깜찍 모두 완벽 ... ' 마지막 처럼 ' '' . Osen ( in Korean ) . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 국내 대표 음악 차트 가온 차트 ! '' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackpink Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Hot 100 - As If It 's Your Last '' . Billboard Japan . Billboard Japan . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin . `` Blackpink Earns New High on Social 50 Chart '' . Billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Justice League ( 2017 ) '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Streaming Audio Visual Tracks Chart '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f[0]=ts_chart_artistname%3Ablackpink&f[1]=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=blackpink . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Blackpink : As If It 's Your Last '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 26 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/japan-hot-100 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As If It 's Your Last by Blackpink - Music Charts '' . acharts.co . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Weekly Digital Chart - Week 26 of 2017 '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kpop Hot 100 - The Week of July 3 , 2017 ~ July 9 '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackpink Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Digital Song Sales Chart ( July 8 , 2017 ) '' . Billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 Download Chart ( See # 19 ) '' . gaon chart . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Blackpink Earns New High on Social 50 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff . `` Happy Anniversary , Blackpink : A Breakdown of Their Major Chart Accomplishments After 1 Year '' . Billboard.com . Billboard Music . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 인기 가요 ' 1 위 ' 차지한 블랙 핑크 의 ' 마지막 처럼 ' 무대 ( 영상 ) '' . Insight ( in Korean ) . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' 인기 가요 ' 블랙 핑크 1 위 , 이효리 레드 벨벳 역대 급 컴백 ( 종합 ) '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 블랙 핑크 , ' 인기 가요 ' 3 주 연속 1 위 ... '' 양현석 테디 감사 해 `` '' . Naver . July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Black Pink Jisoo Jennie Rosé Lisa Extended plays Blackpink Square Up Singles `` Boombayah / Whistle '' `` Playing with Fire / Stay '' `` As If It 's Your Last '' `` Ddu - Du Ddu - Du '' `` Forever Young '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations YG Entertainment Teddy Park Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_If_It%27s_Your_Last&oldid=851284566 '' Categories : Black Pink songs 2017 singles YG Entertainment singles Songs written by Teddy Park 2017 songs Moombahton songs Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Korean - language text Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 07 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20If%20It%2527s%20Your%20Last
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who was the principle author of the law that was intended to amend the national labor relations act
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The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 29 U.S.C. § 141 - 197 , better known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , ( 80 H.R. 3020 , Pub. L. 80 -- 101 , 61 Stat. 136 , enacted June 23 , 1947 ) is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions . The act , still effective , was sponsored by Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley , Jr. , and became law despite U.S. President Harry S. Truman 's veto on June 23 , 1947 . Labor leaders called it the `` slave - labor bill '' while President Truman argued that it was a `` dangerous intrusion on free speech '' , arguing that it would `` conflict with important principles of our democratic society '' . Nevertheless , after it passed Truman relied upon it in twelve instances during his presidency . The Taft -- Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ; informally the Wagner Act ) , which Congress passed in 1935 . The principal author of the Taft -- Hartley Act was J. Mack Swigert , of the Cincinnati law firm Taft , Stettinius & Hollister .
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Labor management Relations Act of 1947
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labor management relations act of 1947
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The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 29 U.S.C. § 141 - 197 , better known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , ( 80 H.R. 3020 , Pub. L. 80 -- 101 , 61 Stat. 136 , enacted June 23 , 1947 ) is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions . The act , still effective , was sponsored by Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley , Jr. , and became law despite U.S. President Harry S. Truman 's veto on June 23 , 1947 . Labor leaders called it the `` slave - labor bill '' while President Truman argued that it was a `` dangerous intrusion on free speech '' , arguing that it would `` conflict with important principles of our democratic society '' . Nevertheless , after it passed Truman relied upon it in twelve instances during his presidency . The Taft -- Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ; informally the Wagner Act ) , which Congress passed in 1935 . The principal author of the Taft -- Hartley Act was J. Mack Swigert , of the Cincinnati law firm Taft , Stettinius & Hollister .
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Historian James T. Patterson concludes that : By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft - Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers . What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft - Hartley , but the relative power of unions and management in the economic marketplace . Where unions were strong they usually managed all right ; when they were weak , new laws did them little additional harm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Effects of the act 2.1 Jurisdictional strikes 2.2 Campaign expenditures 2.3 Closed shops 2.4 Union security clauses 2.5 Strikes 2.6 Anti-communism 2.7 Treatment of supervisors 2.8 Right of employer to oppose unions 2.9 National Labor Relations Board 2.10 Federal jurisdiction 2.11 Other 3 Opposition to the Act 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Strike wave of 1946 Taft -- Hartley was one of more than 250 union - related bills pending in both houses of Congress in 1947 . After World War II , 25 percent of the workforce was unionized ( around 14.8 million workers had union contracts , 10 million of them being union security agreements ) , and with the war now over , their promise not to strike so as not to impede the war effort had expired . As a response to the rising union movement and Cold War hostilities , the bill could be seen as a response by business to the post -- World War II labor upsurge of 1946 . During the year after V-J Day , more than five million American workers were involved in strikes , which lasted on average four times longer than those during the war . The Taft -- Hartley Act was seen as a means of demobilizing the labor movement by imposing limits on labor 's ability to strike and by prohibiting radicals from their leadership . The law was promoted by large business lobbies including the National Association of Manufacturers . Effects of the Act ( edit ) As stated in Section 1 ( 29 U.S.C. § 141 ) , the purpose of the NLRA is : ( T ) o promote the full flow of commerce , to prescribe the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce , to provide orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing the interference by either with the legitimate rights of the other , to protect the rights of individual employees in their relations with labor organizations whose activities affect commerce , to define and proscribe practices on the part of labor and management which affect commerce and are inimical to the general welfare , and to protect the rights of the public in connection with labor disputes affecting commerce . The amendments enacted in Taft -- Hartley added a list of prohibited actions , or unfair labor practices , on the part of unions to the NLRA , which had previously only prohibited unfair labor practices committed by employers . The Taft -- Hartley Act prohibited jurisdictional strikes , wildcat strikes , solidarity or political strikes , secondary boycotts , secondary and mass picketing , closed shops , and monetary donations by unions to federal political campaigns . It also required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits with the government . Union shops were heavily restricted , and states were allowed to pass right - to - work laws that ban agency fees . Furthermore , the executive branch of the federal government could obtain legal strikebreaking injunctions if an impending or current strike imperiled the national health or safety . Jurisdictional strikes ( edit ) In jurisdictional strikes , outlawed by Taft -- Hartley , a union strikes in order to assign particular work to the employees it represents . Secondary boycotts and common situs picketing , also outlawed by the act , are actions in which unions picket , strike , or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business . A later statute , the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act , passed in 1959 , tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further . Campaign expenditures ( edit ) According to First Amendment scholar Floyd Abrams , the Act `` was the first law barring unions and corporations from making independent expenditures in support of or ( in ) opposition to federal candidates '' . Closed shops ( edit ) Main article : Closed shop The outlawed closed shops were contractual agreements that required an employer to hire only labor union members . Union shops , still permitted , require new recruits to join the union within a certain amount of time . The National Labor Relations Board and the courts have added other restrictions on the power of unions to enforce union security clauses and have required them to make extensive financial disclosures to all members as part of their duty of fair representation . On the other hand , Congress repealed the provisions requiring a vote by workers to authorize a union shop a few years after the passage of the Act when it became apparent that workers were approving them in virtually every case . Union security clauses ( edit ) Main article : Union shop The amendments also authorized individual states to outlaw union security clauses ( such as the union shop ) entirely in their jurisdictions by passing right - to - work laws . A right - to - work law , under Section 14B of Taft -- Hartley , prevents unions from negotiating contracts or legally binding documents requiring companies to fire workers who refuse to join the union . Currently all of the states in the Deep South and a number of states in the Midwest , Great Plains , and Rocky Mountains regions have right - to - work laws ( with six states -- Alabama , Arizona , Arkansas , Florida , Mississippi , and Oklahoma -- going one step further and enshrining right - to - work laws in their states ' constitutions ) . Strikes ( edit ) The amendments required unions and employers to give 80 days ' notice to each other and to certain state and federal mediation bodies before they may undertake strikes or other forms of economic action in pursuit of a new collective bargaining agreement ; it did not , on the other hand , impose any `` cooling - off period '' after a contract expired . The Act also authorized the President to intervene in strikes or potential strikes that create a national emergency , a reaction to the national coal miners ' strikes called by the United Mine Workers of America in the 1940s . Presidents have used that power less and less frequently in each succeeding decade . President George W. Bush invoked the law in connection with the employer lockout of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union during negotiations with West Coast shipping and stevedoring companies in 2002 . The Act also prohibited federal employees from striking . Anti-communism ( edit ) Main article : McCarthyism The amendments required union leaders to file affidavits with the United States Department of Labor declaring that they were not supporters of the Communist Party and had no relationship with any organization seeking the `` overthrow of the United States government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional means '' as a condition to participating in NLRB proceedings . Just over a year after Taft -- Hartley passed , 81,000 union officers from nearly 120 unions had filed the required affidavits . In 1965 , The Supreme Court held that this provision was an unconstitutional bill of attainder . Treatment of supervisors ( edit ) The amendments expressly excluded supervisors from coverage under the act , and allowed employers to terminate supervisors engaging in union activities or those not supporting the employer 's stance . The amendments maintained coverage under the act for professional employees , but provided for special procedures before they may be included in the same bargaining unit as non-professional employees . Right of employer to oppose unions ( edit ) The Act revised the Wagner Act 's requirement of employer neutrality , to allow employers to deliver anti-union messages in the workplace . These changes confirmed an earlier Supreme Court ruling that employers have a constitutional right to express their opposition to unions , so long as they did not threaten employees with reprisals for their union activities nor offer any incentives to employees as an alternative to unionizing . The amendments also gave employers the right to file a petition asking the Board to determine if a union represents a majority of its employees , and allow employees to petition either to decertify their union , or to invalidate the union security provisions of any existing collective bargaining agreement . National labor Relations Board ( edit ) Main article : National Labor Relations Board The amendments gave the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board discretionary power to seek injunctions against either employers or unions that violated the Act . The law made pursuit of such injunctions mandatory , rather than discretionary , in the case of secondary boycotts by unions . The amendments also established the General Counsel 's autonomy within the administrative framework of the NLRB . Congress also gave employers the right to sue unions for damages caused by a secondary boycott , but gave the General Counsel exclusive power to seek injunctive relief against such activities . Federal jurisdiction ( edit ) The act provided for federal court jurisdiction to enforce collective bargaining agreements . Although Congress passed this section to empower federal courts to hold unions liable in damages for strikes violating a no - strike clause , this part of the act has instead served as the springboard for creation of a `` federal common law '' of collective bargaining agreements , which favored arbitration over litigation or strikes as the preferred means of resolving labor disputes . Other ( edit ) The Congress that passed the Taft -- Hartley Amendments considered repealing the Norris -- La Guardia Act to the extent necessary to permit courts to issue injunctions against strikes violating a no - strike clause , but chose not to do so . The Supreme Court nonetheless held several decades later that the act implicitly gave the courts the power to enjoin such strikes over subjects that would be subject to final and binding arbitration under a collective bargaining agreement . Finally , the act imposed a number of procedural and substantive standards that unions and employers must meet before they may use employer funds to provide pensions and other employee benefit to unionized employees . Congress has since passed more extensive protections for workers and employee benefit plans as part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( `` ERISA '' ) . Opposition to the Act ( edit ) After spending several days considering how to respond to the bill , Truman vetoed Taft -- Hartley with a strong message to Congress . Truman had expressed no opinion on the bill prior to his veto message . The committees considering the bill had requested suggestions from the Truman administration , but did not receive any . With the administration taking no stand on the bill , it passed both houses with strong bipartisan support . A clear majority of House Democrats voted for the bill , while Democrats in the Senate split evenly , 21 -- 21 . Despite Truman 's all - out effort to stop the veto override , Congress overrode his veto with considerable Democratic support , including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House , and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate . Union leaders in the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) vigorously campaigned for Truman in the 1948 election based upon a ( never fulfilled ) promise to repeal Taft -- Hartley . Truman won , but a union - backed effort in Ohio to defeat Taft in 1950 failed in what one author described as `` a shattering demonstration of labor 's political weaknesses '' . Organized labor nearly succeeded in pushing Congress to amend the law to increase the protections for strikers and targets of employer retaliation during the Carter and Clinton administrations , but failed on both occasions because of Republican opposition and lukewarm support for these changes from the Democratic President in office at the time . See also ( edit ) Organized labor portal Labor unions in the United States Norris -- La Guardia Act Wagner Act Jurisdictional strike Secondary boycott Chauffeurs , Teamsters , and Helpers Local No. 391 v. Terry , 494 U.S. 558 ( 1990 ) 5 to 2 on § 185 of LMRA 1947 , holding that a plaintiff is entitled to trial by jury if the trade union denies representation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Harry S. Truman : `` Veto of the Taft - Hartley Labor Bill. , '' June 20 , 1947 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Barrel No. 2 '' . Time . June 23 , 1947 . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Debating ' Citizens United ' , The Nation ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman : Veto of the Taft - Hartley Labor Bill ^ Jump up to : Preis , Art ( 1964 ) . Labor 's Giant Step : The First Twenty Years of the CIO . Pathfinder Press . ISBN 0 - 87348 - 263 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Taft - Hartley Act '' . legaldictionary.net . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson ( 1996 ) . Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 - 1974 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Bert ( 1979 ) . Labor and Communism : The Conflict That Shaped American Unions . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Smith , Sharon ( 2006 ) . Subterranean Fire : A History of Working - Class Radicalism in the United States . Haymarket Books . ISBN 1 - 931859 - 23 - X . ^ Jump up to : Anna McCarthy , The Citizen Machine : Governing by Television in 1950s America , New York : The New Press , 2010 , p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 498 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cox , Archibald ( February 1960 ) . `` Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ 29 U.S.C. § § 151 - 169 Section 8 ( b ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ; Greenhouse , Steven ( October 9 , 2002 ) . `` President Invokes Taft - Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports '' . Jump up ^ Fleischli , George R. ( May -- June 1968 ) . `` DUTY TO BARGAIN UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 10988 '' . Air Force Law Review . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Phillip ( 2004 ) . Labor 's Story in the United States . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 239 - 1 . Jump up ^ United States v. Brown , 381 U.S. 437 ( Supreme Court 1965 - 06 - 07 ) ( `` Held : Section 504 constitutes a bill of attainder and is therefore unconstitutional . '' ) . Jump up ^ Gruenberg , Mark ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Taft - Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago '' . Political Affairs Magazine . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( alendar.google.com/calendar/r PUBLIC LAWS - CHS. 114 , 120 - JUNE 21 , 23 , 1947 ) Check url = value ( help ) . 80Ta CONG . , 1ST SESS . - CH. 120 - JUNE 23 , 194 7 . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Richard S. Conley , `` Triumphs , tribulations , and turnip day sessions in the 80th Congress , '' in Congress and Harry S. Truman : a Conflicted Legacy , Donald A. Ritchie ( ed . ) ( Truman State University Press , 2011 ) 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Truman - Taft stands -- point by point '' , CQ Almanac , 1951 . Jump up ^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise , Lobbying in America , ( Princeton University Press , 2013 ) 53 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike ( 2000 ) . Prisoners of the American Dream : Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 248 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lubell , Samuel ( 1956 ) . The Future of American Politics ( 2nd ed . ) . Anchor Press . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Labor Unions and Taft Hartley , CounterPunch , David Macary , January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . References ( edit ) Cockburn , Alexander . `` How Many Democrats Voted for Taft - Hartley ? '' Counterpunch . September 6 , 2004 . Faragher , J.M. ; Buhle , M.J. ; Czitrom , D. ; and Armitage , S.H. Out of Many : A History of the American People . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall , 2006 . McCann , Irving G. Why the Taft - Hartley Law ? New York : Committee for Constitutional Government , 1950 . Millis , Harry A. and Brown , Emily Clark . From the Wagner Act to Taft - Hartley : A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1950 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Taft - Hartley Act A film clip `` Longines Chronoscope with Fred A Hartley '' is available at the Internet Archive LCCN : n80080438 NARA : 10647366 SNAC : w6v20b3r VIAF : 180228795 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Management_Relations_Act_of_1947&oldid=842313689 '' Categories : 1947 in law Anti-communism in the United States United States federal labor legislation History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) 80th United States Congress Trade union legislation 1947 in economics 1947 in labour relations Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with URL errors All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Simple English Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor%20Management%20Relations%20Act%20of%201947
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how did the east coast west coast rivalry end
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East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry
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east coast - - west coast hip hop rivalry
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The East Coast -- West Coast hip hop rivalry was a feud between artists and fans of the East Coast hip hop and West Coast hip hop scenes in the United States , especially from the mid to late 1990s . Focal points of the feud were West Coast - based rapper Tupac Shakur ( and his Los Angeles - based label , Death Row Records ) , and East Coast - based rapper The Notorious B.I.G. ( and his New York - based label , Bad Boy Records ) , who were both fatally shot following drive - by shootings by unknown assailants in 1996 and 1997 , respectively .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of Hip - Hop 1.1 Emergence of the West Coast 1.2 Revival of the East 2 Rivalry 2.1 Tim Dog 2.2 Bad Boy vs. Death Row 2.3 2Pac vs. The Notorious B.I.G. 3 Hip - Hop Peace Summits 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins of hip - hop ( edit ) Hip hop emerged in the 1970s on the streets of South Bronx . Powered by DJs such as Kool Herc , Grandmaster Flash , and Afrika Bambaataa , the new genre became popular throughout the city 's neighborhoods . The New York City area remained the forefront for rap music throughout the mid - ' 80s , becoming home to numerous stars like Run - DMC , A Tribe Called Quest , LL Cool J , KRS - One , Doug E. Fresh , Rakim , Big Daddy Kane , Biz Markie , Slick Rick , The Beastie Boys , Salt - n - Pepa , and others . In the early 1990s hip hop functioned to give the black community a voice in the public sphere . Hip hop gained appeal among African - Americans because of the `` authentic '' nature of the lyrical content to which they could relate . Over time , hip hop and gangsta rap became tools for competing record labels and their sometimes - associated gangs , as a way to build up reputations and increase commercial sales . Emergence of the West Coast ( edit ) In 1986 , Crenshaw - based Ice - T released the song `` 6 in the Mornin ' . '' It is considered by many critics as the very first gangsta rap song . The LA gangsta rap scene exploded afterward . With the help of friend Jerry Heller , Eazy - E founded Ruthless Records on March 3 , 1986 . Shortly afterwards , his group N.W.A released the Panic Zone EP . It contained the title track ( Arabian Prince ) , `` 8 Ball '' ( Eazy - E ) , and the well - known `` Dope Man '' ( Ice Cube ) . Despite its popularity , `` Dope Man '' was never released as a proper single . In a way , the song set the bar for later hits with its profanity - driven lyrics . The group 's debut album was released later in the year . It featured the Fila Fresh Crew and a young The D.O.C. The most popular song on the release was the famous track `` Boyz - n - the - Hood '' . Although the track was written by Ice Cube , Eazy - E handled the vocals . A disagreement over money saw Arabian Prince leave N.W.A just before the release of their ground - breaking Straight Outta Compton . Eazy - E 's friend MC Ren filled his place . Backed by hit singles such as the title track , `` Fuck tha Police '' , and `` Gangsta Gangsta '' , the album redefined hip hop genre and cemented the West Coast 's presence in the nation 's rap scene . Financial issues led to the break up of the group . Eazy - E remained the wealthy owner / manager of his Ruthless label . Ice Cube released a string of successful albums that included AmeriKKKa 's Most Wanted and Death Certificate . Dr. Dre would go on to co-own Death Row Records with Suge Knight . At Death Row , Dr. Dre released one of the most influential hip hop albums of all time in The Chronic . It revolutionized the G - Funk movement . Other successful stars on the label included Snoop Doggy Dogg , Tupac Shakur , Warren G , The Lady of Rage , Nate Dogg , Daz Dillinger and Kurupt of Tha Dogg Pound . By the mid 1990s the West Coast had separated itself as the dominant region in hip hop . Revival of the East ( edit ) On November 9 , 1993 , New York group Wu - Tang Clan released their debut album Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) , which not only put East coast back on the radar , but was revolutionary . The album was not like the older New York rap as it was dark , rugged and technical in lyricism . Later in April 1994 , 20 - year - old , Queens - based MC Nas released Illmatic . Five of the album 's ten tracks reached single status , in addition to receiving a coveted five - mic rating from The Source magazine . It also featured simple , menacing beats and dark street narratives marking a new sound to east coast hip hop . The release of these two albums was vital in flipping the spotlight back to the east coast , facilitating the so - called East Coast Renaissance . A few months later , the then 22 - year - old Notorious B.I.G. released Ready to Die , considered by many to be a hip - hop classic . The album was certified gold within two months of release and helped put Bad Boy Records on the map . On June 25 , 1996 , Brooklyn native Jay - Z debuted with Reasonable Doubt and continued the legacy of the East Coast Hip - Hop scene . Rivalry ( edit ) Tim Dog ( edit ) In 1991 , angry at record companies ' rejections of East Coast artists and the growing popularity of West Coast hip hop , Bronx rapper Tim Dog decided to voice his anger on the notorious diss track `` Fuck Compton '' . It contained shots at the entire LA rap scene , particularly the members of NWA . The music video featured violent threats aimed at Eazy - E , Dr. Dre and Michel'le look - a-likes , as well as DJ Quik and Ice Cube . There were several responses from numerous West Coast artists . One of the most notable was the hit `` Fuck wit Dre Day ( And Everybody 's Celebratin ' ) '' which featured Snoop Doggy Dogg dissing Tim Dog ( as well as Eazy E and others ) , and a separate skit called the `` $20 Sack Pyramid '' , both featured on Dr. Dre 's The Chronic album . Bad Boy vs Death Row ( edit ) `` Puff Daddy '' Sean Combs In 1993 , fledgling A&R executive and record producer `` Puff Daddy '' Sean Combs founded the New York - centered hip - hop label , Bad Boy Records . The next year , the label 's debut releases by Brooklyn - based rapper `` The Notorious B.I.G. '' ( also known as Biggie Smalls ; born Christopher Wallace ) and Long Island - based rapper Craig Mack became immediate critical and commercial successes , and seemed to revitalize the East Coast hip - hop scene by 1995 . New York born and California - based rapper Tupac Shakur publicly accused The Notorious B.I.G , Andre Harrell , and Sean Combs of involvement in his shooting ( and robbery ) in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios in Manhattan on November 30 , 1994 . Shortly after 2Pac 's shooting , `` Who Shot Ya ? , '' a B - side track from BIG 's `` Big Poppa '' single was released . Although Combs and Wallace denied having anything to do with the shooting and stated that `` Who Shot Ya ? '' had been recorded before the shooting , 2Pac and the majority of the hip hop community interpreted it as B.I.G. 's way of taunting him . In August 1995 , Death Row CEO Suge Knight took a dig at Bad Boy and Combs at that year 's Source Awards ; announcing to the assembly of artists and industry figures : `` Any artist out there that want to be an artist and stay a star , and do n't have to worry about the executive producer trying to be all in the videos ... All on the records ... dancing , come to Death Row ! '' It was a direct reference to Combs ' tendency of ad - libbing on his artists ' songs and dancing in their videos . With the ceremony being held in New York , to the audience , Knight 's comments seemed a slight to the entire East Coast hip - hop scene , and resulted in boos from the crowd . Problems continued when Knight later attended a party for producer Jermaine Dupri in Atlanta . During the bash , a close friend of Knight 's ( Jake Robles ) was fatally shot . Knight accused Combs ( also in attendance ) of having something to do with the shooting . The same year , Knight posted the $1.4 million bail of the then - incarcerated 2Pac , in exchange for his signing with Death Row Records . Shortly after the rapper 's release for five counts of sex abuse in October 1995 , he proceeded to join Knight in furthering Death Row 's feud with Bad Boy Records . Tha Dogg Pound 's single `` New York , New York '' , supported by a music video featuring a gigantic Snoop Dogg destroying various NYC buildings , interpreted as a direct insult towards New York and the East Coast . Tha Dogg Pound were allegedly even shot at while making the video in New York City . In response to the song , East Coast hip hop duo Capone - N - Noreaga , released the single `` L.A L.A '' . 2Pac vs the Notorious B.I.G. ( edit ) `` Who Shot Ya ? '' `` C'mere c'mere ... open your fucking mouth ... Did n't I tell you not to fuck with me ? ... Ca n't talk with a gun in your mouth huh ? ... Bitch - ass nigga , what ? '' - The Notorious B.I.G. `` Hit ' Em Up '' Who shot me ? But ya punks did n't finish now you ' bout to feel the wrath of a menace nigga , I hit ' em up ! - 2Pac After the release of `` Who Shot Ya ? '' , which Shakur interpreted as a diss song mocking about his robbery / shooting , 2Pac appeared on numerous tracks aiming threatening and / or antagonistic insults at Biggie , Bad Boy as a label , and anyone affiliated with them from late 1995 to 1996 . Examples include the songs `` Against All Odds '' , `` Bomb First ( My Second Reply ) '' and `` Hit ' Em Up '' . During this time the media became heavily involved and dubbed the rivalry a coastal rap war , reporting on it continually . This caused fans from both scenes to take sides . Although an official retaliation record was never released by the Brooklyn MC in response to Shakur 's slurs , a certain number of Biggie 's lyrics were interpreted by listeners as subliminal shots aimed at Shakur , in particular the track `` Long Kiss Goodnight '' , which Lil ' Cease claimed was about 2Pac in an XXL interview . Puffy , however , steadfastly denied this theory , affirming that if Biggie were to diss 2Pac , he would have called him out by name . On September 7 , 1996 , Tupac Shakur was fatally shot in a drive - by shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas , Nevada . He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada , where he died six days later . In 2002 , Chuck Phillips wrote the article `` Who Killed Tupac Shakur ? '' reporting that , `` the shooting was carried out by a Compton gang called the Southside Crips to avenge the beating of one of its members by Shakur a few hours earlier ... Orlando Anderson , the Crip whom Shakur had attacked , fired the fatal shots . Las Vegas police discounted Anderson as a suspect and interviewed him only once , briefly . He was later killed in an unrelated gang shooting '' nearly 2 years later on May 29 , 1998 . The Phillips article and its follow - up , `` How Vegas Police Probe Floundered in Tupac Shakur Case '' also implicated East Coast rappers including Biggie Smalls . Six months after Tupac 's death , on March 9 , 1997 , The Notorious B.I.G. was killed in a drive - by shooting by an unknown assailant in Los Angeles , California . Hip - hop peace summits ( edit ) On September 22 , 1996 , a peace summit was convened at Mosque Maryam by Louis Farrakhan in the wake of the murder of Tupac Shakur , and another after the shooting of Biggie Smalls . Minister Farrakhan continues these summits , which have been held since the 1980s , where he calls for peace . See also ( edit ) It Was Written , a 1996 album by East Coast rapper , Nas , that was produced by West Coast producer Dr. Dre during the period of the rivalry . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Iton , Richard ( 2008 ) . In Search of the Black Fantastic . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Mark Pitts '' . HitQuarters. April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Bulletin - Alumni - Harvard Business School '' . Alumni.hbs.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Slain rapper Notorious B.I.G. was ' ready to die ' '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . March 10 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why the West is Winning : Milwaukee players talk about the rap wars between the coasts '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . May 10 , 1995 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood or bust - up '' . The Observer . July 7 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Homeboy as Mogul , And the Mogul as Rapper '' . NY Times . July 20 , 1997 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of Modern Music : Part three : Hip - hop and R&B : 35 . The death of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls , 1996 -- 1997 '' . The Guardian . June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-LAPD detective : ' Suge Knight and P Diddy were behind hits on Biggie and Tupac ' '' . NME . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Life : The rise and fall of Biggie Smalls '' . The Guardian . January 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gangsta rap : East Coast vs West Coast '' . New Straits Times . May 21 , 1997 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Requiem for a Gangsta '' . Newsweek . March 24 , 1997 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Source Of Trouble Shots , suits & shaky circulation threaten to rip apart hip - hop mag '' . New York Daily News . August 3 , 2005 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Turbulent Life and Times Of a Rap Mogul '' . The Washington Post . June 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Rap Column : Notorious Wins B.I.G. , Minor Regional Fracas Among Highlights Of Awards '' . Billboard . August 26 , 1995 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Ronnie ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Dangerous Crew 's Shorty B Preps Book About His Life In The Music Biz '' . Baller Status . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV party shooting revives rap wars '' . The Times . August 29 , 2005 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police probe Puff Daddy on Atlanta killing '' . The Sunday Times . January 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Tupac Shakur out on $ 1.4 - million bail '' . St. Petersburg Times . October 14 , 1995 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notorious B.I.G. Lyrics - `` Who Shot Ya '' `` . AZ Lyrics . Jump up ^ `` L.a. times links diddy to 1994 shooting of tupac '' . The Boom Box . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Says He Shot Tupac at Quad Studio '' . The Root . June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biggie Smalls was murdered 12 years ago . Now Jamal Woolard 's portrayal of the rapper in Notorious is bringing pain among the plaudits , such is his uncanny likeness to him '' . The Scotsman . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE RAP WARS / EAST COAST VS . WEST COAST '' . Newsday . September 23 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Gangsta Life And Death ; For Tupac Shakur , Violence Was Part of the Act '' . The Washington Post . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Subliminal Diss Records That No One Claims '' . XXL . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Planas , Antonio Planas ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) . `` FBI outlines parallels in Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac slayings '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ PHILIPS , CHUCK ( 2002 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Who Killed Tupac Shakur ? '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How Vegas police probe floundered in Tupac Shakur case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Chrisena ( 1996 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Rappers In Peace Summit '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Loose , Cindy ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Farrakhan To Sponsor Anti-Violence Rap Concert In D.C. '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Muwakkil , Salim ( 2003 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Farrakhan and the Beefs of Rap '' . In These Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Farrakhan to Speak to 900 Gang Leaders to ' Stop the Killing ' - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com. 2010 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Jehron ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Jehron Muhammad : Islam 's influence on hip - hop '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Farrakhan Preaches Responsibility At Hip - Hop Summit '' . Billboard. 2002 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) `` All about West Coast Rap '' . by Shmuga . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Coast -- West_Coast_hip_hop_rivalry&oldid = 804470990 '' Categories : American hip hop East Coast hip hop West Coast hip hop History of hip hop Hip hop feuds Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America 1990s in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 06 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Coast%25E2%2580%2593West%20Coast%20hip%20hop%20rivalry
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sanam teri kasam movie full story in english
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Sanam Teri Kasam ( 2016 film )
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sanam teri kasam ( 2016 film )
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Sanam Teri Kasam Release poster Directed by Radhika Rao Vinay Sapru Produced by Deepak Mukut Written by Radhika Rao Vinay Sapru Starring Harshvardhan Rane Mawra Hocane Music by Himesh Reshammiya Cinematography Chirantan Das Production company Jhoom Jhoom Productions Soham Rockstar Productions Distributed by Eros Now Release date 5 February 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 05 ) ( India ) Running time 154 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office est. ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.3 million ) Sanam Teri Kasam ( English : Swear On You My Beloved ) is a 2016 Indian romantic drama film , starring Harshvardhan Rane and Mawra Hocane . It is directed by the duo Radhika Rao - Vinay Sapru and produced by Deepak Mukut . The film is a modern rendition of the novel Love Story by Eric Segal . The film was released worldwide on 5 February 2016 under the production banner of Eros Now . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Personnel 5 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film starts off with everybody congratulating lawyer Inder Lal Parihaar ( Harshvardhan Rane ) after he wins a case . Inder goes home and carries a bottle of liquor and stands in front of a large cherry blossom tree in his backyard that has a date and name carved into it . It was his wife , which leads to a series of flashbacks from Inder 's past . Saraswati `` Saru '' Parthasaarthy ( Mawra Hocane ) , a young librarian who everyone thinks is ugly , due to her traditional looks , keeps away any suitable husband . Her beautiful younger sister Kaveri wants to get married , but her father will not allow her to marry before Saru does . This leads into a conflict between the two sisters as Kaveri 's suitor proposes an ultimatum , stating that he will only give her one - month to marry him otherwise he will move on , adding pressure on Saru to find a husband quickly . The Parthasaarthy family is a respectful , patriarchal household who lives in a building called the ' Society ' where the elders , including Saru 's father , monitor the activities that happen in the building while prohibiting any acts of vulgarity . One day , Saru 's father , Jayram ( Manish Choudhary ) and Saru run into Inder , her neighbor and the son of a famous , wealthy lawyer , in the hallway with his girlfriend Ruby Malhotra ( Shraddha Das ) , a renowned stylist . Jayram , who is very strict , is enraged to see the pair embracing each other shamelessly . As Saru hurries past them , Inder is starstruck by her simplicity and beauty . At work , Saru harbors romantic feelings for Abhimanyu Shastry . He is wealthy , handsome and holds a high position in society . Knowing that Saru has a crush on him , Abhimanyu takes advantage of her and makes her do odd jobs for him . Saru , being the hopeless romantic she is by reading love poems that her father disapproves of , tries her very best to please him . Inder comes to the library several times asking her for books an ex-convict can read . After multiple rejections , Saru decides to get a makeover so that she may find a husband ; however , because of a long waiting list , she is told that she needs a recommendation to get the makeover as soon as possible . With her parents being out of town , she seeks the recommendation from Inder , as he is dating Ruby . While Saru is at his apartment at 4 : 00 a.m. , Ruby comes home and presumes that Inder is cheating on her and throws a glass bottle at Saru . However Inder stands in front of her , and the bottle smashes on his back , causing blood to flow . Although Inder urges her to return home , Saru , feeling responsible , passes the night to tend to his wound . The building 's security guard keeps a close eye on the pair even though they do nothing inappropriate . When Saru 's parents return early from their trip , the elders inform her father that his daughter has spent the night with Inder . Jayram is sceptical at first , but when he sees his daughter and Inder in a compromising position , he immediately jumps to conclusions . Although Saru tries to explain the situation , Jayram disowns her and curses her by saying that she is now dead . Saru tells her mother what really happened between Inder and herself , and her mother believes her , but since she is submissive to her husband , she can not explain to him . This is what brings Inder and Saru together ; he helps her find an apartment and also helps her get a makeover . With her new makeover , she grabs the attention of many suitors . Saru hopes that if she marries a respectable man , she may win her place back in her family . Inder falls in love with her in the process , but keeps quiet when Abhimanyu proposes to her after her transformation . However , Abhimanyu stands her up on the day of the marriage because his father does not want a daughter - in - law who has been disowned . Knowing she can never find a husband because she is disowned by her father , Saru is left heartbroken . Saru travels to her honeymoon suite and asks Inder to make love to her for consolation . At first , he refuses as he does not want her to regret anything that will happen between them , but he later agrees . The next morning however , he witnesses her embracing Abhimanyu and leaves . Heartbroken , Inder spirals into depression , breaking off contact with Saru , as he assumes she has gotten back with Abhimanyu . When he learns however that Saru had actually left him , rejecting Abimanyu 's request for a second chance , he tracks down her phone and finds her in a Buddhist monastery , where he professes his love to her . Saru passes out and Inder takes her to the hospital , where he discovers she has a brain tumor that is untreatable . He forcibly enters Saru 's parents ' house and demands that they stop pretending their daughter is dead by violently ripping the flower wreath from her picture . The next day he is arrested for charges pressed by Jayram . Saru gets discharged and goes to the library , where she discovers the secret messages Inder left for her in check - out slips , realizing that he has liked her from the beginning . The two unite and Saru asks him to marry her . That night , Saru tells him that after her death , she desires to be buried under a tree . She also recognizes that her father 's curse has come true and that he wanted her dead and she is actually dying . Inder says that God does not accept curses , however Saru says that God accepts the prayers of parents . On their wedding day , Saru 's parents arrive , having realized their mistake , and Jayram , knowing that Inder really loves his daughter , accepts the marriage . Saru faints after the wedding ; the hospital informs her family that she will die . Inder asks his father , with whom he has a strained relationship , to acquire for him the land under the tree for Saru 's burial . Saru dies in his arms ; Inder finds his father in the hospital , reconciling with him . Now a successful lawyer , Inder stands at the tree that marks Saru 's grave . He asserts that she must be happy to see him successful and sober . He says that he misses her and expresses a promise of eternal true love . Cast ( edit ) Harshvardhan Rane as Inder Parihaar Mawra Hocane as Saraswati `` Saru '' Parthasaarthy Manish Choudhary as Jayram Parthasaarthy , Saru 's father Pyumori Mehta as Saru 's mother Divyetta Singh as Kaveri Parthasaarthy , Saru 's sister Anurag Sinha as Abhimanyu Shastry , Saru 's friend and later fiancé Murli Sharma as policeman Shraddha Das as Ruby Malhotra Vijay Raaz as stylist Sudesh Berry as Rajinderlal Parihaar , Inder 's Father Ravii Sharma as Pandit krishna rathod as SIDE ROLE Release ( edit ) A first look of the film was unveiled on 7 December 2015 by Eros Now via a tweet and was scheduled for release on 8 January 2016 . Trailer of the film was released on 15 December 2015 with a new release date of 5 February . Film was released worldwide on February 5 , 2016 under the production banner of Eros Now . Upon release , the film received mixed reviews . Soundtrack ( edit ) Sanam Teri Kasam Soundtrack album by Himesh Reshammiya Released 7 January 2016 Recorded 2015 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 44 : 16 Label Eros Now Producer Himesh Reshammiya Himesh Reshammiya chronology Prem Ratan Dhan Payo ( 2015 ) Sanam Teri Kasam ( 2016 ) Teraa Surroor ( 2016 ) Personnel ( edit ) Suhas Parab -- producer Subhash Parab -- producer Priyesh Vakil -- producer Vivek Verma -- producer Salman Shaikh -- engineer Sakar Apte -- engineer Anudutt Shamain -- engineer Salman Shaikh -- mastering Vivek Verma -- Guitar Lyrics were penned by Sameer Anjaan , Shabbir Ahmed , Reshammiya and Subrat Sinha . The title track was released on 22 December 2015 , and complete album was released on 7 January 2016 . All music composed by Himesh Reshammiya . No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' Sameer Anjaan Ankit Tiwari , Palak Muchhal 05 : 14 2 . `` Kheech Meri Photo '' Sameer Anjaan Darshan Raval , Neeti Mohan 04 : 44 3 . `` Bewajah '' Sameer Anjaan Himesh Reshammiya 05 : 08 4 . `` Tera Chehra '' Shabbir Ahmed Arijit Singh 04 : 34 5 . `` Haal - E-Dil '' ( male ) Sameer Anjaan Sreerama 05 : 34 6 . `` Haal - E-Dil '' ( female ) Sameer Anjaan Neeti Mohan 05 : 24 7 . `` Ek Number '' Himesh Reshammiya Nakash Aziz , Neeti Mohan 04 : 20 8 . `` Main Teri Yaadon Mein '' Subrat Sinha Arijit Singh 04 : 16 9 . `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' ( Reprise ) Sameer Anjaan Mohammad Irfan Ali , Palak Muchhal 04 : 56 Total length : 44 : 16 Box office ( edit ) The film grossed approximately ₹ 1.25 crore ( US $170,000 ) on the first day of release , ₹ 4.66 crore ( US $650,000 ) on the weekend and ₹ 9 crore ( US $1.3 million ) in the first week . The film was declared as average grosser at the box office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' . Eros Now . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SANAM TERI KASAM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Joginder Tuteja ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Box Office Report Of Ghayal Once Again , Airlift , Sanam Teri Kasam '' . koimoi . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look of Sanam Teri Kasam unveiled on Twitter '' . The Statesman. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Check Out The First Look Of Upcoming Love Story ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' '' . koimoi.com. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First look of Mawra Hocane 's ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' unveiled '' . The Express Tribune . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mawra Hocane 's debut Bollywood film ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' , trailer released '' . The News Teller. 15 December 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eros releases first look of Mawra 's `` Sanam Teri Kasam '' `` . Daily Times ( Pakistan ) . 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Look Revlead : ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' Mawra & Harshvardhan Sizzling Romance '' . The Reveille. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sanam Teri Kasam Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Ghayal Once Again , Sanam Teri Kasam to clash at box - office today '' . The Indian Express . 4 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Namrata Joshi . `` Sanam Teri Kasam review : Where tears rule the screen '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ T - Series ( 23 February 2016 ) . `` TERAA SURROOR Full Songs ( JUKEBOX ) - Himesh Reshammiya , Farah Karimaee - T - Series '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ T - Series ( 19 March 2016 ) . `` BEKHUDI Full Video Song - TERAA SURROOR - Himesh Reshammiya , Farah Karimaee - T - Series '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Out now : Mawra 's ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' title track is a tearjerker '' . The Express Tribune . 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` First glimpse of Mawra Hocane 's debut film ' Sanam Teri Kasam ' out '' . The News Teller. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sanam Teri Kasam box office collections : Harshvardhan , Mawra Hocane starrer earns Rs. 4.66 cr. in its opening weekend '' . Indian Express . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sanam Teri Kasam on IMDb Sanam Teri Kasam at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanam_Teri_Kasam_(2016_film)&oldid=865949183 '' Categories : 2016 films Indian films 2010s Hindi - language films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films Indian musical films Indian romantic drama films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Track listings with input errors Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 07 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanam%20Teri%20Kasam%20%282016%20film%29
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who is alexander on days of our lives
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Kiriakis family
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kiriakis family
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The Kiriakis family is an upper - class Greek - American family living in the town of Salem on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . One of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Salem , the Kiriakises are led by patriarch Victor Kiriakis , the founder of Titan Industries , the town 's biggest corporation . In addition to Victor prominent members include his sons Bo and Philip , as well as his grandsons Brady and Shawn . Although still heavily distrusted by many in town , the Kiriakis family is still a far more respected and legitimate family than their chief rival : the DiMera family .
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The Kiriakis family 's history is somewhat clouded , as Victor has hinted over the years that although at one point the clan was powerful in its native Greece , Victor himself grew up in more modest circumstances , and is more or less a self - made man . During Victor 's `` gangster '' heyday in the mid-to - late 1980s , and including a storyline involving Victor 's return to his home village of Nafplion , Greece , it was also insinuated that the family was something akin to a Greek version of a Sicilian - style Mafia clan ( indeed , Victor revealed at one point that his own father and brother were murdered by a rival family in a gangland car bombing ) . 2008 storylines revealed the Kiriakis family is involved in shipping , manufacturing , and publishing . 2009 storylines with the DiMera family revealed the Kiriakis family suffered in business due to the surprise strikes of labor unions controlled by the DiMeras and the Kiriakis organization controls all `` territory south of the water '' while the DiMeras control all `` territory north of the water '' . In early 2015 Victor revealed to new rival Clyde Weston that the Kiriakis family controls trucking in the Salem area . 2015 storylines involving Victor 's nephew Xander Cook revealed the Kiriakis organization was involved in money laundering , smuggling blood diamonds out of Africa , and underworld operations in Cyprus and Cuba . With the appearance of Xander and Victor 's half - brother Deimos Kiriakis , and the mention of Victor 's brother and Xander 's father Titus , the Kiriakis family as of late 2015 appears to be undergoing a resurgence on the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 1.1 First generation 1.2 Second generation 1.3 Third generation 1.4 Fourth generation 1.5 Fifth generation 1.6 Sixth generation 2 In - laws 2.1 Current 2.2 Former 3 Family tree 4 Descendants 5 Kiriakis Mansion 6 Kiriakis Mansion residents 6.1 Current residents 6.2 Former residents 7 Titan Industries 8 Titan Industries 8.1 Divisions 8.2 Subsidiaries 9 Titan Industries Employees 9.1 Current employees 9.2 Former employees 10 Notes 11 References Members ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) Demetrius Kiriakis ( deceased ) Antonia Kiriakis ( deceased ) Second generation ( edit ) Yurgos Kiriakis ( deceased ) Sophie Kiriakis ( deceased ) Mrs. Kiriakis Aristotle Kiriakis ( deceased ) Athena Kiriakis ( deceased ) Third generation ( edit ) Victor Kiriakis I Maggie Horton ( 2011 -- present ) Alexander Kiriakis ( deceased , died 1977 ) Christina Kiriakis ( deceased ) Titus Kiriakis ( deceased ) Ms. Cook Deimos Kiriakis ( deceased , died 2017 ) Eve Donovan ( 2017 ) Fourth generation ( edit ) Isabella Beatrice Toscano ( born 1960 , died 1992 ) Beauregard `` Bo '' Aurelius Brady Sr. ( born 1962 ; died 2015 ) Hope Williams ( born 1974 , changed to 1965 ) Philip Robert Kiriakis ( born 1995 , changed to 1984 ) Justin Alexander Kiriakis ( born 1960 ) Adrienne Johnson ( born 1967 ) Alexandros Kiriakis aka Xander Cook - son of Titus Kiriakis and Ms. Cook ; nephew of Victor Kiriakis Fifth generation ( edit ) Brady Victor Black ( May 19 , 1992 ; changed to 1981 ) Jeannie Theresa Donovan ( September 3 , 1990 ) Shawn - Douglas Brady ( April 6 , 1987 ; changed to 1984 ) Isabella `` Belle '' Black ( October 21 , 1993 ; changed to 1984 ) Alexander Neil Kiriakis ( February 24 , 1989 ) Chelsea Brady ( May 22 , 1998 ; changed to 1988 ) Victor Kiriakis II ( September 17 , 1990 ; twin ) ( adopted ) Joseph `` Joey '' Kiriakis ( September 17 , 1990 ; twin ) ( adopted ) Jackson `` Sonny '' Kiriakis ( born August 7 , 1991 ; changed to 1988 ) William `` Will '' Horton ( born November 16 , 1995 ; changed to 1992 -- October 9 , 2015 ) Zack Brady ( born June 9 , 2000 -- January 12 , 2006 ) Ciara Alice Brady ( December 28 , 2006 ; changed to July 6 , 2004 ; changed again to July 6 , 1999 ) Tyler Kiriakis ( 2007 ; Adopted and name changed ) Sixth generation ( edit ) Claire Brady ( September 27 , 2005 ; changed to 1997 ) - Shawn 's daughter with Belle Tate Black ( March 2015 ) - Brady 's son with Theresa ; stolen by Kristen DiMera In - laws ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Maggie Horton Victor 's fifth wife ( 2011 -- present ) Former ( edit ) Carly Manning Victor 's first wife ( 1991 -- 92 ) Kate Roberts Victor 's second wife ( 1993 -- 94 ) Vivian Alamain Victor 's third wife ( 1995 -- 97 , 2010 -- 11 ) Nicole Walker Victor 's fourth wife ( 2002 -- 08 ) John Black Isabella 's first husband ( 1992 ) Hope Williams Bo 's first wife ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2012 -- 14 ) Carly Manning Bo 's second wife ( 1992 ) Billie Reed Bo 's third wife ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 ) Belle Black Philip 's first wife ( 2005 -- 07 ) Melanie Jonas Philip 's second wife ( 2010 -- 11 ) Adrienne Johnson Justin 's first wife ( 1987 -- 90 , 1990 -- 2010 , 2011 -- 15 ) Chloe Lane Brady 's first wife ( 2005 -- 08 ) Jeannie Theresa Donovan Brady 's second wife ( 2014 ) Mimi Lockhart Shawn - Douglas 's first wife ( 2006 -- 07 ) Belle Black Shawn - Douglas 's second wife ( 2007 - 2016 ) William `` Will '' Horton Sonny 's first husband ( 2014 -- 15 ) Family tree ( edit ) Legend Lines Boxes Dashed = Romance or Marriage Solid = Children Character is currently on the Show Character not on the Show Character is deceased or presumed dead Demetrius Kiriakis Antonia Kiriakis Aristotle Kiriakis Athena Kiriakis Sophia Kiriakis Yurgos Kiriakis Second Wife Alexander Kiriakis Christina Kiriakis Titus Kiriakis Ms. Cook Deimos Kiriakis Loretta Toscano Victor Kiriakis Caroline Brady Kate Roberts Anjelica Deveraux Justin Kiriakis Adrienne Johnson Xander Cook Isabella Toscano John Black Billie Reed Bo Brady Hope Williams Philip Kiriakis Mimi Lockhart Alexander Kiriakis Joey Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis II Sonny Kiriakis Theresa Donovan Brady Black Chelsea Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Belle Black Zack Brady Ciara Brady Tyler Wilkins Tate Black Claire Brady Descendants ( edit ) Demetrius Kiriakis ( deceased ) ; married Antonia Kiriakis ( deceased ) Aristotole Kiriakis ; son of Demetrius and Antonia . Athena Kiriakis ; daughter of Demetrius and Antonia . Yurgos Kiriakis ( deceased ) ; married Sophie Kiriakis ( deceased ) Alexander Kiriakis I ( deceased ) ; son of Yurgos and Sophie ; married Christina Kiriakis ( deceased ) Justin Kiriakis ( 1960 -- ) ; son of Alexander and Christina ; married Adrienne Johnson ( 1990 -- 2010 , 2011 -- 15 ) Alexander `` Alex '' Kiriakis II ( 1989 -- ) ; Justin 's son with Anjelica Deveraux Victor Kiriakis II ( 1990 -- ) ; Justin and Adrienne 's adopted son , twin Joseph Kiriakis ( 1990 -- ) ; Justin and Adrienne 's adopted son , twin Sonny Kiriakis ( 1991 -- ) ; Justin and Adrienne 's son ; married Will Horton ( 2014 -- 15 ) Victor Kiriakis ( born 1933 ) ; Son of Yurgos and Sophie ; married Carly Manning ( 1991 -- 92 ) , Kate Roberts ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Vivian Alamain ( 1995 -- 97 , 2010 -- 11 ) , Nicole Walker ( 2002 -- 08 ) , Maggie Horton ( 2011 -- ) Isabella Toscano ( 1960 -- 92 ) ; Victor 's daughter with Loretta Toscano ; married John Black ( 1992 ) Brady Black ( 1981 -- ) ; Isabella and John 's son ; married Chloe Lane ( 2005 -- 08 ) , Theresa Donovan ( 2014 ) Tate Black ( 2015 -- ) ; Brady and Theresa 's son , carried by Kristen DiMera Bo Brady ( 1962 -- 2015 ) ; Victor 's son with Caroline Brady ; married Hope Williams ( 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 ) , Carly Manning ( 1992 ) , Billie Reed ( 1995 , 1997 -- 98 ) Shawn - Douglas Brady ( 1982 -- ) ; Bo and Hope 's son ; married Mimi Lockhart ( 2006 ) , Belle Black ( 2007 -- ) Claire Brady ( 1998 -- ) ; Shawn and Belle 's daughter Chelsea Brady ( 1989 -- ) ; Bo and Billie 's daughter Zack Brady ( 2000 -- 06 ) ; Bo and Hope 's son Ciara Brady ( 1998 -- ) ; Bo and Hope 's daughter Philip Kiriakis ( 1982 -- ) ; Victor and Kate 's son , carried by Vivian ; married Belle Black ( 2005 -- 07 ) , Melanie Jonas ( 2010 -- 11 ) Tyler Wilkins ( 2007 -- ) ; Philip 's son with Mimi Lockhart ; carried by a surrogate Titus Kiriakis ; son of Yurgos and Sophie ; married Ms. Cook Alexandros `` Xander '' Kiriakis ( aka Xander Cook ) Deimos Kiriakis ( 1962 -- 2017 ) ; Yurgos 's son with his second wife Kiriakis Mansion ( edit ) The estate sits on over four acres . It 's an English Tudor style mansion with many bedrooms and six baths . There are separate servants ' quarters , and a four - car garage . Although some of the `` rich guy '' decor has been replaced with somewhat lighter metal pieces , there are still several pieces of art , sculptures that bear a rather threatening look which are reminiscent of Victor 's darker past . Address : 13201 Glen Oaks Drive Kiriakis Mansion residents ( edit ) Current residents ( edit ) Brady Black Tate Black Eve Donovan Arianna Horton ( temporarily ; Gabi Hernandez allows her to stay over at Sonny 's periodically , at the moment , such as for Sonny 's upcoming wedding ) Justin Kiriakis Maggie Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Henderson ( butler ) Former residents ( edit ) Adrienne Johnson Alexander Kiriakis Andre DiMera Bo Brady ( deceased ) Bonnie Lockhart ( posing as Adrienne Johnson ) Carly Manning Caroline Brady Chelsea Brady Chloe Lane Ciara Brady Claire Brady Deimos Kiriakis ( deceased ) Gabi Hernandez Holly Walker Hope Brady Isabella Toscano ( deceased ) Ivan Marais Joseph Kiriakis Kate Roberts Lucas Horton Melanie Jonas Nick Fallon ( deceased ) Nicole Walker Parker Jonas Paul Narita Philip Kiriakis Sheila ( maid ) Stephanie Johnson Theresa Donovan Victor Kiriakis II Vivian Alamain Will Horton ( deceased ) Xander Cook Yvette DuPrés Titan Industries ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Titan Industries Type Publicly held company Industry Conglomerate Founder Victor Kiriakis Headquarters 14 Salem Circle , Salem , Illinois , United States , 06643 - 0004 Products Cosmetics Services Construction Cosmetics Pharmaceutical Publications Media Shipping Owners Victor Kiriakis ( Majority Shareholder , Chairman ) Brady Black ( Shareholder ) Justin Kiriakis ( Shareholder ) Philip Kiriakis ( Shareholder ) Sonny Kiriakis ( Shareholder , CEO ) Divisions Titan Publications Division Titan Media Division The Kiriakis Shipping Division Titan Pharmaceutical Division Subsidiaries Ecosystems Kiriakis / Deveraux MadWorld Cosmetics Manchester Industries Penthouse Grille River Market Titan Health Club Titan Industries ( edit ) Titan Industries was founded by Victor Kiriakis before he arrived in Salem and is also Salem 's biggest company . It includes a publishing company named Titan Publishing and also a shipping company named Kiriakis Shipping said to be the bread and butter of shipping in Salem , and sometimes involved in drug cartels . The Kiriakis family legacy and wealth is scoundreled up through these companies . The Titan Publishing complex is located at 14 Salem Circle , Salem , Illinois , USA , 06643 - 0004 . Divisions ( edit ) The Titan Publishing Complex includes : Titan Publications Division : `` Bella magazine '' `` City Style magazine '' `` Focus magazine '' `` Salem Style magazine '' `` Salem Today magazine '' `` Sport Today magazine '' `` Sunday Magazine '' `` TeenGirl Magazine '' `` TruVista magazine '' `` Viewpoint Magazine '' Titan Media Division : `` Titan 's TV station , WXIR '' `` Titan 's TV station , WGTB '' `` Titan 's TV station , WWEN '' `` Titan 's TV station , WXIW '' `` Titan 's Radio station , WKHY '' `` Titan 's Radio station , WAYB , 94.4 FM '' `` Titan 's Radio station , WXIW , 530AM '' The Kiriakis Shipping Division : `` Allied Cargo '' . Owned by Victor Kiriakis located on the Riverfront . Steve Johnson was a manager here in 1986 . Bo Brady also worked here for a little while . Titan Pharmaceutical Division : Subsidiaries ( edit ) Ecosystems Isabella started the company before she died , then Victor , Vivian , Lawrence , Carly , and John had board meetings at the Alamain Mansion . Kiriakis / Deveraux This was owned by Victor & Angelica , but Justin & Angelica ran it . Adrienne worked there for a few days as a secretary , and Jennifer worked there for a summer as a secretary as well . It was created in 1987 and was only in business for a year or two . It was later renamed Kiriakis Construction . Kiriakis Enterprises This was one of Julie Williams ' companies before Victor bought it from her in 1990 . It was formerly known just as Enterprises . Victor has expanded it and it now has offices all over the world . MadWorld Cosmetics Founded by Madison James . Sold to Titan in 2011 . Has offices in Salem and Houston , TX . Manchester Industries Penthouse Grille River Market Titan Health Club Valley Woods Corporation A chemical company owned by Harper Deveraux and Victor Kiriakis , but run by a young Jack Deveraux . This was the company responsible for the illegal dumping of toxic waste in Tract 5 that caused Abby 's Aplastic anemia . Titan Industries Employees ( edit ) Current employees ( edit ) Brady Black -- minority shareholder ; former vice-chief executive officer ; former chairman of the board ; former chief executive officer ; Eugene Bradford -- love advice columnist for Salem Today , Bettina Lovelorn ( as Salem Today columnist ) Justin Kiriakis -- minority shareholder ; former partner in Kiriakis / Deveraux Construction ; former chief executive officer ( 1987 -- 1991 ) ; former lawyer / head legal counsel for Kiriakis Enterprises ( including New York City and Dubai ) ; Marie -- receptionist / secretary Philip Kiriakis -- minority shareholder ; former vice-chief executive officer ; head of Titan TV ; former chief executive officer Sheryl Connors - graphic designer for Mad World Sonny Kiriakis - Chief Executive Officer ; Former manager of clubs / casinos Victor Kiriakis -- founder ; majority shareholder ; chairman of the board ; former chief executive officer Former employees ( edit ) Abigail Deveraux -- former intern and model for Mad World Cosmetics Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis -- former receptionist / secretary for Kiriakis / Deveraux Andre DiMera ( posing as Tony DiMera ) -- former member of the board of directors Anjelica Deveraux -- former co-owner of Kiriakis / Deveraux Arianna Hernandez -- former production assistant for Titan TV 's `` Roaming Reporter '' on WXIR Austin Reed -- former Titan Publishing executive Ben Weston - former bartender Billie Reed -- former head of Titan Security for the London office ; former employee of Mad World Cosmetics Bo Brady - former minority shareholder ; former executive Carly Manning - former Ecosystems board member Dario Hernandez -- former project manager for Titan ; former entry - level position at Titan Deimos Kiriakis -- former chief executive officer ( fired in 2017 ) ; former majority shareholder ; former chairman of the board ; former co-chief executive officer Eric Brady -- former photographer for Titan Publishing Eugenia Willens -- former personal assistant Harper Deveraux - former co-owner of Valley Woods Corporation Ian McAllister -- former CEO of Titan ; former investor in Mad World Cosmetics Isabella Toscano - former Ecosystems board member Jack Deveraux - former manager of Valley Woods Corporation Jennifer Horton - former receptionist / secretary of Kiriakis / Deveraux John Black -- former `` Bella '' Magazine board member ; former Titan board member ; former Ecosystems board member Kate Roberts -- former co-CEO of Titan ; former CEO of Mad World Cosmetics ; former editor - in - chief of Bella Magazine ; former president of Titan Publishing ; former co-CEO of Mad World Cosmetics Kristen Blake -- former 7 % of Titan Publishing shareholder Lawrence Alamain - former Ecosystems board member Lucas Horton -- former executive for Mad World Cosmetics ; former executive at Titan Publishing Madison James -- former owner / CEO of Mad World Cosmetics ; former co-CEO of Mad World Cosmetics Marlena Evans -- former Titan board member Melanie Jonas -- former executive assistant for Titan ; former consultant to Titan Nicholas Alamain -- former executive at Titan Publishing Nicole Walker -- former executive for Basic Black Enterprises ; former reporter for Titan 's TV station , WXIR ; former director of imaging ; former editor - in - chief of Bella magazine ; former president of Titan Publishing Nick Fallon -- former associate for Mad World Cosmetics ; former freelance consultant for Mad World Cosmetics ; former researcher for Mad World Cosmetics Paul Narita - former spokesperson for MAD World Cosmetics Rafe Hernandez - former club manager Sami Brady -- former director of imaging ; former junior executive at Mad World Cosmetics Stefano DiMera - former 49 % Titan Publishing shareholder Stephanie Johnson -- former intern at Titan Steve Johnson -- former manager for Allied Cargo ( 1984 ) Taylor Walker -- former custodian at Titan ; former marketing executive at Titan Vivian Alamain -- former temporary Titan CEO ; former Titan board member ; former Ecosystems board member Will Horton - former columnist for TruVista Magazine Zoe Browning -- former editor for TruVista Magazine Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The introduction of the Kiriakis family through the character of Victor Kiriakis , under executive producers Betty Corday , Ken Corday and Al Rabin and head writers Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina and Leah Laiman when his debut aired on July 19 , 1985 . The character of Bo Brady introduced under executive producers , Betty Corday and Al Rabin and head writers , Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson who debuted on May 3 , 1983 was revealed to be a Kiriakis in 1986 . References ( edit ) Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiriakis_family&oldid=808631521 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives families Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiriakis%20family
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what is the origin of es cells in development
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Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells or ESCs ) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage pre-implantation embryo . Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 -- 5 days post fertilization , at which time they consist of 50 -- 150 cells . Isolating the embryoblast , or inner cell mass ( ICM ) results in destruction of the blastocyst , a process which raises ethical issues , including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development . Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells , with clinical use being the goal for many labs . Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease . The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies , models of genetic disorders , and cellular / DNA repair . However , adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumours and unwanted immune responses have also been reported .
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the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage pre-implantation embryo
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Embryonic stem cell
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embryonic stem cell
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Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells or ESCs ) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage pre-implantation embryo . Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 -- 5 days post fertilization , at which time they consist of 50 -- 150 cells . Isolating the embryoblast , or inner cell mass ( ICM ) results in destruction of the blastocyst , a process which raises ethical issues , including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development . Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells , with clinical use being the goal for many labs . Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease . The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies , models of genetic disorders , and cellular / DNA repair . However , adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumours and unwanted immune responses have also been reported .
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Contents 1 Properties 1.1 Pluripotent 1.2 Propagation 1.3 Uses 2 Utilizations 2.1 Cell replacement therapies 2.2 Clinical potential 2.3 Drug discovery 2.4 Models of genetic disorder 2.5 Repair of DNA damage 2.6 Clinical trial 3 Concern and controversy 3.1 Adverse effects 3.2 Ethical debate 4 History 5 Techniques and conditions for derivation and culture 5.1 Derivation from humans 5.2 Derivation from other animals 5.3 Potential method for new cell line derivation 5.4 Induced pluripotent stem cells 5.5 Contamination by reagents used in cell culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Properties ( edit ) The transcriptome of embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) , derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos , are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any cell type and by their ability to propagate . It is these traits that makes them valuable in the scientific / medical fields . ESC are also described as having a normal karyotype , maintaining high telomerase activity , and exhibiting remarkable long - term proliferative potential . Pluripotent ( edit ) Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent , meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm , which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers : ectoderm , endoderm , and mesoderm . These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult human body . Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells , which are multipotent and can only produce a limited number of cell types . Propagation ( edit ) Under defined conditions , embryonic stem cells are capable of propagating indefinitely in an undifferentiated state . Conditions must either prevent the cells from clumping , or maintain an environment that supports an unspecialized state . While being able to remain undifferentiated , ESCs also have the capacity , when provided with the appropriate signals , to differentiate ( presumably via the initial formation of precursor cells ) into nearly all mature cell phenotypes . Uses ( edit ) Due to their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self - renewal , embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease . Pluripotent stem cells have shown potential in treating a number of varying conditions , including but not limited to : spinal cord injuries , age related macular degeneration , diabetes , neurodegenerative disorders ( such as Parkinson 's disease ) , AIDS , etc . In addition to their potential in regenerative medicine , embryonic stem cells provide an alternative source of tissue / organs which serves as a possible solution to the donor shortage dilemma . Not only that , but tissue / organs derived from ESCs can be made immunocompatible with the recipient . Aside from these uses , embryonic stem cells can also serve as tools for the investigation of early human development , study of genetic disease and as in vitro systems for toxicology testing . Utilizations ( edit ) According to a 2002 article in PNAS , `` Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types , and , thus , may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering . '' Embryoid bodies 24 hours after formation . However , embryonic stem cells are not limited to cell / tissue engineering . Cell replacement therapies ( edit ) Current research focuses on differentiating ESCs into a variety of cell types for eventual use as cell replacement therapies ( CRTs ) . Some of the cell types that have or are currently being developed include cardiomyocytes ( CM ) , neurons , hepatocytes , bone marrow cells , islet cells and endothelial cells . However , the derivation of such cell types from ESCs is not without obstacles , therefore current research is focused on overcoming these barriers . For example , studies are underway to differentiate ESCs in to tissue specific CMs and to eradicate their immature properties that distinguish them from adult CMs . Clinical potential ( edit ) Researchers have differentiated ESCs into dopamine - producing cells with the hope that these neurons could be used in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease . ESCs have been differentiated to natural killer ( NK ) cells and bone tissue . Studies involving ESCs are underway to provide an alternative treatment for diabetes . For example , D'Amour et al. were able to differentiate ESCs into insulin producing cells and researchers at Harvard University were able to produce large quantities of pancreatic beta cells from ES . An article published in the European Heart Journal describes a translational process of generating human embryonic stem cell - derived cardiac progenitor cells to be used in clinical trials of patients with severe heart failure . Drug discovery ( edit ) Besides becoming an important alternative to organ transplants , ESCs are also being used in field of toxicology and as cellular screens to uncover new chemical entities ( NCEs ) that can be developed as small molecule drugs . Studies have shown that cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs are validated in vitro models to test drug responses and predict toxicity profiles . ES derived cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond to pharmacological stimuli and hence can be used to assess cardiotoxicity like Torsades de Pointes . ESC - derived hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery . However , the development of hepatocytes from ESCs has proven to be challenging and this hinders the ability to test drug metabolism . Therefore , current research is focusing on establishing fully functional ESC - derived hepatocytes with stable phase I and II enzyme activity . Models of genetic disorder ( edit ) Several new studies have started to address the concept of modeling genetic disorders with embryonic stem cells . Either by genetically manipulating the cells , or more recently , by deriving diseased cell lines identified by prenatal genetic diagnosis ( PGD ) , modeling genetic disorders is something that has been accomplished with stem cells . This approach may very well prove invaluable at studying disorders such as Fragile - X syndrome , Cystic fibrosis , and other genetic maladies that have no reliable model system . Yury Verlinsky , a Russian - American medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics ( genetic cytology ) , developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis . The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents , especially couples who have a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35 ( when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher ) . In addition , by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders , they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring . Repair of DNA damage ( edit ) Differentiated somatic cells and ES cells use different strategies for dealing with DNA damage . For instance , human foreskin fibroblasts , one type of somatic cell , use non-homologous end joining ( NHEJ ) , an error prone DNA repair process , as the primary pathway for repairing double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) during all cell cycle stages . Because of its error - prone nature , NHEJ tends to produce mutations in a cell 's clonal descendants . ES cells use a different strategy to deal with DSBs . Because ES cells give rise to all of the cell types of an organism including the cells of the germ line , mutations arising in ES cells due to faulty DNA repair are a more serious problem than in differentiated somatic cells . Consequently , robust mechanisms are needed in ES cells to repair DNA damages accurately , and if repair fails , to remove those cells with un-repaired DNA damages . Thus , mouse ES cells predominantly use high fidelity homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) to repair DSBs . This type of repair depends on the interaction of the two sister chromosomes formed during S phase and present together during the G2 phase of the cell cycle . HRR can accurately repair DSBs in one sister chromosome by using intact information from the other sister chromosome . Cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle ( i.e. after metaphase / cell division but prior the next round of replication ) have only one copy of each chromosome ( i.e. sister chromosomes are n't present ) . Mouse ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint and do not undergo cell cycle arrest upon acquiring DNA damage . Rather they undergo programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) in response to DNA damage . Apoptosis can be used as a fail - safe strategy to remove cells with un-repaired DNA damages in order to avoid mutation and progression to cancer . Consistent with this strategy , mouse ES stem cells have a mutation frequency about 100-fold lower than that of isogenic mouse somatic cells . Clinical trial ( edit ) Main article : Human embryonic stem cells clinical trials On January 23 , 2009 , Phase I clinical trials for transplantation of oligodendrocytes ( a cell type of the brain and spinal cord ) derived from human ES cells into spinal cord - injured individuals received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , marking it the world 's first human ES cell human trial . The study leading to this scientific advancement was conducted by Hans Keirstead and colleagues at the University of California , Irvine and supported by Geron Corporation of Menlo Park , CA , founded by Michael D. West , PhD . A previous experiment had shown an improvement in locomotor recovery in spinal cord - injured rats after a 7 - day delayed transplantation of human ES cells that had been pushed into an oligodendrocytic lineage . The phase I clinical study was designed to enroll about eight to ten paraplegics who have had their injuries no longer than two weeks before the trial begins , since the cells must be injected before scar tissue is able to form . The researchers emphasized that the injections were not expected to fully cure the patients and restore all mobility . Based on the results of the rodent trials , researchers speculated that restoration of myelin sheathes and an increase in mobility might occur . This first trial was primarily designed to test the safety of these procedures and if everything went well , it was hoped that it would lead to future studies that involve people with more severe disabilities . The trial was put on hold in August 2009 due to FDA concerns regarding a small number of microscopic cysts found in several treated rat models but the hold was lifted on July 30 , 2010 . In October 2010 researchers enrolled and administered ESTs to the first patient at Shepherd Center in Atlanta . The makers of the stem cell therapy , Geron Corporation , estimated that it would take several months for the stem cells to replicate and for the GRNOPC1 therapy to be evaluated for success or failure . In November 2011 Geron announced it was halting the trial and dropping out of stem cell research for financial reasons , but would continue to monitor existing patients , and was attempting to find a partner that could continue their research . In 2013 BioTime ( AMEX : BTX ) , led by CEO Dr. Michael D. West , acquired all of Geron 's stem cell assets , with the stated intention of restarting Geron 's embryonic stem cell - based clinical trial for spinal cord injury research . BioTime company Asterias Biotherapeutics ( NYSE MKT : AST ) was granted a $14.3 million Strategic Partnership Award by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine ( CIRM ) to re-initiate the world 's first embryonic stem cell - based human clinical trial , for spinal cord injury . Supported by California public funds , CIRM is the largest funder of stem cell - related research and development in the world . The award provides funding for Asterias to reinitiate clinical development of AST - OPC1 in subjects with spinal cord injury and to expand clinical testing of escalating doses in the target population intended for future pivotal trials . AST - OPC1 is a population of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs ) that contains oligodendrocyte progenitor cells ( OPCs ) . OPCs and their mature derivatives called oligodendrocytes provide critical functional support for nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain . Asterias recently presented the results from phase 1 clinical trial testing of a low dose of AST - OPC1 in patients with neurologically - complete thoracic spinal cord injury . The results showed that AST - OPC1 was successfully delivered to the injured spinal cord site . Patients followed 2 -- 3 years after AST - OPC1 administration showed no evidence of serious adverse events associated with the cells in detailed follow - up assessments including frequent neurological exams and MRIs . Immune monitoring of subjects through one year post-transplantation showed no evidence of antibody - based or cellular immune responses to AST - OPC1 . In four of the five subjects , serial MRI scans performed throughout the 2 -- 3 year follow - up period indicate that reduced spinal cord cavitation may have occurred and that AST - OPC1 may have had some positive effects in reducing spinal cord tissue deterioration . There was no unexpected neurological degeneration or improvement in the five subjects in the trial as evaluated by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury ( ISNCSCI ) exam . The Strategic Partnership III grant from CIRM will provide funding to Asterias to support the next clinical trial of AST - OPC1 in subjects with spinal cord injury , and for Asterias ' product development efforts to refine and scale manufacturing methods to support later - stage trials and eventually commercialization . CIRM funding will be conditional on FDA approval for the trial , completion of a definitive agreement between Asterias and CIRM , and Asterias ' continued progress toward the achievement of certain pre-defined project milestones . Concern and controversy ( edit ) Adverse effects ( edit ) The major concern with the possible transplantation of ESC into patients as therapies is their ability to form tumors including teratoma . Safety issues prompted the FDA to place a hold on the first ESC clinical trial , however no tumors were observed . The main strategy to enhance the safety of ESC for potential clinical use is to differentiate the ESC into specific cell types ( e.g. neurons , muscle , liver cells ) that have reduced or eliminated ability to cause tumors . Following differentiation , the cells are subjected to sorting by flow cytometry for further purification . ESC are predicted to be inherently safer than IPS cells created with genetically - integrating viral vectors because they are not genetically modified with genes such as c - Myc that are linked to cancer . Nonetheless , ESC express very high levels of the iPS inducing genes and these genes including Myc are essential for ESC self - renewal and pluripotency , and potential strategies to improve safety by eliminating c - Myc expression are unlikely to preserve the cells ' `` stemness '' . However , N - myc and L - myc have been identified to induce iPS cells instead of c - myc with similar efficiency . More recent protocols to induce pluripotency bypass these problems completely by using non-integrating RNA viral vectors such as sendai virus or mRNA transfection . Ethical debate ( edit ) Main article : Stem cell controversy Due to the nature of embryonic stem cell research , there are a lot of controversial opinions on the topic . Since harvesting embryonic stem cells necessitates destroying the embryo from which those cells are obtained , the moral status of the embryo comes into question . Scientists argue that the 5 - day old mass of cells is too young to achieve personhood or that the embryo , if donated from an IVF clinic ( which is where labs typically acquire embryos from ) , would otherwise go to medical waste anyway . Opponents of ESC research counter that any embryo has the potential to become a human , therefore destroying it is murder and the embryo must be protected under the same ethical view as a developed human being . History ( edit ) 1964 : Lewis Kleinsmith and G. Barry Pierce Jr. isolated a single type of cell from a teratocarcinoma , a tumor now known to be derived from a germ cell . These cells isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma ( EC ) cells . Although similarities in morphology and differentiating potential ( pluripotency ) led to the use of EC cells as the in vitro model for early mouse development , EC cells harbor genetic mutations and often abnormal karyotypes that accumulated during the development of the teratocarcinoma . These genetic aberrations further emphasized the need to be able to culture pluripotent cells directly from the inner cell mass . Martin Evans revealed a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos . 1981 : Embryonic stem cells ( ES cells ) were independently first derived from mouse embryos by two groups . Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman from the Department of Genetics , University of Cambridge published first in July , revealing a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for an increase in cell number , allowing for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos . Gail R. Martin , from the Department of Anatomy , University of California , San Francisco , published her paper in December and coined the term `` Embryonic Stem Cell '' . She showed that embryos could be cultured in vitro and that ES cells could be derived from these embryos . 1989 : Mario R. Cappechi , Martin J. Evans , and Oliver Smithies publish their research which details their isolation and genetic modifications of embryonic stem cells , creating the first `` knockout mice '' . In creating knockout mice , this publication provided scientists with an entirely new way to study disease . 1998 : A paper titled `` Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived From Human Blastocysts '' is published by a team from the University of Wisconsin , Madison . The researchers behind this study not only create the first embryonic stem cells , but recognize their pluripotency , as well as their capacity for self - renewal . The abstract of the paper notes the significance of the discovery with regards to the fields of developmental biology and drug discovery . 2001 : President George W. Bush allows federal funding to support research on roughly 60 -- at this time , already existing -- lines of embryonic stem cells . Seeing as the limited lines that Bush allowed research on had already been established , this law supported embryonic stem cell research without raising any ethical questions that could arise with the creation of new lines under federal budget . 2006 : Japanese scientists Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takashi publish a paper describing the induction of pluripotent stem cells from cultures of adult mouse fibroblasts . Induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSCs ) are a huge discovery , as they are seemingly identical to embryonic stem cells and could be used without sparking the same moral controversy . January , 2009 : The US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) provides approval for Geron Corporation 's phase I trial of their human embryonic stem cell - derived treatment for spinal cord injuries . The announcement was met with excitement from the scientific community , but also with wariness from stem cell opposers . The treatment cells were , however , derived from the cell lines approved under George W. Bush 's ESC policy . March , 2009 : Executive Order 13505 is signed by President Barack Obama , removing the restrictions put in place on federal funding for human stem cells by the previous presidential administration . This would allow the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) to provide funding for hESC research . The document also states that the NIH must provide revised federal funding guidelines within 120 days of the order 's signing . Techniques and conditions for derivation and culture ( edit ) Derivation from humans ( edit ) In vitro fertilization generates multiple embryos . The surplus of embryos is not clinically used or is unsuitable for implantation into the patient , and therefore may be donated by the donor with consent . Human embryonic stem cells can be derived from these donated embryos or additionally they can also be extracted from cloned embryos using a cell from a patient and a donated egg . The inner cell mass ( cells of interest ) , from the blastocyst stage of the embryo , is separated from the trophectoderm , the cells that would differentiate into extra-embryonic tissue . Immunosurgery , the process in which antibodies are bound to the trophectoderm and removed by another solution , and mechanical dissection are performed to achieve separation . The resulting inner cell mass cells are plated onto cells that will supply support . The inner cell mass cells attach and expand further to form a human embryonic cell line , which are undifferentiated . These cells are fed daily and are enzymatically or mechanically separated every four to seven days . For differentiation to occur , the human embryonic stem cell line is removed from the supporting cells to form embryoid bodies , is co-cultured with a serum containing necessary signals , or is grafted in a three - dimensional scaffold to result . Derivation from other animals ( edit ) Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the early embryo , which are harvested from the donor mother animal . Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman reported a technique that delays embryo implantation , allowing the inner cell mass to increase . This process includes removing the donor mother 's ovaries and dosing her with progesterone , changing the hormone environment , which causes the embryos to remain free in the uterus . After 4 -- 6 days of this intrauterine culture , the embryos are harvested and grown in in vitro culture until the inner cell mass forms `` egg cylinder - like structures , '' which are dissociated into single cells , and plated on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin - c ( to prevent fibroblast mitosis ) . Clonal cell lines are created by growing up a single cell . Evans and Kaufman showed that the cells grown out from these cultures could form teratomas and embryoid bodies , and differentiate in vitro , all of which indicating that the cells are pluripotent . Gail Martin derived and cultured her ES cells differently . She removed the embryos from the donor mother at approximately 76 hours after copulation and cultured them overnight in a medium containing serum . The following day , she removed the inner cell mass from the late blastocyst using microsurgery . The extracted inner cell mass was cultured on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin - c in a medium containing serum and conditioned by ES cells . After approximately one week , colonies of cells grew out . These cells grew in culture and demonstrated pluripotent characteristics , as demonstrated by the ability to form teratomas , differentiate in vitro , and form embryoid bodies . Martin referred to these cells as ES cells . It is now known that the feeder cells provide leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) and serum provides bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) that are necessary to prevent ES cells from differentiating . These factors are extremely important for the efficiency of deriving ES cells . Furthermore , it has been demonstrated that different mouse strains have different efficiencies for isolating ES cells . Current uses for mouse ES cells include the generation of transgenic mice , including knockout mice . For human treatment , there is a need for patient specific pluripotent cells . Generation of human ES cells is more difficult and faces ethical issues . So , in addition to human ES cell research , many groups are focused on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPS cells ) . Potential method for new cell line derivation ( edit ) On August 23 , 2006 , the online edition of Nature scientific journal published a letter by Dr. Robert Lanza ( medical director of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester , MA ) stating that his team had found a way to extract embryonic stem cells without destroying the actual embryo . This technical achievement would potentially enable scientists to work with new lines of embryonic stem cells derived using public funding in the USA , where federal funding was at the time limited to research using embryonic stem cell lines derived prior to August 2001 . In March , 2009 , the limitation was lifted . Induced pluripotent stem cells ( edit ) Main article : Induced pluripotent stem cell The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka 's lab in Kyoto , Japan , who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells . He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon `` for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent . '' In 2007 it was shown that pluripotent stem cells highly similar to embryonic stem cells can be generated by the delivery of three genes ( Oct4 , Sox2 , and Klf4 ) to differentiated cells . The delivery of these genes `` reprograms '' differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells , allowing for the generation of pluripotent stem cells without the embryo . Because ethical concerns regarding embryonic stem cells typically are about their derivation from terminated embryos , it is believed that reprogramming to these `` induced pluripotent stem cells '' ( iPS cells ) may be less controversial . Both human and mouse cells can be reprogrammed by this methodology , generating both human pluripotent stem cells and mouse pluripotent stem cells without an embryo . This may enable the generation of patient specific ES cell lines that could potentially be used for cell replacement therapies . In addition , this will allow the generation of ES cell lines from patients with a variety of genetic diseases and will provide invaluable models to study those diseases . However , as a first indication that the induced pluripotent stem cell ( iPS ) cell technology can in rapid succession lead to new cures , it was used by a research team headed by Rudolf Jaenisch of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge , Massachusetts , to cure mice of sickle cell anemia , as reported by Science journal 's online edition on December 6 , 2007 . On January 16 , 2008 , a California - based company , Stemagen , announced that they had created the first mature cloned human embryos from single skin cells taken from adults . These embryos can be harvested for patient matching embryonic stem cells . Contamination by reagents used in cell culture ( edit ) The online edition of Nature Medicine published a study on January 24 , 2005 , which stated that the human embryonic stem cells available for federally funded research are contaminated with non-human molecules from the culture medium used to grow the cells . It is a common technique to use mouse cells and other animal cells to maintain the pluripotency of actively dividing stem cells . The problem was discovered when non-human sialic acid in the growth medium was found to compromise the potential uses of the embryonic stem cells in humans , according to scientists at the University of California , San Diego . However , a study published in the online edition of Lancet Medical Journal on March 8 , 2005 detailed information about a new stem cell line that was derived from human embryos under completely cell - and serum - free conditions . After more than 6 months of undifferentiated proliferation , these cells demonstrated the potential to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas . These properties were also successfully maintained ( for more than 30 passages ) with the established stem cell lines . 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Nobel Media AB . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wernig , Marius ; Meissner , Alexander ; Foreman , Ruth ; Brambrink , Tobias ; Ku , Manching ; Hochedlinger , Konrad ; Bernstein , Bradley E. ; Jaenisch , Rudolf ( 2007 - 07 - 19 ) . `` In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES - cell - like state '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 318 -- 324 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 318W . doi : 10.1038 / nature05944 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . PMID 17554336 . Jump up ^ `` Embryonic stem cells made without embryos '' . Reuters. 2007 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Rick ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Scientists Cure Mice Of Sickle Cell Using Stem Cell Technique : New Approach Is From Skin , Not Embryos '' . The Washington Post . pp. A02 . Jump up ^ Hanna , J. ; Wernig , M. ; Markoulaki , S. ; Sun , C. - W. ; Meissner , A. ; Cassady , J.P. ; Beard , C. ; Brambrink , T. ; Wu , L. - C. ; Townes , T.M. ; Jaenisch , R. 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Lancet . 365 ( 9471 ) : 1636 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 66473 - 2 . PMID 15885296 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Embryonic stem cells . Understanding Stem Cells : A View of the Science and Issues from the National Academies National Institutes of Health University of Oxford practical workshop on pluripotent stem cell technology Fact sheet on embryonic stem cells Fact sheet on ethical issues in embryonic stem cell research Information & Alternatives to Embryonic Stem Cell Research A blog focusing specifically on ES cells and iPS cells including research , biotech , and patient - oriented issues Stem cells Sources / types Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Cancer stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced stem cells Cell potency Totipotent Zygote Spore Morula Pluripotent Embryonic stem cell Callus Multipotent Progenitor cell : Endothelial stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Neural stem cell Unipotent Precursor cell Related articles Cellular differentiation Stem cell therapy Stem cell controversy Stem cell line Stem cell laws Stem cell laws and policy in the United States Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Commons Biology portal Medicine portal NDL : 01161104 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embryonic_stem_cell&oldid=866118863 '' Categories : Stem cells Biotechnology Embryology 1981 in biotechnology Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 10 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic%20stem%20cell
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what is the population of south africa right now
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Demographics of South Africa
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demographics of south africa
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The demographics of South Africa encompasses about 56 million people of diverse origins , cultures , languages , and religions . The last census was held in 2011 and the next will be taken anywhere from 2016 -- 2021 .
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In 2011 , Statistics South Africa counted 2.1 million foreigners in total . However , numerous reports suggest that that is a vast underestimation . The real figure may in fact be as high as five million , including some three million Zimbabweans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Population 1.1 Historical population 1.2 U.N. population projections : 2010 to 2050 1.3 Age and population estimates : 1950 to 2015 1.4 Historical censuses 1.4. 1 1904 Census 1.4. 2 1960 Census 1.5 Fertility Rate ( The Demographic Health Survey ) 2 Vital statistics 2.1 Age and sex distribution 2.2 Age and race distribution 2.2. 1 Age distribution within each racial group 2.2. 1.1 By generation 2.2. 1.2 By five - year cohorts 2.2. 2 Racial composition of each age group in 2015 ( estimates ) 3 Ethnic groups 4 Languages 4.1 By ethnicity 5 Religion 5.1 By ethnicity 6 Immigration 6.1 Immigration figures 7 Urbanization 7.1 Largest municipalities 8 Graphs and maps 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Population ( edit ) Population density in South Africa ( darker color = higher density ) Historical population ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % p.a. 100,000 -- 1000 300,000 + 0.11 % 1500 600,000 + 0.14 % 1600 700,000 + 0.15 % 1700 1,000,000 + 0.36 % 1820 1,550,000 + 0.37 % 1870 2,547,000 + 1.00 % 1904 5,175,463 + 2.11 % 1911 5,972,757 + 2.07 % 1913 6,153,000 + 1.50 % 1921 6,927,403 + 1.49 % 1936 9,587,863 + 2.19 % 1946 11,415,925 + 1.76 % 1950 13,683,162 + 4.63 % 1955 15,384,557 + 2.37 % 1960 17,396,367 + 2.49 % 1970 22,502,502 + 2.61 % 1980 29,077,143 + 2.60 % 1990 36,793,490 + 2.38 % 1995 41,426,810 + 2.40 % 2001 44,819,777 + 1.32 % 2007 48,502,063 + 1.32 % 2011 51,770,560 + 1.64 % 2015 54,960,000 + 1.51 % Note : Population estimates ( 1 BCE - 1870 BCE ) are deduced from quantitative macroeconomic historical calculations . 1 ( est . ) , 1000 ( est . ) , 1500 ( est . ) , 1600 ( est . ) , 1700 ( est . ) , 1820 ( est . ) , 1870 ( est . ) , 1913 , 1904 1904 - 1946 , 1950 - 2010 , 2001 , 2011 , 2015 U.N. population projections : 2010 to 2050 ( edit ) Population projections Year Pop . ± % 2015 54,957,000 -- 2020 57,296,000 + 4.3 % 2025 59,702,000 + 4.2 % 2030 61,836,000 + 3.6 % 2035 63,670,000 + 3.0 % 2040 65,413,000 + 2.7 % 2045 67,075,000 + 2.5 % 2050 68,642,000 + 2.3 % Source : United Nations Secretariat Age and population estimates : 1950 to 2015 ( edit ) According to the 2010 revision of the United Nations Secretariat 's World Population Prospects , South Africa 's total population was 50,133,000 in 2010 , compared to only 13,683,000 in 1950 . In 2010 , 30.1 % of the people were children under the age of 15 , 65.2 % were between 15 and 64 years of age , and 4.6 % were 65 or older . All population estimates are rounded to the nearest thousand . Year Total population Percentage under 15 years old Percentage 15 to 64 years old Percentage at least 65 years old 1950 13,683,000 38.6 57.8 3.6 1955 15,385,000 39.9 56.4 3.8 1960 17,396,000 40.9 55.2 3.9 1965 19,814,000 41.9 54.2 3.9 1970 22,502,000 42.1 54.5 3.4 25,699,000 41.9 54.9 3.2 1980 29,077,000 41.5 55.3 3.1 1985 32,983,000 40.5 56.4 3.1 1990 36,794,000 38.9 57.9 3.2 1995 41,402,000 36.0 60.6 3.4 2000 44,760,000 33.7 62.6 3.7 2005 47,793,000 31.7 64.2 4.1 50,133,000 30.1 65.2 4.6 2015 54,490,000 29.2 63.0 7.7 Historical censuses ( edit ) 1904 Census ( edit ) South African Population Figures for the 1904 Census . Source : Colony Cape Colony Natal Transvaal Orange River Colony Total Percent Black 1,424,787 904,041 937,127 225,101 3,491,056 67.5 % White 579,741 97,109 297,277 142,679 1,116,805 21.6 % Coloured 395,034 6,686 24,226 19,282 445,228 8.6 % Indian 10,242 100,918 11,321 253 122,734 2.4 % Total 2,409,804 1,108,754 1,269,951 387,315 5,175,463 100.0 % % of S. Africa 46.6 % 21.4 % 24.5 % 7.5 % 100 % 1960 Census ( edit ) Sources : Statesman 's Year - Book 1967 -- 1968 ; Europa Year Book 1969 Province Cape of Good Hope Natal Transvaal Orange Free State Total Percent Bantu 3,011,080 2,199,920 4,633,378 1,083,886 10,928,264 68.3 % White 1,003,207 340,235 1,468,305 276,745 3,088,492 19.3 % Coloured 1,330,089 45,253 108,007 25,909 1,509,258 9.4 % Indian 18,477 394,854 63,787 7 477,125 3.0 % Total 5,362,853 2,980,262 6,273,477 1,386,547 16,003,139 100.0 % % of S. Africa 33.5 % 18.6 % 39.2 % 8.7 % 100.0 % Fertility Rate ( The Demographic Health Survey ) ( edit ) Fertility Rate ( TFR ) ( Wanted Fertility Rate ) and CBR ( Crude Birth Rate ) : Year CBR ( Total ) TFR ( Total ) CBR ( Urban ) TFR ( Urban ) CBR ( Rural ) TFR ( Rural ) 1998 21 , 90 2 , 90 ( 2 , 3 ) 19 , 2 2 , 25 ( 1 , 8 ) 25 , 4 3 , 92 ( 2 , 9 ) 2003 17 , 5 2 , 1 ( 1 , 6 ) 18 , 4 2 , 1 ( 1 , 6 ) 16 , 1 2 , 2 ( 1 , 6 ) Vital Statistics ( edit ) Registration of vital events in South Africa has improved considerably during the past decade , but still not considered to be complete for black South Africans . The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates . ( Natural increase or decrease over a time period is the difference between that period 's live births and deaths , before accounting for inward or outward migration . ) United Nations estimates , 2010 Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural Increase per year Crude Birth Rate ( per 1,000 per year ) Crude Death Rate ( per 1,000 per year ) Natural Increase ( per 1,000 per year ) Total Fertility Rate ( over av'ge woman 's life ) Infant Mortality Rate ( per 100,000 live births ) 1950 -- 1955 629 000 295 000 + 334 000 43.3 20.3 + 23.0 6.50 96 1955 -- 1960 697 000 297 000 + 400 000 42.5 18.1 + 24.4 6.50 91 1960 -- 1965 774 000 310 000 + 464 000 41.6 16.7 + 25.0 6.30 87 1965 -- 1970 808 000 312 000 + 496 000 38.2 14.7 + 23.5 5.70 84 1970 -- 1975 909 000 317 000 + 592 000 37.7 13.1 + 24.6 5.47 77 1975 -- 1980 980 000 319 000 + 661 000 35.8 11.7 + 24.1 5.00 71 1980 -- 1985 1 052 000 307 000 + 745 000 33.9 9.9 + 24.0 4.56 61 1985 -- 1990 1 086 000 299 000 + 787 000 31.1 8.6 + 22.5 4.00 53 1990 -- 1995 1 073 000 332 000 + 742 000 27.5 8.5 + 19.0 3.34 51 1995 -- 2000 1 082 000 450 000 + 632 000 25.1 10.4 + 14.7 2.95 56 2000 -- 2005 1 111 000 645 000 + 466 000 24.0 13.9 + 10.1 2.80 59 2005 -- 2010 1 074 000 746 000 + 328 000 21.9 15.2 + 6.7 2.55 55 2010 -- 2015 21.0 12.5 + 8.5 2.40 55 Total Fertility Rate = average number of children over a woman 's lifetime ; Infant Mortality Rate per 100,000 live births Year Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate ( per 1,000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1,000 ) Natural increase ( per 1,000 ) Fertility rates ( per woman ) Average population 2002 1 118 916 608 480 510 436 24 , 5 13 , 3 11 , 2 2 , 79 2003 1 127 380 643 285 484 095 24 , 4 13 , 9 10 , 5 2 , 77 1 134 751 671 101 463 650 24 , 3 14 , 4 9 , 9 2 , 75 2005 1 141 351 682 059 459 292 24 , 1 14 , 4 9 , 7 2 , 73 2006 1 150 015 625 210 524 805 24 , 0 13 , 0 11 , 0 2 , 71 2007 1 162 056 564 663 597 393 23 , 9 11 , 6 12 , 3 2 , 70 2008 1 175 212 542 038 633 174 23 , 8 11 , 0 12 , 8 2 , 68 2009 1 188 662 528 342 660 320 23 , 7 10 , 5 13 , 2 2 , 66 1 201 175 535 396 665 779 23 , 6 10 , 5 13 , 1 2 , 64 2011 1 211 011 556 087 654 924 23 , 4 10 , 7 12 , 7 2 , 61 2012 1 222 324 555 921 666 403 23 , 2 10 , 6 12 , 6 2 , 60 2013 1 232 668 539 880 692 788 23 , 1 10 , 1 13 , 0 2 , 58 52 982 000 2014 1 242 070 516 929 725 141 22 , 9 9 , 5 13 , 4 2 , 57 2015 1 250 782 531 965 718 817 22 , 7 9 , 6 13 , 1 2 , 55 54 956 900 Age and sex distribution ( edit ) South African National Census of 2011 Population pyramid , 2011 Age group Male Female percent Female Total percent of S.A. under 5 2,867,585 49.6 % 2,817,867 5,685,452 11.0 % 5 -- 9 2,425,181 49.7 % 2,394,570 4,819,751 9.3 % 10 -- 14 2,344,275 49.0 % 2,250,611 4,594,886 8.9 % 15 -- 19 2,498,572 50.1 % 2,504,905 5,003,477 9.7 % 20 -- 24 2,694,646 49.9 % 2,679,896 5,374,542 10.4 % 25 -- 29 2,542,682 49.7 % 2,516,635 5,059,317 9.8 % 30 -- 34 2,036,206 49.5 % 1,992,804 4,029,010 7.8 % 35 -- 39 1,709,347 50.7 % 1,758,420 3,467,767 6.7 % 40 -- 44 1,402,328 52.4 % 1,546,291 2,948,619 5.7 % 45 -- 49 1,195,740 54.4 % 1,424,543 2,620,283 5.1 % 50 -- 54 1,011,349 54.4 % 1,206,940 2,218,289 4.3 % 55 -- 59 811,950 54.8 % 985,458 1,797,408 3.5 % 60 -- 64 612,364 55.8 % 773,404 1,385,768 2.7 % 65 -- 69 401,548 58.1 % 556,256 957,804 1.9 % 70 -- 74 293,498 60.8 % 454,832 748,330 1.4 % 75 -- 79 165,283 65.7 % 315,984 481,267 0.9 % 80 -- 84 100,694 68.8 % 222,222 322,916 0.6 % 85 - plus 75,543 70.5 % 180,130 255,673 0.5 % TOTAL 25,188,791 51.3 % 26,581,769 51,770,560 100 % Number of children 0 -- 14 Number of women 15 -- 49 Proportion Fertility Rate 15,812,264 13,866,489 1.14 2.35 Age group Population Male Female Percent 0 -- 14 15,812,268 7,969,880 7,842,388 31.26 15 -- 64 32,235,534 15,538,934 16,696,600 63.72 65 + 2,538,955 1,006,222 1,532,733 5.02 Age and race distribution ( edit ) South African National Census of 2011 Age distribution within each racial group ( edit ) By generation ( edit ) Age group All races % of All Black African % of Blacks Coloured % of Col 'd White % of Whites Indian or other Asian % of Asians Others % of others 0 -- 14 15,100,089 29.2 % 12,702,324 31.0 % 1,311,811 28.4 % 771,187 16.8 % 258,602 20.1 % 56,164 20.0 % 15 -- 64 33,904,479 65.5 % 26,502,329 64.6 % 3,085,684 66.9 % 3,165,965 68.9 % 939,379 73.0 % 211,126 75.3 % 65 - plus 2,765,992 5.3 % 1,796,285 4.4 % 217,906 4.7 % 649,686 14.2 % 88,949 6.9 % 13,164 4.7 % All ages 51,770,560 100 % 41,000,938 ( 100 % ) 4,615,401 ( 100 % ) 4,586,838 ( 100 % ) 1,286,930 ( 100 % ) 280,454 ( 100 % ) % of SA 100 % 79.20 % 8.92 % 8.86 % 2.49 % 0.54 % By five - year cohorts ( edit ) Racial composition of each age group in 2015 ( estimates ) ( edit ) Age group All races % of All Black African % of Blacks Coloured % of Col 'd White % of Whites Indian or other Asian % of Asians 0 -- 14 16,612,043 30.23 % 14,244,663 32.21 % 1,288,601 26.66 % 789,492 17.41 % 289,285 21.24 % 15 -- 64 35,465,499 64.53 % 28,170,797 63.69 % 3,299,771 68.28 % 3,026,475 66.75 % 968,649 71.12 % 65 - plus 2,879,378 5.24 % 1,812,535 4.10 % 244,544 5.06 % 718,041 15.84 % 104.068 7.64 % All ages 54,956,920 100 % 44,227,995 ( 100 % ) 4,832,916 ( 100 % ) 4,534,008 ( 100 % ) 1,362,002 ( 100 % ) % of SA 100 % 80.48 % 8.79 % 8.25 % 2.48 % Age group All races % of All Black African % of Blacks Coloured % of Col 'd White % of Whites Indian or Asian % of Asians under 5 5,936,350 10.80 % 5,156,508 11.66 % 426,156 8.82 % 254,978 5.62 % 98,708 7.25 % 5 to 9 5,537,225 10.08 % 4,746,115 10.73 % 430,666 8.91 % 263,378 5.81 % 97,065 7.13 % 10 to 14 5,138,468 9.35 % 4,342,040 9.82 % 431,779 8.93 % 271,136 5.98 % 93,512 6.87 % 15 to 19 5,124,373 9.32 % 4,292,220 9.70 % 437,412 9.05 % 295,733 6.52 % 99,007 7.27 % 20 to 24 5,302,246 9.65 % 4,461,515 10.09 % 426,013 8.81 % 306,415 6.76 % 108,304 7.95 % 25 to 29 5,232,254 9.52 % 4,437,570 10.03 % 389,429 8.06 % 287,485 6.34 % 117,771 8.65 % 30 to 34 4,307,693 7.84 % 3,535,173 7.99 % 366,955 7.59 % 281,358 6.21 % 124,206 9.12 % 35 to 39 3,774,921 6.87 % 3,001,989 6.79 % 376,488 7.79 % 279,439 6.16 % 117,005 8.59 % 40 to 44 3,204,952 5.83 % 2,444,972 5.53 % 368,886 7.63 % 288,370 6.36 % 102,725 7.54 % 45 to 49 2,738,580 4.98 % 2,004,009 4.53 % 307,363 6.36 % 335,434 7.40 % 91,774 6.74 % 50 to 54 2,297,586 4.18 % 1,619,249 3.66 % 264,593 5.47 % 332,977 7.34 % 80,767 5.93 % 55 to 59 1,942,942 3.54 % 1,334,800 3.02 % 209,933 4.34 % 328,999 7.26 % 69,210 5.08 % 60 to 64 1,539,953 2.80 % 1,039,301 2.35 % 152,698 3.16 % 290,075 6.40 % 57,879 4.25 % 65 to 69 1,153,159 2.10 % 737,581 1.67 % 105,403 2.18 % 265,818 5.86 % 44,357 3.26 % 70 to 74 805,114 1.46 % 511,723 1.16 % 65,465 1.35 % 198,876 4.39 % 28,949 2.13 75 to 79 502,005 0.91 % 313,800 0.71 % 41,978 0.87 % 128,675 2.84 % 17,552 1.29 % 80 - plus 419,100 0.76 % 249,431 0.56 % 31,698 0.66 % 124,672 2.75 % 13,210 0.97 % All ages 54,956,920 100 % 44,227,995 ( 100 % ) 4,832,916 ( 100 % ) 4,534,008 ( 100 % ) 1,362,002 ( 100 % ) % of SA 100 % 80.48 % 8.79 % 8.25 % 2.48 % Age group All races Black African % of age grp Coloured % of age grp White % of age grp Indian or Asian % of age grp under 5 5,936,350 5,156,508 86.86 % 426,156 7.18 % 254,978 4.30 % 98,708 1.66 % 5 to 9 5,537,225 4,746,115 85.71 % 430,666 7.78 % 263,378 4.76 % 97,065 1.75 % 10 to 14 5,138,468 4,342,040 84.50 % 431,779 8.40 % 271,136 5.28 % 93,512 1.82 % 15 to 19 5,124,373 4,292,220 83.76 % 437,412 8.54 % 295,733 5.77 % 99,007 1.93 % 20 to 24 5,302,246 4,461,515 84.14 % 426,013 8.03 % 306,415 5.78 % 108,304 2.04 % 25 to 29 5,232,254 4,437,570 84.81 % 389,429 7.44 % 287,485 5.49 % 117,771 2.25 % 30 to 34 4,307,693 3,535,173 82.07 % 366,955 8.52 % 281,358 6.53 % 124,206 2.88 % 35 to 39 3,774,921 3,001,989 79.52 % 376,488 9.97 % 279,439 7.40 % 117,005 3.10 % 40 to 44 3,204,952 2,444,972 76.29 % 368,886 11.51 % 288,370 9.00 % 102,725 3.21 % 45 to 49 2,738,580 2,004,009 73.18 % 307,363 11.22 % 335,434 12.25 % 91,774 3.35 % 50 to 54 2,297,586 1,619,249 70.48 % 264,593 11.52 % 332,977 14.49 % 80,767 3.52 % 55 to 59 1,942,942 1,334,800 68.70 % 209,933 10.80 % 328,999 16.93 % 69,210 3.56 % 60 to 64 1,539,953 1,039,301 67.49 % 152,698 9.92 % 290,075 18.84 % 57,879 3.76 % 65 to 69 1,153,159 737,581 63.96 % 105,403 9.14 % 265,818 23.05 % 44,357 3.85 % 70 to 74 805,114 511,723 63.56 % 65,465 8.13 % 198,876 24.70 % 28,949 3.60 % 75 to 79 502,005 313,800 62.51 % 41,978 8.36 % 128,675 25.63 % 17,552 3.50 % 80 - plus 419,100 249,431 59.52 % 31,698 7.56 % 124,672 29.75 % 13,210 3.15 % All ages 54,956,920 44,227,995 4,832,916 4,534,008 1,362,002 % of SA 80.48 % 8.79 % 8.25 % 2.48 % Ethnic groups ( edit ) Annual per capita personal income by race group in South Africa relative to white levels . Main article : Ethnic groups in South Africa Dominant population groups in South Africa . Black African Coloured Indian or other Asian White None dominant Statistics South Africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups . The 2011 census figures for these groups were Black African at 80.2 % , White at 8.4 % , Coloured at 8.8 % , Indian / Asian at 2.5 % , and Other / Unspecified at 0.5 % . The white population has experienced a sharp decline over time , due to Emigration and much lower fertility rates . The first census in South Africa in 1911 showed that whites made up 22 % of the population ; it declined to 16 % in 1980 , and 8.9 % in 2011 . Ethnic groups South - Africa ( 1911 ) Black African ( 67 % ) White ( 21 % ) Coloured ( 9 % ) Asian ( 3 % ) Ethnic groups South - Africa ( 2004 ) Black African ( 79 % ) White ( 10 % ) Coloured ( 9 % ) Asian ( 2 % ) Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of South Africa South Africa has eleven official languages : IsiZulu 22.7 % , IsiXhosa 16 % , Afrikaans 13.5 % , English language 9.6 % , Sepedi 9.1 % , Setswana 8 % , Sesotho 7.6 % , Xitsonga 4.5 % , siSwati 2.5 % , Tshivenda 2.4 % and isiNdebele 2.1 % . In this regard it is third only to Bolivia and India in number . While all the languages are formally equal , some languages are spoken more than others . According to the 2011 census , the three most spoken first languages are Zulu ( 22.7 % ) , Xhosa ( 16.0 % ) , and Afrikaans ( 13.5 % ) . Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science , it ranked fourth , and was spoken by only 9.6 % of South Africans as a first language in 2011 . The country also recognises several unofficial languages , including Fanagalo , Khoe , Lobedu , Nama , Northern Ndebele , Phuthi , San and South African Sign Language . These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent . Nevertheless , their populations are not such that they require nationwide recognition . Many of the `` unofficial languages '' of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana , and elsewhere . These people , who are a physically distinct population from other Africans , have their own cultural identity based on their hunter - gatherer societies . They have been marginalised to a great extent , and many of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct . Many white South Africans also speak other European languages , such as Portuguese ( also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans ) , German , and Greek , while some Indians and other Asians in South Africa speak South Asian languages , such as Tamil , Hindi , Gujarati , Urdu and Telugu . Although many South Africans are of Huguenot ( French ) origin , South African French is spoken by fewer than 10,000 individuals country - wide . Congolese French is also spoken in South Africa by migrants . The primary sign language of Deaf South Africans is South African Sign Language . Other sign languages among indigenous peoples are also used . By ethnicity ( edit ) In 2011 , the first language was Zulu for 28.1 % of Black residents , Xhosa for 19.8 % , Northern Sotho for 11.2 % , Tswana for 9.7 % , Sesotho for 9.3 % , Tsonga for 5.5 % , Swati for 3.1 % , Venda for 2.9 % , English for 2.8 % , Southern Ndebele for 2.6 % , Afrikaans for 1.5 % , while 3.4 % had another first language . Among whites , Afrikaans was the first language for 59.1 % of the population , compared to 35.0 % for English . Other languages accounted for the remaining 5.9 % . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in South Africa According to the 2001 national census , Christians accounted for 79.7 % of the population . This includes Protestant ( 36.6 % ) , Zionist Christian ( 11.1 % ) , Pentecostal / Charismatic ( 8.2 % ) , Roman Catholic ( 7.1 % ) , Methodist ( 6.8 % ) , Dutch Reformed ( 6.7 % ) , Anglican ( 3.8 % ) ; members of other Christian churches accounted for another 36 % of the population . Muslims accounted for 1.5 % of the population , Other 2.3 % , and 1.4 % were Unspecified and None 15.1 % . African Indigenous Churches made up the largest of the Christian groups . Some believe that many people claiming no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to traditional indigenous religions . Many people have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences . Muslims are largely found among the Coloured and Indian ethnic groups . They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as immigrants from other parts of Africa . South African Muslims claim that their faith is the fastest - growing religion of conversion in the country , with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold , from 12 000 in 1991 to 74 700 in 2004 The Hindu population has its roots in the British colonial period , but later waves of immigration from India have also contributed to it . Most Hindus are of South Asian origin , but there are many who come from mixed racial stock . Some are converts due to the efforts of Hindu missionaries such as ISKCON . Other minority religions in South Africa are Sikhism , Jainism and Bahá'í Faith . By ethnicity ( edit ) 87.9 % of Black residents are Christian , 9.5 % have no religion , 0.2 % are Muslim , 0.0 % are Jewish , 0.0 % are Hindu and 2.3 % have other or undetermined beliefs . 71.8 % of White residents are Christian , 23.8 % have no religion , 0.2 % are Muslim , 1.4 % are Jewish , and 0.0 % are Hindu . 2.7 % have other or undetermined beliefs . Immigration ( edit ) Main article : Immigration to South Africa South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population . According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007 . Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe ( 48,400 ) , the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 24,800 ) , and Somalia ( 12,900 ) . These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg , Pretoria , Durban , Cape Town , and Port Elizabeth . Many refugees have now also started to work and live in rural areas in provinces such as Mpumalanga and KwaZulu - Natal . Statistics SA assumes in some of their calculations that there are less than 2 million immigrants in South Africa . Other institutions , like the police and Médecins Sans Frontières place estimate the figure at 4 million . Immigration figures ( edit ) Immigration assumptions by Statistics South Africa to South Africa based on race . Negative numbers represent net migration from South Africa to other countries . Year African Asian White 1985 - 2000 1 135 275 14 476 - 304 112 2001 - 2005 769 038 23 335 - 133 782 2006 - 2010 922 885 34 688 - 112 046 2011 - 2015 1 067 936 40 929 - 95 158 Urbanization ( edit ) `` Urban areas contain about two - thirds of the population ; many of these consist of huge informal or squatter settlements . '' Largest municipalities ( edit ) See also : Metropolitan municipality ( South Africa ) Largest cities or towns in South Africa 2011 Census Rank Name Province Pop . City of Johannesburg City of Cape Town City of Johannesburg Gauteng 4,434,827 EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality Ekurhuleni City of Cape Town Western Cape 3,740,026 EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality KwaZulu - Natal 3,442,361 Ekurhuleni Gauteng 3,178,470 5 City of Tshwane Gauteng 2,921,488 6 Nelson Mandela Bay Eastern Cape 1,152,115 7 Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality Eastern Cape 755,200 8 Mangaung Free State 747,431 9 Emfuleni Gauteng 721,663 10 Polokwane Local Municipality Limpopo 628,999 Graphs and maps ( edit ) Population pyramid by population group , 2011 Black population White population Coloured population See also ( edit ) Statistics South Africa South African National Census of 2001 South African National Census of 2011 Afrikaans speaking population in South Africa Jewish population of South Africa Ethnic groups in South Africa by municipality References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mid-year population estimates , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Jump up ^ `` Mid-year population estimates , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Jump up ^ `` Table 3.5 , Statistical release ( Revised ) P0301. 4 , Census 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Statssa.gov.za . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nowhere left to go '' . Economist.com. 20 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 -- via The Economist . Jump up ^ `` Escape From Mugabe : Zimbabwe 's Exodus '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 2010 ) . `` Statistics on World Population , GDP and Per Capita GDP , 1 - 2008 AD '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smuts I : The Sanguine Years 1870 -- 1919 , W.K. Hancock , Cambridge University Press , 1962 , pg 219 Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Year - Book 1977 -- 1978 ( ed . John Paxton ) , St. Martin 's Press , New York ( & Macmillan , London ) , 1977 , page 1296 Jump up ^ `` City of Cape Town / Isixeko Sasekapa , Stad Kaapstad : Metropolitan Municipality & Main Places -- Statistics & Maps on City Population '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Provinces and Major Urban Areas - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts '' . Citypopulation.de . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat ( 2015 ) . `` Total Population - Both Sexes ( XLS , 3.74 MB ) - 2015 revision '' . United Nations . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mid-year population estimates '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' . UN . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat , World Population Prospects : The 2010 Revision Archived 6 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Year - Book , 1967 -- 1968 ( 104th annual edition ) , edited by S.H. Steinberg , Macmillan , London ; St. Martin 's Press , New York , 1967 , pages 1405 -- 1424 Jump up ^ The Europa Year Book 1969 , Volume II : Africa , The Americas , Asia , Australasia , Europa Publications , London , 1969 , page 1286 Jump up ^ `` The DHS Program - Quality information to plan , monitor and improve population , health , and nutrition programs '' . Dhsprogram.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lehohla , Pali ( 5 May 2005 ) . `` Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA '' . Business Report . Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying ' race ' . The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race . On the other hand , the Employment Equity Act speaks of ' designated groups ' being ' black people , women and people with disabilities ' . The Act defines ' black ' as referring to ' Africans , coloureds and Indians ' . Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power . If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this , race would have to be included in surveys and censuses , so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored . This was the reasoning that led to a ' self - identifying ' question about ' race ' or ' population group ' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses , and in Statistics SA 's household survey programme . ^ Jump up to : `` Africa : : SOUTH AFRICA '' . CIA The World Factbook . Jump up ^ Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa ( U.S. ) ( 1981 ) . South Africa : time running out : the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa . University of California Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04547 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Census 2011 : Census in brief ( PDF ) . Pretoria : Statistics South Africa . 2012 . ISBN 9780621413885 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of South Africa , Chapter 1 , Section 6 '' . Fs.gov.za . Archived from the original on 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The languages of South Africa '' . Media Club South Africa . Brand South Africa . December 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Community profiles > Census 2011 '' . Statistics South Africa Superweb . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa '' . State.gov . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` In South Africa , many blacks convert to Islam '' . Csmonitor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa '' . Religionnewsblog.com . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa -- Section I. Religious Demography '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 15 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Refugee Survey 2008 '' . U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` P03022009_6 '' . Statssa.gov.za . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ So where are Zimbabweans going ? , BBC News . 8 November 2005 . Jump up ^ SA population may be much larger than previously thought Beeld 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ South African Police Service 2009 Annual Report Archived 25 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine. page 9 indicating the number exceeds 3 million Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mid-year population estimates 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . 31 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Settlement Patterns '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Jump up ^ http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=3839 Further reading ( edit ) Alexander , Mary ( 30 June 2006 ) . `` Black , white -- or South African ? '' . SAinfo . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . `` A Nation in the Making : A Discussion Document on Macro-Social Trends in South Africa '' ( PDF ) . Government of South Africa . 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 July 2006 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of South Africa . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20South%20Africa
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nfl player that's been on the most teams
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J.T. O'Sullivan
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j. t. o'sullivan
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John Thomas O'Sullivan ( born August 25 , 1979 ) is a former professional gridiron football quarterback who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) , NFL Europe and Canadian Football League ( CFL ) from 2002 to 2012 . He played college football for the UC Davis Aggies of the University of California , Davis , where he was a three - year starter and threw for career totals of 10,745 yards and 96 touchdowns . He was named a First Team All - American in 2000 and a Second Team All - American in 2001 . He was inducted into the Cal Aggie Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008 .
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O'Sullivan was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft . He also spent time with 10 other NFL teams : the Green Bay Packers , Chicago Bears , Minnesota Vikings , New England Patriots , Carolina Panthers , Detroit Lions , San Francisco 49ers , Cincinnati Bengals , San Diego Chargers , and Oakland Raiders . He was a backup for the majority of his NFL career but began the 2008 season as the starter for the 49ers . He also played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europe in 2004 and 2007 , leading the Galaxy to the World Bowl each year . He earned All - NFL Europa and NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVP honors in 2007 . O'Sullivan spent the final season of his professional career as a backup for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 New Orleans Saints and Frankfurt Galaxy 3.2 Green Bay Packers 3.3 Chicago Bears 3.4 Minnesota Vikings 3.5 New England Patriots 3.6 Carolina Panthers 3.7 Second stint with Bears and Galaxy 3.8 Detroit Lions 3.9 San Francisco 49ers 3.10 Cincinnati Bengals 3.11 San Diego Chargers 3.12 Oakland Raiders 3.13 Saskatchewan Roughriders 3.14 NFL statistics 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Early years ( edit ) O'Sullivan was born in Burbank , California and attended Jesuit High School in Carmichael , California , where he played football and baseball . In football , he was a two - time All - Metro League selection and led his school to a Sac - Joaquin Section crown in 1995 . He was also team captain his senior year . He also set school records for single - season passing yards with 1,794 during his senior year and career passing yards with 3,500 . In baseball , he played catcher and earned all - league honors . He had a . 450 batting average his senior season . O'Sullivan graduated from Jesuit High School in 1997 . College career ( edit ) O'Sullivan was a four - year letterman for the UC Davis Aggies , who competed in NCAA Division II at the time , of the University of California , Davis from 1998 to 2001 . He was redshirted in 1997 and was a backup his redshirt freshman year in 1998 . He was a starter his final three seasons . As a sophomore in 1999 , he completed 208 of 341 passes for 3,217 yards and 26 touchdowns with 16 interceptions . He was also named an Honorable Mention All - American by Don Hansen 's Football Gazette and was voted most improved player by his teammates in 1999 . As a junior in 2000 , he threw for 3,679 yards and a school single - season record 38 touchdowns passes as the Aggies advanced to the Division II semifinals , where they lost to Bloomsburg by a score of 58 -- 48 . He had a 193.85 passer rating and was the only Division II player to receive a Heisman Trophy vote that season . He was named a Third Team Little All - American by the Associated Press , a Second Team All - American by both Don Hansen 's Football Gazette and Daktronics , and a First Team All - American by D2Football.com He was also named First Team All - West Region by Daktronics . He was a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy and a team co-captain as well . He was co-winner of the Jerry Norris Award in 2000 as the team 's most valuable and inspirational player . As a senior in 2001 , he completed 255 of 406 passes for 32 touchdowns and a school single - season record 3,826 yards as the Aggies advanced to the Division II semifinals , where they lost to North Dakota by a score of 14 -- 2 . He was named a Second Team All - American by both D2Football.com and Daktronics , and an Honorable Mention All - American by Don Hansen 's Football Gazette . For the second year in a row , he was both a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy and a team co-captain . He was the first UC Davis player to twice be on the final ballot for the Harlon Hill Trophy . He also won the school 's Colby E. `` Babe '' Slater Award for Male Athlete of Year in 2001 . He played in the 2002 East -- West Shrine Game . He completed 669 of 1,070 passes for 10,745 yards and 96 touchdowns with 41 interceptions during his college career . He also set the school record for total offense with 11,544 yards . He set a Division II record for touchdown passes in a playoff game with six , set on November 25 , 2000 , against Mesa State . He also set a Division II record for most consecutive games with a touchdown pass . He was Chapter President of the Phi Delta Theta chapter at UC Davis as well . He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English . O'Sullivan was inducted into the Cal Aggie Athletics Hall of Fame in 2008 . In 2009 , he was the recipient of the school 's Young Alumnus Award . Professional career ( edit ) O'Sullivan had a long career , predominantly in the NFL , as a journeyman quarterback . Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 223 lb ( 101 kg ) 4.91 s 1.68 s 2.83 s 4.28 s 7.46 s 29 in ( 0.74 m ) 8 ft 11 in ( 2.72 m ) 35 All values from NFL Combine New Orleans Saints and Frankfurt Galaxy ( edit ) O'Sullivan was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 186th overall pick . He signed a three - year contract worth $973,000 with the Saints on July 25 , 2002 . The deal included a $68,000 signing bonus . He was inactive as the third quarterback for all 16 regular season games in 2002 . He was released by the Saints on September 16 , 2003 . He re-signed with the Saints on September 21 . He was again inactive as the third quarterback for all 16 regular season games in 2003 . He was allocated to NFL Europe on January 27 , 2004 , where he played for the Frankfurt Galaxy during the 2004 season . He started eight games for the Galaxy in 2004 , completing 120 of 196 passes for 1,527 yards , ten touchdowns and five interceptions with a record of 6 -- 2 as the starter . His 91.9 passer rating was also second best in the league . He missed the final two games of the regular season due to his father 's death . The Galaxy finished the year with a 7 -- 3 regular season record , which granted them a berth in World Bowl XII . In World Bowl XII , against the Berlin Thunder , O'Sullivan completed 19 of 33 passes for 210 yards and 3 touchdowns with 2 interceptions in the 30 -- 24 loss . He was inactive as the Saints third quarterback for the first four games of the 2004 season . Green Bay Packers ( edit ) O'Sullivan and a second round pick in the 2005 NFL Draft were traded to the Green Bay Packers for Mike McKenzie on October 4 , 2004 . After the trade , O'Sullivan was inactive for 11 games as the third quarterback . He then played the first regular season game of his career on January 2 , 2005 in the season finale , when he took a knee twice to end the game . He was also inactive for the team 's Wild Card Round playoff game . He re-signed with the Packers on April 22 , 2005 . He was released by the team on September 3 , 2005 . Chicago Bears ( edit ) O'Sullivan was signed to the Chicago Bears ' practice squad on September 5 , 2005 . Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) O'Sullivan was signed off the Bears ' practice squad by the Minnesota Vikings on November 8 , 2005 , after Daunte Culpepper suffered a season - ending injury . He was then inactive as the Vikings third quarterback for the final eight games of the season . He was released by the Vikings on September 2 , 2006 . New England Patriots ( edit ) O'Sullivan was signed to the New England Patriots ' practice squad on September 5 , 2006 . He was released by the team on October 2 , 2006 . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) O'Sullivan was signed to the Carolina Panthers ' practice squad in December 2006 . Second stint with Bears and Galaxy ( edit ) In February 2007 , he signed with the Chicago Bears . He was assigned to the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa on February 24 , 2007 . In 2007 , he completed 174 of 254 passes for 2,201 yards , 16 touchdowns , and 7 interceptions with a 104.8 passer rating . He led the league in passer rating and passing yards while also tying Casey Bramlet for the league lead in touchdown passes . O'Sullivan recorded the league 's only two 300 passing yards games of the 2007 season and threw for 374 yards in Week 9 against the Hamburg Sea Devils . On June 21 , 2007 , O'Sullivan and Cologne Centurions running back Derrick Ross were named the 2007 NFL Europa Co-Offensive MVPs . They both earned All - NFL Europa honors as well . O'Sullivan started all ten of the team 's games , leading them to a 7 -- 3 record and a berth in World Bowl XV , which the Galaxy lost to the Hamburg Sea Devils by a score of 37 -- 28 . He completed 23 of 39 passes for 299 yards and two touchdowns with one interception in World Bowl XV . O'Sullivan was released by the Bears in July 2007 . Detroit Lions ( edit ) O'Sullivan signed a one - year contract with the Detroit Lions in July 2007 . Due to injuries to Detroit 's other two quarterbacks , Dan Orlovsky and starter Jon Kitna , O'Sullivan played the Lions ' final two 2007 preseason games in their entirety . O'Sullivan was the primary backup to Kitna in 2007 . On September 16 , Kitna suffered a concussion early in the second quarter against the Minnesota Vikings and was relieved by O'Sullivan , who was making his second career regular season appearance . O'Sullivan then completed 13 of 24 passes for 148 yards , two interceptions and his first career touchdown , which was a seven - yarder to Calvin Johnson , before Kitna returned to the game midway through the fourth quarter . The Lions won 20 -- 17 in overtime . O'Sullivan played in four games for the Lions in 2007 , recording season passing totals of 13 attempts , 26 completions , 148 yards , one touchdown , and two interceptions . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) O'Sullivan and Adam Snyder in 2008 After hiring O'Sullivan's former offensive coordinator with the Lions , Mike Martz , the San Francisco 49ers signed O'Sullivan to a one - year contract for the veteran 's minimum of $645,000 on February 29 , 2008 . On August 12 , head coach Mike Nolan appeared on a local radio show and announced that O'Sullivan had moved into the lead for the 49ers starting quarterback job . On August 22 , Nolan officially declared O'Sullivan as the starting quarterback for the 2008 season . He became the first 49ers quarterback to throw for over 300 yards in a game since 2004 when he completed 20 of 32 passes for 321 yards and a touchdown in a 33 -- 30 win over the Seattle Seahawks on September 14 . O'Sullivan completed 16 of 28 passes for 256 yards , one touchdown and two interceptions in a 29 -- 17 loss to the New York Giants on October 19 . He was also sacked six times and fumbled four times , but only lost one fumble . Afterwards , Nolan said that the play of O'Sullivan in the Giants game was `` disappointing '' . On October 26 , O'Sullivan , after throwing an interception that was returned for a touchdown , was benched in favor of Shaun Hill by new head coach Mike Singletary during the second quarter of a game against the Seattle Seahawks . O'Sullivan committed three turnovers in total during the Seahawks game , the interception and two fumbles . At the time of his benching , O'Sullivan and Brett Favre were tied for the league lead in interceptions with 11 and O'Sullivan led the league in fumbles with 11 . He also led the league in total turnovers with 11 interceptions and six fumbles lost . O'Sullivan , by himself , had committed more turnovers than any other NFL team at the time of his demotion . The Denver Broncos , New York Jets and Cincinnati Bengals were tied for the second most turnovers with 16 . On October 27 , Singletary named Hill the starting quarterback . Hill then started the final eight games of the season . O'Sullivan completed 128 of 220 passes for 1,678 yards and eight touchdowns with 11 interceptions during the 2008 season . The 49ers won two out of the eight games that he started . O'Sullivan , despite only starting eight games , was sacked 32 times , which made him tied for eighth in the NFL with Joe Flacco in number of times sacked . Cincinnati Bengals ( edit ) An unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason , O'Sullivan signed a two - year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals in March 2009 . He was active as the Bengals second quarterback for every regular season game during the 2009 season . He played in three games , completing four of eleven passes for 40 yards with no touchdowns or interceptions . He was also active , but did not play , in the team 's AFC Wild Card Game . He was released by the Cincinnati Bengals on September 5 , 2010 . San Diego Chargers ( edit ) After O'Sullivan was cut by the Bengals , the San Diego Chargers claimed him off waivers on September 6 , 2010 . He was inactive as the Chargers third quarterback for six games . He was released by the team on October 20 , 2010 . In November 2010 , he had workouts with the Miami Dolphins and Detroit Lions . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) O'Sullivan was signed by the Oakland Raiders on December 2 , 2010 , after quarterback Bruce Gradkowski was placed on season - ending injured reserve . He was inactive as the Raiders third quarterback for five games . The Raiders were the last NFL team he played for . He became a free agent in July 2011 . Saskatchewan Roughriders ( edit ) O'Sullivan was signed by the Saskatchewan Roughriders on April 19 , 2012 . He was the team 's third - string quarterback for most of the season , behind starter Darian Durant and rookie Drew Willy . O'Sullivan dressed for all 18 of the team 's games in 2012 , but played in just one game , completing nine of fourteen passes for 83 yards and rushing once for four yards . He was released by the team on March 8 , 2013 . NFL statistics ( edit ) Year Team GP GS Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD GB 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 − 2 − 1.0 0 2007 DET 0 13 26 50.0 148 5.7 48.2 − 10 − 2.5 0 2008 SF 9 8 128 220 58.2 1,678 7.6 8 11 73.6 30 145 4.8 0 2009 CIN 0 11 36.4 40 3.6 0 0 47.5 12 4.0 0 Career 17 8 145 257 56.4 1,866 7.3 9 13 69.9 39 145 3.7 0 Source : Personal life ( edit ) O'Sullivan has spent time as a member of the compliance staff of San Diego State University 's athletic department . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : FitzGerald , Tom ( September 5 , 2008 ) . `` Traveling man O'Sullivan hopes to settle down as a 49er '' . sfgate.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Jesuit , a QB factory over the years , now braces for QB ace '' . sacbee.com . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . 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( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` 6 Aggie alumni shine bright in awards spotlight '' . ucdavis.edu . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Parker , Clifton B. ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Internal medicine , honeybee research , athletics '' . ucdavis.edu . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` O'Sullivan inducted in UCD Hall of Fame '' . dailydemocrat.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wawrow , John ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Have arm , will travel : Life of NFL journeymen quarterbacks '' . Associated Press . sandiegouniontribune.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Hobson , Geoff ( September 5 , 2010 ) . `` Bengals spread QB field to add LeFevour , cut O'Sullivan '' . bengals.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Chargers add depth at quarterback by signing O'Sullivan '' . Associated Press . nfl.com . September 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Day , Kathy ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Chargers sign kicker as Kaeding recovers from groin injury '' . lajollalight.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Kaeding nursing groin injury , so Chargers sign kicker Brown '' . Associated Press . nfl.com . October 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Raiders sign backup QB J.T. O'Sullivan '' . Associated Press . foxsports.com . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Corbett , Jim ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Raiders place QB Bruce Gradkowki on season - ending IR '' . usatoday.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Corkran , Steve ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` List of Raiders unrestricted free agents '' . ibabuzz.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` RIDERS RELEASE VETERAN ROMERO , SIGN FOUR '' . cfl.ca. April 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` ROUGHRIDERS RELEASE WR MOSS , QB O'SULLIVAN '' . cfl.ca . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` J.T. O'sullivan '' . cflapedia.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` J.T. O'Sullivan '' . cfl.ca . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` SDSU ATHLETIC COMPLIANCE '' . goaztecs.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) External links ( edit ) Just Sports Stats Media related to J.T. O'Sullivan at Wikimedia Commons New Orleans Saints 2002 NFL draft selections Donté Stallworth Charles Grant LeCharles Bentley James Allen Keyuo Craver Mel Mitchell J.T. O'Sullivan John Gilmore Derrius Monroe Frankfurt Galaxy starting quarterbacks Mike Perez ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Alex Espinoza ( 1992 ) Chris Cochrane ( 1992 ) Jim Miller ( 1995 ) Paul Justin ( 1995 ) Steve Pelluer ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Chad May ( 1997 ) Damon Huard ( 1998 ) Jake Delhomme ( 1999 ) Pat Barnes ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Ted White ( 2000 ) Michael Bishop ( 2001 ) Lionel Hayes ( 2001 ) Kevin Thompson ( 2001 ) Joe Hamilton ( 2002 ) Bart Hendricks ( 2002 ) James Brown ( 2003 ) J.T. O'Sullivan ( 2004 , 2007 ) Kirk Farmer ( 2004 ) Akili Smith ( 2005 ) Kevin Eakin ( 2005 ) Jeff Otis ( 2006 ) Craig Ochs ( 2006 ) San Francisco 49ers starting quarterbacks Frankie Albert ( 1946 -- 1952 ) Y.A. Tittle ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Jim Powers ( 1953 ) Jim Cason ( 1954 ) Earl Morrall ( 1956 ) John Brodie ( 1957 -- 1973 ) Lamar McHan ( 1963 ) Bob Waters ( 1963 ) George Mira ( 1964 -- 1967 ) Steve Spurrier ( 1967 , 1969 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 ) Joe Reed ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Tom Owen ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Dennis Morrison ( 1974 ) Norm Snead ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Scott Bull ( 1976 , 1978 ) Steve DeBerg ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Joe Montana ( 1979 -- 1990 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Jeff Kemp ( 1986 ) Mike Moroski ( 1986 ) Steve Young ( 1987 -- 1999 ) Bob Gagliano ( 1987 ) Steve Bono ( 1991 ) Elvis Grbac ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Jim Druckenmiller ( 1997 ) Ty Detmer ( 1998 ) Steve Stenstrom ( 1999 ) Jeff Garcia ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Tim Rattay ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Ken Dorsey ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Alex Smith ( 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2012 ) Cody Pickett ( 2005 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2007 ) Shaun Hill ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Chris Weinke ( 2007 ) J.T. O'Sullivan ( 2008 ) Troy Smith ( 2010 ) Colin Kaepernick ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Blaine Gabbert ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2017 ) C.J. Beathard ( 2017 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._T._O%27Sullivan&oldid=810980079 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people American football quarterbacks American players of Canadian football Canadian football quarterbacks Carolina Panthers players Chicago Bears players Cincinnati Bengals players Detroit Lions players Frankfurt Galaxy players Green Bay Packers players Minnesota Vikings players New England Patriots players New Orleans Saints players Oakland Raiders players People from Carmichael , California Phi Delta Theta Players of American football from California San Diego Chargers players San Diego State University faculty San Francisco 49ers players Saskatchewan Roughriders players Sportspeople from Burbank , California UC Davis Aggies football players Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Good articles NFL player missing current team parameter Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 19 : 20 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20T.%20O%2527Sullivan
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who wrote please don't take my sunshine away
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`` You Are My Sunshine '' is a popular song written by Jimmie Davis and Charles Mitchell and first recorded in 1939 . It has been declared one of the state songs of Louisiana because of its association with Davis , a country music singer and governor of the state in the years 1944 -- 1948 and 1960 -- 1964 .
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Jimmie Davis|Charles Mitchell
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You Are My Sunshine
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you are my sunshine
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`` You Are My Sunshine '' is a popular song written by Jimmie Davis and Charles Mitchell and first recorded in 1939 . It has been declared one of the state songs of Louisiana because of its association with Davis , a country music singer and governor of the state in the years 1944 -- 1948 and 1960 -- 1964 .
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The song has been covered numerous times -- so often , in fact , that it is `` one of the most commercially programmed numbers in American popular music . '' The song , originally country music , has `` virtually lost '' its original country music identity , and `` represent ( s ) both the national flowering of country music and its eventual absorption into the mainstream of American popular culture . '' In 1941 , it was covered by Gene Autry , Bing Crosby , Mississippi John Hurt , Wayne King and Lawrence Welk . The versions by Autry , Crosby and King reached the US charts of the day . In subsequent years , it was covered by Doris Day ( 1951 ) , Nat King Cole ( 1955 ) , The Marcels , ( 1961 ) , Ray Charles , Ike and Tina Turner , The Rivingtons ( 1962 ) , Andy Williams ( 1963 ) , Burl Ives ( 1968 ) , Frank Turner , Aretha Franklin , Anne Murray ( 1979 ) , Johnny Cash , Norman Blake , Brian Wilson , Mouse and the Traps , Gene Vincent , Jamey Johnson , Low , Mose Allison , Bryan Ferry , Carly Simon , Yusuf Islam , Andy Williams , and Johnny and the Hurricanes , amongst many others . The 1940 version by Davis has been added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress on March 21 , 2013 for long - term preservation . Virginia Shehee , a long - time Davis family friend and member of the Louisiana State Senate from 1976 to 1980 , introduced legislation to make `` You Are My Sunshine '' the official state song . In Gavin Lambert 's 1963 novel `` Inside Daisy Clover , '' Daisy often sings `` You Are My Sunshine '' to pick up her spirits when she 's feeling down . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early recordings 2 Authorship 3 Film appearances 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early recordings ( edit ) Two versions of `` You Are My Sunshine '' were recorded and released in 1939 prior to Jimmie Davis ' version . The first was recorded for Bluebird Records ( RCA - Victor 's budget label ) on August 22 , 1939 by The Pine Ridge Boys ( Marvin Taylor and Doug Spivey ) , who were from Atlanta . The second was recorded for Decca Records on September 13 , 1939 by The Rice Brothers Gang . This group was originally from north Georgia , but relocated to Shreveport , where they were performing on the radio station KWKH . The version by Jimmie Davis was recorded for Decca Records on February 5 , 1940 . The Pine Ridge Boys Rice Brothers Gang Jimmie Davis with Charles Mitchell 's Orchestra Authorship ( edit ) While Davis and Mitchell are the credited songwriters of `` You Are My Sunshine '' , Davis was never known to actually claim authorship , as he bought the song and rights from Paul Rice and put his own name on it , a practice not uncommon in the pre-World War II music business . Some early versions of the song credit the Rice Brothers . Descendants and associates of Oliver Hood , a LaGrange , Georgia musician who collaborated with Rice , claim Hood wrote the song in the early 1930s , first performing it in 1933 at a Veterans of Foreign Wars convention at LaGrange , Georgia in 1933 . According to some accounts , clarinetist Pud Brown was also involved with the Rice Brothers for the song 's origin or first arrangement . Davis said that for some time he had been enthusiastic about the song and had unsuccessfully tried to convince record companies to record it before finally making his own 1940 record of the song . Davis ' version was popular and was followed by numerous other covers , including those of Bing Crosby and Gene Autry , whose versions made the number a big hit . Davis emphasized his association with the song when running for governor of Louisiana in 1944 , singing it at all his campaign rallies , while riding on a horse named `` Sunshine '' . Film appearances ( edit ) Take Me Back to Oklahoma ( 1940 ) - sung by Tex Ritter Strictly in the Groove ( 1942 ) - sung by Jimmie Davis . Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins ( 1975 ) See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1962 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1963 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ CD liner notes : Disney Children 's Favorites 4 , 1990 Disney Records ^ Jump up to : Stephen Deusner , `` ' You Are My Sunshine ' : How a Maudlin Song Became a Children 's Classic '' , Salon.com , May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 615 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel Song Among Those to Be Preserved by Library of Congress '' . Huntington Post . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Ruth Kilpatrick Shehee '' . The Shreveport Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony , and Bob Pinson . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 -- 1942 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 697 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony , and Bob Pinson . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 -- 1942 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 746 . Jump up ^ Russell , Tony , and Bob Pinson . Country Music Records : A Discography , 1921 -- 1942 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Pappas , Theodore ( November 1990 ) . `` The ' Theft ' of an American Classic '' . Chronicles . The Rockford Institute . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Leslie ( 1992 ) . Directory of Popular Music ( 3rd ed . ) . Hastings , UK : Music Master . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 904520 - 70 - 6 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Fred ( 1986 ) . The Crosby Collection 1926 - 1977 ( Part Two ed . ) . Gateshead , UK : John Joyce . p. 220 . External links ( edit ) Oliver Hood 's story Joel Whitburn Presents Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 , 2004 ( Record Research ) pg. 113 Ray Charles Studio albums Atlantic Ray Charles ( Hallelujah , I Love Her So ) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed ! Soul Brothers What 'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace Ai n't It So Brother Ray Is at It Again ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music , Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray 's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I 'm All Yours Baby ! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message From The People Through The Eyes Of Love Crossover Renaissance My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Do I Ever Cross Your Mind Friendship The Spirit of Christmas From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros . Would You Believe My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Thanks for Bringing Love Around Again Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings , Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notable compilations Do the Twist ! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Genius and Soul Ray Charles in Concert Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 Singles `` What 'd I Say '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Hit the Road Jack '' `` One Mint Julep '' `` Unchain My Heart '' `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` You Are My Sunshine '' `` Busted '' `` Take These Chains from My Heart '' `` Crying Time '' Other Billboard Charts # 1 singles `` I Got a Woman '' `` A Fool for You '' `` Mary Ann '' `` Drown in My Own Tears '' `` Together Again '' `` Let 's Go Get Stoned '' `` Seven Spanish Angels '' `` I 'll Be Good to You '' Grammy Awarded Works ( not included above ) `` Let The Good Times Roll '' `` Living for the City '' `` A Song for You '' `` Heaven Help Us All '' `` Here We Go Again '' See also Discography David `` Fathead '' Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray ( soundtrack ) Quincy Jones The Blues Brothers Here We Go Again : Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray `` Confession Blues '' Diet Pepsi Book Commons Wikiquote Smile Collapse Smiley Smile Brian Wilson Presents Smile The Smile Sessions The Smile Sessions track listing Side one `` Our Prayer '' `` Gee '' `` Heroes and Villains '' `` Do You Like Worms ( Roll Plymouth Rock ) '' `` I 'm In Great Shape '' `` Barnyard '' `` My Only Sunshine ( The Old Master Painter / You Are My Sunshine ) '' `` Cabin Essence '' Side two `` Wonderful '' `` Look ( Song for Children ) '' `` Child Is Father of the Man '' `` Surf 's Up '' Side three `` I Wanna Be Around / Workshop '' `` Vega - Tables '' `` Holidays '' `` Wind Chimes '' `` The Elements : Fire ( Mrs. O'Leary's Cow ) '' `` Love to Say Dada '' `` Good Vibrations '' Others `` Cool , Cool Water '' `` I Do n't Know '' `` He Gives Speeches '' `` Teeter Totter Love '' `` Three Blind Mice '' `` Tune X '' `` You 're Welcome '' `` You 're with Me Tonight '' Derivative songs `` Fall Breaks and Back to Winter ( W. Woodpecker Symphony ) '' `` She 's Goin ' Bald '' `` Ca n't Wait Too Long '' `` Mama Says '' `` Little Bird '' Associated people David Anderle The Beach Boys Frank J. Holmes Danny Hutton Van Dyke Parks Jules Siegel Derek Taylor Michael Vosse Paul Williams The Wrecking Crew Related articles Pet Sounds ( Sessions ) 20 / 20 Surf 's Up Good Vibrations : Thirty Years of The Beach Boys The Beach Boys bootleg recordings Beautiful Dreamer : Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile `` Brian Wilson is a genius '' Brother Records `` Do n't fuck with the formula '' `` Goodbye Surfing , Hello God ! '' Inside Pop : The Rock Revolution `` Rio Grande '' Smiling Pets The Act of Creation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_My_Sunshine&oldid=814874039 '' Categories : 1939 songs 1960 singles 1962 singles 1969 singles Jimmie Davis songs Brian Wilson songs The Beach Boys songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Music of Louisiana United States state songs Football songs and chants Symbols of Louisiana Songs written by Jimmie Davis Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Are%20My%20Sunshine
| 1,591 |
when is the next dark parables game coming out
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Dark Parables
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dark parables
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Dark Parables is a casual game series originally developed by Blue Tea Games , and by Eipix Entertainment from the eighth installment onwards . The games are distributed by Big Fish Games . They are available for PC , Mac OS , iOS and Android devices . The series features ' Hidden Object ' scenes where , in order to progress through a game , the player must find all the pieces that make up a certain item to be used as a ' cause and effect ' in another area of the game . Every game in the series is based around a different fairy tale , with some overlap between games , there is also some divergence from the series ' continuity in storylines ( especially after Eipix Entertainment took up the franchise ) .
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There have been thirteen games in the Dark Parables series to date . In each installment the player plays as `` The Fairytale Detective '' , a detective who is dispatched to exotic locations to investigate reports of disturbances of suspected / confirmed fairytale nature . Although in the games the player is simply addressed as `` Detective '' , the appellation `` The Fairytale Detective '' is used for the first time in the third installment , and again in the sixth and tenth installment . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Installments 2.1 Part 1 - Curse of Briar Rose 2.2 Part 2 - The Exiled Prince 2.3 Part 3 - Rise of the Snow Queen 2.4 Part 4 - The Red Riding Hood Sisters 2.5 Part 5 - The Final Cinderella 2.6 Part 6 - Jack and the Sky Kingdom 2.7 Part 7 - Ballad of Rapunzel 2.8 Part 8 - The Little Mermaid and the Purple Tide 2.9 Part 9 - The Queen of Sands 2.10 Part 10 - Goldilocks and the Fallen Star 2.11 Part 11 - The Swan Princess and the Dire Tree 2.12 Part 12 - The Thief and the Tinderbox 2.13 Part 13 - Requiem for the Forgotten Shadow 2.14 Part 14 - Return of the Salt Princess 3 Reception 4 References History ( edit ) Dark Parables was inspired by the amazing comic book series , Fables . Also at that time , the epitome of adventure hidden object game experience was Return to Ravenhearst . I wanted to merge the strong stories similar to Fables with the gameplay experience of RTR , while adding innovative features that makes our brand stand out . This is what became of Dark Parables . `` '' the owner of Blue Tea Games , Steven Zhao Owner and creative director of Blue Tea Games , Steven Zhao , stated in an interview that inspirations for Dark Parables were the comic book series Fables and casual game Mystery Case Files : Return to Ravenhearst . Installments ( edit ) Part 1 - Curse of Briar Rose ( edit ) Dark Parables : Curse of Briar Rose is the first installment in the Dark Parables franchise and was released on March 11 , 2010 . Set in Edinburgh , Scotland , the player takes on the role of The Detective to investigate and discover the true tale of the real Sleeping Beauty , and save her from the disembodied spirit of the evil sorceress who originally cursed her , and who now needs a new body and has her sights set on Briar Rose 's . After Briar Rose is reawakened , she tells you of the `` fabled Frog Prince , who still walks amongst us to this day '' , setting up events for the following game , The Exiled Prince . The bonus gameplay in this game is titled `` The Spinning Room '' and serves as a further teaser for the following game , The Exiled Prince , by introducing the fact that Princess Briar Rose had a sister named Princess Ivy , ( who , in The Exiled Prince , is James the Frog Prince 's first and one true love ) . Part 2 - the Exiled Prince ( edit ) Dark Parables : The Exiled Prince is the second installment in the Dark Parables franchise and was released on February 25 , 2011 . Set in Black Forest , Germany , the player as The Detective is sent to investigate the tale of The Frog Prince after the disappearance of the chancellor 's daughter . It is revealed the fabled prince is still alive , cursed with Immortality , and now roams the deserted path in the forest , capturing unsuspecting visitors trying to find a solution to his curse . After rescuing the chancellor 's daughter , she told the detective about the appearance of the alleged ' white lady ' , which is actually the Snow Queen in the next installment Rise of the Snow Queen . In connection to this , the bonus gameplay in this game is titled `` The Frozen Lair '' and was a teaser for the following game , Rise of the Snow Queen . Part 3 - Rise of the Snow Queen ( edit ) Dark Parables : Rise of the Snow Queen , the third installment in the series , was released on December 2 , 2011 . Set in the Bernese Alps , Switzerland , the player journeys into the mythical Snowfall Kingdom and investigate the disappearance of several children . The legendary Snow Queen has risen and has been terrorizing nearby villages with her supernatural powers in her search for the `` Golden Child '' . The player must rescue the missing children and put a stop to the fabled queen 's plan . The bonus gameplay in this game is based on the tale `` Hansel and Gretel '' , revealing the origin of `` the Golden Child '' seen in Rise of the Snow Queen . The player is Hansel as he rescues his sister from a witch and releases a goddess from captivity . Part 4 - the Red Riding Hood Sisters ( edit ) Dark Parables : The Red Riding Hood Sisters is the fourth installment in the Dark Parables franchise and was released on September 21 , 2012 . Set in the forests of the Vosges Mountains , Eastern France , the player as the detective returns to defeat the fabled Wolf Queen . The bonus gameplay in this game is based on the fable `` The Boy Who Cried Wolf '' , telling the backstory of how the Mist Kingdom became overrun by the Mist Wolves . The player is ' The Boy Who Cried Wolf ' , as he seeks to save his father from the Greedy King of the Mist Kingdom and rescue a mermaid from captivity . Part 5 - the Final Cinderella ( edit ) Dark Parables : The Final Cinderella is the fifth installment in the Dark Parables franchise , and was released on May 23 , 2013 . Set in the Matese mountains of southern Italy . For decades , a mysterious witch , known as `` Godmother '' , has been hunting maidens , in search of the legendary `` Cinderella '' ; a pure - hearted maiden . Play as the fabled detective , venture into the mirror world to rescue this Final Cinderella alongside Pinocchio , from the evil Godmother 's clutches , and stop her evil plans to steal the girl 's pure soul ! The bonus gameplay is called `` The Oriental Cinderella '' . It tells the story of a Chinese Princess , Shan Mao , a `` Cinderella '' , who was turned into a nine - tailed fox by the Spider Witch , who is in fact her evil stepsister , Princess Chi . You , the player , play as the Prince , ( whose marriage proposal Princess Shan Mao has accepted ) , as he goes on a quest to save Shan , with the help of Godmother ( before she turned evil , showing how she met Geppetto ) , from Princess Chi . After the end credits , it reveals that the next installment will center around `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' . Part 6 - Jack and the Sky Kingdom ( edit ) Dark Parables : Jack and the Sky Kingdom is the sixth installment in the Dark Parables series released on February 6 , 2014 . Accompanied by a legendary and infamous Robin Hood - esq fortune hunter called Jack , the Fairytale Detective ventures up to the Sky Kingdom , ( a mythical floating kingdom ) , after chunks of it have rained down upon a town in Alblasserwaard , South Holland , and discover the history behind the chaos and stop the Sky Kingdom King and Princes ' wreaking havoc and destruction . The bonus gameplay is called `` Rumpelstiltskin and the Queen '' . It tells the story of how the young Queen of the Sky Kingdom , ( the miller 's daughter from `` Rumpelstiltskin '' ) rescues her infant daughter from Rumpelstiltskin . Part 7 - Ballad of Rapunzel ( edit ) Dark Parables : Ballad of Rapunzel is the seventh installment in the Dark Parables series , released on June 26 , 2014 . As revealed on the game 's beta demo , the events of the seventh installment are set at `` the ruins of the ancient Floralia kingdom , ( named for the kingdom 's patron , the Roman goddess , Flora ) on this mountain , '' Mount Sněžka , Czech Republic , in Central Europe , and the game is set 10 - years after the events of ' Rise of the Snow Queen ' . Along with Gerda and Prince Ross Red ( Snow White 's estranged fraternal twin brother ) , the player explores the cause of the waves of deadly pollen that is building to spread across the land . The Bonus Chapter gameplay is called `` The Thumbelina Curse '' . Following the events of The Ballad of Rapunzel , the player play as Gerda , the Golden Child ( descendant of Hansel , the first Golden Child ) , as she seeks to locate Kai , who disappeared at the beginning of the Main game . Part 8 - the Little mermaid and the Purple Tide ( edit ) Dark Parables : The Little Mermaid and the Purple Tide is the eighth installment in the Dark Parables series . It is the first sequel developed by Eipix Entertainment . The Collector 's Edition was released on November 13 , 2014 for PC and Mac , with an iOS version released afterwards . The events of the eighth installment are set the Island of Crete , off of the coast of Greece , in the Mediterranean Sea . As the Detective , the player must investigate the `` Legendary Sunken Kingdom of Prasino '' ( under the patronage of the ancient Greek Goddess , Thalassa ) , after reports of a Purple Tide approaching the coastline , killing all marine life in its path and flooding a coastal village . The Bonus Chapter gameplay in this game is called `` Trusty John and King Bluebeard '' . Part 9 - the Queen of Sands ( edit ) Dark Parables : The Queen of Sands is the ninth installment of the Dark Parables series , once again developed by Eipix Entertainment . The Collector 's Edition was released on May 21 , 2015 for PC and Mac , with iOS and Android versions to be released at a later date . In the ( fictional ) town of Montafleur , provincial France , the streets are overrun by a purple mist created by the `` Queen of Sands '' , transforming all of the townsfolk exposed into nightmarish creatures . The Bonus chapter is centred around the Parable of The Seven Ravens . Part 10 - Goldilocks and the Fallen Star ( edit ) Dark Parables : Goldilocks and the Fallen Star is the tenth game of Dark Parables franchise . The CE was released on November 19 , 2015 . The Kingdom of Barsia has been invaded by mechanical beasts that are attacking its citizens . Part 11 - the Swan Princess and the Dire Tree ( edit ) Dark Parables : The Swan Princess and The Dire Tree is the eleventh installment of the Dark Parables series . It was released on July 7 , 2016 as Collector 's Edition version . Part 12 - the thief and the tinderbox ( edit ) The 12th game of this series was released on September 22 , 2016 as a Collector 's Edition version . The player investigates a rogue arsonist who is setting the Mountain Kingdom 's forests on fire . Part 13 - requiem for the forgotten shadow ( edit ) The 13th game of this series. The BETA edition was released on November 17 , 2016 . On February 24th , 2017 , the Collector 's Edition was released on the web . Part 14 - Return of the salt Princess ( edit ) The 14th game of this series . The BETA game was released in September 2017 . Reception ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Big Fish Games presents the Blue Tea Games collection '' . Big Fish Games . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series Spotlight : Dark Parables '' . Big Fish Games . 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Parables : Curse of the Briar Rose Collector 's Edition Game Download for PC '' . Big Fish Games . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Parables : The Exiled Prince Collector 's Edition Game Download for PC '' . Big Fish Games . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Parables : Rise of the Snow Queen Collector 's Edition Game Download for PC '' . Big Fish Games . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Parables : The Red Riding Hood Sisters Collector 's Edition Game Download for PC '' . Big Fish Games . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Parables : The Swan Princess and The Dire Tree Collector 's Edition '' . Big Fish Games . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dark_Parables&oldid=814972561 '' Categories : Big Fish Games games Casual games Video game franchises 2010 video games Video games featuring female antagonists Video games featuring female protagonists Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from December 2013 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles to be expanded from October 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from October 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia Developers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20Parables
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all that is gold does not glitter meaning in hindi
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All that glitters is not gold
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all that glitters is not gold
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`` All that glitters is not gold '' is a well - known saying , meaning that not everything that looks precious or true turns out to be so . This can be applied to the people , places , or things that promise to be more than they really are .
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While early expressions of the idea are known from at least the 12th century , the current saying is derived from a 16th century line by William Shakespeare . Contents 1 Origins 2 Glitters or glisters 3 In popular culture 3.1 Inverted References 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) The expression , in various forms , originated in or before the 12th century and may date back to Æsop . The Latin is Non omne quod nitet aurum est . The French monk Alain de Lille wrote `` Do not hold everything gold that shines like gold '' in 1175 . Chaucer gave two early versions in English : `` But al thyng which that shyneth as the gold / Nis nat gold , as that I have herd it told '' in `` The Canon 's Yeoman 's Tale '' , and `` Hyt is not al golde that glareth '' in `` The House of Fame '' . The popular form of the expression is a derivative of a line in William Shakespeare 's play The Merchant of Venice , which employs the word `` glisters , '' a 17th - century synonym for `` glitters . '' The line comes from a secondary plot of the play , the puzzle of Portia 's boxes ( Act II - Scene VII - Prince of Morocco ) : All that glisters is not gold -- Often have you heard that told . Many a man his life hath sold But my outside to behold . Gilded tombs do worms enfold . Had you been as wise as bold , Young in limbs , in judgment old , Your answer had not been inscrolled Fare you well . Your suit is cold -- Cold , indeed , and labor lost . Panning for gold often results in finding pyrite , nicknamed fool 's gold , which reflects substantially more light than authentic gold does . Gold in its raw form appears dull and lusterless . Glitters or glisters ( edit ) The original version of the saying used the word glisters , but glitters long ago became the predominant form . Poet John Dryden used glitter in his 1687 poem The Hind and the Panther . The words glister and glitter have the same meaning . In popular culture ( edit ) In pop culture , this phrase shows up in Bob Marley 's `` Get Up , Stand Up '' . It is also used as lyrics in the song `` A Guided Masquerade '' by Alesana , in the song `` Domino Rain '' by Antemasque , in the song `` Gold '' by Prince , and in the Kanye West song , `` Family Business '' . SpongeBob SquarePants uses the phrase for a Season 4 episode , `` All that Glitters '' . It is also mentioned in a scene when SpongeBob apologises to his spatula . Another common formulation with the same meaning is `` All that shines is not gold '' , as seen in the title and refrain of the song `` All That Shines Is Not Gold '' and in the lyrics of `` Next Time You See Me '' as well as Curtis Mayfield 's `` That 's What Mama Say '' . Neil Young uses the saying in his song `` Do n't Be Denied '' ( `` Well , all that glitters is n't gold , I know you 've heard that story told . '' ) from his 1973 album Time Fades Away to express his `` realization that even success would n't make him happy '' , even after he obtained fame and money . Inverted references ( edit ) Both `` Stairway to Heaven '' , by Led Zeppelin , and `` All - Star '' , by Smash Mouth , use the phrase `` All that glitters is gold . '' This is in contrast to the original the phrase , instead proposing that merits are surface level . See also ( edit ) Shakespeare portal `` Gods of the Copybook Headings '' -- a poem reflecting on eternal truths amid human pretensions , by Rudyard Kipling `` All that is gold does not glitter '' -- poem by J.R.R. Tolkien included in his fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings , with a contrasting meaning `` Things are seldom what they seem '' - song in Gilbert and Sullivan 's HMS Pinafore , where Little Buttercup alludes to Captain Corcoran 's low birth by singing of things that may appear as one thing whilst being another , including the line `` All that glitters is not gold '' . `` Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat , Drowned in a Tub of Gold Fishes '' -- poem by Thomas Gray which ends `` Nor all , that glisters , gold '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Phrase Finder ; but see another view Jump up ^ Discussion at Everything2 ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs ( 3rd ed . ) . OUP. 1970 . p. 316 . ISBN 0198691181 . Jump up ^ Flexner , Stuart Berg ( 1993 ) . Wise Words and Wives ' Tales : The Origins , Meanings and Time - honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings , Olde and New . Avon Books . p. 7 . ISBN 9780380762385 . Jump up ^ `` Hyt is not al golde that glareth '' . Theidioms.com . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William ( 1823 ) . Measure for measure . Comedy of errors . Merchant of Venice . As you like it . Collins & Hannay . p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` Mining ; Journal of the Northwest Mining Association '' . 3 -- 4 . 1897 : 193 . Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` ' All that glitters is not gold ' - the meaning and origin of this phrase '' . Phrasefinder . Jump up ^ http://www.metrolyrics.com/get-up-stand-up-lyrics-bob-marley.html Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants '' All That Glitters / Wishing You Well ( TV Episode 2006 ) , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 Jump up ^ sconge07 ( 2007 - 10 - 16 ) , All That Glitters , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 Jump up ^ Cox , W. `` All That Shines Is Not Gold '' . Jump up ^ `` Grateful Dead -- Next Time You See Me Lyrics '' . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Greene , Andy . `` The 10 Best Neil Young Deep Cuts : ' Do n't Be Denied ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Smash Mouth 's song `` All Star '' is about the exact opposite everyone thinks it is , 2014 - 05 - 03 , retrieved 2018 - 10 - 14 External links ( edit ) Context of Shakespeare 's quote at enotes.com William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of Malta On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock ( 1940 ) 1961 1969 1980 ( TV ) Adaptations Le marchand de Venise ( 1935 , opera ) Shylock ( 1987 , musical ) The Merchant of Venice ( 1982 , opera ) Derivative works Serenade to Music ( 1938 ) Shylock ( 1996 ) Yasser ( 2001 ) The Maori Merchant of Venice ( 2002 ) Related `` All that glitters is not gold '' `` Between you and I '' `` The quality of mercy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_that_glitters_is_not_gold&oldid=864028047 '' Categories : English proverbs Riddles Shakespearean phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 17 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20that%20glitters%20is%20not%20gold
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india is located in which latitude and longitude
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India lies on the Indian Plate , the northern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent . The country is situated north of the equator between 8 ° 4 ' to 37 ° 6 ' north latitude and 68 ° 7 ' to 97 ° 25 ' east longitude . It is the seventh - largest country in the world , with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . India measures 3,214 km ( 1,997 mi ) from north to south and 2,933 km ( 1,822 mi ) from east to west . It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km ( 9,387 mi ) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km ( 4,671 mi ) .
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Geography of India
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geography of india
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India lies on the Indian Plate , the northern portion of the Indo - Australian Plate , whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent . The country is situated north of the equator between 8 ° 4 ' to 37 ° 6 ' north latitude and 68 ° 7 ' to 97 ° 25 ' east longitude . It is the seventh - largest country in the world , with a total area of 3,287,263 square kilometres ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . India measures 3,214 km ( 1,997 mi ) from north to south and 2,933 km ( 1,822 mi ) from east to west . It has a land frontier of 15,106.7 km ( 9,387 mi ) and a coastline of 7,516.6 km ( 4,671 mi ) .
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On the south , India projects into and is bounded by the Indian Ocean -- - in particular , by the Arabian Sea on the west , the Lakshadweep Sea to the southwest , the Bay of Bengal on the east , and the Indian Ocean proper to the South . The Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar separate India from Sri Lanka to its immediate southeast , and the Maldives are some 125 kilometres ( 78 mi ) to the south of India 's Lakshadweep Islands across the Eight Degree Channel . India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands , some 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) southeast of the mainland , share maritime borders with Myanmar , Thailand and Indonesia . Kanyakumari at 8 ° 4 ′ 41 '' N and 77 ° 55 ′ 230 '' E is the southernmost tip of the Indian mainland , while the southernmost point in India is Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island . Northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col , Siachen Glacier . India 's territorial waters extend into the sea to a distance of 12 nautical miles ( 13.8 mi ; 22.2 km ) from the coast baseline . The northern frontiers of India are defined largely by the Himalayan mountain range , where the country borders China , Bhutan , and Nepal . Its western border with Pakistan lies in the Karakoram range , Punjab Plains , the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch salt marshes . In the far northeast , the Chin Hills and Kachin Hills , deeply forested mountainous regions , separate India from Burma . On the east , its border with Bangladesh is largely defined by the Khasi Hills and Mizo Hills , and the watershed region of the Indo - Gangetic Plain . The Ganga is the longest river originating in India . The Ganga -- Brahmaputra system occupies most of northern , central , and eastern India , while the Deccan Plateau occupies most of southern India . Kanchanjhunga is the highest point , in the Indian state of Sikkim , is the highest point in India at 8,586 m ( 28,169 ft ) and the world 's 3rd highest peak . Climate across India ranges from equatorial in the far south , to alpine and tundra in the upper reaches of the Himalayas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geological development 2 Political geography 3 Physiographic regions 3.1 The Northern Mountains 3.2 The Peninsular Plateau 3.3 Indo - Gangetic plain 3.4 Thar Desert 3.5 Coasts 4 Islands 5 Bodies of water 6 Wetlands 7 Climate 8 Geology 9 Natural resources 10 Antipodes 11 See also 12 References 13 Cited sources 14 Further reading Geological development ( edit ) The Indian Plate Main article : Geology of India India is situated entirely on the Indian Plate , a major tectonic plate that was formed when it split off from the ancient continent Gondwanaland ( ancient landmass , consisting of the southern part of the supercontinent of Pangea ) . The Indo - Australian plate is subdivided into the Indian and Australian plates . About 90 million years ago , during the late Cretaceous Period , the Indian Plate began moving north at about 15 cm / year ( 6 in / yr ) . About 50 to 55 million years ago , in the Eocene Epoch of the Cenozoic Era , the plate collided with Asia after covering a distance of 2,000 to 3,000 km ( 1,243 to 1,864 mi ) , having moved faster than any other known plate . In 2007 , German geologists determined that the Indian Plate was able to move so quickly because it is only half as thick as the other plates which formerly constituted Gondwanaland . The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the modern border between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . As of 2009 , the Indian Plate is moving northeast at 5 cm / yr ( 2 in / yr ) , while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 cm / yr ( 0.8 in / yr ) . India is thus referred to as the `` fastest continent '' . This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform , and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 cm / yr ( 1.6 in / yr ) . Political Geography ( edit ) Main article : States and territories of India India is divided into 29 states ( further subdivided into districts ) and 6 union territories and 1 National capital territory ( I.e. , Delhi ) . Indian Kashmir , LoC and LAC India 's borders run a total length of 15,106.70 km ( 9,386.87 mi ) . Its borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh were delineated according to the Radcliffe Line , which was created in 1947 during Partition of India . Its western border with Pakistan extends up to 3,323 km ( 2,065 mi ) , dividing the Punjab region and running along the boundaries of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kutch . This border runs along the Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir , Rajasthan , Gujarat , and Punjab . Both nations delineated a Line of Control ( LoC ) to serve as the informal boundary between the Indian and Pakistan - administered areas of Kashmir . According to India 's claim , it also shares a 106 km ( 66 mi ) border with Afghanistan in northwestern Kashmir , which is under Pakistani control . India 's border with Bangladesh runs 4,096.70 km ( 2,545.57 mi ) . West Bengal , Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura and Mizoram are the States which share the border with Bangladesh . Before 2015 , there were 92 enclaves of Bangladesh on Indian soil and 106 enclaves of India were on Bangladeshi soil . These enclaves were eventually exchanged in order to simplify the border . After the exchange , India lost roughly 40 km2 ( 10,000 acres ) to Bangladesh . The Line of Actual Control ( LAC ) is the effective border between India and the People 's Republic of China . It traverses 4,057 km along the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir , Uttarakhand , Himachal Pradesh , Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh . The border with Burma ( Myanmar ) extends up to 1,643 km ( 1,021 mi ) along the southern borders of India 's northeastern states viz . Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland , Manipur and Mizoram . Located amidst the Himalayan range , India 's border with Bhutan runs 699 km ( 434 mi ) . Sikkim , West Bengal , Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are the States , which share the border with Bhutan . The border with Nepal runs 1,751 km ( 1,088 mi ) along the foothills of the Himalayas in northern India . Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , West Bengal and Sikkim are the States , which share the border with Nepal . The Siliguri Corridor , narrowed sharply by the borders of Bhutan , Nepal and Bangladesh , connects peninsular India with the northeastern states . Physiographic regions ( edit ) Topography map India can be divided into six physiographic regions . They are : Northern Mountains Peninsular Plateau Indo - Gangetic Plain Thar Desert Coastal Plains Islands The northern mountains ( edit ) Snow leopard at Hemis National Park , Jammu and Kashmir A great arc of mountains , consisting of the Himalayas of Nepal , Hindu Kush , and Patkai ranges define the northern Indian subcontinent . These were formed by the ongoing tectonic plates collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates . The mountains in these ranges include some of the world 's tallest mountains which act as a natural barrier to cold polar winds . They also facilitate the monsoon winds which in turn influence the climate in India . Rivers originating in these mountains flow through the fertile Indo -- Gangetic plains . These mountains are recognised by biogeographers as the boundary between two of the Earth 's great ecozones : the temperate Palearctic that covers most of Eurasia and the tropical and subtropical Indomalaya ecozone which includes the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia and Indonesia . The Himalayan range is the world 's highest mountain range , with its tallest peak Mt . Everest ( 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) ) on the Nepal -- China border . They form India 's northeastern border , separating it from northeastern Asia . They are one of the world 's youngest mountain ranges and extend almost uninterrupted for 2,500 km ( 1,600 mi ) , covering an area of 500,000 km ( 190,000 sq mi ) . The Himalayas extend from Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Arunachal Pradesh in the east . These states along with Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , and Sikkim lie mostly in the Himalayan region . Numerous Himalayan peaks rise over 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) and the snow line ranges between 6,000 m ( 20,000 ft ) in Sikkim to around 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) in Kashmir . Kanchenjunga -- on the Sikkim -- Nepal border -- is the highest point in the area administered by India . Most peaks in the Himalayas remain snowbound throughout the year . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Mt . Kanchenjunga from Sikkim The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir . It has more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m ( 23,000 ft ) , including K2 , the second highest peak in the world 8,611 m ( 28,251 ft ) . K2 is just 237 m ( 778 ft ) smaller than the 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) Mount Everest . The range is about 500 km ( 310 mi ) in length and the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside of the polar regions . The Siachen Glacier at 76 km ( 47 mi ) and the Biafo Glacier at 67 km ( 42 mi ) rank as the world 's second and third - longest glaciers outside the polar regions . Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram , lies the Hindu Raj range , beyond which is the Hindu Kush range . The southern boundary of the Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit , Indus and Shyok rivers , which separate the range from the northwestern end of the Himalayas . The Patkai , or Purvanchal , are situated near India 's eastern border with Burma . They were created by the same tectonic processes which led to the formation of the Himalayas . The physical features of the Patkai mountains are conical peaks , steep slopes and deep valleys . The Patkai ranges are not as rugged or tall as the Himalayas . There are three hill ranges that come under the Patkai : the Patkai -- Bum , the Garo -- Khasi -- Jaintia and the Lushai hills . The Garo -- Khasi range lies in Meghalaya . Mawsynram , a village near Cherrapunji lying on the windward side of these hills , has the distinction of being the wettest place in the world , receiving the highest annual rainfall . The Vindhyas in central India The peninsular plateau ( edit ) The Vindhya range runs across most of central India , extending 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) . The average elevation of these hills is from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) and rarely goes above 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) . They are believed to have been formed by the wastes created by the weathering of the ancient Aravali mountains . Geographically , it separates Northern India from Southern India . The western end of the range lies in eastern Gujarat , near its border with Madhya Pradesh , and runs east and north , almost meeting the Ganges at Mirzapur Dry deciduous and thorny forests of plateau regions in India The Malwa Plateau is spread across Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat . The average elevation of the Malwa plateau is 500 metres , and the landscape generally slopes towards the north . Most of the region is drained by the Chambal River and its tributaries ; the western part is drained by the upper reaches of the Mahi River . Kutch Kathiawar plateau Kutch Kathiawar plateau is located in Gujarat state . The Deccan Plateau is a large triangular plateau , bounded by the Vindhyas to the north and flanked by the Eastern and Western Ghats . The Deccan covers a total area of 1.9 million km2 ( 735,000 mile2 ) . It is mostly flat , with elevations ranging from 300 to 600 m ( 980 to 1,970 ft ) . The average elevation of the plateau is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above sea level . The surface slopes from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) in the west to 1,500 feet ( 460 m ) in the east . It slopes gently from west to east and gives rise to several peninsular rivers such as the Godavari , the Krishna , the Kaveri and the Mahanadi which drain into the Bay of Bengal . This region is mostly semi-arid as it lies on the leeward side of both Ghats . Much of the Deccan is covered by thorn scrub forest scattered with small regions of deciduous broadleaf forest . Climate in the Deccan ranges from hot summers to mild winters . The Chota Nagpur Plateau is situated in eastern India , covering much of Jharkhand and adjacent parts of Odisha , Bihar and Chhattisgarh . Its total area is approximately 65,000 km ( 25,000 sq mi ) and is made up of three smaller plateaus -- the Ranchi , Hazaribagh , and Kodarma plateaus . The Ranchi plateau is the largest , with an average elevation of 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) . Much of the plateau is forested , covered by the Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests . Vast reserves of metal ores and coal have been found in the Chota Nagpur plateau . The Kathiawar peninsula in western Gujarat is bounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Gulf of Khambat . The natural vegetation in most of the peninsula is xeric scrub , part of the Northwestern thorn scrub forests ecoregion . The Satpura Range begins in eastern Gujarat near the Arabian Sea coast and runs east across Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh . It extends 900 km ( 560 mi ) with many peaks rising above 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . It is triangular in shape , with its apex at Ratnapuri and the two sides being parallel to the Tapti and Narmada rivers . It runs parallel to the Vindhya Range , which lies to the north , and these two east - west ranges divide the Indo -- Gangetic plain from the Deccan Plateau located north of River Narmada . The Aravali Range is the oldest mountain range in India , running across Rajasthan from northeast to southwest direction , extending approximately 800 km ( 500 mi ) . The northern end of the range continues as isolated hills and rocky ridges into Haryana , ending near Delhi . The highest peak in this range is Guru Shikhar at Mount Abu , rising to 1,722 m ( 5,650 ft ) , lying near the border with Gujarat . The Aravali Range is the eroded stub of an ancient fold mountain system . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravali -- Delhi orogen . The range joins two of the ancient segments that make up the Indian craton , the Marwar segment to the northwest of the range , and the Bundelkhand segment to the southeast . The Western Ghats or Sahyadri mountains run along the western edge of India 's Deccan Plateau and separate it from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea . The range runs approximately 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from south of the Tapti River near the Gujarat -- Maharashtra border and across Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu to the southern tip of the Deccan peninsula . The average elevation is around 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . Anai Mudi in the Anaimalai Hills 2,695 m ( 8,842 ft ) in Kerala is the highest peak in the Western Ghats . Western Ghats near Matheran Kolli Hills of the Eastern Ghats , Tamil Nadu The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous range of mountains , which have been eroded and quadrisected by the four major rivers of southern India , the Godavari , Mahanadi , Krishna , and Kaveri . These mountains extend from West Bengal to Odisha , Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu , along the coast and parallel to the Bay of Bengal . Though not as tall as the Western Ghats , some of its peaks are over 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) in height . The Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu lies at the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats . Arma Konda ( 1,680 m ( 5,510 ft ) ) in Andhra Pradesh is the tallest peak in Eastern Ghats . Dry Evergreen Forests along the Eastern Ghats , Andhra Pradesh Indo - Gangetic Plain ( edit ) Extent of the Indo - Gangetic plain across South Asia Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon in the Indian state of West Bengal . Main article : Indo - Gangetic plain The Indo - Gangetic plains , also known as the Great Plains are large alluvial plains dominated by three main rivers , the Indus , Ganges , and Brahmaputra . They run parallel to the Himalayas , from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east , and drain most of northern and eastern India . The plains encompass an area of 700,000 km ( 270,000 sq mi ) . The major rivers in this region are the Ganges , Indus , and Brahmaputra along with their main tributaries -- Yamuna , Chambal , Gomti , Ghaghara , Kosi , Sutlej , Ravi , Beas , Chenab , and Tista -- as well as the rivers of the Ganges Delta , such as the Meghna . The great plains are sometimes classified into four divisions : The Bhabar belt is adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas and consists of boulders and pebbles which have been carried down by streams . As the porosity of this belt is very high , the streams flow underground . The Bhabar is generally narrow with its width varying between 6 to 15 km ( 3.7 to 9.3 mi ) . The Tarai belt lies south of the adjacent Bhabar region and is composed of newer alluvium . The underground streams reappear in this region . The region is excessively moist and thickly forested . It also receives heavy rainfall throughout the year and is populated with a variety of wildlife . The Bangar belt consists of older alluvium and forms the alluvial terrace of the flood plains . In the Gangetic plains , it has a low upland covered by laterite deposits . The Khadar belt lies in lowland areas after the Bangar belt . It is made up of fresh newer alluvium which is deposited by the rivers flowing down the plain . The Indo - Gangetic belt is the world 's most extensive expanse of uninterrupted alluvium formed by the deposition of silt by the numerous rivers . The plains are flat making it conducive for irrigation through canals . The area is also rich in ground water sources. The plains are one of the world 's most intensely farmed areas . The main crops grown are rice and wheat , which are grown in rotation . Other important crops grown in the region include maize , sugarcane and cotton . The Indo - Gangetic plains rank among the world 's most densely populated areas . Thar Desert ( edit ) Thar desert , Rajasthan Main article : Thar Desert The Thar Desert ( also known as the deserts ) is by some calculations the world 's seventh largest desert , by some others the tenth . It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of 200,000 to 238,700 km ( 77,200 to 92,200 sq mi ) . The desert continues into Pakistan as the Cholistan Desert . Most of the Thar Desert is situated in Rajasthan , covering 61 % of its geographic area . About 10 percent of this region comprises sand dunes , and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms , compacted salt - lake bottoms , and interdunal and fixed dune areas . Annual temperatures can range from 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) in the winter to over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) during the summer . Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July -- September southwest monsoon that brings 100 to 500 mm ( 3.9 to 19.7 in ) of precipitation . Water is scarce and occurs at great depths , ranging from 30 to 120 metres ( 98 to 394 ft ) below the ground level . Rainfall is precarious and erratic , ranging from below 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) in the extreme west to 375 mm ( 14.8 in ) eastward. The only river in this region is Luni . The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy - loam in texture . The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features . The low - lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay , calcium carbonate or gypsum . In western India , the Kutch region in Gujarat and Koyna in Maharashtra are classified as a Zone IV region ( high risk ) for earthquakes . The Kutch city of Bhuj was the epicentre of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake , which claimed the lives of more than 1,337 people and injured 166,836 while destroying or damaging near a million homes . The 1993 Latur earthquake in Maharashtra killed 7,928 people and injured 30,000 . Other areas have a moderate to low risk of an earthquake occurring . Coasts ( edit ) Visakhapatnam beach view , Bay of Bengal , Andhra Pradesh ( The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the oceanic boundary of India . It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri , and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The temperature in the coastal regions often exceeds 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , and is coupled with high levels of humidity . The region receives both the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains . ) The southwest monsoon splits into two branches , the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch . ( The Bay of Bengal branch moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Annual rainfall in this region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 and 81 mi ) . The plains are divided into six regions -- the Mahanadi delta , the southern Andhra Pradesh plain , the Krishna - Godavari deltas , the Kanyakumari coast , the Coromandel Coast , and sandy coastal ) . The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea , ranging from 50 to 100 km ( 31 to 62 mi ) in width . It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka , and Kerala . Numerous rivers and backwaters inundate the region . Mostly originating in the Western Ghats , the rivers are fast - flowing , usually perennial , and empty into estuaries . Major rivers flowing into the sea are the Tapi , Narmada , Mandovi and Zuari . Vegetation is mostly deciduous , but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique ecoregion . The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts , the Konkan and the Malabar Coast . Varkala beach on Kerala 's coast , Arabian Sea Islands ( edit ) Aerial view of the Andaman Islands See also : List of islands of India ( The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India 's two major island formations and are classified as union territories . The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 440 km ( 120 to 270 mi ) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea with an area of 32 km ( 12 sq mi ) . They consist of twelve atolls , three reefs , and five submerged banks , with a total of about 35 islands and islets . ) ( The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6 ° and 14 ° north latitude and 92 ° and 94 ° east longitude . They consist of 572 islands , lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Myanma coast running in a North - South axis for approximately 910 km . They are located 1,255 km ( 780 mi ) from Kolkata ( Calcutta ) and 193 km ( 120 mi ) from Cape Negrais in Burma . The territory consists of two island groups , the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands . The Andaman and Nicobar Islands consist of 572 islands which run in a North - South axis for around 910 km . The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6,170 km2 ( 2,382 sq mi ) while the Nicobar group has only 247 islands with an area of 1,765 km2 ( 681 sq mi ) . India 's only active volcano , Barren Island is situated here . It last erupted in 2017 . The Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang . Indira Point , India 's southernmost land point , is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6 ° 45'10 '' N and 93 ° 49'36 '' E , and lies just 189 km ( 117 mi ) from the Indonesian island of Sumatra , to the southeast . The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m ( 2,106 ft ) . Other significant islands in India include Diu , a former Portuguese colony ; Majuli , a river island of the Brahmaputra ; Elephanta in Bombay Harbour ; and Sriharikota , a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh . Salsette Island is India 's most populous island on which the city of Mumbai ( Bombay ) is located . Forty - two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park . Bodies of water ( edit ) Main article : Rivers of India India has around 14,500 km of inland navigable waterways . There are twelve rivers which are classified as major rivers , with the total catchment area exceeding 2,528,000 km ( 976,000 sq mi ) . All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds : The Himalaya and the Karakoram ranges Vindhya and Satpura range in central India Sahyadri or Western Ghats in western India The Himalayan river networks are snow - fed and have a perennial supply throughout the year . The other two river systems are dependent on the monsoons and shrink into rivulets during the dry season . The Himalayan rivers that flow westward into Punjab are the Indus , Jhelum , Chenab , Ravi , Beas , and Sutlej . Bhagirathi River at Gangotri , source river of the Ganges National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong ( West Bengal ) , in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region . ( The Ganges - Brahmaputra - Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km ( 620,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km ( 420,000 sq mi ) . The Ganges originates from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand . It flows southeast , draining into the Bay of Bengal ) . ( The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains . The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet , China , where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River ) ( or `` Tsangpo '' ) . It enters India in the far - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh , then flows west through Assam . The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh , where it is known as the Jamuna River . The Chambal , another tributary of the Ganges , via the Yamuna , originates from the Vindhya - Satpura watershed . The river flows eastward . Westward - flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti , which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat . The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10 % of the total outflow . The Godavari River at Papi Hills ( The Western Ghats are the source of all Deccan rivers , which include the through Godavari River , Krishna River and Kaveri River , all draining into the Bay of Bengal . These rivers constitute 20 % of India 's total outflow ) . The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks , often flooding surrounding areas . Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation , such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such areas . Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay , Gulf of Kutch , and the Gulf of Mannar . Straits include the Palk Strait , which separates India from Sri Lanka ; the Ten Degree Channel , which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar Islands ; ' and the Eight Degree Channel , which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island to the south . Important capes include the Kanyakumari ( formerly called Cape Comorin ) , the southern tip of mainland India ; Indira Point , the southernmost point in India ( on Great Nicobar Island ) ; Rama 's Bridge , and Point Calimere . The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India , the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south , respectively . Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea . There are four coral reefs in India , located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Gulf of Mannar , Lakshadweep , and the Gulf of Kutch . Important lakes include Sambhar Lake , the country 's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan , Vembanad Lake in Kerala , Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh , Loktak Lake in Manipur , Dal Lake in Kashmir , Chilka Lake ( lagoon lake ) in Orrisa , and Sasthamkotta Lake in Kerala . Wetlands ( edit ) A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal Pichavaram Mangroves , Tamil Nadu India 's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir , and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India . Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks . The Indian government has identified a total of 71 wetlands for conservation and are part of sanctuaries and national parks . Mangrove forests are present all along the Indian coastline in sheltered estuaries , creeks , backwaters , salt marshes and mudflats . The mangrove area covers a total of 4,461 km ( 1,722 sq mi ) , which comprises 7 % of the world 's total mangrove cover . Prominent mangrove covers are located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Sundarbans delta , the Gulf of Kutch and the deltas of the Mahanadi , Godavari and Krishna rivers . Parts of Maharashtra , Karnataka and Kerala also have large mangrove covers . The Sundarbans delta is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world . It lies at the mouth of the Ganges and spreads across areas of Bangladesh and West Bengal . The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , but is identified separately as the Sundarbans ( Bangladesh ) and the Sundarbans National Park ( India ) . The Sundarbans are intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways , mudflats and small islands of salt - tolerant mangrove forests . The area is known for its diverse fauna , being home to a large variety of species of birds , spotted deer , crocodiles and snakes . Its most famous inhabitant is the Bengal tiger . It is estimated that there are now 400 Bengal tigers and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area . The Rann of Kutch is a marshy region located in northwestern Gujarat and the bordering Sindh province of Pakistan . It occupies a total area of 27,900 km ( 10,800 sq mi ) . The region was originally a part of the Arabian Sea . Geologic forces such as earthquakes resulted in the damming up of the region , turning it into a large saltwater lagoon . This area gradually filled with silt thus turning it into a seasonal salt marsh . During the monsoons , the area turn into a shallow marsh , often flooding to knee - depth . After the monsoons , the region turns dry and becomes parched . Climate ( edit ) India 's Köppen climate classification map is based on native vegetation , temperature , precipitation and their seasonality . Main articles : Climate of India and Climatic regions of India Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . The nation has four seasons : winter ( January -- February ) , summer ( March -- May ) , a monsoon ( rainy ) season ( June -- September ) and a post-monsoon period ( October -- December ) ' . The Himalayas act as a barrier to the frigid katabatic winds flowing down from Central Asia . ' Thus , North India is kept warm or only mildly cooled during winter ; in summer , the same phenomenon makes India relatively hot . Although the Tropic of Cancer -- the boundary between the tropics and subtropics -- passes through the middle of India , the whole country is considered to be tropical . Temperature averages in India ; units are in degree Celsius Summer lasts between March and June in most parts of India . Temperatures can exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) during the day . The coastal regions exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) coupled with high levels of humidity . In the Thar desert area temperatures can exceed 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . The rain - bearing monsoon clouds are attracted to the low - pressure system created by the Thar Desert . The southwest monsoon splits into two arms , the Bay of Bengal arm and the Arabian Sea arm . The Bay of Bengal arm moves northwards crossing northeast India in early June . The Arabian Sea arm moves northwards and deposits much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats . Winters in peninsula India see mild to warm days and cool nights . Further north the temperature is cooler . Temperatures in some parts of the Indian plains sometimes fall below freezing . Most of northern India is plagued by fog during this season . The highest temperature recorded in India was 51 ° C ( 124 ° F ) in Phalodi , Rajasthan . The lowest was − 45 ° C ( − 49 ° F ) in Kashmir . Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of India Eparchaean Unconformity of Detrital rocks of Tirumala Hills , Eastern Ghats India 's geological features are classified based on their era of formation . The Precambrian formations of Cudappah and Vindhyan systems are spread out over the eastern and southern states . A small part of this period is spread over western and central India . The Paleozoic formations from the Cambrian , Ordovician , Silurian and Devonian system are found in the Western Himalaya region in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh . The Mesozoic Deccan Traps formation is seen over most of the northern Deccan ; they are believed to be the result of sub-aerial volcanic activity . The Trap soil is black in colour and conducive to agriculture . The Carboniferous system , Permian System and Triassic systems are seen in the western Himalayas . The Jurassic system is seen in the western Himalayas and Rajasthan . Geological regions of India Tertiary imprints are seen in parts of Manipur , Nagaland , Arunachal Pradesh and along the Himalayan belt . The Cretaceous system is seen in central India in the Vindhyas and part of the Indo - Gangetic plains . The Gondowana system is seen in the Narmada River area in the Vindhyas and Satpuras . The Eocene system is seen in the western Himalayas and Assam . Oligocene formations are seen in Kutch and Assam . The Pleistocene system is found over central India . The Andaman and Nicobar Island are thought to have been formed in this era by volcanoes . The Himalayas were formed by the convergence and deformation of the Indo - Australian and Eurasian Plates . Their continued convergence raises the height of the Himalayas by 1 cm each year . Soils in India can be classified into 8 categories : alluvial , black , red , laterite , forest , arid & desert , saline & alkaline and peaty & organic soils . Alluvial soil constitute the largest soil group in India , constituting 80 % of the total land surface . It is derived from the deposition of silt carried by rivers and are found in the Great Northern plains from Punjab to the Assam valley . Alluvial soil are generally fertile but they lack nitrogen and tend to be phosphoric . National Disaster Management Authority says that 60 % of Indian landmass is prone to earthquake and 8 % susceptible to cyclone risks . Black soil are well developed in the Deccan lava region of Maharashtra , Gujarat , and Madhya Pradesh . These contain high percentage of clay and are moisture retentive . Red soil are found in Tamil Nadu , Karnataka plateau , Andhra plateau , Chota Nagpur plateau and the Aravallis . These are deficient in nitrogen , phosphorus and humus . Laterite soils are formed in tropical regions with heavy rainfall . Heavy rainfall results in leaching out all soluble material of top layer of soil . These are generally found in Western ghats , Eastern ghats and hilly areas of northeastern states that receive heavy rainfall . Forest soils occur on the slopes of mountains and hills in Himalayas , Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats . These generally consist of large amounts of dead leaves and other organic matter called humus . Natural Resources ( edit ) Main article : Natural resources of India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . India 's total renewable water resources are estimated at 1,907.8 km3 / year . Its annual supply of usable and replenshable groundwater amounts to 350 billion cubic metres . Only 35 % of groundwater resources are being utilised . About 44 million tonnes of cargo is moved annually through the country 's major rivers and waterways . Groundwater supplies 40 % of water in India 's irrigation canals. 56 % of the land is arable and used for agriculture . Black soils are moisture - retentive and are preferred for dry farming and growing cotton , linseed , etc . Forest soils are used for tea and coffee plantations . Red soil have a wide diffusion of iron content . Most of India 's estimated 5.4 billion barrels ( 860,000,000 m ) in oil reserves are located in the Mumbai High , upper Assam , Cambay , the Krishna - Godavari and Cauvery basins . India possesses about seventeen trillion cubic feet of natural gas in Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat and Odisha . Uranium is mined in Andhra Pradesh . India has 400 medium - to - high enthalpy thermal springs for producing geothermal energy in seven `` provinces '' -- the Himalayas , Sohana , Cambay , the Narmada - Tapti delta , the Godavari delta and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( specifically the volcanic Barren Island . ) India is the world 's biggest producer of mica blocks and mica splittings . India ranks second amongst the world 's largest producers of barites and chromites . The Pleistocene system is rich in minerals . India is the third - largest coal producer in the world and ranks fourth in the production of iron ore . It is the fifth - largest producer of bauxite , second largest of crude steel as of February 2018 replacing Japan , the seventh - largest of manganese ore and the eighth - largest of aluminium . India has significant sources of titanium ore , diamonds and limestone . India possesses 24 % of the world 's known and economically viable thorium , which is mined along shores of Kerala . Gold had been mined in the now - defunct Kolar Gold Fields in Karnataka . Antipodes ( edit ) The only land area antipodal to India is Easter Island , which is antipodal to the western corner of Rajasthan . The triangular island closely reflects the triangle between the cities of Mokal , Kuchchri , and Habur . Habur corresponds to Hanga Roa , and Mokal to the eastern cape . Photo Gallery Tso Moriri lake , Ladakh Valley of flowers , Uttarakhand Indo - Gangetic Plain Arawali Hills , near Ajmer Madhya Pradesh Shola in western ghats Anaimudi , the tallest mountain in South India Backwater in Kerala Minicoy island , Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar See also ( edit ) Geospatial Information Regulation Bill References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 - 17 , Ministry of Home Affairs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ India Yearbook , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . 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Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Water profile of India '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jain , J.K. ; Farmer , B.H. ; Rush , H. ; West , H.W. ; Allan , J.A. ; Dasgupta , B. ; Boon , W.H. ( May 1977 ) . `` India 's Underground Water Resources '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 278 ( 962 ) : 507 -- 22 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1977.0058 . ^ Jump up to : `` Energy profile of India '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Chandrasekharam , D. `` Geothermal Energy Resources of India '' . Indian Institute of Technology Bombay . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Contribution to the World 's Mineral Production '' . Ministry of Mines , Government of India . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . CIA Factbook . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Information and Issue Briefs -- Thorium '' . World Nuclear Association . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Death of the Kolar Gold Fields '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 21 November 2008 . Cited sources. ( edit ) India Yearbook 2007 . Publications Division , Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Govt . Of India . 2007 . ISBN 81 - 230 - 1423 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of India . `` The Incredible History of India 's Geography '' , Author : Sanjeev Sanyal , Publisher : Penguin Books Ltd Allaby , M ( 1998 ) . `` Floods '' . Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3520 - 2 ... Balfour , E ( 1976 ) . Encyclopaedia Asiatica : Comprising Indian Subcontinent , Eastern and Southern Asia . Cosmo Publications . ISBN 81 - 7020 - 325 - 2 ... Nash , JM ( 2002 ) . `` El Niño : Unlocking the Secrets of the Master Weather Maker '' . Warner . ISBN 0 - 446 - 52481 - 6 ... `` Land and Natural Resources '' . Terrain . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . Geography of India by state or territory States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Geography of India Climate Climate Climatic regions Geology Fossil Parks Geology of India Indian Plate Stones Landforms Beaches Canals Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern Coastal Western Coastal Regions North India Northeast India East India South India West India Central India Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions States and territories Districts Cities Towns Municipalities Environment Biogeographic classification Ecoregions Fauna Flora Forests Issues Protected Areas Wildlife India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - 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economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport Life in India Arts and Entertainment Caste Cinema Citizenship Climate Cuisine Culture Corruption Demographics Economy Education Ethnic relations Flag Geography Government History Holidays Languages Law Police Politics Poverty Literacy Military Religion Sports Transport Unemployment Aviation Geography of South Asia Mountains and plateaus Himalayas Mount Everest Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Aravalli Range Nilgiris Vindhya Range Satpura Range Garo Hills Shivalik Hills Mahabharat Range Khasi Hills Anaimalai Hills Cardamom Hills Sulaiman Mountains Toba Kakar Range Karakoram Hindu Kush Chittagong Hill Tracts Deccan Plateau Thar Desert Makran Chota Nagpur Naga Hills Mysore Plateau Ladakh Plateau Gandhamardan Hills Malwa Lushai Hills Lowlands and islands Indo - Gangetic plain Doab Indus Valley Indus River Delta Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Terai Atolls of the Maldives Coromandel Coast Konkan Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sundarbans Reserve Forest Greater Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Protected areas in Tamil Nadu By country India Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Sri Lanka Bangladesh Maldives Afghanistan Geography of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_India&oldid=843266769 '' Categories : Geography of India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 00 : 43 . 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who sang all in the family theme song
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The series ' opening theme song `` Those Were The Days '' , written by Lee Adams ( lyrics ) and Charles Strouse ( music ) , was presented in a unique way for a 1970s series : Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton seated at a console or spinet piano ( played by Stapleton ) and singing the tune together on - camera at the start of every episode , concluding with live - audience applause . ( The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot , although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off - camera and at a faster tempo than the series version . ) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series , including one version that includes additional lyrics . The song is a simple , pentatonic melody ( that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano ) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear . A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records , reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972 ; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness , and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s .
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Carroll O'Connor|Jean Stapleton
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All in the Family
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all in the family
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All in the Family is an American sitcom TV - series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons , from January 1971 to April 1979 . The following September , it was replaced by Archie Bunker 's Place , which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons .
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All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . It starred Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , Sally Struthers , and Rob Reiner . The show revolves around the life of a working - class bigot and his family . The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy , such as racism , infidelity , homosexuality , women 's liberation , rape , religion , miscarriages , abortion , breast cancer , the Vietnam War , menopause , and impotence . Through depicting these controversial issues , the series became arguably one of television 's most influential comedic programs , as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic , topical conflicts . Based on the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part ( with Archie Bunker modeled after Alf Garnett ) , All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time . Following a lackluster first season , the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976 . It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years . The episode `` Sammy 's Visit '' was ranked number 13 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four . Bravo also named the show 's protagonist , Archie Bunker , TV 's greatest character of all time . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth - best written TV series ever , and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth - greatest show of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 2.3 Recurring characters 3 History and production 3.1 Theme song 3.2 Setting and location 4 Episodes 4.1 Syndication 5 Ratings 6 Spin - offs 7 Specials 8 DVD releases 9 Cultural impact 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy awards and nominations 10.2 Golden Globe Awards and Nominations 10.3 TCA Heritage Award 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Premise ( edit ) All in the Family is about a typical white working - class family living in Queens , New York . Its patriarch is Archie Bunker ( O'Connor ) , an outspoken , narrow - minded white man , seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be . Archie 's wife Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) is sweet and understanding , though somewhat naïve and uneducated ; her husband sometimes disparagingly calls her `` dingbat '' . Their one child , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) , is generally kind and good - natured like her mother , but displays traces of her father 's stubbornness ; unlike them , however , she is a feminist . Gloria is married to college student Michael Stivic ( Reiner ) -- referred to as `` Meathead '' by Archie -- whose values are likewise influenced and shaped by the counterculture of the 1960s . The two couples represent the real - life clash of values between the so - called Greatest Generation and Baby Boomers . For much of the series , the Stivics live in the Bunkers ' home to save money , providing abundant opportunity for them to irritate each other . The show is set in the Astoria section of Queens , with the vast majority of scenes taking place in the Bunkers ' home at 704 Hauser Street . Occasional scenes take place in other locations , especially during later seasons , such as Kelsey 's Bar , a neighborhood tavern where Archie spends a good deal of time and which he eventually buys , and the Stivics ' home after Mike and Gloria move to the house next door . The house seen in the opening is at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue near the junction of the Glendale , Middle Village , and Rego Park sections of Queens . Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood , especially the African American Jeffersons , who live in the house next door in the early seasons . Cast ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) The Bunkers and the Stivics : standing , Gloria ( Sally Struthers ) and Michael ( Rob Reiner ) ; seated , Archie ( Carroll O'Connor ) and Edith ( Jean Stapleton ) with baby Joey Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker : Frequently called a `` lovable bigot '' , Archie was an assertively prejudiced blue - collar worker . A World War II veteran , Archie longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge , as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song `` Those Were the Days '' ( also the show 's original title ) . Despite his bigotry , he is portrayed as loving and decent , as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world , rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice . His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism - filled arguments to self - destruct . He often rejects uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry . Former child actor Mickey Rooney was Lear 's first choice to play Archie , but Rooney declined the offer because of the strong potential for controversy , and in Rooney 's opinion , a poor chance for success . Scott Brady , formerly of the Western series Shotgun Slade , also declined the role of Archie Bunker , but appeared four times on the series in 1976 in the role of Joe Foley . O'Connor appears in all but seven episodes of the series ' run . Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker , née Baines : Edith is Archie 's ditzy but kind - hearted wife . Archie often tells her to `` stifle '' herself and calls her a `` dingbat '' , and although Edith generally defers to her husband 's authority and endures his insults , on the rare occasions when Edith takes a stand , she proves to have a simple but profound wisdom . Despite their different personalities , they love each other deeply . Stapleton developed Edith 's distinctive voice . Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run , but decided to leave at that time . During the first season of Archie Bunker 's Place , Edith was seen in four episodes in guest appearances . After that point , Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off - camera , leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved `` dingbat '' . Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family . In the series ' first episode , Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as `` Mr. Religion , here ... '' after they come home from church , something her character would not be expected to say later . Sally Struthers as Gloria Stivic , née Bunker : The Bunkers ' college - aged daughter who is married to Michael Stivic . She has the generally kind nature of her mother , but the stubbornness of her father , which early in the series manifests as childishness , later as a more mature feminism . Gloria frequently attempts to mediate between her father and husband , generally siding with the latter . The roles of the Bunkers ' daughter and son - in - law ( then named `` Dickie '' ) initially went to Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver . However , after seeing the show 's pilot , ABC requested a second pilot expressing dissatisfaction with both actors . Lear later recast the roles of Gloria and Dickie with Struthers and Reiner . Penny Marshall ( Reiner 's wife , whom he married in April 1971 , shortly after the program began ) was also considered for the role of Gloria . During the earlier seasons of the show , Struthers was known to be discontented with how static her part was and , in 1974 , sued to get out of her contract . But the character became more developed , satisfying her . Struthers appeared in 157 of the 202 episodes during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . She later reprised the role in the spin - off series Gloria , which lasted for a single season in 1982 -- 1983 . Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic : Gloria 's Polish - American hippie husband is part of the counterculture of the 1960s . While good - hearted and well - meaning , he constantly spars with Archie , and is equally stubborn , although his moral views are generally presented as being more ethical and his logic somewhat sounder . He is the most - educated person in the household , a fact which gives him a self - assured arrogance , and despite his intellectual belief in progressive social values , he tends to expect Gloria to defer to him as her husband . As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives , Richard Dreyfuss sought the part , but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner . Harrison Ford turned down the role , citing Archie Bunker 's bigotry . Reiner appeared in 174 of the 202 episodes of the series during the first eight seasons -- from January 12 , 1971 to March 19 , 1978 . Reiner is also credited with writing three of the series ' episodes . Danielle Brisebois as the cute nine - year - old daughter of one of Edith 's cousins , Stephanie Mills , who is a regular throughout the ninth season . Despite being cute and having a sweet side , she is smart , clever , and does give her own few remarks at Archie from time to time . The Bunkers take her in after the child 's father , Floyd Mills , abandons her on their doorstep in 1978 ( he later extorts money from them to let them keep her ) . She remained with the show through its transition to Archie Bunker 's Place , and appeared in all four seasons of the latter show . Supporting characters ( edit ) When Archie visits a local blood bank to make a donation , he meets his neighbor , Lionel Jefferson , who is there to do the same thing . Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson , Isabel Sanford as his wife Louise , and Mike Evans as their son Lionel , Archie 's black neighbors : George is Archie 's combative black counterpart , while Louise is a smarter , more assertive version of Edith . Lionel first appeared in the series ' premiere episode `` Meet the Bunkers '' , with Louise appearing later in the first season . Although George had been mentioned many times , he was not seen until 1973 . Hemsley , who was Norman Lear 's first choice to play George , was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show . However , Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical . Plots frequently find Archie and George at odds with one another , while Edith and Louise attempt to join forces to bring about a resolution . They later moved to an apartment in Manhattan in their own show , The Jeffersons . Mel Stewart , as George 's brother Henry Jefferson : The two appeared together only once , in the 1973 episode in which the Bunkers host Henry 's going - away party , marking Stewart 's final episode and Hemsley 's first . After the Jeffersons were spun off into their own show in 1975 , Stewart 's character was rarely referred to again and was never seen . In the closing credits of `` The First and Last Supper '' episode , Mel Stewart is incorrectly credited as playing George Jefferson . Stewart was actually playing George 's brother , Henry Jefferson , who was pretending to be George for most of the episode . Bea Arthur as Edith 's cousin Maude : Maude was white - collared and ultra-liberal , the perfect foil to Archie , and one of his main antagonists . She appeared in only two episodes , `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , where she took care of the Bunker household when all four were sick , and `` Maude '' from the show 's second season , which was basically a back - door pilot . Her spin - off series , Maude , began in fall 1972 . Betty Garrett and Vincent Gardenia as the liberal and Roman Catholic next - door neighbors Irene and Frank Lorenzo : Both first appeared as a married couple as Irene was trying to use the Bunker 's phone . During an argument earlier in the episode , Archie and Mike had broken the phone wire . Irene being a ' handyman ' of sorts with her own tools , which she carried in her purse , fixed it . Irene fixed many things at the Bunker house during her time on the show . She also had a sister who was a nun and appeared in one episode . `` Edith 's Christmas Story '' reveals that Irene has had a mastectomy . Archie got her a job as a forklift operator at the plant where he worked . Irene was a strong - willed woman of Irish heritage , and Frank was a jovial Italian househusband who loved cooking and singing . He also was a salesman , but what he sold was never said . Gardenia , who also appeared as Jim Bowman in episode eight of season one ( as the man who sold his house to the Jeffersons ) and as Curtis Rempley in episode seven of season three ( as a swinger opposite Rue McClanahan ) , became a semiregular along with Garrett in 1973 . Gardenia only stayed for one season as Frank Lorenzo , but Garrett remained until her character was phased out in late 1975 . Allan Melvin as Archie 's neighbor and good friend Barney Hefner : Barney started appearing in 1972 as a recurring character . Over time , he appeared progressively more often until he became a regular . He appeared as a regular in all four seasons of Archie Bunker 's Place . He also appeared in the first season as a desk seargent at a police precinct . Recurring characters ( edit ) James Cromwell as Jerome `` Stretch '' Cunningham ( 1973 -- 1976 ) `` The Funniest Man in The World '' , Archie 's friend and co-worker from the loading dock ( Archie claims that he is known as the `` Bob Hope '' of the loading platform ) : What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish , evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral . Archie 's eulogy for his friend is often referred to as a rare occasion when he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide . In the episode titled `` Archie in the Cellar '' , Billy Sands is referred to as Stretch Cunningham , the voice on the tape recorder telling jokes . Sands also appeared as other characters on the show during its run , in Kelsey 's Bar as a patron . Liz Torres as Theresa Betancourt ( 1976 -- 1977 ) : A Puerto Rican nursing student who meets Archie when he is admitted to the hospital for surgery . She later rents Mike and Gloria 's former room at the Bunker house . She called Archie `` Papi '' . Torres had just completed the first season of the CBS sitcom Phyllis in the spring of 1976 before being dropped from the cast . ( She had replaced the late actress Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine . ) Torres joined All in the Family in the fall of 1976 , but her character was not popular with viewers , and the role was phased out before the end of the season . Billy Halop as Mr. Munson ( 1971 -- 74 ) , the cab driver who lets Archie use his cab to make extra money Bob Hastings as Kelcy or Tommy Kelsey , who owns the bar Archie frequents and later buys : Kelcy was also played by Frank Maxwell in the episode `` Archie Gets The Business '' . The name of the establishment is Kelcy 's Bar ( as seen in the bar window in various episodes ) . However , due to a continuity error , the end credits of episodes involving the bar owner spell the name `` Kelcy '' for the first two seasons and `` Kelsey '' thereafter , although the end credits show `` Kelcy '' in the `` Archie Gets the Business '' episode . Jason Wingreen as Harry Snowden , a bartender at Kelcy 's Bar who continues to work there after Archie purchases it as his business partner : Harry had tried to buy the bar from Kelcy , but Archie was able to come up with the money first , by taking a mortgage out on his house , which the Bunkers owned outright . Gloria LeRoy as Mildred `` Boom - Boom '' Turner , a buxom , middle - aged secretary at the plant where Archie works : Her first appearance was when Archie is lost on his way to a convention and Mike and Gloria suspect he and she could be having an affair . Archie gave her that moniker as she was walking by the loading dock . He said when she walked , `` Boom - Boom '' . She is not fond of Archie because he and Stretch leer at her and because of their sexist behavior , but later becomes friendly with him , occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie 's Place . Gloria LeRoy also appeared in a third - season episode as `` Bobbi Jo '' Loomis , the wife of Archie 's old war buddy `` Duke '' . Barnard Hughes as Father Majeskie , a local Catholic priest who was suspected by Archie one time of trying to convert Edith : He appeared in multiple episodes . The first time was when Edith accidentally hit Majeskie 's car near the local supermarket with a can of cling peaches in heavy syrup . Eugene Roche appeared as practical jokester friend and fellow lodge member `` Pinky Peterson '' , one of Archie Bunker 's buddies , in three episodes , first in the episode `` Beverly Rides Again '' , then the memorable Christmas Day episode called `` The Draft Dodger '' ( episode 146 , 1976 ) , and finally the episode `` Archie 's Other Wife '' . Sorrell Booke as Lyle Sanders , personnel manager at Archie Bunker 's workplace , Prendergast Tool and Die Company : He had appeared on the series as Lyle Bennett , the manager of a local television station , in the episode `` Archie and the Editorial '' in season three . Lori Shannon played Beverly La Salle , a transvestite entertainer , who appeared in three episodes : `` Archie the Hero '' , `` Beverly Rides Again '' , and `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' . In that third episode , Mike and Beverly are attacked , and he dies in a hospital from injuries suffered during the fight . Estelle Parsons as Blanche Hefner ( 1977 -- 1979 ) , Barney 's second wife : Blanche and Archie are not fond of one another , though Edith likes her very much . The character is mentioned throughout much of the series after Barney 's first wife , Mabel , had died , though she only appeared in a handful of episodes during the last few seasons . Estelle Parsons also appeared in the season - seven episode `` Archie 's Secret Passion '' as Dolores Fencel . Bill Quinn as Mr. Edgar van Ranseleer ( Mr. van R ) , a blind patron and regular at the bar : He was almost never referred to by his first name . In a running joke , Archie usually waves his hand in front of Mr. van R 's face when he speaks to him . His role was later expanded on Archie Bunker 's Place , where he appeared in all four seasons . Burt Mustin as Justin Quigley , a feisty octogenarian / nonagenarian : Mr. Quigley first appeared in the episode : `` Edith Finds an Old Man '' ( season four , episode three , Sept 23 , 1973 ) where he runs away from an old age home . He temporarily moves in with the Bunkers but quickly leaves to share an apartment with his friend Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson , played by Ruth McDevitt . He appeared in several other episodes , including `` Archie 's Weighty Problem '' . Mr. Mustin previously appeared in a first - season episode as Harry Feeney , the night watchman at Archie 's workplace . Nedra Volz as Aunt Iola : Edith 's aunt , she was mentioned several times in the eighth season and stayed with the Bunkers for two weeks . Edith wanted her to move in , but Archie would not allow it , though when he thought Iola did not have any place to go , he told her privately that she could always stay with them . Francine Beers and Jane Connell as Sybil Gooley , who worked at Ferguson 's Market : Frequently mentioned , usually by Edith , Sybil predicted that Gloria and Mike were having a baby boy by performing a ring on a string `` swing test '' over Gloria 's abdomen . Sybil also appeared in the episode `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' and spilled the beans on her surprise party because she had not been invited . Archie and she did not get along , and he referred to her as a `` Big Mouth '' . Rae Allen and Elizabeth Wilson as Cousin Amelia : Archie detested Amelia and her husband , Russ , who were both wealthy . Once , she sent Edith a mink and Archie wanted to send it back , until he found out how much it was worth . In another episode , Amelia and her husband visit the Bunkers to bring them gifts from a recent trip to Hawaii , but in a private moment , Amelia shares with Edith that , despite appearances , she and Russ are considering a divorce . The character was played by two different actresses in three episodes of the show . Richard Dysart and George S. Irving as Russ DeKuyper , Amelia 's husband . He is a plumbing contractor who continued the business started by Amelia 's father and uncles . He constantly flaunts his monetary wealth in front of Archie and looks askance at the way Archie lives , forgetting that he walked into a profitable plumbing business . He appeared in two of the episodes that featured Amelia Clyde Kusatsu as Reverend Chong appeared in several episodes . He refused to baptize little Joey in season six , and then remarried Archie and Edith , and Mike and Gloria in season eight , and gave counsel to Stephanie in season nine as it was learned that she was Jewish . Ruth McDevitt as Josephine `` Jo '' Nelson : She played Justin Quigley 's girlfriend , the older man Edith found walking around the supermarket . She appeared in three episodes from seasons four through six . Gloria and Mike adopted them as their godgrandparents . Of most of the characters , Archie took a liking to Justin and Jo. She died following the end of the sixth season . William Benedict as Jimmy McNabb : The Bunkers ' neighbor , he appeared in two episodes during the first and second seasons , and was referred to many times during the first few seasons . Jack Grimes as Mr. Whitehead : A member of Archie 's lodge , he was the local funeral director . The death of Archie 's cousin Oscar in a season - two episode of All in the Family brings the very short , white - haired , and silver - tongued Whitehead with his catalog of caskets . History and production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in Variety magazine on Till Death Us Do Part and its success in the United Kingdom . He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and him . Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show . Lear 's father would tell Lear 's mother to `` stifle herself '' and she would tell Lear 's father `` you are the laziest white man I ever saw '' ( two `` Archieisms '' that found their way onto the show ) . The original pilot was titled Justice for All and was developed for ABC . Tom Bosley , Jack Warden , and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker . In fact , CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason , who was under contract to them , but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC . In the pilot , Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and Edith Justice . Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband , Richard . It was taped in October 1968 in New York City . After screening the first pilot , ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot , titled Those Were the Days , which was taped in February 1969 in Hollywood . Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard . D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots . After stations ' and viewers ' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn - On after only one episode in February 1969 , the network became uneasy about airing a show with a `` foul - mouthed , bigoted lead '' character , and rejected the series at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael . Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular `` rural '' programming ( Mayberry R.F.D. , The Beverly Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , and Green Acres ) with more `` urban '' , contemporary series and was interested in Lear 's project . CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family . The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series ' first episode . Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as Till Death Us Do Part had been . While CBS insisted on color , Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones , keeping everything relatively devoid of color . As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview , Lear 's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones , in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album . All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience . In the 1960s , most sitcoms had been filmed in the single - camera format without audiences , with a laugh track simulating an audience response . Lear employed the multiple - camera format of shooting in front of an audience , but used tape , whereas previous multiple - camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film . Due to the success of All in the Family , videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s , ' 80s , and ' 90s . The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television , including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners , to which All in the Family is sometimes compared . For the show 's final season , the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track . Thus , the voice - over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner 's `` All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience '' to Carroll O'Connor's `` All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses '' . ( Typically , the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time , and got to see All In the Family as a bonus . ) Throughout its run , Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used ( mentioning this on many occasions ) ; the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine . Theme song ( edit ) The series ' opening theme song `` Those Were The Days '' , written by Lee Adams ( lyrics ) and Charles Strouse ( music ) , was presented in a unique way for a 1970s series : Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton seated at a console or spinet piano ( played by Stapleton ) and singing the tune together on - camera at the start of every episode , concluding with live - audience applause . ( The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot , although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off - camera and at a faster tempo than the series version . ) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series , including one version that includes additional lyrics . The song is a simple , pentatonic melody ( that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano ) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear . A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records , reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972 ; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness , and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s . Those Were The Days Boy , the way Glenn Miller played Songs that made the hit parade Guys like us , we had it made Those were the days ! And you knew who you were then Girls were girls , and men were men Mister , we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again Did n't need no welfare state Everybody pulled his weight Gee , our old LaSalle ran great Those were the days ! In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung : Had my twelve tube radio Loved the Eddie Cantor Show Oh where did all that beauty go ? Those were the days ! A few perceptible drifts can be observed when listening to each version chronologically . In the original version , the lyric `` Those Were The Days '' was sung over the tonic ( root chord of the song 's key ) , and the piano strikes a dominant 7th passing chord in transition to the next part , which is absent from subsequent versions . Jean Stapleton 's screeching high note on the line `` And you knew who you WEEERRE then '' became louder , longer , and more comical , although only in the original version did the line draw a laugh from the audience . Carroll O'Connor's pronunciation of `` welfare state '' gained more of Archie 's trademark whining enunciation , and the closing lyrics ( especially `` Gee , our old LaSalle ran great '' ) were sung with increasingly deliberate articulation , as viewers had complained that they could not understand the words . In the first season , it sounded like `` Geena Rolla Serit Grate ''. Also in the original version , the camera angle was shot slightly from the right side of the talent as opposed to the straight on angle of the next version . Jean Stapleton performed the theme song without glasses beginning in season 6 . In addition to O'Connor and Stapleton singing , footage is also shown beginning with aerial shots of Manhattan , and continuing to Queens , progressively zooming in , culminating with a still shot of a lower middle - class semidetached home , presumably representing the Bunkers ' house in Astoria . The house shown in the opening credits , however , is actually located at 89 -- 70 Cooper Avenue in the Glendale section of Queens , New York . A notable difference exists , however , between the Cooper Avenue house and the All in the Family set : the Cooper Avenue house has no porch , while the Bunkers ' home featured a front porch . The footage for the opening had been shot back in 1968 for the series ' first pilot , thus the establishing shot of the Manhattan skyline was completely devoid of the World Trade Center towers , which had not yet been built . When the series aired two years later , the Trade Center towers , although under construction , had still not yet risen high enough to become a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline ( this did not happen until the end of 1971 ) . Despite this change in the Manhattan skyline , the original 1968 footage continued to be used for the series opening until the series transitioned into Archie Bunker 's Place in 1979 . At that time , a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits . This opening format -- showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set -- became the standard for most of Norman Lear 's sitcoms , including Maude , Good Times , and The Jeffersons . At the end of the opening , the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton , as they finish the song . At the end of the original version , Edith smiles at Archie and Archie smiles off at a slight distance . In the longest running version ( from season 2 to season 5 ) , Edith smiles blissfully at Archie , and Archie puts a cigar in his mouth and returns a rather cynical , sheepish look to Edith . From season 6 through the season 8 , Edith smiles and rests her chin on Archie 's shoulder . In the final season , Edith hugs Archie at the conclusion . Additionally , in the first three versions of the opening , Archie is seen wearing his classic trademark white shirt . In the last version of the opening for the series ' ninth season , Archie is seen wearing a grey sweater - jacket over his white shirt . In all versions of the opening , the song 's conclusion is accompanied by applause from the studio audience . The opening for the animated series Family Guy begins with Peter and Lois Griffin singing at the piano , a tribute to the All in the Family opening . As with `` Those Were the Days '' , the lyrics to the Family Guy theme song also seem to imply that things have changed for the worse since the old days ( `` But where are those good old fashioned values / On which we used to rely ? '' ) . The All in the Family opening is also parodied in The Simpsons ninth - season episode `` Lisa 's Sax '' , as Homer and Marge Simpson sit at a piano and perform `` Those Were the Days '' with altered lyrics pertaining to the episode 's plot . In interviews , Norman Lear stated that the idea for the piano song introduction was a cost - cutting measure . After completion of the pilot episode , the budget would not allow an elaborate scene to serve as the sequence played during the show 's opening credits . Lear decided to have a simple scene of Archie and Edith singing at the piano . The closing theme ( an instrumental ) was `` Remembering You '' played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor . It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening ( but moving in the opposite direction down the street ) , and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan , suggesting the visit to the Bunkers ' home has concluded . O'Connor recorded a vocal version of `` Remembering You '' for a record album , but though he performed it several times on TV appearances , the lyrics ( about the end of a romance ) were never heard in the actual series . Except for some brief instances in the first season , no background or transitional music was used . Setting and location ( edit ) The house featured in the opening credits sequence , as it appeared in late 2013 Lear and his writers set the series in the Queens neighborhood of Astoria . The location of the Bunkers ' house at 704 Hauser Street is fictitious ( no Hauser Street exists in Queens ) . The address is not presented the way addresses are given in Queens : most address numbers are hyphenated , containing the number of the nearest cross street . Nevertheless , many episodes reveal that the Bunkers live near the major thoroughfare Northern Boulevard , which was the location of Kelsey 's Bar and later Archie Bunker 's Place . The façade of the house shown at the show opening is a home located at 89 - 70 Cooper Avenue , Glendale , Queens , New York , across from St. John Cemetery ( 40 ° 42 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 51 ′ 39 '' W / 40.712492 ° N 73.860784 ° W / 40.712492 ; - 73.860784 ) . Many real Queens institutions are mentioned throughout the series . Carroll O'Connor , a Queens native from Forest Hills , said in an interview with the Archive of American Television that he suggested to the writers many of the locations to give the series authenticity . For example , Archie is revealed to have attended Flushing High School , a real high school located in Flushing , Queens ( although in the `` Man Of The Year '' episode of Archie Bunker 's Place , Archie attended Bryant High School in Long Island City , graduating in 1940 ) . As another example , the 1976 episode `` The Baby Contest '' deals with Archie entering baby Joey in a cutest baby contest sponsored by the Long Island Daily Press , a then - operating local newspaper in Queens and Long Island . The writers of All in the Family continued throughout the series to have the Bunkers and other characters use telephone exchange names when giving a telephone number ( most other series at the time , such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show , were using the standard fake 555 telephone number ) at a time when AT&T was trying to discontinue them . At different times throughout the series , the telephone exchanges Ravenswood and Bayside were used for the Bunkers ' telephone number . Both exchanges were and still are applicable names for phone numbers in the neighborhoods of Astoria and Bayside . This may have had to do with the fact that at the time many major cities in the United States , such as New York , were resisting the dropping of telephone exchange names in favor of all - number calling , and were still printing their telephone books with exchange names . Actual residents of the Bunkers ' age continued using exchange names into the early 1980s . This fact is referred to in the 1979 episode `` The Appendectomy '' , when Edith , while dialing a telephone number , uses the Parkview exchange name only to correct herself by saying that she keeps forgetting that it is all - number dialing now . However , she comes to the conclusion that the number is exactly the same either way . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of All in the Family episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with Pilots 1968 1969 N / A N / A N / A 13 January 12 , 1971 ( 1971 - 01 - 12 ) April 6 , 1971 ( 1971 - 04 - 06 ) N / A N / A N / A 24 September 18 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 18 ) March 11 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 11 ) 34.0 N / A 24 September 16 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 24 ) 33.3 N / A 24 September 15 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 15 ) March 16 , 1974 ( 1974 - 03 - 16 ) 31.2 N / A 5 23 September 14 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 08 ) 30.2 N / A 6 24 September 8 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 08 ) March 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 08 ) 30.1 N / A 7 25 September 22 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 22 ) March 12 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 12 ) 12 22.9 N / A 8 24 October 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 10 - 02 ) March 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 03 - 19 ) 24.4 60 Minutes Charlie 's Angels 9 24 September 24 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 24 ) April 8 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 08 ) 9 24.9 Taxi `` Sammy 's Visit , '' first broadcast in February 1972 , is a particularly notable episode , whose famous episode - ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show . Guest star Sammy Davis , Jr. plays himself in the episode . Davis leaves a briefcase behind in Archie 's taxi ( Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver ) and goes to the Bunker home to pick it up . After hearing Archie 's racist remarks , Davis asks for a photograph with him . At the moment the picture is taken , Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek . The ensuing laughter went on for so long that it had to be severely edited for network broadcast , as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ( `` Well , what the hell -- he 's Jewish ! '' ) to deliver after the kiss . ( The line is usually cut in syndication . ) Syndication ( edit ) During the show 's sixth season , starting on December 1 , 1975 , CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm ( EST ) , replacing long - running soap opera The Edge of Night , which had been purchased by ABC . It would later move to 3 : 30 pm and in September 1978 , 10 am . This lasted until September 1979 , when the reruns entered off - network syndication by Viacom . The show was picked up in most television markets as such . In 1991 , the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then . Since the late 1980s , All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS ( although they had the rights locally in Atlanta , as well ) , TV Land , and Nick at Nite . From January 3 , 2011 to December 31 , 2017 , the show aired on Antenna TV . As of January 1 , 2018 , the show now airs on GetTV . The cast settled their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run . Ratings ( edit ) All in the Family is one of three television shows ( The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others ) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons . The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons . Season Time Nielsen Ratings Rank Rating 1 ( 1970 -- 71 ) Tuesday at 9 : 30 - 10 : 00 pm on CBS # 34 18.9 2 ( 1971 -- 72 ) Saturday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS # 1 34.0 3 ( 1972 -- 73 ) 33.3 4 ( 1973 -- 74 ) 31.2 5 ( 1974 -- 75 ) 30.2 6 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Monday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS 30.1 7 ( 1976 -- 77 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 22 -- October 27 , 1976 ) Saturday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( November 6 , 1976 -- March 12 , 1977 ) # 12 22.9 8 ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS # 4 24.4 ( Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie 's Angels ) 9 ( 1978 -- 79 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 - 9 : 30 pm on CBS ( September 24 -- October 1 , 1978 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 pm on CBS ( October 8 , 1978 -- April 8 , 1979 ) # 9 24.9 ( Tied with Taxi ) The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers . Spin - offs ( edit ) According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present , All in the Family has the most spin - offs for a prime - time television series , spawning five other shows , three of which were very successful and two of which are spin - offs from spin - offs . The first spin - off was Maude , which debuted in September 1972 . It features Edith 's acerbic cousin Maude Findlay ( Bea Arthur ) , who first appeared on All in the Family in the December 1971 episode `` Cousin Maude 's Visit '' , visiting to take care of the influenza - suffering Bunkers . In March 1972 , at the end of the series ' second season , the character was again featured in the episode `` Maude '' . In this episode , a `` back door pilot '' for a new series , Archie and Edith visit her home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of her daughter Carol . Bill Macy played Maude 's husband Walter and Marcia Rodd played Carol ; Rodd was replaced by Adrienne Barbeau for the series . The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes , airing its final episode in April 1978 . Good Times is considered by some to be a spin off of Maude , as the show 's focus was Florida Evans , a character first appearing on Maude during its initial seasons as the Findlays maid . But the character 's history and situation were changed for the new show . According to producer Allan Manings , `` It was n't really a spin - off . '' The show features no reference to Maude , changes the name of Florida 's husband from Henry to James , and sets the show in a Chicago housing project . It ran for six seasons from February 1974 to August 1979 . The second and longest - lasting spin - off of All in the Family was The Jeffersons . Debuting on CBS in January 1975 , The Jeffersons lasted 11 seasons and 253 episodes ( more than All in the Family 's nine seasons and 208 episodes ) . The main characters were the Bunkers ' former next - door neighbors George and Louise Jefferson ( Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford ) . George was the owner of seven successful dry - cleaning stores , and the series featured their life after moving from the Bunkers ' working - class neighborhood to a luxury high - rise apartment building in Manhattan 's Upper East Side . Checking In was spun off from The Jeffersons , focusing on the Jeffersons ' maid Florence Johnston , working as an executive housekeeper at the St. Frederick Hotel in Manhattan . It only lasted four weeks in April 1981 , and the character returned to her old job as the Jeffersons ' maid . Gloria was the third spin - off of All in the Family , focusing on now - divorced Gloria , starting a new life as an assistant trainee to a couple of veterinarians in Foxridge , New York . It premiered in September 1982 , and ran for one season . Archie Bunker 's Place was technically a spin - off , but was essentially a renamed continuation of the series , beginning in September 1979 following the final season of the original . It was primarily set in the titular neighborhood tavern which Archie Bunker purchased in the eighth - season of All in the Family . It aired for four seasons , until April 1983 . 704 Hauser features the Bunkers ' house with a new family . It was an inversion of the formula of the original , featuring a liberal African - American couple with a conservative son , who is dating a white Jewish woman . Gloria and Mike 's son Joey Stivic , now in his twenties , makes a brief appearance in the first episode . Five episodes aired in April and May 1994 . Specials ( edit ) At the height of the show 's popularity , Henry Fonda hosted a special one - hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television . Included were clips from the show 's most memorable episodes up to that time . It was titled The Best of `` All in the Family '' , and aired on December 21 , 1974 . A 90 - minute retrospective , All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special , was produced to commemorate the show 's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16 , 1991 . It was hosted by Norman Lear , and featured a compilation of clips from the show 's best moments , and interviews with the four main cast members . The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991 , garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it , Norman Lear 's sitcom Sunday Dinner . The latter was Lear 's return to TV series producing after a seven - year absence , and was cancelled after the six - week tryout run . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment ( formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment ) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007 . No further seasons were released , because the sales figures did not match Sony 's expectations . On June 23 , 2010 , Shout ! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series , and has since released the remaining three seasons . On October 30 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . The 28 - disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series , as well as bonus features . Vincent Gardenia ( before becoming a regular cast member as Frank Lorenzo ) and Rue McClanahan played a `` wife - swapping '' couple who meet the unsuspecting Bunkers in a 1972 episode . L-R : McClanahan , Carroll O'Connor , Jean Stapleton , and Gardenia . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 13 March 26 , 2002 The Complete Second Season 24 February 4 , 2003 The Complete Third Season 24 July 20 , 2004 The Complete Fourth Season 24 April 12 , 2005 The Complete Fifth Season 25 January 3 , 2006 The Complete Sixth Season 24 February 13 , 2007 The Complete Seventh Season 25 October 5 , 2010 The Complete Eighth Season 24 January 11 , 2011 The Complete Ninth Season 24 May 17 , 2011 The Complete Series 208 October 30 , 2012 Cultural impact ( edit ) Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History As one of US television 's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs , All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media . References on other sitcoms include That ' 70s Show and The Simpsons . The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values and also paid tribute to the ending credits of the show at the end of the episode `` Stewie Loves Lois '' . Popular T - shirts , buttons , and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically promoting `` Archie Bunker for President '' appeared around the time of the 1972 presidential election . In 1998 , All in the Family was honored on a 33 - cent stamp by the USPS . Archie and Edith Bunker 's chairs are on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History . The originals had been purchased by the show 's set designer for a few dollars at a local Goodwill thrift store , and were given to the Smithsonian ( for an exhibit on American television history ) in 1978 . It cost producers thousands of dollars to create replicas to replace the originals . Then - US President Richard Nixon can be heard discussing the show ( specifically the 1971 episodes `` Writing the President '' and `` Judging Books by Covers '' ) on one of the infamous Watergate tapes . Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs , specifically his smoking of large cigars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors ( O'Connor , Stapleton , Struthers , and Reiner ) won Primetime Emmy Awards . The other three are The Golden Girls , The Simpsons , and Will and Grace . Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1971 Outstanding New Series ( Won ) Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Gloria 's Pregnant '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Norman Lear for `` Meet the Bunkers '' ( Nominated ) Stanley Ralph Ross for `` Oh , My Aching Back '' ( Nominated ) 1972 Outstanding Series - Comedy ( Won ) Outstanding Single Program - Drama or Comedy for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Achievement in Live or Tape Sound Mixing : Norman Dewes for `` The Elevator Story '' ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : John Rich for `` Sammy 's Visit '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Burt Styler for `` Edith 's Problem '' ( Won ) Alan J. Levitt and Philip Mishkin for `` Mike 's Problem '' ( Nominated ) Norman Lear and Burt Styler for `` The Saga of Cousin Oscar '' ( Nominated ) 1973 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy : Bob LaHendro and John Rich for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy : Lee Kalcheim & Michael Ross & Bernie West for `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( Won ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1976 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) 1977 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` The Draft Dodger '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Art Direction or Scenic Design for a Comedy Series : Don Roberts for `` The Unemployment Story '' ( Nominated ) 1978 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series : Rob Reiner ( Won ) Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series : Paul Bogart for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Won ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series : Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' ( Nominated ) Larry Rhine & Erik Tarloff & Mel Tolkin for `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' ( Nominated ) Harve Brosten & Barry Harman & Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskopf for `` Cousin Liz '' ( Won ) 1979 Outstanding Comedy Series ( Nominated ) Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Sally Struthers ( Won ) Outstanding Directing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Paul Bogart for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Writing for a Comedy , Comedy - Variety , or Music Series : Milt Josefsberg & Bob Schiller & Phil Sharp & Bob Weiskopf for `` California , Here We Are '' ( Nominated ) Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series : Harvey W. Berger and Hal Collins for `` The 200th Episode Celebration of ' All in the Family ' '' ( Nominated ) Golden Globe Awards and Nominations ( edit ) 1972 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Won ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1973 Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Won ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) Best TV Show - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Betty Garrett ( Won ) 1976 Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) 1977 Best Supporting Actor - Television : Rob Reiner ( Nominated ) Best Supporting Actress - Television : Sally Struthers ( Nominated ) 1978 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Won ) Best TV Actor - Musical / Comedy : Carroll O'Connor ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1979 Best TV Series - Musical / Comedy ( Nominated ) Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) 1980 Best TV Actress - Musical / Comedy : Jean Stapleton ( Nominated ) TCA heritage Award ( edit ) In 2013 , the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society . See also ( edit ) All in a Family List of American television shows based on foreign shows List of All in the Family writers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ All in the Family TV Show - Videos , Actors , Photos and Episodes from the Classic Television Show Archived November 10 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cowan , Geoffrey ( 28 March 1980 ) . `` See No Evil '' . Simon and Schuster -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Leonard , David J. ; Guerrero , Lisa ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` African Americans on Television : Race - ing for Ratings '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ The 100 Greatest TV Characters at Bravo.com Archived January 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . wga.org . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide Magazine . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` USPS.com ® - ZIP Code Lookup '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ This is an allusion to an early 20th - century comic strip , The Dingbat Family ( fr ) , by cartoonist George Herriman . Jump up ^ Lear , Norman ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Norman Lear Pens New Personal Tribute to Jean Stapleton '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Gloria Bunker - Stivic '' . ShareTV.org . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Reiner '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Revealed in `` Stretch Cunningham , Goodbye '' episode . Jump up ^ Source : The end credits of season three episodes , and onward , mention Tommy Kelsey as the character playing the bar owner . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family 08 13 Edith 's Crisis of Faith 1 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Great Divide : Norman Lear , Archie Bunker , and the Rise of the Bad Fan '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear credits the British TV sitcom Till Death Do Us Part as being the inspiration for All in the Family '' . Jump up ^ Justice for All ( unaired pilot # 1 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Those Were the Days ( unaired pilot # 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Neuwirth , Allan ( 2006 ) . They 'll never put that on the air : an oral history of taboo - breaking TV comedy . Allworth Communications , Inc . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 1 - 58115 - 417 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gitlin , Todd ( 2000 ) . Inside Prime Time . University of California Press . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : All in the Family # Theme song ^ Jump up to : Yee , Vivian ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stifled by Time 's Passage , Fewer Fans Visit the Bunkers ' TV Home '' . New York Times . p . A16 . Jump up ^ 89 - 70 Cooper Ave ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Location of the target house as per Google Maps '' . Maps.google.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1686 - 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Sales - All in the Family '' . Atari Fun . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' All in the Family ' star Jean Stapleton dead at 90 '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ http://www.revealshot.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/ALL-IN-THE-FAMILY-RATINGS-1970-79-2.pdf Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1971 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1972 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1973 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1974 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1975 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings archive 1976 '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1977 ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Ratings archives 1978 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Quotenmeter.de - Das Online - Fernsehmagazin ( 2005 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Die erfolgreichsten Serien - Finale '' . Quotenmeter.de . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows : 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1707 -- 1709 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ebony '' . Jump up ^ Du Brow , Rick ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) . `` Will Someone Please Fix the Emmy Awards ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : DVD Plans for All in the Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 7th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 8th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` All in the Family DVD news : Announcement for All in the Family - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ All in the Family , episode `` The Bunkers and the Swingers '' ( 1972 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ All in the Family stamp at National Postal Museum , Smithsonian Institution Arago.si.edu Jump up ^ `` NMAH , The Bunker 's Chairs '' . Americanhistory.si.edu . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Richard Nixon discusses homosexuality '' . Retrieved 15 May 2017 -- via YouTube . In a clip from the 1970s , Richard Nixon is heard complaining that the sitcom `` All in the Family '' glorifies homosexuality . Jump up ^ James Warren ( 1999 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Nixon on Tape Expounds on Welfare and Homosexuality '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Redman - How To Roll A Blunt Lyrics - MetroLyrics '' . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : All in the Family - Awards & Nominations at IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Television Critics Association Announces 2013 TCA Awards Winners '' . Television Critics Association . August 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Adler , Richard P. , ed. ( 1979 ) . All in the Family : A Critical Appraisal . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0275903265 . OCLC 5853047 . Garner , Joe ( 2002 ) . Stay Tuned : Television 's Unforgettable Moments . Kansas City , Mo. : Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 2693 - 5 . OCLC 60671579 . McCrohan , Donna ( 1988 ) . Archie & Edith , Mike & Gloria : The Tumultuous History of All in the Family . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89480 - 527 - 4 . OCLC 759882713 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : All in the Family Wikimedia Commons has media related to All in the Family . Encyclopedia of Television entry on All in the Family All in the Family on IMDb All in the Family on emmys.com All in the Family on TVLand.com All in the Family on TV.Com All in the Family sit.com website All in the Family - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Preceded by The Wonderful World of Disney 1977 All in the Family Super Bowl lead - out program 1978 Succeeded by Brothers and Sisters 1979 All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Till Death Us Do Part Characters Alf Garnett Episodes List of episodes Films Till Death Us Do Part The Alf Garnett Saga Sequels Till Death ... In Sickness and in Health Adaptations Ein Herz und eine Seele All in the Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Make Room for Daddy / The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1957 ) The Seven Lively Arts ( 1958 ) Room 222 ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) America : A Personal History of the United States ( 1973 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) TCA Heritage Award The Simpsons ( 2002 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2003 ) 60 Minutes ( 2004 ) Nightline ( 2005 ) The West Wing ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) The Wire ( 2008 ) ER ( 2009 ) M * A * S * H ( 2010 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 2011 ) Cheers ( 2012 ) All in the Family ( 2013 ) Saturday Night Live ( 2014 ) Late Show / Late Night with David Letterman ( 2015 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 2016 ) Seinfeld ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Shows produced or created by Norman Lear The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) Hot l Baltimore ( 1975 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) A Year at the Top ( 1977 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) E / R ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) The Powers That Be ( 1992 -- 93 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Channel Umptee - 3 ( 1997 -- 98 ) One Day at a Time ( 2017 -- present ) Guess Who Died ? ( 2018 ) Works by Johnny Speight TV Sykes and a ... ( 1960 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( 1966 -- 75 ) Justice For All ( US , 1968 ) Curry and Chips ( 1969 ) Those Were The Days ( US , 1969 ) All in the Family ( US , 1971 -- 79 ) Ein Herz und eine Seele ( Germany , 1973 -- 76 ) For Richer ... For Poorer ( 1975 ) Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 1982 ) ( With Ray Galton ) Till Death ... ( 1981 ) The Lady Is a Tramp ( 1983 - 84 ) In Sickness and in Health ( 1985 -- 92 ) Films Privilege ( 1967 ) Till Death Us Do Part ( film ) ( 1969 ) The Alf Garnett Saga ( 1972 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_in_the_Family&oldid=821137958 '' Categories : All in the Family characters 1970s American sitcoms 1971 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American television series based on British television series Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Social realism Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series created by Norman Lear Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series about dysfunctional families Television shows set in New York City Till Death Us Do Part ( British TV series ) Queens , New York in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 16 : 57 . 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who plays bernadette from the big bang theory
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Melissa Ivy Rauch ( born June 23 , 1980 ) is an American actress and comedian . She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory .
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Melissa Ivy Rauch
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Melissa Rauch
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melissa rauch
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Melissa Rauch Rauch at PaleyFest 2013 for The Big Bang Theory Melissa Ivy Rauch ( 1980 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Marlboro Township , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Actress , comedian Years active 2006 -- present Television The Big Bang Theory Spouse ( s ) Winston Rauch ( né Beigel ) Children Melissa Ivy Rauch ( born June 23 , 1980 ) is an American actress and comedian . She is known for playing Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rauch was born to a Jewish family in Marlboro Township , New Jersey . Her parents are Susan and David Rauch . She has a brother , Ben . She developed an interest in acting while attending Marlboro High School . Rauch graduated from Marymount Manhattan College in New York City in 2002 . Career ( edit ) Some of Rauch 's early work was as a regular contributor to VH1 's Best Week Ever television show . In 2009 , Rauch began playing the recurring role of Bernadette Rostenkowski , a co-worker of Penny who began to date Howard Wolowitz , in the third season of TV 's The Big Bang Theory . The following season her character became Howard 's fiancée and Rauch was promoted to a series regular . The characters married in the season five finale . In December 2011 , Rauch and fellow cast members of The Big Bang Theory received the first of four nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Other acting credits include True Blood ( on which she had a recurring role in 2010 as Summer , a girl who likes Hoyt ) , The Office , the American remake of the Australian TV series Kath & Kim , Wright v Wrong , and the film I Love You , Man . Rauch is also part of the cast of the comedic stage show The Realest Real Housewives with Casey Wilson , June Diane Raphael , Jessica St. Clair and Danielle Schneider . The show began running at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in 2011 . Rauch co-wrote and co-produced the film The Bronze , in which she starred as Hope Annabelle Greggory , a bronze medal - winning gymnast clinging to her glory days of 12 years earlier . It opened the 2015 Sundance Film Festival . Variety said , `` Rauch , who co-wrote the screenplay with her husband Winston , has never carried a film before . But she delivers the best breakthrough comedic performance by an actress since Melissa McCarthy in Bridesmaids . '' Sony Pictures Classics acquired the film in September 2015 . In 2017 , Rauch voiced Harley Quinn in the animated film Batman and Harley Quinn and she voiced Light Thief in Light Riders from Blaze and the Monster Machines . Personal life ( edit ) Rauch is married to writer Winston Rauch ( né Beigel ) , who collaborated with her on The Miss Education of Jenna Bush and other projects . Rauch announced that she was pregnant on July 11 , 2017 , and disclosed that she had a miscarriage previously . On December 4 , 2017 Rauch announced on Instagram that she had given birth to a girl , Sadie . Rauch modeled the voice of Bernadette after her parents : the `` sweet , high - pitched purr '' is modeled after her mother , while the `` eerie , haranguing imitation '' of Mrs. Wolowitz is modeled after her father . Both are `` very different '' from Rauch 's real voice . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2006 Delirious Megan 2009 I Love You , Man Woman Jogger Yelling at Sidney 2009 The Condom Killer Audra Short 2013 In Lieu of Flowers Carrie 2014 Are You Here Marie 2015 The Bronze Hope Annabelle Greggory Also writer 2016 Ice Age : Collision Course Francine ( voice ) 2016 Flock of Dudes Jamie 2017 Batman and Harley Quinn Harley Quinn ( voice ) Direct - to - video Television Year Title Role Notes 2007 12 Miles of Bad Road Bethany 3 episodes : `` The Dirty White Girl '' ( season 1 : episode 2 ) `` Collateral Verbiage '' ( season 1 : episode 4 ) `` Moonshadow '' ( season 1 : episode 6 ) 2008 -- 09 Kath & Kim Tina Season 1 ( recurring ; 6 episodes ) 2009 -- present The Big Bang Theory Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Season 3 ( recurring ; 5 episodes ) Season 4 -- present ( series regular ) The Office Cathy Duke 1 episode True Blood Summer Season 3 ( recurring ; 6 episodes ) Wright vs. Wrong Daisy Cake TV movie 2014 Jake and the Never Land Pirates First - Mate Mollie ( voice ) 1 episode `` Smee - erella '' 2014 Teenage Fairytale Dropouts Miss Macabre 1 episode `` Something Wicked This Way Substitutes '' 2014 The Hot Housewives of Orlando Calliope 1 episode 2015 Sofia the First Fairy Tizzy ( voice ) 1 episode 2015 Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie Kiki ( voice ) TV Movie 2017 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Baby ( voice ) 1 episode 2017 Marvel 's Ant - Man The Wasp ( voice ) 2 episodes 2017 Blaze and the Monster Machines Light Thief ( voice ) 1 episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harper , Carol ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Melissa Rauch movie ' The Bronze ' to shoot June 29 in Amherst '' . Morning Journal . Lisbon , Ohio . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawk , Jason ( June 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Bronze ' to film downtown '' . Oberlin News . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Melissa Rauch : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deerwester , Jayme ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Mayim Bialik and Melissa Rauch Five Questions '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Nate ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Jewish Stars 1 / 27 '' . Cleveland Jewish News . Jump up ^ `` Winston Beigel '' . Broadwayworld.com . August 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ( Photo caption ) Melissa Rauch with parents Susan & David Rauch , brother Ben Rauch , and boyfriend Winston Beigel at The Miss Education of Jenna Bush Jump up ^ Considine , Bob ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Take Five With Melissa Rauch '' . The Star - Ledger . Newark . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . I also had a terrific theater teacher at Marlboro High School who taught me a great deal and was very encouraging . There was n't a ton to do in Marlboro , so for me , it was either hang outside the Wawa or put on a show . Jump up ^ Mead , Wendy . `` Melissa Rauch Biography : Television Actress ( 1980 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profiles in Panelism : Melissa Rauch '' . Best Week Ever . May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Cast On Being Part of an Ensemble '' . Backstage . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations Announced for the 20th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards ® '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards 2015 : Complete List of Nominations ! '' . E ! News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trachta , Ali ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Realest Real Housewives at UCB : A Celebration of the Best Show Ever + Paul Scheer '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Reasons The Bronze Could be a Breakout Comedy in 2015 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ex-Relativity Pic The Bronze Lands at Sony Pictures Classics '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Getlen , Larry ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Screaming success '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( August 19 , 2005 ) . `` Jenna Bush Takes Center Stage in New York '' . People . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rauch , Melissa . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Star Melissa Rauch Announces Her Pregnancy and Reflects on Previous Miscarriage '' . glamour.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Melissa Rauch Welcomes A ' Beautiful Baby Girl ' Named Sadie '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Rauch of Big Bang Theory Does S&M - Inspired Photo Shoot for Maxim '' . The Huffington Post . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ánima Estudios -- Mobile Uploads '' . facebook.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Season of Disney Junior 's Hit Series `` Sofia the First '' Debuts Friday , March 7 on Disney Channel `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Melissa Rauch . Melissa Rauch on Twitter Melissa Rauch on IMDb Gostin , Nicki ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Star Melissa Rauch On Nerds , New Jersey And ' Real Housewives ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . `` Melissa Rauch -- Gallery '' . Maxim . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . BIBSYS : 15004521 GND : 1114848794 LCCN : no2012159421 VIAF : 292850780 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melissa_Rauch&oldid=851194676 '' Categories : 1980 births Actresses from New Jersey Jewish American actresses American television actresses Living people Marymount Manhattan College alumni People from Marlboro Township , New Jersey American women comedians 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American voice actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 18 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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is the wind coming from or going to
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Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates . For example , a northerly wind blows from the north to the south . Wind direction is usually reported in cardinal directions or in azimuth degrees . Wind direction is measured in degrees clockwise from due north . Consequently , a wind blowing from the north has a wind direction of 0 degrees ; a wind blowing from the east has a wind direction of 90 degrees ; a wind blowing from the south has a wind direction of 180 degrees ; and a wind blowing from the west has a wind direction of 270 degrees . In general , wind directions are measured in units from 0 ° to 360 ° , but can alternatively be expressed from - 180 ° to 180 ° .
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Wind direction
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wind direction
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Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates . For example , a northerly wind blows from the north to the south . Wind direction is usually reported in cardinal directions or in azimuth degrees . Wind direction is measured in degrees clockwise from due north . Consequently , a wind blowing from the north has a wind direction of 0 degrees ; a wind blowing from the east has a wind direction of 90 degrees ; a wind blowing from the south has a wind direction of 180 degrees ; and a wind blowing from the west has a wind direction of 270 degrees . In general , wind directions are measured in units from 0 ° to 360 ° , but can alternatively be expressed from - 180 ° to 180 ° .
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Winds are named for the direction from which they come , followed by the suffix ' - erly ' . For example , winds from the north are called ' northerly winds ' ( north + - erly ) . Measurement techniques ( edit ) A variety of instruments can be used to measure wind direction , such as the windsock and wind vane . Both of these instruments work by moving to minimize air resistance . The way a weather vane is pointed by prevailing winds indicates the direction from which the wind is blowing . The larger opening of a windsock faces the direction that the wind is blowing from ; its tail , with the smaller opening , points in the same direction as the wind is blowing . Modern instruments used to measure wind speed and direction are called anemometers and wind vanes , respectively . These types of instruments are used by the wind energy industry , both for wind resource assessment and turbine control . Wind speed is measured with an anemometer . In situations where modern instruments are not available , an index finger can be used to test the direction of wind . This is accomplished by wetting the finger and pointing it upwards . The side of the finger that feels `` cool '' is ( approximately ) the direction from which the wind is blowing . The `` cool '' sensation is caused by an increased rate of evaporation of the moisture on the finger due to the air flow across the finger , and consequently the `` finger technique '' of measuring wind direction does not work well in either very humid or very hot conditions . The same principle is used to measure the dew point using a sling psychrometer ( a more accurate instrument than the human finger ) . Another primitive technique for measuring wind direction is to take a pinch of grass and drop it ; the direction that the grass falls is the direction the wind is blowing . This last technique is often used by golfers because it allows them to gauge the strength of the wind . See also ( edit ) Yamartino method for calculating the standard deviation of wind direction Apparent wind Weather vane Wind power Air masses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . This climatology / meteorology -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_direction&oldid=855523818 '' Categories : Wind Atmospheric science stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Kurdî Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Русский Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 23 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind%20direction
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when do you have to be born to vote in 2020
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United States presidential election , 2020
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united states presidential election, 2020
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Donald Trump Republican
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The United States presidential election of 2020 , scheduled for Tuesday , November 3 , 2020 , will be the 59th quadrennial U.S. presidential election . Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will either elect a new president and vice president through the electoral college or reelect the incumbents . The series of presidential primary elections and caucuses are likely to be held during the first six months of 2020 . This nominating process is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots selecting a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who then in turn elect their party 's presidential nominee . President Donald Trump of the Republican Party , who was elected in 2016 , is seeking reelection to a second term . The winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20 , 2021 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Procedure 1.2 Demographic trends 1.3 Simultaneous elections 1.4 Advantage of incumbency 2 General election polling 3 Nominations 3.1 Republican Party 3.1. 1 Declared major candidates 3.1. 2 Other declared candidates 3.1. 3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.1. 4 Potential candidates 3.1. 5 Declined to run 3.1. 6 Potential convention sites 3.1. 7 Endorsements 3.1. 8 Primary election polling 3.2 Democratic Party 3.2. 1 Declared major candidates 3.2. 2 Other declared candidates 3.2. 3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.2. 4 Potential candidates 3.2. 5 Declined to run 3.2. 6 Potential convention sites 3.2. 7 Endorsements 3.2. 8 Primary election polling 3.3 Third - party , independent , and unaffiliated candidates 3.3. 1 Libertarian Party 3.3. 1.1 Declared candidates 3.3. 1.2 Potential candidates 3.3. 1.3 Declined to run 3.3. 1.4 Convention Site 3.3. 2 Green Party 3.3. 2.1 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.3. 2.2 Potential candidates 3.3. 2.3 Declined to run 3.3. 3 Constitution Party 3.3. 3.1 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.3. 4 Independent or unaffiliated 3.3. 4.1 Declared candidates 3.3. 4.2 Withdrawn candidates 3.3. 4.3 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest 3.3. 4.4 Potential candidates 3.3. 4.5 Declined to run 4 Maps 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Background Procedure Further information : United States presidential election Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as President of the United States the individual must be a natural - born citizen of the United States , at least 35 years old and a United States resident for at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States , in which case each party develops a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . The primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The nominee then personally chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party 's presidential ticket ( with the exception of the Libertarian Party , which nominates its vice presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the nominee 's preference ) . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors then directly elect the President and Vice President . The Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution states that an individual can not be elected to the presidency more than twice . This prohibits former Presidents Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama from being elected president again . However , former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush ( both nonagenarians ) , having each served a single term as president , are not constitutionally prohibited from being elected to another term in the 2020 election . Demographic trends Further information : Demography of the United States The age group of what will then be people in the 18 to 45 - year - old bracket is expected to represent just under 40 percent of the United States ' eligible voters in 2020 . It is expected that more than 30 percent of eligible American voters will be nonwhite . A bipartisan report indicates that changes in voter demographics since the 2016 election could impact the results of the 2020 election . African Americans , Hispanics , Asians / others , and `` whites with a college degree '' are expected to all increase their percentage of national eligible voters by 2020 , while `` whites without a college degree '' will decrease . This shift is potentially an advantage for the Democratic nominee , however due to geographical differences , this could still lead to President Trump ( or a different Republican nominee ) winning the Electoral College while still losing the popular vote , possibly by an even larger margin than in 2016 . Additionally , Washington , D.C. may lower its voting age from 18 to 16 . Legislation was introduced by City Councilman Charles Allen in April 2018 , with a public hearing expected for June , and a vote by the end of the year . Unlike other cities with a voting age of 16 such as Berkeley , California , this would allow 16 and 17 - year - olds to vote for President of the United States for the first time in 2020 . Allen said that he was inspired by the high school students that participated in the March for Our Lives , which occurred at the capital in March . Simultaneous elections Further information : United States Senate elections , 2020 and United States House of Representatives elections , 2020 The presidential election will occur at the same time as elections to the Senate and the House of Representatives . Several states will also hold state gubernatorial and state legislative elections . Following the election , the United States House will redistribute the seats among the 50 states based on the results of the 2020 United States Census , and the states will conduct a redistricting of Congressional and state legislative districts . In most states , the governor and the state legislature conduct the redistricting ( although some states have redistricting commissions ) , and often a party that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect that also helps other candidates of that party win election . Therefore , the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in the drawing of new Congressional and state legislative districts that would stay in effect until the 2032 elections . Advantage of incumbency An incumbent president seeking reelection usually faces no significant opposition during their respective party 's primaries , especially if they are still popular . For Presidents Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Barack Obama , for example , their respective paths to nomination became uneventful and the races become merely pro forma ; all four then went on to win a second presidential term . Serious challenges are rare , but then generally presage failure to win the general election in the fall . During the 1976 Republican Party primaries , then - former California Governor Reagan carried 23 states while running against incumbent President Gerald Ford ; Ford then went on to lose the presidential election to Jimmy Carter , albeit carrying more states . Senator Ted Kennedy then carried 12 states while running against President Carter during the 1980 Democratic Party primaries ; Reagan then defeated Carter in the fall of 1980 . Pat Buchanan captured a decent percentage of a protest vote against President George H.W. Bush during the 1992 Republican primaries , but only received a handful of delegates ; Bush too subsequently went on to lose in the general election to Clinton . General election polling National polling Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Undecided Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 56 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 42 % 51 % -- 7 % CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 37 % 59 % 2 % 1 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 38 % 53 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 November 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 46 % -- 20 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 56 % -- 6 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 41 % 50 % -- 9 % Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 42 % 51 % -- 7 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 53 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 51 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 54 % -- 7 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 54 % -- 5 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 40 % 54 % -- 6 % Trump vs. Blumenthal Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Richard Blumenthal Undecided Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Trump vs. Booker Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Cory Booker Undecided Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 49 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 42 % 46 % 11 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 50 % 10 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 49 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 47 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 43 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 46 % 15 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 42 % 42 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 42 % 45 % 13 % Trump vs. Clinton Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Hillary Clinton Undecided Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 42 % 47 % 11 % Trump vs. Cuban Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Cuban Undecided Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 43 % 36 % 22 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 42 % 20 % Public Policy Polling 941 February 21 -- 22 , 2017 ± 3.2 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Trump vs. Delaney Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump John Delaney Undecided Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 38 % 24 % Trump vs. Franken Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Al Franken Undecided Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 38 % 46 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 43 % 43 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 41 % 46 % 13 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Undecided Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 42 % 18 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 42 % 15 % YouGov 865 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 41 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 47 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 48 % 14 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 42 % 18 % Trump vs. Harris Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kamala Harris Undecided Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 43 % 18 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 43 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 41 % 42 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 46 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 39 % 45 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 39 % 39 % 22 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 38 % 41 % 21 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 42 % 18 % Trump vs. Johnson Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Dwayne Johnson Undecided Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 37 % 42 % 21 % Trump vs. Kennedy Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Kennedy III Undecided Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 43 % 46 % 12 % Trump vs. Obama Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michelle Obama Undecided Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 42 % 49 % 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 44 % 47 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 41 % 51 % 9 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Other Undecided Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 55 % -- 6 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 44 % 48 % -- 8 % CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 39 % 58 % 3 % 1 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 52 % -- 10 % YouGov 856 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 48 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 53 % -- 6 % Politico / Morning Consult 2,586 November 16 -- 19 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 36 % 42 % -- 22 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 38 % 53 % -- 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 40 % 51 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 51 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 38 % 51 % -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 41 % 51 % -- 8 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 41 % 50 % -- 8 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 41 % 52 % -- 7 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Public Policy Polling 846 March 23 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 51 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 687 February 9 -- 11 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 44 % 44 % 12 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 50 % 10 % Public Policy Polling ( for a Warren - aligned PAC ) 620 January 9 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.9 % 43 % 49 % 8 % Public Policy Polling 862 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 42 % 51 % 7 % Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 40 % 50 % 9 % Zogby Analytics 1,514 October 19 -- 25 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 43 % 45 % 13 % Emerson College 820 October 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 44 % 44 % 12 % Democracy Corps / Greenberg Research 1,000 September 30 -- October 6 , 2017 -- 42 % 54 % 4 % Public Policy Polling 865 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 41 % 47 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 887 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 ± 3.3 % 40 % 45 % 15 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 37 % 46 % 17 % Public Policy Polling 692 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 42 % 49 % 9 % Public Policy Polling 692 June 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 43 % 46 % 11 % Public Policy Polling 692 May 12 -- 14 , 2017 ± 3.7 % 39 % 49 % 12 % Public Policy Polling 648 April 17 -- 18 , 2017 ± 3.9 % 42 % 46 % 13 % Public Policy Polling 677 March 27 -- 28 , 2017 ± 3.8 % 43 % 48 % 9 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,791 February 9 -- 10 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 42 % 36 % 22 % Trump vs. Wilson Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Frederica Wilson Undecided Public Policy Polling 572 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 4.1 % 39 % 42 % 19 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided CNN / SSRS 1,005 January 14 -- 18 , 2018 ± 3.7 % 39 % 54 % 6 % 2 % Quinnipiac University 1,212 January 12 -- 16 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 39 % 52 % -- 9 % Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 46 % 54 % -- 0 % Public Policy Polling ( for a Warren - aligned PAC ) 620 January 9 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.9 % 43 % 44 % -- 13 % NPR / PBS NewsHour / Marist 1,092 January 8 -- 10 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 39 % 50 % -- 11 % YouGov 856 January 9 , 2018 -- 43 % 47 % -- 10 % Rasmussen Reports 1,000 January 8 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 38 % 48 % -- 14 % Zogby Analytics 1,531 March 27 -- 29 , 2017 ± 2.5 % 36 % 46 % -- 18 % Public Policy Polling 808 March 10 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 40 % 47 % -- 12 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Undecided Zogby Analytics 847 January 12 -- 15 , 2018 ± 3.4 % 40 % 41 % 19 % Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 40 % 43 % 16 % Public Policy Polling 836 July 14 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 40 % 40 % 20 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg vs. Scarborough Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Joe Scarborough Undecided Zogby Analytics 1,300 August 4 -- 7 , 2017 -- 36 % 34 % 18 % 12 % Trump vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Democratic candidate Other Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 May 17 -- 19 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 36 % 44 % -- 20 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 March 1 -- 5 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 36 % 44 % -- 19 % NBC News / Wall Street Journal 900 December 13 -- 15 , 2017 ± 3.6 % 36 % 52 % 3 % 9 % Politico / Morning Consult 2,586 November 16 -- 19 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 44 % -- 21 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 November 9 -- 11 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 34 % 48 % -- 18 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 October 26 -- 30 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 36 % 46 % -- 18 % Opinion Savvy 763 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 41 % 52 % -- 8 % Gravis Marketing 1,917 July 21 -- 31 , 2017 ± 2.2 % 39 % 48 % -- 13 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,791 February 9 -- 10 , 2017 ± 2.0 % 35 % 43 % -- 23 % Pence vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Mike Pence Democratic candidate Undecided Opinion Savvy 762 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 40 % 52 % 8 % Generic Republican vs. generic Democrat Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Republican candidate Democratic candidate Undecided Politico / Morning Consult 1,990 May 17 -- 19 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 27 % 40 % 33 % Politico / Morning Consult 1,993 March 1 -- 5 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 42 % 31 % Statewide polling California Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 33 % 56 % 11 % Trump vs. Booker Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Cory Booker Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 39 % 26 % Trump vs. J. Brown Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Jerry Brown Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 54 % 11 % Trump vs. S. Brown Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Sherrod Brown Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 36 % 29 % Trump vs. Garcetti Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Garcetti Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 49 % 17 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 46 % 21 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 33 % 47 % 19 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 46 % 22 % Trump vs. Hanks Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Tom Hanks Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 51 % 15 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 31 % 56 % 14 % Trump vs. Harris Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kamala Harris Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 54 % 12 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 33 % 53 % 13 % Trump vs. Holder Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Eric Holder Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 38 % 26 % Trump vs. Landrieu Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mitch Landrieu Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 36 % 29 % Trump vs. Obama Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Michelle Obama Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 36 % 57 % 8 % Trump vs. Patrick Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Deval Patrick Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 34 % 34 % 32 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 53 % 14 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 35 % 52 % 13 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 32 % 56 % 12 % Trump vs. Zuckerberg Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Zuckerberg Undecided SurveyUSA 882 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 3.8 % 36 % 42 % 22 % SurveyUSA 909 January 7 -- 9 , 2018 ± 3.3 % 31 % 50 % 19 % Florida Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 828 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 39 % 48 % 14 % Indiana Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 603 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 45 % 39 % 17 % Kentucky Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 402 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 47 % 41 % 13 % Michigan Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided Epic - MRA 600 April 28 -- 30 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 39 % 52 % 9 % Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 35 % 52 % 13 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Undecided Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 36 % 54 % 10 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics -- September 2017 -- 37 % 46 % 17 % Zogby Analytics 803 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 35 % 51 % 14 % Missouri Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 604 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 40 % 46 % 14 % Montana Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 403 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 45 % 39 % 17 % New Hampshire Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 39 % 53 % 8 % Trump vs. Sanders Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Bernie Sanders Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 49 % 45 % 5 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 50 % 42 % 9 % Kasich vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Joe Biden Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 45 % 46 % 8 % Kasich vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Elizabeth Warren Undecided American Research Group 1,365 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 52 % 37 % 11 % North Carolina Trump vs. Biden Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Joe Biden Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 45 % 46 % 8 % 1 % Trump vs. Cooper Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Roy Cooper Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 45 % 43 % 11 % 1 % Trump vs. Gillibrand Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Kirsten Gillibrand Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 46 % 36 % 18 % 1 % Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 48 % 40 % 12 % 1 % Trump vs. Winfrey Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided Meredith College 618 January 21 -- 25 , 2018 ± 4.0 % 48 % 38 % 12 % 2 % North Dakota Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 403 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 47 % 36 % 17 % Ohio Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 805 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.5 % 40 % 44 % 16 % Pennsylvania Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 813 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 3.4 % 38 % 46 % 16 % Texas Trump vs. Cuban Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Mark Cuban Undecided Public Policy Polling -- December 28 , 2017 -- 44 % 47 % 9 % West Virginia Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 401 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.9 % 43 % 40 % 17 % Wisconsin Trump vs. Warren Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Donald Trump Elizabeth Warren Undecided Zogby Analytics 603 August 17 -- 23 , 2017 ± 4.0 % 37 % 48 % 15 % Nominations Republican party Further information : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2020 Donald Trump is eligible to run for reelection and intends to do so . His reelection campaign has been ongoing since his victory in 2016 , leading pundits to describe his tactic of holding rallies continuously throughout his presidency as a `` never - ending campaign '' . On January 20 , 2017 at 5 : 11 PM , he submitted a letter as a substitute of FEC Form 2 , for which he had reached the legal threshold for filing , in compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act . Beginning in August 2017 , reports arose that members of the Republican Party were preparing a `` shadow campaign '' against Trump , particularly from the moderate or establishment wings of the party . A poor showing for the GOP in the 2018 midterm elections may lead to an influx of ambitious politicians vying to reclaim the nomination from Trump , as Arizona Senator John McCain has said that `` ( Republicans ) see weakness in this president . '' Maine Senator Susan Collins , Kentucky Senator Rand Paul , and former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie have all expressed doubts that Trump will be the 2020 nominee , with Collins stating `` it 's too difficult to say . '' Meanwhile , Senator Jeff Flake has claimed that Trump is `` inviting '' a primary challenger by the way he is governing . Declared major candidates The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a minimum of five independent national polls . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Donald Trump 000000001946 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1946 ( age 7004262830000000000 ♠ 71 ) New York City , New York President of the United States since 2017 Candidate for President in 2000 New York August 19 , 2016 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Other declared candidates Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Jack Fellure 000000001931 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1931 ( age 7004316510000000000 ♠ 86 ) Midkiff , West Virginia Retired engineer Prohibition nominee for President in 2012 Candidate for President in 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2016 West Virginia November 9 , 2016 FEC Filing Jonathon Sharkey 000000001964 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1964 ( age 7004197810000000000 ♠ 54 ) Elizabeth , New Jersey Professional wrestler Candidate for President in 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 Candidate for Governor of Minnesota in 2006 Candidate for U.S. Representative from Florida in 2002 Candidate for U.S. Senate from Indiana in 2000 Candidate for U.S. Representative from New Jersey in 2000 Florida August 17 , 2011 FEC Filing Brad Thor 000000001969 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1969 ( age 7004178140000000000 ♠ 48 ) Chicago , Illinois Thriller novelist Tennessee April 21 , 2018 Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Don Blankenship , former business executive and convicted criminal ; candidate for U.S. Senate from West Virginia in 2018 Don Blankenship from West Virginia Potential candidates Steve Bannon , Senior Counselor to the President in 2017 Bob Corker , U.S. Senator from Tennessee since 2007 Ann Coulter , conservative social and political commentator , writer , syndicated columnist , and lawyer from Florida Carly Fiorina , businesswoman ; candidate for President in 2016 ; candidate for Vice President in 2016 ; Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from California in 2010 Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 Trey Gowdy , U.S. Representative from South Carolina since 2011 Eric Greitens , Governor of Missouri since 2017 John Kasich , Governor of Ohio since 2011 ; U.S. Representative 1983 -- 2001 ; candidate for President in 2000 and in 2016 Bill Kristol , Chief of Staff to the Vice President 1989 -- 1993 Colin Powell , U.S. Secretary of State 2001 -- 2005 Ben Sasse , U.S. Senator from Nebraska since 2015 Former Senior Counselor to the President Steve Bannon from Virginia U.S. Senator Bob Corker from Tennessee Ann Coulter from Florida Carly Fiorina from Virginia U.S. Senator Jeff Flake from Arizona U.S. Representative Trey Gowdy from South Carolina Governor Eric Greitens of Missouri Governor John Kasich of Ohio Former Chief of Staff to the Vice President Bill Kristol from Virginia Former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell from New York U.S. Senator Ben Sasse from Nebraska Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Chris Christie , Governor of New Jersey 2010 -- 2018 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Tom Cotton , U.S. Senator from Arkansas since 2015 ; U.S. Representative 2013 -- 2015 Ted Cruz , U.S. Senator from Texas since 2013 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas Nikki Haley , U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations since 2017 ; Governor of South Carolina 2011 -- 2017 Rand Paul , U.S. Senator from Kentucky since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 Mike Pence , Vice President of the United States since 2017 ; Governor of Indiana 2013 -- 2017 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Austin Petersen , producer , writer , political activist , and commentator ; candidate for U.S. Senate from Missouri in 2018 ; candidate for President in 2016 Mitt Romney , Governor of Massachusetts 2003 -- 2007 ; candidate for U.S. Senate from Utah in 2018 and Republican nominee from Massachusetts in 1994 ; candidate for President in 2008 and Republican nominee in 2012 Marco Rubio , U.S. Senator from Florida since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 Paul Ryan , Speaker of the House since 2015 ; U.S. Representative from Wisconsin since 1999 ; Republican nominee for Vice President in 2012 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Scott Walker , Governor of Wisconsin since 2011 ; candidate for President in 2016 ( endorsed Donald Trump ) Meg Whitman , business executive , political activist , and philanthropist ; Republican nominee for Governor of California in 2010 Oprah Winfrey , media proprietor , talk show host , actress , producer , and philanthropist from California Potential convention sites Bids for the National Convention were solicited in the fall of 2017 , with finalists being announced early the following spring . The winning bid will be revealed in the summer of 2018 . Dallas , Texas Charlotte , North Carolina Las Vegas , Nevada San Antonio , Texas Endorsements Donald Trump Main article : List of Donald Trump presidential campaign endorsements , 2020 show Brad Thor Local officials Erick Erickson , Macon , Georgia City Council member 2007 -- 2011 show Declined to endorse U.S. Executive Branch officials Bill Kristol , Chief of Staff to the Vice President 1989 -- 1993 U.S. Senators John Kennedy , U.S. Senator from Louisiana 2017 -- present Susan Collins , U.S. Senator from Maine 1997 -- present Rob Portman , U.S. Senator from Ohio 2011 -- present ; OMB Director 2006 -- 2007 ; U.S. Trade Representative 2005 -- 2006 ; U.S. Representative from OH - 2 1993 -- 2005 John Thune , U.S. Senator from South Dakota 2005 -- present ; U.S. Representative from SD - At large 1997 -- 2003 Bob Corker , U.S. Senator from Tennessee 2007 -- present Lamar Alexander , U.S. Senator from Tennessee 2003 -- present ; U.S. Secretary of Education 1991 -- 1993 ; Governor 1979 -- 1987 ; candidate for President in 1996 and 2000 John Cornyn , U.S. Senator from Texas 2002 -- present Ron Johnson , U.S. Senator from Wisconsin 2011 -- present U.S. Representatives Mario Díaz - Balart , U.S. Representative from FL - 25 2003 -- present Adam Kinzinger , U.S. Representative from IL - 16 2011 -- present Bill Huizenga , U.S. Representative from MI - 2 2011 -- present Charlie Dent , U.S. Representative from PA - 15 2005 -- present Mark Sanford , U.S. Representative from SC - 1 1995 -- 2001 and 2013 -- present ; Governor 2003 -- 2011 Governors Mitt Romney , Governor of Massachusetts 2003 -- 2007 ; candidate for U.S. Senate from Utah in 2018 and Republican nominee from Massachusetts in 1994 ; candidate for President in 2008 and Republican nominee in 2012 Primary election polling National polling Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Tom Cotton Ted Cruz Jeff Flake Trey Gowdy Nikki Haley John Kasich Mike Pence Colin Powell Mitt Romney Marco Rubio Paul Ryan Ben Sasse Donald Trump Oprah Winfrey Other Undecided CNN / SRSS 458 March 22 -- 25 , 2018 ± 5.4 % -- 1 % -- 1 % -- 0 % 1 % 0 % 1 % -- 1 % -- 75 % 1 % 7 % 11 % USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times 1,313 December 15 , 2017 -- January 15 , 2018 ± 2.0 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 75 % -- 25 % -- Emerson College 198 January 8 -- 11 , 2018 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- 18 % 14 % Greenberg Quinlan Rosner / Democracy Corps 370 January 8 -- 11 , 2018 -- -- 4 % 1 % -- 4 % 3 % 11 % -- 5 % 5 % -- -- 62 % -- 0 % 5 % Public Policy Polling 284 December 11 -- 12 , 2017 ± 3.3 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 % -- 24 % 6 % -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 64 % -- -- 15 % -- -- 16 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 74 % -- -- 10 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 % -- -- -- -- -- 62 % -- -- 15 % -- -- -- -- -- 19 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 % -- -- 11 % Public Religion Research Institute 846 October 18 -- 30 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 59 % -- 34 % 7 % Public Policy Polling 183 October 27 -- 29 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 % -- 36 % 8 % -- 27 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 % -- -- 16 % -- -- 14 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 % -- -- 16 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 28 % -- -- -- -- -- 53 % -- -- 19 % -- -- -- -- -- 24 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 66 % -- -- 11 % Public Policy Polling 268 September 22 -- 25 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 61 % -- 27 % 12 % -- 15 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- 59 % -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- 18 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 13 % Fabrizio , Lee & Associates ( Trump - aligned ) 1,500 August 2017 ± 2.5 % 1 % 14 % -- -- -- 10 % -- -- -- -- -- 1 % 50 % -- -- 24 % Public Policy Polling 275 August 18 -- 21 , 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 57 % -- 29 % 13 % -- 22 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 62 % -- -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 % -- -- -- -- -- 52 % -- -- 23 % -- -- -- -- -- 21 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 11 % Opinion Savvy 221 August 16 -- 17 , 2017 ± 6.6 % -- 12 % -- -- -- 15 % 65 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 % 220 -- -- 8 % -- -- 17 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 68 % -- -- 7 % Marist Poll 361 August 8 -- 12 , 2017 ± 5.2 % -- -- -- -- -- 23 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 64 % -- 3 % 10 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 33 % -- -- -- -- -- 56 % -- 3 % 8 % Statewide polling New Hampshire Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Tom Cotton Ted Cruz Jeff Flake John Kasich Mike Pence Mitt Romney Marco Rubio Donald Trump Other Undecided Suffolk University 315 April 26 -- 30 , 2018 -- -- -- -- 23 % -- -- -- 68 % -- 8 % -- -- 15 % -- -- -- -- 72 % -- 13 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 % 66 % -- 11 % -- -- -- -- -- 28 % -- 63 % -- 9 % University of New Hampshire 208 April 13 -- 22 , 2018 ± 6.8 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 55 % 19 % 27 % -- -- -- 19 % -- -- -- 67 % 0 % 14 % American Research Group 420 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 5.0 % -- -- 33 % -- -- -- -- 49 % -- 18 % -- -- -- 42 % -- -- -- 48 % -- 9 % -- -- 4 % 34 % -- -- -- 51 % -- 11 % 5 % 7 % 11 % 36 % -- -- -- -- -- 41 % University of New Hampshire 157 January 28 -- February 10 , 2018 ± 7.8 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 60 % 18 % 23 % University of New Hampshire 191 October 3 -- 15 , 2017 ± 7.1 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 47 % 23 % 30 % American Research Group 600 August 4 -- 6 , 2017 ± 4.0 % -- -- -- 52 % -- -- -- 40 % -- 8 % -- -- -- 41 % 27 % -- -- -- -- 32 % Ohio Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error John Kasich Donald Trump Undecided Baldwin Wallace University 261 February 28 -- March 9 , 2018 ± 6.0 % 27 % 62 % 11 % Democratic party Further information : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2020 After Hillary Clinton 's loss in the previous election , the Democratic Party was seen largely as leaderless and fractured between the centrist Clinton wing and the more progressive Sanders wing of the party , echoing the rift brought up in the 2016 primary election . This establishment / progressive divide was reflected in several elections leading up to the 2020 primaries . In 2017 with the elections for DNC Chair ( between Tom Perez and Sanders - backed progressive Keith Ellison ) and Governor of Virginia ( between Clinton - backed Ralph Northam and Sanders - backed Tom Perriello ) . Perez was elected Chairman , but Ellison was appointed as the Deputy Chair , a largely ceremonial role . Northam also went on to win the primary and general elections in Virginia . In 2018 , several U.S. House districts that Democrats are hoping to gain from the Republican majority had contentious primary elections , notably IL - 3 and TX - 7 . In Illinois , the incumbent Congressman Dan Lipinski was heavily criticized for being a conservative and pro-life Democrat , he narrowly defeated his Sanders - backed progressive challenger Marie Newman 51.1 % to 48.9 % . In Texas , Lizzie Fletcher and Laura Moser are divided by their methods to flip the district in the fall . Moser advocates more progressive policies such as single - payer healthcare and the impeachment of Donald Trump , while Fletcher wants to appeal to Republican - leaning voters that may want to cross over . The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee published research on Moser , describing her as a carpetbagger . Neither candidate reached a 50 % threshold during the primaries , so the pair advanced to a runoff that is yet to be determined . These clashes were described by Politico 's Elena Schneider as a `` Democratic civil war . '' Meanwhile there has been a general shift to the left in regards to college tuition , healthcare , and immigration among Democrats in the Senate , likely to build up credentials for the upcoming primary election . Perez has commented that the 2020 primary field will likely go into double - digits , rivaling the size of the 2016 GOP primary , which consisted of 17 major candidates . Speculation also mounted that Democrats ' best bet to defeat President Trump would be to nominate their own celebrity or businessperson with no government experience , most notably Oprah Winfrey after her memorable speech at the 75th Golden Globe Awards . The topic of age has been brought up among the most likely front - runners : former Vice President Joe Biden , Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren , and senator Sanders ; who will be 78 , 71 , and 79 respectively on inauguration day . Former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid described the trio as `` an old folks ' home '' , expressing a need for fresh faces to step up and lead the party . Declared major candidates The candidates in this section have held public office or been included in a minimum of five independent national polls . Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref John Delaney 000000001963 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1963 ( age 7004201330000000000 ♠ 55 ) Wood - Ridge , New Jersey U.S. Representative from Maryland since 2013 Maryland July 28 , 2017 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Other declared candidates Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Jeff Boss 000000001963 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1963 ( age 7004200990000000000 ♠ 55 ) New Jersey Conspiracy theorist Candidate for U.S. Representative from New York in 2018 Candidate for Mayor of New York City in 2013 and 2017 Candidate for Governor of New Jersey in 2009 , 2013 , and 2017 Candidate for President in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 Candidate for U.S. Representative in 2010 and 2016 Candidate for U.S. Senate in 2008 and 2014 New York August 5 , 2017 ( Website ) Harry Braun 000000001948 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1948 ( age 7004254070000000000 ♠ 69 ) Compton , California Renewable energy consultant and researcher Democratic nominee for U.S. Representative from Arizona in 1984 and 1986 Candidate for U.S. Representative from Georgia in 2018 Candidate for President in 2004 , 2012 , and 2016 Georgia December 7 , 2017 FEC Filing Rocky De La Fuente 000000001954 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1954 ( age 7004232430000000000 ♠ 63 ) San Diego , California Businessman and political activist American Delta and Reform nominee for President in 2016 Candidate for U.S. Senate from California , Florida , and Wyoming in 2018 Candidate for Mayor of New York City , New York in 2017 Candidate for U.S. Senate from Florida in 2016 Florida January 9 , 2017 Geoffrey Fieger 000000001950 - 12 - 23 - 0000 December 23 , 1950 ( age 7004246300000000000 ♠ 67 ) Detroit , Michigan Attorney Democratic nominee for Governor of Michigan in 1998 Michigan January 13 , 2017 Robby Wells 000000001968 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 1968 ( age 7004183120000000000 ♠ 50 ) Bartow , Georgia Former college football coach Candidate for President in 2012 and 2016 North Carolina May 24 , 2017 ( Website ) Andrew Yang 000000001975 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1975 ( age 7004158430000000000 ♠ 43 ) Schenectady , New York Entrepreneur New York November 6 , 2017 ( Website ) FEC Filing Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Joe Biden , Vice President of the United States 2009 -- 2017 ; U.S. Senator from Delaware 1973 -- 2009 ; candidate for President in 1988 and in 2008 Pete Buttigieg , Mayor of South Bend , Indiana since 2012 Julian Castro , U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 2014 -- 2017 ; Mayor of San Antonio , Texas 2009 -- 2014 Eric Garcetti , Mayor of Los Angeles , California since 2013 Eric Holder , U.S. Attorney General 2009 -- 2015 ; Acting U.S. Attorney General in 2001 Jason Kander , Secretary of State of Missouri 2013 -- 2017 ; Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 2016 John Kerry , U.S. Secretary of State 2013 -- 2017 ; U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 1985 -- 2013 ; Democratic nominee for President in 2004 Terry McAuliffe , Governor of Virginia 2014 -- 2018 Deval Patrick , Governor of Massachusetts 2007 -- 2015 Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Tom Steyer , billionaire hedge fund manager , philanthropist , environmentalist , progressive activist , and fundraiser from California Former Vice President Joe Biden from Delaware Mayor Pete Buttigieg from Indiana Former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Julian Castro from Texas Mayor Eric Garcetti from California Former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder from Washington , D.C. Former Secretary of State Jason Kander of Missouri Former U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry from Massachusetts Former Governor Terry McAuliffe of Virginia Former Governor Deval Patrick of Massachusetts U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders from Vermont Tom Steyer from California Potential candidates Richard Blumenthal , U.S. Senator from Connecticut since 2011 Cory Booker , U.S. Senator from New Jersey since 2013 ; Mayor of Newark 2006 -- 2013 Steve Bullock , Governor of Montana since 2013 Lincoln Chafee , Governor of Rhode Island 2011 -- 2015 ; U.S. Senator 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Roy Cooper , Governor of North Carolina since 2017 John Bel Edwards , Governor of Louisiana since 2016 Tulsi Gabbard , U.S. Representative from Hawaii since 2013 Kamala Harris , U.S. Senator from California since 2017 John Hickenlooper , Governor of Colorado since 2011 ; Mayor of Denver 2003 -- 2011 Bob Iger , businessman from California Caroline Kennedy , U.S. Ambassador to Japan 2013 -- 2017 Amy Klobuchar , U.S. Senator from Minnesota since 2007 Jeff Merkley , U.S. Senator from Oregon since 2009 Martin O'Malley , Governor of Maryland 2007 -- 2015 ; Mayor of Baltimore 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Tim Ryan , U.S. Representative from Ohio since 2003 Adam Schiff , U.S. Representative from California since 2001 Nina Turner , Ohio State Senator 2008 -- 2014 Antonio Villaraigosa , Mayor of Los Angeles , California 2005 -- 2013 ; candidate for Governor of California in 2018 Mark Warner , U.S. Senator from Virginia since 2009 ; Governor 2002 -- 2006 Frederica Wilson , U.S. Representative from Florida since 2011 U.S. Senator Richard Blumenthal from Connecticut U.S. Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey Governor Steve Bullock of Montana Former Governor Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island Governor Roy Cooper of North Carolina Governor John Bel Edwards of Louisiana U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard from Hawaii U.S. Senator Kamala Harris from California Governor John Hickenlooper of Colorado Bob Iger from California Former U.S. Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy from New York U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar from Minnesota U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley from Oregon Former Governor Martin O'Malley of Maryland U.S. Representative Tim Ryan from Ohio U.S. Representative Adam Schiff from California Former State Senator Nina Turner from Ohio Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa from California U.S. Senator Mark Warner from Virginia U.S. Representative Frederica Wilson from Florida Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Jerry Brown , Governor of California since 2011 and 1975 -- 1983 ; Mayor of Oakland 1999 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 1976 , 1980 , and 1992 Sherrod Brown , U.S. Senator from Ohio since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1993 -- 2007 Chelsea Clinton , First Daughter of the United States 1993 -- 2001 Hillary Clinton , U.S. Secretary of State 2009 -- 2013 ; U.S. Senator from New York 2001 -- 2009 ; candidate for President in 2008 and Democratic nominee in 2016 George Clooney , actor , director , producer , screenwriter , activist , businessman , and philanthropist from Kentucky Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas Andrew Cuomo , Governor of New York since 2011 ; U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1997 -- 2001 Bill de Blasio , Mayor of New York City , New York since 2014 Jamie Dimon , business executive from Illinois Al Franken , U.S. Senator from Minnesota 2009 -- 2018 Kirsten Gillibrand , U.S. Senator from New York since 2009 ; U.S. Representative 2007 -- 2009 Al Gore , Vice President of the United States 1993 -- 2001 ; U.S. Senator from Tennessee 1985 -- 1993 ; U.S. Representative 1977 -- 1985 ; candidate for President in 1988 and Democratic nominee in 2000 Luis Gutiérrez , U.S. Representative from Illinois since 1993 Jay Inslee , Governor of Washington since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 1993 -- 1995 and 1999 -- 2012 Dwayne Johnson , actor , producer , and semi-retired professional wrestler from Florida Tim Kaine , U.S. Senator from Virginia since 2013 ; Governor 2006 -- 2010 ; Mayor of Richmond 1998 -- 2001 ; Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2016 Joe Kennedy III , U.S. Representative from Massachusetts since 2013 Mitch Landrieu , Mayor of New Orleans , Louisiana since 2010 Seth Moulton , U.S. Representative from Massachusetts since 2015 Chris Murphy , U.S. Senator from Connecticut since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2007 -- 2013 Gavin Newsom , Lieutenant Governor of California since 2011 ; Mayor of San Francisco 2004 -- 2011 ; candidate for Governor in 2018 Michelle Obama , First Lady of the United States 2009 -- 2017 Sheryl Sandberg , technology executive , activist , and author from California Joe Scarborough , U.S. Representative from Florida 1995 -- 2001 Howard Schultz , businessman from New York Elizabeth Warren , U.S. Senator from Massachusetts since 2013 Maxine Waters , U.S. Representative from California since 1991 Meg Whitman , business executive , political activist , and philanthropist ; Republican nominee for Governor of California in 2010 Oprah Winfrey , media proprietor , talk show host , actress , producer , and philanthropist from California Mark Zuckerberg , computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur from California Potential convention sites Bids for the National Convention were solicited in the fall of 2017 , with finalists being announced in May 2018 . The winning bid will be revealed in the summer of 2018 . Atlanta , Georgia Birmingham , Alabama Denver , Colorado Houston , Texas Miami Beach , Florida Milwaukee , Wisconsin New York City , New York San Francisco , California Endorsements show John Delaney U.S. Executive Branch officials Jeffrey Zients , Acting Director of the OMB in 2010 and 2012 -- 2013 Victoria Clarke , Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs 2001 -- 2003 ( Republican ) U.S. Representatives Richard L. Hanna , U.S. Representative from NY - 22 2011 -- 2017 ( Republican ) Tom McMillen , U.S. Representative from MD - 4 1987 -- 1993 Individuals Jean Case , philanthropist , investor , and technology industry pioneer Steve Case , entrepreneur , investor , and businessman ( Independent ) John J. Fisher , businessman ( Republican ) Stephen Mandel , investor , hedge fund manager , and philanthropist Donald Sussman , financier and philanthropist Paul Tagliabue , Commissioner of the NFL 1989 -- 2006 David Trone , businessman , candidate for MD - 8 in 2016 and MD - 6 in 2018 show Andrew Yang Individuals Antonio García Martínez , New York Times Best Selling author , tech entrepreneur Tony Hsieh , internet entrepreneur and venture capitalist Daniel Porter , internet entrepreneur David S. Rose , serial entrepreneur and angel investor Primary election polling National polling Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Joe Biden Cory Booker Sherrod Brown Julian Castro Hillary Clinton Andrew Cuomo Al Franken Kirsten Gillibrand Kamala Harris Jason Kander Joe Kennedy III Amy Klobuchar Terry McAuliffe Michelle Obama Tim Ryan Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren Oprah Winfrey Mark Zuckerberg Other Undecided Rasmussen Reports 1,000 February 27 -- 28 , 2018 ± 3.0 % 25 % 4 % -- -- 9 % -- -- -- 4 % -- -- -- 2 % -- -- 12 % 4 % -- -- 25 % 17 % Civis Analytics -- January 19 , 2018 -- 29 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 27 % -- 17 % -- 27 % -- Harvard CAPS / Harris 441 January 13 -- 16 , 2018 -- 27 % 4 % -- -- 13 % 2 % -- 1 % 4 % -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 % 10 % 13 % -- -- 10 % USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times 1,699 December 15 , 2017 -- January 15 , 2018 ± 2.0 % 28 % 3 % -- -- 19 % -- -- 2 % 5 % -- 4 % 1 % -- -- 1 % 22 % 11 % -- -- 4 % -- RABA Research 345 January 10 -- 11 , 2018 ± 5.0 % 26 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21 % 18 % 20 % -- -- 15 % Emerson College 216 January 8 -- 11 , 2018 -- 27 % 3 % -- -- -- -- -- 3 % 2 % 4 % -- 2 % -- -- -- 23 % 9 % -- -- 9 % 19 % Greenberg Quinlan Rosner / Democracy Corps 440 January 6 -- 11 , 2018 -- 26 % 6 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 29 % 14 % 8 % -- 12 % 6 % Zogby Analytics 682 October 30 , 2017 -- 19 % -- -- -- -- 2 % -- 1 % 3 % -- -- 1 % 2 % 22 % -- 18 % 8 % -- 4 % -- 20 % Zogby Analytics 356 September 12 , 2017 -- 17 % -- -- -- -- 3 % -- 3 % 6 % -- -- 1 % 1 % -- -- 28 % 12 % -- 7 % -- 23 % Rasmussen Reports 1,000 February 8 -- 9 , 2017 ± 3.0 % 15 % 8 % -- -- 17 % -- 6 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 20 % 16 % -- -- 20 % -- Public Policy Polling 400 December 6 -- 7 , 2016 ± 4.9 % 31 % 4 % 2 % 0 % -- 2 % 3 % 3 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 % 16 % -- -- -- 14 % Statewide polling Iowa Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Cory Booker Julian Castro Andrew Cuomo Kirsten Gillibrand Kamala Harris Amy Klobuchar Martin O'Malley Sheryl Sandberg Howard Schultz Undecided Public Policy Polling ( for an O'Malley - aligned PAC ) 1,062 March 3 -- 6 , 2017 -- 17 % 4 % 8 % 3 % 3 % 11 % 18 % 4 % 1 % 32 % New Hampshire Poll source Sample size Date ( s ) Margin of error Joe Biden Cory Booker John Delaney Kirsten Gillibrand Kamala Harris John Hickenlooper Joe Kennedy III Amy Klobuchar Terry McAuliffe Martin O'Malley Deval Patrick Tim Ryan Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren Mark Zuckerberg Other Undecided Suffolk University 295 April 26 -- 30 , 2018 -- 30 % 10 % -- 3 % 6 % -- -- -- 2 % -- 8 % -- 25 % -- -- 1 % 15 % 20 % 8 % -- 2 % 4 % -- -- -- 2 % -- 4 % -- 13 % 26 % -- -- 21 % University of New Hampshire 188 April 13 -- 22 , 2018 ± 7.1 % 26 % 5 % -- 1 % 6 % 1 % 3 % 1 % -- 2 % -- 0 % 28 % 11 % -- 2 % 13 % American Research Group 400 March 21 -- 27 , 2018 ± 5.0 % 58 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 33 % -- -- 8 % 47 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 45 % -- -- -- 7 % University of New Hampshire 219 January 28 -- February 10 , 2018 ± 6.6 % 35 % 3 % 0 % 2 % 1 % -- -- 0 % -- 1 % -- -- 24 % 15 % -- 4 % 15 % University of New Hampshire 212 October 3 -- 15 , 2017 ± 6.7 % 24 % 6 % 0 % 1 % 1 % 2 % -- 1 % -- 3 % -- 1 % 31 % 13 % 2 % 5 % 11 % Third - party , independent , and unaffiliated candidates Libertarian party Further information : Libertarian Party presidential primaries , 2020 Declared candidates Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Zoltan Istvan 000000001973 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1973 ( age 7004164970000000000 ♠ 45 ) Los Angeles , California Transhumanist , journalist , entrepreneur , and Libertarian futurist Transhumanist nominee for President in 2016 Candidate for Governor of California in 2018 California November 25 , 2017 ( Website ) Adam Kokesh 000000001982 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1982 ( age 7004132670000000000 ♠ 36 ) San Francisco , California Libertarian and anti-war political activist Candidate for U.S. Representative from New Mexico in 2010 Arizona July 18 , 2013 ( Campaign Website ) FEC Filing Potential candidates Bill Weld , Governor of Massachusetts 1991 -- 1997 ; Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in 1996 ; Libertarian nominee for Vice President in 2016 Former Governor Bill Weld of Massachusetts Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Gary Johnson , Governor of New Mexico 1995 -- 2003 ; Libertarian nominee for President in 2012 and in 2016 Austin Petersen , producer , writer , political activist , and commentator ; candidate for U.S. Senate from Missouri in 2018 ; candidate for President in 2016 Convention site On December 10 , 2017 , the Libertarian National Committee chose Austin , Texas as the site of their 2020 national convention . The convention will be held between May 22 -- 25 , 2020 . Green party Further information : Green Party of the United States Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Jesse Ventura , Governor of Minnesota 1999 -- 2003 Former Governor Jesse Ventura of Minnesota Potential candidates Jill Stein , Green nominee for President in 2012 and 2016 ; Green - Rainbow nominee for Governor of Massachusetts in 2002 and 2010 Jill Stein from Massachusetts Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Constitution party Further information : Constitution Party ( United States ) Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Don Blankenship , former business executive and convicted criminal ; candidate for U.S. Senate from West Virginia in 2018 Don Blankenship from West Virginia Independent or unaffiliated Beginning in August 2017 , rumors emerged about a possible independent `` unity ticket '' between governors John Kasich ( Republican of Ohio ) , and John Hickenlooper ( Democrat of Colorado ) based on their cooperation on healthcare . Playfully given the nicknames `` Kasichlooper '' and `` The Johns , '' the idea of a joint ticket was shot down by both governors . Hickenlooper commenting `` it 's fun to talk about , but it 's not in the cards . '' With Kasich quipping `` Look , Kasich - Hickenlooper , first of all , you could n't pronounce it and second of all , you could n't fit it on a bumper sticker ( ... ) the answer is no . '' Declared candidates Name Born Current or previous positions State Announced Ref Lawrence Jackson 000000001985 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1985 ( age 7004119610000000000 ♠ 32 ) Los Angeles , California Former football player California November 23 , 2017 FEC Filing Dan Rattiner 000000001939 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1939 ( age 7004287780000000000 ♠ 78 ) New York City , New York Journalist and newspaper publisher New York April 24 , 2015 Kanye West 000000001977 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1977 ( age 7004149660000000000 ♠ 40 ) Atlanta , Georgia Rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , fashion designer , and entrepreneur California August 30 , 2015 Withdrawn candidates Jeremy Gable , playwright from Pennsylvania . Withdrew candidacy on September 5 , 2017 . Individuals who have publicly expressed interest Individuals in this section have expressed an interest in running for President within the last six months . Roseanne Barr , actress , comedian , writer , and television producer ; Peace and Freedom nominee for President in 2012 Mark Cuban , businessman and investor from Texas Roseanne Barr from Georgia Mark Cuban from Texas Potential candidates Jeff Flake , U.S. Senator from Arizona since 2013 ; U.S. Representative 2001 -- 2013 Bob Iger , businessman from California U.S. Senator Jeff Flake from Arizona Bob Iger from California Declined to run The individuals in this section have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacy , but have publicly denied interest in running . Michael Bloomberg , Mayor of New York City , New York 2002 -- 2013 Tim Cook , business executive , industrial engineer , and developer from California John Hickenlooper , Governor of Colorado since 2011 ; Mayor of Denver 2003 -- 2011 Dwayne Johnson , actor , producer , and semi-retired professional wrestler from Florida John Kasich , Governor of Ohio since 2011 ; U.S. Representative 1983 -- 2001 ; candidate for President in 2000 and in 2016 Steve Kerr , professional basketball coach and former player from California Gregg Popovich , professional basketball coach from Indiana Bernie Sanders , U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007 ; U.S. Representative 1991 -- 2007 ; candidate for President in 2016 Joe Scarborough , U.S. Representative from Florida 1995 -- 2001 Mark Zuckerberg , computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur from California Maps The 50 states plus DC , scaled according to the number of electors in each state . See also United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 United States gubernatorial elections , 2020 United States Senate elections , 2018 United States Senate elections , 2020 Notes Jump up ^ `` Generic Republican '' specifically excludes Donald Trump . Jump up ^ In this poll , Kirsten Gillibrand 's name was misspelled as `` Kristen Gillebrand '' . ^ Jump up to : This individual is not registered to the political party of this section , but has been the subject of speculation or expressed interest in running under this party . References Jump up ^ `` US Election guide : how does the election work ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Linton ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Forget 2016 . The Pivotal Year In Politics May Be 2020 '' . NPR . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chinni , Dante ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Demographic shifts show 2020 presidential race could be close '' . NBC News . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fox , Peggy ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Washington , D.C. , may allow 16 - year - olds to vote for president in the 2020 election '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , James E. ( March 1986 ) . `` Presidential Coattails and Midterm Losses in State Legislative Elections '' . The American Political Science Review . 80 ( 1 ) : 45 . JSTOR 1957083 . Jump up ^ Sarlin , Benjy ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Forget 2016 : Democrats already have a plan for 2020 '' . MSNBC . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Voters Like High School Gun Protesters ; Do n't Like NRA '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats Lead by 8 Points On Generic House Ballot Nationally '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` CNN January 2018 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll ® Oprah , Biden , Sanders and Warren easily defeat Trump in 2020 ; Trump in closer races with Harris , Zuckerberg , and Obama '' . Zogby Analytics . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Voters Think Trump Should Resign Over Harassment Allegations '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Support For Impeachment At Record High '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll SM : Sanders and Biden dominate Trump ; Obama and Warren in tight races with the president '' . Zogby Analytics . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Emerson College Poll : Trump Job Approval 44 % . Voters Split on Trusting Media / Trump . North Korea - Biggest Threat , Support for DACA , Canada as Good Neighbor , Views on Catalonia Independence , Men better suited for politics , and 2020 Pres . Race '' ( PDF ) . Emerson College . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` 2018 Shaping Up Big For Democrats '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Holds Steady After Charlottesville ; Supporters Think Whites , Christians Face Discrimination '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Health Care a Mine Field for Republicans ; Many Trump Voters in Denial on Russia '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Plurality of Voters Think Trump Obstructed Justice '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Health Care Puts House in Play '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Have Big Enthusiasm Edge for 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Tom ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump , Ryan Both Hit Record Low Approval '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Badly Losing His Fights With Media '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivers , Douglas ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah 2020 '' . YouGov . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll : 2020 Presidential Election Potential Match - ups '' . Zogby Analytics . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll # 171109 '' ( PDF ) . Morning Consult . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Debenedetti , Gabriel ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Polls split : Would Oprah win ? '' . Politico . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Stan ; Carville , James ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` The country hates the GOP Congress : Why do n't Democrats have a knock - out lead ? '' ( PDF ) . Democracy Corps . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malloy , Tim ; Smith , Pat ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` U.S. Voters Split On Whether Trump Is Stable , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; President Is Dividing The Nation , Voters Say 2 - 1 '' . Quinnipiac University . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miringoff , Lee M. ; Carvalho , Barbara L. ; Griffith , Mary E. ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah Would Defeat Trump in 2020 , But Americans Do n't Want `` O '' to Run '' ( PDF ) . Marist Poll . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah vs. The Donald , and The Winner Is ... '' . Rasmussen Reports . January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American workers still support repeal of Obamacare ; Oprah trumps the Donald ! '' . Zogby Analytics . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Only 24 % of Voters Support GOP Health Care Plan '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Study # 17505 '' ( PDF ) . NBC News . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Tracking Poll '' . Politico . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Issues Poll '' ( PDF ) . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Doug ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` New National Poll Donald Trump Twice As Popular As Mitch McConnell '' . Orlando Political Observer . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 23844 '' . SurveyUSA. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results of SurveyUSA Election Poll # 23742 '' . SurveyUSA . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Zogby Poll : Trump approval / Trump Vs. Warren in 11 states '' . Zogby Analytics . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EPIC - MRA STATEWIDE POLL OF ACTIVE AND LIKELY NOVEMBER 2018 VOTERS '' ( PDF ) . Epic - MRA . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zogby Analytics in the News - September 19 , 2017 '' . Zogby Analytics . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Poll : New Hampshire Republicans Are n't Totally Sold On Trump 2020 '' . American Research Group . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` An in - depth examination of North Carolina voter attitudes in important current issues '' ( PDF ) . Meredith College . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` POLL : Mark Cuban could beat Trump in 2020 -- in Texas '' . Jump up ^ Westwood , Sarah ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump hints at re-election bid , vowing ' eight years ' of ' great things ' '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bixby , Scott ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Road to 2020 : Donald Trump 's Never - Ending Campaign '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morehouse , Lee ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump breaks precedent , files as candidate for re-election on first day '' . KTVK . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Burns , Alexander ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Shadow Campaign for 2020 Takes Shape as Trump Doubts Grow '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Susan Collins not sure Trump will be 2020 GOP nominee '' . CBS News . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodkind , Nicole ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` TRUMP MAY NOT SEEK RE-ELECTION : RAND PAUL , CHRIS CHRISTIE '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaczynski , Andrew ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Jeff Flake : Trump ' inviting ' 2020 primary challenge by how he 's governing '' . CNN . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Louis ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Trump predicts he can win 95 percent of the black vote '' . Politico . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Fellure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Budowsky , Brent ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bannon may run for president '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whetstone , Tyler ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Bob Corker on a 2020 presidential bid : ' Way , way too early ' to begin making any decision '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , Lloyd ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Does Bob Corker challenge Trump in 2020 ? '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Brittany ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Voters speculate Sen. Bob Corker will run for president in 2020 '' . WTVC . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bedard , Paul ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` It starts : Ann Coulter for president 2020 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allahpundit ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Head Of Border - Hawk Group : We Need Ann Coulter To Run Against Trump In 2020 '' . Hot Air . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Davis ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Carly Fiorina Hates Going To Strip Clubs ( And She 's Running For Office Again ) '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giaritelli , Anna ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Carly Fiorina ' certainly would consider ' another run for president '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Devaney , Jason ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Carly Fiorina Wo n't Rule Out Running for President Again '' . Newsmax Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peoples , Steve ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Prominent anti-Trump Republican Jeff Flake may challenge Trump with a presidential run in 2020 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Timiraos , Nick ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Sen. Jeff Flake Has n't Ruled Out 2020 Presidential Campaign '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jessica ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Flake Not Ruling Out 2020 Challenge To Trump '' . NPR . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` REL4D - 2020 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Jason ; Wise , Lindsay ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Is he running ? Missouri governor 's Iowa trip stirs 2024 speculation '' . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Greitens , let 's focus on Missouri . The White House can wait '' . The Kansas City Star . October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Kasich 's team gears up for possible 2020 bid '' . Politico . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DiStaso , John ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Kasich to return to NH in April , re-igniting speculation about a 2020 challenge to Trump '' . WMUR - TV . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feldscher , Kyle ( October 15 , 2017 ) . `` John Kasich leaves the door open to challenging Trump for president in 2020 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McArdle , Mairead ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Kristol to Speak at Must - Show Event for Presidential Candidates '' . National Review . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruth , Andrea ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Is Bill Kristol Setting Himself Up For A 2020 Presidential Run ? '' . RedState . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glueck , Katie ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` How not to primary Donald Trump '' . The McClatchy Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shelbourne , Mallory ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Sasse dodges question on 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Brent ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Christie hints at radio gig , says he ' ca n't imagine ' running for office again '' . NJ.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , Dylan ; Talwar , Saisha ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Trump could face GOP challengers in the 2020 election '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lindsey ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Cotton figures in New York Times roundup on 2020 presidential race '' . Arkansas Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Thomas ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Cotton in Iowa : `` I 'm ready for that new beginning . '' `` . The Seattle Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kraychik , Robert ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Ted Cruz Endorses Donald Trump in 2020 '' . Breitbart News . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zeitlin , Matthew ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Cuban : `` I 'm Honestly Considering '' Running For President `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beavers , Olivia ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Cuban : Only 10 % chance I 'll run for president in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Mark Cuban run for president in 2020 ? '' . CTV Television Network . April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chira , Susan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Is This the Way a Woman Will Reach the White House ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Haley says Trump does n't limit her foreign policy bullhorn '' . CNN . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strassner , Elizabeth ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Could Nikki Haley Still Run For President In 2020 ? Joining Donald Trump 's Cabinet Does n't Rule Out Challenging Him '' . Bustle . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dukakis , Ali ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Rand Paul on Trump : ' Not everyone is perfect ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tate , Curtis ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rand Paul in 2020 ? He 's showing that independent streak again '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hashmi , Siraj ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Libertarians want Rand Paul to lead them in 2020 against Trump '' . Red Alert Politics . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Linley ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` WILL PENCE RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN 2020 ? DONATIONS TO HIS GROUP SUPPORT TRUMP , FOR NOW '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Vice president vehemently denies laying groundwork for potential 2020 White House bid '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berrien , Hank ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Is This A Sign That Vice President Pence Will Run in 2020 ? '' . The Daily Wire . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seleh , Pardes ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Austin Petersen `` optimistic '' about Trump , may run for Senate as a Republican `` . Red Alert Politics . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austin Petersen on Taxation , Marijuana , Guns , Abortion , and 2020 ( Pt. 3 ) '' . The Rubin Report . April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burr , Thomas ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Mitt Romney : On school shootings , immigration and when he 'll challenge Trump . A Q&A with Utah 's new Senate candidate '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heilbrunn , Jacob ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Biggest Fear : A Romney 2020 Primary Challenge '' . The National Interest . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keller , Jon ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Keller @ Large : Could Romney Be Trump 's Worst Nightmare ? '' . WBZ - TV . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peek , Liz ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Rubio 's push for child tax credit is all about 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam C. ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Insider Poll : Marco Rubio for prez again ? And will Trump be on the 2020 ballot ? '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Rubio planning a 2020 presidential run ? '' . Politico . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tognotti , Chris ( November 12 , 2016 ) . `` Will Paul Ryan Run For President In 2020 ? Primary Challenges To Incumbent Presidents Are Rare , But Not Unprecedented '' . Bustle . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIVE Stream : President - Elect Donald Trump Rally in West Allis , WI 12 / 13 / 16 '' . Right Side Broadcasting Network . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fox , Michelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Scott Walker dismisses 2020 presidential bid : ' Not running for anything but re-election ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wieczner , Jen ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` HPE 's Meg Whitman Wo n't Be Uber 's CEO . But She Could Be the First Female President '' . Fortune . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrow , Barb ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why Meg Whitman Says She Wo n't Run for President '' . Fortune . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marie Segarra , Lisa ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sorry , Oprah Fans . She 's Not Running for President in 2020 '' . Time . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dyches , Chris ; Ochsner , Nick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Source : Charlotte named finalist to host GOP convention in 2020 '' . WBTV . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ; Portillo , Ely ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Charlotte could help launch Trump 's reelection campaign , as city bids for 2020 RNC '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jane Ann ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` City may not be ready for GOP convention in 2016 , but in 2020 ... '' Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Erick ( @ EWErickson ) ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` I 'd vote for @ BradThor for President '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kristol , Bill ( @ BillKristol ) ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` I 'm no fan of the Obama Administration , and intend to vote for a non-Trump Republican in 2020 . But ... even I 'll admit , in light of this tweet , that it would be kind of great if Michelle Obama ran in 2020 and crushed Trump '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Raju , Manu ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Trump declared he 's running again . Many Republicans are n't ready to back him '' . CNN . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond , Adam K. ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` GOP Lawmakers : It 's ' Too Early ' to Back Trump in 2020 '' . New York . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowden , John ( April 21 , 2018 ) . `` Romney wo n't commit yet to supporting Trump in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times National Poll '' . University of Southern California . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Emerson College ePoll : Trump Approval Drops as Voters are split among Policies and Mental Stability . Race Relations Worsen under Trump '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequency Questionnaire '' ( PDF ) . Greenberg Quinlan Rosner . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PRRI 2017 American Values Survey '' ( PDF ) . Public Religion Research Institute . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` TRUMP WOULD ONLY GET 50 PERCENT OF VOTES IN 2020 PRIMARY '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miringoff , Lee M. ; Carvalho , Barbara L. ; Griffith , Mary E. ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Trump at Lowest Point With 35 % Job Approval Rating ... Crack at the Base '' ( PDF ) . Marist Poll . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Hampshire Marginals '' ( PDF ) . Suffolk University . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew E. ; Azem , Zachary S. ; McKinley , Sean P. ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Sanders & Biden Remain Frontrunners ; GOP Primary Voters Prefer Trump Over Kasich Three to One '' ( PDF ) . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew E. ; Azem , Zachary S. ; McKinley , Sean P. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Biden & Sanders Lead Democratic Field ; GOP Primary Voters Rally Around Trump '' ( PDF ) . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Andrew E. ; Azem , Zachary S. ; McKinley , Sean P. ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sanders , Biden & Warren Early Democratic Frontrunners ; Trump Not Consensus Choice in GOP Primary '' ( PDF ) . University of New Hampshire . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 New Hampshire Republican Presidential Primary Ballots '' . American Research Group . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wartman , Scott ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump would demolish John Kasich head - to - head in Ohio , according to a new poll '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Easley , Jonathan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` For Democrats , no clear leader '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vyse , Graham ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` The 2020 Democratic primary is going to be the all - out brawl the party needs '' . The New Republic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Struggle Between Clinton and Sanders Is Not Over '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After the divisive Democratic National Committee chair election , what 's next ? '' . The Guardian . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nirappil , Fenit ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Was defeat of Sanders - backed candidate in Va. a loss for progressives ? Not quite '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Rep. Dan Lipinski fends off progressive challenger in Illinois primary , CNN projects '' . CNN . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Elena ( May 19 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats clash over party 's direction in key Texas race '' . Politico . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schor , Elana ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Dem senators fight to out - liberal one another ahead of 2020 '' . Politico . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Janssen , Kim ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` DNC chair Tom Perez : Expect a ' double - digit ' field in 2020 presidential primary '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Huey - Burns , Caitlin ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Oprah Run in 2020 Entices Leaderless Democrats '' . RealClearPolitics . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zengerle , Jason ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Do What Harry Reid Did Now That Harry Reid Is Gone ? '' . New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , John ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Delaney : Why I 'm running for president '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIALLY A CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT 2020 4TH TIME ON THE BALLOT DEMOCRATIC PRIMARY '' . August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Braun , Dorothy L. ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` BraunforPresident.US 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Rocky De La Fuente Tells Court that He Plans to Seek Democratic Party Nomination for President in 2020 '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Kim ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ad for attorney Geoffrey Fieger sends message he wants to run for president in 2020 '' . WXYZ - TV . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jain body holds oath - taking event '' . Daily News and Analysis . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yang , Andrew . `` FEC FORM 2 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # 2020Vision : Biden : 2020 decision by January ; Harris raises $3 million for Senate Dems ; Castro heads to Georgia '' . CNN . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biden could announce possible 2020 run ' by the end of this year ' '' . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden says he has n't ruled out 2020 run , will decide by year 's end '' . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eric ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Buttigieg 2020 ? Do n't Rule It Out '' . WIBC . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sganga , Nicole ; O'Keefe , Ed ; Conant , Caitlin ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Democrats eyeing 2020 test their pitches at progressive conference '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Julian Castro says about 2020 and turning Texas blue '' . April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poppe , Ryan ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Castro Eyeing 2020 Presidential Run , But Is n't Ready To Committ -- Just Yet '' . KUHT . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tillett , Emily ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti considers 2020 presidential run '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Potential 2020 hopeful Garcetti heads to South Carolina for Dem fundraiser '' . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LA Mayor Eric Garcetti , eyeing a presidential run , will be in Iowa this weekend '' . April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dominique ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Eric Holder Hints Again At A Possible Run In The 2020 Presidential Election '' . Blavity . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kamisar , Ben ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Holder wo n't rule out presidential run '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jason ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Former Missouri office holder calls for Greitens to leave , and his supporters to follow '' . Missourinet.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caspit , Ben ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` KERRY TO ABBAS CONFIDANTE : ' STAY STRONG AND DO NOT GIVE IN TO TRUMP ' '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` John Kerry tells Mahmoud Abbas ally that he might run for president in 2020 as he urges Palestinians to ' play for time ' and ' not give in to Trump ' '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinbuch , Yaron ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` John Kerry to Abbas confidant : I might challenge Trump in 2020 '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parnes , Amie ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` McAuliffe ' seriously ' considering 2020 run '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutz , David ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` McAuliffe Hints Again at Run for President in 2020 : ' Let 's Talk After I Get Out of Here ' '' . The Washington Free Beacon . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Seth ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` McAuliffe mum on rumors about 2020 presidential bid '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krawchenko , Katiana ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAuliffe : If I ran against Trump `` I 'd beat him '' `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ Curl , Joseph ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAuliffe : ' Who Better To Take On Trump Than Me ? ' '' . The Daily Wire . Jump up ^ Levenson , Michael ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Deval Patrick says a 2020 presidential run is ' on my radar screen ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delk , Josh ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Deval Patrick : 2020 bid ' on my radar ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kraske , Steve ; Verbeck , Claire ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Seg. 1 : Discrimination And ' The American Dream . ' Seg. 2 : Is Deval Patrick Democrats ' Next Big Hope ? '' . KCUR - FM . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sweet , Lynn ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Bernie Sanders on Chuy Garcia , Marie Newman and 2020 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Bernie Sanders summons team to discuss 2020 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is showing how he 'd run against Trump in 2020 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marinucci , Carla ; Siders , David ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' We have tapped into something ' : Impeachment drive builds digital army to take on Trump '' . Politico . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foran , Clare ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Megadonor Tom Steyer Still Is n't Ruling Out a 2020 Run '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritzen , Stacey ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Cory Booker Deftly Skates Past A Question On Whether He 's A 2020 Presidential Contender '' . Uproxx . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ioffe , Julia ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' We Ca n't Make Our Elections About Being Against Trump ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nuzzi , Olivia ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Cory Booker Hits the Campaign Trail for Alabama 's Doug Jones -- and Maybe Himself in 2020 '' . New York . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benson , Charles ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Possible 2020 presidential candidate Steve Bullock visits Milwaukee '' . WTMJ - TV . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Noble , Jason ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2020 Watch : Montana Gov. Steve Bullock is coming to Iowa '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Bullock and the Lost Art of Political Persuasion '' . Politico . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Katherine ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Lincoln Chafee defends Trump , criticizes Raimondo and does not rule out return to politics '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Democratic presidential candidate blasts media for ' onslaught ' on Trump '' . Business Insider . February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granahan , Tara ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` LISTEN : Former Governor Chafee : Running again ? '' . WPRI - TV . 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Jump up ^ Datoc , Christian ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` Kamala Harris Is n't Thinking About 2020 Yet -- Still Pledges Not To Take Corporate PAC Donations '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Catanese , David ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Inevitability of Kamala Harris '' . U.S. News . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaitin , Daniel ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ann Coulter : If Kamala Harris runs in 2020 , she will be the Democratic nominee '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roubein , Rachel ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Hickenlooper sees victory for centrists and model for Dems in Virginia '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James , Meg ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Bob Iger criticizes gun violence in wake of Las Vegas shooting '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` IGER 2020 ? '' . Vanity Fair . 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Jump up ^ Stein , Michael ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Deserve Better Than Mitch Landrieu '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Litten , Kevin ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Mitch Landrieu sound off on gun violence : ' They were created to kill ' '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Albert R. ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` A Democrat Fights His Own Party as Well as Trump '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kruse , Michael ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Generals Love Him . Top Democrats Despise Him . Can He Be President Anyway ? '' . Politico . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jim ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Speculation is stirring about a Seth Moulton presidential bid '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Democratic Sen. Chris Murphy rules out 2020 presidential bid '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blair , Russell ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Presidency Has Filled Chris Murphy 's Campaign Coffers '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vigdor , Neil ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` CT Politics : Draft Murphy group eyes 2020 Trump challenge '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boggioni , Tom ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' I got a guy ' : Bill Maher predicts 2020 Democratic presidential candidate if they do n't ' f * ck it up ' '' . The Raw Story . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Kurt ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gavin Newsom : ' Being president sounds like the most miserable job in the world ' '' . Recode . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Mike ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Why the Democrats Will Run Michelle Obama in 2020 '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Earl , Jennifer ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Obama responds to someone asking her to run for president in 2020 '' . 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Jump up ^ Fox , Michelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin O'Leary thinks Meg Whitman could run for president , but Whitman says she has no plans to run '' . CNBC . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Maya ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey considers 2020 Presidential run in wake of Donald Trump 's win '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Link , Taylor ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : President Trump 's worst nightmare ? Oprah plots 2020 presidential run '' . Salon . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kantrowitz , Alex ; Tiku , Nitasha ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Zuckerberg says he 's not running for president '' . CNBC . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sands , Darren ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Atlanta Will Bid To Host The 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Poe , Kelly ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Mayor Bell : Birmingham will seek the DNC again in 2020 '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seitz - Wald , Alex ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Eager Democrats 2020 prep : DNC eyes convention cities , debates , rule changes '' . NBC News . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill ; Nelson , James B. ; Daykin , Tom ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Milwaukee leaders announce bid for 2020 Democratic National Convention '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zients , Jeff ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Victoria ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Richard ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillen , C. Thomas Thomas ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Case , Jean ; Case , Steve ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fisher , John J. ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mandel Jr. , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sussman , S. Donald ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A ( FEC Form 3 ) ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , Paul ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trone , David ( @ davidjtrone ) ( July 28 , 2017 ) . ``. @ JohnKDelaney has done a great job bringing people together to solve problems . He would be a fantastic President , and I 'm behind him 100 % ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ García Martínez , Antonio ( @ antoniogm ) ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' In just a few years , he said , `` we 're going to have a million truck drivers out of work ... '' `` That one innovation , '' he continued , `` will be enough to create riots in the street . '' Finally , someone in politics realizes what 's up . Go @ AndrewYangVFA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hsieh , Anthony ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Dan ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` SCHEDULE A-P ITEMIZED RECEIPTS '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , David S. ( @ davidsrose ) ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` I 've got my candidate for President in 2020 . He 's brilliant , entrepreneurial , accomplished , far - sighted , and -- most important -- of impeccable integrity . @ andrewyang2020 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Trump in 2020 ? - Rasmussen Reports ® '' . Rasmussen Reports . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Enten , Harry ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` How Trump Ranks In Popularity vs. Past Presidents '' . Civis Analytics . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Biden holds double - digit lead over field of 2020 Dem presidential contenders '' . Harvard University . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey of Democratic Primary Voters - January 11 , 2018 '' . RABA Research . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Zogby Poll SM : Michelle Obama tops all 2020 democratic hopefuls ! Sanders still winning younger voters '' . Zogby Analytics . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Zogby Poll : Feel the Bern ! Sanders early favorite among 2020 Democratic presidential hopefuls '' . Zogby Analytics . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sanders Still Democrats ' Choice for 2020 , But It 's Close '' . Rasmussen Reports . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Democrats Have Mixed Feelings on 2020 Field '' ( PDF ) . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debenedetti , Gabriel ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` O'Malley tests 2020 waters with Iowa poll '' . Politico . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kellogg , Spencer ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Interview With Libertarian Party Transhumanist , Running for California Governor , Zoltan Istvan '' . 71 Republic . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Kokesh , jailed gun rights activist , to run for president '' . RT . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Matt ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Bill Weld Lays Groundwork for 2020 Libertarian Presidential Run '' . Reason . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Jim ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The return of Bill Weld in 2020 ? ' Who knows ? ' he says '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beavers , Olivia ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gary Johnson ruling out 2020 bid : ' It does boil down to two political parties ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Michael ( March 5 , 2017 ) . `` Journal Washington correspondent catches up with ' a beast of a skier ' '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Libertarian Party Sets Location and Date of 2020 Presidential Convention '' . Ballot Access News . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Ventura Talks Running For President In 2020 - w / Jess Ventura pt. 3 '' . The Jimmy Dore Show . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gill , Lauren ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` BERNIE SANDERS WON 'T BE 2020 DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE , JILL STEIN SAYS '' . Newsweek . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaitin , Daniel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Jill Stein open to a 2020 presidential bid '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horseman , Jeff ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` A Q&A with 2016 presidential candidate Jill Stein -- will she seek nomination in 2020 ? '' . The Press - Enterprise . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ventura , Charles ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Bernie Sanders on 2020 presidential run : ' I am not taking it off the table ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will We Be Feeling the Bern in 2020 ? : Sanders on Whether He 'd Ever Run for President Again '' . Democracy Now ! . November 29 , 2016 . 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Federal Election Commission . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gable , Jeremy ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` FEC FORM 3P '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dugan , Christina ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Barr Has ' No Regrets ' About Voting for Trump -- but May Run for President Again Herself '' . People . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peoples , Steve ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Desperate to stop Trump , Flake eyes 2020 primary challenge '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stracqualursi , Veronica ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` Flake : ' There should be ' Republican challenger to Trump in 2020 '' . CNN . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anapol , Avery ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Flake : There will be a GOP challenger to Trump in 2020 '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tillett , Emily ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Is Bob Iger considering a presidential run ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . 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Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne ' The Rock ' Johnson Is ' Seriously Considering ' Running for President '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson talks running for president at L.A. Comic Con '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Caroline ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Kasich on unity ticket : ' The answer is no ' '' . CNN . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hansler , Jennifer ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` John Kasich on a 2020 run : Never say never '' . CNN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio 's Kasich says unlikely to challenge Trump as independent in 2020 : CNN '' . Reuters. April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Stanley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Steve Kerr Would Vote Gregg Popovich for President '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , Charles ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Gregg Popovich on running for president with Steve Kerr : We 're not ' qualified ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wiedeman , Reeves ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Popovich - Kerr 2020 : The Stump Speeches '' . New York . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Herbert , James ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Popovich 2020 ? Political experts analyze Spurs coach as presidential candidate '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carberry , Maegan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` We picked the wrong billionaire : The case for Mark Zuckerberg 2020 '' . Salon . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lafrance , Adrienne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Zuckerberg 2020 ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . 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where is azerbaijan located on the world map
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Azerbaijan ( / ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn / AZ - ər - by - JAHN ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan ( ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ) ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası ( ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ) ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km long border with Turkey in the north west .
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Azerbaijan
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azerbaijan
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Republic of Azerbaijan Azərbaycan Respublikası ( Azerbaijani ) Flag Emblem Anthem : Azərbaycan marşı `` March of Azerbaijan '' Location of Azerbaijan ( green ) and Artsakh ( light green ) . Capital and largest city Baku 40 ° 25 ′ N 49 ° 50 ′ E / 40.417 ° N 49.833 ° E / 40.417 ; 49.833 Official languages Azerbaijani Ethnic minority languages Avar , Budukh , Georgian , Juhuri , Khinalug , Kryts , Kurdish , Lezgian , Russian , Rutul , Talysh , Tat , Tsakhur and Udi Ethnic groups ( 2009 ) 91.60 % Azerbaijani 2.02 % Lezgian 1.35 % Armenian 1.34 % Russian 1.26 % Talysh 2.43 % others Demonym Azerbaijani Government Unitary dominant - party semi-presidential republic President Ilham Aliyev Vice President Mehriban Aliyeva Prime Minister Novruz Mammadov Legislature National Assembly Formation Democratic Republic 28 May 1918 Soviet Socialist Republic 28 April 1920 Independence from Soviet Union 30 August 1991 ( declared ) 18 October 1991 ( independence ) 25 December 1991 ( completed ) Full membership into the CIS 21 December 1991 Admitted to the United Nations 2 March 1992 Constitution adopted 12 November 1995 Area Total 86,600 km ( 33,400 sq mi ) ( 111th ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2018 estimate 9,911,646 ( 91st ) Density 113 / km ( 292.7 / sq mi ) ( 99th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $175 billion ( 72nd ) Per capita $17,857 ( 71st ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $39.207 billion ( 110th ) Per capita $4,097 ( 110th ) Gini ( 2018 ) 31.8 medium HDI ( 2018 ) 0.759 high 78th Currency Manat ( ₼ ) ( AZN ) Time zone AZT ( UTC + 04 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 994 ISO 3166 code AZ Internet TLD . az Azerbaijan ( / ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn / AZ - ər - by - JAHN ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan ( ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ) ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası ( ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ) ) , is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bound by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km long border with Turkey in the north west . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first democratic state in the Muslim - oriented world . The country was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920 as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , prior to the official dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno - Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno - Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno - Karabakh , found through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . The country is a member state of the Council of Europe , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It is one of the founding members of GUAM , the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons . A member of the United Nations since 1992 after its independence , Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 May 2006 . Its term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan is also a member state of the Non-Aligned Movement , holds observer status in World Trade Organization , and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . The Constitution of Azerbaijan does not declare an official religion and all major political forces in the country are secularist . However , the majority of the population are of Muslim background . More than 89 % of the population is Shia . Most Azerbaijanis , however , do not actively practice any religion , with 53 % stating religion has little to no importance in their lives , according to Pew Research Center and Gallup polls . Alcohol and non-Islamic places are also permitted . Azerbaijan has a high level of human development which ranks on par with most Eastern European countries . It has a high rate of economic development and literacy , as well as a low rate of unemployment . However , the ruling party , the New Azerbaijan Party , has been accused of authoritarianism and human rights abuses . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 From the Sasanid period to the Safavid period 2.3 Contemporary history 2.4 Independence 3 Geography 3.1 Landscape 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Politics 4.1 Foreign relations 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Largest cities 5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Energy 6.2 Agriculture 6.3 Tourism 6.4 Transportation 6.5 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Ethnic groups 7.2 Urbanization 7.3 Languages 7.4 Religion 7.5 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Music and folk dances 8.2 Literature 8.3 Folk art 8.4 Cuisine 8.5 Architecture 8.6 Visual art 8.7 Cinema 8.8 Media and media freedom 8.9 Human rights in Azerbaijan 8.10 Sports 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Name ( edit ) Further information : Atropatene and Caucasian Albania Azerbaijan and its main cities According to a modern etymology , the term Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates , a Persian satrap under the Achaemenid Empire , who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great . The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once - dominant Zoroastrianism . In the Avesta 's Frawardin Yasht ( `` Hymn to the Guardian Angels '' ) , there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide , which literally translates from Avestan as `` we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene . '' The name `` Atropates '' itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian , probably Median , compounded name with the meaning `` Protected by the ( Holy ) Fire '' or `` The Land of the ( Holy ) Fire '' . The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo . Over the span of millennia , the name evolved to Āturpātākān ( Middle Persian ) , then to Ādharbādhagān , Ādharbāyagān , Āzarbāydjān ( New Persian ) and present - day Azerbaijan . The name Azerbaijan was first adopted for the area of the present - day Republic of Azerbaijan by the government of Musavat in 1918 , after the collapse of the Russian Empire , when the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established . Until then , the designation had been used exclusively to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran , while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as Arran and Shirvan . On that basis Iran protested the newly adopted country name . During the Soviet rule , the country was also spelled in English from the Russian transliteration as Azerbaydzhan ( Russian : Азербайджа́н ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Azerbaijan Antiquity ( edit ) Further information : Caucasian Albania Petroglyphs in Gobustan National Park dating back to the 10th millennium BC indicating a thriving culture . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of `` outstanding universal value '' . The earliest evidence of human settlement in the territory of Azerbaijan dates back to the late Stone Age and is related to the Guruchay culture of Azokh Cave . The Upper Paleolithic and late Bronze Age cultures are attested in the caves of Tağılar , Damcılı , Zar , Yataq - yeri and in the necropolises of Leylatepe and Saraytepe . Early settlements included the Scythians in the 9th century BC . Following the Scythians , Iranian Medes came to dominate the area to the south of the Aras . The Medes forged a vast empire between 900 -- 700 BC , which was integrated into the Achaemenid Empire around 550 BC . The area was conquered by the Achaemenids leading to the spread of Zoroastrianism . Later it became part of Alexander the Great 's Empire and its successor , the Seleucid Empire . During this period , Zoroastrianism spread in the Caucasus and Atropatene . Caucasian Albanians , the original inhabitants of northeastern Azerbaijan , ruled that area from around the 4th century BC , and established an independent kingdom . From the sasanid period to the Safavid period ( edit ) The Maiden Tower and The Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Old City of Baku is a UNESCO World Heritage Site built in the 11th -- 12th century . The Sasanian Empire turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state in 252 , while King Urnayr officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century . Despite Sassanid rule , Albania remained an entity in the region until the 9th century , while fully subordinate to Sassanid Iran , and retained its monarchy . Despite being one of the chief vassals of the Sasanian emperor , the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority , and the Sasanian marzban ( military governor ) held most civil , religious , and military authority . In the first half of the 7th century , Caucasian Albania , as a vassal of the Sasanians , came under nominal Muslim rule due to the Muslim conquest of Persia . The Umayyad Caliphate repulsed both the Sasanians and Byzantines from Transcaucasia and turned Caucasian Albania into a vassal state after Christian resistance led by King Javanshir , was suppressed in 667 . The power vacuum left by the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate was filled by numerous local dynasties such as the Sallarids , Sajids , and Shaddadids . At the beginning of the 11th century , the territory was gradually seized by waves of Oghuz Turks from Central Asia . The first of these Turkic dynasties established was the Seljuk Empire , who entered the area now known as Azerbaijan by 1067 . The pre-Turkic population that lived on the territory of modern Azerbaijan spoke several Indo - European and Caucasian languages , among them Armenian and an Iranian language , Old Azeri , which was gradually replaced by a Turkic language , the early precursor of the Azerbaijani language of today . Some linguists have also stated that the Tati dialects of Iranian Azerbaijan and the Republic of Azerbaijan , like those spoken by the Tats , are descended from Old Azeri . Locally , the possessions of the subsequent Seljuk Empire were ruled by Eldiguzids , technically vassals of the Seljuk sultans , but sometimes de facto rulers themselves . Under the Seljuks , local poets such as Nizami Ganjavi and Khaqani gave rise to a blossoming of Persian literature on the territory of present - day Azerbaijan . The local dynasty of the Shirvanshahs became a vassal state of Timur 's Empire , and assisted him in his war with the ruler of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh . Following Timur 's death , two independent and rival states emerged : Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu . The Shirvanshahs returned , maintaining a high degree of autonomy as local rulers and vassals from 861 , for numerous centuries to come . In 1501 , the Safavid dynasty of Iran subdued the Shirvanshahs , and gained its possessions . In the course of the next century , the Safavids converted the formerly Sunni population to Shia Islam , as they did with the population in what is modern - day Iran . The Safavids allowed the Shirvanshahs to remain in power , under Safavid suzerainty , until 1538 , when Safavid king Tahmasp I ( r . 1524 -- 1576 ) completely deposed them , and made the area into the Safavid province of Shirvan . The Sunni Ottomans briefly managed to occupy parts of present - day Azerbaijan as a result of the Ottoman - Safavid War of 1578 -- 1590 ; by the early 17th century , they were ousted by Safavid Iranian ruler Abbas I ( r . 1588 -- 1629 ) . In the wake of the demise of the Safavid Empire , Baku and its environs were briefly occupied by the Russians as a consequence of the Russo - Persian War of 1722 -- 1723 . Despite brief intermissions such as these by Safavid Iran 's neighboring rivals , the land of what is today Azerbaijan remained under Iranian rule from the earliest advent of the Safavids up to the course of the 19th century . Contemporary history ( edit ) Main articles : Russo - Persian Wars , Treaty of Gulistan , and Treaty of Turkmenchay See also : Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , Azerbaijan SSR , and Operation Edelweiss Territories of the khanates ( and sultanates ) in the 18th -- 19th century After the Safavids , the area was ruled by the Iranian Afsharid dynasty . After the death of Nader Shah ( r . 1736 -- 1747 ) , many of his former subjects capitalized on the eruption of instability . Numerous self - ruling khanates with various forms of autonomy emerged in the area . The rulers of these khanates were directly related to the ruling dynasties of Iran , and were vassals and subjects of the Iranian shah . The khanates exercised control over their affairs via international trade routes between Central Asia and the West . Thereafter , the area was under the successive rule of the Iranian Zands and Qajars . From the late 18th century , Imperial Russia switched to a more aggressive geo - political stance towards its two neighbors and rivals to the south , namely Iran and the Ottoman Empire . Russia now actively tried to gain possession of the Caucasus region which was , for the most part , in the hands of Iran . In 1804 , the Russians invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja , sparking the Russo - Persian War of 1804 -- 1813 . The militarily superior Russians ended the Russo - Persian War of 1804 -- 1813 with a victory . The siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804 during the Russo - Persian War of 1804 -- 1813 by Russian forces under the leadership of General Pavel Tsitsianov Following Qajar Iran 's loss in the 1804 -- 1813 war , it was forced to concede suzerainty over most of the khanates , along with Georgia and Dagestan to the Russian Empire , per the Treaty of Gulistan . The area to the north of the river Aras , amongst which territory lies the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan , was Iranian territory until it was occupied by Russia in the 19th century . About a decade later , in violation of the Gulistan treaty , the Russians invaded Iran 's Erivan Khanate . This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two , the Russo - Persian War of 1826 -- 1828 . The resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay , forced Qajar Iran to cede sovereignty over the Erivan Khanate , the Nakhchivan Khanate and the remainder of the Lankaran Khanate , comprising the last parts of the soil of the contemporary Azerbaijani Republic that were still in Iranian hands . After incorporation of all Caucasian territories from Iran into Russia , the new border between the two was set at the Aras River , which , upon the Soviet Union 's disintegration , subsequently became part of the border between Iran and the Azerbaijan Republic . Qajar Iran was forced to cede its Caucasian territories to Russia in the 19th century , which thus included the territory of the modern - day Azerbaijan Republic , while as a result of that cession , the Azerbaijani ethnic group is nowadays parted between two nations : Iran and Azerbaijan . Nevertheless , the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran far outnumber those in neighbouring Azerbaijan . After the collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I , the short - lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was declared , constituting the present - day republics of Azerbaijan , Georgia , and Armenia . It was followed by the March Days massacres that took place between 30 March and 2 April 1918 in the city of Baku and adjacent areas of the Baku Governorate of the Russian Empire . When the republic dissolved in May 1918 , the leading Musavat party declared independence as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR ) , adopting the name of `` Azerbaijan '' for the new republic ; a name that prior to the proclamation of the ADR was solely used to refer to the adjacent northwestern region of contemporary Iran . The ADR was the first modern parliamentary republic in the Muslim world . Among the important accomplishments of the Parliament was the extension of suffrage to women , making Azerbaijan the first Muslim nation to grant women equal political rights with men . Another important accomplishment of ADR was the establishment of Baku State University , which was the first modern - type university founded in the Muslim East . Map presented by the delegation of Azerbaijan in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference By March 1920 , it was obvious that Soviet Russia would attack Baku . Vladimir Lenin said that the invasion was justified as Soviet Russia could not survive without Baku 's oil . Independent Azerbaijan lasted only 23 months until the Bolshevik 11th Soviet Red Army invaded it , establishing the Azerbaijan SSR on 28 April 1920 . Although the bulk of the newly formed Azerbaijani army was engaged in putting down an Armenian revolt that had just broken out in Karabakh , Azerbaijanis did not surrender their brief independence of 1918 -- 20 quickly or easily . As many as 20,000 Azerbaijani soldiers died resisting what was effectively a Russian reconquest . On 13 October 1921 , the Soviet republics of Russia , Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia signed an agreement with Turkey known as the Treaty of Kars . The previously independent Republic of Aras would also become the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Azerbaijan SSR by the treaty of Kars . On the other hand , Armenia was awarded the region of Zangezur and Turkey agreed to return Gyumri ( then known as Alexandropol ) . During World War II , Azerbaijan played a crucial role in the strategic energy policy of the Soviet Union , with 80 percent of the Soviet Union 's oil on the Eastern Front being supplied by Baku . By the Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in February 1942 , the commitment of more than 500 workers and employees of the oil industry of Azerbaijan were awarded orders and medals . Operation Edelweiss carried out by the German Wehrmacht targeted Baku because of its importance as the energy ( petroleum ) dynamo of the USSR . A fifth of all Azerbaijanis fought in the Second World War from 1941 to 1945 . Approximately 681,000 people with over 100,000 of them women went to the front , while the total population of Azerbaijan was 3.4 million at the time . Some 250,000 people from Azerbaijan were killed on the front . More than 130 Azerbaijanis were named Heroes of the Soviet Union . Azerbaijani Major - General Azi Aslanov was twice awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union . Independence ( edit ) Red Army paratroops during the Black January tragedy in 1990 Following the politics of glasnost , initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev , civil unrest and ethnic strife grew in various regions of the Soviet Union , including Nagorno - Karabakh , an autonomous region of the Azerbaijan SSR . The disturbances in Azerbaijan , in response to Moscow 's indifference to an already heated conflict , resulted in calls for independence and secession , which culminated in the Black January events in Baku . Later in 1990 , the Supreme Council of the Azerbaijan SSR dropped the words `` Soviet Socialist '' from the title , adopted the `` Declaration of Sovereignty of the Azerbaijan Republic '' and restored the flag of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic as the state flag . As a consequence of the failed coup which occurred in August in Moscow , on 18 October 1991 , the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopted a Declaration of Independence which was affirmed by a nationwide referendum in December 1991 , while the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist on 26 December 1991 . The early years of independence were overshadowed by the Nagorno - Karabakh war with the ethnic Armenian majority of Nagorno - Karabakh backed by Armenia . By the end of the hostilities in 1994 , Armenians controlled up to 20 percent of Azerbaijani territory , including Nagorno - Karabakh itself . During the war many atrocities were committed including the massacres at Malibeyli and Gushchular , the Garadaghly massacre , the Agdaban and the Khojaly massacres . Furthermore , an estimated 30,000 people have been killed and more than a million people have been displaced . Four United Nations Security Council Resolutions ( 822 , 853 , 874 , and 884 ) demand for `` the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan . '' Many Russians and Armenians left Azerbaijan during the 1990s . According to the 1970 census , there were 510,000 ethnic Russians and 484,000 Armenians in Azerbaijan . In 1993 , democratically elected president Abulfaz Elchibey was overthrown by a military insurrection led by Colonel Surat Huseynov , which resulted in the rise to power of the former leader of Soviet Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev . In 1994 , Surat Huseynov , by that time the prime minister , attempted another military coup against Heydar Aliyev , but he was arrested and charged with treason . A year later , in 1995 , another coup was attempted against Aliyev , this time by the commander of the OMON special unit , Rovshan Javadov . The coup was averted , resulting in the killing of the latter and disbanding of Azerbaijan 's OMON units . At the same time , the country was tainted by rampant corruption in the governing bureaucracy . In October 1998 , Aliyev was reelected for a second term . Despite the much improved economy , particularly with the exploitation of the Azeri - Chirag - Guneshli oil field and Shah Deniz gas field , Aliyev 's presidency was criticized due to suspected election frauds and corruption . Ilham Aliyev , Heydar Aliyev 's son , became chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party as well as President of Azerbaijan when his father died in 2003 . He was reelected to a third term as president in October 2013 . Geography ( edit ) Azerbaijan map of Köppen climate classification Main articles : Geography of Azerbaijan , Environment of Azerbaijan , State reserves of Azerbaijan , and National parks of Azerbaijan See also : Extreme points of Azerbaijan Caucasus Mountains in northern Azerbaijan Geographically Azerbaijan is located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia , straddling Western Asia and Eastern Europe . It lies between latitudes 38 ° and 42 ° N , and longitudes 44 ° and 51 ° E. The total length of Azerbaijan 's land borders is 2,648 km ( 1,645 mi ) , of which 1,007 kilometers are with Armenia , 756 kilometers with Iran , 480 kilometers with Georgia , 390 kilometers with Russia and 15 kilometers with Turkey . The coastline stretches for 800 km ( 497 mi ) , and the length of the widest area of the Azerbaijani section of the Caspian Sea is 456 km ( 283 mi ) . The territory of Azerbaijan extends 400 km ( 249 mi ) from north to south , and 500 km ( 311 mi ) from west to east . Three physical features dominate Azerbaijan : the Caspian Sea , whose shoreline forms a natural boundary to the east ; the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north ; and the extensive flatlands at the country 's center . There are also three mountain ranges , the Greater and Lesser Caucasus , and the Talysh Mountains , together covering approximately 40 % of the country . The highest peak of Azerbaijan is Mount Bazardüzü ( 4,466 m ) , while the lowest point lies in the Caspian Sea ( − 28 m ) . Nearly half of all the mud volcanoes on Earth are concentrated in Azerbaijan , these volcanoes were also among nominees for the New7Wonders of Nature . The main water sources are surface waters . However , only 24 of the 8,350 rivers are greater than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in length . All the rivers drain into the Caspian Sea in the east of the country . The largest lake is Sarysu ( 67 km2 ) , and the longest river is Kur ( 1,515 km ) , which is transboundary with Armenia . Azerbaijan 's four main islands in the Caspian Sea have a combined area of over thirty square kilometers . Since the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991 , the Azerbaijani government has taken measures to preserve the environment of Azerbaijan . National protection of the environment accelerated after 2001 when the state budget increased due to new revenues provided by the Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan pipeline . Within four years protected areas doubled and now make up eight percent of the country 's territory . Since 2001 the government has set up seven large reserves and almost doubled the sector of the budget earmarked for environmental protection . Landscape ( edit ) Main articles : Orography of Azerbaijan , Climate of Azerbaijan , and Water bodies of Azerbaijan Mount Bazarduzu , the highest peak of Azerbaijan , as seen from Mount Shahdagh The landscape of Khinalug valley Azerbaijan is home to a vast variety of landscapes . Over half of Azerbaijan 's land mass consists of mountain ridges , crests , yailas , and plateaus which rise up to hypsometric levels of 400 -- 1000 meters ( including the Middle and Lower lowlands ) , in some places ( Talis , Jeyranchol - Ajinohur and Langabiz - Alat foreranges ) up to 100 -- 120 meters , and others from 0 -- 50 meters and up ( Qobustan , Absheron ) . The rest of Azerbaijan 's terrain consist of plains and lowlands . Hypsometric marks within the Caucasus region vary from about − 28 meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466 meters ( Bazardüzü peak ) . The formation of climate in Azerbaijan is influenced particularly by cold arctic air masses of Scandinavian anticyclone , temperate of Siberian anticyclone , and Central Asian anticyclone . Azerbaijan 's diverse landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country . The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north . That leads to the formation of subtropical climate on most foothills and plains of the country . Meanwhile , plains and foothills are characterized by high solar radiation rates . 9 out of 11 existing climate zones are present in Azerbaijan . Both the absolute minimum temperature ( − 33 ° C or − 27.4 ° F ) and the absolute maximum temperature ( 46 ° C or 114.8 ° F ) were observed in Julfa and Ordubad -- regions of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . The maximum annual precipitation falls in Lankaran ( 1,600 to 1,800 mm or 63 to 71 in ) and the minimum in Absheron ( 200 to 350 mm or 7.9 to 13.8 in ) . Murovdag is the highest mountain range in the Lesser Caucasus . Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan , they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period . This is particularly evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country . The country 's water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human introduced industrial activities . Artificial rivers ( canals ) and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan 's water systems . In terms of water supply , Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) per year of water per square kilometer . All big water reservoirs are built on Kur . The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea basin . There are 8,350 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan . Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long . The Kura and Aras are the major rivers in Azerbaijan , they run through the Kura - Aras Lowland . The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea , originate mainly from the north - eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur -- Devechi and Lankaran lowlands . Yanar Dag , translated as `` burning mountain '' , is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the Absheron Peninsula on the Caspian Sea near Baku , which itself is known as the `` land of fire . '' Flames jet out into the air from a thin , porous sandstone layer . It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area . Biodiversity ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Azerbaijan Further information : Fauna of Azerbaijan and Flora of Azerbaijan The Karabakh horse is the national animal of Azerbaijan . The first reports on the richness and diversity of animal life in Azerbaijan can be found in travel notes of Eastern travelers . Animal carvings on architectural monuments , ancient rocks and stones survived up to the present times . The first information on the flora and fauna of Azerbaijan was collected during the visits of naturalists to Azerbaijan in the 17th century . There are 106 species of mammals , 97 species of fish , 363 species of birds , 10 species of amphibians and 52 species of reptiles which have been recorded and classified in Azerbaijan . The national animal of Azerbaijan is the Karabakh horse , a mountain - steppe racing and riding horse endemic to Azerbaijan . The Karabakh horse has a reputation for its good temper , speed , elegance and intelligence . It is one of the oldest breeds , with ancestry dating to the ancient world . However , today the horse is an endangered species . Azerbaijan 's flora consists of more than 4,500 species of higher plants . Due to the unique climate in Azerbaijan , the flora is much richer in the number of species than the flora of the other republics of the South Caucasus . About 67 percent of the species growing in the whole Caucasus can be found in Azerbaijan . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Azerbaijan See also : Elections in Azerbaijan and Human rights in Azerbaijan Government building The son of former President Heydar Aliyev , Ilham Aliyev , succeeded his father and has remained in power since 2003 . The structural formation of Azerbaijan 's political system was completed by the adoption of the new Constitution on 12 November 1995 . According to Article 23 of the Constitution , the state symbols of the Azerbaijan Republic are the flag , the coat of arms , and the national anthem . The state power in Azerbaijan is limited only by law for internal issues , but for international affairs is additionally limited by the provisions of international agreements . The government of Azerbaijan is based on the separation of powers among the legislative , executive , and judicial branches . The legislative power is held by the unicameral National Assembly and the Supreme National Assembly in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Parliamentary elections are held every five years , on the first Sunday of November . The Yeni Azerbaijan Party , and independents loyal to the ruling government , currently hold almost all of the Parliament 's 125 seats . During the 2010 Parliamentary election , the opposition parties , Musavat and Azerbaijani Popular Front Party , failed to win a single seat . European observers found numerous irregularities in the run - up to the election and on election day . The executive power is held by the President , who is elected for a seven - year term by direct elections , and the Prime Minister . The president is authorized to form the Cabinet , a collective executive body , accountable to both the President and the National Assembly . The Cabinet of Azerbaijan consists primarily of the prime minister , his deputies , and ministers . The president does not have the right to dissolve the National Assembly , but has the right to veto its decisions . To override the presidential veto , the parliament must have a majority of 95 votes . The judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court , Supreme Court , and the Economic Court . The president nominates the judges in these courts . The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice ( CEPEJ ) report refers to the Azerbaijani justice model on the selection of new judges as best practice that reflects the particular features and the course of development towards ensuring the independence and quality of the judiciary in a new democracy . The Security Council is the deliberative body under the president , and he organizes it according to the Constitution . It was established on 10 April 1997 . The administrative department is not a part of the president 's office but manages the financial , technical and pecuniary activities of both the president and his office . Although Azerbaijan has held several elections since regaining its independence and it has many of the formal institutions of democracy , it remains classified as `` not free '' ( on border with `` partly free '' ) by Freedom House . In recent years , large numbers of Azerbaijani journalists , bloggers , lawyers , and human rights activists have been rounded up and jailed for their criticism of President Aliyev and government authorities . A resolution adopted by the European Parliament in September 2015 described Azerbaijan as `` having suffered the greatest decline in democratic governance in all of Eurasia over the past ten years , '' noting as well that its dialogue with the country on human rights has `` not made any substantial progress . '' On 17 March 2016 , the President of Azerbaijan signed a decree pardoning more than a dozen of the persons regarded as political prisoners by some NGOs . This decree was welcomed as a positive step by the US State Department . On 16 March 2017 another pardon decree was signed , which led to the release of additional persons regarded as political prisoners . Azerbaijan has been harshly criticized for bribing foreign officials and diplomats in order to promote its causes abroad and legitimize its elections at home , a practice which has been termed as Caviar diplomacy . However , on 6 March 2017 , ESISC ( European Strategic Intelligence and Security Center ) published a report called `` The Armenian Connection '' where it attacked human rights NGOs and research organisations criticising human rights violations and corruption in Azerbaijan . ESISC in that report asserted that `` Caviar diplomacy '' report elaborated by ESI aimed to create climate of suspicion based on slander to form a network of MPs that would engage in a political war against Azerbaijan , and that the network composed of European PMs , Armenian officials and some NGOs : Human Rights Watch , Amnesty International , `` Human Rights House Foundation '' , `` Open Dialog , European Stability Initiative , and Helsinki Committee for Human Rights , was financed by the Soros Foundation . According to Robert Coalson ( Radio Free Europe ) , ESISC is a part of Baku 's lobbying efforts to extend to the use of front think tanks to shift public opinion . Freedom Files Analytical Centre said that `` The report is written in the worst traditions of authoritarian propaganda '' . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main article : Foreign relations of Azerbaijan See also : Azerbaijan and the European Union President İlham Aliyev with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , 31 October 2017 . Vladimir Putin in Azerbaijan in August 2013 The short - lived Azerbaijan Democratic Republic succeeded in establishing diplomatic relations with six countries , sending diplomatic representatives to Germany and Finland . The process of international recognition of Azerbaijan 's independence from the collapsing Soviet Union lasted roughly one year . The most recent country to recognize Azerbaijan was Bahrain , on 6 November 1996 . Full diplomatic relations , including mutual exchanges of missions , were first established with Turkey , Pakistan , the United States , Iran and Israel . Azerbaijan has placed a particular emphasis on its `` special relationship '' with Turkey . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries so far and holds membership in 38 international organizations . It holds observer status in the Non-Aligned Movement and World Trade Organization and is a correspondent at the International Telecommunication Union . On 9 May 2006 Azerbaijan was elected to membership in the newly established Human Rights Council by the United Nations General Assembly . The term of office began on 19 June 2006 . Azerbaijan for the first time elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2011 with the support of 155 countries . Ilham Aliyev attends the Caspian Sea Summit in Astrakhan , Russia , 29 September 2014 . Foreign policy priorities of Azerbaijan include , first of all , the restoration of its territorial integrity ; elimination of the consequences of occupation of Nagorno - Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno - Karabakh ; integration into European and Euro - Atlantic structure ; contribution to international security ; cooperation with international organizations ; regional cooperation and bilateral relations ; strengthening of defense capability ; promotion of security by domestic policy means ; strengthening of democracy ; preservation of ethnic and religious tolerance ; scientific , educational , and cultural policy and preservation of moral values ; economic and social development ; enhancing internal and border security ; and migration , energy , and transportation security policy . The Azerbaijani government , in late 2007 , stated that the long - standing dispute over the Armenian - occupied territory of Nagorno - Karabakh is almost certain to spark a new war if it remains unresolved . The Government is in the process of increasing its military budget . Azerbaijan is an active member of international coalitions fighting international terrorism . Azerbaijan was one of the first countries to offer support after the September 11 attacks . The country is contributing to peacekeeping efforts in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . Azerbaijan is an active member of NATO 's Partnership for Peace program . It also maintains good relations with the European Union and could potentially one day apply for membership . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions ; 66 rayons ( rayonlar , singular rayon ) and 77 cities ( şəhərlər , singular şəhər ) of which 12 are under the direct authority of the republic . Moreover , Azerbaijan includes the Autonomous Republic ( muxtar respublika ) of Nakhchivan . The President of Azerbaijan appoints the governors of these units , while the government of Nakhchivan is elected and approved by the parliament of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic . Absheron Economic Region Absheron ( Abşeron ) Khizi ( Xızı ) Baku ( Bakı ) Sumqayit ( Sumqayıt ) Aran Economic Region Aghjabadi ( Ağcabədi ) Aghdash ( Ağdaş ) Barda ( Bərdə ) Beylagan ( Beyləqan ) Bilasuvar ( Biləsuvar ) Goychay ( Göyçay ) Hajigabul ( Hacıqabul ) Imishli ( İmişli ) Kurdamir ( Kürdəmir ) Neftchala ( Neftçala ) Saatly ( Saatlı ) Sabirabad ( Sabirabad ) Salyan ( Salyan ) Ujar ( Ucar ) Yevlakh ( Yevlax ) Zardab ( Zərdab ) Mingachevir ( Mingəçevir ) Shirvan ( Şirvan ) Yevlakh ( Yevlax ) Daglig - Shirvan Aghsu ( Ağsu ) Gobustan ( Qobustan ) Ismailly ( İsmayıllı ) Shamakhy ( Şamaxı ) Ganja - Gazakh Aghstafa ( Ağstafa ) Dashkasan ( Daşkəsən ) Gadabay ( Gədəbəy ) Gazakh ( Qazax ) Goygol ( Göygöl ) Goranboy ( Goranboy ) Samukh ( Samux ) Shamkir ( Şəmkir ) Tovuz ( Tovuz ) Ganja ( Gəncə ) Naftalan ( Naftalan ) Guba - Khachmaz Guba ( Quba ) Gusar ( Qusar ) Khachmaz ( Xaçmaz ) Shabran ( Şabran ) Siyazan ( Siyəzən ) Kalbajar - Lachin Gubadly ( Qubadlı ) Kalbajar ( Kəlbəcər ) Lachin ( Laçın ) Zangilan ( Zəngilan ) Lankaran Astara ( Astara ) Jalilabad ( Cəlilabad ) Lankaran ( Lənkəran ) Lerik ( Lerik ) Masally ( Masallı ) Yardimly ( Yardımlı ) Lankaran ( Lənkəran ) Nakhchivan Babek ( Babək ) Julfa ( Culfa ) Kangarli ( Kəngərli ) Ordubad ( Ordubad ) Sadarak ( Sədərək ) Shahbuz ( Şahbuz ) Sharur ( Şərur ) Nakhchivan ( Naxçıvan ) Shaki - Zaqatala Balakan ( Balakən ) Gabala ( Qəbələ ) Gakh ( Qax ) Oghuz ( Oğuz ) Shaki ( Şəki ) Zaqatala ( Zaqatala ) Shaki ( Şəki ) Yukhari - Garabakh Aghdam ( Ağdam ) Fuzuli ( Füzuli ) Jabrayil ( Cəbrayıl ) Khojaly ( Xocalı ) Khojavend ( Xocavənd ) Shusha ( Şuşa ) Tartar ( Tərtər ) Khankendi ( Xankəndi ) Shusha ( Şuşa ) Azerbaijan is divided into 10 economic regions . Note : The cities under the direct authority of the republic in italics . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Azerbaijan 2013 Demographic statistics according to the administrative divisions , Azerbaijan State Statistics Committee Rank Name Economic regions Pop . Rank Name Economic regions Pop . Baku Sumqayit Baku Absheron 2,150,800 11 Khachmaz Guba - Khachmaz 64,800 Ganja Mingachevir Sumqayit Absheron 325,200 12 Agdam Yukhari - Karabakh 59,800 Ganja Ganja - Qazakh 323,000 13 Jalilabad Lankaran 56,400 Mingachevir Aran 99,700 14 Khankandi Yukhari - Karabakh 55,100 5 Lankaran Lankaran 85,300 15 Agjabadi Aran 46,900 6 Shirvan Aran 80,900 16 Shamakhi Daglig - Shirvan 43,700 7 Nakhchivan Nakhchivan 78,300 17 Fuzuli Yukhari - Karabakh 42,000 8 Shamkir Ganja - Qazakh 69,600 18 Salyan Aran 37.000 9 Shaki Shaki - Zaqatala 66,400 19 Barda Aran 38,600 10 Yevlakh Aran 66,300 20 Neftchala Aran 38,200 Military ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani Armed Forces Azerbaijani Navy fleet during the 2011 military parade in Baku Azerbaijani Special Forces during military parade The history of the modern Azerbaijan army dates back to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 , when the National Army of the newly formed Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was created on 26 June 1918 . When Azerbaijan gained independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan were created according to the Law on the Armed Forces of 9 October 1991 . The original date of the establishment of the short - lived National Army is celebrated as Army Day ( 26 June ) in today 's Azerbaijan . As of 2002 , Azerbaijan had 95,000 active personnel in its armed forces . There are also 17,000 paramilitary troops . The armed forces have three branches : the Land Forces , the Air Forces and the Navy . Additionally the armed forces embrace several military sub-groups that can be involved in state defense when needed . These are the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Border Service , which includes the Coast Guard as well . The Azerbaijan National Guard is a further paramilitary force . It operates as a semi-independent entity of the Special State Protection Service , an agency subordinate to the President . Contingent from the Azerbaijani military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade , 9 May 2015 Azerbaijan adheres to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and has signed all major international arms and weapons treaties . Azerbaijan closely cooperates with NATO in programs such as Partnership for Peace and Individual Partnership Action Plan . Azerbaijan has deployed 151 of its Peacekeeping Forces in Iraq and another 184 in Afghanistan . The defense budget of Azerbaijan for 2011 was set at US $3.1 billion . In addition to that , $1.36 billion was planned to be used for the needs of the defense industry , which bring up the total military budget to 4.6 billion . Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said on 26 June 2011 that the defence spending reached $3.3 billion that year . Azerbaijan 's defense budget for 2013 is $3.7 billion . Azerbaijani defense industry manufactures small arms , artillery systems , tanks , armors and noctovision devices , aviation bombs , pilotless vehicles , various military vehicles and military planes and helicopters . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Azerbaijan After gaining independence in 1991 , Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund , the World Bank , the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank . The banking system of Azerbaijan consists of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan , commercial banks and non-banking credit organizations . The National ( now Central ) Bank was created in 1992 based on the Azerbaijan State Savings Bank , an affiliate of the former State Savings Bank of the USSR . The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan 's central bank , empowered to issue the national currency , the Azerbaijani manat , and to supervise all commercial banks . Two major commercial banks are UniBank and the state - owned International Bank of Azerbaijan , run by Dr. Jahangir Hajiyev . Pushed up by spending and demand growth , the 2007 Q1 inflation rate reached 16.6 % . Nominal incomes and monthly wages climbed 29 % and 25 % respectively against this figure , but price increases in non-oil industry encouraged inflation . Azerbaijan shows some signs of the so - called `` Dutch disease '' because of its fast - growing energy sector , which causes inflation and makes non-energy exports more expensive . In the early 2000s the chronically high inflation was brought under control . This led to the launch of a new currency , the new Azerbaijani manat , on 1 January 2006 , to cement the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy . In 2008 , Azerbaijan was cited as one of the top 10 reformers by the World Bank 's Doing Business Report . Azerbaijan led the world as the top reformer in 2007 / 08 , with improvements on seven out of 10 indicators of regulatory reform . Azerbaijan started operating a one - stop shop in January 2008 that halved the time , cost and number of procedures to start a business . Business registrations increased by 40 % in the first six months . Azerbaijan also eliminated the minimum loan cutoff of $1,100 , more than doubling the number of borrowers covered by the credit registry . Also , taxpayers can now file forms and pay their taxes online . Azerbaijan 's extensive reforms moved it far up the ranks , from 97 to 33 in the overall ease of doing business . Azerbaijan is also ranked 57th in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2010 -- 2011 , above other CIS countries . By 2012 the GDP of Azerbaijan had increased 20-fold from to its 1995 level . Energy ( edit ) Main article : Energy in Azerbaijan Further information : Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan A pumping unit for the mechanical extraction of oil on the outskirts of Baku Two - thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas . The history of the oil industry of Azerbaijan dates back to the ancient period . Arabian historian and traveler Ahmed Al - Belaruri mentioned about the economics of Absheron peninsula in the ancient times , oil lands , also , white and black oil in Absheron . The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country 's gold , silver , iron , copper , titanium , chromium , manganese , cobalt , molybdenum , complex ore and antimony . In September 1994 , a 30 - year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic ( SOCAR ) and 13 oil companies , among them Amoco , BP , ExxonMobil , Lukoil and Equinor . As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation , Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development . Meanwhile , the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure macroeconomic stability , transparency in the management of oil revenue , and safeguarding of resources for future generations . Azeriqaz , a sub-company of SOCAR , intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021 . Azerbaijan is one of the sponsors of the East -- West and North -- South energy transport corridors . Baku -- Tbilisi -- Kars railway line will connect the Caspian region with Turkey , is expected to be completed in July 2017 . The Trans - Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline ( TANAP ) and Trans - Adriatic Pipeline ( TAP ) will deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan 's Shah Deniz gas to Turkey and Europe . Azerbaijan extended the agreement on development of ACG until 2050 according to the amended PSA signed on 14 September 2017 by SOCAR and co-venturers ( BP , Chevron , INPEX , Equinor , ExxonMobil , TP , ITOCHU and ONGC Videsh ) . Agriculture ( edit ) Main article : Agriculture in Azerbaijan Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region . About 54.9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural land . At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area . In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3 . Azerbaijan 's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures , horticulture and subtropical crops , green vegetables , viticulture and wine - making , cotton growing and medicinal plants . In some areas it is profitable to grow grain , potatoes , sugar beets , cotton and tobacco . Livestock , dairy products , and wine and spirits are also important farm products . The Caspian fishing industry concentrates on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga . In 2002 the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships . Some products previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally . Among them are Coca - Cola by Coca - Cola Bottlers LTD , beer by Baki - Kastel , parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Azerbaijan Shahdag Mountain Resort is the country 's largest winter resort . Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan . The country was a well - known tourist spot in the 1980s . However , the fall of the Soviet Union , and the Nagorno - Karabakh War during the 1990s , damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination . It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover , and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays . In the recent years , Azerbaijan has also become a popular destination for religious , spa , and health care tourism . During winter , the Shahdag Mountain Resort offers skiing with state of the art facilities . The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination as a top priority . It is a national strategy to make tourism a major , if not the single largest , contributor to the Azerbaijani economy . These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan . There are 63 countries which have visa - free score . E-visa -- for a visit of foreigners of visa - required countries to the Republic of Azerbaijan . According to Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 of the World Economic Forum , Azerbaijan holds 84th place . According to a report by the World Travel and Tourism Council , Azerbaijan was among the top ten countries showing the strongest growth in visitor exports between 2010 and 2016 , In addition , Azerbaijan placed first ( 46.1 % ) among countries with the fastest - developing travel and tourism economies , with strong indicators for inbound international visitor spending last year . Transportation ( edit ) Main articles : Transportation in Azerbaijan and Rail transport in Azerbaijan The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries , such as the Silk Road and the south -- north corridor , highlights the strategic importance of transportation sector for the country 's economy . The transport sector in the country includes roads , railways , aviation , and maritime transport . Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials . The Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline ( BTC ) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 kilometers through the territories of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey . The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets . The South Caucasus Pipeline , also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan , Georgia and Turkey , became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field . Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year . Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU - sponsored Silk Road Project . In 2002 , the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions . In the same year , the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . Priorities are upgrading the transport network and improving transportation services in order to better facilitate the development of other sectors of the economy . The construction of Kars -- Tbilisi -- Baku railway in 2012 is to improve transportation between Asia and Europe by connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east to the European railway system in the west via Turkey . In 2010 Broad - gauge railways and electrified railways stretched for 2,918 km ( 1,813 mi ) and 1,278 km ( 794 mi ) respectively . By 2010 , there were 35 airports and one heliport . Science and technology ( edit ) Main articles : Communications in Azerbaijan , Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency , and List of Azerbaijani inventions and discoveries Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory In the 21st century , a new oil and gas boom helped to improve the situation in Azerbaijan 's science and technology sectors , and the government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation . The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable to those from oil production . Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector , mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis ; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years . The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector . The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies ( MCIT ) , as well as being an operator through its role in Aztelekom , is both a policy - maker and regulator . Public pay phones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks . Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration . As of 2009 , there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines and 1,485,000 internet users . There are four GSM providers : Azercell , Bakcell , Azerfon ( Nar Mobile ) , Nakhtel mobile network operators and one CDMA . In the 21st century a number of prominent Azerbaijani geodynamics and geotectonics scientists , inspired by the fundamental works of Elchin Khalilov and others , designed hundreds of earthquake prediction stations and earthquake - resistant buildings that now constitute the bulk of The Republican Center of Seismic Service . The Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency launched its first satellite AzerSat 1 into orbit on 7 February 2013 from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at orbital positions 46 ° East . The satellite covers Europe and a significant part of Asia and Africa and serves the transmission of TV and radio broadcasting as well as the internet . The launching of a satellite into orbit is Azerbaijan 's first step in realizing its goal of becoming a nation with its own space industry , capable of successfully implementing more projects in the future . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Azerbaijan Further information : Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan As of 2016 , 53.1 % of Azerbaijan 's total population of 9,705,600 was urban , with the remaining 46.9 % being rural . 50.2 % of the total population was female . The sex ratio in the same year was 0.99 males per female . The 2011 population growth - rate was 0.85 % , compared to 1.09 % worldwide . A significant factor restricting population growth is a high level of migration . In 2011 Azerbaijan saw a migration of − 1.14 / 1,000 people . The Azerbaijani diaspora is found in 42 countries and in turn there are many centers for ethnic minorities inside Azerbaijan , including the German cultural society `` Karelhaus '' , Slavic cultural center , Azerbaijani - Israeli community , Kurdish cultural center , International Talysh Association , Lezgin national center `` Samur '' , Azerbaijani - Tatar community , Crimean Tatars society , etc . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Ethnic composition ( 2009 ) Azerbaijani 91.60 % Lezgian 1.15 % Armenian 1.35 % Russian 1.34 % Talysh 1.26 % Other nations 2.43 % The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 population census : 91.60 % Azerbaijanis , 2.02 % Lezgians , 1.35 % Armenians ( almost all Armenians live in the break - away region of Nagorno - Karabakh ) , 1.34 % Russians , 1.26 % Talysh , 0.56 % Avars , 0.43 % Turks , 0.29 % Tatars , 0.28 % Tats , 0.24 % Ukrainians , 0.14 % Tsakhurs , 0.11 % Georgians , 0.10 % Jews , 0.07 % Kurds , other 0.21 % . Iranian Azerbaijanis are by far the largest minority in Iran . The number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran furthermore far outnumber those in neighboring Azerbaijan . The CIA World Factbook estimates Iranian Azerbaijanis as constituting at least 16 % of Iran 's population . Urbanization ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Azerbaijan In total , Azerbaijan has 78 cities , 63 city districts , and one special legal status city . These are followed by 261 urban - type settlements and 4248 villages . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Azerbaijan The official language is Azerbaijani ( Turkic language ) , which is spoken by approximately 92 % of the population as a mother tongue . It belongs to the Turkic language family . Russian and Armenian ( only in Nagorno - Karabakh ) are also spoken , and each are the mother tongue of around 1.5 % of the population respectively . Russian and English play significant roles as second or third languages of education and communication . There are a dozen other minority languages spoken natively in the country . Avar , Budukh , Georgian , Juhuri , Khinalug , Kryts , Lezgian , Rutul , Talysh , Tat , Tsakhur , and Udi are all spoken by small minorities . Some of these language communities are very small and their numbers are decreasing . Armenian is almost exclusively spoken in the break - away Nagorno - Karabakh region . Religion ( edit ) Religions in Azerbaijan Islam 97.4 % Christianity 1.1 % None 1.0 % Others 0.5 % Main articles : Religion in Azerbaijan and Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan The Bibi - Heybat Mosque before its destruction by the Bolsheviks in 1936 . The mosque was built over the tomb of a descendant of Muhammad . Around 97 % of the population are Muslims . 90 % of the Muslims are Shia Muslims and 10 % Sunni Muslims , and the Republic of Azerbaijan has the second highest Shia population percentage in the world . Other faiths are practised by the country 's various ethnic groups . Under article 48 of its Constitution , Azerbaijan is a secular state and ensures religious freedom . In a 2006 -- 2008 Gallup poll , only 21 % of respondents from Azerbaijan stated that religion is an important part of their daily lives . This makes Azerbaijan the least religious Muslim - majority country in the world . Of the nation 's religious minorities , the estimated 280,000 Christians ( 3.1 % ) are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic ( almost all Armenians live in the break - away region of Nagorno - Karabakh ) . In 2003 , there were 250 Roman Catholics . Other Christian denominations as of 2002 include Lutherans , Baptists and Molokans . There is also a small Protestant community . Azerbaijan also has an ancient Jewish population with a 2,000 - year history ; Jewish organizations estimate that 12,000 Jews remain in Azerbaijan . Azerbaijan also is home to members of the Bahá'í , Hare Krishna and Jehovah 's Witnesses communities , as well as adherents of the other religious communities . Some religious communities have been unofficially restricted from religious freedom . A U.S. State Department report on the matter mentions detention of members of certain Muslim and Christian groups , and many groups have difficulty registering with the SCWRA . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Azerbaijan A relatively high percentage of Azerbaijanis have obtained some form of higher education , most notably in scientific and technical subjects . In the Soviet era , literacy and average education levels rose dramatically from their very low starting point , despite two changes in the standard alphabet , from Perso - Arabic script to Latin in the 1920s and from Roman to Cyrillic in the 1930s . According to Soviet data , 100 percent of males and females ( ages nine to forty - nine ) were literate in 1970 . According to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009 , the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99.5 percent . Since independence , one of the first laws that Azerbaijan 's Parliament passed to disassociate itself from the Soviet Union was to adopt a modified - Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic . Other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change . Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education ( banned during the Soviet period ) and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content . In addition to elementary schools , the education institutions include thousands of preschools , general secondary schools , and vocational schools , including specialized secondary schools and technical schools . Education through the eighth grade is compulsory . Culture ( edit ) The Azerbaijani carpet and Kalaghai , a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Main articles : Culture of Azerbaijan and Literature of Azerbaijan See also : UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in Azerbaijan The culture of Azerbaijan has developed as a result of many influences . Today , national traditions are well preserved in the country despite Western influences , including globalized consumer culture . Some of the main elements of the Azerbaijani culture are : music , literature , folk dances and art , cuisine , architecture , cinematography and Novruz Bayram . The latter is derived from the traditional celebration of the New Year in the ancient Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism . Novruz is a family holiday . The profile of Azerbaijan 's population consists , as stated above , of Azerbaijanis , as well as other nationalities or ethnic groups , compactly living in various areas of the country . Azerbaijani national and traditional dresses are the Chokha and Papakhi . There are radio broadcasts in Russian , Georgian , Kurdish , Lezgian and Talysh languages , which are financed from the state budget . Some local radio stations in Balakan and Khachmaz organize broadcasts in Avar and Tat . In Baku several newspapers are published in Russian , Kurdish ( Dengi Kurd ) , Lezgian ( Samur ) and Talysh languages . Jewish society `` Sokhnut '' publishes the newspaper Aziz . Music and folk dances ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijani dances Uzeyir Hajibeyov merged traditional Azerbaijani music with Western styles in the early 20th century . Music of Azerbaijan builds on folk traditions that reach back nearly a thousand years . For centuries Azerbaijani music has evolved under the badge of monody , producing rhythmically diverse melodies . Azerbaijani music has a branchy mode system , where chromatization of major and minor scales is of great importance . Among national musical instruments there are 14 string instruments , eight percussion instruments and six wind instruments . According to The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , `` in terms of ethnicity , culture and religion the Azerbaijani are musically much closer to Iran than Turkey . '' The Azerbaijani Mugam , a UNESCO Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage of Humanity 16th - century miniature of Nizami Ganjavi 's Khosrow and Shirin tragic romance Mugham , meykhana and ashiq art are among the many musical traditions of Azerbaijan . Mugham is usually a suite with poetry and instrumental interludes . When performing mugham , the singers have to transform their emotions into singing and music . In contrast to the mugham traditions of Central Asian countries , Azerbaijani mugham is more free - form and less rigid ; it is often compared to the improvised field of jazz . UNESCO proclaimed the Azerbaijani mugham tradition a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003 . Meykhana is a kind of traditional Azerbaijani distinctive folk unaccompanied song , usually performed by several people improvising on a particular subject . Ashiq combines poetry , storytelling , dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijani culture . It is a mystic troubadour or traveling bard who sings and plays the saz . This tradition has its origin in the Shamanistic beliefs of ancient Turkic peoples . Ashiqs ' songs are semi-improvised around common bases . Azerbaijan 's ashiq art was included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO on 30 September 2009 . Since the mid-1960s , Western - influenced Azerbaijani pop music , in its various forms , that has been growing in popularity in Azerbaijan , while genres such as rock and hip hop are widely produced and enjoyed . Azerbaijani pop and Azerbaijani folk music arose with the international popularity of performers like Alim Qasimov , Rashid Behbudov , Vagif Mustafazadeh , Muslim Magomayev , Shovkat Alakbarova and Rubaba Muradova . Azerbaijan is an enthusiastic participant in the Eurovision Song Contest . Azerbaijan made its debut appearance at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest . The country 's entry gained third place in 2009 and fifth the following year . Ell and Nikki won the first place at the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 with the song `` Running Scared '' , entitling Azerbaijan to host the contest in 2012 , in Baku . They have qualified for every Grand Final up until the 2018 edition of the contest , entering with X My Heart by singer Aisel There are dozens of Azerbaijani folk dances . They are performed at formal celebrations and the dancers wear national clothes like the Chokha , which is well - preserved within the national dances . Most dances have a very fast rhythm . The national dance shows the characteristics of the Azerbaijani nation . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani literature Painting of Khurshidbanu Natavan , one of the most distinguished Azerbaijani poets . She was also the daughter of the last ruler of the Karabakh Khanate . Among the medieval authors born within the territorial limits of modern Azerbaijani Republic was Persian poet and philosopher Nizami , called Ganjavi after his place of birth , Ganja , who was the author of the Khamseh ( `` The Quintuplet '' ) , composed of five romantic poems , including `` The Treasure of Mysteries , '' `` Khosrow and Shīrīn , '' and `` Leyli and Mejnūn . '' The earliest known figure in Azerbaijani literature was Izzeddin Hasanoglu , who composed a divan consisting of Persian and Turkic ghazals . In Persian ghazals he used his pen - name , while his Turkic ghazals were composed under his own name of Hasanoghlu . Classical literature in Azerbaijani was formed in the 14th century based on the various Early Middle Ages dialects of Tabriz and Shirvan . Among the poets of this period were Gazi Burhanaddin , Haqiqi ( pen - name of Jahan - shah Qara Qoyunlu ) , and Habibi . The end of the 14th century was also the period of starting literary activity of Imadaddin Nesimi , one of the greatest Turkic Hurufi mystical poets of the late 14th and early 15th centuries and one of the most prominent early divan masters in Turkic literary history , who also composed poetry in Persian and Arabic . The divan and ghazal styles were further developed by poets Qasim al - Anvar , Fuzuli and Khatai ( pen - name of Safavid Shah Ismail I ) . The Book of Dede Korkut consists of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century , was not written earlier than the 15th century . It is a collection of 12 stories reflecting the oral tradition of Oghuz nomads . The 16th - century poet , Muhammed Fuzuli produced his timeless philosophical and lyrical Qazals in Arabic , Persian , and Azerbaijani . Benefiting immensely from the fine literary traditions of his environment , and building upon the legacy of his predecessors , Fizuli was destined to become the leading literary figure of his society . His major works include The Divan of Ghazals and The Qasidas . In the same century , Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development of Ashik ( Azerbaijani : Aşıq ) poetic genre of bards . During the same period , under the pen - name of Khatāī ( Arabic : خطائی for sinner ) Shah Ismail I wrote about 1400 verses in Azerbaijani , which were later published as his Divan . A unique literary style known as qoshma ( Azerbaijani : qoşma for improvization ) was introduced in this period , and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor , Shah Tahmasp I . In the span of the 17th and 18th centuries , Fizuli 's unique genres as well Ashik poetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such as Qovsi of Tabriz , Shah Abbas Sani , Agha Mesih Shirvani , Nishat , Molla Vali Vidadi , Molla Panah Vagif , Amani , Zafar and others . Along with Turks , Turkmens and Uzbeks , Azerbaijanis also celebrate the Epic of Koroglu ( from Azerbaijani : kor oğlu for blind man 's son ) , a legendary folk hero . Several documented versions of Koroglu epic remain at the Institute for Manuscripts of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan . Modern literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly , while in Iran it is based on the Tabrizi one . The first newspaper in Azerbaijani , Akinchi was published in 1875 . In the mid-19th century , it was taught in the schools of Baku , Ganja , Shaki , Tbilisi , and Yerevan . Since 1845 , it has also been taught in the University of Saint Petersburg in Russia . Folk art ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani folk art Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments Azerbaijanis have a rich and distinctive culture , a major part of which is decorative and applied art . This form of art is represented by a wide range of handicrafts , such as chasing , jeweler , engraving in metal , carving in wood , stone and bone , carpet - making , lasing , pattern weaving and printing , knitting and embroidery . Each of these types of decorative art , evidence of the endowments of the Azerbaijan nation , is very much in favor here . Many interesting facts pertaining to the development of arts and crafts in Azerbaijan were reported by numerous merchants , travelers and diplomats who had visited these places at different times . The Azerbaijani carpet is a traditional handmade textile of various sizes , with dense texture and a pile or pile-less surface , whose patterns are characteristic of Azerbaijan 's many carpet - making regions . In November 2010 the Azerbaijani carpet was proclaimed a Masterpiece of Intangible Heritage by UNESCO . Handwork coppery in Lahic Azerbaijan has been since the ancient times known as a center of a large variety of crafts . The archeological dig on the territory of Azerbaijan testifies to the well developed agriculture , stock raising , metal working , pottery , ceramics , and carpet - weaving that date as far back as to the 2nd millennium BC . Archeological sites in Dashbulaq , Hasansu , Zayamchai , and Tovuzchai uncovered from the BTC pipeline have revealed early Iron Age artifacts . Azerbaijani carpets can be categorized under several large groups and a multitude of subgroups . Scientific research of the Azerbaijani carpet is connected with the name of Latif Kerimov , a prominent scientist and artist . It was his classification that related the four large groups of carpets with the four geographical zones of Azerbaijan , Guba - Shirvan , Ganja - Kazakh , Karabakh and Tabriz . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Azerbaijani cuisine Dushbara , a traditional Azerbaijani meal Pakhlava and Badambura are traditional desserts , usually eaten with tea . The traditional cuisine is famous for an abundance of vegetables and greens used seasonally in the dishes . Fresh herbs , including mint , cilantro ( coriander ) , dill , basil , parsley , tarragon , leeks , chives , thyme , marjoram , green onion , and watercress , are very popular and often accompany main dishes on the table . Climatic diversity and fertility of the land are reflected in the national dishes , which are based on fish from the Caspian Sea , local meat ( mainly mutton and beef ) , and an abundance of seasonal vegetables and greens . Saffron - rice plov is the flagship food in Azerbaijan and black tea is the national beverage . Azerbaijanis often use traditional armudu ( pear - shaped ) glass as they have very strong tea culture . Popular traditional dishes include bozbash ( lamb soup that exists in several regional varieties with the addition of different vegetables ) , qutab ( fried turnover with a filling of greens or minced meat ) and dushbara ( sort of dumplings of dough filled with ground meat and flavor ) . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of Azerbaijan Momine Khatun Mausoleum in Nakhchivan built in the 12th century Azerbaijani architecture typically combines elements of East and West . Azerbaijiani architecture has heavy influences from Persian architecture . Many ancient architectural treasures such as the Maiden Tower and Palace of the Shirvanshahs in the Walled City of Baku survive in modern Azerbaijan . Entries submitted on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list include the Ateshgah of Baku , Momine Khatun Mausoleum , Hirkan National Park , Binegadi National Park , Lökbatan Mud Volcano , Baku Stage Mountain , Caspian Shore Defensive Constructions , Shusha National Reserve , Ordubad National Reserve and the Palace of Shaki Khans . Among other architectural treasures are Quadrangular Castle in Mardakan , Parigala in Yukhary Chardaglar , a number of bridges spanning the Aras River , and several mausoleums . In the 19th and early 20th centuries , little monumental architecture was created , but distinctive residences were built in Baku and elsewhere . Among the most recent architectural monuments , the Baku subways are noted for their lavish decor . The task for modern Azerbaijani architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics , the search for an architect 's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico - cultural environment . Major projects such as Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center , Flame Towers , Baku Crystal Hall , Baku White City and SOCAR Tower have transformed the country 's skyline and promotes its contemporary identity . Visual art ( edit ) Main article : Visual arts of Azerbaijan A miniature painting of a battle scene on the walls of the Palace of Shaki Khans , 18th century , city of Shaki Azerbaijani art includes one of the oldest art objects in the world , which were discovered as Gamigaya Petroglyphs in the territory of Ordubad Rayon are dated back to the 1st to 4th centuries BC . About 1500 dislodged and carved rock paintings with images of deer , goats , bulls , dogs , snakes , birds , fantastic beings and also people , carriages and various symbols had been found out on basalt rocks . Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl was convinced that people from the area went to Scandinavia in about 100 AD and took their boat building skills with them , and transmuted them into the Viking boats in Northern Europe . Over the centuries , Azerbaijani art has gone through many stylistic changes . Azerbaijani painting is traditionally characterized by a warmth of colour and light , as exemplified in the works of Azim Azimzade and Bahruz Kangarli , and a preoccupation with religious figures and cultural motifs . Azerbaijani painting enjoyed preeminence in Caucasus for hundreds of years , from the Romanesque and Ottoman periods , and through the Soviet and Baroque periods , the latter two of which saw fruition in Azerbaijan . Other notable artists who fall within these periods include Sattar Bahlulzade , Togrul Narimanbekov , Tahir Salahov , Alakbar Rezaguliyev , Mirza Gadim Iravani , Mikayil Abdullayev and Boyukagha Mirzazade . Cinema ( edit ) Scene from the Azerbaijani film In the Kingdom of Oil and Millions , 1916 Main articles : Cinema of Azerbaijan , Azerbaijani animation , and Television in Azerbaijan The film industry in Azerbaijan dates back to 1898 . In fact , Azerbaijan was among the first countries involved in cinematography . Therefore , it 's not surprising that this apparatus soon showed up in Baku -- at the start of the 20th century , this bay town on the Caspian was producing more than 50 percent of the world 's supply of oil . Just like today , the oil industry attracted foreigners eager to invest and to work . In 1919 , during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , a documentary The Celebration of the Anniversary of Azerbaijani Independence was filmed on Azerbaijan 's independence day , 27 May , and premiered in June 1919 at several theatres in Baku . After the Soviet power was established in 1920 , Nariman Narimanov , Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan , signed a decree nationalizing Azerbaijan 's cinema . This also influenced the creation of Azerbaijani animation . In 1991 , after Azerbaijan gained its independence from the Soviet Union , the first Baku International Film Festival East - West was held in Baku . In December 2000 , the former President of Azerbaijan , Heydar Aliyev , signed a decree proclaiming 2 August to be the professional holiday of filmmakers of Azerbaijan . Today Azerbaijani filmmakers are again dealing with issues similar to those faced by cinematographers prior to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1920 . Once again , both choice of content and sponsorship of films are largely left up to the initiative of the filmmaker . Media and media freedom ( edit ) Main articles : Media of Azerbaijan and Media freedom in Azerbaijan There are three state - owned television channels : AzTV , Idman TV and Medeniyyet TV . One public channel and 6 private channels : İctimai Television , ANS TV , Space TV , Lider TV , Azad Azerbaijan TV , Xazar TV and Region TV . Human Rights in Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Azerbaijan The Constitution of Azerbaijan claims to guarantee freedom of speech , but this is denied in practice . After several years of decline in press and media freedom , in 2014 the media environment in Azerbaijan deteriorated rapidly under a governmental campaign to silence any opposition and criticism , even while the country led the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe ( May -- November 2014 ) . Spurious legal charges and impunity in violence against journalists have remained the norm . All foreign broadcasts are banned in the country . According to the 2013 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report , Azerbaijan 's press freedom status is `` not free , '' and Azerbaijan ranks 177th out of 196 countries . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty and Voice of America are banned in Azerbaijan . During the last few years , three journalists were killed and several prosecuted in trials described as unfair by international human rights organizations . Azerbaijan has the biggest number of journalists imprisoned in Europe and Central Asia in 2015 , according to the Committee to Protect Journalists , and is the 5th most censored country in the world , ahead of Iran and China . A report by an Amnesty International researcher in October 2015 points to ' ... the severe deterioration of human rights in Azerbaijan over the past few years . Sadly Azerbaijan has been allowed to get away with unprecedented levels of repression and in the process almost wipe out its civil society ' . Amnesty 's 2015 / 16 annual report on the country stated ' ... persecution of political dissent continued . Human rights organizations remained unable to resume their work . At least 18 prisoners of conscience remained in detention at the end of the year . Reprisals against independent journalists and activists persisted both in the country and abroad , while their family members also faced harassment and arrests . International human rights monitors were barred and expelled from the country . Reports of torture and other ill - treatment persisted . ' The Guardian reported in April 2017 that `` Azerbaijan 's ruling elite operated a secret $2.9 bn ( £ 2.2 bn ) scheme to pay prominent Europeans , buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies ... Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership , accused of serial human rights abuses , systemic corruption and rigging elections , made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014 . Some of this money went to politicians and journalists , as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan 's president , Ilham Aliyev , and to promote a positive image of his oil - rich country . '' There was no suggestion that all recipients were aware of the source of the money as it arrived via a disguised route . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Azerbaijan Shakhriyar Mamedyarov was the 2013 World Rapid Chess and three - time European Team Chess champion . Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Azerbaijan 's national sport , in which Azerbaijan won up to fourteen medals , including four golds since joining the National Olympic Committee . Currently , the most popular sports include football and wrestling . Football is the most popular sport in Azerbaijan , and the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan with 9,122 registered players , is the largest sporting association in the country . The national football team of Azerbaijan demonstrates relatively low performance in the international arena compared to the nation football clubs . The most successful Azerbaijani football clubs are Neftchi Baku , Qarabağ , and Gabala . In 2012 , Neftchi Baku became the first Azerbaijani team to advance to the group stage of a European competition , beating APOEL of Cyprus 4 -- 2 on aggregate in the play - off round of the 2012 - 13 UEFA Europa League . In 2014 , Qarabağ became the second Azerbaijani club advancing to the group stage of UEFA Europa League . In 2017 , after beating Copenhagen 2 -- 2 ( a ) in the play - off round of the UEFA Champions League , Qarabağ became the first Azerbaijani club to reach the Group stage . Futsal is another popular sport in Azerbaijan . The Azerbaijan national futsal team reached fourth place in the 2010 UEFA Futsal Championship , while domestic club Araz Naxçivan clinched bronze medals at the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Futsal Cup and 2013 -- 14 UEFA Futsal Cup . Azerbaijan was the main sponsor of Spanish football club Atlético de Madrid during seasons 2013 / 2014 and 2014 / 2015 , a partnership that the club described should ' promote the image of Azerbaijan in the world ' . Backgammon also plays a major role in Azerbaijani culture . The game is very popular in Azerbaijan and is widely played among the local public . There are also different variations of backgammon developed and analyzed by Azerbaijani experts . Baku National Stadium was used for the first European Games in June 2015 . Azerbaijan Women 's Volleyball Super League is one of strongest women leagues in world . Its women 's national team came fourth at the 2005 European Championship . Over the last years , clubs like Rabita Baku and Azerrail Baku achieved great success at European cups . Azerbaijani volleyball players include likes of Valeriya Korotenko , Oksana Parkhomenko , Inessa Korkmaz , Natalya Mammadova and Alla Hasanova . Other well - known Azerbaijani athletes are Namig Abdullayev , Toghrul Asgarov , Rovshan Bayramov , Sharif Sharifov , Mariya Stadnik and Farid Mansurov in wrestling , Nazim Huseynov , Elnur Mammadli , Elkhan Mammadov and Rustam Orujov in judo , Rafael Aghayev in karate , Magomedrasul Majidov and Aghasi Mammadov in boxing , Nizami Pashayev in Olympic weightlifting , Azad Asgarov in pankration , Eduard Mammadov in kickboxing , and K - 1 fighter Zabit Samedov . Azerbaijan has a Formula One race - track and the country hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix on 19 June 2016 and the Azerbaijan Grand Prix in 2017 and 2018 . Other annual sporting events held in the country are the Baku Cup tennis tournament and the Tour d'Azerbaïdjan cycling race . Azerbaijan hosted several major sport competitions since the late 2000s , including the 2013 F1 Powerboat World Championship , 2012 FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup , 2011 AIBA World Boxing Championships , 2010 European Wrestling Championships , 2009 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2014 European Taekwondo Championships , 2014 Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships , 2016 World Chess Olympiad . On 8 December 2012 , Baku was selected to host the 2015 European Games , the first to be held in competition 's history . Baku is also set to host the fourth Islamic Solidarity Games in 2017 . See also ( edit ) Azerbaijan portal Europe portal Asia portal Book : Azerbaijan Outline of Azerbaijan Visa policy of Azerbaijan The Congress of World Azerbaijanis Index of Azerbaijan - related articles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nagorno - Karabakh is recognized as ' part of Azerbaijan . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic , The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 census . ( azstat.org ^ Jump up to : LaPorte , Jody ( 2016 ) . `` Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . In Elgie , Robert ; Moestrup , Sophia . Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia . London : Palgrave Macmillan ( published 15 May 2016 ) . pp. 91 -- 117 . doi : 10.1057 / 978 - 1 - 137 - 38781 - 3_4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 38780 - 6 . LCCN 2016939393 . OCLC 6039791976 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan . Azerbaijan 's regime is a curious hybrid , in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism . The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country , suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency . In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution , Azerbaijan 's president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks . LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan 's semi-presidential regime . Jump up ^ `` Аzərbаycаndа dеmоqrаfik vəziyyət '' ( in Azerbaijani ) . Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi. 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2016 -- `` Human Development for everyone '' '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ While often politically aligned with Europe , Azerbaijan is generally considered to be at least mostly in Southwest Asia geographically with its northern part bisected by the standard Asia - Europe divide , the Greater Caucasus . The United Nations classification of world regions places Azerbaijan in Western Asia ; the CIA World Factbook places it mostly in Southwest Asia ( 1 ) and Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary places it in both ; NationalGeographic.com , and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia . Conversely , some sources place Azerbaijan in Europe such as Worldatlas.com . ^ Jump up to : Swietochowski , Tadeusz ( 1995 ) . Russia and Azerbaijan : A Borderland in Transition . Columbia University Press . pp. 69 , 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07068 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pipes , Richard ( 1997 ) . The Formation of the Soviet Union : Communism and Nationalism 1917 -- 1923 ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 218 -- 220 , 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 30951 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , David C. ( 2006 ) . Azerbaijan . Marshall Cavendish . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0761420118 . Jump up ^ Zürcher , Christoph ( 2007 ) . The Post-Soviet Wars : Rebellion , Ethnic Conflict , and Nationhood in the Caucasus ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . New York : New York University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0814797099 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 822 от 30 апреля 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 853 от 29 июля 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 874 14 октября 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Резолюция СБ ООН No 884 от 12 ноября 1993 года ( in Russian ) . United Nations . Archived from the original on 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Membership of international groupings / organisations '' . British Foreign & Commonwealth Office . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Europa Publications Limited ( 1998 ) . Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States . Routledge . p. 154 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 058 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elections & Appointments -- Human Rights Council '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The non-aligned engagement '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Svante E. ( 2010 ) . Azerbaijan Since Independence . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 165 , 284 . Indicative of general regional trends and a natural reemergence of previously oppressed religious identity , an increasingly popular ideological basis for the pursuit of political objectives has been Islam ... The government , for its part , has shown an official commitment to Islam by building mosques and respecting Islamic values ... Unofficial Islamic groups sought to use aspects of Islam to mobilize the population and establish the foundations for a future political struggle ... Unlike Turkey , Azerbaijan does not have the powerful ideological legacy of secularism ... the conflict with Armenia has bred frustration that is increasingly being answered by a combined Islamic and nationalist sentiment , especially among younger people ... All major political forces are committed to secularism and are based , if anything , on a nationalist agenda . Jump up ^ `` WHO ranks Azerbaijan 38th on alcohol use '' . 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common . Gallup . Retrieved on 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Islam and Secularism : the Azerbaijani experience and its reflection in France . Prweb.com ( 17 June 2013 ) . Retrieved on 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Muslims and Islam : Key findings in the U.S. and around the world Pew Research Center . Pewresearch.org ( 26 May 2017 ) . Retrieved on 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Index and its components '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Infographic of the World 's Best Countries '' . Newsweek. 15 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy rate among schoolchildren in Azerbaijan is 100 % -- UN report '' . News.Az. 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Employment statistics in Azerbaijan '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch : Azerbaijan '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1993 ) . First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 -- 1936 ( reprint ed . ) . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09796 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schippmann , Klaus ( 1989 ) . Azerbaijan : Pre-Islamic History . Encyclopædia Iranica . pp. 221 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 933273 - 95 - 5 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 1998 ) . Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30610 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chamoux , François ( 2003 ) . Hellenistic Civilization . John Wiley and Sons . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22241 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bosworth A.B. , Baynham E.J. ( 2002 ) . Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction . Oxford University Press . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925275 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , `` despite being one of the chief vassals of Sasanian Shahanshah , the Albanian king had only a semblance of authority , and the Sassanid marzban ( military governor ) held most civil , religious , and military authority . ^ Jump up to : Swietochowski , Tadeusz ( 1999 ) . Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan . Lanham , Maryland : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 3550 - 4 . Jump up ^ Darmesteter , James ( 2004 ) . `` Frawardin Yasht '' . Avesta Khorda Avesta : Book Of Common Prayer ( reprint ed . ) . Kessinger Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 0852 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Early History : Iranian and Greek Influences '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 7 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Atabaki , Touraj ( 4 September 2006 ) . Iran and the First World War : Battleground of the Great Powers . I.B. Tauris . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 964 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Atabaki , Touraj ( 2000 ) . Azerbaijan : Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran . I.B. Tauris . p. 25 . ISBN 9781860645549 . ^ Jump up to : Dekmejian , R. Hrair ; Simonian , Hovann H. ( 2003 ) . Troubled Waters : The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region . I.B. Tauris . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1860649226 . Until 1918 , when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan , this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan . ^ Jump up to : Rezvani , Babak ( 2014 ) . Ethno - territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus , Central Asia and Fereydan : academisch proefschrift . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 356 . ISBN 978 - 9048519286 . The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918 , unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago . Jump up ^ Fragner , B.G. ( 2001 ) . Soviet Nationalism : An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia . I.B. Tauris and Company . pp. 13 -- 32 . In the post Islamic sense , Arran and Shirvan are often distinguished , while in the pre-Islamic era , Arran or the western Caucasian Albania roughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan . In the Soviet era , in a breathtaking manipulation , historical Azerbaijan ( northwestern Iran ) was reinterpreted as `` South Azerbaijan '' in order for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern - day northwestern Iran . Jump up ^ Atabaki , Touraj ( 2000 ) . Azerbaijan : Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran . I.B. Tauris . p. 8 . ISBN 9781860645549 . Jump up ^ Bournoutian , George A. ( 2016 ) . The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan : A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia . Gibb Memorial Trust . p. 18 . ISBN 9781909724839 . ( ... ) the Baku and Elisavetpol guberniias , declared their independence ( to 1920 ) , and , despite Iranian protests , took the name of Azerbaijan ( as noted , the same designation as the historical region in northwestern Iran ) ( ... ) Jump up ^ 1947 - , Comrie , Bernard , ( 1981 ) . The languages of the Soviet Union . Cambridge ( England ) : Cambridge University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 9780521298773 . OCLC 6627395 . Jump up ^ Azakov , Siyavush . `` National report on institutional landscape and research policy Social Sciences and Humanities in Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Physics . Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Chaumont , M.L. ( 1984 ) . `` Albania '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 2001 ) . `` Armenia : a Historical Atlas '' . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Missing or empty url = ( help ) map Caucasian Albania Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 1982 ) . Thomas J. Samuelian , ed . `` Ethno - History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians '' . Classical Armenian Culture : Influences and Creativity . ( Philadelphia : Scholars Press . p. 45 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. ( 2001 ) . Armenia : a Historical Atlas . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 32 -- 33 , map 19 ( shows the territory of modern Nagorno -- Karabakh as part of the Orontids ' Kingdom of Armenia ) . Jump up ^ Моисей Хоренский . Армянская География VII в . Перевод Патканова К. П . СПб. , 1877 . стр. 40 , 17 Jump up ^ Hewsen , Robert H. `` The Kingdom of Artsakh , '' in T. Samuelian & M. Stone , eds . Medieval Armenian Culture . Chico , CA , 1983 Jump up ^ Yarshater , E. ( 1987 ) . `` The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . III / 2 . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Paul ( 1998 ) . Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies . 1 ( Nicholas Sims - Williams ( ed . ) ed . ) . Cambridge : Wiesbaden : Reichert . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89500 - 070 - 6 . Jump up ^ Roy , Olivier ( 2007 ) . The new Central Asia : geopolitics and the birth of nations ( reprint ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 552 - 4 . Jump up ^ R. Ward , Steven ( 2009 ) . Immortal : a military history of Iran and its armed forces . Georgetown University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58901 - 258 - 5 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Wagstaff , John ( 1985 ) . The evolution of middle eastern landscapes : an outline to A.D. 1840 , Part 1840 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20577 - 7 . Jump up ^ L. Altstadt , Audrey ( 1992 ) . The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule . Hoover Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 9182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Akiner , Shirin ( 2004 ) . The Caspian : Politics , Energy and Security . RoutledgeCurzon . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) . Armenia , the survival of a nation . Croom Helm . p. 45 . Tsitsianov next moved against the semi-independent Iranian khanates . On the thinnest of pretexts he captured the Muslim town of Gandja , the seat of Islamic learning in the Caucasus ( ... ) Jump up ^ Saparov , Arsène ( 2014 ) . From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus : The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia , South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1317637837 . Even though these principalities ( the khanates ) had not been under Iranian suzerainty since the assassination of Nadir Shah in 1747 , they were traditionally considered an inalienable part of Iranian domains . ( ... ) To the semi-independent Caucasian principalities the appearance of the new Great Power ( ... ) Jump up ^ Kashani - Sabet , Firoozeh ( May 1997 ) . `` Fragile Frontiers : The Diminishing Domains of Qajar Iran '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 29 ( 2 ) : 210 . doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800064473 . In 1795 , Ibrahim Khalil Khan , the wali of Qarabagh , warned Sultan Selim III of Aqa Muhammad Khan 's ambitions . Fearing for his independence , he informed the Sultan of Aqa Muhammad Khan 's ability to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh , Erivan , and Georgia . Jump up ^ Barker , Adele Marie ; Grant , Bruce ( 2010 ) . The Russia Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0822346487 . But they were relatively more accessible given the organization of small , centralized , semi-independent khanates that functioned through the decline of Iranian rule after the death of Nadir Shah in the mid-eighteenth century ( ... ) Jump up ^ Avery , Peter ; Hambly , Gavin ( 1991 ) . The Cambridge History of Iran . Cambridge University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 20095 - 0 . Agha Muhammad Khan could now turn to the restoration of the outlying provinces of the Safavid kingdom . Returning to Tehran in the spring of 1795 , he assembled a force of some 60,000 cavalry and infantry and in Shawwal Dhul - Qa'da / May , set off for Azarbaijan , intending to conquer the country between the rivers Aras and Kura , formerly under Safavid control . This region comprised a number of khanates of which the most important was Qarabagh , with its capital at Shusha ; Ganja , with its capital of the same name ; Shirvan across the Kura , with its capital at Shamakhi ; and to the north - west , on both banks of the Kura , Christian Georgia ( Gurjistan ) , with its capital at Tiflis . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Soviet law By Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge , Gerard Pieter van den Berg , William B. Simons , Page 457 Jump up ^ King , Charles ( 2008 ) . The ghost of freedom : a history of the Caucasus . University of Michigan . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517775 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hacikyan , Agop Jack ; Basmaijan , Gabriel ; Franchuk , Edward S. ; Ouzounian , Nourhan , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Heritage of Armenian Literature : From the eighteenth century to modern times . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0814332214 . Jump up ^ Gabor Agoston , Bruce Alan Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire Infobase Publishing , 1 January 2009 ISBN 1438110251 p. 125 Jump up ^ Multiple Authors . `` Caucasus and Iran '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Overview of 1800 -- 1850 : Chronology '' . A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East . ABC - CLIO . p. 1035 . ISBN 978 - 1851096725 . January 1804 . ( ... ) Russo - Persian War . Russian invasion of Persia . ( ... ) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov ( Sisianoff ) invade Persia and storm the citadel of Ganjeh , beginning the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 1813 ) . ^ Jump up to : Timothy C. Dowling Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond pp 728 -- 729 ABC - CLIO , 2 December 2014 ISBN 1598849484 Jump up ^ L. Batalden , Sandra ( 1997 ) . The Newly Independent States of Eurasia : Handbook of Former Soviet Republics . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89774 - 940 - 4 . Jump up ^ E. Ebel , Robert , Menon , Rajan ( 2000 ) . Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0063 - 1 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Elena ( 2010 ) . Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and orientalism ( reprint ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 78153 - 4 . Jump up ^ Çiçek , Kemal , Kuran , Ercüment ( 2000 ) . The Great Ottoman - Turkish Civilisation . University of Michigan . ISBN 978 - 975 - 6782 - 18 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ernest Meyer , Karl , Blair Brysac , Shareen ( 2006 ) . Tournament of Shadows : The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia . Basic Books . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04576 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Stephanie , ed. ( 2013 ) . Iranian - Russian Encounters : Empires and Revolutions since 1800 . Routledge . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0415624336 . Perhaps the most important legacy of Yermolov was his intention from early on to prepare the ground for the conquest of the remaining khanates under Iranian rule and to make the River Aras the new border . ( ... ) Another provocative action by Yermolov was the Russian occupation of the northern shore of Lake Gokcha ( Sivan ) in the Khanate of Iravan in 1825 . A clear violation of Golestan , this action was the most significant provocation by the Russian side . The Lake Gokcha occupation clearly showed that it was Russia and not Iran which initiated hostilities and breached Golestan , and that Iran was left with no choice but to come up with a proper response . Jump up ^ Dowling , Timothy C. , ed. ( 2015 ) . Russia at War : From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan , Chechnya , and Beyond . ABC - CLIO . p. 729 . ISBN 978 - 1598849486 . In May 1826 , Russia therefore occupied Mirak , in the Erivan khanate , in violation of the Treaty of Gulistan . Jump up ^ Swietochowski , Tadeusz . Eastern Europe , Russia and Central Asia 2003 Taylor and Francis , 2003 . ISBN 1857431375 p. 104 Jump up ^ Russia and a Divided Azerbaijan : A Borderland in Transition , by Tadeusz Świętochowski , Columbia University Press , 1995 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( April 2001 ) . `` Anatomy of Rumor : Murder Scandal , the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku , 1917 -- 1920 '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 36 ( 2 ) : 228 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200940103600202 . The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat . Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting ; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished ; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus Jump up ^ Minahan , James B. Miniature Empires : A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30610 - 9 . The tensions and fighting between the Azerbaijanis and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azerbaijanis in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918 Jump up ^ Michael Smith . `` Pamiat ' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo / Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani . National Memory '' . Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia : obshchestva i gosudarstva ( Azerbaijan and Russia : Societies and States ) ( in Russian ) . Sakharov Center . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kazemzadeh , Firuz ( 1951 ) . The Struggle for Transcaucasia : 1917 -- 1921 . The New York Philosophical Library . pp. 124 , 222 , 229 , 269 -- 270 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8305 - 0076 - 5 . Jump up ^ Schulze , Reinhard . A Modern History of the Islamic World . I.B. Tauris , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Горянин , Александр ( 28 August 2003 ) . Очень черное золото ( in Russian ) . GlobalRus . Archived from the original on 6 September 2003 . Retrieved 28 August 2003 . Jump up ^ Горянин , Александр . История города Баку . Часть 3 . ( in Russian ) . Window2Baku . Jump up ^ Pope , Hugh ( 2006 ) . Sons of the conquerors : the rise of the Turkic world . New York : The Overlook Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 804 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan celebrates day of victory over fascism '' . `` Contact.az '' . 9 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Victory over Nazis ' was impossible without Baku oil ' '' . `` AzerNEWS '' . 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael P. , Croissant ( 1998 ) . The Armenia - Azerbaijan Conflict : causes and implications . United States of America : Praeger Publishers . pp. 36 , 37 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 96241 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights Watch . `` Playing the `` Communal Card '' : Communal Violence and Human Rights `` '' . Human Rights Watch . ^ Jump up to : `` Milli Məclisin tarixi . Azərbaycan SSR Ali Soveti ( 1920 -- 1991 - ci illər ) '' ( The history of Milli Majlis . Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR ( 1920 -- 1991 ) ) . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Full text of the Bishkek Protocol with signatures of representatives of Azerbaijan , Nagorno - Karabakh , and Armenia . http://peacemaker.un.org/armeniaazerbaijan-bishkekprotocol94 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan '' . World Factbook . CIA . 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas De Waal . Black Garden : Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War . New York : New York University Press , p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Massacre by Armenians Being Reported '' . New York Times . 3 March 1992 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Smolowe , Jill ( 16 March 1992 ) . `` Tragedy Massacre in Khojaly '' . Time . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time : Nagorno - Karabakh . International Herald Tribune . 29 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan , demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces '' . United Nations General Assembly . 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Southern Caucasus : Facing Integration Problems , Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life . EurasiaNet.org. 30 August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic '' . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( 1979 ) . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Rise to power '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . 3 October 1993 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Azerbaijan A chronology of key events : '' . BBC News . 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azeri rights activist says 35 imprisoned special police unit members very sick '' . BBC Archive. 2 June 2000 . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Efron , Sonni ( 18 March 1995 ) . `` Azerbaijan Coup Attempt Crushed Caucasus : Loyal forces storm a building and overcome mutinous police units , president reports '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mulvey , Stephen ( 14 October 2003 ) . `` Aliyev and son keep it in the family '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's Geidar Aliev dies at 80 '' . ChinaDaily. 16 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2003 . Retrieved 13 December 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nov 2013 -- Action against opposition '' . Keesing 's Record of World Events . November 2013 . p. 53026 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographical data '' . The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : Biodiversity '' . Central Asia and Transcaucasus Network on Plant Genetic Resources . 2003 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's mud volcanoes on Seven Wonders of Nature shortlist '' . News.Az . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological problems in Azerbaijan '' . Enrin.grida.no . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orography of Azerbaijan '' . United Nations Environment Programme . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- Climate '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Climate '' . Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic . Institute of Hydrometeorology , Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Geography '' . Central Asia and Caucasus Institute . Jump up ^ `` The Karabakh Horse '' . Karabakh Foundation . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- Flora '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monitors criticize Azerbaijani elections '' . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ CEPEJ , Council of Europe , Human Rights and Rule of Law , Efficiency of justice - . `` Efficiency of justice -- CEPEJ -- European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice ( CEPEJ ) -- Report requested by the Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan -- Assessment of policy and procedures for the selection of judges in Azerbaijan -- prepared by Mr Audun Hognes BERG , Head of International Secretariat , Norwegian Courts Administration , CEPEJ Bureau member and Ms Ivana GORANIĆ , Director of the Judicial Academy , Republic of Croatia , Representative of the Lisbon Network to the CEPEJ '' . wcd.coe.int . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Jean , Jean -- Paul ( 2015 ) . `` High quality justice for all member states of the Council of Europe '' ( PDF ) . Council of Europe : 119 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- Freedom House '' . FreedomHouse.org . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Combined Average Ratings : Independent Countries 2009 '' . FreedomHouse.org. 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jailed without trial in Azerbaijan , '' The Washington Post . 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No , this is the truth about Azerbaijan 's repression . '' The Washington Post . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Azərbaycan Prezidentinin Rəsmi internet səhifəsi -- SƏNƏDLƏR '' Sərəncamlar Məhkum edilmiş bir sıra şəxslərin əfv olunması haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin Sərəncamı . President.az . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Release of Activists , Journalists , and Political Party Members in Azerbaijan. 2009 -- 2017.state.gov . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Azərbaycan Prezidentinin Rəsmi internet səhifəsi -- SƏNƏDLƏR '' Sərəncamlar Məhkum edilmiş bir sıra şəxslərin əfv olunması haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin Sərəncamı . President.az . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISGRACED : Azerbaijan and the End of Election Monitoring As We Know It '' ( PDF ) . European Stability Initiative . 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Jamie Doward . `` Plush hotels and caviar diplomacy : how Azerbaijan 's elite wooed MPs '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's caviar diplomacy with Azerbaijan must end '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record with a Thick Layer of Caviar '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Connection : How a secret caucus of MPs and NGOs , since 2012 , created a network within the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to hide violations of international law '' . www.esisc.org . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Armenian Connection . Chapter 2 : '' Mr X `` , Nils Muižnieks , Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights '' . www.esisc.org . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Baku Smooths Over Its Rights Record With A Thick Layer Of Caviar / / Radio Free Europe , November 08 , 2013 Jump up ^ AN EXPLORATION INTO AZERBAIJAN 'S SOPHISTICATED SYSTEM OF PROJECTING ITS INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE , BUYING WESTERN POLITICIANS AND CAPTURING INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS / / Freedom Files Analytical Centre ( Civic Solidarity Platform ) , March 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- Foreign Relations '' . Country Studies . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral relations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 4 May 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Lenk , Arthur ( 7 March 2007 ) . `` 15th Anniversary of Israel - Azebraijan Diplomatic Relations '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel . Retrieved 21 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Kardas , Saban . `` Turkey Develops Special Relationship with Azerbaijan '' . Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Katik , Mevlut . `` Azerbaijan and Turkey Coordinate Nagorno - Karabakh Negotiation Position '' . EurasiaNet . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Security Concept of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 23 May 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Selim Özertem , Hasan . `` Independence of Kosovo and the Nagorno - Karabakh Issue '' . TurkishWeekly . Retrieved 24 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Botelho , Greg ; Tuysuz , Gul ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` 18 Armenian , 12 Azerbaijani troops killed in fighting '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Rex Tillerson affirms US support for Azerbaijan 's efforts to diversify its economy '' . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan , Administrative and territorial units of Azerbaijan Republic '' . Azstat.org . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan : Short History of Statehood Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Embassy of Republic of Azerbaijan in Pakistan , 2005 , Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Creation of National Army in 1918 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Law of the Republic of Azerbaijan on Armed Forces , No. 210 - XII , 9 October 1991 ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan 's Army Day ( 26 June ) declared by Presidential Decree of 22 May 1998 . Jump up ^ C.W. Blandy Azerbaijan : Is War Over Nagornyy Karabakh a Realistic Option ? Advanced Research and Assessment Group . Caucasus Series 08 / 17 . -- Defense Academy of the United Kingdom , 2008 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Выступление Президента Азербайджанской Республики , Верховного Главнокомандующего Гейдара Алиева на церемонии , посвященной 5 - й годовщине образования Национальной гвардии -- Штаб Национальной гвардии Азербайджана ( in Russian ) . Heydar Aliyev Heritage Research Center . 25 December 1996 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbasov , Shahin . `` Azerbaijan : Baku Can Leapfrog over Ukraine , Georgia for NATO Membership '' . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 3 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Владимир Мухин ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Карабахский детонатор на взводе -- В Баку и Ереване все четче звучит воинственная риторика '' . Nezavisimaya Gazeta . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's neighbors are preparing for war ( CIS countries and Georgia has surprised the world of increasing military expenditures ) '' . Gruzianews.ru. 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Azerbaijan warns Armenia with show of military might '' . Google.com. 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Eastern approaches Ex-communist Europe ( 3 October 2013 ) . `` The Nagorno - Karabakh conflict : A festering sore '' . The Economist . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baku says Armenian president still hypocrite before world community '' . News.Az . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan to start manufacturing arms , military hardware in 2008 '' . BBC Monitoring Service . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan to produce tanks , aviation bombs and pilotless vehicles in 2009 '' . panarmenian . Archived from the original on 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Uzeir Jafarov : `` Azerbaijan will be unable to produce competitive military technique in the next five years '' `` . Today.Az . Retrieved 26 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` President Ilham Aliyev attends the openings of several defense - related facilities '' . Today.Az . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- General Information '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan 's Q1 inflation rate 16.6 % , National Bank Chief says '' . Today.Az . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehdizade , Sevinj . `` Azerbaijan 's New Manats : Design and Transition to a New Currency '' . Azerbaijan International . Jump up ^ Ismayilov , Rovshan . `` Azerbaijan 's Manat Makeover : Good Times Ahead ? '' . EurasiaNet . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 reformers from Doing Business 2009 '' . World Bank Group . Doing Business . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum -- The Global Competitiveness Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibliothek der Friedrich - Ebert - Stiftung , http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09454.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan -- General Information '' . Heydar Aliyev Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF OIL INDUSTRY '' . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Economy '' . globalEDGE . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAR plans to completed full gasification of Azerbaijan only by 2021 '' . Azerbaijan Business Center . Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Azerbaijan government and co-venturers sign amended and restated Azeri - Chirag - Deepwater Gunashli PSA Press releases Media BP '' . bp.com . 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Jump up ^ Azərbaycan Qarabağın turizm imkanlarını təbliğ edir ( in Azerbaijani ) Jump up ^ Ismayilov , Rovshan . `` Azerbaijan : Baku Boom Has Yet to Hit Regions '' . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan : Goals '' . Tourism.az. 6 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Global Passport Power Rank Passport Index 2017 . Passportindex.org . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Home Page The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic . Evisa.gov.az . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Crotti , Robert and Misrahi , Tiffany ( 2015 ) Chapter 1.1 `` The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2015 : T&T as a Resilient Contribution to National Development '' in The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2015 . World Economic Forum Jump up ^ `` Research '' ( PDF ) . www.wttc.org. 2017 . Jump up ^ Hope , Katie ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Where 's hot ? This summer 's most popular holiday spots '' -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Ziyadov , Taleh . `` The New Silk Roads '' ( PDF ) . Central Asia - Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeyno Baran ( 2005 ) . `` The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan Pipeline : Implications for Turkey '' ( PDF ) . The Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan Pipeline : Oil Window to the West . The Central Asia - Caucasus Institute , Silk Road Studies Program : 103 -- 118 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SCP Commissioning Commences '' ( Press release ) . BP . 1 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` List of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Traffic '' ( PDF ) . UN Economic Commission for Europe . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan aims for hi - tech state '' . Euronews . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan is in TOP 10 of countries showing dynamic growth in Internet and mobile communications penetration '' . bakutel.az . Archived from the original on 7 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Telephones -- main lines in use , Azerbaijan 1,397,000 main lines Jump up ^ CIA.gov , CIA World Factbook Internet users , Azerbaijan Internet users : 1,485,000 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani scientist invents earthquake - resistant building '' . News.Az . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Station for the Forecasting of Earthquakes Atropatena - AZ3 , Baku , Azerbaijan '' . Global Network for the Forecasting of Earthquakes . Jump up ^ Азербайджанский ученый изобрел метод оповещения о землетрясении ( in Russian ) . BlackSea News . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arianespace signs deal to launch Azerbaijani satellite '' . News.Az . Archived from the original on 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan signs deal with Arianespace to launch satellite '' . Space Travel . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Orbital Contracted to Build Azerbaijan 's First Satellite '' . SatelliteToday. 28 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baku developing satellite to kick off national space program '' . Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meeting held to coordinate orbital slots for Azersat '' . News.Az. 16 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Азербайджан рассчитывает запустить спутник связи AzerSat '' ( in Russian ) . ComNews . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Azərbaycanın əhalisi Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi . Stat.gov.az . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Xaricdəki təşkilatlar '' ( in Azerbaijani ) . State Committee on Work with Diaspora . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnic minorities '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 17 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ CIA -- The World Factbook . CIA.gov Archived 3 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . `` Iran '' . ^ Jump up to : Population by language , sex and urban / rural residence , UN Data . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Azerbaijan '' . Ethnologue : Languages of the World . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endangered languages in Europe and North Asia '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifton , John M. , editor . 2002 ( vol 1 . ) , 2003 ( vol. 2 ) . Studies in languages of Azerbaijan . Baku , Azerbaijan and Saint Petersburg , Russia : Institute of International Relations , Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and North Eurasian Group , SIL International . Jump up ^ `` Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs '' . Georgetown University . July 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharifov , Azad . `` Legend of the Bibi - Heybat Mosque '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping The Global Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan -- Presidential Library -- Religion . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mapping the Global Muslim Population Pew Research Center . Pewforum.org ( 7 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ GALLUP -- What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common -- data accessed on 19 August 2014 Jump up ^ `` Global Christianity '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Church in Azerbaijan '' . Catholic - Hierarchy . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Corley , Felix ( 9 March 2002 ) . `` Azerbaijan : 125 religious groups re-registered '' . Keston News Service . Retrieved 9 April 2002 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity '' ( in Russian ) . Day.az. 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan '' ( in Azerbaijani ) . Tehran Radio . 19 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Rothholz , Peter ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` Jewish Life in Azerbaijan Embodies Muslim - Majority Nation 's Culture of Tolerance '' . BreakingIsraelNews . JNS.org . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Baku gives land for Jewish cultural center , kosher restaurant '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Allen - Ebrahimian , Bethany . `` How I Accidentally Became a Lobbyist for Azerbaijan '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Sloame , Joanna . `` Azerbaijan '' . Jewish Virtual Library . American - Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan . state.gov ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijan : A Country Study , Education , Health , and Welfare '' . Country Studies . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Program 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Azerbaijan , The Challenges of Transition '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Waters , Zena . `` What exactly is Novruz Bayram '' . Azerbaijan Today . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ David C. King . Azerbaijan , Marshall Cavendish , 2006 , p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Энциклопедический музыкальный словарь , 2 - е изд. , Москва , 1966 ( Encyclopedical Music Dictionary ( 1966 ) , 2nd ed. , Moscow ) Jump up ^ `` The Azerbaijan musical instruments '' . Atlas.musigi-dunya.az . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ During , Jean ( 2001 ) . `` Azerbaijan '' . The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 23111 - 1 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Ishhad . `` The Baku Jazz Festival : Reviving a Tradition in Azerbaijan '' . EurasiaNet . Archived from the original on 8 May 2005 . Retrieved 27 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` ashik , shaman '' -- European University Institute , Florence , Italy ( retrieved 10 August 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan 's ashug art included into UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage '' . Today.Az . Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , David ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Alim Qasimov : the living legend you 've never heard of '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 19 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Augstein , Frank . `` Azerbaijan duo upset favorites , Ireland , for first - time win at 2011 Eurovision Song Contest '' . Daily Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan wins the Eurovision Song Contest '' . BBC News . 14 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lusher , Adam ( 15 May 2011 ) . `` Azerbaijan wins Eurovision Song Contest '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Azerbaijan . Cultural life . Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Beale , Thomas William ; Keene Henry George ( 1894 ) . An Oriental Biographical Dictionary . W.H. Allen . p. 311 . ^ Jump up to : A. Caferoglu , `` Adhari ( azeri ) '' , in Encyclopedia of Islam , ( new edition ) , Vol. 1 , ( Leiden , 1986 ) Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Maliheh S. ( 2001 ) . Aesopian Literary Dimensions of Azerbaijani Literature of the Soviet Period , 1920 -- 1990 . Lexington Books . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Průšek , Jaroslav ( 1974 ) . Dictionary of Oriental Literatures . Basic Books . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Baldick , Julian ( 2000 ) . Mystical Islam : An Introduction to Sufism . I.B. Tauris . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 631 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Burrill , Kathleen R.F. ( 1972 ) . The Quatrains of Nesimi Fourteenth - Century Turkic Hurufi . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co . KG . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 2328 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lambton , Ann K.S. ; Holt , Peter Malcolm ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1970 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 689 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29138 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seyid Imadeddin Nesimi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Babinger , Franz ( 2008 ) . `` Nesīmī , Seyyid ʿImād al - Dīn '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam . Brill Online . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Meeker , `` The Dede Korkut Ethic '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Vol. 24 , No. 3 ( Aug. 1992 ) , 395 -- 417 . excerpt : The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia , and as such , one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology . The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied in the 16th century . The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan . According to Lewis ( 1974 ) , an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia ( the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks ) , but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th - century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians , the Abkhaz , and the Greeks in Trebizond . Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century , and the written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century . By this time , the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for several centuries , had come to call themselves `` Turcoman '' rather than `` Oghuz , '' had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies , and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads , farmers , and townsmen . Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether . Jump up ^ Cemal Kafadar ( 1995 ) , `` in Between Two Worlds : Construction of the Ottoman states '' , University of California Press , 1995 . Excerpt : `` It was not earlier than the fifteenth century . Based on the fact that the author is buttering up both the Akkoyunlu and Ottoman rulers , it has been suggested that the composition belongs to someone living in the undefined border region lands between the two states during the reign of Uzun Hassan ( 1466 -- 78 ) . G. Lewis on the hand dates the composition `` fairly early in the 15th century at least . '' ^ Jump up to : İlker Evrım Bınbaş , Encyclopædia Iranica , `` Oguz Khan Narratives '' Encyclopædia Iranica Articles . Retrieved October 2010 . `` The Ketāb - e Dede Qorqut , which is a collection of twelve stories reflecting the oral traditions of the Turkmens in the 15th - century eastern Anatolia , is also called Oḡuz - nāma '' Jump up ^ Minorsky , Vladimir ( 1942 ) . `` The Poetry of Shah Ismail '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . 10 ( 4 ) : 1053 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00090182 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Geoffrey ; Gregor , Hamish ; Stutchbury , Elisabeth ( 1994 ) . Tantra and Popular Religion in Tibet . International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85689 - 68 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving in the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Unesco.org . Archived from the original on 5 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani carpet entered UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage '' . Azerbaijan Press Agency . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Heritage of the BTC -- SCP Pipeline Corridor '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación , la Ciencia y la Cultura '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ Once in a Lifetime Journey . `` The Best Azerbaijan Food '' . Jump up ^ Akhmedov , IA . Азербайджанская кухня ( in Russian ) . Издательство `` Ишыг '' . Jump up ^ `` Chaihana : culture in action '' . Aze.info . Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule . Audrey L. Altstadt . Hoover Institution Press . 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 9182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Khanlou , Pirouz . `` Baku 's Architecture A Fusion of East and West '' . Azerbaijan International . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan '' . World Heritage Site . Jump up ^ `` Over 70 underground stations to be built in Baku '' . News.Az . Retrieved 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ 1 February 2012 Jon Walton ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` $100 Billion Khazar Islands Taking Shape '' . Construction Digital . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Glass , Nick . `` Flame Towers light up Baku 's historic skyline '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Наскальные рисунки Гямигая . irs-az.com . Jump up ^ `` Ornaments Coming from Gobustan '' . Diva International . Jump up ^ `` Gobustan Rock Art '' . www.worldheritagesite.org . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani Artists '' . www.arthistoryarchive.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steps of Time & Art is not only ugly '' . universes-in-universe.org . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema in Azerbaijan : Pre-Soviet Era '' . `` Azerbaijan International '' . Autumn 1997 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Celebrating 100 Years in Film , not 80 by Aydin Kazimzade . Azerbaijan International , Autumn 1997 ^ Jump up to : `` Azerbaijani cinema in 1920 -- 1935 : Silent films '' . OCAZ.eu . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe , The Protection of media freedom in Europe. Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley , special representative for media freedom of the Association of European Journalists Jump up ^ Freedom House , Azerbaijan 2015 Press Freedom report Jump up ^ `` Freedom of the Press 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Threat to retransmission of BBC , Voice of America and Radio Liberty / Radio Free Europe '' . Reporters Without Borders . Jump up ^ Ognianova , Nina . `` Baku 2015 : Press freedom , Azerbaijan , and the European Games '' . Committee to Protect Journalists . Jump up ^ Nozadze , Natalia . `` Azerbaijan closes its doors '' . News . Amnesty International . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Amnesty , International . `` Annual report on Azerbaijan '' . Amnesty International . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ; Barr , Caelainn ; Nagapetyants , Dina ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` UK at centre of secret $3 bn Azerbaijani money laundering and lobbying scheme '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Azərbaycanda nə qədər futbolçu var ? '' . news.milli.az ( in Azerbaijani ) . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Football in Azerbaijan '' . www.fifa.com . FIFA . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Нефтчи '' стал первым азербайджанским футбольным клубом , вышедшим в групповой этап еврокубков -- ФОТО . 1news.az ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ЦСКА вылетел из еврокубков ( in Russian ) . UEFA . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool and Sporting make it as Qarabağ create history '' . UEFA.com. 23 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Araz clinch third place on penalties '' . UEFA. 25 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan : Official Atlético sponsor '' . Club Atlético de Madrid . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ История нард ( in Russian ) . 1 - Kalyan . Retrieved 27 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Нарды -- игра , требующая сноровки и удачи ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ История Нард ( in Russian ) . Nards . Jump up ^ `` More than just Mammadova : Azerbaijan 's ladies cause World Championship upset '' . www.fivb.org ( Press release ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vakıfbank women achieve historic success , winning intercontinental volleyball trophy '' . www.hurriyetdailynews.com . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian . `` F1 Will Race in Azerbaijan in 2016 Says Ecclestone '' . www.forbes.com . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan is a country known for its love of sport and sportsmanship '' . www.baku2015.com . Archived from the original on 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baku 2015 heralds new era in European sports movement '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Olukbasi , Suha . Azerbaijan : A Political History . I.B. Tauris ( 2011 ) . Focus on post-Soviet era . de Waal , Thomas . Black Garden . NYU ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 1945 - 7 Goltz , Thomas . Azerbaijan Diary : A Rogue Reporter 's Adventures in an Oil - Rich , War - Torn , Post-Soviet Republic . ME Sharpe ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0244 - X External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Azerbaijan '' dated 2008 - 06 - 23 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles The Wikibook Wikijunior : Countries A-Z has a page on the topic of : Azerbaijan Find more aboutAzerbaijanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity General information Azerbaijan International Heydar Aliyev Foundation Azerbaijan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Azerbaijan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Azerbaijan at University of Colorado at Boulder Country profile from BBC Key Development Forecasts for Azerbaijan from International Futures Visions of Azerbaijan Journal of The European Azerbaijan Society Geographic data related to Azerbaijan at OpenStreetMap Media related to Azerbaijan at Wikimedia Commons Major government resources President of Azerbaijan website Azerbaijan State Statistical Committee United Nations Office in Azerbaijan Major news media Network NEWS Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Today Azerbaijan Press Agency Trend News Agency News.Az Tourism Azerbaijan Tourism Portal Wikimedia Atlas of Azerbaijan Travel in Azerbaijan in Visions of Azerbaijan Journal Coordinates : 40 ° 18 ′ N 47 ° 42 ′ E / 40.3 ° N 47.7 ° E / 40.3 ; 47.7 Azerbaijan articles History Early Kura -- Araxes culture Khojaly -- Gadabay culture Shulaveri - Shomu culture Mughan culture Jar - Burial Culture Leyla - Tepe culture Medes Achaemenid Empire Caucasian Albania Parthian Empire Arran ( Caucasus ) Sasanian Empire Shirvan Middle Ages Sajid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Shaddadids Shirvanshahs Kingdom of Syunik ( Siunia dynasty ) Eldiguzids Ilkhanate Principality of Khachen ( House of Dop , House of Hasan - Jalalyan ) Kara Koyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavid dynasty Afsharid dynasty Zand dynasty Qajar dynasty Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) Treaty of Gulistan Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 1828 ) Treaty of Turkmenchay Modern Armenian -- Tatar massacres March Days Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Soviet Azerbaijan Nagorno - Karabakh War Black January Independent Azerbaijan By topic History of the name Azerbaijan The Land of Fire Geography Bodies of water Caspian Sea Climate Earthquakes Environment issues Extreme points Fauna Flora Geology Mountains National parks Orography Protected areas State reserves Wildlife more ... 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Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links . Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Customs Union of Belarus , Kazakhstan , and Russia Eurasian Economic Union Union State Membership Members Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Associate member Turkmenistan Former member Georgia ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Former participants Ukraine ( 1991 -- 2018 , defined as not a member by the CIS Charter in 1993 ) History Russian Empire Soviet Union Dissolution of the Soviet Union Union of Sovereign States Belavezha Accords ( Near abroad ) Alma - Ata Protocol CIS Charter Sports Unified Team at the Olympics Unified Team at the Paralympics CIS national bandy team CIS national football team CIS national ice hockey team CIS national rugby team CIS Cup ( football ) Military Collective Security Treaty Organization Collective Rapid Reaction Force Joint CIS Air Defense System Economics Economic Court CISFTA Eurasian Economic Community Eurasian Patent Convention Eurasian Patent Organization EU Technical Aid Organization Interstate Aviation Committee Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Category Nagorno - Karabakh conflict Background Nagorno - Karabakh History Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Karabakh movement Miatsum Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Baku Azerbaijanis in Armenia Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia Armenia -- Azerbaijan relations Nagorno - Karabakh War Askeran clash Sumgait pogrom Kirovabad pogrom Baku pogrom Battle of Kalbajar Capture of Shusha Black January Zvartnots Airport clash Siege of Stepanakert Khojaly Massacre Maraga massacre Mardakert and Martuni Offensives Law on Abolishment of Nagorno - Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi - 8 shootdown 1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi - 8 shootdown Operation Goranboy Operation Ring 1993 Summer Offensives 1994 Bagratashen bombing Post-war clashes 2008 Mardakert skirmishes February 2010 Nagorno - Karabakh skirmish 2010 Mardakert skirmishes 2012 Armenian -- Azerbaijani border clashes 2014 Armenian -- Azerbaijani clashes 2014 Armenian Mil Mi - 24 shootdown 2016 Nagorno - Karabakh clashes 2018 Armenian - Azerbaijani clashes Main locations Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh Stepanakert Askeran Region Hadrut Region Kashatagh Region Martakert Region Martuni Region Shahumyan Region Shushi Region Armenian - controlled territories Agdam District Fuzuli District Jabrayil District Kalbajar District Lachin District Qubadli District Zangilan District Political leaders Armenia Levon Ter - Petrosyan Robert Kocharyan Serzh Sargsyan Nikol Pashinyan Republic of Artsakh Artur Mkrtchyan Robert Kocharyan Leonard Petrosyan Arkadi Ghukasyan Bako Sahakyan Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutallibov Abulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno - Karabakh Bayram Safarov Nizami Bahmanov Russia Boris Yeltsin Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev Turkey Turgut Özal Military leaders Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan Gurgen Dalibaltayan Norat Ter - Grigoryants Jirair Sefilian Republic of Artsakh Samvel Babayan Kristapor Ivanyan Arkady Ter - Tadevosyan Monte Melkonian Azerbaijan Isgandar Hamidov Rahim Gaziyev Surat Huseynov Valeh Barshadly Russia Pavel Grachev Soviet Union Viktor Polyanichko Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Shamil Basayev Afghanistan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Peace process Baker rules Bishkek Protocol Tehran Communiqué Zheleznovodsk Communiqué OSCE Minsk Group Prague Process Madrid Principles International documents Astrakhan Declaration Nagorno - Karabakh Declaration NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration OIC Resolution 10 / 11 , OIC Resolution 10 / 37 PACE Resolution 1416 UNGA Resolution 62 / 243 UNSC Resolutions 822 , 853 , 874 , 884 GND : 4068887 - 2 HDS : 44994 ISNI : 0000 0001 2309 1396 LCCN : n92000010 NARA : 10045248 NDL : 00577523 VIAF : 139695406 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan&oldid=857126012 '' Categories : Azerbaijan Eastern European countries Western Asian countries Landlocked countries Modern Turkic states Republics Transcaucasia Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations States and territories established in 1991 1991 establishments in Asia 1991 establishments in Europe Azerbaijani - 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who played the captain in the movie titanic
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Bernard Hill ( born 17 December 1944 ) is an English film , stage and television actor . He is known for playing Yosser Hughes , the troubled ' hard man ' whose life is falling apart in Alan Bleasdale 's groundbreaking 1980s TV drama Boys from the Blackstuff and , more recently , as the Duke of Norfolk in the BBC adaptation of Dame Hilary Mantel 's Wolf Hall . He is also known for roles in blockbuster films , including Captain Edward Smith in Titanic , King Théoden in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and Luther Plunkitt , the Warden of San Quentin Prison in the Clint Eastwood film True Crime .
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Bernard Hill
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Bernard Hill
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bernard hill
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Bernard Hill ( born 17 December 1944 ) is an English film , stage and television actor . He is known for playing Yosser Hughes , the troubled ' hard man ' whose life is falling apart in Alan Bleasdale 's groundbreaking 1980s TV drama Boys from the Blackstuff and , more recently , as the Duke of Norfolk in the BBC adaptation of Dame Hilary Mantel 's Wolf Hall . He is also known for roles in blockbuster films , including Captain Edward Smith in Titanic , King Théoden in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy and Luther Plunkitt , the Warden of San Quentin Prison in the Clint Eastwood film True Crime .
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Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Boys from the Blackstuff 2.2 Later roles 3 Personal life 4 Selected stage and screen credits 4.1 Theatre 4.2 Filmography 4.3 Television 5 Video games 6 References and notes 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hill was born in Blackley , Manchester . He was brought up in a Catholic family of miners . Hill attended Xaverian College , and then Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama at the same time as Richard Griffiths . He graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970 . Career ( edit ) In 1976 , Hill was seen as Police Constable Cluff in the Granada Television series Crown Court , the episode entitled `` The Jolly Swagmen '' Boys from the Blackstuff ( edit ) Hill first came to prominence as Yosser Hughes , a Liverpool working class man ultimately driven to the edge by an uncaring system , in Alan Bleasdale 's BBC Play for Today programme , The Black Stuff , and its series sequel , Boys from the Blackstuff . His character 's much - repeated phrase Gizza job ( `` Give us a job '' ) became popular with protesters against Margaret Thatcher 's government , because of the high unemployment of the time . Later roles ( edit ) Hill then appeared as Sergeant Putnam in Gandhi ( 1982 ) , directed by Richard Attenborough . Though Hill did not figure prominently in the cast , he benefited from being part of an Oscar - winning film . Next up for Hill was Roger Donaldson 's The Bounty ( 1984 ) , a fourth dramatisation of the famed mutiny on HMS Bounty . He had previously taken smaller parts in a number of British television dramas , appearing in the acclaimed I , Claudius in 1976 as Gratus , the no - nonsense soldier of Caligula 's bodyguard who drew Claudius from his hiding - place in the palace , and presented him as the proper heir to the empire , and also as Richard Plantagenet , Duke of York in the BBC Television Shakespeare 1982 productions of Shakespeare 's Henry VI plays . In 1985 , he played the lead role in a TV dramatisation of John Lennon 's life , A Journey in the Life . In addition to TV roles , Hill appeared on stage in The Cherry Orchard , and the title roles in Macbeth and A View from the Bridge . Hill then received critical acclaim for his performance as Joe Bradshaw in Shirley Valentine ( 1989 ) , about a Liverpool housewife ( Pauline Collins ) who was a former anti-establishment rebel and engages in an extramarital affair . Hill added more prominent films to his resume , including Mountains of the Moon ( 1990 ) , Skallagrigg ( 1994 ) and Madagascar Skin ( 1995 ) . In the mid-1990s , Hill began appearing in films more regularly . His first major role came in The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) , starring Val Kilmer as a bridge - building engineer who must trust a big game hunter ( Michael Douglas ) despite their mutual animosity ; Hill portrayed the role of Dr. Hawthorne . Hill then went down with the ship when he played Captain Edward J. Smith on the ill - fated Titanic ( 1997 ) , by James Cameron , with whom Hill got along quite well -- an experience not shared by most working on the film . Being in the then biggest grossing film of all time attracted attention to his career , as Hill became more sought - after for more prominent parts . Hill played Philos in The Scorpion King ( 2002 ) , starring Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson , Michael Clarke Duncan and Kelly Hu . Hill became known to a worldwide audience when he was cast in the role of King Théoden of Rohan in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy based on Tolkien 's novel of the same name . Before casting him as King Théoden , director Peter Jackson considered Hill for the part of Gandalf . When he was due to leave the set at the end of production , Jackson gave Hill two gifts , Théoden 's helmet and sword Herugrim . At the 2006 BAFTA TV Awards and International Emmy Award , Hill was nominated for his portrayal of David Blunkett in the one - off satirical drama , A Very Social Secretary . Hill is one of the few actors who have acted in three films that went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . He did this with Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . He held a minor role in the 2008 film Valkyrie , as the commanding general of the German Afrika Korp X Panzer Division , and as a voice actor for Sir Walter Beck in Fable III ( 2010 ) . Due to his affinity and links to the region , along with his extensive CV in film , Hill was announced as a new patron and judge of the Norwich Film Festival , that was held on March 2012 . He plays Samuel Cotton , who runs a sweet factory with his son in the 2014 three - part BBC drama series about Manchester From There To Here . Hill appears as Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk in the 2015 six - part BBC adaptation of Hilary Mantel 's novels , Wolf Hall . Personal life ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2012 ) Hill currently lives in Suffolk . He is married to Marianne Hill , and has a son named Gabriel . Selected stage and Screen credits ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Hill at a Lord of the Rings convention in Bonn , Germany , October 2004 Year Play Role Theatre John , Paul , George , Ringo ... and Bert John Lennon Lyric Theatre , London 1978 Twelfth Night Toby Belch Young Vic , London Short List Howard Hampstead Theatre , London 1984 The Plough and the Stars Fluther Good Royal Exchange , Manchester 1986 Macbeth Macbeth Haymarket Theatre , Leicester 1989 The Cherry Orchard Lopakhin Aldwych Theatre , London 1990 Gasping Sir Chiffley Lockheart Theatre Royal , Haymarket , London 1995 A View from the Bridge Eddie Carbone Strand Theatre , London Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes It Could Happen to You Syph Film also known as Intimate Teenage Secrets 1976 Trial by Combat Blind Freddie Film also known as Dirty Knights Work 1978 The Sailor 's Return Carter 1978 The Spongers Sullivan 1982 Gandhi Sergeant Putnam Squaring the Circle Narrator Documentary Runners Trevor Field 1984 The Bounty Cole 1985 Restless Natives Will 's father The Chain Nick Samson and Delilah Willie Naknervis 1986 Milwr Bychan Officer Film also known as Boy Soldier New World John Billington No Surrender Bernard Bellman and True Hiller Drowning by Numbers Henry Madgett 1989 Shirley Valentine Joe Bradshaw 1990 Mountains of the Moon Dr. David Livingston 1991 The Law Lord Martin Allport The Name of the Game Ignatius `` Iggy '' Smith Film also known as Run Rabbit Run and Double X 1993 Shepherd on the Rock Tam Ferrier 1994 Skallagrigg Drug Taking and the Arts Presenter and narrator Documentary 1995 Madagascar Skin Flint The Ghost and the Darkness Dr. Hawthorne The Wind in the Willows Engine driver Film also known as Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride Titanic Captain Edward J. Smith Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture One of two films in which Hill stars that have won 11 Oscars . The Mill on the Floss Edwards Tulliver 1999 The Titanic Chronicles Captain S. Lord The Criminal Walker True Crime Lunther Plunkitt A Midsummer Night 's Dream Egeus Film also known as Sogno di una notte di mezza estate The Loss of Sexual Innocence Susan 's father 2000 Blessed Art Thou Frederick Einstein Voice of Stalin Film also known as The Furnace Going Off Big Time Murray 2002 The Scorpion King Philos The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers King Théoden Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- DVD Exclusive Awards for Best Audio Commentary Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 The Boys from County Clare John Joe Gothika Phil Parsons The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King King Théoden Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast The second film in which Hill starred , that won 11 Oscars Wimbledon Edward Colt The Deal Victor Short film 2005 The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse King William 2006 Joy Division Dennis Save Angel Hope Oscar Kurz 2007 Exodus N / A Film made for television . Broadcast on Channel 4 2008 Valkyrie Unnamed German General in the desert 2008 Franklyn Peter 2011 The Wraith The Narrator Short Film 2012 ParaNorman The Judge Voice only 2016 Golden Years Arthur Goode Information taken from filmreference.com , netglisme.com , Television ( edit ) Year Programme Role Episodes Broadcasting Network Notes 1973 Hard Labour Edward , Mrs Thornley 's son N / A BBC 1976 I , Claudius Gratus BBC 1978 Pickersgill People N / A BBC 1979 Telford 's Change Jack Burton BBC The Black Stuff Yosser Hughes 5 BBC 1980 Fox Vin Fox 11 ITV 1982 Boys from the Black Stuff Yosser Hughes 5 BBC Broadcasting Press Guild Awards for Best Actor Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Henry VI Richard Plantagenet , Duke of York BBC 1984 Antigone Messenger BBC 1985 The Burston Rebellion Tom Higdon BBC 1993 Olly 's Prison Mike BBC 1993 Telltale Det . Sgt . Gavin Douglas ITV 1993 Lipstick on Your Collar Uncle Fred Channel 4 1994 Once Upon a Time in the North Len Tollit N / A BBC 1999 Great Expectations Abel Magwitch BBC Horizon Narrator 9 BBC 2002 Timewatch Narrator BBC Atheism : A Rough History of Disbelief Himself BBC 2005 A Very Social Secretary David Blunkett Channel 4 Nominated -- BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Nominated -- International Emmy Award for Best Performance by an Actor 2007 Egomania Narrator Channel 4 2007 Bombay Railway Narrator BBC Series 2008 Sunshine Granddad Crosby BBC 2008 Wild China Narrator 6 BBC A BBC / CTV / Travel Channel co-production in association with Canal+ 2009 Folk America Narrator BBC 2009 Ice Patrol Narrator National Geographic Old Trafford 100 Years Narrator and Presenter MUTV Five Days Gerard Hopkirk 5 BBC Indian Hill Railways Narrator BBC Canoe Man John Darwin BBC 2012 Falcón Ramón Salgado Sky Episode `` The Blind Man of Seville '' 2014 From There to Here Samuel Cotton BBC 2014 Hope And Wire Len Russell TV3 New Zealand mini-series 2015 Wolf Hall Duke of Norfolk 6 BBC 2015 Unforgotten Father Robert Greaves 6 ITV Video games ( edit ) Year Video game Role Notes 2008 World of Warcraft : Wrath of the Lich King Highlord Tirion Fordring Fable III Sir Walter Beck References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The OxStu talks Titanic , Daniel Day - Lewis and more with film star Bernard Hill '' . The Oxford Student . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester Films -- Bernard Hill -- a biography '' . BBC . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Out of work -- and this time it wo n't just be Yosser who will feel the pain News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk. 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors - Bernard Hill '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stellar cast assemble for Peter Bowker 's new BBC One drama , From There To Here '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard Hill Biography ( 1944 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard Hill Filmography , Bernard Hill , movies , Pics , Photos , Filmography '' . Netglimse.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Unit , Commercial Development . `` Indian Hill Railway '' . ABC Shop . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernard Hill . Bernard Hill on IMDb Bernard Hill at the TCM Movie Database Bernard Hill at AllMovie Interview with BBC Suffolk Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble Gosford Park ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) Hairspray ( 2007 ) Milk ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) BNF : cb140529581 ( data ) GND : 13241449X ISNI : 0000 0001 1495 1067 LCCN : no97049398 SUDOC : 055737668 VIAF : 90624327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Hill&oldid=855509661 '' Categories : 1944 births Male actors from Manchester English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors Living people Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Blackley People from Suffolk 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Articles to be expanded from June 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Hill
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who played xerxes in 300 rise of an empire
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Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ʁoˈdɾiɡu sɐ̃ˈtoɾu ) ; born August 22 , 1975 ) is a Brazilian actor . He has appeared in many successful movies , including Brainstorm ( 2001 ) , Carandiru ( 2003 ) , Love Actually ( 2003 ) , Che ( 2008 ) , I Love You Phillip Morris ( 2009 ) , and Rio ( 2011 ) . He is perhaps most famous for his portrayal of Xerxes in the movie 300 ( 2006 ) and its sequel 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) . He was a series regular on the television series Lost portraying the character Paulo , and plays Hector Escaton in HBO 's Westworld ( 2016 ) .
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Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro
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Rodrigo Santoro
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rodrigo santoro
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Rodrigo Junqueira dos Reis Santoro ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ʁoˈdɾiɡu sɐ̃ˈtoɾu ) ; born August 22 , 1975 ) is a Brazilian actor . He has appeared in many successful movies , including Brainstorm ( 2001 ) , Carandiru ( 2003 ) , Love Actually ( 2003 ) , Che ( 2008 ) , I Love You Phillip Morris ( 2009 ) , and Rio ( 2011 ) . He is perhaps most famous for his portrayal of Xerxes in the movie 300 ( 2006 ) and its sequel 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) . He was a series regular on the television series Lost portraying the character Paulo , and plays Hector Escaton in HBO 's Westworld ( 2016 ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 3.1 Other nominations and honors 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Santoro was born in Petrópolis , Rio de Janeiro state , to Maria José Junqueira dos Reis , a Brazilian artist of Portuguese ancestry , and Francesco Santoro , an Italian engineer . In 1993 , as Santoro was studying Journalism at PUC - Rio , he entered the Actor 's Workshop of Rede Globo . Santoro went on to play parts in many of Globo 's telenovelas , such as Olho no Olho ( 1993 ) , Pátria Minha ( 1994 ) , Explode Coração ( 1995 ) , O Amor Está no Ar ( 1997 ) , Suave Veneno ( 1999 ) and Mulheres Apaixonadas ( 2003 ) , as well as the miniseries Hilda Furacão ( 1998 ) , in the role of a priest . Santoro was also the voice actor of the titular character in Stuart Little and its sequel in the Brazilian dubbed copies . His first major role in a cinema production came in 2001 , with Bicho de Sete Cabeças ( Brainstorm ) by Brazilian director Laís Bodansky . By the end of the film , he received a standing ovation from the audience . He also went on to win the festival 's best actor trophy . After Bicho , his reputation as an actor had been solidified and he was cast as the male lead in Abril Despedaçado ( Behind the Sun ) , one of the nominees for best foreign film in the 2002 Golden Globe Awards . He had another performance in the 2003 Hector Babenco film Carandiru , where he played a transsexual prisoner known as `` Lady Di '' . Santoro at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , promoting 300 : Rise of an Empire . Canadian director Robert Allan Ackerman signed Santoro for his TV production The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone after being mesmerised by his performance in Bicho de Sete Cabeças . Since Santoro did not have an agent in North America , Ackerman contacted Santoro 's father . He spent two months filming in Rome , alongside renowned actors such as Helen Mirren and Anne Bancroft . Soon after he finished shooting for Mrs. Stone , he received an offer from Columbia Pictures for a part in the blockbuster Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle . His performance in Charlie 's Angels kick - started his career in Hollywood . After Charlie 's Angels , he played the character of Karl , the enigmatic chief designer and love interest of Laura Linney 's character , in the romantic comedy Love Actually , which also features Colin Firth , Lucia Moniz , Hugh Grant , Emma Thompson , Keira Knightley , and Rowan Atkinson . He also started getting work in the advertising business as he appeared in a commercial campaign with Gisele Bündchen in 2002 . He played the male lead in No. 5 The Film , the 3 - minute - long commercial for Chanel , directed by Baz Luhrmann alongside Nicole Kidman in 2004 . In 2006 , Santoro joined the cast of Lost as survivor of Oceanic Flight 815 , Paulo . His first appearance was in episode titled , `` Further Instructions '' . His character was killed off in the episode `` Exposé '' . He also voices his character Paulo in the Portuguese dub for Brazil . Santoro was cast as Persian emperor Xerxes in the film 300 , based on the Frank Miller comic of the same name , in 2006 . The role had many special requirements , such as intensive workout for the physicality of the role ( Santoro had lost 24 pounds to work in a Brazilian miniseries ) , extensive CG work to portray the 6'2 '' Santoro as the 7 - foot God - King , a four - and - a-half - hour makeup application process and the complete removal of Santoro 's body hair first by waxing and then by shaving when that proved too painful . His eyebrows were kept intact , however , covered over with prosthetics and drawn in rather than being shaved . Santoro read the works of Herodotus , an Ancient Greek historian , in order to prepare for his part . Regarding Xerxes , he has stated : He 's rich , he 's arrogant , he 's a very unstable megalomaniac . He just wants to conquer the world . His ambition is unlimited . He wants glory ; he wants victory ; he wants eternal fame . Underneath all that wanting , though , he 's ultimately weak and very insecure . For his role on 300 , Santoro became the first Brazilian actor nominated to the MTV Movie Awards in the category of Best Villain . He did not win however , and the award went to Jack Nicholson for The Departed . He plays the late footballer Heleno de Freitas in the 2012 film Heleno . Santoro co-starred alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 2013 film The Last Stand . Santoro played Garriga in the Will Smith drama film Focus ( 2015 ) . Santoro plays Jesus in the 2016 historical action film Ben - Hur and received personal blessings from Pope Francis for this role . Santoro is in a relationship with fellow Brazilian actress Mel Fronckowiak since 2013 . In June 7 , 2017 , they welcomed their first child together , a daughter named Nina . Filmography ( edit ) Santoro at the premiere of What to Expect When You 're Expecting , 9 May 2012 , New York Film Year Film Role Notes Depois do Escuro Roberto 1998 Como Ser Solteiro Himself 1999 O Trapalhão ea Luz Azul Musketeer 1999 Stuart Little Stuart Little Voice ( Brazilian dub ) 2001 Bicho de Sete Cabeças Wilson Souza Neto 2001 Abril Despedaçado Tonho 2002 Stuart Little 2 Stuart Little Voice ( Brazilian dub ) 2003 The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone Young Man 2003 Carandiru Lady Di 2003 Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle Randy Emmers 2003 Love Actually Karl A Dona da História Luiz Cláudio 2007 300 Xerxes I 2007 Não por Acaso Pedro 2008 Live , Love , Laugh , But ... Bellboy Short film 2008 Os Desafinados Joaquim 2008 Redbelt Bruno Silva 2008 Leonera Ramiro 2008 Che Raul Castro 2009 I Love You Phillip Morris Jimmy Kemple 2009 Post Grad David Santiago Manual Para Se Defender de Alienígenas , Zumbis e Ninjas Ninja Short film There Be Dragons Oriol 2011 Meu País Marcos 2011 Rio Túlio / Soccer Announcer Voice ( also in the Brazilian Version ) 2012 Hemingway & Gellhorn Zarra 2012 Heleno Heleno de Freitas 2012 What To Expect When You 're Expecting Alex 2012 Reis e Ratos Roni Rato 2013 The Last Stand Frank Martinez 2013 Rio 2096 : A Story of Love and Fury Piatã / Júnior 2014 300 : Rise of an Empire Xerxes I 2014 Rio 2 Túlio Voice ( also in the Brazilian version ) 2014 Rio , I Love You Ele 2015 Focus Garriga 2015 The 33 Laurence Golborne 2016 Jane Got a Gun Fitchum 2016 Ben - Hur Jesus 2016 Dominion Carlos Post-production 2016 Pelé : Birth of a Legend Brazilian announcer Television Year Soap operas Role Note 1993 -- 94 Olho no Olho Pedro Main role 1994 -- 95 Pátria Minha Fernando Main role 1995 -- 96 Explode Coração Sérgio Main role Sai de Baixo Gama `` O Sexo Nosso de Cada Dia '' ( Season 1 , episode 6 ) Comédia da Vida Privada Diogo `` Mulheres '' ( Season 2 , episode 6 ) 1998 Hilda Furacão Frei Malthus Main role O Amor Está no Ar Léo Main role 1999 O Belo e as Feras Henrique `` Só o Amor Destrói '' ( Season 1 , episode 1 ) 1999 Suave Veneno Eliseu Vieira Main role 2001 Os Normais Júlio `` Grilar é Normal '' ( Season 1 , episode 19 ) 2001 Estrela - Guia Carlos Charles Pimenta Main role 2002 Pastores da Noite Padre Gomes Main role 2003 Mulheres Apaixonadas Diogo Ribeiro Alves Main role 2005 Hoje É Dia de Maria Amado Main role 2005 Hoje é Dia de Maria : Segunda Jornada Dom Chico Chicote Main role 2006 Lost Paulo Main role ( Season 3 ) 2009 Som & Fúria Sanjay Main role Afinal , o Que Querem as Mulheres ? Rodrigo Santoro ( ficcional version ) `` Elas ? '' ( Season 1 , episode 3 ) Papai Noel Existe Robson Luiz Television special 2012 As Brasileiras Carioca `` A Indomável do Ceará '' ( Season 1 , episode 9 ) 2016 Velho Chico Afrânio de Sá Ribeiro Main role 2016 -- present Westworld Hector Escaton Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Santoro holding the statue he won at the 44th Festival de Brasília for the movie Meu País , in 2011 . Year Award Result 2000 Festival de Brasília Best Actor for Bicho de Sete Cabeças Won 2001 Recife Film Festival Won Brazil Quality Award Won Santo Domingo Film Festival Won SESC Best Film Festival Won 2002 Cinema Brazilian Grand Prix Won APCA Trophy Won Cartagena Film Festival Won Cero Latitud Film Festival Won 2003 Festival de Brasília Best Actor for Carandiru Won Cannes Film Festival Chopard Trophy of Male Revelation Won 2007 MTV Movie Awards Best Villain for 300 Nominated 2011 Festival de Brasília Best Actor for Meu País Won Havana Film Festival Best Actor for Heleno Won 2012 Lima Film Festival Won ALMA Awards Best Actor for What to Expect When You 're Expecting Nominated Other nominations and honors ( edit ) 2004 : On People Magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful list 2004 2006 : 12th position on People Magazine 's 2006 Sexiest Man Alive 2008 : 16th position on E ! 's 2008 Sexiest man of the world References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://movies.yahoo.com/person/rodrigo-santoro/biography.html Jump up ^ http://www.think4.com.br , Think4 - . `` Família não se deslumbra com fama internacional de Rodrigo Santoro - Ofuxico '' . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Santoro Interview '' . NuvoTV . Archived from the original on 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Rodrigo Santoro : I 'm half Italian and half Brazilian -- I breathe passion '' . Page Six . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Santoro - A Profile of Lost 's Rodrigo Santoro '' . Jump up ^ BastaClicar -- A Web em suas Maos ( 6 April 2011 ) . `` BastaClicar Cinema : Rodrigo Santoro '' . Bastaclicar.com.br . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Olá , ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Rodrigo Santoro faz 36 anos como galã do cinema e da TV ; o que você sabe sobre ele ? -- Famosos e TV -- R7 '' . Entretenimento.r7.com . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` INTERVIEW : Rodrigo Santoro for ' 300 ' , Celebrity Interviews , RopeofSilicon.com Entertainment News '' . Ropeofsilicon.com . Archived from the original on 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Santoro Becomes Xerxes of Legend in `` 300 '' `` . Rotten Tomatoes. 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Heleno : Toronto Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( Press release ) ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis blesses actor playing Jesus in ' Ben - Hur ' film '' . Christian Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://claudia.abril.com.br/famosos/nasce-filha-de-mel-fronckowiak-e-rodrigo-santoro Jump up ^ Cinemateca Brasileira Depois do Escuro ( em linha ) Jump up ^ `` O Bicho de 7 Cabeças '' . Cinemateca Brasileira . Jump up ^ `` 2007 MTV Movie Awards - Vote For Best Villain '' . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on 8 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ; Adler , Shawn ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Nominees : Pirates , Spartans -- And That Crazy Kazakh '' . MTV Networks . Archived from the original on 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rodrigo Santoro . Rodrigo Santoro on IMDb Trophée Chopard 2000s Eduardo Noriega / Audrey Tautou ( 2001 ) Hayden Christensen / Paz Vega / Ludivine Sagnier ( 2002 ) Gael García Bernal / Diane Kruger ( 2003 ) Rodrigo Santoro / Marion Cotillard ( 2004 ) Jonathan Rhys Meyers / Kelly Reilly ( 2005 ) Kevin Zegers / Jasmine Trinca ( 2006 ) Nick Cannon / Archie Panjabi ( 2007 ) Omar Metwally / Tang Wei ( 2008 ) David Kross / Léa Seydoux ( 2009 ) 2010s Edward Hogg / Liya Kebede ( 2010 ) Niels Schneider / Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey ( 2011 ) Ezra Miller / Shailene Woodley ( 2012 ) Jeremy Irvine / Blanca Suárez ( 2013 ) Logan Lerman / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2014 ) Jack O'Connell / Lola Kirke ( 2015 ) John Boyega / Bel Powley ( 2016 ) George MacKay / Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) VIAF : 120234639 LCCN : nr2002033597 ISNI : 0000 0001 1497 5982 GND : 140973427 SUDOC : 080481183 BNF : cb146204515 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Santoro&oldid=798752952 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people People from Petrópolis Brazilian people of Italian descent Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Brazilian male film actors Brazilian male telenovela actors Brazilian male television actors Male actors of Italian descent 20th - century Brazilian male actors 21st - century Brazilian male actors Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro alumni Brazilian expatriates in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20Santoro
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who does the voice of flynn rider in tangled
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Zachary Levi
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zachary levi
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Zachary Levi Pugh ( / ˈzækəri ˈliːvaɪ ˈpjuː / ; born September 29 , 1980 ) , better known as Zachary Levi , is an American actor and singer . He played Chuck Bartowski in the series Chuck and appeared in films such as Tangled , and Thor : The Dark World .
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Levi starred in the lead role of Georg Nowack in the 2016 Broadway revival of She Loves Me opposite Laura Benanti , for which he received a Tony Award nomination . In 2010 , Levi voiced Flynn Rider in the animated film Tangled , in which he performed the duet `` I See the Light '' with Mandy Moore ; the song won a Grammy for Best Song Written for Visual Media . He later reprised the role in the short film Tangled Ever After , and returned to voice Flynn Rider again in a Disney Channel television series based on the film in 2017 . In October 2017 , he was cast as William `` Billy '' Batson / Shazam in New Line Cinema and DC Films ' Shazam , as a part of the DC Extended Universe . The film is scheduled to be released April 5 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Music 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Theatre 6 Discography 6.1 Live performances 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Theatre 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Levi was born in Lake Charles , Louisiana , the son of Susan and Darrell Pugh . He has Welsh ancestry . When Levi was a child , his family moved across several states before finally heading back to their home in Ventura , California , where he attended Buena High School for four years . He began acting on stage at the age of six , performing lead roles in regional productions such as Grease , The Outsiders , Oklahoma ! , Oliver ! , The Wizard of Oz , and Big River at the Ojai Art Center . He chose his middle name as his stage name because his agent told him that `` a guy named Zach Pugh would not be going far in Hollywood '' . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Levi at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con Levi first appeared in the FX television movie Big Shot : Confessions of a Campus Bookie . He played Kipp Steadman on the ABC sitcom Less than Perfect . He also portrayed a potential boyfriend of Charisma Carpenter 's character , Jane , in the ABC Family television movie See Jane Date . Levi was slated to be a lead in an ABC pilot called Three for the 2004 / 2005 television season , but the show was not picked up . He landed the starring role in Chuck in 2007 . Levi and his Chuck co-star , Yvonne Strahovski , were both nominated for Best Action Actor and Actress Choice TV Series for the Teen Choice Awards 2010 where they both won and presented . In the summer of 2008 , Levi was named one of Entertainment Weekly 's Top Thirty People Under Thirty . He later starred in the film Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel in the lead role as Dave 's cousin Toby Seville . He starred in the 2010 Disney - animated feature film Tangled , which is based on the popular fairy tale Rapunzel . He voices Flynn Rider , a bandit who finds refuge in Rapunzel 's tower . He provided narration in the 2011 film Under the Boardwalk : The Monopoly Story , a documentary about the game of Monopoly . Levi hosted the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards . Levi at the 83rd Academy Awards in February 2011 BuddyTV ranked him # 97 on its list of `` TV 's Sexiest Men of 2011 '' . Levi landed the male lead in the 2012 TV pilot Let It Go , which would have aired on Fox , but was not picked up . Levi hosted the web documentaries Tomb Raider The Final Hours , going behind the scenes of the new Tomb Raider game . He was originally to portray Fandral in Thor , but had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Chuck . He did play the role in the sequels , Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) , after original actor Josh Dallas had scheduling conflicts of his own , and Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) . Levi made his Broadway debut in a production of the musical comedy First Date in August 2013 . In January 2015 , it was announced that Levi would be a lead member of the cast of NBC 's 13 - episode miniseries Heroes Reborn as Luke Collins . The show was not picked up for a second season . He also guest - starred as Abraham Lincoln in the Hulu original series Deadbeat . In June 2015 , it was confirmed that Levi and Mandy Moore , who portrayed Rapunzel in Tangled , would reprise their roles from the film in a new television series based on the film . The animated series , set between Tangled and Tangled Ever After , will air on Disney Channel in 2017 . Levi joined the cast of the Broadway revival of She Loves Me in the lead role of Georg , alongside Laura Benanti as Amalia . It opened at Studio 54 on March 17 , 2016 after previews on February 19 , 2016 for a limited engagement through June 12 . The run was later extended through July 10 , when it closed . The production received high critical praise , receiving 5 Stars from The Guardian and was selected as a Critics ' Pick for The New York Times . Levi was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical for his performance . Critics praised Levi 's performance of Georg , noting that his portrayal is `` suave and handsome at times , disarmingly nebbishy at others , '' and that he `` ( exudes ) sweet modesty and just a pinch of hauteur '' . The production had a historic livestreamed performance on June 30 , 2016 with Levi and the cast participating in the first livestreamed show in Broadway history . Music ( edit ) In April 2010 , Katharine McPhee released a preview of a music video to cinemas for her single `` Terrified '' . Levi duets with her on the song ( which was re-recorded ; the original album version features Jason Reeves ) and appears in the music video singing with McPhee . On May 3 , 2010 , the song was previewed on Entertainment Weekly 's website and was made available for purchase on iTunes . The full video premiered on May 7 , 2010 on the music video website Vevo . Levi financed Kendall Payne 's album Grown after she was dropped by her label , Capitol Records . Levi is featured on the soundtrack of the movie Tangled , singing a duet with co-star Mandy Moore called `` I See the Light '' , as well as being featured in the song `` I 've Got a Dream '' . In honor of the Oscar nomination for Best Original Song , Levi and Moore performed `` I See the Light '' at the 83rd Academy Awards . He has also been a guest member of Band from TV , a band made up of actors from various American television shows . Personal life ( edit ) Play media Levi about his time on Broadway Levi is a sports car and motorcycle enthusiast and owns a 2009 Nissan GT - R. He is an avid gamer , having first played Super Mario Bros. , and has come to appreciate video games for their ability to provide interactive stories . Levi is a Christian and has been since childhood . In a 2002 interview with Relevant Magazine , he said : My job on my set , I believe , is to first just love people and gain that trust with people where they know that I really do love them and care about their well - being , so that when they are running into problems , they will hopefully , at some point , come to me and ask me , ' What is your peace all about ? What is your comfort all about ? Where do you get your love ? Where do you get your talents ? ' And I can turn to them and say without blinking , ' Jesus Christ ' . In September 2010 , Levi started his own company , The Nerd Machine . He was selected as a participant in the Celebrity All Star Game at NBA All Star Weekend 2011 . He played for the team coached by Magic Johnson . On June 16 , 2014 , Canadian actress Missy Peregrym announced that she and Levi had married in Maui , Hawaii . They filed for divorce in April 2015 , with the separation date listed in court documents as December 3 , 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) Levi at the 2011 San Diego Comic Con International Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 Reel Guerrillas Evon Schwarz Short film 2006 Big Momma 's House 2 Kevin 2007 Spiral Berkeley Also executive producer 2007 Ctrl Z Ben Pillar Short film 2008 Wieners Ben 2008 The Tiffany Problem Zac Short film 2008 An American Carol Lab Tech 1 2008 Shades of Ray Ray Rehman 2009 Stuntmen Troy Ratowski 2009 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel Toby Seville Byron Phillips : Found Byron Phillips Short film Tangled Flynn Rider / Eugene Fitzherbert ( voice ) Under the Boardwalk : The Monopoly Story Narrator 2011 No Rest For the Wicked : Moebius and Basil Adventures Moebius Short film 2012 Tangled Ever After Flynn Rider / Eugene Fitzherbert ( voice ) Short film 2012 Defeat the Label Himself Short film 2013 Thor : The Dark World Fandral 2017 Thor : Ragnarok Fandral 2017 The Star Joseph ( voice ) 2018 Office Uprising Adam Nusbaum Post-production 2018 Blood Fest Himself Cameo ; Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes Untitled Sisqo Project Unsold Pilot 2002 Big Shot : Confessions of a Campus Bookie Adam Television film 2002 -- 06 Less than Perfect Kipp Steadman 81 episodes 2003 See Jane Date Grant Asher Television film The Division Todd 2 episodes Curb Your Enthusiasm Bellman Episode : `` Opening Night '' 2005 Brody & Friends Zac Episode : `` The Hollywood Lifestyle '' 2006 Worst Week of My Life Nick Unsold pilot 2007 Imperfect Union Clark Television film 2007 -- 12 Chuck Chuck Bartowski 91 episodes ; also director of 3 episodes 2011 Team Unicorn Young Lover Episode : `` Alien Beach Crashers '' 2011 2011 Spike Video Game Awards Host Also consulting producer 2011 Vietnam in HD Karl Marlantes ( voice ) 6 episodes 2012 4 Points Himself Episode : `` Zachary Levi '' 2012 Robot Chicken Various voices Episode : `` Poisoned by Relatives '' 2013 Remember Sunday Gus Television film 2014 -- 15 Hollywood Game Night Himself 2 episodes 2015 Heroes Reborn Luke Collins 13 episodes 2015 Geeks Who Drink Host 12 episodes ; also executive producer 2015 Telenovela James McMahon 5 episodes 2016 The $100,000 Pyramid Himself Episode : `` Zachary Levi vs. Teri Polo '' 2017 Tangled : Before Ever After Flynn Rider / Eugene Fitzherbert ( voice ) Television film 2017 -- present Tangled : The Series Flynn Rider / Eugene Fitzherbert ( voice ) Series regular 2017 Alias Grace Jeremiah Pontelli Miniseries ; 5 episodes 2017 Psych : The Movie Thin White Duke Television film Internet Year Title Role Notes 2011 -- present NerdHQ Host San Diego Comic Con Special 2012 Video Game High School Ace 3 episodes 2013 Tiny Commando Tiny Commando 7 episodes Video games Year Title Voice Halo : Reach Trooper 4 Fallout : New Vegas Arcade Gannon 2013 Tomb Raider Himself Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 -- 14 First Date Aaron Longacre Theatre 2016 She Loves Me Georg Nowack Studio 54 2016 Sunday in the Park with George Jules New York City Center Gala Concert Discography ( edit ) `` Terrified '' ( 2010 ) -- Performed by Katharine McPhee featuring Zachary Levi . `` I See the Light '' ( 2010 ) -- Performed by Zachary Levi and Mandy Moore for the film Tangled . First Date ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) She Loves Me ( 2016 Broadway Cast Recording ) Live Performances ( edit ) On February 27 , 2011 , Levi performed `` I See the Light '' with Mandy Moore at the 83rd Academy Awards . On June 12 , 2016 , Levi performed the title song from `` She Loves Me '' , as part of the medley presented on the 70th Tony Awards . He has also performed live in various programs from childhood . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result Tangled Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song Nominated Tangled World Soundtrack Academy Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Nominated Tangled Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Voice Nominated Television ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result 2007 Chuck Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Nominated 2008 Chuck Teen Choice Award for Choice Male Breakout TV Star Nominated 2009 Chuck Ewwy Award for Best Leading Actor in a Comedy Series Won Chuck Saturn Award Best Actor on Television Nominated Chuck Ewwy Award for Best Leading Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Chuck Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor : Action Won 2011 Chuck TV Guide Award for Favorite Couple Who Have ( shared with Yvonne Strahovski ) Won 2011 Chuck Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor : Action Nominated 2012 Chuck Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor : Action Nominated 2016 Heroes Reborn People 's Choice Award for Favorite Actor In A New TV Series Nominated Theatre ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result 2013 First Date Theatre World Award Won 2016 She Loves Me Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical Nominated Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Zachary Levi '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Nominees for the 54th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Grammys : 54th Grammy Awards nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tangled ' Animated TV Series Based on Film Coming to Disney Channel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wyatt , Edward ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Super Nerd Is Out to Save the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anytime with Bob Kushell feat . Zach Levi '' . Anytime with Bob Kushell . Season 1 . Episode 8 . February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lisotta , Christopher ( May 16 , 2005 ) . `` SPECIAL REPORT : Upfront Navigator '' . Television Week . 24 ( 20 ) . pp. 32 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( August 9 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards winners announced '' . EW . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ; Tanner Stransky ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` 30 Under 30 : The Actors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel '' . Time . 175 ( 1 ) : 51 . Jump up ^ Wright , Anders ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Rolling the dice '' . San Diego City Beat . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Charles ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Spike VGAs Interview : Meet Your Host , Zachary Levi '' . MTV . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's 100 Sexiest Men of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Scoop : Zach Levi to Headline Fox 's Let It Go '' . TvLine . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thor 2 ' : Zachary Levi Eyed For Fandral , Josh Dallas Out Of Film '' . huffingtonpost . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Zachary Levi made his Broadway debut in ' First Date ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Zachary Levi to Lead Heroes Reborn Miniseries on NBC '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Heroes Reborn ' canceled as NBC plays the ' limited series ' card '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Chuck Vet Zachary Levi to Play Abraham Lincoln in Deadbeat Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon . `` Zachary Levi to Star in Broadway 's ' She Loves Me ' Variety.com , September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's She Loves Me , Starring Laura Benanti , Zachary Levi & More , Sets New Dates '' . Jump up ^ `` She Loves Me Announces Broadway Extension Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` She Loves Me Closes on Broadway Today Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Soloski , Alexis ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) . `` She Loves Me review -- a show to fall head over heels for '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Review : ' She Loves Me ' Is a Daydream of the Ordinary '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Tony Award Nominees - Shows '' . TonyAwards.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` She Loves Me '' . Time Out New York . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Benanti , Zachary Levi in ' She Loves Me ' : Theater Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Tony - Nominated ' She Loves Me ' To Be Broadway 's First Livestream '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Terrified featuring Zachary Levi on Entertainment Weekly '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Terrified premieres on Vevo today ! '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Carlozo , Louis R. ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Grown '' . Christian Century . 123 ( 7 ) . p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Skerry , Kath ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Zachary Levi Sings at the Oscars ( Video ) '' . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carolla , Adam ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Zach Levi '' . CarCast . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nygaard , Sandra ( October 2007 ) . `` With a name like Levi , he 's got ta know jeans '' . Men 's Health . 22 ( 8 ) : 134 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With Zachary Levi '' . Relevant Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Launches The Nerd Machine '' . ChuckTV.net . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sands , Rich ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Ty Burrell and Zachary Levi Hoop It Up for NBA All - Star Celebrity Game '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra . `` Zachary Levi Secretly Marries Girlfriend Missy Peregrym In Maui : Pic -- Us Weekly '' . Usmagazine.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Levi and Missy Peregrym Are Divorcing '' . 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Levi & Missy Peregrym Secret Wedding Ends In Even More Secret Divorce '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( The Final Hours : Surviving Together ) '' . viddler.com . January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- First Date ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) by Various Artists '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - She Loves Me ( 2016 Broadway Cast Recording ) by Various Artists '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards Show Will Feature 10 Performances Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zachary Levi . Official website Zachary Levi on IMDb Zachary Levi at AllMovie Zachary Levi at TVGuide.com Official Twitter Account Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor Action Milo Ventimiglia ( 2008 ) Tom Welling ( 2009 ) Zachary Levi ( 2010 ) Shane West ( 2011 ) Adam Rodríguez ( 2012 ) LL Cool J ( 2013 ) Grant Gustin ( 2017 ) VIAF : 2251039 LCCN : no2007082048 ISNI : 0000 0001 1558 1563 GND : 142453595 BNF : cb16608054w ( data ) MusicBrainz : 290e5513 - 55d3 - 426f - a4ba - 1ac3ce589107 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zachary_Levi&oldid=814853794 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male singers American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of Welsh descent Male actors from Louisiana Musicians from Lake Charles , Louisiana People from Ventura , California Singers from Louisiana Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 09 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary%20Levi
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who does all the voices on the simpsons
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The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer . Tress MacNeille , Pamela Hayden , Maggie Roswell , Russi Taylor , Marcia Wallace , Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members . Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks , Phil Hartman , Jon Lovitz , Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer . With one exception , episode credits list only the voice actors , and not the characters they voice .
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Dan Castellaneta|Julie Kavner|Nancy Cartwright|Yeardley Smith|Hank Azaria|Harry Shearer
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List of the Simpsons cast members
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list of the simpsons cast members
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Four of the six main cast members attend a ceremony in 2009 , left to right ; Nancy Cartwright ( Bart ) , Yeardley Smith : ( Lisa ) , Dan Castellaneta ( Homer ) and Julie Kavner ( Marge ) . The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom that includes six main voice actors and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal cast consists of Dan Castellaneta , Julie Kavner , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith , Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer . Tress MacNeille , Pamela Hayden , Maggie Roswell , Russi Taylor , Marcia Wallace , Marcia Mitzman Gaven and Karl Wiedergott have appeared as supporting cast members . Repeat guest cast members include Albert Brooks , Phil Hartman , Jon Lovitz , Joe Mantegna and Kelsey Grammer . With one exception , episode credits list only the voice actors , and not the characters they voice . Both Fox and the production crew wanted to keep their identities secret during the early seasons and closed most of the recording sessions while refusing to publish photos of the recording artists . The network eventually revealed which roles each actor performed in the episode `` Old Money '' , because the producers said the voice actors should receive credit for their work . Every main cast member has won an Emmy for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance . Shearer was the last cast member to win , receiving his award in 2014 for the episode `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral . '' Castellaneta and Azaria have won four , while Kavner , Cartwright , Smith , Shearer , Wallace , Grammer , and guest star Jackie Mason have each won one . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular cast 1.1 Background 1.2 Main cast 1.3 Other regular cast 2 Recurring guest voices 3 Awards and nominations 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Regular cast ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Hank Azaria has been a part of the Simpsons regular voice cast since the second season . Harry Shearer was the most recent principal cast member to win an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance . Marcia Wallace appeared regularly as Mrs. Krabappel until her death in 2013 . Kelsey Grammer voices Sideshow Bob . The late Jan Hooks played Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon . Maurice LaMarche has appeared in several minor roles . Castellaneta and Kavner were asked to voice the lead roles of Homer and Marge Simpson as they were regular cast members of The Tracey Ullman Show on which The Simpsons shorts appeared . Cartwright auditioned for the part of Lisa , but found that Lisa was simply described as the `` middle child '' and at the time did not have much personality . She then became more interested in the role of Bart , so Simpsons creator Matt Groening let her try out for that part instead , and upon hearing her read , he gave her the job on the spot . Smith had initially been asked by casting director Bonita Pietila to audition for the role of Bart , but Pietila then realised that Smith 's voice was too high , Smith was given the role of Lisa instead , although she almost turned it down . When the show was commissioned for a full half - hour series , Shearer joined the cast and performed multiple roles . Groening and Sam Simon asked Shearer to join the cast as they were fans of his radio show . Azaria was only a guest actor in the first season , but became permanent in season 2 . He first appeared in `` Some Enchanted Evening '' , re-recording Christopher Collins 's lines as Moe Szyslak . As he joined later than the rest of the cast , Groening still considers Azaria the `` new guy . '' Up until 1998 , the six main actors were paid $ 30,000 per episode . In 1998 they were then involved in a pay dispute in which Fox threatened to replace them with new actors and went as far as preparing for casting of new voices . However , the issue was soon resolved and from 1998 to 2004 , they were paid $125,000 per episode . In 2004 , the voice actors intentionally skipped several table reads , demanding they be paid $360,000 per episode . The strike was resolved a month later and until 2008 they earned something between $250,000 and $360,000 per episode . In 2008 , production for the twentieth season was put on hold due to new contract negotiations with the voice actors , who wanted a `` healthy bump '' in salary to an amount close to $500,000 per episode . The dispute was soon resolved , and the actors ' salary was raised to $400,000 per episode . In 2011 , Fox announced that , due to financial difficulties , they were unable to continue to produce The Simpsons under its current contract and that unless there were pay cuts , the show could end . For the negotiations , the studio requested that the cast members accept a 45 % cut of their salaries so that more seasons could be produced after season 23 , or else that season would be the last . In the end , the studio and the actors reached a deal , in which the actors would take a pay cut of 30 % , down to just over $300,000 per episode , prolonging the show to its 25th season . As well as the actors , everybody involved in the show took a pay cut . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character ( s ) Dan Castellaneta Homer Simpson Grampa Simpson Krusty the Clown Barney Gumble Groundskeeper Willie Mayor Quimby Santa 's Little Helper Hans Moleman Sideshow Mel Itchy Squeaky Voiced Teen Gil Gunderson Blue Haired Lawyer Rich Texan Kodos Louie Arnie Pie Bill Mr. Teeny Scott Christian Charlie Gary Captain Lance Murdock Mr. Prince Yes Guy Jake the Barber Poochie Leopold Rabbi Krustofski Frankie the Squealer Coach Lugash Jack Marley Julie Kavner Marge Simpson Patty Bouvier Selma Bouvier Jacqueline Bouvier Sideshow Mel 's wife Great Mom Nancy Cartwright Bart Simpson Maggie Simpson Nelson Muntz Ralph Wiggum Kearney Todd Flanders Rod Flanders Database Richard Lewis Clark Nahasapeemapetilon octuplets Brittany Brockman ( Daughter of Kent Brockman ) Yeardley Smith Lisa Simpson Maggie Simpson Eliza Simpson Angelica Button Grandma Flanders Cecile Shapiro Hank Azaria Moe Szyslak Chief Wiggum Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Carl Carlson Comic Book Guy Lou Prof. Frink Cletus Spuckler Superintendent Chalmers Snake Jailbird Captain Horatio McCallister Kirk Van Houten Wiseguy Bumblebee Man Luigi Risotto Old Jewish Man Disco Stu Dr. Nick Riviera Duffman Drederick Tatum Julio Johnny Tightlips Coach Krupt Doug Chase / Pyro Legs Akira Khlav Kalash Vendor Gunter The Veterinarian Frank Grimes LT Smash Harry Shearer Mr. Burns Waylon Smithers Ned Flanders Principal Skinner Lenny Leonard Kent Brockman Reverend Lovejoy Dr. Hibbert Otto Mann Jasper Beardley Scratchy Rainier Wolfcastle / McBain Eddie Dewey Largo Judge Snyder Kang Marty Dr. Marvin Monroe God George H.W. Bush Herman Dave Shutton Dr. J. Loren Pryor Sanjay Nahasapeemapetilon Cesar Tom Brokaw Principal Dondelinger Benjamin Richard Nixon Ronald Reagan Legs Radioactive Man Jebediah Springfield Mr. Bouvier Ernst Nedward Flanders , Sr . Other regular cast ( edit ) Episodes Actor Character ( s ) 494 Pamela Hayden ( 1989 -- present ) Milhouse Van Houten Jimbo Jones Rod Flanders Todd Flanders Janey Powell Sarah Wiggum Malibu Stacy Patches Ruth Powers Wendell Borton Lewis Richard Lois Pennycandy Mona Simpson Dolph Amber Simpson Allison Taylor Agnes Flanders Miss Springfield Weasle Ham 447 Tress MacNeille ( 1990 -- present ) Agnes Skinner Dolph Brandine Spuckler Lindsey Naegle Crazy Cat Lady Cookie Kwan Bernice Hibbert Mrs. Muntz Mrs. Glick Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon Lunchlady Doris Shauna Miss Springfield Ms. Albright Boobarella Opal Kumiko Nakamura Gino Terwilliger Poor Violet Ginger Flanders Brunella Pommelhorst 252 Karl Wiedergott ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Legs Bill Clinton Jimmy Carter Michael Jackson Kermit the Frog Ned Flanders ( one episode ) 204 Maggie Roswell ( 1990 -- 1999 , 2002 -- present ) Maude Flanders Helen Lovejoy Elizabeth Hoover Luann Van Houten Princess Kashmir Mary Bailey Lewis Clark Richard Martha Quimby Mona Simpson Sylvia Winfield Strawberry 174 Russi Taylor ( 1990 -- present ) Martin Prince Sherri Terri Üter Zörker Wendell Borton Lewis 100 Chris Edgerly ( 2011 -- present ) Various characters 23 Doris Grau ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Lunchlady Doris 11 Marcia Mitzman Gaven ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Maude Flanders Helen Lovejoy Elizabeth Hoover 11 Jo Ann Harris ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Various Christopher Collins ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Mr. Burns America 's Most Armed and Dangerous Host Recurring guest voices ( edit ) Further information : List of The Simpsons guest stars Episodes Actor Character ( s ) Notes 176 Marcia Wallace ( 1990 -- 2014 ) Edna Krabappel Following Wallace 's death in 2013 , Edna Krabappel was retired from the show . 52 Phil Hartman ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Troy McClure Lionel Hutz Following Hartman 's death in 1998 , McClure and Hutz were retired from the show . Fat Tony ( one episode ) Other one - time roles 27 Joe Mantegna ( 1991 -- 2015 ) Fat Tony Mantegna has appeared since 1991 . 24 Maurice LaMarche ( 1995 , 2006 -- 2014 ) Cap'n Crunch Toucan Sam LaMarche has appeared in several minor roles since 1995 . Various other characters 20 Frank Welker ( 1991 -- 2002 , 2014 ) Santa 's Little Helper Snowball II Made numerous guest appearances between 1991 and 2002 . Dan Castellaneta now provides the voices after Welker left the show , having asked for a raise because the voices were hurting his throat . Various other animals 18 Kelsey Grammer ( 1990 -- present ) Sideshow Bob Grammer has appeared since 1990 . 17 Kevin Michael Richardson ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Various minor characters Richardson has appeared in several minor roles since 2009 . 12 Jon Lovitz ( 1991 -- 2015 ) Artie Ziff Professor Lombardo Lovitz has appeared in several episodes since 1991 . Aristotle Amadopoulos Jay Sherman Llewellyn Sinclair and Mrs. Sinclair Enrico Irritazio 8 Jane Kaczmarek ( 2001 -- 2010 ) Judge Constance Harm Kaczmarek has appeared as Judge Harm since 2001 . 7 Albert Brooks ( 1990 -- 2015 ) Hank Scorpio Jacques `` Brunswick '' Brooks has appeared as one - time characters in several episodes since 1990 . Cowboy Bob Brad Goodman Tab Spangler 7 Glenn Close ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Mona Simpson Close has appeared as Homer 's mother Mona since 1995 . The character was killed off in 2008 , but has made several appearances in flashbacks since then . 7 Jackie Mason ( 1991 -- 2014 ) Rabbi Krustofski Mason first appeared as Krusty 's father , Rabbi Krustofski , in 1991 . The character was killed off in 2014 . Dan Castellaneta voiced the character in several episodes . 6 Jan Hooks ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Manjula Nahasapeemapetilon Hooks was the original voice of Manjula , and portrayed her between 1997 and 2002 . Tress MacNeille currently voices Manjula . 6 Stephen Hawking ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Himself Hawking has made the most appearances of all the guest stars who have appeared as themselves on the show . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Actor Award Category Role Episode Result Ref . 1992 Nancy Cartwright Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Bart Simpson `` Separate Vocations '' Won 1992 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson `` Lisa 's Pony '' Won 1992 Julie Kavner Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Marge Simpson `` I Married Marge '' Won 1992 Jackie Mason Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Rabbi Hyman Krustofski `` Like Father , Like Clown '' Won 1992 Yeardley Smith Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Lisa Simpson `` Lisa the Greek '' Won 1992 Marcia Wallace Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Edna Krabappel `` Bart the Lover '' Won Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson `` Mr. Plow '' Won 1995 Nancy Cartwright Annie Award Voice Acting in the Field of Animation Bart Simpson `` Radio Bart '' Won Maggie Roswell Annie Award Best Voice Acting by a Female Performer Shary Bobbins `` Simpsoncalifragilisticexpiala ( Annoyed Grunt ) cious '' Nominated 1998 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Won Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Various `` Worst Episode Ever '' Won 2003 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Various `` Moe Baby Blues '' Won Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Various Characters `` Today I am A Clown '' Won 2006 Kelsey Grammer Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Sideshow Bob `` The Italian Bob '' Won 2007 Julie Kavner Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Marge Simpson The Simpsons Movie Nominated 2009 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Moe Szyslak `` Eeny Teeny Maya Moe '' Nominated 2009 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson `` Father Knows Worst '' Won 2009 Harry Shearer Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Mr. Burns , Smithers , Kent Brockman and Lenny `` The Burns and the Bees '' Nominated Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Moe Szyslak , Apu Nahasapeemapetilon `` Moe Letter Blues '' Nominated Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson , Grampa Simpson `` Thursday with Abie '' Nominated 2011 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Homer Simpson , Barney Gumble , Krusty , Louie `` Donnie Fatso '' Nominated 2012 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice - over Performance Moe Szyslak , Duffman , Mexican Duffman , Carl , Comic Book Guy , Chief Wiggum `` Moe Goes from Rags to Riches '' Nominated 2014 Harry Shearer Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Kent Brockman , Mr. Burns , Smithers `` Four Regrettings and a Funeral '' Won 2015 Dan Castellaneta Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Homer Simpson `` Bart 's New Friend '' Nominated 2015 Hank Azaria Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Moe Szyslak , Pedicab Driver `` The Princess Guide '' Won 2015 Tress MacNeille Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Laney Fontaine , Shauna , Mrs. Muntz `` My Fare Lady '' Nominated 2017 Nancy Cartwright Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Bart Simpson `` Looking for Mr. Goodbart '' Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ A. Guest star Jackie Mason has voiced Rabbi Krustofski in six episodes . ^ B. Replaced Frank Welker . ^ C. Doris was initially retired after Doris Grau 's death , but has returned in several episodes since `` The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer '' , and has been voiced by MacNeille . ^ D. Guest star Pamela Reed voiced Ruth on three occasions . ^ E. Between 1999 and 2002 , Marcia Mitzman Gaven voiced the three characters because Roswell resigned after Fox refused to raise her travel expenses . Roswell returned in 2002 . References ( edit ) General Gimple , Scott M. ; Matt Groening ( December 1 , 1999 ) . The Simpsons Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Continued . HarperCollins . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 098763 - 3 . Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M . McCann , Jesse L. ; Matt Groening ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons Beyond Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Still Continued . Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 050592 - 3 . McCann , Jesse L. ; Matt Groening ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons One Step Beyond Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Continued Yet Again . HarperCollins . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 081754 - 2 . Bates , James W. ; Gimple , Scott M. ; McCann , Jesse L. ; Richmond , Ray ; Seghers , Christine , eds. ( 2010 ) . Simpsons World The Ultimate Episode Guide : Seasons 1 -- 20 ( 1st ed . ) . Harper Collins Publishers . pp. 1096 -- 1119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 738815 - 8 . Specific Jump up ^ Finley , Adam ( 2006 - 06 - 20 ) . `` The Five : Great Simpsons guest stars '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ; James L. Brooks , David Silverman ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ; Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , Al Jean , David Silverman ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Old Money '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Ever Sardonic Harry Shearer On ' Impeccable ' Timing Of First Emmy Win '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search '' . Emmys.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice Behind Homer Simpson Steps into the Spotlight and ... D'oh ! '' . Barnes & Noble. 2002 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lee , Luaine ( 2003 - 02 - 27 ) . `` D'oh , you 're the voice '' . The Age . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bart 's voice tells all '' . BBC News . 2000 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 2008 - 10 - 26 ) . `` ' Simpsons ' Trivia , From Swearing Lisa To ' Burns - Sexual ' Smithers '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Charles ( 2007 - 12 - 08 ) . `` She who laughs last '' . The Daily Telegraph . p. 8E . Jump up ^ Heidi Vogt ( 2004 - 04 - 04 ) . `` She 's happy as Lisa Simpson , although she 'd like more d'oh '' . The Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Harry Shearer '' . Listen to Me . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Azaria , Hank ( 2004 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Fresh Air '' . National Public Radio ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . Philadelphia : WHYY - FM . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons The Complete First Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Dan Glaister ( 2004 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Simpsons actors demand bigger share '' . The Age . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simpsons ' Cast Goes Back To Work '' . CBS News . 2004 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Peter Sheridan ( 2004 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Meet the Simpsons '' . Daily Express . ^ Jump up to : Michael Schneider ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Still no deal for ' Simpsons ' cast '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( 2008 - 06 - 02 ) . `` ' Simpsons ' voice actors reach deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ News.com.au ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Take a pay cut or the show is over , The Simpsons execs tell series ' stars '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Simpsons ' studio says show can not continue without cutting costs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' Renewed for Two More Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Simpsons Executive Producer Al Jean on How the Show Was Saved '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1096 -- 1099 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1099 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1099 -- 1100 Jump up ^ Brooks , James L. ; Cartwright , Nancy ; Groening , Matt ; Jean , Al ; Moore , Rich . ( 2003 ) . Commentary for `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1100 Jump up ^ Smith , Yeardley ( 2007 ) . Audio commentary for The Simpsons Movie ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1100 -- 1004 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1105 -- 1007 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1107 -- 1008 Jump up ^ Bates et al. , pp. 1108 -- 1111 ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1111 Jump up ^ `` Chris Edgerly : Credits '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cid Highwind Speaks ! An Interview with Chris Edgerly '' . The Gaming Liberty . 2011 - 08 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Basile , Nancy . `` There 's a New Maude in Town '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` The Simpsons Christmas Special '' . BBC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Martyn , Warren ; Wood , Adrian ( 2000 ) . `` Lisa the Beauty Queen '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . ( 2003 ) . Commentary for `` Flaming Moe 's '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Silverman , David ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode `` Some Enchanted Evening '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2013 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Marcia Wallace , actress from ' The Simpsons ' and ' The Bob Newhart Show ' , dies at 70 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2004 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Fresh Air '' . National Public Radio ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . Philadelphia : WHYY - FM . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1114 ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1116 ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1115 ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Frank ! '' . The Frank Welker Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Bates et al. , p. 1112 ^ Jump up to : `` Briefing -- ' Simpsons ' score big in Prime - Time Emmys '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . 1992 - 08 - 03 . p . L20 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) . `` The Emmy Awards : The Complete List of Winners '' . The Palm Beach Post . p. 3D . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1995 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 25th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 1997 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( 1998 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Emmy Prime - Time Award Winners '' . The Seattle Times . p . E3 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 2001 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Morning Report '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Early Bird Emmys : Voice - Over , Animation '' . Emmys.org. 2003 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Denise Martin & Justin Chang ( 2004 - 09 - 12 ) . `` HBO takes Emmys big haul '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Television Academy Announces 2006 Emmy Award Winners in Juried Categories ; Costumes For A Variety or Music Program , Voice Over Performance and Individual Achievement in Animation '' . Emmys.org. 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy : 35th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners ( 2007 ) '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... '' Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( 2010 - 07 - 08 ) . `` After losing first Emmy bid last year , Harry Shearer back to being snubbed for ' The Simpsons ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Simpsons '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1110 Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) . `` The Simpsons ' `` Lunchlady Doris '' is `` Lunchlady Dora '' now `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bates et al. , p. 1117 Jump up ^ `` Maude Flanders will likely leave Simpsons '' . The Record . 2000 - 02 - 05 . p . F04 . Jump up ^ Koha , Nui Te ( 2000 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Ned faces life alone '' . Sunday Herald Sun . p. 025 . External links ( edit ) Cast list at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) The Simpsons Characters Homer Marge Bart Lisa Maggie Recurring characters One - time characters Production History Cast members Guest stars Non-English versions Writers Directors Awards Episodes Seasons 1 -- 20 Seasons 21 - present Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Hallmarks Opening sequence Main title theme Treehouse of Horror episodes ( list ) Couch gags The Itchy & Scratchy Show ( episode list ) Themes Media Politics Religion Locations Springfield The Simpsons house Kwik - E-Mart Derivative works Home video Video games Books Comics Simpsons Illustrated World of Springfield Mr. Burns , a Post-Electric Play Frinkiac Miscellaneous The Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show ( `` Good Night '' ) The Simpsons Movie The Longest Daycare Discography `` D'oh ! '' `` ¡ Ay , caramba ! '' Products Duff Beer Springfield ( Florida , Hollywood ) The Simpsons Ride Kang & Kodos ' Twirl ' n ' Hurl 20th Anniversary Special `` The Simpsons Guy '' Related The Simpsons and Their Mathematical Secrets ( 2013 book ) The Simpsons ( franchise ) alt. tv. simpsons Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Simpsons_cast_members&oldid=804159658 '' Categories : Lists of actors by comedy television series The Simpsons lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 04 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Simpsons%20cast%20members
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what is the file extension of openoffice calc
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OpenOffice.org
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openoffice. org
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OpenOffice.org ( OOo ) , commonly known as OpenOffice , is a discontinued open - source office suite . It was an open - sourced version of the earlier StarOffice , which Sun Microsystems acquired in 1999 , for internal use .
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OpenOffice included a word processor ( Writer ) , a spreadsheet ( Calc ) , a presentation application ( Impress ) , a drawing application ( Draw ) , a formula editor ( Math ) , and a database management application ( Base ) . Its default file format was the OpenDocument Format ( ODF ) , an ISO / IEC standard , which originated with OpenOffice.org . It could also read a wide variety of other file formats , with particular attention to those from Microsoft Office . Sun open - sourced the OpenOffice in July 2000 as a competitor to Microsoft Office , releasing version 1.0 on 1 May 2002 . In 2011 Oracle Corporation , the then - owner of Sun , announced that it would no longer offer a commercial version of the suite and soon after donated the project to the Apache Foundation . Apache renamed the software Apache OpenOffice . Other active successor projects include LibreOffice ( the most actively developed ) and NeoOffice ( commercial , only for macOS ) . OpenOffice.org was primarily developed for Linux , Microsoft Windows and Solaris , and later for OS X , with ports to other operating systems . It was distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 ( LGPL ) ; early versions were also available under the Sun Industry Standards Source License ( SISSL ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Governance 1.2 Naming 2 Features 2.1 Components 2.2 Supported operating systems 2.3 Fonts 2.4 Extensions 2.5 OpenOffice Basic 2.6 Connectivity 3 File formats 4 Development 4.1 Native desktop integration 4.2 Use of Java 4.3 Security 4.4 Version history 4.4. 1 OpenOffice.org 1 4.4. 2 OpenOffice.org 2 4.4. 3 OpenOffice.org 3 4.4. 4 OpenOffice.org 3.4 Beta 1 5 Market share 5.1 Notable users 5.2 Retail 6 Forks and derivative software 6.1 Active 6.1. 1 Apache OpenOffice 6.1. 2 LibreOffice 6.1. 3 NeoOffice 6.2 Discontinued 6.2. 1 Go - oo 6.2. 2 IBM Lotus Symphony 6.2. 3 StarOffice 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) See also : History of StarOffice OpenOffice.org originated as StarOffice , a proprietary office suite developed by German company StarDivision from 1985 on . In August 1999 , StarDivision was acquired by Sun Microsystems for US $59.5 million , as it was supposedly cheaper than licensing Microsoft Office for 42,000 staff . On 19 July 2000 at OSCON , Sun Microsystems announced that it would make the source code of StarOffice available for download with the intention of building an open - source development community around the software and of providing a free and open alternative to Microsoft Office . The new project was known as OpenOffice.org , and the code was released as open source on 13 October 2000 . The first public preview release was Milestone Build 638c , released in October 2001 ( which quickly achieved 1 million downloads ) ; the final release of OpenOffice.org 1.0 was on 1 May 2002 . OpenOffice.org became the standard office suite on Linux and spawned many derivative versions . It quickly became noteworthy competition to Microsoft Office , achieving 14 % penetration in the large enterprise market by 2004 . The OpenOffice.org XML file format -- XML in a ZIP archive , easily machine - processable -- was intended by Sun to become a standard interchange format for office documents , to replace the different binary formats for each application that had been usual until then . Sun submitted the format to the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards ( OASIS ) in 2002 and it was adapted to form the OpenDocument standard in 2005 , which was ratified as ISO 26300 in 2006 . It was made OpenOffice. org 's native format from version 2 on . Many governments and other organisations adopted OpenDocument , particularly given there was a free implementation of it readily available . Development of OpenOffice.org was sponsored primarily by Sun Microsystems , which used the code as the basis for subsequent versions of StarOffice . Developers who wished to contribute code were required to sign a Contributor Agreement granting joint ownership of any contributions to Sun ( and then Oracle ) , in support of the StarOffice business model . This was controversial for many years . An alternative Public Documentation Licence ( PDL ) was also offered for documentation not intended for inclusion or integration into the project code base . After acquiring Sun in January 2010 , Oracle Corporation continued developing OpenOffice.org and StarOffice , which it renamed Oracle Open Office , though with a reduction in assigned developers . Oracle 's lack of activity on or visible commitment to OpenOffice.org had also been noted by industry observers . In September 2010 , the majority of outside OpenOffice.org developers left the project , due to concerns over Sun and then Oracle 's management of the project and Oracle 's handling of its open source portfolio in general , to form The Document Foundation . TDF released the fork LibreOffice in January 2011 , which most Linux distributions soon moved to . In April 2011 , Oracle stopped development of OpenOffice.org and fired the remaining StarDivision development team . Its reasons for doing so were not disclosed ; some speculate that it was due to the loss of mindshare with much of the community moving to LibreOffice while others suggest it was a commercial decision . In June 2011 , Oracle contributed the trademarks to the Apache Software Foundation . It also contributed Oracle - owned code to Apache for relicensing under the Apache License , at the suggestion of IBM ( to whom Oracle had contractual obligations concerning the code ) , as IBM did not want the code put under a copyleft license . This code drop formed the basis for the Apache OpenOffice project . Governance ( edit ) During Sun 's sponsorship , the OpenOffice.org project was governed by the Community Council , comprising OpenOffice.org community members . The Community Council suggested project goals and coordinated with producers of derivatives on long - term development planning issues . Both Sun and Oracle are claimed to have made decisions without consulting the Council or in contravention to the council 's recommendations , leading to the majority of outside developers leaving for LibreOffice . Oracle demanded in October 2010 that all Council members involved with the Document Foundation step down , leaving the Community Council composed only of Oracle employees . Naming ( edit ) The project and software were informally referred to as OpenOffice since the Sun release , but since this term is a trademark held by Open Office Automatisering in Benelux since 1999 , OpenOffice.org was its formal name . Due to a similar trademark issue ( a Rio de Janeiro company that owned that trademark in Brazil ) , the Brazilian Portuguese version of the suite was distributed under the name BrOffice.org from 2004 , with BrOffice.Org being the name of the associated local nonprofit from 2006 . ( BrOffice.org moved to LibreOffice in December 2010 . ) Features ( edit ) OpenOffice.org 1.0 was launched under the following mission statement : The mission of OpenOffice.org is to create , as a community , the leading international office suite that will run on all major platforms and provide access to all functionality and data through open - component based APIs and an XML - based file format . Components ( edit ) Icon Title Description Writer A word processor analogous to Microsoft Word or WordPerfect . Calc A spreadsheet analogous to Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 . Impress A presentation program analogous to Microsoft PowerPoint or Apple Keynote . Impress could export presentations to Adobe Flash ( SWF ) files , allowing them to be played on any computer with a Flash player installed . Presentation templates were available on the OpenOffice.org website . Draw A vector graphics editor comparable in features to the drawing functions in Microsoft Office . Math A tool for creating and editing mathematical formulas , analogous to Microsoft Equation Editor . Formulas could be embedded inside other OpenOffice.org documents , such as those created by Writer . Base A database management program analogous to Microsoft Access . Base could function as a front - end to a number of different database systems , including Access databases ( JET ) , ODBC data sources , MySQL and PostgreSQL . Base became part of the suite starting with version 2.0 . HSQL was the included database engine . From version 2.3 , Base offered report generation via Pentaho . The suite contained no personal information manager , email client or calendar application analogous to Microsoft Outlook , despite one having been present in StarOffice 5.2 . Such functionality was frequently requested . The OpenOffice.org Groupware project , intended to replace Outlook and Microsoft Exchange Server , spun off in 2003 as OpenGroupware.org , which is now SOGo . The project considered bundling Mozilla Thunderbird and Mozilla Lightning for OpenOffice.org 3.0 . Supported operating systems ( edit ) The last version , 3.4 Beta 1 , was available for IA - 32 versions of Windows 2000 Service Pack 2 or later , Linux ( IA - 32 and x64 ) , Solaris and OS X 10.4 or later , and the SPARC version of Solaris . The latest versions of OpenOffice.org on other operating systems were : IRIX ( MIPS IV ) : v1. 0.3 Mac OS X v10. 2 : v1. 1.2 Mac OS X v10. 3 : v2. 1 Windows 95 : v1. 1.5 Windows NT 4.0 SP6 : v2. 0.1 Windows 98 and Windows ME : v2. 4.3 Fonts ( edit ) OpenOffice.org included OpenSymbol , DejaVu , the Liberation fonts ( from 2.4 ) and the Gentium fonts ( from 3.2 ) . Versions up to 2.3 included the Bitstream Vera fonts . OpenOffice.org also used the default fonts of the running operating system . Fontwork is a feature that allows users to create stylized text with special effects differing from ordinary text with the added features of gradient colour fills , shaping , letter height , and character spacing . It is similar to WordArt used by Microsoft Word . When OpenOffice.org saved documents in Microsoft Office file format , all Fontwork was converted into WordArt . Extensions ( edit ) From version 2.0. 4 , OpenOffice.org supported third - party extensions . As of April 2011 , the OpenOffice Extension Repository listed more than 650 extensions . Another list was maintained by the Free Software Foundation . OpenOffice Basic ( edit ) Main article : OpenOffice Basic OpenOffice.org included OpenOffice Basic , a programming language similar to Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications ( VBA ) . OpenOffice Basic was available in Writer , Calc and Base . OpenOffice.org also had some Microsoft VBA macro support . Connectivity ( edit ) OpenOffice.org could interact with databases ( local or remote ) using ODBC ( Open Database Connectivity ) , JDBC ( Java Database Connectivity ) or SDBC ( StarOffice Database Connectivity ) . File formats ( edit ) From Version 2.0 onward , OpenOffice.org used ISO / IEC 26300 : 2006 OpenDocument as its native format . Versions 2.0 -- 2.3. 0 default to the ODF 1.0 file format ; versions 2.3. 1 -- 2.4. 3 default to ODF 1.1 ; versions 3.0 onward default to ODF 1.2 . OpenOffice.org 1 used OpenOffice.org XML as its native format . This was contributed to OASIS and OpenDocument was developed from it . OpenOffice.org also claimed support for the following formats : ( show ) Format Extension Reading Writing Notes OpenOffice.org XML SXW , STW , SXC , STC , SXI , STI , SXD , STD , SXM Yes Yes native up to 1. x Microsoft Word for Windows 2 DOC , DOT Yes Yes Microsoft Word 6.0 / 95 DOC , DOT Yes Yes Microsoft Word 97 -- 2003 DOC , DOT Yes Yes Microsoft Word 2003 XML ( WordprocessingML ) XML Yes Yes Microsoft Excel 4 / 5 / 95 XLS , XLW , XLT Yes Yes Microsoft Excel 97 -- 2003 XLS , XLW , XLT Yes Yes DocBook XML Yes Yes since 1.1 WordPerfect WPD Yes WordPerfect Suite 2000 / Office 1.0 WPS Yes StarOffice StarWriter 3 / 4 / 5 SDW , SGL , VOR Yes Yes Ichitaro 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 JTD , JTT Yes ApportisDoc ( Palm ) PDB Yes Yes Requires Java Hangul WP 97 HWP Yes Microsoft Pocket Word PSW Yes Yes Requires Java Microsoft Pocket Excel PXL Yes Yes Requires Java Microsoft RTF RTF Yes Yes `` you are likely to experience loss of formatting and images '' Plain text TXT Yes Yes various encodings supported Portable Document Format PDF Yes Yes Export from 1.1 ; PDF / A-1a ( ISO 19005 - 1 ) export from 2.4 ; some readable in Impress Comma - separated values CSV , TXT Yes Yes Microsoft Excel 2003 XML XML Yes Yes Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 WK1 , WKS , 123 Yes Data Interchange Format DIF Yes Yes StarOffice StarCalc 3 / 4 / 5 SDC , VOR Yes Yes dBase DBF Yes Yes SYLK SLK Yes Yes HTML HTML , HTM Yes Yes Quattro Pro 6.0 WB2 Yes Microsoft PowerPoint 97 -- 2003 PPT , PPS , POT Yes Yes StarOffice StarDraw / StarImpress SDA , SDD , SDP , VOR Yes Yes Computer Graphics Metafile CGM Yes Binary - encoded only ; not those using clear - text or character based encoding StarOffice StarMath SXM Yes Yes MathML MML Yes BMP file format BMP Yes Yes JPEG JPG , JPEG Yes Yes PCX PCX Yes PhotoShop PSD Yes SGV SGV Yes Windows Metafile WMF Yes Yes AutoCAD DXF DXF Yes MET MET Yes Yes Netpbm format PGM , PBM , PPM Yes Yes SunOS Raster RAS Yes Yes SVM SVM Yes Yes X BitMap XBM Yes Enhanced Metafile EMF Yes Yes HPGL plotting file PLT Yes SDA SDA Yes Truevision TGA ( Targa ) TGA Yes X PixMap XPM Yes Yes Encapsulated PostScript EPS Yes Yes PCD PCD Yes Portable Network Graphic PNG Yes Yes SDD SDD Yes Tagged Image File Format TIF , TIFF Yes Yes Graphics Interchange Format GIF Yes Yes PCT PCT Yes Yes SGF SGF Yes Adobe Flash SWF Yes Export from Impress Scalable Vector Graphics SVG Yes Export from Draw Software602 ( T602 ) 602 , TXT Yes Uniform Office Format UOF , UOT , UOS , UOP Yes Yes since 3.0 Microsoft Office 2007 Office Open XML DOCX , XLSX , PPTX Yes read since 3.0 ; writing only in derivatives descended via go - oo Development ( edit ) OpenOffice.org converted all external formats to and from an internal XML representation . The OpenOffice.org API was based on a component technology known as Universal Network Objects ( UNO ) . It consisted of a wide range of interfaces defined in a CORBA - like interface description language . Native desktop integration ( edit ) OpenOffice.org 1.0 was criticized for not having the look and feel of applications developed natively for the platforms on which it runs . Starting with version 2.0 , OpenOffice.org used native widget toolkit , icons , and font - rendering libraries on GNOME , KDE and Windows . The issue had been particularly pronounced on Mac OS X . Early versions of OpenOffice.org required the installation of X11. app or XDarwin ( though the NeoOffice port supplied a native interface ) . Versions since 3.0 ran natively using Apple 's Aqua GUI . Use of Java ( edit ) Although originally written in C++ , OpenOffice.org became increasingly reliant on the Java Runtime Environment , even including a bundled JVM . OpenOffice.org was criticized by the Free Software Foundation for its increasing dependency on Java , which was not free software . The issue came to the fore in May 2005 , when Richard Stallman appeared to call for a fork of the application in a posting on the Free Software Foundation website . OpenOffice.org adopted a development guideline that future versions of OpenOffice.org would run on free implementations of Java and fixed the issues which previously prevented OpenOffice.org 2.0 from using free - software Java implementations . On 13 November 2006 , Sun committed to releasing Java under the GNU General Public License and had released a free software Java , OpenJDK , by May 2007 . Security ( edit ) In 2006 , Lt. Col. Eric Filiol of the Laboratoire de Virologie et de Cryptologie de l'ESAT demonstrated security weaknesses , in particular within macros . In 2006 , Kaspersky Lab demonstrated a proof of concept virus , `` Stardust '' , for OpenOffice.org . This showed OpenOffice.org viruses are possible , but there is no known virus `` in the wild '' . As of October 2011 , Secunia reported no known unpatched security flaws for the software . A vulnerability in the inherited OpenOffice.org codebase was found and fixed in LibreOffice in October 2011 and Apache OpenOffice in May 2012 . Version history ( edit ) OpenOffice.org release history Version Release date Description Build 638c 2001 - 10 The first public milestone release . 1.0 2002 - 05 - 01 First official release . 1.0. 3.1 2003 - 04 Last version officially supporting Windows 95 . 1.1 2003 - 09 - 02 Export to PDF , export to Flash , extension mechanism . 1.1. 1 2004 - 03 - 29 Bundled with TheOpenCD . 1.1. 4 2004 - 12 - 22 Last version released under SISSL . 1.1. 5 2005 - 09 - 09 Last release for 1. x product line . Can edit OpenDocument files . Last version to officially support Windows NT 4.0 . 2.0 2005 - 10 - 20 Milestone , with major enhancements and default saving in the OpenDocument format . 2.1. 0 2006 - 12 - 12 Minor enhancements , bug fixes . 2.2. 0 2007 - 03 - 29 Minor enhancements , bug fixes , security fixes . 2.3. 0 2007 - 09 - 17 Updated charting component , minor enhancements , improved extension manager . 2.4. 0 2008 - 03 - 27 Bug fixes and new features , enhancements from RedOffice . 2.4. 3 2009 - 09 - 04 Last version for Windows 98 and Windows ME 3.0. 0 2008 - 10 - 13 Milestone : ODF 1.2 , OOXML import , improved VBA , native OS X interface , Start Center . 3.1. 0 2009 - 05 - 07 Overlining and transparent dragging . 3.2 2010 - 02 - 11 New features , and performance enhancements . 3.2. 1 2010 - 06 - 04 Updated Oracle Start Center and OpenDocument format icons , bug fixes . First Oracle stable release . 3.3 2011 - 01 - 26 New spreadsheet functions and parameters . Last Oracle stable release , and the last to support Windows 2000 and Mac OS X on PowerPC . 3.4 Beta 1 2011 - 04 - 12 Last Oracle code release . OpenOffice.org 1 ( edit ) OpenOffice.org 1.1 logo The preview , Milestone 638c , was released October 2001 . OpenOffice.org 1.0 was released under both the LGPL and the SISSL for Windows , Linux and Solaris on 1 May 2002 . The version for Mac OS X ( with X11 interface ) was released on 23 June 2003 . OpenOffice.org 1.1 introduced One - click Export to PDF and Export presentations to Flash (. SWF ) . It also allowed third - party addons . OpenOffice.org was used in 2005 by The Guardian to illustrate what it saw as the limitations of open - source software . OpenOffice.org 2 ( edit ) Work on version 2.0 began in early 2003 with the following goals ( the `` Q Product Concept '' ) : better interoperability with Microsoft Office ; improved speed and lower memory usage ; greater scripting capabilities ; better integration , particularly with GNOME ; a more usable database ; digital signatures ; and improved usability . It would also be the first version to default to OpenDocument . Sun released the first beta version on 4 March 2005 . On 2 September 2005 , Sun announced that it was retiring SISSL to reduce license proliferation , though some press analysts felt it was so that IBM could not reuse OpenOffice.org code without contributing back . Versions after 2.0 beta 2 would use only the LGPL . On 20 October 2005 , OpenOffice.org 2.0 was released . 2.0. 1 was released eight weeks later , fixing minor bugs and introducing new features . As of the 2.0. 3 release , OpenOffice.org changed its release cycle from 18 months to releasing updates every three months . The OpenOffice.org 2 series attracted considerable press attention . A PC Pro review awarded it 6 stars out of 6 and stated : `` Our pick of the low - cost office suites has had a much - needed overhaul , and now battles Microsoft in terms of features , not just price . '' Federal Computer Week listed OpenOffice.org as one of the `` 5 stars of open - source products '' , noting in particular the importance of OpenDocument . ComputerWorld reported that for large government departments , migration to OpenOffice.org 2.0 cost one tenth of the price of upgrading to Microsoft Office 2007 . OpenOffice.org 3 ( edit ) The Sun Start Center for versions between 3.0 and 3.2. 0 On 13 October 2008 , version 3.0 was released , featuring the ability to import ( though not export ) Office Open XML documents , support for ODF 1.2 , improved VBA macros , and a native interface port for OS X . It also introduced the new Start Center and upgraded to LGPL version 3 as its license . Version 3.2 included support for PostScript - based OpenType fonts . It warned users when ODF 1.2 Extended features had been used . An improvement to the document integrity check determined if an ODF document conformed to the ODF specification and offered a repair if necessary . Calc and Writer both reduced `` cold start '' time by 46 % compared to version 3.0. 3.2. 1 was the first Oracle release . Version 3.3 , the last Oracle version , was released in January 2011 . New features include an updated print form , a FindBar and interface improvements for Impress . The commercial version , Oracle Open Office 3.3 ( StarOffice renamed ) , based on the beta , was released on 15 December 2010 , as was the single release of Oracle Cloud Office ( a proprietary product from an unrelated codebase ) . OpenOffice.org 3.4 beta 1 ( edit ) A beta version of OpenOffice.org 3.4 was released on 12 April 2011 , including new SVG import , improved ODF 1.2 support , and spreadsheet functionality . Before the final version of OpenOffice.org 3.4 could be released , Oracle cancelled its sponsorship of development and fired the remaining StarDivision development team . Market share ( edit ) Problems arise in estimating the market share of OpenOffice.org because it could be freely distributed via download sites ( including mirror sites ) , peer - to - peer networks , CDs , Linux distributions and so forth . The project tried to capture key adoption data in a market - share analysis , listing known distribution totals , known deployments and conversions and analyst statements and surveys . According to Valve Corporation , as of July 2010 , 14.63 % of Steam users had OpenOffice.org installed on their machines . A market - share analysis conducted by a web analytics service in 2010 , based on over 200,000 Internet users , showed a wide range of adoption in different countries : 0.2 % in China , 9 % in the US and the UK and over 20 % in Poland , the Czech Republic , and Germany . Although Microsoft Office retained 95 % of the general market -- as measured by revenue -- as of August 2007 , OpenOffice.org and StarOffice had secured 15 -- 20 % of the business market as of 2004 and a 2010 University of Colorado at Boulder study reported that OpenOffice.org had reached a point where it had an `` irreversible '' installed user base and that it would continue to grow . The project claimed more than 98 million downloads as of September 2007 and 300 million total to the release of version 3.2 in February 2010 . The project claimed over one hundred million downloads for the OpenOffice.org 3 series within a year of release . Notable users ( edit ) See also : OpenDocument adoption Large - scale users of OpenOffice.org included Singapore 's Ministry of Defence , and Banco do Brasil . As of 2006 OpenOffice.org was the official office suite for the French Gendarmerie . In India , several government organizations such as ESIC , IIT Bombay , National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development , the Supreme Court of India , ICICI Bank , and the Allahabad High Court , which use Linux , completely relied on OpenOffice.org for their administration . In Japan , conversions from Microsoft Office to OpenOffice.org included many municipal offices : Sumoto , Hyōgo in 2004 , Ninomiya , Tochigi in 2006 , Aizuwakamatsu , Fukushima in 2008 ( and to LibreOffice as of 2012 ) , Shikokuchūō , Ehime in 2009 , Minoh , Osaka in 2009 Toyokawa , Aichi , Fukagawa , Hokkaido and Katano , Osaka in 2010 and Ryūgasaki , Ibaraki in 2011 . Corporate conversions included Assist in 2007 ( and to LibreOffice on Ubuntu in 2011 ) , Sumitomo Electric Industries in 2008 ( and to LibreOffice in 2012 ) , Toho Co. , Ltd. in 2009 and Shinsei Financial Co. , Ltd. in 2010 . Assist also provided support services for OpenOffice.org . Retail ( edit ) In July 2007 , Everex , a division of First International Computer and the 9th - largest PC supplier in the U.S. , began shipping systems preloaded with OpenOffice.org 2.2 into Wal - Mart , K - mart and Sam 's Club outlets in North America . Forks and derivative Software ( edit ) A number of open source and proprietary products derive at least some code from OpenOffice.org , including AndrOpen Office , Apache OpenOffice , ChinaOffice , Co-Create Office , EuroOffice 2005 , Go - oo , KaiOffice , IBM Lotus Symphony , IBM Workplace , Jambo OpenOffice ( the first office suite in Swahili ) , LibreOffice , MagyarOffice , MultiMedia Office , MYOffice 2007 , NeoOffice , NextOffice , OfficeOne , OfficeTLE , OOo4Kids , OpenOfficePL , OpenOffice.org Portable , OpenOfficeT7 , OpenOffice.ux.pl , OxOffice , OxygenOffice Professional , Pladao Office , PlusOffice Mac , RedOffice , RomanianOffice , StarOffice / Oracle Open Office , SunShine Office , ThizOffice , UP Office , White Label Office , WPS Office Storm ( the 2004 edition of Kingsoft Office ) and 602Office . The OpenOffice.org website also listed a large variety of complementary products , including groupware systems . A timeline of major derivatives of StarOffice and OpenOffice.org StarOffice OpenOffice.org Go - oo IBM Workplace / IBM Lotus Symphony NeoOffice LibreOffice Apache OpenOffice Major derivatives include : Active ( edit ) Apache OpenOffice ( edit ) Main article : Apache OpenOffice In June 2011 , Oracle contributed the OpenOffice.org code and trademarks to the Apache Software Foundation . The developer pool for the Apache project was proposed to be seeded by IBM employees , Linux distribution companies and public sector agencies . IBM employees continue to do the majority of the development , including hiring ex-StarDivision developers . The Apache project removed or replaced as much code as possible from OpenOffice.org 3.4 beta 1 , including fonts , under licenses unacceptable to Apache and released 3.4. 0 in May 2012 . The codebase for IBM 's Lotus Symphony was donated to the Apache Software Foundation in 2012 and merged for Apache OpenOffice 4.0 , and Symphony was deprecated in favour of Apache OpenOffice . While the project considers itself the unbroken continuation of OpenOffice.org , others regard it as a fork , or at the least a separate project . In October 2014 , Bruce Byfield , writing for Linux Magazine , said the project had `` all but stalled ( possibly ) due to IBM 's withdrawal from the project . '' As of 2015 , the project has no release manager , and itself reports a lack of volunteer involvement and code contributions . After ongoing problems with unfixed security vulnerabilities through 2015 and 2016 , in September 2016 the project started discussions on possibly retiring AOO . LibreOffice ( edit ) Main article : LibreOffice Sun had stated in the original OpenOffice.org announcement in 2000 that the project would be run by a neutral foundation , and put forward a more detailed proposal in 2001 . There were many calls to put this into effect over the ensuing years . On 28 September 2010 , in frustration at years of perceived neglect of the codebase and community by Sun and then Oracle , members of the OpenOffice.org community announced a non-profit called The Document Foundation and a fork of OpenOffice.org named LibreOffice . Go - oo improvements were merged , and that project was retired in favour of LibreOffice . The goal was to produce a vendor - independent office suite with ODF support and without any copyright assignment requirements . Oracle was invited to become a member of the Document Foundation and was asked to donate the OpenOffice.org brand . Oracle instead demanded that all members of the OpenOffice.org Community Council involved with the Document Foundation step down , leaving the Council composed only of Oracle employees . Most Linux distributions promptly replaced OpenOffice.org with LibreOffice ; Oracle Linux 6 also features LibreOffice rather than OpenOffice.org or Apache OpenOffice . The project rapidly accumulated developers , development effort and added features , the majority of outside OpenOffice.org developers having moved to LibreOffice . In March 2015 , an LWN.net development comparison of LibreOffice with Apache OpenOffice concluded that `` LibreOffice has won the battle for developer participation '' . NeoOffice ( edit ) Main article : NeoOffice NeoOffice , an independent commercial port for Macintosh that tracked the main line of development , offered a native OS X Aqua user interface before OpenOffice.org did . Later versions are derived from Go - oo , rather than directly from OpenOffice.org . All versions from NeoOffice 3.1. 1 to NeoOffice 2015 were based on OpenOffice.org 3.1. 1 , though latter versions included stability fixes from LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice . NeoOffice 2017 and later versions are fully based on LibreOffice . Discontinued ( edit ) Go - oo ( edit ) Main article : Go - oo The ooo - build patch set was started at Ximian in 2002 , because Sun were slow to accept outside work on OpenOffice.org , even from corporate partners , and to make the build process easier on Linux . It tracked the main line of development and was not intended to constitute a fork . Most Linux distributions used , and worked together on , ooo - build . Sun 's contributions to OpenOffice.org had been declining for a number of years and some developers were unwilling to assign copyright in their work to Sun , particularly given the deal between Sun and IBM to license the code outside the LGPL . On 2 October 2007 , Novell announced that ooo - build would be available as a software package called Go - oo , not merely a patch set . ( The go-oo.org domain name had been in use by ooo - build as early as 2005 . ) Sun reacted negatively , with Simon Phipps of Sun terming it `` a hostile and competitive fork '' . Many free software advocates worried that Go - oo was a Novell effort to incorporate Microsoft technologies , such as Office Open XML , that might be vulnerable to patent claims . However , the office suite branded `` OpenOffice.org '' in most Linux distributions , having previously been ooo - build , soon in fact became Go - oo . Go - oo also encouraged outside contributions , with rules similar to those later adopted for LibreOffice . When LibreOffice forked , Go - oo was deprecated in favour of that project . OpenOffice Novell edition was a supported version of Go - oo . IBM Lotus Symphony ( edit ) Main article : IBM Lotus Symphony The Workplace Managed Client in IBM Workplace 2.6 ( 23 January 2006 ) incorporated code from OpenOffice.org 1.1. 4 , the last version under the SISSL . This code was broken out into a separate application as Lotus Symphony ( 30 May 2008 ) , with a new interface based on Eclipse . Symphony 3.0 ( 21 October 2010 ) was rebased on OpenOffice.org 3.0 , with the code licensed privately from Sun . IBM 's changes were donated to the Apache Software Foundation in 2012 , Symphony was deprecated in favour of Apache OpenOffice and its code was merged into Apache OpenOffice 4.0 . StarOffice ( edit ) Main article : StarOffice Sun used OpenOffice.org as a base for its commercial proprietary StarOffice application software , which was OpenOffice.org with some added proprietary components . Oracle bought Sun in January 2010 and quickly renamed StarOffice as Oracle Open Office . Oracle discontinued development in April 2011 . 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PC World Linux Line . IDG . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbertson , Scott ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` openSUSE 11.4 rocks despite missing GNOME : Fork , yeah : LibreOffice replaces OpenOffice '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . LibreOffice came about last year when the majority of OpenOffice developers , concerned about the future of the project under new owner Oracle , broke away . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Ryan ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Fork off : mass exodus from OOo as contributors join LibreOffice '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( native - lang ) Every end is a new beginning '' . Mail-archive.com. 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice wird zu LibreOffice : Die OpenOffice - Community löst sich von Oracle '' ( OpenOffice to LibreOffice : The OpenOffice community dissolves Oracle ) . Heise Online ( in German ) . Heinz Heise. 28 September 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Florian Effenberger ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` The Document Foundation launches LibreOffice 3.3 '' . The Document Foundation Blog . The Document Foundation . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Jon ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Most OpenOffice users run Windows '' . Network World . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LibreOffice has replaced OpenOffice in Debian '' . Debian wiki . Debian. 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( 23 January 2012 ) . `` Ubuntu opts for LibreOffice over Oracle 's OpenOffice '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbertson , Scott ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` openSUSE 11.4 rocks despite missing GNOME '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Jon ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` Open - Xchange takes aim at no less than Microsoft Office , Google Docs '' . Network World . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ryan ( 18 April 2011 ) . `` Oracle gives up on OpenOffice after community forks the project '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Oracle Corporation ( June 2011 ) . `` Statements on OpenOffice.org Contribution to Apache '' . MarketWire . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . ; Oracle blog version Jump up ^ Hamilton , Dennis ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` RE : LibreOffice relicensing efforts '' . Apache Incubator mailing list . Apache Software Foundation . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` What the heck is happening with OpenOffice ? ( UPDATE ) '' . ZDNet Linux and Open Source . ZDNet . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Heintzman , Douglas ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` Symphony is alive and well and living at Apache : Explaining IBM 's document strategy '' . IBM Software Blog . IBM . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org Incubation Status '' . Apache Software Foundation . June 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Community Council Charter : version 1.2 '' . OpenOffice.org . Sun Microsystems . 25 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org Community Council '' . Oracle Corporation . 15 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Participating in OpenOffice.org '' . Oracle Corporation . Archived from the original on 13 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Mick , Jason ( 18 April 2011 ) . `` Open Source Rebels Defeat Oracle , Free OpenOffice '' . DailyTech . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . With the death of OpenOffice , LibreOffice lives on , inheriting its legacy . ^ Jump up to : van der Meijs , Sander ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` OpenOffice - coup al jaren in de maak '' ( OpenOffice coup years in the making ) . WebWereld ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Ryan ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Oracle wants LibreOffice members to leave OOo council '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Blankenhorn , Dana ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Oracle purging OpenOffice.org community council '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David ( 4 September 2007 ) . `` Orange launches ' Open Office ' '' . ZDNet Networking . ZDNet . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` over het merk `` Open Office '' '' ( about the brand `` Open Office '' ) ( in Dutch ) . Openoffice.nl . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why should we say `` OpenOffice.org '' instead of simply `` OpenOffice '' `` . OpenOffice.org Frequently Asked Questions . 16 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Why should we say `` OpenOffice.org '' instead of simply `` OpenOffice '' ? The trademark for `` OpenOffice '' belongs to someone else . Therefore we must use `` OpenOffice.org '' when referring to this open source project and its software . Jump up ^ `` Sobre o BrOffice.org '' ( in Portuguese ) . 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Effenberger , Florian ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` LibreOffice Development Extends To Brazil '' . The Document Foundation . Retrieved 24 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Presentation templates at OpenOffice.org '' . documentation.openoffice.org . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Impress Templates -- User / Template '' . documentation.openoffice.org . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Suárez - Potts , Louis . `` Interview : Mozilla Lightning and OpenOffice.org '' . Openoffice.org . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hines , Matt ( 11 July 2003 ) . `` Exchange targeted by open - source group '' . CNET News . CNet . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` System Requirements for OpenOffice.org '' . Oracle Corporation . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Porting : The OpenOffice.org Porting Project : home '' . Apache Software Foundation . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IRIX OpenOffice.org Porting Site '' . Openoffice.org. 17 May 2003 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` System Requirements for OpenOffice.org 2 '' . Oracle Corporation . Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` External / Modules '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Sun Microsystems . 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org -- Issue 89682 -- Include the Gentium open fonts '' . OpenOffice.org . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org -- Issue 77705 -- Liberation font and OOo '' . OpenOffice.org . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org -- Issue 104723 -- Update Liberation fonts to v1. 05.1. 20090721 '' . OpenOffice.org . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Features in OpenOffice.org 2.4 '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Using Fontwork '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Sun Microsystems . 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Using Fontwork '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Sun Microsystems . 9 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Stephan ( 7 July 2006 ) . ``. oxt , . uno. pkg , . zip '' . [email protected] ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org Extensions '' . Oracle Corporation . Archived from the original on 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bantle , Ulrich ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Open Office und FSF streiten um Extensions '' ( OpenOffice and FSF argue about extensions ) ( in German ) . Linux Magazin . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Group : OpenOfficeExtensions / List '' . LibrePlanet . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bain , Mark Alexander . `` An introduction to OpenOffice.org Basic '' . NewsForge . Archived from the original on 23 March 2006 . Retrieved 3 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Dimalen , Editha D. ; Dimalen , Davis Muhajereen D. ( 2007 ) . An OpenOffice Spelling and Grammar Checker Add - in Using an Open Source External Engine as Resource Manager and Parser ( PDF ) . 4th National Natural Language Processing Research Symposium : Philippine Languages and Computation . Manila . p. 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . SDBC ( StarOffice Database Connectivity ) and ODBC ( Open Database Connectivity ) was used to bridge the postgreSQL engine with the OpenOffice document . Jump up ^ `` ISO and IEC approve OpenDocument OASIS standard for data interoperability of office applications '' . ISO Press Releases . ISO. 8 May 2006 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org XML File Format '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` File formats OOo can open '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Oracle Corporation . 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting Started Guide for OpenOffice.org 2. x -- File formats '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Sun Microsystems . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1.1 Features '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` API / Tutorials / PDF export '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Oracle Corporation . 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3.0 New Features '' . Openoffice.org . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gnome / OpenOffice.org ( G / OO. o ) '' . Gnome.org . Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org KDE Integration Project '' . OpenOffice.org . Archived from the original on 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elite Kubuntu Developers Successful OpenOffice KDE 4 Integration '' . blogs.kde.org . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org Mac OS X Delivery Schedule '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Java & OpenOffice.org '' . Apache Software Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Byfield , Bruce ( 16 May 2005 ) . `` Free Software Foundation and OpenOffice.org team up to escape Java trap '' . linux.com . Linux Foundation . Retrieved 9 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ramme , Kay ( 11 May 2005 ) . `` Reoccuring discussions arounds OOos Java usage ( sic ) '' . tools - jdk mailing list . OpenOffice.org . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Opens Java '' . Sun Microsystems . Archived from the original on 16 November 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Bangeman , Eric ( 18 July 2006 ) . `` OpenOffice.org less secure than Microsoft Office ? '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 1 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Suárez - Potts , Louis ( 21 July 2006 ) . `` ' Le ministère de la Défense met OpenOffice à l'index ' '' . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rousseau , Thomas ( 11 July 2006 ) . `` Le ministère de la Défense met OpenOffice à l'index '' . ZDnet.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Joris ( 31 May 2006 ) . `` Stardust virus lands on OpenOffice '' . CNet . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vulnerability Report : OpenOffice.org 3. x '' . Secunia . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Edge , Jake ( 5 October 2011 ) . `` An odd vulnerability report for LibreOffice '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AOO 3.4. 0 Release Notes '' . Apache OpenOffice . Apache Software Foundation . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Product Release '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Sun Microsystems . 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Loli , Eugenia ( 29 March 2004 ) . `` OpenOffice.org 1.1. 1 Released '' . OSNews . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TheOpenCD Home '' . TheOpenCD . Archived from the original on 10 June 2004 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenOffice.org 2.0 Is Here ( OpenOffice.org 2.0 Announcement ) '' ( Press release ) . Sun Microsystems . 20 October 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice. org2. 1 - Release Notes '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org 2.2 ( build OOF680_m14 ) - Release Notes '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Espiner , Tom ( 4 April 2007 ) . `` New OpenOffice version includes security upgrades '' . CNet . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org 2.3. 0 ( build OOG680_m5 ) -- Release Notes '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` OpenOffice builds extensions for v2. 3 '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Freeze Testing 2.4 '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Sun Microsystems . 23 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Driesner , Carsten ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` OpenOffice.org 2.4 features implemented in cooperation with the RedFlag 2000 framework team '' . GullFOSS . Sun Microsystems . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenOffice.org 3.0 Features '' . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice 3.2 developer page '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Oracle Corporation . 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Features planned for OOo 3.2 ( November 2009 ) '' . OpenOffice.org wiki . Sun Microsystems . 1 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Performance '' . OpenOffice.org wiki . Sun Microsystems . 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3.2. 1 ( build OOO320m18 ) - Release Notes : Important Notes : OOo Brand Refresh '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Release Notes for the OpenOffice.org 1.0. 0 Release '' . Sun Microsystems . May 2002 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2002 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News : The Press on OpenOffice.org and Open Source '' . Sun Microsystems . 5 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2002 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mac OS X OpenOffice.org Port '' . Sun Microsystems . 29 June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2003 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org 1.0 for Mac OS X ( X11 ) '' . Sun Microsystems . 7 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2003 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown , Andrew ( 8 December 2005 ) . `` If this suite 's a success , why is it so buggy ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoeger , Lutz ( August 2003 ) . `` StarOffice / OpenOffice.org `` Q '' Product Concept `` . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OPENOFFICE.ORG ANNOUNCES VERSION 2.0 PUBLIC BETA '' . Sun Microsystems . 4 March 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Simon . `` Addressing Proliferation : Deeds not just Words '' . Simon Phipps , SunMink . Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanders , Tom . `` OpenOffice aims to boost lagging performance '' . vnunet.com . Archived from the original on 8 April 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven ( 20 October 2005 ) . `` Why OpenOffice.org 2.0 Is Your Best Choice '' . Linux & Open Source . eWeek . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Jason ( 21 October 2005 ) . `` OpenOffice.org 2.0 Has Edge over Its StarOffice 8 Cousin '' . Linux & Open Source . eWeek . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bona , Michael ( February 2006 ) . `` OFFICE ARRIVAL . Here at last : OpenOffice 2.0 '' ( PDF ) . Reviews . Linux Magazine . pp. 44 -- 46 , 48 . Retrieved 27 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org '' . Pcmag.com. 1 December 2004 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ London , Simon ( 21 April 2005 ) . `` Open source moves into Microsoft 's Office block '' . Financial Times ( Registration required ) . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Cliff ( 22 July 2005 ) . `` Openoffice.org 2 '' . Personal Computer World . Archived from the original on 14 December 2005 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Maleshefski , Tiffany ( 13 June 2007 ) . `` OpenOffice Sports All - Around Improvements '' . eWeek . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Maleshefski , Tiffany ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` OpenOffice.org 2.3 Impresses '' . eWeek . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Nik ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` OpenOffice 2 review '' . PC Pro . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Joch , Alan ( 26 September 2005 ) . `` 5 stars of open - source products : If you 're not using these tools , you may be missing out '' . Federal Computer Week . 1105 Public Sector Media Group . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Migrating to OpenOffice.org 90 per cent cheaper than to Microsoft Office 12 '' . Daily Update . Computerworld Singapore . 4 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Computerworld Volume 11 , Issue 23 . Jump up ^ Suarez - Potts , Louis ( 7 March 2008 ) . `` OpenOffice.org moving to LGPLv3 '' . Linux Weekly News . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org 3.2 New Features '' . Oracle Corporation . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pakalski , Ingo ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Openoffice.org 3.3 als kostenloser Download '' ( Openoffice.org 3.3 as a free download ) ( in German ) . Golem.de . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Features planned for OOo 3.3 Third quarter 2010 '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Oracle Corporation . 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roadmap 2009 '' . Sun Microsystems . 23 October 2009 . Retrieved 3 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin ( 22 September 2010 ) . `` Oracle preps Google and Microsoft Office challenger '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Oracle Corporation . 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenOffice.org Market Share Analysis '' . Oracle Corporation . 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steam Hardware & Software Survey '' . Valve Corporation . November 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas H ( 5 February 2010 ) . `` International OpenOffice market shares '' . Webmasterpro.de . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals Set Their Sights on Microsoft Office : Can They Topple the Giant ? '' . Knowledge@Wharton . Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . 22 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Jack ( 4 October 2004 ) . `` Desktop apps ripe turf for open source '' ( First two paragraphs available , the rest requires login ) . SearchEnterpriseLinux.com . TechTarget . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wrolstad , Jay ( 13 October 2005 ) . `` OpenOffice.org 2.0 Release Delayed '' . Top Tech News . Archived from the original on 4 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Casson , Tony ; Ryan , Patrick ( 2006 ) . `` Open Standards , Open Source Adoption in the Public Sector , and Their Relationship to Microsoft 's Market Dominance '' . In Bolin , Sherrie . STANDARDS EDGE : UNIFIER OR DIVIDER ? . Sheridan Books . p. 87 . SSRN 1656616 . Jump up ^ `` OOo - 2007 - 09 - 01. ods '' . Sun Microsystems . Archived from the original on 1 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org 3.2 is First Out of the Blocks in the 2010 Office Software Race ( press release ) '' . Oracle Corporation . 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org clocks up one hundred million downloads '' . Sun Microsystems . 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 28 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Marson , Ingrid ( 2 November 2004 ) . `` Singapore government deploys OpenOffice.org on 5,000 PCs '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ kraucermazuco ( 8 February 2007 ) . `` Banco do Brasil , a successful case on the OpenOffice.org migration '' . Opendocument.xml.org . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Behind the Move to OpenOffice.org , Can OpenOffice Replace MS - Office ? '' . TheUnical Technologies Blog . TheUnical Technologies . 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Why are Linux , Firefox , Thunderbird and OpenOffice.org softwares selected for use by the High Court ? '' . High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. 20 November 2004 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IT 特区 の 洲本 市 、 OpenOffice を 全 庁 内 PC に 導入 '' ( in Japanese ) . ITmedia. 19 January 2004 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 「 全 事務 職員 が Linux デスクトップ を 使用 し て いる 町 役場 」 は 実在 する '' ( `` All Town Hall administrative staff using the Linux desktop '' is real ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` オープン ソース も 「 使え ば 慣れる 」 、 みんな が Linux 、 OpenOffice.org を 使う 町 役場 '' ( in Japanese ) . japan.internet.com. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 会津 若松 市 が OpenOffice.org を 全 庁 導入 へ 「 順次 MS Offce から 切り替え , 5 年間 で 約 1500 万 円 削減 」 '' ( Aizuwakamatsu City switches all agencies to OpenOffice.org : `` switching from MS Office sequentially , saving about 15 million yen in five years '' ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 会津 若松 市 が OpenOffice.org から LibreOffice に 移行 '' ( Aizuwakamatsu transitions to LibreOffice from OpenOffice.org ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 四国 中央 市 が OpenOffice.org を 全 庁 PC1100 台 に 導入 , 5 年 で 3300 万 円 コスト 削減 '' ( Shikokuchūō puts OpenOffice.org onto 1100 PCs , 33 million yen cost savings in five years ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ~ 脱 MS ! 無償 「 Linux 」 シン クライアント により 中古 パソコン 500 台 を 再生 利用 へ ~ '' ( De-MS ! 500 used computers to be reclaimed free of charge by the `` Linux '' thin client ) ( in Japanese ) . City of Minoh. 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 豊川 市 が OpenOffice.org を 全面 導入 、 コスト 削減 狙う '' ( Toyokawa is fully introduced to OpenOffice.org , aiming at cost reduction ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 21 February 2010 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 北海道 深川 市 、 OpenOffice.org 全 庁 導入 を 決定 '' ( Hokkaido Fukagawa City decides to introduce OpenOffice.org to all PCs ) . press release ( in Japanese ) . City of Fukagawa , Hokkaido. 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 大阪 府 交野 市 が OpenOffice.org と ODF 採用 、 中古 PC の Linux による 再生 も '' ( Katano , Osaka City adopts ODF and OpenOffice.org , also trialling Linux pre-owned PCs ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 龍ケ崎 市 、 全 庁 標準 オフィス ・ ソフト として OpenOffice.org を 利用 '' ( Ryugasaki uses OpenOffice.org as standard office software for all PCs ) ( in Japanese ) . CNet Japan . 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` アシスト が 社内 通常 業務 を Microsoft Office から OpenOffice.org へ 全面 移行 '' ( Assist 's full conversion to OpenOffice.org from Microsoft Office for the normal course of business ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` アシスト が 社内 の PC 約 800 台 を Windows から Ubuntu Linux に 移行 へ '' ( Assist to migrate about 800 in - house PCs to Ubuntu Linux from Windows ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 「 コスト 削減 が 狙い では ない 」 、 住友 電工 OpenOffice 導入 の 真相 '' ( `` Cost reduction is not the aim '' : the facts on Sumitomo Electric 's OpenOffice introduction ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 23 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` オープン ソース ・ ソフトウェア の 社内 推奨 オフィス ソフト を OpenOffice.org から LibreOffice に 移行 '' ( The transition from OpenOffice.org to LibreOffice -- company - recommended open source office software ) . press release ( in Japanese ) . Sumitomo Electric Industries . 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` トーホー , OpenOffice.org の 導入 を 決定 , アシスト の 支援 サービス を 採用 '' ( Toho decides to adopt OpenOffice.org , uses the support services of Assist ) ( in Japanese ) . Gihyo.jp. 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` トーホー が オープン オフィス 採用 、 PC 約 1500 台 に 一斉 導入 '' ( Toho adopts OpenOffice , simultaneously introduced to about 1500 PCs ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 27 January 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 新生 フィナンシャル が OpenOffice.org を 全社 標準 に 、 対象 は 1000 台 以上 '' ( Company - wide standard OpenOffice.org on more than 1000 PCs at Shinsei Financial ) . ITpro ( in Japanese ) . Nikkei Business Publications . 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Everex intros $298 green PC with OpenOffice '' . Electronista. 18 July 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Mirko ( 20 September 2013 ) . `` OpenOffice sbarca su Android '' ( OpenOffice lands on Android ) . P2P Download ( in Italian ) . PianetaTech . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A multilingual OpenOffice with some commercial extensions '' . MultiRáció Ltd . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L'Afrique dit `` Jambo '' aux logiciels libres '' ( Africa says `` Jambo '' to free software ) ( in French ) . BBC . 15 December 2004 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Suárez - Potts , Louis ; Escudero , Alberto ( 25 October 2004 ) . `` Interview : Alberto Escudero , klnX : The Open Swahili Localization Project '' . OpenOffice.org . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Marson , Ingrid ( 6 December 2004 ) . `` OpenOffice.org goes Swahili '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to OOo4Kids project '' . EducOOo . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OpenOffice.org Portable '' . PortableApps.com. 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Openoffice.org 與 OxOffice '' ( Openoffice.org and OxOffice ) . iT 邦. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Seth ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Oxygen breathes more life into OpenOffice '' . Download.com . CNET . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Baader , Hans - Joachim ( 30 July 2008 ) . `` Go - oo : Erster Fork von OpenOffice.org '' ( Go - oo : First fork of OpenOffice.org ) . Pro-Linux.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Nach Angaben der Entwickler beruht die bereits bekannte erweiterte Distribution Oxygen Office Professional auf Go - oo und nicht , wie man beim Lesen auf der Webseite von Oxygen Office vermuten würde , direkt auf OpenOffice.org . ( According to the developer , the well - known expanded distribution Oxygen Office Professional was based on Go - oo and not , as one might expect from reading the Oxygen Office website , on OpenOffice.org . ) Jump up ^ Photpipat , Nusorn ( 21 March 2003 ) . Pladao Office ( PDF ) . OpenOffice.org Conference 2003 . Hamburg : Sun Microsystems . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Peter ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` PlusOffice to build on OpenOffice.org '' . MacWorld . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sun and Redflag Chinese 2000 to Collaborate on OpenOffice.org Projects '' ( Press release ) . Sun Microsystems . 23 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open - Source Software Defends Itself Against Looming Shut - Down '' ( Press release ) . Hamburg , Germany : Team OpenOffice e.V. 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Noyes , Katherine ( 13 October 2011 ) . `` Facing Closure , OpenOffice.org Makes a Plea for Survival '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Apache Software Foundation Statement on Apache OpenOffice.org '' . Apache Software Foundation . 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ von Eitzen , Chris ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` ASF says OpenOffice.org is in good health '' . The H Open . Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DerivedWorks '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Oracle Corporation . 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Openoffice.org Solutions '' . OpenOffice.org Wiki . Oracle Corporation . 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kowalski , Luke . `` Proposal '' . attachment . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ; attachment to Kowalski , Luke ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` OpenOffice.org Apache Incubator Proposal '' . incubator - general mailing list . Apache Software Foundation . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver , Andrew ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` In defense of Apache '' . InfoWorld . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hillesley , Richard ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Apache OpenOffice : who knows where the time goes ? '' . LinuxUser . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Does OpenOffice have a future ? '' . ZDNet Linux and Open Source . ZDNet . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brill , Ed ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` More on the Lotus Symphony and desktop productivity roadmap '' . Ed Brill . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Simon ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Open Source Suites Highly Active '' . Simon Says . Computerworld UK . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ASF Legal Previously Asked Questions '' . Apache Software Foundation . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Rob ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` Merging Lotus Symphony : Allegro moderato '' . Apache Software Foundation . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Apache OpenOffice '' . Archived from the original on 25 August 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Subramanian , Krishnan ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Oracle Donates OpenOffice.org To Apache : A Quick Analysis '' . CloudAve . Cloud Avenue LLC . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ McAllister , Neil ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Apache devs : ' We 'll ship no OpenOffice before its time ' '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibbets , Jason ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Software Wars : A film about FOSS , collaboration , and software freedom '' . opensource.com . Red Hat . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Harac , Ian ( 23 September 2013 ) . `` Apache OpenOffice 4.0 review : New features , easier to use , still free '' . Download This . PCWorld . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gamalielsson , J. ; Lundell , B.R. ( 2013 ) . `` Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork : How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved ? '' . Journal of Systems and Software . doi : 10.1016 / j. jss. 2013.11. 1077 . Jump up ^ Byfield , Bruce ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` LibreOffice , OpenOffice , and rumors of unification '' . Linux Pro Magazine . Linux New Media . Jump up ^ Retirement announcement , October 2014 ; note of position still being unfilled , March 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Apache Software Foundation Board of Directors Meeting Minutes January 21 , 2015 '' . Apache Software Foundation . 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Edge , Jake ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Apache OpenOffice and CVE - 2016 - 1513 '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contemplating the possible retirement of Apache OpenOffice '' . LWN.net. 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The OpenOffice.org Foundation '' . Sun Microsystems . 4 November 2001 . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Michael ( 10 October 2008 ) . `` Measuring the true success of OpenOffice.org '' . Stuff Michael Meeks is doing . People.gnome.org . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Asay , Matt ( 30 December 2008 ) . `` Why is OpenOffice `` profoundly sick '' ? `` . The Open Road . CNet . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Neary , Dave ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` OpenOffice.org -- a candidate for a 501 ( c ) 6 ? '' . Safe as Milk . Blogs.gnome.org . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Edge , Jake ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` Michael Meeks talks about LibreOffice and the Document Foundation '' . Linux Weekly News . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenOffice.org Community announces The Document Foundation '' . The Document Foundation . 28 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Jeremy ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` OpenOffice.org developers move to break ties with Oracle '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Hillesley , Richard ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Open - source development : The history of OpenOffice shows why licensing matters '' . TechRepublic . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ironie : Oracle liefert nun LibreOffice aus '' ( Irony : Oracle now provides LibreOffice ) . derStandard.at ( in German ) . 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oracle Linux 6.3 Release Notes '' . Oracle Corporation . June 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Vignoli , Italo ( 28 September 2011 ) . `` The Document Foundation celebrates its first anniversary '' . The Document Foundation Blog . The Document Foundation . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Adorno , Kerry ( 28 September 2010 ) . `` Viva la LibreOffice ! '' . Novell News . Novell . Archived from the original on 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Novell , Google , Red Hat , Canonical , and others are pleased to work with The Document Foundation to help make LibreOffice the best office productivity suite on the market . Jump up ^ `` Canonical unterstützt LibreOffice '' ( Canonical supports LibreOffice ) . Heise Open Source ( in German ) . Heinz Heise. 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Das Unternehmen hinter Ubuntu bezahlt mit Björn Michaelsen einen Entwickler , der vollzeit an der freien Bürosuite arbeiten soll . ( The company behind Ubuntu pays a developer , Björn Michaelsen , to work full - time on the free office suite . ) Jump up ^ Linton , Susan ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` Apache OpenOffice Lagging Behind LibreOffice in Features '' . Ostatic . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Corbet ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Development activity in LibreOffice and OpenOffice '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Information about NeoOffice '' . NeoOffice. 13 June 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Download Go - OO ! : Other derivatives '' . Go-oo.org . Archived from the original on 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Pluby ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` Mac App Store complaints '' . trinity.neooffice.org . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Pluby ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` NeoOffice 2017 Beta Professional Edition released '' . trinity.neooffice.org . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About ooo - build '' . Ximian. 18 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ James , Daniel ( 7 May 2007 ) . `` Meek not geek - Interview with Michael Meeks of OpenOffice.org '' . Tux Deluxe . Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Meeks , Michael ( 21 -- 24 July 2004 ) . `` The World of OpenOffice '' ( PDF ) . In Lockhart , John W. Proceedings of the Linux Symposium . Linux Symposium 2004 . 2 . Ottawa , Ontario . pp. 361 -- 366 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 10 - 02 : Tuesday '' . Stuff Michael Meeks is doing . People.gnome.org. 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Meeks , Michael ( 28 January 2005 ) . `` ooo - build 1.3. 8 Announced '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Schestowitz , Roy ( 10 December 2008 ) . `` Microsoft / Novell Fork OpenOffice.org and Insult Sun , Warn Your Distributor Now '' . TechRights . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Byfield , Bruce ( 7 January 2009 ) . `` OpenOffice.org vs. Go - OO : Cutting through the Gordian Knot '' . Datamation . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bug # 151829 in openoffice.org ( Ubuntu ) : `` Include go - oo in Ubuntu '' `` . Launchpad.net . Canonical Ltd . Retrieved 28 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Kereki , Federico ( 4 December 2008 ) . `` Go - OO : The best office suite you never knew you used '' . Linux.com . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hillesley , Richard ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` Healthcheck : OpenOffice : Calling a cat a dog '' . The H Open . p. 4 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ziem , Andrew ( 31 January 2008 ) . `` odf - converter 1.1 released '' . OpenOffice.org Ninja . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Announces New Version of Workplace Products With Enhanced Support for Open Standards and Improved SOA Functionality '' . IBM . 23 January 2006 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Buzzmaster1 ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` Announcing -- -- - IBM Lotus Symphony Version 1.0 is NOW AVAILABLE '' . Lotus Symphony Buzz . IBM . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Brill , Ed ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` Lotus Symphony 3.0 now available '' . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oracle Open Office : Features Overview : An Oracle White Paper '' ( PDF ) . Oracle Corporation . January 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) OOo AuthorsTeam . Getting Started with Open Office.org 3.0 . p. 436 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 921320 - 05 - 7 . Tamar E. Granor ; Scott Carr ; Sam Hiser . OOoSwitch : 501 Things You Want to Know About Switching To OpenOffice.org from Microsoft Office . p. 311 . ISBN 1 - 930919 - 36 - 0 . Andrew Pitonyak . OpenOffice.org Macros Explained . p. 334 . ISBN 1 - 930919 - 51 - 4 . Gabriel Gurley . A Conceptual Guide to OpenOffice.org 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778991 - 6 - 6 . Jacek Artymiak . OpenOffice.org Calc Functions & Formulas Tips , 1st ed. p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 83 - 60869 - 23 - 9 . Malaysian Administrative Modernisation & Management Planning Unit . OpenOffice.org Migration Plan For The Public Sector ( ODF ) . Cyberjaya Selangor , Malaysia : Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Competency Centre ( OSCC ) . p. 6 . Malaysian Administrative Modernisation & Management Planning Unit . OpenOffice.org Implementation in Public Sector ( ODF ) . Cyberjaya Selangor , Malaysia : Malaysian Public Sector Open Source Competency Centre ( OSCC ) . p. 3 . 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welcome to ny song secret life of pets
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Welcome to New York ( song )
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welcome to new york ( song )
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`` Welcome to New York '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . It was released as the second promotional single on October 20 , 2014 from Swift 's fifth album , 1989 . Swift is donating all proceeds from the sale of the single to the New York City Department of Education .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Cover versions and media usage 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Background and release ( edit ) Swift performing `` Welcome to New York '' during 1989 World Tour . The song was released to digital download on iTunes and with the CD on October 20 , 2014 . The song is the opening track on the album , 1989 . Prior to the digital release Swift released a 30 - second sampler of the song on YouTube . When discussing the song with E ! Online , Swift states that `` The inspiration that I found in that city is kind of hard to describe and hard to compare to any other force of inspiration I 've ever experienced in my life . '' She continued on by stating `` I approached moving there with such wide - eyed optimism and sort of saw it as a place of endless potential and possibilities . You can kind of hear that reflected in this music and this first song especially . '' When discussing the song 's placement on the album Swift stated the reason she wanted the track to be the first song on the album was `` because New York has been an important landscape and location for the story of my life in the last couple of years . You know , I dreamed about living in New York , I obsessed moving to New York and then I did it . '' The lines `` And you can want who you want / Boys and boys and girls and girls '' has been viewed as Swift 's way of supporting LGBT equality . Composition ( edit ) `` Welcome to New York '' is a synthpop song written by Swift and Ryan Tedder and produced by Swift , Tedder and Noel Zancanella . It runs the length of three minutes and thirty - two seconds ( 3 : 32 ). It has a moderate beat of 117 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G major with Swift 's vocals spanning between the octaves of D and D . Critical reception ( edit ) Jim Farber of New York Daily News criticized the song saying `` Unlike the classic odes to our city , Swift 's lacks the sophistication , or substance , of Gotham - themed hits by Frank Sinatra ( '' New York , New York `` ) , Billy Joel ( '' New York State of Mind `` ) or Alicia Keys / Jay Z ( '' Empire State of Mind `` ) . '' Jen Carlson of Gothamist called it `` the worst NYC anthem of all time . '' Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of Jezebel called the song a `` gentrification anthem so obtuse it makes one wonder if ( Swift ) is , in fact , trolling at this point . '' Esther Zuckerman of Entertainment Weekly pointed out that `` It honors the city ... but only skims the surface . '' Robert Christgau , who called it his favorite song on 1989 , felt critics had been too harsh so as to not appear to be fans of Swift , while writing : Having emigrated to Manhattan myself , albeit from Queens , I think it 's silly to demand sociology from someone who ca n't stroll Central Park without bodyguards . I note that even from a limo you can tell that the `` everyone '' here who `` was someone else before '' includes many immigrants of color . And I credit its gay - curious moment even if she ends up with a banker like her dad . All that said , however , there 's a big difference between Swift 's Manhattan and the one I can afford only due to real estate laws as vestigial as the family grocery that just closed up across the street , and you can hear that difference in the music . In more enthusiastic critique , Forrest Wickman from Slate considered it `` a soaring synth - pop anthem of the kind you could imagine being sung by Katy Perry . '' Daniel D'Addario of Time magazine stated that it was a `` new kind of equality anthem '' and that while , `` A full - throated cry for marriage equality or an end to bullying it is n't ... its simple declarativeness fits the tenor of the times . '' Nate Scott of USA Today praised the song and said it would be `` the next New York anthem '' and stated that the song `` works . It works because Taylor Swift is the kind of artist that does n't care -- at all -- that the `` I 'm a young person who just moved to New York ! '' narrative is a tired cliché . She just lived it : She moved to New York , and she felt her life was changed by moving to the big city . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard gave the song three stars out of five and praised the song stating that it `` naturally arrives with a warm grin slapped on the first carnival - themed synthesizer . Compared to two other Swift songs -- her last two album openers , ' Mine ' from Speak Now and ' State of Grace ' from Red -- ' Welcome To New York ' is sunny and conflict - free , an uncomplicated NYC greeting straight out of the opening montage to `` That Girl '' while criticizing the song by stating that `` Swift 's experience of moving to New York is probably a bit different than those of us out - of - staters who have had to make the post-college pilgrimage to the big city ; while Swift perkily admires how ' the Village is aglow , ' she does n't remark on the subway rats or waking up in closet - sized bedrooms . '' Chart performance ( edit ) The song has peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 . On January 22 , 2015 , `` Welcome to New York '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for its shipments exceeding of 500,000 units in the United States . The song performed well in Oceania , peaking at number 6 and 23 in New Zealand and Australia , respectively . In Hungary , the song peaked at number 16 on the Association of Hungarian Record Companies Top 20 Singles chart , number 19 on the Canadian Hot 100 , number 21 in Spain , number 27 in Denmark , and 39 on the UK Single Charts . Cover versions and media usage ( edit ) Ryan Adams recorded a rock version of `` Welcome to New York '' for his album 1989 , a cover of Swift 's album 1989 . Yahoo ! writer Oscar Gracey said that Adams ' cover of `` Welcome to New York '' is `` more Coney Island than East Village . '' The song is also featured in the films How to Be Single and The Secret Life of Pets . It is also used as the main theme for the current TSG Pictures incarnation . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from liner notes of 1989 . Taylor Swift -- lead vocals , writer , producer Ryan Tedder -- producer , recording , writer , background vocals , piano , juno Noel Zancanella -- producer , drum programming , synthesizer Smith Carlson -- recording Eric Eylands -- assistant recording Matthew Tryba -- assistant recording Serban Ghenea -- mixing John Hanes -- engineered for mix Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 27 France ( SNEP ) 85 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 55 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 21 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 39 US Billboard Hot 100 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 20 , 2014 Digital download Big Machine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Forrest ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift `` Welcome to New York '' : New song from 1989 is a pro-gay , synth - pop anthem `` . Slate . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift to Donate ' Welcome to New York ' Proceeds to NYC Public Schools '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Zuckerman , Esther ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Here is Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome to New York ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker , Eric ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome To New York ' Coming Tuesday : Listen to a Preview Now '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome To New York ' Is A Love Letter To A City '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Talks New Single ' Welcome to New York , ' Says It 's ' Very Sexist ' to Claim She Only Writes About Exes '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Taylor ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Announces NEW SONG from 1989 ! '' . taylorswift.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Finally ' Living In A Big Ol ' City ' In ' Welcome To New York ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- 1989 by Taylor Swift '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome to New York '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Music Publishing . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Welcome to New York , ' music review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Jen ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Welcome to New York , ' music review '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Escobedo Shepherd , Julianne ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's New Song Is the Gentrification Anthem NYC Did n't Need '' . Jezebel . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Expert Witness '' . Cuepoint . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome to New York ' Is a New Kind of Equality Anthem '' . Time . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Welcome to New York ' is the next New York anthem '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift Packs Her Bags on ' Welcome To New York ' : Song Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Program searchable database '' . Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spanishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gracey , Oscar ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Adams ' ' 1989 ' : Track By Track '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ 1989 ( Compact disc liner notes ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records . 2014 . BMRBD0500A . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome To New York '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 44 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Welcome to New York '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Taylor Swift portal ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' `` Dear John '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' 1989 `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` End Game '' `` Delicate '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Call It What You Want '' `` New Year 's Day '' Songs as a featured artist `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' `` Babe '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Best Days of Your Life '' `` Better Man '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_New_York_(song)&oldid=836621630 '' Categories : 2014 songs Taylor Swift songs Ryan Adams songs Song recordings produced by Noel Zancanella Song recordings produced by Ryan Tedder Songs written by Ryan Tedder Songs written by Taylor Swift Songs about New York City Synthpop songs LGBT - related songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 21 : 59 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome%20to%20New%20York%20%28song%29
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where are the next summer olympics being played
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Games of the XXXII Olympiad Host city Tokyo , Japan Motto Discover Tomorrow ( 未来 ( あした ) を つか もう , ashita o tsukamō ) Nations participating 206 ( expected ) Athletes participating 11,091 ( expected ) Events 324 in 33 sports Opening ceremony 24 July ( 26 months from now ) Closing ceremony 9 August Officially opened by Emperor of Japan ( expected ) Stadium New National Stadium Summer < Rio de Janeiro 2016 Paris 2024 > Winter < Pyeongchang 2018 Beijing 2022 >
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Tokyo , Japan
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2020 Summer Olympics
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2020 summer olympics
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The 2020 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第 三 十 二 回 オリンピック 競技 大会 , Hepburn : Dai Sanjūni - kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) and commonly known as Tokyo 2020 , is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 .
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Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013 . These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964 , and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan , following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano . They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia , following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing , China . These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics events , including 3x3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , as well as further mixed events . Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games ' programme to augment the permanent `` core '' Olympic events , these Games will see karate , sport climbing , surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts , and the return of baseball and softball ( which were removed from the summer programme after 2008 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Development and preparation 3 Venues and infrastructure 3.1 Heritage Zone 3.2 Tokyo Bay Zone 3.3 Outlying Venues 3.4 Football venues 3.5 Non-competition venues 4 Tickets 5 The Games 5.1 Sports 5.1. 1 New sports 5.2 Calendar 6 Marketing 6.1 Emblem 6.2 Mascot 7 Sponsors 8 Concerns and controversies 8.1 IAAF bribery claims 8.2 Logo plagiarism 9 Broadcasting 10 References 11 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Further information : Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo , Istanbul , and Madrid were the three candidate cities . The applicant cities of Baku ( Azerbaijan ) and Doha ( Qatar ) were not promoted to candidate status . A bid from Rome was withdrawn . Host city election ( edit ) The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires , Argentina . An exhaustive ballot system was used . No city won over 50 % of the votes in the first round , and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place . A run - off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated . In the final vote , a head - to - head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul , Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36 , as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority . 2020 Summer Olympics host city election City NOC name Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo Japan 42 -- 60 Istanbul Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid Spain 26 45 -- Development and preparation ( edit ) The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen ( over 3.67 billion USD ) to cover the cost of hosting the Games . The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions . A new railway line is planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station , cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes , and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes ; the line would cost 400 billion yen and would be funded primarily by private investors . But East Japan Railway Company ( East JR ) is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport . Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route , Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken - Ō Expressway , and to refurbish other major expressways in the area . There are also plans to extend the Yurikamome automated transit line from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station , passing the site of the Olympic Village , although the Yurikamome would still not have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own . The Organizing Committee is headed by former Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori . Olympic and Paralympic Minister Shunichi Suzuki is overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government . Japan has traditionally used Olympic events to showcase new technology . Telecom company NTT DoCoMo signed a deal with Finland 's Nokia to provide 5G - ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics . Venues and infrastructure ( edit ) The Tokyo Big Sight Conference Tower would be used as the International Broadcast Center and a GJS Party Venue . View of the Rainbow Bridge from Odaiba Marine Park It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed , and receive a £ 1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics . As a result , a design competition for the new stadium was launched . In November 2012 , the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists , Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium . Plans included dismantling the original stadium , and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000 . However , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the New National Stadium would be scrapped and rebid on amid public discontent over the stadium 's building costs . In Autumn 2015 a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as winning project of new stadium design competition which decreased the capacity to between 60,000 -- 80,000 depending by event Twenty - eight of the thirty - three competition venues in Tokyo are within 8 kilometres ( 4.97 miles ) of the Olympic Village . Eleven new venues are to be constructed . It was reported in September 2016 that a review panel said that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could quadruple from the original estimate , and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs , including moving venues outside Tokyo . Heritage zone ( edit ) Seven venues will be located within the central business area of Tokyo , northwest of the Olympic Village . Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics . Yokohama Stadium -- Baseball Venue Events Capacity Status Olympic Stadium Opening and closing ceremonies 60,102 Athletics Football ( finals ) Yoyogi National Gymnasium Handball 13,291 Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Table tennis 10,000 Nippon Budokan Judo 14,471 Karate Tokyo International Forum Weightlifting 5,012 Imperial Palace Garden Road cycling 5,000 seated , unlimited standing room along route Athletics ( marathon , race walk ) Tokyo Bay zone ( edit ) 20 venues will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay , southeast of the Olympic Village , predominantly on Ariake , Odaiba and the surrounding artificial islands . Venue Events Capacity Status Kasai Rinkai Park Canoeing ( slalom ) 8,000 Oi Seaside Park Field hockey 10,000 Olympic Aquatics Centre Aquatics ( swimming , diving , synchronized swimming ) 18,000 Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Water polo 3,635 Yumenoshima Stadium Archery 5,050 Ariake Arena Volleyball 15,000 Olympic BMX Course BMX cycling 6,000 Skateboarding Olympic Gymnastic Centre Gymnastics ( artistic , rhythmic , trampoline ) 12,000 Ariake Coliseum Tennis 20,000 ( 10,000 centre court ; 5,000 court 1 , 3,000 court 2 , 8x250 match courts ) Odaiba Marine Park Triathlon 5,000 seated , unlimited standing room along route Aquatics ( marathon swimming ) Shiokaze Park Beach volleyball 12,000 Central Breakwater Equestrian ( eventing ) 20,000 Rowing Canoeing ( sprint ) Aomi Urban Sports Venue 3x3 basketball Sport climbing Outlying venues ( edit ) Twelve venues will be situated farther than 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from the Olympic Village . Venue Events Capacity Status Camp Asaka Shooting Musashino Forest Sports Plaza Modern pentathlon ( fencing ) 10,000 Badminton Ajinomoto Stadium Football 49,970 Modern pentathlon ( excluding fencing ) Rugby sevens Saitama Super Arena Basketball 22,000 Enoshima Sailing 10,000 Surfing Makuhari Messe Fencing 6,000 Taekwondo Wrestling 8,000 Baji Koen Equestrian ( dressage , jumping ) Kasumigaseki Country Club Golf 30,000 Izu Velodrome Track cycling 5,000 Japan Cycle Sports Center Mountain biking Yokohama Stadium Baseball 30,000 Softball Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium Baseball 30,000 Softball Football venues ( edit ) The Sapporo Dome in Sapporo International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama ; 70,000 Saitama Stadium , Saitama ; 62,000 Miyagi Stadium , Sendai ; 48,000 Ajinomoto Stadium , Tokyo ; 49,000 Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki ; 42,000 Sapporo Dome , Sapporo ; 42,000 National Stadium , Tokyo ; 60,000 ( men 's final only ) Non-competition venues ( edit ) Venue Events Capacity Status Imperial Hotel , Tokyo IOC Harumi Futo Olympic Village Tokyo Big Sight Media Press Center International Broadcast Center Tickets ( edit ) The opening ceremony category tickets will range from 25,000 to 150,000 yen , with a maximum price of 30,000 yen for the finals of popular sports , such as athletics and swimming . The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen . 60 % of the tickets will be sold for 4,400 yen or less . Tickets will be sold by PIA through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet . International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party , such as a travel agent . The Games ( edit ) Sports ( edit ) Main article : Olympic sports The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017 . The games will feature 339 events in 33 sports ; alongside the 5 new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo , there will be 15 new events within existing sports , including 3 - on - 3 basketball , freestyle BMX and Madison cycling , and new mixed events in several sports . Thomas Bach stated that the goal for Tokyo was for the Games to be `` more youthful , more urban and include more women '' . Aquatics Diving ( 8 ) Swimming ( 37 ) Synchronized swimming ( 2 ) Water polo ( 2 ) Archery ( 5 ) Athletics ( 48 ) Badminton ( 5 ) Baseball / Softball Baseball ( 1 ) Softball ( 1 ) Basketball Basketball ( 2 ) 3x3 basketball ( 2 ) Boxing ( 13 ) Canoeing Slalom ( 4 ) Sprint ( 12 ) Cycling BMX freestyle ( 2 ) BMX racing ( 2 ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road cycling ( 4 ) Track cycling ( 12 ) Equestrian Dressage ( 2 ) Eventing ( 2 ) Jumping ( 2 ) Fencing ( 12 ) Field hockey ( 2 ) Football ( 2 ) Golf ( 2 ) Gymnastics Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 2 ) Trampoline ( 2 ) Handball ( 2 ) Judo ( 15 ) Karate Kata ( 2 ) Kumite ( 6 ) Modern pentathlon ( 2 ) Rowing ( 14 ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) Sailing ( 10 ) Shooting ( 15 ) Skateboarding ( 4 ) Sport climbing ( 2 ) Surfing ( 2 ) Table tennis ( 5 ) Taekwondo ( 8 ) Tennis ( 5 ) Triathlon ( 3 ) Volleyball Volleyball ( 2 ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) Weightlifting ( 14 ) Wrestling Freestyle ( 12 ) Greco - Roman ( 6 ) New sports ( edit ) As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics `` ( remain ) relevant to sports fans of all generations '' , the IOC assessed the 26 sports held in London , with the remit of selecting 25 ' core ' sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games . In effect , this would involve the dropping of one sport from the 2016 Games program . This would leave a single vacancy in the 2020 Games program , which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports and the removed sport . On 12 February 2013 , IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the Olympic programme , in a surprise decision that removed one of the oldest Olympic sports from the 2020 Games ; wrestling as an Olympic event dates as far back as the ancient Olympic Games , and as part of the original programme of the modern Games . The New York Times felt that the lack of well - known talent and women 's competitions in wrestling were factors in the decision . Wrestling therefore joined other sports in a short list applying for inclusion in the 2020 Games . On 29 May 2013 , it was announced that three sports made the final shortlist ; squash , baseball / softball , and wrestling . Five other sports ( karate , roller sports , sport climbing , wakeboarding , and wushu ) were excluded from consideration at this point . On 8 September 2013 , at the 125th IOC Session , the IOC selected wrestling to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024 . Wrestling secured 49 votes , while baseball / softball secured 24 votes and squash got 22 votes . Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an `` event - based '' programme rather than sport - based , the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme . This rule is designed so that sports popular in the host country can be added to the programme to improve local interest . As a result of these changes , a new shortlist of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015 , consisting of baseball / softball , bowling , karate , roller sports , sport climbing , squash , surfing , and wushu . On 28 September 2015 , organisers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC : baseball / softball , karate , sport climbing , surfing , and skateboarding . The five proposed sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and will be included in the sports programme for 2020 only , bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33 . Calendar ( edit ) All times are in JST ( UTC + 9 ) This is a calendar adapt from the 2016 Summer Olympic calendar , and does not necessarily reflect the final 2020 schedule . All dates are Japan Standard Time ( UTC + 09 : 00 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony July / August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Archery 5 Athletics 5 5 5 6 7 7 48 Badminton 5 Baseball Basketball Basketball 3x3 Basketball Boxing 13 Canoeing Slalom 16 Sprint Cycling Road cycling 22 Track cycling BMX Mountain biking Diving 8 Equestrian 6 Fencing 12 Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Artistic EG 18 Rhythmic Trampolining Handball Judo 15 Karate Kata 8 Kumite Modern pentathlon Rowing 14 Rugby sevens Sailing 10 Shooting 15 Skateboarding Softball Sport climbing Surfing Swimming 37 Synchronized swimming Table tennis 5 Taekwondo 8 Tennis 5 Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting 14 Wrestling 18 Daily medal events 339 Cumulative total 339 July / August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Total events Marketing ( edit ) Emblem ( edit ) The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016 ; designed by Asao Tokolo , who won a nationwide design contest , it takes the form of a ring in an indigo - coloured checkerboard pattern . The design is meant to `` express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan '' . The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre . Mascot ( edit ) The Tokyo 2020 Games Mascots competition accepted entries from 1 to 14 August 2017 . A total of 2,042 entries were received . Three shortlisted entries were unveiled at the Kakezuka Elementary School on 7 December 2017 . A poll was then conducted between 11 December 2017 and 22 February 2018 to choose the winning entry , with each participating elementary school class allocated one vote. The results were announced on 28 February 2018 . The winning entry was candidate pair A , created by Ryo Taniguchi , which received 109,041 votes , followed by Kana Yano 's pair B with 61,423 votes and Sanae Akimoto 's pair C with 35,291 votes . The Olympic mascot in Pair A is a figure with blue checkered patterns inspired by the Games ' official logo , which has old - fashioned charm and new innovation combined with a special power of instant teleportation . Both Olympic and Paralympic mascots will be named by the Organising Committee by late July 2018 , when the mascots will make their official debut . Sponsors ( edit ) As of 2015 total sponsorship for the 2020 Games reached approximately $1.3 billion , setting an Olympics record ( the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing attracted $1.2 billion ) . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) IAAF bribery claims ( edit ) In January 2016 , the second part of a World Anti-Doping Agency commission report into corruption included a footnote detailing a conversation between Khalil Diack , son of former International Athletic Association Federation ( IAAF ) president Lamine Diack , and Turkish officials heading up the Istanbul bid team . A transcript of the conversation cited in the report suggested that a `` sponsorship '' payment of between US $ 4 million and 5 million had been made by the Japanese bid team `` either to the Diamond League or IAAF '' . The footnote claimed that because Istanbul did not make such a payment , the bid lost the support of Lamine Diack . The WADA declined to investigate the claims because it was , according to its independent commission , outside the agency 's remit . In July and October 2013 ( prior to and after being awarded the Games ) , Tokyo made two bank payments totalling SG $ 2.8 million to a Singapore - based company known as Black Tidings . The company is tied to Papa Massata Diack , a son of Lamine Diack who worked as a marketing consultant for the IAAF , and is being pursued by French authorities under allegations of bribery , corruption , and money laundering . Black Tidings is held by Ian Tan Tong Han , a consultant to Athletics Management and Services -- which manages the IAAF 's commercial rights , and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu . Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team . Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services , but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential . Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter . Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo 's organizing committee . The IOC established a team to investigate these matters , and will closely follow the French investigation . Logo plagiarism ( edit ) The initial design for the official emblems of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 July 2015 . The logo resembled a stylized `` T '' ; a red circle in the top - right corner represented a beating heart , the flag of Japan , and an `` inclusive world in which everyone accepts each other '' , and a black column in the centre represented diversity . Shortly after the unveiling , Belgian graphics designer Olivier Debie accused the organizing committee of plagiarizing a logo he had designed for the Théâtre de Liège , which aside from the circle , consisted of nearly identical shapes . Tokyo 's organizing committee denied that the emblem design was plagiarized , arguing that the design had gone through `` long , extensive and international '' intellectual property examinations before it was cleared for use . Debie filed a lawsuit against the IOC to prevent use of the infringing logo . Rejected official logo of the 2020 Summer Olympics Rejected official logo of the 2020 Summer Paralympics . Logo of the Théâtre de Liège The emblem 's designer , Kenjiro Sano , defended the design , stating that he had never seen the Liège logo , while TOCOG released an early sketch of the design that emphasized a stylized `` T '' and did not resemble the Liège logo . However , Sano was found to have had a history of plagiarism , with others alleging his early design plagiarized work of Jan Tschichold , that he used a photo without permission in promotional materials for the emblem , along with other past cases . On 1 September 2015 , following an emergency meeting of TOCOG , Governor of Tokyo Yoichi Masuzoe announced that they had decided to scrap Sano 's two logos . The committee met on 2 September 2015 to decide how to approach another new logo design . On 24 November 2015 , an Emblems Selection Committee was established to organize an open call for design proposals , open to Japanese residents over the age of 18 , with a deadline set for 7 December 2015 . The winner would receive ¥ 1 million and tickets to the opening ceremonies of both the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics . On 8 April 2016 , a new shortlist of four pairs of designs for the Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled by the Emblems Selection Committee ; the Committee 's selection -- with influence from a public poll , was presented to TOCOG on 25 April 2016 for final approval . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television , with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Olympics . In the United States , the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties , as part of a US $4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . In Europe , this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC 's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Discovery Communications , which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024 . The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe , excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games , and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024 . Discovery will sub-license coverage to free - to - air networks in each territory . In the United Kingdom , these will be the last Games whose rights are fully owned by the BBC , although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games , Discovery holds exclusive pay television rights to these Games . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 国際 スローガン `` Discover Tomorrow '' 並びに ルック プログラム を 発表 東京 オリンピック ・ パラリンピック 競技 大会 組織 委員 会 `` . 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( French : Jeux de la XXXII olympiade ) Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2020 : Tokyo wins race to host Games '' . BBC Sport. 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Olympics Vote Total Box '' . Associated Press . Miami Herald . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ JR 東日本 、 東京 五輪 を 前 に 都心 部 と 羽田 空港 結ぶ 新 路線 整備 を on YouTube Jump up ^ `` 羽田 ・ 成田 発着 を 拡大 、 五輪 へ インフラ 整備 急ぐ '' . 日本 経済 新聞. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 五輪 で 東京 に 1000 万 人 過密 都市 ゆえ の 課題 多く '' . 日本 経済 新聞. 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ PST ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Mori heads Tokyo 2020 organizing committee '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiaki Endo appointed Olympics minister '' . The Japan Times . Jump up ^ `` Nokia , NTT DoCoMo prepare for 5G ahead of Tokyo Olympics launch '' . 2 March 2015 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Nokia wins 5G business with Japan 's NTT DoCoMo - FierceWireless '' . www.fiercewireless.com . Jump up ^ Himmer , Alastair ( 5 February 2012 ) . `` Rugby - Tokyo stadium set for billion dollar facelift '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notice '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Himmer , Alastair ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Japan rips up 2020 Olympic stadium plans to start anew '' . news.yahoo.com . AFP . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 candidature file -- section 8 -- Sports and Venues '' ( PDF ) . Tokyo 2020 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo panel : Olympic cost could expand fourfold '' . NHK. 29 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Water Polo Arena in Koto , Tokyo ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Badminton originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rugby sevens originally to be held at National Olympic Stadium ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena ; proposal for venue change to Saitama Super Arena in late 2014 was confirmed in March 2015 by the IOC . `` IOC supports Tokyo 's plans to relocate Olympic venues '' . The Japan Times . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . `` Moving 2020 hoops to Saitama latest blow for game '' . The Japan Times . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Originally to be held at Wakasu Olympic Marina ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ All three events originally to be held at Tokyo Big Sight ; venue moved in June 2015 . `` 東京 五輪 、 26 競技 の 会場 決定 自転車 ・ サッカー 除き '' . Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change to Tokyo 2020 equestrian venue approved '' . inside.fei.org. 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Venues '' . , Jump up ^ Beall , Joel ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` 2020 Olympic golf course changes policy , allows women full membership '' . Jump up ^ Wilson , Stephen ( 10 December 2015 ) . `` IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics '' . japantoday.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics '' . japantimes.co.jp. 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 横浜 スタジアム 会場 案 ... 東京 五輪 に 野球 など 追加 '' . 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Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2013 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ IOC : Baseball / softball , squash and wrestling make cut for IOC Session vote in Buenos Aires Jump up ^ `` Wrestling , baseball / softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut '' . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games '' . IOC. 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Agenda 2020 Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . IOC . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball , softball among 8 sports proposed for 2020 Games '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 '' . Olympic.org. 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` You 're in ! Baseball / softball , 4 other sports make Tokyo cut '' . USA Today . 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets '' . NOC * NSF. 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Emblems Committee relax competition rules ahead of search for new logo '' . InsideTheGames.biz . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Checkered pattern by artist Tokolo chosen as logo for 2020 Tokyo Olympics '' . Japan Times . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo scrapped after allegations of plagiarism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 Games Mascots '' . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2020 Tokyo Olympic organizers begin soliciting mascot ideas '' . The Japan Times . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 lets children choose mascots from 3 finalists '' . NBC Sports . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Meeting of the Mascot Selection Panel '' ( Press release ) . Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fukase , Atsuko ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` 2020 Tokyo Olympics Attract Record Sponsorship '' . The Wall Street Journal Japan Real Time . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo Olympics 2020 : French prosecutors probe ' $2 m payment ' '' . BBC News . 12 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo Olympics : Japan to ' fully cooperate ' with suspicious payments inquiry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life bans for three athletics figures over alleged doping cover - up '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tokyo 2020 Olympic bid leader refuses to reveal Black Tidings details '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOC concerned at suspect payments made by Tokyo 2020 bid team '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo 2020 unveils official emblem with five years to go '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Olympic Games logo embroiled in plagiarism row '' . The Guardian . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Olympics emblem said to look similar to Belgian theater logo '' . The Japan Times . 30 July 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan unveils final four candidates for Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo '' . Japan Times . 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Games organizers decide to scrap Sano emblem '' . NHK World . 1 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Sony and Panasonic target 8K TVs for 2020 Olympics '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Lost market share prompts Sony - Panasonic TV tech alliance '' . Nikkei Asian Review . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` NBC wins U.S. TV rights to four Olympic Games through 2020 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Summer Olympics . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%20Summer%20Olympics
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who won the very first cup match in 1902
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America 's Cup
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america's cup
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The America 's Cup , affectionately known as the `` Auld Mug '' , is a trophy awarded to the winner of the America 's Cup match races between two sailing yachts . One yacht , known as the defender , represents the yacht club that currently holds the America 's Cup and the second yacht , known as the challenger , represents the yacht club that is challenging for the cup . The timing of each match is determined by an agreement between the defender and the challenger . The America 's Cup is the oldest international sporting trophy . It will next be raced for in the southern summer , in the early part of 2021 .
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The cup was originally awarded in 1851 by the Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in England , which was won by the schooner America . The trophy , originally named the ' £ 100 Cup ' , was renamed the America 's Cup after the yacht and was donated to the New York Yacht Club ( NYYC ) under the terms of the Deed of Gift , which made the cup available for perpetual international competition . Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the deed of gift has the right to challenge the yacht club that holds the cup . If the challenging club wins the match , it gains stewardship of the cup . The history and prestige associated with the America 's Cup attracts not only the world 's top sailors and yacht designers but also the involvement of wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors . It is a test not only of sailing skill and boat and sail design , but also of fundraising and management skills . The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 ( when the syndicate that won the cup donated the trophy to the club ) until 1983 . The NYYC successfully defended the trophy twenty - four times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club , represented by the yacht Australia II . The NYYC 's reign was the longest winning streak ( in terms of date ) in the history of all sports . From the first defense of the cup in 1870 through the twentieth defense in 1967 , there was always only one challenger . In 1970 , for the first time , there were multiple challengers , so the NYYC agreed that the challengers could run a selection series with the winner becoming the official challenger and competing against the defender in the America 's Cup match . Since 1983 , Louis Vuitton has sponsored the Louis Vuitton Cup as a prize for the winner of the challenger selection series . Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65 -- 90 ft ( 20 -- 27 m ) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen . This culminated with the J - Class regattas of the 1930s . After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge , the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller , less expensive 12 - metre class yachts to compete ; this class was used from 1958 until 1987 . It was replaced in 1990 by the International America 's Cup Class which was used until 2007 . After a long legal battle , the 2010 America 's Cup was raced in 90 ft ( 27 m ) lwl multihull yachts in a best of three `` deed of gift '' match in Valencia , Spain . The victorious Golden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the 2013 America 's Cup in AC72 foiling , wing - sail catamarans . Golden Gate Yacht Club successfully defended the cup . The 35th America 's Cup match was announced to be sailed in 50 ft foiling catamarans . The history of the America 's Cup has included legal battles and disputes over rule changes including most recently over the rule changes for the 2017 America 's Cup . The America 's Cup is currently held by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron , who will defend the Cup in the 36th time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1851 : America wins the Cup 1.2 1870 -- 1881 : First challenges 1.3 1885 -- 1887 : The NYYC Rule 1.4 1889 -- 1903 : The Seawanhaka Rule 1.5 1914 -- 1937 : The Universal Rule 1.6 1956 -- 1987 : The Twelve - Metre Rule 1.6. 1 1962 -- 1983 : The Australian challengers 1.6. 2 1983 : Australia II wins the Cup 1.6. 3 1987 : Technology and professionalism are increasingly important 1.7 1988 : The Mercury Bay Challenge 1.8 1992 -- 2007 : The IACC rule 1.9 2010 : The Golden Gate Challenge 1.10 2013 : The AC72 rule 1.11 2017 America 's Cup 1.12 2021 America 's Cup 2 Challengers and Defenders 3 All - time finals records of Clubs that have won the Cup 4 In the media 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Yacht `` America '' Winning the International Race , by Fitz Henry Lane , 1851 The Cup is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co . Henry William Paget , 1st Marquess of Anglesey bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron 's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight . It was originally known as the `` R.Y.S. £ 100 Cup '' , standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or `` sovereigns '' in value . The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved as the `` 100 Guinea Cup '' by the America syndicate , but was also referred to as the `` Queen 's Cup '' ( a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling , now £ 1.05 ) . Today , the trophy is officially known as the `` America 's Cup '' after the 1851 winning yacht , and is affectionately called the `` Auld Mug '' by the sailing community . It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it , and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names . 1851 : America wins the Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1851 America 's Cup In 1851 Commodore John Cox Stevens , a charter member of the fledgling New York Yacht Club ( NYYC ) , formed a six - person syndicate to build a yacht with intention of taking her to England and making some money competing in yachting regattas and match races . The syndicate contracted with pilot boat designer George Steers for a 101 ft ( 30.78 m ) schooner , which was christened America and launched on 3 May 1851 . On 22 August 1851 , America raced against 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron in the Club 's annual 53 - nautical - mile ( 98 km ) regatta around the Isle of Wight . America won , finishing 8 minutes ahead of the closest rival . Apocryphally , Queen Victoria , who was watching at the finish line , was reported to have asked who was second , the famous answer being : `` Ah , Your Majesty , there is no second . '' The surviving members of the America syndicate donated the cup via the Deed of Gift of the America 's Cup to the NYYC on 8 July 1857 , specifying that it be held in trust as a perpetual challenge trophy to promote friendly competition among nations . 1870 -- 1881 : first challenges ( edit ) Defender Columbia , 1871 No challenge to race for the Cup was issued until British railway tycoon James Lloyd Ashbury 's topsail schooner Cambria ( 188 tons , 1868 design ) beat the Yankee schooner Sappho ( 274.4 tons , 1867 design ) in the Solent in 1868 . This success encouraged the Royal Thames Yacht Club in believing that the cup could be brought back home , and officially placed the first challenge in 1870 . Ashbury entered Cambria in the NYYC Queen 's Cup race in New York City on 8 August against a fleet of seventeen schooners , with time allowed based on their tonnage . The Cambria only placed eighth , behind the aging America ( 178.6 tons , 1851 ) in fourth place and Franklin Osgood 's Magic ( 92.2 tons , 1857 ) in the fleet 's lead . Trying again , Ashbury offered a best - of - seven match race challenge for October 1871 , which the NYYC accepted provided a defending yacht could be chosen on the morning of each race . Ashbury 's new yacht Livonia ( 264 tons ) was beaten twice in a row by Osgood 's new centreboard schooner Columbia ( 220 tons ) , which withdrew in the third race after dismasting . The yacht Sappho then stepped in as defender to win the fourth and fifth races , thereby successfully defending the cup . The next challenge came from the Royal Canadian Yacht Club and was the first to be disputed between two yachts only . The schooner Madeleine ( 148.2 tons , 1868 ) , a previous defender from the 1870 fleet race , easily defeated the challenger Countess of Dufferin ( 221 tons , 1876 design by Alexander Cuthbert ) . Cuthbert filed the second Canadian challenge , bankrolling , designing and sailing the first sloop challenge for the America 's Cup in 1881 . The small 65 ft ( 19.81 m ) Canadian challenger Atalanta ( 84 tons , 1881 ) , representing the Bay of Quinte Yacht Club , suffered from lack of funds , unfinished build and a difficult delivery through the Erie Canal from Lake Ontario to New York . In contrast , the NYYC cautiously prepared its first selection trials . The iron sloop Mischief ( 79 tons , 1879 design by Archibald Cary Smith ) was chosen from four sloop candidates , and successfully defended the cup . 1885 -- 1887 : the NYYC rule ( edit ) Defender Volunteer , 1887 In response to the incompetent Canadian challenges , the Deed of Gift was amended in 1881 to require that challenges be accepted only from yacht clubs on the sea and that challenger yachts must sail to the venue on their own hull . Furthermore , Archibald Cary Smith and the NYYC committee devised a new rating rule that would govern the next races . They included sail area and waterline length into the handicap , with penalties on waterlines longer than 85 ft ( 25.91 m ) . Irish yacht designer John Beavor - Webb launched the challengers Genesta ( 1884 ) and Galatea ( 1885 ) , which would define the British `` plank - on - edge '' design of a heavy , deep and narrow - keel hull , making for very stiff yachts ideal for the British breeze . The boats came to New York in 1885 and 1886 respectively , but neither would best the sloops Puritan or Mayflower , whose success in selection trials against many other candidates proved Boston designer Edward Burgess was the master of the `` compromise sloop '' ( lightweight , wide and shallow hull with centerboard ) . This design paradigm proved ideal for the light Yankee airs . In 1887 , Edward Burgess repeated his success with the Volunteer against Scottish yacht designer George Lennox Watson 's challenger Thistle , which was built in secret . Even when the Thistle was drydocked in New York before the races , her hull was draped to protect the secret of her lines , which borrowed from American design . Both Volunteer and Thistle were completely unfurnished below decks to save weight . 1889 -- 1903 : the Seawanhaka rule ( edit ) In 1887 , the NYYC adopted the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club 's rating rule , in which Bristol , RI naval architect Nathanael Herreshoff found loopholes that he would use to make dramatic improvements in yacht design and to shape the America 's Cup 's largest and most extreme contenders . Both Herreshoff and Watson proceeded to merge Yankee sloop design and British cutter design to make very deep S - shape fin - keeled hulls . Using steel , tobin bronze , aluminium , and even nickel for novel construction , they significantly lengthened bow and stern overhangs , further extending the sailing waterline as their boats heeled over , thus increasing their speed . Challenger Valkyrie II , 1893 Columbia & Shamrock , 1899 The next America 's Cup challenge was initially limited to 70 ft ( 21.34 m ) waterline in 1889 , but the mutual - agreement clauses of a new 1887 Deed of Gift caused the Royal Yacht Squadron to withdraw the Earl of Dunraven 's promising Watson designed challenger Valkyrie while she was crossing the Atlantic . Dunraven challenged again in 1893 , pleading for a return to the longer 85 ft ( 26 m ) limit . In a cup - crazed Britain , its four largest cutters ever were being built , including Watson 's Valkyrie II for Dunraven 's challenge . Meanwhile , the NYYC 's wealthiest members ordered two cup candidates from Herreshoff , and two more from Boston yacht designers . Charles Oliver Iselin , who was running the syndicate behind one of the Herreshoff designs called Vigilant , gave the naval architect leave to design the yacht entirely as he willed . Herreshoff helmed Vigilant himself and beat all his rivals in selection trials , and defended the cup successfully from Valkyrie II . Urged to challenge again in yet larger boat sizes , Dunraven challenged again in 1895 with a 90 ft ( 27.43 m ) waterline limit . The Watson designed challenger Valkyrie III received many innovations : She would be wider than the defender , and featured the first steel mast . The NYYC ordered another defender from Herreshoff , which he had built in a closed off hangar and launched at night so as to conceal her construction : Defender used an aluminium topside riveted to steel frames and manganese bronze below waters . This saved 17 tons of displacement , but later subjected the boat to extreme electrolysis after the Cup races . Valkyrie III lost the first race , was deemed disqualified in the second race following a collision with Defender before the start line despite finishing first , and in turn withdrew from the contest . The unraveling of the races left Dunraven in a bitter disagreement with all parties over fairness of the cup committee concerning claims . After he asserted that he had been cheated , his honorary membership of the NYYC was revoked . Henry `` Hank '' Coleman Haff , was inducted into America 's Cup Hall of Fame in 2004 for his sailing of Defender in 1895 and bringing the cup back . At age 58 , Hank Haff was the oldest cup winner in the history of the race . The climate was estranged until Scottish businessman Sir Thomas Lipton became the financial backer for the Royal Ulster Yacht Club 's 1899 challenge . William Fife was chosen to design the challenging yacht because of past success in American waters . The yachts increased yet again in size , and this time Herreshoff fitted a telescopic steel mast to his defender Columbia , but his largest contribution was to recruit Scottish - American skipper Charlie Barr . The latter had helmed Fife designs in Yankee waters before , and he had shown perfect coordination with his hand - picked Scandinavian crew . Barr successfully helmed Columbia to victory , and Lipton 's noted fair play provided unprecedented popular appeal to the sport and to his tea brand . Although upset with the Shamrock , Lipton challenged again in 1901 , turning this time to George Lennox Watson for a `` cup - lifter '' : Shamrock II , Watson 's fourth and final challenger , was the first cup contender to be thoroughly tank - tested . To defend the Cup , businessman Thomas W. Lawson funded for Boston designer Bowdoin B. Crowninshield a daring project : his yacht Independence was capable of unrivaled performance because of her extremely long sailing waterline , but she was largely overpowered and unbalanced and suffered from structural issues . Furthermore , Lawson 's failure to commit to the NYYC 's terms for defending the Cup defaulted the Independenceʼs elimination . Herreshoff had again received a commission from the NYYC , but had failed to secure Charlie Barr to skipper his new yacht Constitution . Instead , the Columbiaʼs syndicate kept Barr 's crew and tried another defense . Unexpectedly , Barr led the Columbiaʼs crew to win the selection trials , and to successfully defend the cup again . Lipton persisted in a third challenge in 1903 . With the aim to fend off Lipton 's challenges indefinitely , the NYYC garnered a huge budget for a single cup contender , whose design would be commissioned to Herreshoff again . Improving on the Independence and his previous designs , the new defender Reliance remains the largest race sloop ever built . She featured a ballasted rudder , dual - speed winches below decks , and a cork - decked aluminium topside that hid running rigging . The design focus on balance was exemplary , but the extreme yacht also required the skills of an excellent skipper , which defaulted choice options to Charlie Barr . Facing the equally bold challenger Shamrock III , Barr led the Reliance to victory in just three races . 1914 -- 1937 : the universal rule ( edit ) Despite the immense success of the Reliance , she was used only one season , her design and maintenance keeping her from being used for any other purpose than for a cup defense . The extremity of both 1903 cup contenders encouraged Nathanael Herreshoff to make boats more wholesome and durable by devising a new rule . Proposing in the same year the Universal Rule , he added the elements of overall length and displacement into the rating , to the benefit of heavy , voluminous hulls and also divided boats into classes , without handicapping sail area . This went against the American Yacht Clubs ' and the British Yacht Racing Association 's general desire to promote speed at all costs for cup boats , but the NYYC adopted Herreshoff 's proposal . Lipton long pleaded for a smaller size of yachts in the new rule , and the NYYC conceded to seventy - five footers in 1914 . Lipton turned to Charles Ernest Nicholson for his fourth challenge , and got a superb design under the inauspicious shape of Shamrock IV , with a flat transom . She was the most powerful yacht that year , and the NYYC turned out three cup candidates to defend the cup : of George Owen 's Defiance and William Gardner 's Vanitie , it was Herreshoff who designed the wisest of all contenders . His last design for the cup , the Resolute , was small , which earned significant time allowance over other yachts . Barr had died , but his crew manned the Resolute , which faced stiff competition from Vanitie , but went on to win the selection trials , before the Cup was suspended as World War I broke out . Shamrock IV was crossing the Atlantic with the steam yacht Erin , destined for Bermuda , when Britain declared war on Germany on 5 August 1914 . Harold Stirling Vanderbilt , the Commodore of the New York Yacht Club , sent his own yacht , the Vagrant , from Rhode Island to Bermuda to meet them and escort them to the US . The Vagrant arrived on the 8th . Having no radio , the crew were unaware of the declaration of war . Finding all navigational markers missing , they attempted to pick their own way in through the barrier reef . St. David 's Battery fired a warning shot to bring them to a halt . Shamrock IV and Erin arrived the next day . The America 's Cup was cancelled for that year . The Shamrock IV and Erin proceeded to New York , from where the Erin returned to Britain while Shamrock IV was laid up in the Erie Basin dry dock until 1920 , when she received some adjustments to her build and ballast , just before the races were held . Despite Shamrock IV 's severe rating , she took the first two races from the defender Resolute , and came closer to winning back the Cup than any previous challenger . The Resolute won every subsequent race of the event . Harold Vanderbilt , Enterprise 's skipper , 1930 Shamrock IV was never raced again , but the universal rule drew significant appeal , especially in the small M - Class . Believing that the new rule offered a serious opportunity for the British to take the Cup , Lipton challenged for the fifth and last time at age 79 , in 1929 . The J - Class was chosen for the contest , to which were added Lloyds ' A1 scantling rules in order to ensure that the yachts would be seaworthy and evenly matched , given the Deed of Gift requirement for yachts to sail to the match on their `` own bottom . '' The waterline length was set between 76 ft ( 23.16 m ) and 88 ft ( 26.82 m ) , and there would be no time allowance . Novel rigging technology now permitted the Bermuda rig to replace the gaff rig . Nicholson was chosen to design challenger Shamrock V , and despite the Wall Street Crash , four NYYC syndicates responded to the threat and built a cup contender each . The venue was moved to Newport , Rhode Island , where , the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company 's new naval architect Starling Burgess used his success in the M - Class and his experience as a wartime plane designer to build the Vanderbilt syndicate 's defender Enterprise , the smallest J - Class . Meanwhile , Herreshoff 's son , Lewis Francis Herreshoff , designed a radical boat : The Whirlwind , despite being the most advanced boat with her double - ended `` canoe '' build and electronic instruments , maneuvered too clumsily . The old 75 - footers Resolute and Vanitie were rebuilt and converted to the J - Class to serve as trial horses . The Enterprise 's skipper Harold Vanderbilt won the selection trials with great difficulty . When Shamrock V was revealed , she was an outdated wooden boat with a wooden mast and performed poorly to windward . Enterprise was then fitted with the World 's first duralumin mast , very lightweight at 4,000 lb ( 1,800 kg ) , and beat her opponent soundly . Lipton died in 1931 , and English aviation industrialist Sir Thomas Sopwith bought Shamrock V with the intent of preparing the next challenge . To Nicholson 's skills , he added aeronautical expertise and materials that would intensify the rivalry into a technological race . In 1934 , the Royal Yacht Squadron issued a challenge for Sopwith 's newly built challenger Endeavour . Being steel - plated , she was less disfavoured than Shamrock V , especially after a minimum mast weight limit was set to 5,500 lb ( 2,500 kg ) , as this made American duralumin technology less advantageous for this contest . Endeavour received significant innovations , but Sopwith failed to secure the services of his entire Shamrock V professional crew due to a pay strike . He hired amateurs to complete his team , and while the Endeavour was described unanimously as the faster boat in the Cup , taking the first two races , failed tactics and crew inexperience lost her the following four races to Vanderbilt 's new defender Rainbow . To challenge again , Sopwith prepared himself a year early . In 1936 Nicholson designed and built the Endeavour II to the maximum waterline length allowed , and numerous updates to the rig made her even faster than her predecessor . A change in the America 's Cup rules now allowed a contending yacht to be declared 30 days before the races , so both the Endeavour and Endeavour II were shipped to Newport , where the RYS held selection series before declaring Endeavour II as the challenger . Meanwhile , Harold S. Vanderbilt , taking all syndicate defense costs to himself , commissioned Starling Burgess and the young designer Olin Stephens to provide designs . They anonymously produced three designs each , and thoroughly tank - tested boat models of the six designs , until model 77 - C was selected for its projected performance in light airs . The resulting defender Ranger was even more accomplished than her challenger , and Vanderbilt steered his last J - Class boat to a straight victory . 1956 -- 1987 : the Twelve - metre rule ( edit ) President Kennedy and wife watching the America 's Cup , 1962 The J - class yachts from the 1930s remained the default for the cup , but post-war economic realities meant that no - one could afford to challenge in this hugely expensive class . As twenty years had passed since the last challenge , the NYYC looked for a cheaper alternative in order to restart interest in the cup . In 1956 Henry Sears led an effort to replace the J - class yachts with 12 - metre class yachts , which are approximately 65 to 75 feet ( 20 to 23 m ) in overall length . The first post-war challenge was in 1958 , again from the British . Briggs Cunningham , the inventor of the cunningham sail control device , as skipper with Sears as navigator led Columbia to victory against Sceptre , which was designed by David Boyd at Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd ( Yachtbuilders ) , for a Royal Yacht Squadron Syndicate , chaired by Hugh Goodson . 1962 -- 1983 : the Australian challengers ( edit ) The first Australian challenge was in 1962 , when Gretel lost to the NYYC 's Weatherly , designed by Philip Rhodes . A second Boyd / Robertson challenger , Sovereign , lost to the Olin Stephens -- designed Constellation in 1964 . In 1967 , another Australian challenger , Dame Pattie , lost to the innovative Olin Stephens design Intrepid ( which won again in 1970 , to become the second yacht , after Columbia , to defend the Cup twice ) . Defender Freedom , 1980 For the 1970 America 's Cup , interest in challenging was so high that the NYYC allowed the Challenger of Record ( the original yacht club presenting the challenge accepted for the match ) to organize a regatta among multiple challengers with the winner being substituted as challenger and going on to the cup match . This innovation has been used ever since , except for the default deed of gift matches in 1988 and 2010 . Alan Bond , an Australian businessman , made three unsuccessful challenges between 1974 and 1980 . In 1974 the cup was successfully defended by Courageous , which successfully defended again in 1977 , at which time she was skippered by Ted Turner . In 1980 the Cup was defended by Freedom . 1983 : Australia II wins the Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1983 America 's Cup The winged keel of the victorious challenger Australia II , 1983 Bond returned in 1983 for a fourth challenge , complete with a symbolic golden wrench which he claimed would be used to unbolt the cup from its plinth , so that he could take it back to Australia . In 1983 there were seven challengers for the cup competing for the inaugural Louis Vuitton Cup , the winner of which would go on to the America 's Cup match against the NYYC 's yacht selected in their trials . Bond 's yacht , Australia II , designed by Ben Lexcen , skippered by John Bertrand , and representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club , easily won the Louis Vuitton challenger series , and Dennis Conner in Liberty was selected for the Cup defense . Sporting the now famous Boxing Kangaroo flag and the controversial winged keel designed by Ben Lexcen , the hull of Australia II was kept under wraps between races and was subject to attempts by the NYYC to disqualify the boat . In the cup races , the Australians got off to a bad start with equipment failures and false starts giving the defenders a head start . But it was not to be a repeat of the last 132 years : the Australians came back to win the 1983 America 's Cup 4 -- 3 in a best - of - seven format . This was the first time the NYYC had lost the cup in 132 years and 26 challenges . Alan Bond joked that the cup would be renamed `` The Australia 's Cup '' . 1987 : technology and professionalism are increasingly important ( edit ) Main article : 1987 America 's Cup For the first time since its inception the America 's Cup was defended outside of the US off the coast of Fremantle . This was a new era for the cup with interest in competing being shown by many countries . Representing the San Diego Yacht Club , Conner returned to win the 1987 America 's Cup . His yacht Stars & Stripes 87 earned the right to challenge by winning the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup against an unprecedented field of 13 challenger syndicates . In the America 's Cup regatta he faced defender Iain Murray sailing Kookaburra III , who had defeated Alan Bond 's Australia IV in the defender selection trials . Stars & Stripes 87 defeated Kookaburra III four races to nil . Technology was now playing an increasing role in yacht design . The 1983 winner , Australia II , had sported the revolutionary winged keel , and the New Zealand boat that Conner had beaten in the Louis Vuitton Cup final in Fremantle was the first 12 - metre class to have a hull of fiberglass , rather than aluminum or wood . The 12 - metre class rules stipulated that the hull had to be the same thickness throughout and could not be made lighter in the bow and stern . The other challengers demanded that core samples be taken from the plastic hull to show its thickness . At one press conference Dennis Conner asked , `` Why would you build a plastic yacht ... unless you wanted to cheat ? '' Despite attempts to defuse the situation , the `` cheating comment '' added to the controversy surrounding the Louis Vuitton challenge races . Chris Dickson , skipper of the Kiwi Magic ( KZ 7 ) , took the controversy in stride and with humor , and Conner has subsequently stated his regret over his comment . New Zealand syndicate head Sir Michael Fay 's comment was that core samples would be taken `` over my dead body '' . Eventually some small holes were drilled to test the hull , and ultrasonic testing was done to rule out air pockets in the construction . The boat was found to be within class rules , and the issue was set aside . Fay ceremoniously lay down in front of the measurer before the samples were taken . 1988 : the Mercury Bay challenge ( edit ) Main article : 1988 America 's Cup In 1987 , soon after Conner had won back the cup with Stars and Stripes but before the San Diego Yacht Club had publicly issued terms for the next regatta , a New Zealand syndicate , again led by merchant banker Sir Michael Fay , lodged a surprise challenge . Fay challenged with a gigantic yacht named New Zealand ( KZ1 ) or the Big Boat , which with a 90 - foot ( 27 m ) waterline , was the largest single masted yacht possible under the original rules of the cup trust deed . This was an unwelcome challenge to the San Diego Yacht Club , who wanted to continue to run Cup regattas using 12 - metre yachts . A legal battle ensued over the challenge , with Justice Carmen Ciparick of the New York State Supreme ( trial ) Court ( which administers the Deed of Gift ) ruling that Fay 's challenge on behalf of Mercury Bay Boating Club ( MBBC ) was valid . The court ordered SDYC to accept it and negotiate mutually agreeable terms for a match , or to race under the default provisions of the Deed , or to forfeit the cup to MBBC . Forced to race , and lacking time for preparation , Conner and SDYC looked for a way to prevail . They recognized that a catamaran was not expressly prohibited under the rules . Multihulls , due to a lower wetted surface area and vastly lower mass , are inherently faster than equal - length monohulls . Conner , however , left nothing to chance and commissioned a cutting edge design with a wing sail , named -- as his 12 - metre yachts had been -- Stars and Stripes . The two yachts raced under the simple terms of the deed in September , 1988 . New Zealand predictably lost by a huge margin . Fay then took SDYC back to court , arguing that the race had been unfair , certainly not the `` friendly competition between nations '' , envisaged in the Deed of Gift . Ciparick agreed and awarded New Zealand the Cup . However , Ciparick 's decision was overturned on appeal and SDYC 's win was reinstated . Fay then appealed to New York 's highest court and lost . Thus SDYC successfully defended the cup in what observers described as the most controversial cup match to that point . ( The 2010 America 's Cup was a direct descendant of the 1988 cup , as it featured two gigantic multi-hull yachts and generated even more legal activity and controversy ) . 1992 -- 2007 : the IACC rule ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Defender America , 1992 Defender SUI - 100 , 2007 In the wake of the 1988 controversies , the International America 's Cup Class ( IACC ) was introduced , replacing the 12 - metre class that had been used since 1958 . In 1992 , USA - 23 of the America3 team , skippered by billionaire Bill Koch and sailing legend Harry `` Buddy '' Melges , defeated the Italian challenger Il Moro ITA - 25 , owned by billionaire Raul Gardini 's Il Moro di Venezia , 4 -- 1 . In 1995 , the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron syndicate Team New Zealand , skippered by Russell Coutts , first won the challenger series in NZL 32 , dubbed `` Black Magic '' because of her black hull and uncanny speed . Black Magic then easily defeated Dennis Connor 's Stars & Stripes team , 5 -- 0 , to win the cup for New Zealand . Although team Young America 's cup candidate yacht USA - 36 was defeated in defender trials by Stars & Stripes ' USA - 34 , the San Diego Yacht Club elected to defend the cup with USA - 36 crewed by Stars & Stripes . The run - up to the 1995 Cup was notable for the televised sinking of oneAustralia during the fourth round robin of the Louis Vuitton challenger selection series , with all hands escaping uninjured . The 1995 defender selection series also had the first mostly female ( with one man ) crew sailing the yacht USA - 43 , nicknamed `` Mighty Mary '' . On 14 March 1996 , a man entered the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron 's clubroom and damaged the America 's Cup with a sledgehammer . The man , Benjamin Peri Nathan , was subsequently found guilty of criminal damage and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment ( reduced from 34 months on appeal ) . The damage was so severe that it was feared that the cup was irreparable . London 's Garrards silversmiths , who had manufactured the cup in 1848 , painstakingly restored the trophy to its original condition over three months , free of charge . In 2003 , an extra 20 cm was added to the cup 's base to accommodate the names of future winners . At Auckland in 1999 -- 2000 , Team New Zealand , led by Sir Peter Blake , and again skippered by Russell Coutts , defeated the Italian Prada Challenge from the Yacht Club Punta Ala . The Italians had previously beaten the AmericaOne syndicate from the St Francis Yacht Club in the Louis Vuitton Cup final . This was the first America 's Cup to be contested without an American challenger or defender . During the Twelve - Metre era , the New York Yacht Club , citing the Deed language that the Cup should be `` perpetually a Challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries '' , had adopted several interpretive resolutions intended to strengthen nationality requirements . By 1980 , these resolutions specified that besides being constructed in the country of the challenger or defender , a yacht had to be designed by and crewed by nationals of the country where the yacht club was located . Globalization made it increasingly impractical to enforce design nationality rules , and starting in 1984 , the Royal Perth Yacht Club began relaxing this requirement . Numerous members of the New Zealand AC 2000 team became key members of the Swiss 2003 Alinghi challenge , led by biotechnology entrepreneur Ernesto Bertarelli . To satisfy the crew nationality requirements , New Zealand team members of Alinghi took up residence in Switzerland . In 2003 , several strong challengers vied for the right to sail for the cup in Auckland during the challenger selection series . Bertarelli 's team representing the Swiss yacht club , Société Nautique de Genève ( SNG ) , beat all her rivals in the Louis Vuitton Cup and in turn won the America 's Cup 5 -- 0 . In doing so , Alinghi became the first European team in 152 years of the event 's history to win the cup . For the 2007 challenge , SNG rescinded all interpretive resolutions to the deed , essentially leaving `` constructed in country '' as the only remaining nationality requirement . The 2007 defense of the cup was held in Valencia , Spain . This was the first time since the original 1851 Isle of Wight race that the America 's Cup regatta had been held in Europe , or in a country different from that of the defender ( necessary because Switzerland , despite having huge lakes and a national passion for sailing , does not border a `` sea or arm of the sea '' as specified in the Deed ) . Eleven challenging yacht clubs from 9 countries submitted formal entries . The challenger selection series , the Louis Vuitton Cup 2007 , ran from 16 April to 6 June 2007 . Emirates Team New Zealand won the challenger series finale 5 -- 0 against Italians Luna Rossa and met Alinghi between 23 June and 3 July 2007 . Ernesto Bertarelli 's Team - Alinghi successfully defended the America 's Cup 5 -- 2 , under the colors of SNG . 2010 : the Golden Gate challenge ( edit ) Challenger USA - 17 , 2010 Main article : 2010 America 's Cup After Société Nautique de Genève successfully defended the trophy in the 32nd America 's Cup , they accepted a challenge from Club Náutico Español de Vela , a Spanish yacht club formed expressly for the purpose of challenging for the cup and keeping the regatta in Valencia . When SNG and CNEV published their protocol for the 33rd America 's Cup , there was criticism over its terms , with some teams and yacht clubs calling it the worst protocol in the history of the event . Golden Gate Yacht Club ( GGYC ) then filed its own challenge for the cup and also filed a court case asking that CNEV be removed as being unqualified under the deed of gift , and that GGYC be named the challenger , being the first club to file a conforming challenge . There followed a long and acrimonious legal battle , with the New York Court of Appeals finally deciding on 2 April 2009 that CNEV did not qualify as valid challenger , and that the GGYC was thus the rightful challenger . Since the two parties were unable to agree otherwise , the match took place as a one - on - one Deed of Gift match with no other clubs or teams participating . The match was sailed in gigantic , specialized 90 ft ( 27 m ) multihull yachts in a best - of - three race series in Valencia , Spain from 8 to 14 February 2010 . The rigid wing sail of the challenging trimaran USA - 17 provided a decisive advantage , and it won the 2010 America 's Cup 2 -- 0 . 2013 : the AC72 rule ( edit ) Main article : 2013 America 's Cup Defender Oracle , 2013 The Challenger of Record for the 34th America 's Cup was Club Nautico di Roma , whose team Mascalzone Latino had competed in the challenger selection series for the 2007 America 's Cup . In September , 2010 , GGYC and Club Nautico di Roma announced the protocol for AC34 , scheduling the match for 2013 in a new class of boat , the AC72 , a wing - sailed catamaran . Paralleling the `` Acts '' of the 32nd America 's Cup -- a series of preliminary events in different venues leading - up to the actual event -- a new series , the America 's Cup World Series was to be run using AC45 class boats ( smaller one - design versions of the AC72s ) , in various world venues in 2011 and 2012 . On 12 May 2011 , Club Nautico di Roma withdrew from the competition , citing challenges in raising sufficient funds to field a competitive team . As the second yacht club to file a challenge , the Royal Swedish Yacht Club assumed the duties of the challenger . Rumors of stable hydrofoiling of an AC72 were confirmed when Team New Zealand 's AC72 yacht Aotearoa was seen to be sailing on hydrofoils in August , 2012 . This triggered a technology race in foil development and control . The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron won the right to sail in the America 's Cup match easily beating the Italian and Swedish challengers in the Louis Vuitton Cup . The resulting match between the USA and NZ was the longest on record both in calendar time , and the number of races , with the Golden Gate Yacht Club staging an improbable come - from - behind victory , winning eight straight races to defend the cup and beat New Zealand 9 -- 8 . 2017 America 's Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2017 America 's Cup Oracle Team USA was defending the America 's Cup May 26 -- June 27 , 2017 on behalf of the Golden Gate Yacht Club in Bermuda where racing took place on the Great Sound . Preliminary races were held in Portsmouth , Gothenburg , and Bermuda in foiling AC45s . After the 2013 America 's Cup , the Golden Gate Yacht Club accepted a notice of challenge from the Hamilton Island Yacht Club , with whom a new protocol and a smaller 62 ft ( 19 m ) wingsail foiling catamaran class rule were proposed in cooperation with participating challengers . The Hamilton Island Yacht Club withdrew from the America 's Cup in July 2014 , citing unanticipated cost in mounting its challenge . The exiting challenger of record was replaced by a challenger committee , where decisions are made by popular vote . When an even smaller 50ft wingsail foiling catamaran class rule amendment was voted in April 2015 , Luna Rossa Challenge also withdrew , citing significant costs wasted on the development of the larger vessel . Yachts from France , Japan , New Zealand , Sweden , and the UK remained in the competition to challenge for the cup . In June 2016 , for the first time in history , an America 's Cup race included fresh water sailing , when preliminary races were held on Lake Michigan , based in Chicago , Illinois , United States , North America . Emirates Team New Zealand won the 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup and challenging the defender , Emirates Team NZ , won the America 's Cup with a score of 7 to 1 . 2021 America 's Cup ( edit ) Main article : 36th America 's Cup The next America 's Cup will see the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron defend the cup . The Challenger of Record is Circolo della Vela Sicilia who will be represented by their team Luna Rossa Challenge . The event will be held in the southern summer , in the early part of 2021 . Challengers and defenders ( edit ) Main article : List of America 's Cup challengers and defenders Challengers and Defenders Rule Year Venue Defending club Defender Challenging club Challenger Score Fleet racing 1851 Isle of Wight Royal Yacht Squadron 8 cutters and 7 schooners , runner - up Aurora New York Yacht Club John Cox Stevens syndicate , America 0 -- 1 1870 New York City New York Yacht Club 17 schooners , winner Franklin Osgood 's Magic Royal Thames Yacht Club James Lloyd Ashbury , Cambria 1 -- 0 Schooner match 1871 New York City New York Yacht Club Franklin Osgood , Columbia ( 2 -- 1 ) and William Proctor Douglas , Sappho ( 2 -- 0 ) Royal Harwich Yacht Club James Lloyd Ashbury , Livonia 4 -- 1 1876 New York City New York Yacht Club John Stiles Dickerson , Madeleine Royal Canadian Yacht Club Charles Gifford , Countess of Dufferin 2 -- 0 65 ft sloop 1881 New York City New York Yacht Club Joseph Richard Busk , Mischief Bay of Quinte Yacht Club Alexander Cuthbert , Atalanta 2 -- 0 NYYC 85ft 1885 New York City New York Yacht Club John Malcolm Forbes syndicate , Puritan Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Richard Sutton , Genesta 2 -- 0 1886 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Jackson Paine , Mayflower Royal Northern Yacht Club Lt. & Mrs. William Henn , Galatea 2 -- 0 1887 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Jackson Paine , Volunteer Royal Clyde Yacht Club James Bell syndicate , Thistle 2 -- 0 SCYC 85ft 1893 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Oliver Iselin syndicate , Vigilant Royal Yacht Squadron Earl of Dunraven , Valkyrie II 3 -- 0 SCYC 90ft 1895 New York City New York Yacht Club William K. Vanderbilt syndicate , Defender Royal Yacht Squadron Earl of Dunraven syndicate , Valkyrie III 3 -- 0 1899 New York City New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate , Columbia Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock 3 -- 0 1901 New York City New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate , Columbia Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock II 3 -- 0 1903 New York City New York Yacht Club Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate , Reliance Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock III 3 -- 0 Universal 75 ft 1920 New York City New York Yacht Club Henry Walters syndicate , Resolute Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock IV 3 -- 2 Universal J - Class 1930 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate , Enterprise Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock V 4 -- 0 1934 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate , Rainbow Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Thomas Sopwith , Endeavour 4 -- 2 1937 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt , Ranger Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Thomas Sopwith , Endeavour II 4 -- 0 IYRU 12mR 1958 Newport New York Yacht Club Henry Sears , Columbia Royal Yacht Squadron Hugh Goodson syndicate , Sceptre 4 -- 0 1962 Newport New York Yacht Club Mercer , Walsh , Frese syndicate , Weatherly Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Sir Frank Packer , Gretel 4 -- 1 1964 Newport New York Yacht Club Eric Ridder syndicate , Constellation Royal Thames Yacht Club Anthony Boyden , Sovereign 4 -- 0 1967 Newport New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate , Intrepid Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Emil Christensen , Dame Pattie 4 -- 0 1970 Newport New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate , Intrepid Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Sir Frank Packer , Gretel II 4 -- 1 Newport New York Yacht Club Robert Willis McCullough syndicate , Courageous Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond , Southern Cross 4 -- 0 1977 Newport New York Yacht Club Ted Turner , Courageous Sun City Yacht Club Alan Bond , Australia 4 -- 0 1980 Newport New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate , Freedom Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond , Australia 4 -- 1 Newport New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate , Liberty Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond , Australia II 3 -- 4 Fremantle Royal Perth Yacht Club Kevin Parry , Kookaburra III San Diego Yacht Club Sail America , Stars & Stripes 87 0 -- 4 DOG match 1988 San Diego San Diego Yacht Club Sail America , Stars & Stripes 88 Mercury Bay Boating Club Fay Richwhite , KZ - 1 2 -- 0 IACC 1992 San Diego San Diego Yacht Club Bill Koch , America Compagnia Della Vela di Venezia Raul Gardini , Il Moro di Venezia 4 -- 1 1995 San Diego San Diego Yacht Club Sail America , Young America Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand , NZL - 32 / Black Magic 0 -- 5 2000 Auckland Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand , NZL - 60 Yacht Club Punta Ala Prada Challenge , Luna Rossa 5 -- 0 2003 Auckland Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand , NZL 82 Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi , SUI - 64 0 -- 5 2007 Valencia Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi , SUI - 100 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand , NZL - 92 5 -- 2 DOG match Valencia Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi , Alinghi 5 Golden Gate Yacht Club BMW Oracle Racing , USA - 17 0 -- 2 AC72 2013 San Francisco Golden Gate Yacht Club Oracle Team USA , Oracle Team USA 17 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand , Aotearoa 9 -- 8 AC50 2017 Bermuda Golden Gate Yacht Club Oracle Team USA , 17 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand , Aotearoa 1 -- 7 ? 2021 Auckland Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Emirates Team New Zealand Circolo della Vela Sicilia Luna Rossa Challenge , Luna Rossa Jump up ^ Oracle Team USA , representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club , started the 2013 first - to - win - nine - races match with a two - race deficit due to a penalty applied for modifications to the team 's AC45 - class yachts during the America 's Cup World Series ( ACWS ) . The modifications were held to be an intentional violation of the AC45 one - design rules , and as the ACWS was deemed to be a part of the America 's Cup event , a penalty was assessed against Oracle Team USA in the America 's Cup Match . Jump up ^ Team New Zealand started the match on - 1 , due to Oracle 's victory in the Qualifier round robins ^ Jump up to : Challenger of Record All - time finals records of Clubs that have won the Cup ( edit ) Main article : List of yacht clubs that have competed for the America 's Cup New York Yacht Club : 25 -- 1 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron : 3 -- 3 San Diego Yacht Club : 3 -- 1 Société Nautique de Genève : 2 -- 1 Golden Gate Yacht Club : 2 -- 1 Royal Perth Yacht Club : 1 -- 3 In the media ( edit ) In 1928 Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began a tradition of naming the company 's blimps after America 's Cup yachts , including America , Puritan , Mayflower , Volunteer , Vigilant , Defender , Reliance , Resolute , Enterprise , Rainbow , Ranger , Columbia and Stars & Stripes . See also ( edit ) Sailing portal AC72 America 's Cup Hall of Fame Citizen Cup awarded in the defenders series for the America 's Cup in 1987 , 1992 and 1995 . Little Americas Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Deed of Gift language for this eventuality is : `` In case the parties can not mutually agree upon the terms of a match , then three races shall be sailed , and the winner of two of such races shall be entitled to the Cup . All such races shall be on ocean courses , free from headlands , as follows : The first race , twenty nautical miles ( 37 km ) to windward and return ; the second race an equilateral triangular race of thirty - nine nautical miles , the first side of which shall be a beat to windward ; the third race ( if necessary ) twenty nautical miles ( 37 km ) to windward and return ; and one week day shall intervene between the conclusion of one race and the starting of the next race . These ocean courses shall be practicable in all parts for vessels of twenty - two feet draught of water , and shall be selected by the Club holding the Cup ; and these races shall be sailed subject to its rules and sailing regulations so far as the same do not conflict with the provisions of this deed of gift , but without any times allowances whatever . The challenged Club shall not be required to name its representative vessel until at a time agreed upon for the start , but the vessel when named must compete in all the races , and each of such races must be completed within seven hours . '' See also : Deed of Gift on Wikisource . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AMERICA 'S CUP '' . America 's Cup Event Authority LLC . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About America 's Cup '' . Sir Peter Blake Trust . 2 Aug 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 36th America 's Cup Announcement '' . Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ John Rousmaniere ( 1983 ) . The America 's Cup 1851 -- 1983 . Pelham Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7207 - 1503 - 3 . Jump up ^ BBC Staff Reporters ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` America 's Cup : Sir Ben Ainslie backs move to smaller boats '' . BBC , London . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit ' Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , The Guardian , 2015 - 04 - 03 Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ; Dilworth , Miles ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` New Zealand bury the demons of San Francisco in crushing America 's Cup victory over the USA '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cup is a Cup , by any other name '' . americascup.com. 5 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas W. Lawson ( 1902 ) . `` List of Inscriptions on the America 's Cup '' . The Lawson History of the America 's Cup . Winfield M. Thompson Press . pp. 374 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 907069 - 40 - 9 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Alfred Fullerton Loomis ( August 1958 ) . `` Ah , Your Majesty , there is no second '' . American Heritage . 9 ( 5 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jacques Taglang . `` Sappho '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jacques Taglang . `` Magic '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Cup race '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . 9 August 1870 . Jump up ^ Hamish G. Ross . `` The First Challenge '' . alinghi.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Naval Marine Archive . `` Atalanta : The Canadian Mud Turtle '' . Naval Marine Archive . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brooke Heckstall - Smith ( 1911 ) . `` Yachting -- The plank on edge '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ William Picard Stephens ( 1904 ) . `` Burgess and the America Cup '' . American Yachting . The Macmillan Company . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Roland Folger Coffin ( 1885 ) . The America 's Cup : How it was Won by the Yacht America in 1851 and Has Been Since Defended . Charles Scribner 's Sons Press . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ A Testimonial to Charles J. Paine and Edward Burgess , from the City of Boston , for their successful defense of the America 's Cup . Rockwell and Churchill Press . 1887 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ahmed John Kenealy ( November 1893 ) . `` The Victory of the Vigilant '' ( pdf ) . Outing . la84foundation.org. 23 : 161 -- 174 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Valkyrie 's steel mast '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . 6 August 1895 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Curtain falls on Dunraven '' ( pdf ) . Outing . la84foundation.org. 28 : 1 -- 2 . April 1896 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Henry `` Hank '' Coleman Haff , 2004 Inductee `` . America 's Cup hall of Fame . Herreshoff Marine Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` skipper success of the Fife cutter Minerva '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Barr 's success on the Fife cutter Minerva '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Christopher Pastore ( 2005 ) . Temple to the Wind : The Story of America 's Greatest Naval Architect and His Masterpiece , Reliance . Lyons Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 557 - 0 . Jump up ^ Joseph Brinker ( July 1920 ) . `` Racing for the America 's Cup -- When sport becomes a science '' . Popular Science . 97 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Herbert Lawrence Stone ( 1919 ) . The America 's Cup Races . Thomas Werner Laurie , Ltd . Press . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Shamrock IV '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ John T. Brady ( July 1930 ) . `` A $5,000,000 yacht race '' . Popular Mechanics : 970 -- 974 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harold Stirling Vanderbilt ( 1931 ) . Enterprise -- The Story of the Defense of the America 's Cup in 1930 . Charles Scribner 's Sons Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 6905 - 3 . Jump up ^ Starling Burgess ( July 1934 ) . `` Secrets of a racing yacht '' . Popular Mechanics. 62 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup winner a marvel in design '' . Popular Mechanics : 486 -- 487 . October 1937 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ian Dear ( 1977 ) . Enterprise to Endeavour -- the J - Class yachts . Dodd , Mead and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 396 - 07478 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup Hall of Fame > Inductees > Henry Sears , 1995 Inductee '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Conner , Dennis ; Stannard , Bruce ( 1987 ) . Comeback : My Race for the America 's Cup . New York : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 00900 - 3 . Jump up ^ Staff and Wire Reporters ( 11 December 1987 ) . `` Bond Urges Defenders to Open 1988 Challenge to All Comers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury Bay Boating Club v San Diego Yacht Club , Opinion of the Court '' . State of New York Unified Court System . 26 April 1990 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gladwell , Richard ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` America 's Cup document says RNZYS against Protocol '' . Sail - World NZL . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GGYC Complaint Against SNG '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Scuttlebutt News : Cory E. Friedman -- 33rd America 's Cup '' . Sailingscuttlebutt.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Yacht Club v. Societe Nautique De Geneve ( New York Court of Appeals 2 April 2009 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` First blood to USA -- News -- 33rd America 's Cup '' . Americascup.com. 25 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BMW ORACLE Racing '' . BMW ORACLE Racing. 30 September 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` USA win 33rd America 's Cup Match -- News -- 33rd America 's Cup '' . Americascup.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BMW ORACLE Racing '' . BMW ORACLE Racing. 30 September 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Laven , Kate ( 14 February 2010 ) . `` BMW Oracle 's Larry Ellison confirms Mascalzone Latino as Challenger of Record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Club Nautico di Roma confirmed as America 's Cup challenger '' . 3 News . 16 February 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Wingsailed 72ft catamaran to transform America 's Cup racing '' . Golden Gate Yacht Club . 15 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Wins Right to Host 34th America 's Cup '' . America 's Cup . 31 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mascalzone Latino says goodbye to the 34 ° America 's Cup '' . 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup : Challenger of Record pulls pin in unprecedented move '' . 12 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish yacht club becomes Challenger of Record '' . The New Zealand Herald . 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Newton , Casey ( 3 September 2013 ) . `` Billionaire death race : inside America 's Cup and the world 's most dangerous sailboat '' . theverge.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gladwell , Richard ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` America 's Cup : Emirates Team NZ foiling on Waitemata Harbour -- Images '' . Sail - World . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup venue Announcement '' . 2014 - 12 - 01 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules released for America 's Cup '' . 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Team Australia withdraws from the 35th America 's Cup '' . 2014 - 07 - 19 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luna Rossa withdraws from the 35th America 's Cup '' . 2015 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sailing Into America 's Cup History in Chicago '' . The New York Times . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Racing in Chicago for the America 's Cup World Series was a fantastic showcase for our sport '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . In 2017 New Zealand won the America 's Cup . Jump up ^ `` ' We 're on top of the world ' : Team NZ wins 35th America 's Cup '' . Radio New Zealand . 2017 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup : Italians poised to challenge Team New Zealand '' . NZ Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup champion Oracle docked 2 points '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Oracle USA penalized as cheating scandal rocks Americas cup '' . The Australian . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ etnzblog.com Jump up ^ `` Goodyear Announces Winner of Nationwide Contest to Name Newest Blimp '' . PR Newswire Association LLC. 21 June 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 17 . America 's Cup Yacht Designs 1851 -- 1986 . François Chevalier & Jacques Taglang. 1987 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 9502105 - 0 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to America 's Cup . Wikisource has original text related to this article : America 's Cup Deed of Gift with amendments and interpretive resolutions OFFICIAL Website of the America 's Cup `` America 's Cup Hall of Fame '' . Herreshoff Marine Museum . `` America 's Cup news '' . CupInfo.com . `` Books about the America 's Cup -- a list of over 800 titles '' . Heckstall - Smith , Brooke ( 1911 ) . `` Yachting § The America 's Cup . '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . `` America 's Cup Network Forums '' . 2007AC.com -- Discussion forums for all America 's Cup events , past , present and future . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . `` Official America 's Cup Magazine on iPad '' . 8 March 1985 , Preparations are already underway for the next America 's Cup challenge in Australia , itnsource.com ( hide ) America 's Cup Deed of Gift Challengers and defenders Competing yacht clubs America 's Cup 1851 1870 1871 1876 1881 1885 1886 1887 1893 1895 1899 1901 1903 1920 1930 1934 1937 1958 1962 1964 1967 1970 1977 1980 1988 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 2013 2017 2021 Challenger Selection Series ( Louis Vuitton Cup ) 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 Acts 2013 World Series 2017 World Series 2021 Defender Selection Series ( Citizen Cup ) 1992 1995 Class J Class 12 - Metre yachts IACC yachts regattas AC72 AC45 AC50 AC45F Related America ( yacht ) Wind ( film ) Louis Vuitton Pacific Series Louis Vuitton Trophy AC45 World Series VIAF : 137391188 LCCN : n99053106 GND : 4098109 - 5 BNF : cb133217340 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Cup&oldid=804302324 '' Categories : Recurring sporting events established in 1851 America 's Cup Yachting races Match racing competitions 1851 establishments in England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 26 . 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why are there so many castles in france
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The châteaux , numbering more than three hundred , represent a nation of builders starting with the necessary castle fortifications in the 10th century to the splendour of those built half a millennium later . When the French kings began constructing their huge châteaux in the Loire Valley , the nobility , not wanting or even daring to be far from the seat of power , followed suit . Their presence in the lush , fertile valley began attracting the very best landscape designers . In addition to its many châteaux , the cultural monuments illustrate to an exceptional degree the ideals of the Renaissance and the Age of the Enlightenment on western European thought and design . Many of the châteaux were designed to be built on the top of hills , one example of this is the Château d'Amboise . The only château to have been built in the riverbed is the Château de Montsoreau . Many of the châteaux had extremely detailed and expensive churches on the grounds , or within the actual château itself .
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Châteaux of the Loire Valley
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chateaux of the loire valley
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The Châteaux of the Loire Valley ( French : Châteaux de la Loire ) are part of the architectural heritage of the historic towns of Amboise , Angers , Blois , Chinon , Montsoreau , Nantes , Orléans , Saumur , and Tours along the Loire River in France . They illustrate Renaissance ideals of design in France .
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The châteaux , numbering more than three hundred , represent a nation of builders starting with the necessary castle fortifications in the 10th century to the splendour of those built half a millennium later . When the French kings began constructing their huge châteaux in the Loire Valley , the nobility , not wanting or even daring to be far from the seat of power , followed suit . Their presence in the lush , fertile valley began attracting the very best landscape designers . In addition to its many châteaux , the cultural monuments illustrate to an exceptional degree the ideals of the Renaissance and the Age of the Enlightenment on western European thought and design . Many of the châteaux were designed to be built on the top of hills , one example of this is the Château d'Amboise . The only château to have been built in the riverbed is the Château de Montsoreau . Many of the châteaux had extremely detailed and expensive churches on the grounds , or within the actual château itself . Contents 1 History 2 List of châteaux of the Loire 2.1 Royal châteaux 2.2 Châteaux of the nobility 2.3 Other châteaux 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) As the wars of the 15th century were on the wane , King Louis XI and his successors preferred to spend the bulk of their time in the `` garden of France '' along the banks of the Loire . In the late 15th century , Tours , then Blois and later Amboise became the preferred locations of the French royal court . Many courtiers bought dilapidated castles founded by the medieval Counts of Blois and Anjou and had them reconstructed in the latest Italianate fashion . Leonardo da Vinci and other Italian artists arrived to design and beautify these residences . By the middle of the 16th century , King François I had shifted the center of power in France from the Loire back to the ancient capital of Paris . With him went the great architects , but the Loire Valley continued to be the place where most of the French royalty preferred to spend the bulk of their time . The ascension to the throne of King Louis XIV in the middle of the 17th century made Paris the permanent site for great royal châteaux when he built the Palace of Versailles . Nonetheless , those who gained the king 's favour and the wealthy bourgeoisie continued to renovate existing châteaux or build lavish new ones as their summer residence in the Loire . The French Revolution saw a number of the great French châteaux destroyed and many ransacked , their treasures stolen . The overnight impoverishment of many of the deposed nobility , usually after one of its members lost his or her head to the guillotine , saw many châteaux demolished . During World War I and World War II , some chateaux were commandeered as military headquarters . Some of these continued to be used this way after the end of World War II . Today , these privately owned châteaux serve as homes , a few open their doors to tourist visits , while others are operated as hotels or bed and breakfasts . Many have been taken over by a local government authority , or the giant structures like those at Chambord are owned and operated by the national government and are major tourist sites , attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors each year . List of châteaux of the Loire ( edit ) There is no universally accepted definition for inclusion as a `` Château of the Loire '' . The main criterion is that the château must be situated close to the Loire or one of its tributaries ( such as the Maine , Cher , Indre , Creuse or Loir ) . Châteaux further upstream than Gien are generally not included , with the possible exception of the Bastie d'Urfé for its historical significance . Royal châteaux ( edit ) Château Commune Département Coordinates Historic Events Image Amboise Amboise Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 24 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 59 ′ 9 '' E / 47.41306 ° N 0.98583 ° E / 47.41306 ; 0.98583 ( Château d'Amboise ) Accidental death of Charles VIII ( 1498 ) Amboise conspiracy ( 1560 ) Edict of Amboise with the Calvinists ( 1563 ) Angers Angers Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 28 ′ 12 '' N 0 ° 33 ′ 36 '' W / 47.47000 ° N 0.56000 ° W / 47.47000 ; - 0.56000 ( Château d'Angers ) Location of the Apocalypse Tapestry Blois Blois Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 35 ′ 8 '' N 1 ° 19 ′ 51 '' E / 47.58556 ° N 1.33083 ° E / 47.58556 ; 1.33083 ( Château de Blois ) Assassination of Henry I , Duke of Guise ( 1588 ) Chambord Chambord Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 36 ′ 58 '' N 1 ° 31 ′ 2 '' E / 47.61611 ° N 1.51722 ° E / 47.61611 ; 1.51722 ( Château de Chambord ) Considered the most magnificent Loire château Treaty of Chambord ( 1552 ) Chenonceau Chenonceaux Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 19 ′ 31 '' N 1 ° 4 ′ 13 '' E / 47.32528 ° N 1.07028 ° E / 47.32528 ; 1.07028 ( Château de Chenonceau ) Owned by Diane de Poitiers ( 1547 -- 1559 ) et Catherine de Médicis ( 1559 -- 1589 ) Chinon Chinon Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 10 ′ 5 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 10 '' E / 47.16806 ° N 0.23611 ° E / 47.16806 ; 0.23611 ( Château de Chinon ) Meeting between Charles VII and Joan of Arc ( 1429 ) Langeais Langeais Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 19 ′ 29 '' N 0 ° 24 ′ 22 '' E / 47.32472 ° N 0.40611 ° E / 47.32472 ; 0.40611 ( Château de Langeais ) Marriage de Charles VIII and Anne of Brittany ( 1491 ) Loches Loches Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 7 ′ 29 '' N 0 ° 59 ′ 48 '' E / 47.12472 ° N 0.99667 ° E / 47.12472 ; 0.99667 ( Château de Loches ) Captured by Richard the Lionheart ( 1194 ) Residence of Agnès Sorel ( 1443 -- 1450 ) Plessis - lez - Tours La Riche Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 22 ′ 57 '' N 0 ° 39 ′ 38 '' E / 47.38250 ° N 0.66056 ° E / 47.38250 ; 0.66056 ( Château de Plessis - lèz - Tours ) Treaty of Tours ( 1444 ) Death of Louis XI ( 1483 ) Death of Francis of Paola ( 1507 ) , founder of the Order of Minims Treaty of Plessis - les - Tours ( 1580 ) Meeting between Henry III and the king of Navarre , future Henry IV , who ally against Catholic League ( 1589 ) Saumur Saumur Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 15 ′ 22 '' N 0 ° 4 ′ 21 '' W / 47.25611 ° N 0.07250 ° W / 47.25611 ; - 0.07250 ( Château de Saumur ) `` Château d'amour '' of the king René of Anjou ( 1454 -- 1472 ) Place of sanctuary for Protestants ( 1589 ) Tours Tours Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 23 ′ 49 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 34 '' E / 47.39694 ° N 0.69278 ° E / 47.39694 ; 0.69278 ( Château de Tours ) Marriage of the future Louis XI and Margaret of Scotland ( 1436 ) Imprisonment of Charles , Duke of Guise ( 1588 -- 1591 ) Châteaux of the nobility ( edit ) Château Commune Département Coordinates Notes Image Azay - le - Rideau Azay - le - Rideau Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 15 ′ 33 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 58 '' E / 47.25917 ° N 0.46611 ° E / 47.25917 ; 0.46611 ( Château d'Azay - le - Rideau ) Masterpiece of the first French Renaissance Beauregard Cellettes Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 32 ′ 13 '' N 1 ° 23 ′ 3 '' E / 47.53694 ° N 1.38417 ° E / 47.53694 ; 1.38417 ( Château de Beauregard ) Art gallery Brézé Brézé Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 10 ′ 28 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 27 '' W / 47.17444 ° N 0.05750 ° W / 47.17444 ; - 0.05750 ( Château de Brézé ) Artifacts of Troglodytes under the château Deepest moats in France Brissac Brissac - Quincé Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 21 ′ 11 '' N 0 ° 26 ′ 59 '' W / 47.35306 ° N 0.44972 ° W / 47.35306 ; - 0.44972 ( Château de Brissac ) Tallest château in France Chanteloup Amboise Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 23 ′ 28 '' N 0 ° 58 ′ 13 '' E / 47.39111 ° N 0.97028 ° E / 47.39111 ; 0.97028 ( Pagode de Chanteloup ) Property of Duke of Choiseul ( 1760 -- 1785 ) Châteaudun Châteaudun Eure - et - Loir 48 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 1 ° 19 ′ 25 '' E / 48.07083 ° N 1.32361 ° E / 48.07083 ; 1.32361 ( Château de Châteaudun ) Property of Jean de Dunois ( 1439 -- 1468 ) Chaumont - sur - Loire Chaumont - sur - Loire Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 28 ′ 45 '' N 1 ° 10 ′ 55 '' E / 47.47917 ° N 1.18194 ° E / 47.47917 ; 1.18194 ( Château de Chaumont - sur - Loire ) Property of Catherine de ' Medici ( 1550 -- 1559 ) et Diane de Poitiers ( 1559 -- 1566 ) Cheverny Cheverny Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 30 ′ 1 '' N 1 ° 27 ′ 29 '' E / 47.50028 ° N 1.45806 ° E / 47.50028 ; 1.45806 ( Château de Cheverny ) Inspiration for Hergé 's Marlinspike Hall Clos - Lucé Amboise Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 24 ′ 36 '' N 0 ° 59 ′ 31 '' E / 47.41000 ° N 0.99194 ° E / 47.41000 ; 0.99194 ( Clos - Lucé ) Home to Leonardo da Vinci ( 1516 -- 1519 ) Ducs de Bretagne Nantes Loire - Atlantique 47 ° 12 ′ 56 '' N 1 ° 32 ′ 59 '' W / 47.21556 ° N 1.54972 ° W / 47.21556 ; - 1.54972 ( Château des ducs de Bretagne ) Located near the River mouth of the Loire Residence of the Dukes of Brittany Meillant Meillant Cher 46 ° 46 ′ 59 '' N 2 ° 30 ′ 15 '' E / 46.78306 ° N 2.50417 ° E / 46.78306 ; 2.50417 ( Château de Meillant ) Contains the famous Tour du Lion Montsoreau Montsoreau Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 12 ′ 56 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 44 '' E / 47.21556 ° N 0.06222 ° E / 47.21556 ; 0.06222 ( Château de Montsoreau ) Only Château in the Loire Valley constructed in the Loire riverbed Château de Montsoreau - Museum of Contemporary Art collection represent the world 's largest holding of Art & Language works Richelieu Richelieu Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 00 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 19 ′ 33 '' E / 47.00722 ° N 0.32583 ° E / 47.00722 ; 0.32583 ( Château de Richelieu ) Property of Cardinal Richelieu ( 1621 - 1642 ) Sully - sur - Loire Sully - sur - Loire Loiret 47 ° 46 ′ 4 '' N 2 ° 22 ′ 31 '' E / 47.76778 ° N 2.37528 ° E / 47.76778 ; 2.37528 ( Château de Sully - sur - Loire ) Property of Maximilien de Béthune , Duke of Sully ( 1602 -- 1641 ) Ussé Rigny - Ussé Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 14 ′ 59 '' N 0 ° 17 ′ 28 '' E / 47.24972 ° N 0.29111 ° E / 47.24972 ; 0.29111 ( Château d'Ussé ) Inspiration for Charles Perrault 's Sleeping Beauty Valençay Valençay Indre 47 ° 9 ′ 27 '' N 1 ° 33 ′ 48 '' E / 47.15750 ° N 1.56333 ° E / 47.15750 ; 1.56333 ( Château de Valençay ) Property of Talleyrand ( 1803 -- 1838 ) Villandry Villandry Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 20 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 30 ′ 51 '' E / 47.34056 ° N 0.51417 ° E / 47.34056 ; 0.51417 ( Château de Villandry ) Famous for its French formal gardens Other châteaux ( edit ) Château Commune Département Coordinates Image Argy Argy Indre 46 ° 56 ′ 20 '' N 1 ° 26 ′ 08 '' E / 46.93889 ° N 1.43556 ° E / 46.93889 ; 1.43556 ( Château d'Argy ) Azay - le - Ferron Azay - le - Ferron Indre 46 ° 51 ′ 04 '' N 1 ° 04 ′ 12 '' E / 46.85111 ° N 1.07000 ° E / 46.85111 ; 1.07000 ( Château d'Azay - le - Ferron ) Baugé Baugé Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 32 ′ 29 '' N 0 ° 06 ′ 07 '' E / 47.54139 ° N 0.10194 ° E / 47.54139 ; 0.10194 ( Château de Baugé ) Beaugency Beaugency Loiret 47 ° 46 ′ 45 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 57 '' E / 47.77917 ° N 1.63250 ° E / 47.77917 ; 1.63250 ( Château de Beaugency ) Boisgibault Ardon Loiret 47 ° 47 ′ 18 '' N 1 ° 52 ′ 00 '' E / 47.78833 ° N 1.86667 ° E / 47.78833 ; 1.86667 ( Château de Boisgibault ) Boumois Saint - Martin - de-la - Place Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 18 ′ 30 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 48 '' W / 47.30833 ° N 0.13000 ° W / 47.30833 ; - 0.13000 ( Château de Boumois ) Briare Briare Loiret 47 ° 38 ′ 22 '' N 2 ° 44 ′ 27 '' E / 47.63944 ° N 2.74083 ° E / 47.63944 ; 2.74083 ( Château de Briare ) Candé Monts Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 17 ′ 49 '' N 0 ° 39 ′ 56 '' E / 47.29694 ° N 0.66556 ° E / 47.29694 ; 0.66556 ( Château de Candé ) Chamerolles Chilleurs - aux - Bois Loiret 48 ° 03 ′ 37 '' N 2 ° 09 ′ 51 '' E / 48.06028 ° N 2.16417 ° E / 48.06028 ; 2.16417 ( Château de Chamerolles ) Châteauneuf - sur - Loire Châteauneuf - sur - Loire Loiret 47 ° 51 ′ 51 '' N 2 ° 13 ′ 00 '' E / 47.86417 ° N 2.21667 ° E / 47.86417 ; 2.21667 ( Château de Châteauneuf - sur - Loire ) Chémery Chémery Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 20 ′ 43 '' N 1 ° 28 ′ 48 '' E / 47.34528 ° N 1.48000 ° E / 47.34528 ; 1.48000 ( Château de Chémery ) Chissay Chissay - en - Touraine Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 20 ′ 13 '' N 1 ° 08 ′ 11 '' E / 47.33694 ° N 1.13639 ° E / 47.33694 ; 1.13639 ( Château de Chissay ) Courtalain Courtalain Eure - et - Loir 48 ° 04 ′ 49 '' N 1 ° 08 ′ 11 '' E / 48.08028 ° N 1.13639 ° E / 48.08028 ; 1.13639 ( Château de Courtalain ) Fougères - sur - Bièvre Fougères - sur - Bièvre Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 26 ′ 52 '' N 1 ° 20 ′ 37 '' E / 47.44778 ° N 1.34361 ° E / 47.44778 ; 1.34361 ( Château de Fougères - sur - Bièvre ) Gaillard Amboise Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 24 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 59 ′ 09 '' E / 47.41306 ° N 0.98583 ° E / 47.41306 ; 0.98583 ( Château - Gaillard ) Gien Gien Loire 47 ° 41 ′ 06 '' N 2 ° 37 ′ 54 '' E / 47.68500 ° N 2.63167 ° E / 47.68500 ; 2.63167 ( Château de Gien ) Gizeux Gizeux Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 23 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 22 '' E / 47.39056 ° N 0.20611 ° E / 47.39056 ; 0.20611 ( Château de Gizeux ) Goulaine Haute - Goulaine Loire - Atlantique 47 ° 12 ′ 15 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 10 '' W / 47.20417 ° N 1.40278 ° W / 47.20417 ; - 1.40278 ( Château de Goulaine ) Gué - Péan Monthou - sur - Cher Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 21 ′ 00 '' N 1 ° 19 ′ 07 '' E / 47.35000 ° N 1.31861 ° E / 47.35000 ; 1.31861 ( Château du Gué - Péan ) La Bourdaisière Montlouis - sur - Loire Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 22 ′ 11 '' N 0 ° 50 ′ 19 '' E / 47.36972 ° N 0.83861 ° E / 47.36972 ; 0.83861 ( Château de La Bourdaisière ) La Bussière La Bussière Loiret 47 ° 44 ′ 50 '' N 2 ° 44 ′ 52 '' E / 47.74722 ° N 2.74778 ° E / 47.74722 ; 2.74778 ( Château de La Bussière ) La Farinière Cinq - Mars - la - Pile Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 21 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 28 ′ 29 '' E / 47.35222 ° N 0.47472 ° E / 47.35222 ; 0.47472 ( Château de La Farinière ) La Ferté - Saint - Aubin La Ferté - Saint - Aubin Loiret 47 ° 43 ′ 35 '' N 1 ° 56 ′ 36 '' E / 47.72639 ° N 1.94333 ° E / 47.72639 ; 1.94333 ( Château de La Ferté - Saint - Aubin ) La Possonnière Couture - sur - Loir Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 44 ′ 48 '' N 0 ° 41 ′ 32 '' E / 47.74667 ° N 0.69222 ° E / 47.74667 ; 0.69222 ( Château de La Possonnière ) Lavardin Lavardin Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 0 ° 53 ′ 01 '' E / 47.74111 ° N 0.88361 ° E / 47.74111 ; 0.88361 ( Château de Lavardin ) Le Lude Le Lude Sarthe 47 ° 38 ′ 45 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 14 '' E / 47.64583 ° N 0.15389 ° E / 47.64583 ; 0.15389 ( Château du Lude ) Le Moulin Lassay - sur - Croisne Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 1 ° 36 ′ 34 '' E / 47.36917 ° N 1.60944 ° E / 47.36917 ; 1.60944 ( Château du Moulin ) Nevers Nevers Nièvre 46 ° 59 ′ 18 '' N 3 ° 09 ′ 30 '' E / 46.98833 ° N 3.15833 ° E / 46.98833 ; 3.15833 ( Palais ducal de Nevers ) Le Plessis - Bourré Écuillé Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 36 ′ 3 '' N 0 ° 32 ′ 40 '' W / 47.60083 ° N 0.54444 ° W / 47.60083 ; - 0.54444 ( Château du Plessis - Bourré ) Le Rivau Lemere Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 06 ′ 25 '' N 0 ° 19 ′ 34 '' E / 47.10694 ° N 0.32611 ° E / 47.10694 ; 0.32611 ( Château du Rivau ) Le Roujoux Fresnes Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 26 ′ 01 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 03 '' E / 47.43361 ° N 1.40083 ° E / 47.43361 ; 1.40083 ( Château du Roujoux ) Les Réaux Chouzé - sur - Loire Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 14 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 52 '' E / 47.24833 ° N 0.14778 ° E / 47.24833 ; 0.14778 ( Château des Réaux ) Luynes Luynes Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 23 ′ 28 '' N 0 ° 33 ′ 19 '' E / 47.39111 ° N 0.55528 ° E / 47.39111 ; 0.55528 ( Château de Luynes ) Menars Menars Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 38 ′ 36 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 34 '' E / 47.64333 ° N 1.40944 ° E / 47.64333 ; 1.40944 ( Château de Menars ) Meung - sur - Loire Meung - sur - Loire Loiret 47 ° 49 ′ 26 '' N 1 ° 41 ′ 41 '' E / 47.82389 ° N 1.69472 ° E / 47.82389 ; 1.69472 ( Château de Meung - sur - Loire ) Montgeoffroy Mazé Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 47.46889 ° N 0.27639 ° W / 47.46889 ; - 0.27639 ( Château de Montgeoffroy ) Montigny - le - Gannelon Montigny - le - Gannelon Eure - et - Loir 48 ° 00 ′ 54 '' N 1 ° 14 ′ 07 '' E / 48.01500 ° N 1.23528 ° E / 48.01500 ; 1.23528 ( Château de Montigny - le - Gannelon ) Montpoupon Céré - la - Ronde Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 15 ′ 11 '' N 1 ° 8 ′ 28 '' E / 47.25306 ° N 1.14111 ° E / 47.25306 ; 1.14111 ( Château de Montpoupon ) Montrésor Montrésor Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 9 ′ 21 '' N 1 ° 12 ′ 35 '' E / 47.15583 ° N 1.20972 ° E / 47.15583 ; 1.20972 ( Château de Montrésor ) Montreuil - Bellay Montreuil - Bellay Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 07 ′ 58 '' N 00 ° 09 ′ 14 '' W / 47.13278 ° N 0.15389 ° W / 47.13278 ; - 0.15389 ( Château de Montreuil - Bellay ) Montrichard Montrichard Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 20 ′ 37 '' N 1 ° 11 ′ 10 '' E / 47.34361 ° N 1.18611 ° E / 47.34361 ; 1.18611 ( Château de Montrichard ) Saché Saché Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 14 ′ 45 '' N 0 ° 32 ′ 41 '' E / 47.24583 ° N 0.54472 ° E / 47.24583 ; 0.54472 ( Château de Saché ) Saint - Aignan Saint - Aignan - sur - Cher Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 1 ° 22 ′ 30 '' E / 47.26944 ° N 1.37500 ° E / 47.26944 ; 1.37500 ( Château de Saint - Aignan - sur - Cher ) Saint - Brisson Saint - Brisson - sur - Loire Loiret 47 ° 39 ′ 00 '' N 2 ° 40 ′ 56 '' E / 47.65000 ° N 2.68222 ° E / 47.65000 ; 2.68222 ( Château de Saint - Brisson ) Selles - sur - Cher Selles - sur - Cher Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 1 ° 32 ′ 58 '' E / 47.27472 ° N 1.54944 ° E / 47.27472 ; 1.54944 ( Château de Selles - sur - Cher ) Serrant Saint - Georges - sur - Loire Maine - et - Loire 47 ° 24 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 44 ′ 40 '' W / 47.41500 ° N 0.74444 ° W / 47.41500 ; - 0.74444 ( Château de Serrant ) Talcy Talcy Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 46 ′ 11 '' N 1 ° 26 ′ 39 '' E / 47.76972 ° N 1.44417 ° E / 47.76972 ; 1.44417 ( Château de Talcy ) Troussay Cheverny Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 29 ′ 29 '' N 1 ° 25 ′ 29 '' E / 47.49139 ° N 1.42472 ° E / 47.49139 ; 1.42472 ( Château de Troussay ) Valmer Chançay Indre - et - Loire 47 ° 27 ′ 32 '' N 0 ° 53 ′ 14 '' E / 47.45889 ° N 0.88722 ° E / 47.45889 ; 0.88722 ( Château de Valmer ) Vendôme Vendôme Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 47 ′ 21 '' N 1 ° 03 ′ 55 '' E / 47.78917 ° N 1.06528 ° E / 47.78917 ; 1.06528 ( Château de Vendôme ) Villesavin Tour - en - Sologne Loir - et - Cher 47 ° 32 ′ 48 '' N 1 ° 30 ′ 51 '' E / 47.54667 ° N 1.51417 ° E / 47.54667 ; 1.51417 ( Château de Villesavin ) Châteaux of the Loire Valley See also ( edit ) List of châteaux in France Tuffeau , principal building material of the Loire Valley References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Loire Valley : A Phaidon Cultural Guide . New York : Prentice Hall Press . 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Peregrine , Anthony ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` The best chateaux of the Loire Valley , France '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lounes , Allison ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` Chateaux spectacular : 5 best Loire Valley castles CNN Travel '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleadell , Colin ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` Largest Collection of Radical Conceptualists ART & LANGUAGE Finds a Home in French Chateau artnet news '' . artnet . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Castles of the Loire at Wikimedia Commons Châteaux de la Loire , Finest France Châteaux of the Loire Valley Amboise Angers Azay - le - Rideau Beauregard Blois La Bourdaisière Brissac Chambord Chaumont Chenonceau Châteaudun Cheverny Chinon Gizeux Langeais Loches Lude Menars Meung - sur - Loire Montreuil - Bellay Montpoupon Montrésor Montsoreau Pignerolle Plessis - Bourré Plessis - lez - Tours Réaux Le Rivau Saumur Selles - sur - Cher Serrant Sully Talcy Tours Troussay Ussé Valençay Villandry Villesavin Coordinates : 47 ° 23 ′ 56 '' N 0 ° 42 ′ 10 '' E / 47.39889 ° N 0.70278 ° E / 47.39889 ; 0.70278 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Châteaux_of_the_Loire_Valley&oldid = 856603041 '' Categories : Loire Valley Châteaux of the Loire Valley Renaissance architecture in France World Heritage Sites in France Hidden categories : Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски მარგალური Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 11 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%25C3%25A2teaux%20of%20the%20Loire%20Valley
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who is the lead singer of all american rejects married to
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Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year 's Eve that year . He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school .
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actress Elena Satine
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Tyson Ritter
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tyson ritter
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Tyson Jay Ritter ( born April 24 , 1984 ) is an American singer - songwriter , multi-instrumentalist , musician , actor , and model . He is best known as the lead vocalist , bassist , pianist , and songwriter of the pop punk band The All - American Rejects . As an actor , Ritter appeared as Dane on Amazon Video 's Betas , recurred as rock musician Oliver Rome on NBC 's Parenthood , and has had supporting roles in the films The House Bunny ( 2008 ) , Love and Mercy ( 2014 ) , and Miss You Already ( 2015 ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Equipment 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Tyson Jay Ritter was born and raised in Stillwater , Oklahoma on April 24 , 1984 . His mother , Tracey Rains , is an employee at Stillwater Public Schools . He has an older brother , Zack , who is an endodontist , and a younger sister , Bailey . He and his siblings graduated from Stillwater High School . Career ( edit ) Ritter met his bandmates while he was bouncing a party in middle school . After Jesse Tabish quit the band , and with the additions of Mike Kennerty and Chris Gaylor , The All - American Rejects were picked up by Doghouse Records , and later DreamWorks Records , and finally with the current major label of Interscope Records . The All - American Rejects have released four albums to date , and have sold over 10 million albums worldwide and 4 million singles . Ritter has appeared in television series and films such as House ( 2007 ) , The House Bunny ( 2008 ) , Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) , and Parenthood ( 2013 -- 15 ) . On November 5 , 2013 , Ritter released the song `` Air '' as a solo song to help `` ride between the Rejects ' next record '' , which was featured on Parenthood . Shortly after the release of `` Air '' Tyson wrote the song `` Collide '' which was also featured on Parenthood . The song was never released on the market but is still available on sites like YouTube . Ritter 's next projects included a role in the John Cusack film Love and Mercy ( 2014 ) . He had also been cast in the lead role of singer Gregg Allman in the biopic Midnight Rider , directed by Randall Miller , but the film was halted in production , and ultimately cancelled , due to the death of camera assistant Sarah Jones . In 2015 , he had a supporting role in the comedy - drama film Miss You Already , which starred Toni Collette and Drew Barrymore . Personal life ( edit ) Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year 's Eve that year . He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school . Equipment ( edit ) Ritter likes to use Fender bass guitars . He had previously used Epiphone Flying V or Epiphone Explorer basses during the era of The All - American Rejects ( album ) , until he started to favor a Fender Precision Bass and started using them more often in his songs . Ritter was also seen using a Gibson Thunderbird bass on their early tours for Move Along and also with a rare Jackson Guitars V Bass . He then later used Fender Jaguar Bass guitars for later tours before switching back to Fender Precision Basses . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 The House Bunny Colby 2014 Love and Mercy Hipster # 1 2015 The Pinhole Affect Tyson Ritter Short film 2015 Miss You Already Ace 2016 The Sweet Life Marlon In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 House Himself Episode : `` Fetal Position '' 2012 90210 Himself Episode : `` Trust , Truth and Traffic '' 2013 -- 14 Betas Dane 5 episodes 2013 -- 15 Parenthood Oliver Rome 10 episodes 2015 Wicked City Bucket 2 episodes 2017 Preacher Jesus Christ / Humperdoo 1 Episode References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keys , Elizabeth ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Stillwater 's rockin ' mum '' . Stillwater NewsPress . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyson Ritter On ' Parenthood ' Season 5 : All - American Rejects ' Frontman Books Multi-Episode Arc ( Exclusive ) '' . The Huffington Post . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Faylene , Rachel ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Tyson Ritter Talks New Role on ' Parenthood , ' Growing Up & What Comes Next '' . Variance Magazine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Brandy ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Video : Tyson Ritter releases new single `` Air , '' to be featured on NBC 's `` Parenthood '' Thursday `` . The Oklahoman . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Neva Margetić ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) , Tyson Ritter - Collide , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Gregg Allman Biopic Casts Tyson Ritter as Lead Role '' . Variety . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Tyson Ritter Engaged to Elena Satine '' . People . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumm , K.C. ; Jordan , Julie ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Tyson Ritter and Elena Satine Are Married '' . People . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Tyson Ritter on IMDb Tyson Ritter on Twitter ( hide ) The All - American Rejects Nick Wheeler Tyson Ritter Mike Kennerty Chris Gaylor Jesse Tabish Tim Campbell Studio albums The All - American Rejects Move Along When the World Comes Down Kids in the Street Demo albums Same Girl , New Songs Extended plays The Bite Back EP The Wind Blows : The Remixes I Wanna : The Remixes Flatline EP Singles `` Swing , Swing '' `` The Last Song '' `` Time Stands Still '' `` Dirty Little Secret '' `` Move Along '' `` It Ends Tonight '' `` Gives You Hell '' `` The Wind Blows '' `` I Wanna '' `` Beekeeper 's Daughter '' `` Kids in the Street '' `` Heartbeat Slowing Down '' `` There 's a Place '' Other songs `` Top of the World '' `` Air '' Related Discography Awards and nominations Doghouse DreamWorks DGC Interscope Media VIAF : 38819424 LCCN : n2007003744 ISNI : 0000 0000 4097 4994 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyson_Ritter&oldid=804548453 '' Categories : Living people 1984 births American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Male models from Oklahoma American rock bass guitarists People from Stillwater , Oklahoma Singers from Oklahoma Male actors from Oklahoma Songwriters from Oklahoma Guitarists from Oklahoma Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Français Italiano Português Română Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson%20Ritter
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when did chicago start dying the river green
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Chicago River
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chicago river
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The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles ( 251 km ) that runs through the city of Chicago , including its center ( the Chicago Loop ) . Though not especially long , the river is notable for being a reason why Chicago became an important location , with the related Chicago Portage being a link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley waterways and eventually the Gulf of Mexico .
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The River is also noteworthy for its natural and man - made history . In 1887 , the Illinois General Assembly , partly in response to concerns arising out of an extreme weather event in 1885 that threatened the city 's water supply , decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed . In 1889 , the Illinois General Assembly created the Chicago Sanitary District ( now The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District ) to replace the Illinois and Michigan Canal , which had become inadequate to carry the city 's increasing sewage and commercial navigation needs , with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal , a much larger waterway . The District completed this man - made hydrologic connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi watershed in 1900 by reversing the flow of the Main Stem and South Branch of the river using a series of canal locks , and increasing the river 's flow from Lake Michigan , causing it to empty into the new Canal . In 1999 , this system was named a ' Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium ' by the American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) . The river is memorialized , in part , by two horizontal blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago . The river also serves as inspiration for one of Chicago 's ubiquitous symbols : a three - branched , Y - shaped symbol ( called the municipal device ) is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago ; it represents the three branches of the Chicago River . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 North Branch 1.2 Main Stem 1.3 South Branch 1.4 Discharge 2 History 2.1 Name 2.2 Exploration and settlement 2.3 Early improvements 2.4 Reversing the flow 2.5 Eastland disaster 2.6 Chicago flood of 1992 2.7 Bridges 3 Pollution 4 Mouth of the River 5 Dyeing the River Color 5.1 St. Patrick 's Day 5.2 Chicago Cubs Rally 6 Monitoring the impact of extreme weather events on the Chicago District 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Course ( edit ) A view of the Chicago River from the South Branch , looking toward the Main Stem ( right ) and the North Branch ( upper left ) at Wolf Point When it followed its natural course , the North and South Branches of the Chicago River converged at Wolf Point to form the Main Stem , which jogged southward from the present course of the river to avoid a baymouth bar entering Lake Michigan at about the level of present - day Madison Street . Today , the Main Stem of the Chicago River flows west from Lake Michigan to Wolf Point , where it converges with the North Branch to form the South Branch , which flows southwest and empties into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . Urban Kayakers take a break at Wolf Point with 333 West Wacker , Lake Street Bridge and the south skyline in the background North Branch ( edit ) Early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River , or Gary 's River , after a trader who may have settled the west bank of the river a short distance north of Wolf Point , at what is now Fulton Street . The source of the North Branch is in the northern suburbs of Chicago where its three principal tributaries converge . The Skokie River -- or East Fork -- rises from a flat area , historically a wetland , near Park City , Illinois to the west of the city of Waukegan . It then flows southward , paralleling the edge of Lake Michigan , through wetlands , the Greenbelt Forest Preserve and a number of golf courses towards Highland Park , Illinois . South of Highland Park the river passes the Chicago Botanic Gardens and through an area of former marshlands known as the Skokie Lagoons . The Middle Fork arises near Rondout , Illinois and flows southwards through Lake Forest and Highland Park . These two tributaries merge at Watersmeet Woods west of Wilmette . From there the North Branch flows south towards Morton Grove . The West Fork rises near Mettawa and flows south through Bannockburn , Deerfield , and Northbrook , meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove . In recognition of the work of Ralph Frese in promoting canoeing on and conservation of Chicago - area rivers , the forest preserve district of Cook County , Illinois has designated a section of the East Fork and North Branch from Willow Road in Northfield to Dempster Street in Morton Grove the Ralph Frese River Trail . Chicago River from above The North Branch continues southwards through Niles , entering the city of Chicago near the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue and Devon Avenue , from where it serves as the boundary of the Forest Glen community area with Norwood Park and Jefferson Park . This stretch of the river meanders in a south - easterly direction , passing through golf courses and forest preserves until it reaches Foster Avenue , where it passes through residential neighborhoods on the north side of the Albany Park community area . In River Park the river meets the North Shore Channel , a drainage canal built between 1907 and 1910 to increase the flow of the North Branch and help flush pollution into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . From the confluence with the North Shore Channel south to Belmont Avenue the North Branch flows through mostly residential neighborhoods in a man - made channel that was dug to straighten and deepen the river , helping it to carry the additional flow from the North Shore Channel . South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments , retail parks , and industry until it reaches the industrial area known as the Clybourn Corridor . Here it passes beneath the Cortland Street Drawbridge , which was the first ' Chicago - style ' fixed - trunnion bascule bridge built in the United States , and is designated as an ASCE Civil Engineering Landmark and a Chicago Landmark . At North Avenue , south of the North Avenue Bridge , the North Branch divides , the original course of the river makes a curve along the west side of Goose Island , whilst the North Branch Canal cuts off the bend , forming the island . The North Branch Canal -- or Ogden 's Canal -- was completed in 1857 , and was originally 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide and 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) deep allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend . The 1902 Cherry Avenue Bridge , just south of North Avenue , was constructed to carry the Chicago , Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway onto Goose Island . It is a rare example of an asymmetric bob - tail swing bridge and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007 . From Goose Island the North Branch continues to flow south east to Wolf Point where it joins the Main Stem . Main Stem ( edit ) The Main Stem of the river , Wrigley Building , and Tribune Tower at night . The source of the Main Stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan . Water enters the river through sluice gates at the Chicago River Controlling Works with a small additional flow provided by the passage of boats between the river and Lake Michigan through the Chicago Harbor Lock . The surface level of the river is maintained at 0.5 to 2 feet ( 0.15 to 0.61 m ) below the Chicago City Datum ( 579.48 feet ( 176.63 m ) above mean sea level ) except for when there is excessive storm run - off into the river or when the level of the lake is more than 2 feet below the Chicago City Datum . Acoustic velocity meters at the Columbus Drive Bridge and the T.J. O'Brien lock on the Calumet River monitor the diversion of water from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River basin , which is limited to an average of 3,200 cubic feet ( 91 m ) per second per year over the 40 - year period from 1980 to 2020 . View west along the Main Stem of the Chicago River from the Outer Drive Bridge , 2009 The Main Stem flows 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) west from the controlling works at Lake Michigan ; passing beneath the Outer Drive , Columbus Drive , Michigan Avenue , Wabash Avenue , State Street , Dearborn Street , Clark Street , La Salle Street , Wells Street , and Franklin Street bridges en route to its confluence with the North Branch at Wolf Point . At McClurg Court it passes the Nicholas J Melas Centennial Fountain , which was built in 1989 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago ; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour . On the north bank of the river , near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge , is Pioneer Court , which marks the site of the homestead of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable who is recognized as the founder of Chicago . On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn , an army fort , first established in 1803 . Notable buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower , the Tribune Tower , and the Wrigley Building . The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street , passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower , 35 East Wacker , and 330 North Wabash . Turning west again the river passes Marina City , the Reid , Murdoch & Co . Building , and Merchandise Mart , and 333 Wacker Drive . Since the early 2000s , the south shore of the Main Stem has been developed as the Chicago Riverwalk . It provides a linear , lushly landscaped park intended to offer a peaceful escape from the busy Loop and a tourist attraction . Different sections are named Market , Civic , Arcade , and Confluence . The sections between State Street and Lake Street are currently under construction and scheduled to be completed by the end of 2016 . The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the Burnham Plan as early as 1909 . South Branch ( edit ) The confluence of the North Branch ( upper right ) and Main Stem ( lower right ) of the Chicago River at Wolf Point to form the South Branch of the Chicago River ( left ) The source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and Main stem at Wolf Point . From here the river flows south passing the Lake Street , Randolph Street , Washington Street , Madison Street , Monroe Street , Adams Street , Jackson Boulevard , Van Buren Street , Congress Parkway , and Harrison Street bridges before leaving the downtown Loop community area . Notable buildings that line this stretch of the river include the Boeing Company World Headquarters , the Civic Opera House , the Chicago Mercantile Exchange , Union Station and Willis Tower . The river continues southwards past railroad yards and the St. Charles Air Line Bridge . Between Polk and 18th Streets the river originally made a meander to the east ; between 1927 and 1929 the river was straightened and moved ⁄ mile ( 0.40 km ) west at this point to make room for a railroad terminal . The river turns to the southwest at Ping Tom Memorial Park where it passes under the Chicago Landmark Canal Street railroad bridge . The river turns westward where it is crossed by the Dan Ryan Expressway ; these immovable bridges have a clearance of 60 feet ( 18 m ) requiring large ships that pass underneath to have folding masts . View from the U.S. Turning Basin towards the Chicago Loop At Ashland Avenue the river widens to form the U.S. Turning Basin , the west bank of which was the starting point of the Illinois and Michigan Canal . Prior to 1983 , this was where the US Coast Guard Rules of the Road , Great Lakes ended & Rules of the Road , Western Rivers began . Since 1983 , there is just a single Inland Navigational Rules passed by Congressional Act in 1980 ( Public Law 96 - 591 ) . At the basin the river is joined by a tributary , the South Fork of the river , which is commonly given the nickname Bubbly Creek . A bridge used to span the South Fork at this point that was too low for boats to pass meaning that their cargo needed to be unloaded at the bridge , and the neighborhood at its east end became known as Bridgeport . The river continues to the south west , entering the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Damen Avenue . The original West Fork of the South Branch , which before 1935 led towards Mud Lake and the Chicago Portage , has been filled in ; a triangular intrusion into the north bank at Damen Avenue marks the place where it diverged from the course of the canal . From there , the water flows down the canal through the southwest side of Chicago and southwestern suburbs and , in time , into the Des Plaines River between Crest Hill on the west and Lockport on the east , just north of the border between Crest Hill and Joliet , Illinois , eventually reaching the Gulf of Mexico . Discharge ( edit ) The United States Geological Survey monitors water flow at a number of sites in the Chicago River system . Discharge from the North Branch is measured at Grand Avenue ; between 2004 and 2010 this averaged 582 cubic feet ( 16.5 m ) per second . During the winter months as much as 75 % of the flow in the North Branch is due to the discharge of treated sewage from the North Side Water Reclamation Plant into the North Shore Channel . Flow on the Main Stem is measured at Columbus Drive ; between 2000 and 2006 this averaged 136 cubic feet ( 3.9 m ) per second . History ( edit ) Name ( edit ) The name Chicago derives from 17th century French rendering of a Native American term for a type of wild leek , which grew abundantly near the river . The river , and its region , were named after this edible plant . Exploration and settlement ( edit ) Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1831 Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette , though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area , are the first recorded to have visited the Chicago River in 1673 , when they wrote of their discovery of the geographically vital Chicago Portage . Marquette returned in 1674 , camped a few days near the mouth of the river , then moved on to the Chicago River -- Des Plaines River portage , where he stayed through the winter of 1674 -- 75 . The Fox Wars effectively closed the Chicago area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century . The first non-native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory , who might have had a trading post near Wolf Point on the Chicago River in around 1778 . In 1823 a government expedition used the name Gary River ( phonetic spelling of Guillory ) to refer to the north branch of the Chicago River . Jean Baptiste Point du Sable is widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago ; he built a farm on the northern bank at the mouth of the river in the 1780s . The earliest known record of Pointe du Sable living in Chicago is the diary of Hugh Heward , who made a journey through Illinois in the spring of 1790 . Antoine Ouilmette claimed to have arrived in Chicago shortly after this in July 1790 . In 1795 , in a then minor part of the Treaty of Greenville , an Indian confederation granted treaty rights to the United States , to a parcel of land at the mouth of the `` Chicago River '' . This was followed by the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis and Treaty of Chicago , which ceded additional land in the Chicago area . In 1803 , Fort Dearborn was constructed on the bank opposite what had been Point du Sable 's settlement , on the site of the present - day Michigan Avenue Bridge . Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen , who led the troops from Detroit to Chicago to establish the fort , described the river as being about 30 yards ( 27 m ) wide and upwards of 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) deep at the place where the fort was intended to be built ; the riverbanks were 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high on the south side and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) on the north . Early improvements ( edit ) Taylor street bridge Circa 1919 Between 1816 and 1828 soldiers from Fort Dearborn cut channels through the sandbar at the mouth of the river to allow yawls to bring supplies to the fort . These channels rapidly clogged with sand requiring a new one to be cut . On March 2 , 1833 $25,000 was appropriated by Congress for harbor works , and work began in June of that year under the supervision of Major George Bender , the commandant at Fort Dearborn . In January 1834 James Allen took over the supervision of this work and , aided by a February storm that breached the sandbar , on July 12 , 1834 the harbor works had progressed enough to allow a 100 - short - ton ( 91 t ) schooner , the Illinois to sail up the river to Wolf Point and dock at the wharf of Newberry & Dole . The initial entrance through the sandbar was 200 feet ( 61 m ) wide and 3 to 7 feet ( 0.91 to 2.13 m ) deep , flanked by piers 200 feet ( 61 m ) long on the south wall and 700 feet ( 210 m ) long to the north . Allen 's work continued , and by October 1837 the still unfinished piers had been extended to 1,850 and 1,200 feet ( 560 and 370 m ) respectively . In 1848 , the Illinois and Michigan canal linked the river to the Illinois River and the Mississippi Valley across the Chicago Portage . This canal was the farthest west , and the last , of a series of United States ' government land grant canals . It provided the only water route from New York City to New Orleans through the county 's interior and Chicago . Reversing the flow ( edit ) See also : Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal During the last ice age , the area that became Chicago was covered by Lake Chicago , which drained south into the Mississippi Valley . As the ice and water retreated , a short 12 - to - 14 - foot ( 3.7 to 4.3 m ) ridge was exposed about a mile inland , which generally separated the Great Lakes ' watershed from the Mississippi Valley , except in times of heavy precipitation or when winter ice flows prevented drainage . By the time Europeans arrived , the Chicago River flowed sluggishly into Lake Michigan from Chicago 's flat plain . As Chicago grew , this allowed sewage and other pollution into the clean - water source for the city , contributing to several public health problems , like typhoid fever . Starting in 1848 , much of the Chicago River 's flow was also diverted across the Chicago Portage into the Illinois and Michigan Canal . In 1871 , the old canal was deepened in an attempt to completely reverse the river 's flow but the reversal of the river only lasted one season . Finally , in 1900 , the Sanitary District of Chicago , then headed by William Boldenweck , completely reversed the flow of the Main Stem and South Branch of the river using a series of canal locks , increasing the river 's flow from Lake Michigan and causing it to empty into the newly completed Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal . In 1999 , this system was named a `` Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium '' by the American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) . Before this time , the Chicago River was known by many local residents of Chicago as `` the stinking river '' because of the massive amounts of sewage and pollution that poured into the river from Chicago 's booming industrial economy . Through the 1980s , the river was quite dirty and often filled with garbage ; however , during the 1990s , it underwent extensive cleaning as part of an effort at beautification by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley . In 2005 , researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign created a three - dimensional , hydrodynamic simulation of the Chicago River , which suggested that density currents are the cause of an observed bi-directional wintertime flow in the river . At the surface , the river flows east to west , away from Lake Michigan , as expected . But deep below , near the riverbed , water seasonally travels west to east , toward the lake . All outflows from the Great Lakes Basin are regulated by the joint U.S. - Canadian Great Lakes Commission , and the outflow through the Chicago River is set under a U.S. Supreme Court decision ( 1967 , modified 1980 and 1997 ) . The city of Chicago is allowed to remove 3200 cubic feet per second ( 91 m3 / s ) of water from the Great Lakes system ; about half of this , 1 billion US gallons a day ( 44 m3 / s ) , is sent down the Chicago River , while the rest is used for drinking water . In late 2005 , the Chicago - based Alliance for the Great Lakes proposed re-separating the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins to address such ecological concerns as the spread of invasive species . Eastland disaster ( edit ) Passengers being rescued from the hull of the Eastland by the tugboat Kenosha in the Chicago River Main article : SS Eastland § The Eastland disaster In 1915 , the Eastland , an excursion boat docked at the Clark Street bridge , rolled over , killing 844 passengers . Many of the passengers were trapped by moving objects such as pianos and tables . The site is now the location of a memorial dedicated in 1989 . The marker was stolen in 2000 and replaced in 2003 . There are plans to build an outdoor exhibit at the site as well . Chicago flood of 1992 ( edit ) Main article : Chicago flood On April 13 , 1992 , a flood occurred when a pile driven into the riverbed caused stress fractures in the wall of a long - abandoned tunnel of the Chicago Tunnel Company near the Kinzie Street railroad bridge . Most of the 60 - mile ( 97 km ) network of underground freight railway , which encompasses much of downtown , was eventually flooded , along with the lower levels of buildings it once serviced and attached underground shops and pedestrian ways . Bridges ( edit ) State Street Bridge raised to allow boats to pass The Link Bridge of Lake Shore Drive The first bridge across the Chicago River was constructed over the North Branch near the present day Kinzie Street in 1832 . A second bridge , over the South Branch near Randolph Street , was added in 1833 . The first moveable bridge was constructed across the main stem at Dearborn Street in 1834 . Today , the Chicago River has 38 movable bridges spanning it , down from a peak of 52 bridges . These bridges are of several different types , including trunnion bascule , Scherzer rolling lift , swing bridges , and vertical lift bridges . Pollution ( edit ) The Chicago River has been highly affected by industrial and residential development with attendant changes to the quality of the water and riverbanks . Several species of freshwater fish are known to inhabit the river , including largemouth and smallmouth bass , rock bass , crappie , bluegill , catfish , and carp . The river also has a large population of crayfish . The South Fork of the Main ( South ) Branch , which was the primary sewer for the Union Stock Yards and the meat packing industry , was once so polluted that it became known as Bubbly Creek . Illinois has issued advisories regarding eating fish from the river due to PCB and mercury contamination , including a `` do not eat '' advisory for carp more than 12 inches long . There are concerns that silver carp and bighead carp , now invasive species in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers , may reach the Great Lakes through the Chicago River . Despite the pollution concerns , the Chicago River remains a very popular target for freshwater recreational fishing . In 2006 , the Chicago Park District started the annual `` Mayor Daley 's Chicago River Fishing Festival '' , which has increased in popularity with each year . Mouth of the River ( edit ) Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1838 Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1893 Near the mouth of the Chicago River circa late 1800s Mouth of the river in the early 20th century Dyeing the River color ( edit ) The Chicago River dyed blue during the 2016 Chicago Cubs celebration The Chicago River dyed green during the 2018 Saint Patrick 's Day celebration St. Patrick 's Day ( edit ) As part of a more than fifty - year - old Chicago tradition , the Chicago River is dyed green in observance of St. Patrick 's Day . The actual event does not necessarily occur on St. Patrick 's Day and is scheduled for the Saturday before March 17 , unless the 17th falls on a Saturday ( when the event takes place on St. Patrick 's Day ) . The tradition of dyeing the river green arose by accident when plumbers used fluorescein dye to trace sources of illegal pollution discharges . The dyeing of the river is still sponsored by the local plumbers union . The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) outlawed the use of fluorescein for this purpose , since it was shown to be harmful to the river . The parade committee has since switched to a mix involving forty pounds of powdered vegetable dye . Though the committee closely guards the exact formula , they insist that it has been tested and verified safe for the environment . Furthermore , since the environmental organization Friends of the Chicago River believes the dye is probably not harmful , they do not oppose the practice . In 2009 First Lady Michelle Obama , a Chicago native , requested that the White House fountains be dyed green to celebrate St. Patrick 's Day . Chicago Cubs rally ( edit ) For the Chicago Cubs rally and parade for their 2016 World Series Championship celebrations , the river was dyed Cubs blue . Monitoring the impact of extreme weather events on the Chicago District ( edit ) The US Army Corps of Engineers have monitored the development of harbors and channels for navigation on the Great Lakes since the early 1800s . They began monitoring hydrological conditions and lake levels in 1918 . A December 26 , 2012 report revealed that Chicago District navigation infrastructure did receive significant impacts from Hurricane Sandy with some areas experiencing severe shoaling . Chicago Shoreline Project mitigated the damage of the storm event . The same report noted that the low Great Lakes levels were drought - induced , caused by a very hot , dry summer and a lack of a solid snowpack in the winter of 2012 . At the time of the report , December 2012 , Lake Michigan - Huron was 28 inches below its long - term average which is near the record lows of 1964 . Historic lake levels for Lake Michigan reported from 1918 to 1998 show that the low levels observed in 1964 were the lowest since 1918 . In 2012 Lake Michigan - Huron 's seasonal rise was about 4 inches where it usually is about 12 inches . Normally the Chicago River water level is two feet lower than the lake and therefore does not flow into the lake . If the lake level falls too low threatening to reverse the river flow , the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago would be forced to close locks between the lake and river for longer periods of time limiting navigation . A reversal flow of the Chicago River into Lake Michigan would have a negative impact on navigation and on the quality of Lake Michigan water which is the source of drinking water . Chicago 's raw sewage in the river is normally carried upstream toward the Mississippi River which flows south towards the Gulf of Mexico . On January 9 , 2013 Chicago meteorologists announced 320 days without at least one inch of snowfall . Water levels in the lake started to level off with the river and sewage was visible at the cusp of the locks , just a few hundred feet from Lake Michigan . David St. Pierre , executive director of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago warned the low lake levels were nearing a point of real concern . However , the District maintains that it is not possible for the River to reverse due to low lake level alone . Measurements taken by the US Army Corps in January 2013 revealed that both Lake Michigan and Lake Huron had reached their `` lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918 , and the lakes could set additional records over the next few months , the corps said . The lakes were 74 centimetres ( 29 inches ) below their long - term average and had declined 43 centimetres ( 17 inches ) since January 2012 '' . See also ( edit ) Centennial Fountain Illinois Department of Transportation List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Illinois List of rivers of Illinois Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Six square miles centered at the mouth of the Chicago River . See Article 3 item 14 within the text of the treaty . Jump up ^ $25,000 in 1833 is roughly equivalent to $633,965.5 today . References Jump up ^ `` About Friends of the Chicago River '' . Friends of the Chicago River . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Where is the Chicago River ? '' . Friends of the Chicago River . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Libby ( 2000 ) . The Chicago River , A Natural and Unnatural History . Chicago : Lake Claremont Press . pp. 139 -- 151 . ISBN 1 - 893121 - 02 - X . ^ Jump up to : Chicago River / Lakeshore Area Assessment ( PDF ) ( Report ) . 2 . Department of Natural Resources , State of Illinois . October 2000 . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : US Army Corps of Engineers ( December 26 , 2012 ) . How the Chicago District has ' weathered ' recent storm events ( Report ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago Wastewater System '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Municipal Flag of Chicago '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Municipal Device '' . Forgotten Chicago . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Chicago Municipal Device ( Y - Shaped Figure ) '' . Chicago Public Library . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago 's municipal device : The city 's symbol lurking in plain sight '' . WBEZ . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill 2000 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Quaife 1913 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Keating , William H. ( 1824 ) . Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter 's river , Lake Winnepeek , Lake of the Woods , &c. , performed in the year 1823 ( volume 1 ) . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . p. 172 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hill 2000 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , pp. 63 -- 64 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 66 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Megan , Graydon ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Ralph Frese , 1926 - 2012 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Frese , 1926 -- 2012 '' . Forest Preserves of Cook County . Forest Preserve District of Cook County . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , pp. 67 -- 72 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Hess , Jeffrey A. ( 1999 ) . `` North Avenue Bridge : HAER No . IL - 154 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Duis 1998 , p. 95 Jump up ^ `` Chicago , Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway , Bridge No . Z - 2 , Spanning North Branch Canal at North Cherry Avenue , Chicago , Cook County , IL '' . Historic American Engineering Record . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Landmarks : Individual Landmarks and Landmark Districts designated as of January 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Chicago Landmarks . January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ García , Carlos M. ; Oberg , Kevin ; García , Marcelo H. ( December 2007 ) . `` ADCP Measurements of Gravity Currents in the Chicago River , Illinois '' . Journal of Hydraulic Engineering . 133 ( 12 ) : 1356 -- 1366 . doi : 10.1061 / ( ASCE ) 0733 - 9429 ( 2007 ) 133 : 12 ( 1356 ) . Jump up ^ `` Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations 207.420 '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Martin ( June 2009 ) . `` Water Supply Planning in the Chicago Metropolitan Region '' ( PDF ) . Sea Grant Law and Policy Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago River & North Shore Channel River Corridors & Wilmette Harbor '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Coastal Management . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ A Native 's Guide to Chicago . Lake Claremont Press . 2004 . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893121 - 23 - 2 . Jump up ^ Baumann , Timothy E. ( December 2005 ) . `` The Du Sable Grave Project in St. Charles , Missouri '' . The Missouri Archaeologist. 66 : 59 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago River Straightening '' . The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 231 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 226 ^ Jump up to : Husar , John ( December 12 , 1996 ) . `` Maps Unlock River 's History '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cahan , Richard ; Williams , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Lost Panoramas : When Chicago Changed its River and the Land Beyond . Cityfiles Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785450 - 7 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Annual statistics for USGS 05536118 North Branch of Chicago River at Grand Avenue at Chicago , IL '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , P. Ryan ; Garcia , Carlos M. ; Oberg , Kevin A. ; Johnson , Kevin K. ; Garcia , Marcelo H. ( 2008 ) . `` Density currents in the Chicago River : Characterization , effects on water quality , and potential sources '' . Science of the Total Environment. 401 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 130 -- 143 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2008.04. 011 . PMID 18499229 . Jump up ^ `` Annual statistics for USGS 05536123 Chicago River at Columbus Drive at Chicago , IL '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Durkin Keating , Ann ( 2005 ) . `` Chicago '' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Quaife 1913 , pp. 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Meehan , Thomas A ( 1963 ) . `` Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , the First Chicagoan '' . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . Illinois State Historical Society . 56 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 453 . JSTOR 40190620 . Jump up ^ Pacyga , Dominic A. ( 2009 ) . Chicago : A Biography . University of Chicago Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 64431 - 6 . Jump up ^ Letter from Antoine Ouilmette to John H. Kinzie dated June 1 , 1839 , reproduced in Blanchard , Rufus ( 1898 ) . Discovery and Conquests of the Northwest , with the History of Chicago ( volume 1 ) . R. Blanchard and Company . p. 574 . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles J. Kappler ( 1904 ) . `` Treaty with the Wyandot , Etc. , 1795 '' . U.S. Government treaties with American Indian tribes . Oklahoma State University Library . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Dearborn '' in online Encyclopedia of Chicago accessed August 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Treaty with the Ottawa , etc . 1816 Archived September 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Durkin Keating , Ann . `` Fort Dearborn '' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . p. 477 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Journal of Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen reproduced in Quaife 1913 , pp. 373 -- 377 ^ Jump up to : Holland , Robert A. ( 2005 ) . Chicago in Maps . New York : Rizzoli International Publications . pp. 102 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2743 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreas 1884 , p. 234 Jump up ^ Hill 2000 , pp. 69 -- 75 Jump up ^ Andreas 1884 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Blanche Schroer ; Grant Peterson ; S. Sydney Bradford ( September 14 , 1975 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Illinois and Michigan Canal '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Killey , Myrna M. 1998 . Illinois ' Ice Age Legacy . Illinois State Geological Survey GeoScience Education Series 14 . Jump up ^ `` Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885 ? '' . The Straight Dope . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cain , Louis P. `` Water '' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . p. 1324 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Donald L. City of the Century ( Simon & Schuster , New York , 1996 ) p. 427 Jump up ^ `` The River Under the River '' . Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering ( CEE ) at the University of Illinois . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lake Michigan Diversion Supreme Court Consent Decree Jump up ^ `` Groups to study separating Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins '' . The Pantagraph . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilton , George W. `` Eastland '' . Encyclopedia of Chicago . Chicago Historical Society . p. 408 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chicago , 1835 ( Map ) . Albert F. Scharf. 1908 . Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Solzman 2006 , p. 25 Jump up ^ `` Illinois Fish Advisory : Chicago River '' . Illinois Department of Public Health . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stern , Andrew ( February 20 , 2006 ) . `` Scientists Fear Leaping Carp To Invade US Great Lakes '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dyeing of the River '' . St. Patrick 's Day Parade . Saint Patrick 's Day Parade Committee of Chicago . 2009 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Battle , British ( March 20 , 2003 ) . `` Other cities dye - ing to know what turns Chicago River green '' . The Columbia Chronicle . The Fairfield Mirror , via UWIRE . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Green Chicago River '' . Sponsor website . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Dan . `` The Man Who Dyed the River Green : Stephen M. Bailey '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Carroll , Eoin . `` Is the dye in the Chicago River really green ? '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sadovi , Maura Webber ( March 17 , 2005 ) . `` Q&A with Laurene von Klan , executive director of Friends of the Chicago River '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White House fountains flow green for St. Patrick 's Day , Mark Silva , March 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/baseball/cubs/ct-chicago-river-dyed-blue-for-cubs-celebration-20161104-story.html Jump up ^ `` Continuing Drought Could Lead To Reversal Of Chicago River Flow '' . January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MWRD : Not possible for Chicago River to reverse on its own due to low lake level '' ( PDF ) . Press Release . Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flannery , Mike ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Drought wo n't affect Chicago River much after all '' . Chicago News and Weather . FOX 32 News . Jump up ^ `` Lake Huron , Lake Michigan hit lowest water levels on record '' . CBC . Associated Press . February 8 , 2013 . Bibliography Andreas , Alfred Theodore ( 1884 ) . History of Chicago . From the earliest period to the present time ( volume 1 ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Duis , Perry ( 1998 ) . Challenging Chicago : Coping With Everyday Life , 1837 -- 1920 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02394 - 3 . Hill , Libby ( 2000 ) . The Chicago River : A Natural and Unnatural History . Chicago : Lake Claremont Press . ISBN 1 - 893121 - 02 - X . Quaife , Milo Milton ( 1913 ) . Chicago and the Old Northwest , 1673 -- 1835 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Solzman , David M. ( 2006 ) . The Chicago River : An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and its Waterways ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76801 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago River . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Chicago River . Friends of the Chicago River GreenChicagoRiver.com Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago `` Chicago River '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . News `` Feds order cleanup of Chicago River '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . May 12 , 2011 . ( hide ) City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 11 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 41.88639 ° N 87.63750 ° W / 41.88639 ; - 87.63750 VIAF : 242776903 GND : 7621972 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_River&oldid=831350497 '' Categories : Rivers of Illinois Geography of Chicago Tributaries of the Mississippi River Rivers of Cook County , Illinois Central Chicago Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Geobox usage tracking for river type Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 03 : 54 . 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how many halloween micheal myers movies are there
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Halloween is an American horror franchise that consists of eleven films , as well as novels , comic books , merchandise , and a video game . The franchise primarily focuses on serial killer Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister , Judith Myers . Fifteen years later , he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis . Michael 's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween , on which all of the films primarily take place .
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Halloween ( franchise )
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halloween ( franchise )
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Halloween is an American horror franchise that consists of eleven films , as well as novels , comic books , merchandise , and a video game . The franchise primarily focuses on serial killer Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister , Judith Myers . Fifteen years later , he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis . Michael 's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween , on which all of the films primarily take place .
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The original Halloween , released in 1978 , was written by John Carpenter and Debra Hill , and directed by Carpenter . The film is known to have inspired a long line of slasher films . Seven sequels have since followed . Michael Myers is the antagonist in all of the films except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , the story of which has no direct connection to any other film in the series . In 2007 , writer - director Rob Zombie made a remake of the 1978 film . A direct sequel to the 2007 remake was released two years later . A direct sequel to the original film that ignores all other films in the franchise was released on October 19 , 2018 . It was the highest grossing film in the franchise . The films collectively grossed over $ 366 million at the box - office worldwide . The film series is ranked second at the United States box office -- in adjusted 2008 dollars -- when compared to other American horror series . Both the original film and the 2018 sequel have received critical praise , while the other films have received mixed or negative reviews . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Music 1.4 Box office 1.5 Documentary 2 Literature 2.1 Novels 2.2 Comic books 2.3 Online stories 3 Merchandise 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Film Director Writer ( s ) Story Producer ( s ) Halloween ( 1978 ) John Carpenter John Carpenter and Debra Hill Moustapha Akkad Halloween II ( 1981 ) Rick Rosenthal Debra Hill and John Carpenter Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) Tommy Lee Wallace Tommy Lee Wallace Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) Dwight H. Little Alan B. McElroy Dhani Lipsius , Larry Rattner & Benjamin Ruffner and Alan B. McElroy Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) Dominique Othenin - Girard Michael Jacobs & Dominique Othenin - Girard and Shem Bitterman Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) Joe Chappelle Daniel Farrands Moustapha Akkad , Paul Freeman Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) Steve Miner Robert Zappia and Matt Greenberg Moustapha Akkad , Robert Zappia Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) Rick Rosenthal Larry Brand and Sean Hood Moustapha Akkad , Larry Brand Halloween ( 2007 ) Rob Zombie Rob Zombie Malek Akkad , Andy Gould and Rob Zombie Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) David Gordon Green Jeff Fradley , Danny McBride & David Gordon Green Malek Akkad , Jason Blum and Bill Block Overview ( edit ) The original Halloween ( 1978 ) , co-written and directed by John Carpenter , tells the story of Michael Myers as he stalks and kills teenage babysitters on Halloween night . The film begins with six - year - old Michael ( Will Sandin ) killing his older sister Judith ( Sandy Johnson ) on Halloween night 1963 in the fictional town of Haddonfield , Illinois . He is subsequently hospitalized at Warren County 's Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Nick Castle and Tony Moran ) escapes from Smith 's Grove and returns to his hometown where he stalks Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) and her friends as they babysit . The film ends with Michael being shot six times by his psychiatrist , Dr. Sam Loomis ( Donald Pleasence ) . Halloween II ( 1981 ) picks up where the events of Halloween left off . Michael 's body is missing from the front lawn , where he fell when Loomis shot him . Michael follows Laurie to the local hospital , killing everyone who gets between him and Laurie . The story reveals that Laurie is actually Michael 's sister : she was given up for adoption as an infant . Michael corners Loomis and Laurie in an operating room , where Loomis causes an explosion as Laurie escapes . Michael , engulfed in flames , stumbles out of the room before finally falling dead . Michael Myers does not appear in Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( 1982 ) . This installment follows the story of Dr. Challis ( Tom Atkins ) as he tries to solve the mysterious murder of a patient in his hospital . He , along with the patient 's daughter Ellie ( Stacey Nelkin ) , travels to the small town of Santa Mira , California . The pair discover that Silver Shamrock Novelties , a company run by Conal Cochran ( Dan O'Herlihy ) , is attempting to use the mystic powers of the Stonehenge rocks to resurrect the ancient aspects of the Celtic festival , Samhain , which Cochran connects to witchcraft . Cochran is using his Silver Shamrock Halloween masks to achieve his goal , which will be achieved when all the children wearing his masks watch the Silver Shamrock commercial airing Halloween night . Challis contacts the television stations and convinces all but one of the station managers to remove the commercial . The film ends with Challis screaming for the final station to turn off the commercial . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) , as the title suggests , features the return of Michael Myers ( George P. Wilbur ) to the film series . It is revealed that Michael survived the fire in Halloween II but has been comatose since that night . While being transferred back to Smith 's Grove , Michael awakens upon hearing that Laurie Strode , who died in a car accident , has a daughter , Jamie Lloyd ( Danielle Harris ) . Michael escapes and makes his way to Haddonfield in search of his niece Jamie . Fellow survivor Dr. Loomis goes to Haddonfield after learning that Michael has escaped transfer . Eventually , the police track Michael down and shoot him several times before he falls down a mine shaft . Picking up directly where the previous film ends , Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) has Michael ( Don Shanks ) surviving the gunshots , and the fall down the mine ; he stumbles upon a hermit who bandages him up . One year later , and showing signs of a metaphysical connection to Jamie , Michael tracks Jamie to a local child mental health clinic . Using Jamie as bait , Loomis manages to capture Michael . The film ends with Michael being taken into police custody , only to be broken out of jail by a mysterious stranger , all dressed in black . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) picks up the story approximately six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers . The mysterious stranger who broke Michael out of jail kidnaps Jamie Lloyd ( J.C. Brandy ) in an effort to obtain her child . Jamie escapes with her newborn son , with Michael ( George P. Wilbur ) in pursuit . Michael kills Jamie and continues searching for her baby ; the infant is found by Tommy Doyle ( Paul Rudd ) -- the young boy who was babysat by Laurie Strode in the first film -- who brings it home for safety . It is revealed that Michael is driven by the Curse of Thorn , which forces a person to kill their entire family in order to save all of civilization . The mysterious stranger is revealed to be Dr. Loomis 's colleague , Dr. Wynn ( Mitchell Ryan ) , who is part of a group of people who protect the chosen individual so that they may complete their task . With the help of Kara Strode ( Marianne Hagan ) , Laurie 's adoptive cousin , Tommy keeps the infant from Michael , who slaughters Wynn and his followers . Michael is finally subdued by Tommy , who injects him with large quantities of tranquilizers inside the Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . The film ends with Loomis walking back into the sanitarium to find Michael . The events that transpire between the fourth to sixth films are effectively ignored in 1998 's Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later . This film opens twenty years after the events of the second film . Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) has faked her own death so that she could go into hiding from her brother Michael . Now working as the head mistress of a private school under the name Keri Tate , Laurie continues to live in fear of her brother 's return . Her own son , John ( Josh Hartnett ) , attends school where she teaches . Laurie 's fear becomes reality when Michael ( Chris Durand ) shows up at the school and begins killing John 's friends and eventually he and Laurie come face - to - face . Laurie manages to get John and his girlfriend ( Michelle Williams ) to safety , but decides to return to the school to face Michael once and for all . Laurie succeeds in stopping Michael , but not satisfied until she knows that he is truly dead , Laurie steals his body and decapitates Michael , finally killing him . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) picks up three years after H20 , and reveals that Michael swapped clothes with a paramedic -- crushing the paramedic 's larynx so that he could not talk -- and that was whom Laurie killed . Unable to deal with having killed an innocent man , and the fact that Michael was still out there , Laurie is committed to a mental institution . Michael ( Brad Loree ) shows up at the institution , but Laurie captures him . Her fear of making the same mistake twice gets the better of her , and when she attempts to remove Michael 's mask he surprises and kills her . Michael travels back to his family home in Haddonfield , but finds a group of college students filming an Internet reality show . Michael proceeds to kill everyone , until he is finally electrocuted by the only surviving student , Sara Moyer ( Bianca Kajlich ) , and the show 's creator Freddie Harris ( Busta Rhymes ) . A remake of the original Halloween was released in 2007 . This film focuses on the events that led Michael Myers ( Daeg Faerch ) to kill his family . It also identifies Laurie as Michael 's sister early on , which was something not done in the original 1978 film . On Halloween , Michael murders a school bully , his older sister and her boyfriend , as well as his mother 's boyfriend . Committed to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium , Michael closes himself off from everyone . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) escapes and heads to Haddonfield to find his younger sister , with his psychiatrist Dr. Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) in pursuit . Michael finds his sister living with the Strode family , and going by the name Laurie . After killing nearly all of her friends and family , Michael then kidnaps Laurie and attempts to explain to her that he is her brother through the use of a picture that he has kept of himself and her as an infant . Unable to understand , Laurie fights back ; eventually , Laurie uses Loomis 's gun to shoot Michael in the head . In 2009 , a sequel to the remake , titled Halloween II , picks up right where the latter leaves off and then jumps ahead one year . Here , Michael ( Mane ) is presumed dead , but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) informs him that he must track Laurie ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) down so that they can `` come home '' together . In the film , Michael and Laurie have a mental link , with the two sharing visions of their mother . Development ( edit ) After viewing John Carpenter 's film Assault on Precinct 13 ( 1976 ) at the Milan Film Festival , independent film producer Irwin Yablans and financier Moustapha Akkad sought out Carpenter to direct for them a film about a psychotic killer stalking babysitters . Carpenter and Debra Hill began drafting a story titled The Babysitter Murders , but the title was changed at Yablans ' request , suggesting the setting be changed to Halloween night and naming it Halloween instead . Moustapha Akkad fronted the $300,000 for the film 's budget , even though he was worried about the tight schedule , low budget , and Carpenter 's limited experience as a filmmaker . He finally decided to finance the film after Carpenter relayed the entire film to Akkad , `` in a suspenseful way , almost frame for frame '' , and opted not to take any fees for directing the film . The low budget forced wardrobe and props to be crafted from items on hand or that could be purchased inexpensively ; this included the trademark mask worn by Michael Myers throughout the film . Production designer , art director , location scout and co-editor Tommy Lee Wallace created Michael 's mask from a William Shatner Halloween mask , purchased for $1.98 . The limited budget also dictated the filming location and time schedule . Halloween was filmed in 21 days in the spring of 1978 primarily in South Pasadena , California . An abandoned house owned by a church stood in as the Myers house . Two homes on Orange Grove Avenue in Hollywood were used for the film 's climax . We investigated a number of 3 - D processes ... but they were far too expensive for this particular project . Also , most of the projects we do involve a lot of night shooting -- evil lurks at night . It 's hard to do that in 3 - D . -- Debra Hill ( writer / producer ) on putting Halloween II into 3 - D . Following the success of Halloween , Yablans and Akkad began working on Halloween II . There was initial discussion about filming Halloween II in 3 - D , but the idea never came to fruition . After Halloween II was released , Carpenter and Hill were approached about creating a third Halloween film , but they were reluctant to pledge commitment . The pair agreed to participate in the new project only if it was not a direct sequel to Halloween II , which meant no Michael Myers . Most of the filming for Halloween III took place on location in the small coastal town of Loleta in Humboldt County , California . Familiar Foods , a milk bottling plant in Loleta , served as the Silver Shamrock Novelties factory , but all special effects involving fire , smoke , and explosions were filmed at Post Studios . After Halloween III was released , Michael Myers was brought back into the franchise with 1988 's The Return of Michael Myers , where he has stayed for the remainder of the series . Four more sequels would follow , between 1988 and 2002 , before the series would take a break for five years . On June 4 , 2006 , Dimension Films announced that Rob Zombie , director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil 's Rejects , would be creating the next installment in the Halloween franchise . Bob Weinstein approached Rob Zombie about making the film , and Zombie , who was a fan of the original Halloween and friend of John Carpenter , jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Films . Before Dimension went public with the news , Zombie felt obligated to inform John Carpenter , out of respect , of the plans to remake his film . Carpenter 's request was for Zombie to `` make it his own ( film ) '' . Zombie 's film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept , with considerable original content in the new film . Zombie also wanted to reinvent the character , as he felt Michael , along with Freddy Krueger , Jason Voorhees , and Pinhead , had become too familiar to audiences , and as a result , less scary . Zombie delved deeper into Michael Myers 's mythology . Michael 's mask was even given its own story to provide an explanation as to why he wears it , instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store , as in the original film . Zombie wanted to bring Michael closer to what a psychopath really is , and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide . In 2008 , a sequel to the 2007 remake was announced , with French filmmakers Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo in negotiations to direct . Instead , Zombie was resigned to write and direct the sequel , with the film taking place directly after the end of his remake . In an interview , Zombie expressed how the exhaustion of creating the first Halloween made him not want to come back for a sequel , but after a year of cooling down he was more open to the idea . The writer / director explains that with the sequel , he was no longer bound by a sense of needing to retain any `` John Carpenter - ness '' , as he could now do `` whatever ( he ) wants to do '' . Instead of focusing on Michael , Zombie chose to look more at the psychological consequences on Laurie after the events of the remake . As Zombie explains , after Michael murdered her friends and family , Laurie became a `` wreck '' , who continually sinks lower as the film moves forward . Rob Zombie declined to return to film the second sequel to the 2007 remake . The second sequel , Halloween 3D , was cancelled in 2012 . A new effort to make a Halloween film , Halloween Returns , was attempted in 2015 , unrelated to the Rob Zombie films . This ultimately failed and was cancelled when Dimension Films lost the rights to the Halloween franchise . On May 23 , 2016 , it was reported that Miramax and Blumhouse Productions were developing a new Halloween film , which they would co-finance . On February 9 , 2017 , John Carpenter announced that a new Halloween film was going to be written by David Gordon Green and Danny McBride and will be directed by Green . The film will be a direct sequel to the original Halloween and will ignore all of the franchise 's previous sequels . In September 2017 , Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode . In October 2017 , Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie 's daughter Karen Strode . In December 2017 , it was announced Andi Matichak had signed on to play Karen Strode 's daughter and Laurie 's granddaughter . The film will be distributed by Universal Pictures , their first involvement in the franchise since distributing 1982 's Halloween III : Season of the Witch . On October 17 , 2017 , Carpenter announced that he would be returning to score the upcoming film , saying , `` I 'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels . I could create a new score , we could update the old score and amplify it , or we could combine those two things . I 'll have to see the movie to see what it requires . '' On December 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Nick Castle would be reprising his role as Michael Myers . Filming began on January 13 , 2018 , concluding on February 19 , 2018 . The film was released on October 19 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) John Carpenter composed the music to the first three films . For Halloween , Carpenter chose to use a piano melody played in a 5 / 4 time rhythm instead of a symphonic soundtrack . Critic James Berardinelli calls the score `` relatively simple and unsophisticated '' , but admits that `` Halloween 's music is one of its strongest assets . '' Carpenter stated in an interview , `` I can play just about any keyboard , but I ca n't read or write a note . '' In the end credits , Carpenter bills himself as the `` Bowling Green Orchestra '' for performing the film 's score , but he did receive assistance from composer Dan Wyman , a music professor at San Jose State University . Halloween theme John Carpenter 's theme for the original Halloween , which was reproduced for the sequels Problems playing this file ? See media help . The score for Halloween II is a variation of John Carpenter 's compositions from the first film , particularly the main theme 's familiar piano melody played . The score was performed on a synthesizer organ rather than the piano used for Halloween . One reviewer for the BBC described the revised score as having `` a more Gothic feel '' . The reviewer asserted that it `` does n't sound quite as good as the original piece '' , but `` it still remains a classic piece of music '' . Music remained an important element in establishing the atmosphere of Halloween III . Just as in Halloween and Halloween II , there was no symphonic score . Much of the music was composed to solicit `` false startles '' from the audience . The soundtrack was composed by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth , who had also worked on the score for Halloween II . The score of Halloween III differed greatly from the familiar main theme of the original and its first sequel . Carpenter replaced the familiar piano melody with a slower , electronic theme played on a synthesizer with beeping tonalities . Howarth explains how he and Carpenter composed the music for the third film : The music style of John Carpenter and myself has further evolved in this film soundtrack by working exclusively with synthesizers to produce our music . This has led to a certain procedural routine . The film is first transferred to a time coded video tape and synchronized to a 24 track master audio recorder ; then while watching the film we compose the music to these visual images . The entire process goes quite rapidly and has ' instant gratification ' , allowing us to evaluate the score in synch to the picture . This is quite an invaluable asset . Following Carpenter 's departure from the series , Howarth would stay on - board as the sole composer for the next two sequels , and also acted as the lead composer on Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers , with Paul Rabjohns providing additional music when the initial edit of the film was substantially re-filmed . While Halloween H20 credits John Ottman as its sole composer , in reality most of the soundtrack was provided by Scream composer Marco Beltrami , using a mixture of music from that film and a few original cues written by Beltrami , after the producers disliked Ottman 's score . Danny Lux provided the soundtrack for Halloween : Resurrection , while Tyler Bates composed the soundtracks for both the 2007 Halloween reboot and its 2009 sequel . Box Office ( edit ) The Halloween franchise , when compared to the other top - grossing American horror franchises -- A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Friday the 13th , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for 2017 inflation is the second highest - grossing horror franchise in the United States at approximately $814 , 8 million . This list is topped by Friday the 13th at $825.1 million , followed by the Nightmare on Elm Street series with $703.3 million . The Hannibal Lecter film series closely follows in third with $737.6 million . Following Halloween is the Saw series with $580.9 million , Scream with $586.9 million , Psycho with $554.4 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $391 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with $249.6 million . Film U.S. release date Budget Box office revenue Reference United States Foreign Worldwide 1 . Halloween ( 1978 ) October 25 , 1978 $325,000 $47,000,000 $23,000,000 $70,000,000 2 . Halloween II ( 1981 ) October 30 , 1981 $2,500,000 $25,533,818 $25,533,818 3 . Halloween III : Season of the Witch October 22 , 1982 $2,500,000 $14,400,000 $14,400,000 4 . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers October 21 , 1988 $5,000,000 $17,768,757 $17,768,757 5 . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers October 13 , 1989 $5,000,000 $11,642,254 $11,642,254 6 . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers September 29 , 1995 $5,000,000 $15,116,634 $15,116,634 7 . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later August 7 , 1998 $17,000,000 $55,041,738 $55,041,738 8 . Halloween : Resurrection July 12 , 2002 $13,000,000 $30,354,442 $7,310,413 $37,664,855 9 . Halloween ( 2007 ) August 31 , 2007 $15,000,000 $58,272,029 $21,977,438 $80,249,467 10 . Halloween II ( 2009 ) August 29 , 2009 $15,000,000 $33,392,973 $6,028,494 $39,421,467 11 . Halloween ( 2018 ) October 19 , 2018 $10,000,000 $87,213,220 $15,868,497 $103,081,717 Total $90,325,000 $395,735,865 $74,184,842 $469,920,707 List indicator ( s ) A light grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . ( A ) indicates an estimated figure based on available numbers . Documentary ( edit ) Halloween : 25 Years of Terror is a DVD released on July 25 , 2006 , featuring a documentary on the Halloween films , narrated by P.J. Soles and featuring interviews from many of the cast members as well as filmmakers of the Halloween films and a lot of footage from the series as well . It has panel discussions with members from the casts and crews of most of the Halloween films , plus other celebrities and filmmakers such as Rob Zombie and Clive Barker as well as film critics . All of the panel discussions took place at a 25th - year anniversary convention in Pasadena , California ( one of the filming locations of the original Halloween ) in October 2003 . It also has extended versions of interviews featured in the documentary and much more . In 2010 , The Biography Channel produced a television special titled Halloween : The Inside Story , which premiered on October 28 , 2010 . Literature ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) When the original Halloween was released in 1978 , a novelization of the film followed just a year later . Written by Curtis Richards , the book follows the events of the film , but expands on the festival of Samhain and Michael 's time at Smith 's Grove Sanitarium . Halloween II , Halloween III : Season of the Witch , and Halloween 4 each received novelizations as well . Jack Martin would write Halloween II , which was released alongside its film counterpart . Martin included an additional victim of Michael 's in this novel . Halloween IV , released in October 1988 and written by Nicholas Grabowsky , also followed the events of the film in which it was adapted from . A novelization of the 2018 film by John Passarella will be released on October 23 , 2018 . Over a four - month period , Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke ; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke , with no direct continuity with the films . The first , released on October 1 , 1997 , titled The Scream Factory , follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall , only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there . The Old Myers Place is the second novel , released December 1 , 1997 , and focuses on Mary White , who moves into the Myers house with her family . Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends . O'Rourke's final novel , The Mad House , was released on February 1 , 1998 . The Mad House features a young girl , Christine Ray , who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations ; they are currently headed to Smith 's Grove Sanitarium , where they are confronted by Michael . Comic books ( edit ) The first Halloween comic was published by Brian Pulido 's Chaos ! Comics . Simply titled Halloween , it was intended to be a one - issue special , but eventually two sequels spawned : Halloween II : The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III : The Devil 's Eyes . All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman , with Daniel Farrands -- writer for Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers -- assisting on the first issue ; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations . Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues , focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers . The first issue includes back story on Michael 's childhood , while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20 . These comics were based on Daniel Farrand 's concept for Halloween : Resurrection ; he had been approached by the producers to pitch a follow - up to Halloween H20 . His idea was to have Tommy Doyle incarcerated at Smith 's Grove for Michael Myers ' crimes , only to escape and reunite with Lindsay Wallace . Together , they study the journals of Dr. Loomis and find out more about Michael 's childhood . The movie would have explored Michael 's time at Smith 's Grove and his relationship with Dr. Loomis , before returning to Tommy and Lindsay , who are attacked by the adult Michael Myers . Upon defeating him and removing his mask , they discover Laurie Strode , who has taken over her brother 's mantle . Farrand 's logic was that , since Jamie Lee Curtis was contracted to cameo in Halloween : Resurrection , they should make that cameo as significant and surprising as possible . Although the studio did not follow up on his pitch , Farrands was able to tell his story in comic book form . One Good Scare was released in 2003 ; it was written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding . The main character in this comic is Lindsey Wallace , the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film . Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots , and away from the `` lumbering Jason - clone '' the film sequels had made him . One Good Scare came about because Hutchinson wanted to produce a comic book to celebrate the series ' twenty - fifth anniversary ; it was to be sold as a collectible at a Halloween convention in South Pasadena . Due to the positive reception to One Good Scare , Hutchinson hoped to use the comic as a `` demo '' for getting a distribution deal , but was unable to do so due to rights issues . While waiting to acquire the rights to publish more Halloween comics , Stefan Hutchinson worked on the documentary Halloween : 25 Years of Terror with Malek Akkad . Together , they developed ideas for possible Halloween stories that would be `` connected into a larger tale , so the idea was that it would use the serial aspect of comic books to create different storylines than would be possible in the films . '' On July 25 , 2006 , as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror , Hutchinson released Halloween : Autopsis . Written by Hutchinson , and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas , the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers . As the photographer , Carter , follows Dr. Loomis he begins to take on Loomis 's obsession himself , until finally meeting Michael Myers in person , which results in his death . `` A lot of readers found in the comic books what they had been missing from the films in the later sequels . Our books are very faithful to the source material , and by that we mean the original film itself . In our stories , Michael Myers is very much again `` The Shape '' -- the undefined bogeyman of 1978 , rather than the family killer of the 80s and 90s . '' -- Stefan Hutchinson on the fan support of his Halloween comic book series . Rob Zombie 's reboot of the film series ensured that any Halloween comics would not be contradicted by upcoming films , allowing Hutchinson creative freedom . Malek Akkad was approached by Devil 's Due Publishing with the possibility of producing a line of Halloween comics , and he and Hutchinson worked to make them a reality . Hutchinson was convinced by the strong support of One Good Scare that the comic books would have an audience . In 2008 , Stefan Hutchinson released the first issue of his new comic book , Halloween : Nightdance . This is a four - issue miniseries , and it does not contain any characters -- other than Michael -- from the films . The four issues are titled , `` A Shape in the Void '' , `` The Silent Clown '' , `` A Rainbow in One Color '' , and `` When the Stars Came Crashing Down '' . The first issue , `` A Shape in the Void '' , takes place on October 31 , 2000 , so that it falls between Halloween H20 and Halloween : Resurrection . Issue one follows Michael as he stalks Lisa , an eighteen - year - old girl with insecurities and `` a chronic fear of darkness '' . Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film . Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa , just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween , before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her . The aim was to once again establish Michael Myers as a `` credible and dangerous force '' . August 2008 saw the release of Devil 's Due 's Halloween : 30 Years of Terror to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the Halloween franchise . This comic book one - shot is a collection of short stories inspired by John Carpenter 's original . `` Trick or Treat '' features the MacKenzies , unseen characters from the first film who Tommy and Lindsey run to for help . `` P.O.V. '' shows a murder from the point of view of both Michael and his victim , `` Visiting Hours '' sees Laurie Strode reflecting on how her life could have been had her brother never found her in 1978 , while `` Tommy and the Boogeyman '' reveals that Tommy Doyle grew up to write comic books featuring Michael Myers . In the final story , `` Repetition Compulsion '' , Dr. Loomis tries to predict where Michael will strike next on Halloween 1989 . Writer Hutchinson explains that H30 came about because , unlike previous decades , there was no Halloween film coming out in 2008 to acknowledge the occasion . Devil 's Due released the three - issue miniseries Halloween : The First Death of Laurie Strode in late 2008 . Written by Hutchinson with artwork from Jeff Zornow , the story bridges the gap between Halloween II and Halloween H20 by focusing on Laurie Strode in the aftermath of the 1978 murders . Hutchinson explains that Laurie is `` trying to get better and trying to repair , but where do you even start after going through such horror ? How do you even try to resume normality when you do n't know what that is anymore ? '' Although Michael appears in the series , it is not clear whether he is real or if the traumatised Laurie is seeing things . Hutchinson is not a fan of the revelation that Laurie and Michael are siblings and took steps to address that problem in the story . He wanted to avoid the `` bloodline plot of the middle sequels '' , which he felt demystified the character of the Shape , and approach the story so that `` it becomes almost incidental that she 's his sister '' . Hutchinson believed that Laurie Strode 's evolution into Keri Tate was fertile ground for a storyline ; he says , `` it 's not the faking of the death that 's interesting at all , but it 's the fall that leads to that happening . The faked death is just simple mechanics and can be covered in a sentence , but the state of mind and events leading to that are full of rich character and dramatic potential . '' Online stories ( edit ) All of Stefan Hutchinson 's Halloween comic books take place in the Halloween H20 timeline , which retconned Halloween 4 -- 6 from continuity . Hutchinson comments that , while the retcon was unpopular with `` a lot of fans '' for ignoring previous movies , he preferred the `` simplicity of this storyline , over the needlessly convoluted mythology that the last three films had created '' . However , he admits that one of the downsides of the H20 timeline is that fans do not know exactly what happened to Dr. Sam Loomis after Halloween II . To remedy this , Hutchinson pitched Halloween : Sam as a way of paying tribute to the character . Written by Hutchinson and featuring illustrations from Autopsis ' Marcus Smith , Sam is a prose short story available exclusively for download at the website HalloweenComics.com . It explores the life of Dr. Loomis , including his backstory and relationship with Elizabeth Worthington , a journalist he met during World War II . In 1995 , Michael Myers visits the ailing Dr. Loomis in a hospital and murders Elizabeth in front of him . Loomis attempts to stop him , but dies of a coronary failure . Merchandise ( edit ) In 1983 , Wizard Video , who had also released a video game version of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre , released a Halloween game for the Atari 2600 . In the game , the player is a babysitter who has to protect her children from Michael Myers , who has managed to get inside the house . Although the game is called Halloween , and features the film 's theatrical poster as its cover art as well as the movie 's main music theme , the game itself never refers to any characters , including the killer , by their names in the film . The Halloween franchise has also seen profitability through various merchandise like toys , dolls , statues , model kits , bobbleheads , snow globes , movie posters , masks , T - shirts , hats , and more . Michael Myers has made appearances in the form of dolls and toys from McFarlane Toys , Mezco Toyz , Sideshow Collectibles and NECA . Even Dr. Loomis has been immortalized in plastic alongside Michael Myers in a two - figure set produced by NECA . The Michael Myers mask has been reproduced over the years by Don Post , the mask company responsible for the creation of the masks from several of the Halloween films ( the Silver Shamrock novelty factory seen in Halloween III was actually shot on location in one of Don Post 's factories ) . While Don Post reproductions of the Michael Myers mask are still commonly found in costume stores every Halloween , the license to produce Michael Myers masks has since been given to Cinema Secrets , the company commissioned with the creation of the Michael Myers mask for Halloween : Resurrection . As of 2012 , Universal Pictures has granted license to Trick or Treat Studios to produce two versions of the Michael Myers mask from Halloween II , one `` clean '' version and one with the famous `` blood tears '' . Many versions of the original Halloween as well as several of its sequels have been released on DVD and Blu - ray by Anchor Bay Entertainment , Universal Pictures and Dimension Films . In December 2007 , there were reports that the Producer 's Cut of Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers might get a DVD release in the future . Following the first Blu - ray release of the original Halloween , all other films in the series were subsequently released to Blu - ray , as well . Home video distributors Anchor Bay Entertainment and Scream Factory released Halloween : The Complete Collection to Blu - ray on September 23 , 2014 . This box set brings together all ten Halloween films released to date . Two versions of The Complete Collection were released : a standard 10 - disc set featuring the first eight original films of the series and Rob Zombie 's 2007 and 2009 remakes , and a `` Limited Edition '' 15 - disc set , containing the ten films on ten discs , and five extra discs featuring the television versions of Halloween and Halloween II , the never - before released Halloween 6 : The Producer 's Cut , a bonus disc to Rob Zombie 's Halloween , and a bonus disc containing all - new special features from all ten films . The box set won the 2015 Saturn Award for Best DVD / BD Collection Release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Every Halloween Series Movie Ranked '' . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , John ( Writer / Director ) and Debra Hill ( Writer ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Compass International Pictures . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Rick ( Director ) , John Carpenter , and Debra Hill ( Writers ) ( 1981 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . United States : Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Wallace , Tommy Lee ( Writer / Director ) ( 1982 ) . Halloween III : Season of the Witch ( DVD ) . United States : Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Little , Dwight ( Director ) and Allan McElroy ( Writer ) ( 1988 ) . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . United States : Galaxy International Releasing . Jump up ^ Othenin - Girard , Dominique ( Director ) , Michael Jacobs , Dominique Othenin - Girard , and Shem Bitterman ( Writers ) ( 1989 ) . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . United States : Galaxy International Releasing . Jump up ^ Chappelle , Joe ( Director ) and Daniel Farrands ( Writer ) ( 1995 ) . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . United States : Miramax Films . Jump up ^ Miner , Steve ( Director ) , Robert Zapia , and Matt Greenberg ( Writers ) ( 1998 ) . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Rick ( Director ) , Larry Brand , and Sean Hood ( Writers ) ( 2002 ) . Halloween : Resurrection ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Zombie , Rob ( Writer / Director ) ( 2007 ) . Halloween ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2009 ) . Halloween II ( 2009 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Carpenter interview '' . Halloween Movies . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Filming Locations '' . Seeing Stars . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Debra Hill interview '' . Fangoria . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carlomagno , Ellen ( October 1982 ) . `` Halloween III : Season of the Witch : An On - The - Set Report On The Ambitious Sequel to Carpenter 's Classic ! '' . Fangoria ( 22 ) : 8 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes of Halloween III '' . Halloween Movies . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Halloween film '' . Halloween Movies . 2006 - 06 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halloween : On Set With Director Rob Zombie ! '' . Bloody Disgusting. 2007 - 03 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie to Re-Make Halloween '' . The Gauntlet. 2006 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Rob '' . Halloween Movies . 2006 - 06 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Evil Reborn : Zombie resurrects a horror classic '' . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Kills ' Halloween ' Theme Song , Revokes Myers ' Driver 's License '' . MTV . 2007 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kevin Powers ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) . `` More Details on the Sequel to Rob Zombie 's Halloween '' . Dead Central . First Showing . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Fleming ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Zombie making ' Halloween ' sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura . `` Exclusive : The Shape of H2 ( page 2 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura . `` Exclusive : The Shape of H2 ( page 3 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Zombie Says ' Never ' to Halloween 3 '' . Screen Rant. 27 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` HALLOWEEN 3D Removed from 2012 Release Schedule '' . Collider . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` ' Halloween Returns ' to Resurrect Michael Myers With New Director '' . Screen Rant . ^ Jump up to : Cameron Bonomolo ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` The ' Halloween ' Timeline Explained '' . Comic Book . com . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Halloween & Down ? David Gordon Green To Direct New Franchise Take , Pen Script With Danny McBride '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Danny McBride on ' Halloween ' : ' I just hope that we do n't f * * * it up and piss people off ' '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Q&A : John Carpenter Talks New Album Anthology & The Upcoming Halloween Sequel '' . Stereogum . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Danny McBride on ' Halloween ' : ' I just hope that we do n't f * * * it up and piss people off ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . McBride is keeping mum on plot details , however , other than to confirm what 's already out there . `` We 're kind of ignoring all the films past the first one , '' he says . `` It picks up after the first one , but it 's sort of an alternate reality . It 's as if the first Halloween ended in a slightly different way . '' Jump up ^ `` Judy Greer In Talks To Join Jamie Lee Curtis In ' Halloween ' Reboot '' . Deadline. 2017 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Andi Matichak Cast in the 2018 HALLOWEEN Film Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . 2017 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` John Carpenter Discusses Movie Themes Anthology , Directorial Career & Overcoming Stage Fright '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Halloween ' Reboot Will Bring Back the Original Michael Myers Actor '' . Collider. 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ( SPOILER ALERT ! ) First Behind - The - Scenes Photos of New HALLOWEEN Movie Nightmare on Film Street '' . Nightmare on Film Street . January 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Turek on Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Review of Halloween '' . ReelViews.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Wyman 's faculty website '' . San José State University . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Howarth biography '' . HalloweenMovies.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` '' More of the Night He Came Home `` , review of Halloween II '' . BBC Collective. 2003 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Composing for horror : The Halloween soundtrack '' . Hitsquad . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baird , Robert ( Spring 2000 ) . `` The Startle Effect : Implications for Spectator Cognition and Media Theory '' . Film Quarterly . 53 ( 3 ) : 12 -- 24 . doi : 10.1525 / fq. 2000.53. 3.04 a00030 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack of Halloween III '' . HalloweenMovies.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Howarth interview '' . TheOfficialJohnCarpenter.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Resume '' . paulrabjohns.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blood is Thicker Than Water -- The Making of Halloween : H20 . Halloween : The Complete Collection ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Scream Factory . 2014 . Jump up ^ Halloween : Resurrection Music Review at Music from the Movies Archived 2008 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AllMusic : Halloween ( 2007 ) soundtrack review Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lecter series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . 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Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! ' Halloween ' scares up record 4 - day debut '' . MSNBC. 2007 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween 2 ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Inside Story Premiere Date Set ! '' . DreadCentral . Jump up ^ Richards , Curtis ( October 1979 ) . Halloween . Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 13226 - 1 . Jump up ^ Etchison , Dennis ( 1981 - 11 - 01 ) . Halloween II ( novel ) . Zebra Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89083 - 864 - X . Jump up ^ Grabowsky , Nicholas ( October 1988 ) . Halloween IV ( novel ) . Critics Choice Paperbacks / Lorevan Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55547 - 292 - 3 . Jump up ^ Squires , John . `` The Official Novelization for This Year 's ' Halloween ' Slashes Onto Bookshelves in October '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kelly O'Rourke '' . Halloween Movies . 2006 - 01 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1997 - 10 - 01 ) . The Scream Factory ( Halloween , Book 1 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 298 - X . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1997 - 12 - 01 ) . The Old Myers Place ( Halloween , Book 2 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 341 - 2 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Kelly ( 1998 - 02 - 01 ) . The Mad House ( Halloween , Book 3 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 342 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween -- Michael Myers comic book titles '' . Movie Maniacs Comic Books . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Farrands interview '' . Icons of Fright. 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews Stefan Hutchinson '' . Arrow in the Head . 2003 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive ! We Stalk the Latest ' Halloween ' Comics '' . Fear Net . 2008 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Autopsis '' . Bloody Disgusting. 2006 - 07 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stefan Hutchinson talks Halloween '' . Horror Comic Book News . 2007 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Nightdance issue titles and descriptions '' . Halloween Comics . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween in February : Hutchinson and Seeley on Halloween : Nightdance '' . Newsarama. 2008 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hutchinson ( w ) , Daniel Zezelj , Jim Daly , Brett Weldele , Jeffrey Zornow , Lee Ferguson , Tim Seeley ( p ) , Nick Bell , Rob Buffalo , Jeffrey Zornow , Elizabeth John ( i ) . Halloween : 30 Years of Terror ( August , 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 2008 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Celebrating 30 Years of Halloween '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Hutchinson on Halloween : The First Death of Laurie Strode '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Sam '' . HalloweenComics. 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween - The Atari Game '' . X-Entertainment. 2004 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Michael Myers Mcfarlane Movie Maniacs '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Movie : Michael Myers & Dr. Loomis Action Figure Box set by NECA '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Myers Costume '' . Halloween Online . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Slobodzian , Joseph A. ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Unmasking Copyright Companies Face Off Over Film Prop '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . B01 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Official 2012 Michael Myers mask revealed '' . Michael-Myers.net . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` December 11 : HALLOWEEN : CURSE `` producer 's cut '' to appear ? `` . Fangoria . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( 2007 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Curse of Michael Myers re-issued ? '' . Movie Hole . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Blu - ray Series '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blu-Ray.com : Halloween : The Complete Collection Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Complete Collection Blu - ray '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : The Complete Collection Blu - ray Limited Deluxe Edition '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy and Horror Films '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Horror portal 1970s portal Halloween official website Halloween official comic book website Halloween at John Carpenter 's official website Halloween film series at Box Office Mojo Skylar Gahagan , `` Review of Halloween 25 Years of Terror '' , Monsters at Play Todd Gilchrist , `` Review of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror : This doc chronicles a quarter - century of Michael Myers mania '' , IGN ( August 3 , 2006 ) Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Halloween ( 2018 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Music Halloween ( 1978 film soundtrack ) Halloween II Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Related Halloween ( video game ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween_(franchise)&oldid=866440198 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 1978 American films American independent films Films adapted into novels Films adapted into comics Films adapted into video games Halloween Halloween ( franchise ) Horror films by series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween%20%28franchise%29
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where was the last scene of willy wonka filmed
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Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich , Bavaria . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria .
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Nördlingen in Bavaria
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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
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willy wonka & the chocolate factory
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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film .
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The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Animated adaptation 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Soundtrack 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , lickable wallpaper , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Chocolate Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner , Ursula Reit , Gene Wilder Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone , Denise Nickerson , Roy Kinnear , Julie Dawn Cole , Dodo Denny , Paris Themmen , Peter Ostrum , Jack Albertson Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis , Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich , Bavaria . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 42 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Animated adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want It Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer Up Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want It Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring miniature people Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures , Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=846477311 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Musical fantasy films Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 00 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy%20Wonka%20%2526%20the%20Chocolate%20Factory
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why did other nations help the north during the war
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Allied intervention in the Russian Civil war
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allied intervention in the russian civil war
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White Movement Czechoslovakia United Kingdom
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Canada Australia India South Africa United States France Japan Greece Estonia Serbia Italy Poland Romania China Commanders and leaders Vladimir Lenin Leon Trotsky Jukums Vācietis Sergey Kamenev Mikhail Tukhachevsky Fedor Raskolnikov Joseph Stalin Dmitry Zhloba Pavel Dybenko Alexander Krasnoshchyokov Damdin Sükhbaatar Alexander Kolchak Evgeny Miller Mikhail Diterikhs Grigory Semyonov Radola Gajda Jan Syrový William S. Graves George Evans Stewart Edmund Ironside Yui Mitsue Ernest Broșteanu Strength Czechoslovakia 50,000 troops France 600 troops Greece 23,000 troops United States 11,000 troops Estonia 11,300 troops Japan 70,000 troops Italy 2,500 troops Serbia 2,000 troops China 2,300 troops Australia 150 troops United Kingdom Unknown Casualties and losses Unknown 1 landing craft captured by Romanians Czechoslovakia : 4,112 killed United States : 279 killed United Kingdom : 359 killed 453 wounded 143 missing or captured 5,000 dead from combat and disease Greece 179 killed 173 missing 46 dead from wounds or non-combat related causes 657 wounded ( hide ) Theaters of the Russian Civil War October Revolution Left - wing uprisings Allied Intervention ( Siberia , North Russia ) Northern Vaga River Bolshie Ozerki Western Finland Heimosodat Estonia Latvia Lithuania Southern Ukraine West Ukraine Poland Ossetia Georgia Armenia and Azerbaijan Soviet invasion of Azerbaijan Tambov Eastern Yakutia Central Asian Basmachi The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War in 1918 . The stated goals were to help the Czechoslovak Legion , to secure supplies of munitions and armaments in Russian ports , and to re-establish the Eastern Front . After the Bolshevik government withdrew from World War I , the Allied Powers militarily backed the anti-communist White forces in Russia . Allied efforts were hampered by divided objectives , war - weariness from the overall global conflict , and a lack of domestic support . These factors , together with the evacuation of the Czechoslovak Legion , compelled the Allied Powers to withdraw from North Russia and Siberia in 1920 , though Japanese forces occupied parts of Siberia until 1922 and the northern half of Sakhalin until 1925 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prologue to the Allied intervention 1.1 Revolution 1.2 Russia exits the war 1.3 Czechoslovak Legions 1.4 Allied concerns 1.5 Russian Civil War 2 Foreign forces throughout Russia 3 Campaigns 3.1 Northern Russia 3.2 Northwestern Russia 3.3 Southern Russia and Ukraine 3.4 Bessarabia 3.5 Siberia 3.6 Caucasus 3.7 Trans - Caspian Campaign 4 Allied withdrawal 5 Assessment by historians 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Prologue to the Allied intervention ( edit ) Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Russian Revolution In 1917 , Russia was in a state of political strife , and public support for World War I and the Tsar was dwindling . The country was on the brink of revolution . The February Revolution changed the course of the war ; under intense political pressure , the Tsar abdicated and the Russian Provisional Government was formed , led initially by Georgy Lvov and later by Alexander Kerensky . The Provisional Government pledged to continue fighting the Germans on the Eastern Front . The Allied Powers had been shipping supplies to Russia since the beginning of the war in 1914 through the ports of Arkhangelsk , Murmansk , and Vladivostok . In 1917 , the United States entered the war on the Allied side . US President Woodrow Wilson dropped his reservations about joining the war with the despotic Tsar as an ally , and the United States began providing economic and technical support to Kerensky 's government . The war became unpopular with the Russian populace . Political and social unrest increased , with the Marxist anti-war Bolshevik Party under Vladimir Lenin gaining widespread support . Large numbers of common soldiers either mutinied or deserted the Imperial Russian Army . During the June 18 offensive , the Russian Army was defeated by the German and Austro - Hungarian forces as a result of a counter-attack . This led to the collapse of the Eastern Front . The demoralised Russian Army was on the verge of mutiny and most soldiers had deserted the front lines . Kerensky replaced Aleksei Brusilov with Lavr Kornilov as Commander - in - Chief of the Army . Kornilov attempted to set up a military dictatorship by staging a coup in late August 1917 . He had the support of the British military attaché , Brigadier - General Alfred Knox , and Kerensky accused Knox of producing pro-Kornilov propaganda . Kerensky also claimed Lord Milner wrote him a letter expressing support for Kornilov . A British armoured car squadron commanded by Oliver Locker - Lampson and dressed in Russian uniforms participated in the failed coup . In 1917 , the October Revolution led to the overthrow of Kerensky 's provisional government , and the Bolsheviks assuming power . Russia exits the war ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk German troops invaded Russia and threatened to capture Moscow and impose its own regime in early 1918 . Lenin wanted to cut a deal with Germany but was unable to get approval from his council until late February . Bolshevik Russia then switched sides and supported the German position . The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . The Allied Powers felt betrayed and turned against the new regime , aiding its `` White '' enemies and landing troops to prevent Russian supplies from reaching Germany . The betrayal removed whatever reservations the Allied Powers had about overthrowing the Bolsheviks . According to William Henry Chamberlin , even before Brest - Litovsk , `` Downing Street contemplated a protectorate over the Caucasus and the Quai d'Orsay over Crimea , Bessarabia and the Ukraine '' , and began negotiating deals for funding White generals to bring them into being . R.H. Bruce Lockhart and another British agent and a French official in Moscow tried to organize a coup that would overthrow the Bolshevik regime . They were dealing with double agents and were exposed and arrested . Czechoslovak Legions ( edit ) Main article : Czechoslovak Legion Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok ( 1918 ) The Czechoslovak Legion was at times in control of most of the Trans - Siberian railway , all major cities in Siberia . The signing of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ensured that prisoners - of - war ( POW ) would be transferred to and from each country . Austro - Hungarian prisoners were of a number of various nationalities ; some Czechoslovak POWs deserted to the Russian Army . Czechoslovaks had long desired to create their own independent state , and the Russians aided in establishing special Czechoslovak units ( the Czechoslovak Legions ) to fight the Central Powers . In 1917 , the Bolsheviks stated that if the Czechoslovak Legions remained neutral and agreed to leave Russia , they would be granted safe passage through Siberia en route to France via Vladivostok to fight with the Allied forces on the Western Front . The Czechoslovak Legions travelled via the Trans - Siberian Railway to Vladivostok . However , fighting between the Legions and the Bolsheviks erupted in May 1918 . Allied concerns ( edit ) Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force , 1919 The Allied Powers became concerned at the collapse of the Eastern front and the loss of their Tsarist ally to communism and there was also the question of the large quantities of supplies and equipment in Russian ports , which the Allied Powers feared might be commandeered by the Germans . Also worrisome to the Allied Powers was the April 1918 landing of a division of German troops in Finland , increasing speculation they might attempt to capture the Murmansk - Petrograd railway , and subsequently the strategic port of Murmansk and possibly Arkhangelsk . Other concerns regarded the potential destruction of the Czechoslovak Legions and the threat of Bolshevism , the nature of which worried many Allied governments . Meanwhile , Allied matériel in transit quickly accumulated in the warehouses in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk . Estonia had established a national army with the support of Finnish volunteers and were defending against the 7th Red Army 's attack . Faced with these events , the British and French governments decided upon an Allied military intervention in Russia . They had three objectives : prevent the German or Bolshevik capture of Allied material stockpiles in Arkhangelsk mount an attack helping the Czechoslovak Legions stranded on the Trans - Siberian Railway resurrect the Eastern Front by defeating the Bolshevik army with help from the Czechoslovak Legions and an expanded anti-Bolshevik force of local citizens and stop the spread of communism and the Bolshevik cause in Russia . U.S. troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 Severely short of troops to spare , the British and French requested that President Wilson provide American soldiers for the campaign . In July 1918 , against the advice of the United States Department of War , Wilson agreed to the limited participation of 5,000 United States Army troops in the campaign . This force , which became known as the `` American North Russia Expeditionary Force '' ( a.k.a. the Polar Bear Expedition ) were sent to Arkhangelsk while another 8,000 soldiers , organised as the American Expeditionary Force Siberia , were shipped to Vladivostok from the Philippines and from Camp Fremont in California . That same month , the Canadian government agreed to the British government 's request to command and provide most of the soldiers for a combined British Empire force , which also included Australian and Indian troops . Some of this force was the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force ; another part was the North Russia Intervention . A Royal Navy squadron was sent to the Baltic under Rear - Admiral Edwyn Alexander - Sinclair . This force consisted of modern C - class cruisers and V and W - class destroyers . In December 1918 , Sinclair sailed into Estonian and Latvian ports , sending in troops and supplies , and promising to attack the Bolsheviks `` as far as my guns can reach '' . In January 1919 , he was succeeded in command by Rear - Admiral Walter Cowan . The Japanese , concerned about their northern border , sent the largest military force , numbering about 70,000 . They desired the establishment of a buffer state in Siberia , and the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff viewed the situation in Russia as an opportunity for settling Japan 's `` northern problem '' . The Japanese government was also intensely hostile to communism . The Italians created the special `` Corpo di Spedizione '' with Alpini troops sent from Italy and ex-POWs of Italian ethnicity from the former Austro - Hungarian army who were recruited to the Italian Legione Redenta . They were initially based in the Italian Concession in Tientsin and numbered about 2,500 . Romania , Greece , Poland , China , and Serbia also sent contingents in support of the intervention . Russian Civil war ( edit ) Main article : Russian Civil War After the end of the war in Europe and the defeat of the Central Powers , the Allied Powers - at the behest of Winston Churchill - openly supported the anti-Bolshevik White forces . Foreign forces throughout Russia ( edit ) The positions of the Allied expeditionary forces and of the White Armies in European Russia , 1919 Numbers of Allied soldiers who were present in the indicated regions of Russia : 600 French and British troops landed in Arkhangelsk A number of British troops in Vladivostok . A number of Romanian troops in Bessarabia . 23,351 Greeks , who withdrew after three months ( part of I Army Corps under Maj. Gen. Konstantinos Nider , comprising 2nd and 13th Infantry Divisions , in the Crimea , and around Odessa and Kherson ) 13,000 Americans ( in the Arkhangelsk and Vladivostok regions ) 11,500 Estonians in northwestern Russia 2,500 Italians ( in the Arkhangelsk region and Siberia ) 2,300 Chinese ( in the Vladivostok region ) 150 Australians ( mostly in the Arkhangelsk regions ) 15,000 Japanese soldiers in the Eastern region 4,192 Canadians in Vladivostok , 600 Canadians in Arkhangelsk Campaigns ( edit ) Northern Russia ( edit ) Main article : North Russia Intervention Captured British Mark V tank in Arkhangelsk British Army : 236th Infantry Brigade , 548th ( Dundee ) Army Troops Company , Royal Engineers , 2 / 10th Royal Scots , some Royal Dublin Fusiliers , 52 Bn Manchester Regt . ) Royal Navy ( plus a detachment of 53 U.S. Navy sailors -- including Harold Gunnes -- from the cruiser USS Olympia during August and September 1918 only ) Royal Air Force ( Fairey Campania and Sopwith Baby seaplanes along with a single Sopwith Camel fighter ) French Army ( 21st Colonial Battalion ) Canadian Field Artillery ( 67th and 68th Batteries of the 16th Brigade , Canadian Field Artillery ) Slavo - British Allied Legion ( also known as SBAL , anti-Bolshevik forces , included Dyer 's Battalion , British - trained and led ) White Northern Army ( previously the army of Alexander Kerensky 's provisional Russian government , anti-Bolshevik , led by General Evgenii Miller ) U.S. Army , American North Russia Expeditionary Force ( also known as Polar Bear Expedition , 310th Engineers , 339th Infantry , 337th Field Hospital , and 337th Ambulance Company ) U.S. Army , 167th and 168th Railroad Companies ( sent to Murmansk to operate the Murmansk to Petrograd line ) Miscellaneous Allied troops from Poland , Serbia and Italy British North Russian Relief Force ( arrived in late May 1919 to cover the withdrawal of US and Allied troops ) Northwestern Russia ( edit ) Further information : Estonian War of Independence and British campaign in the Baltic ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Although the Estonian Army had attained control over its country , the opposing 7th and Estonian Red Armies were still active . The Estonian High Command decided to push their defense lines across the border into Russia in support of the White Russian Northern Corps . They went on offensive at Narva , catching the Soviets by surprise and destroying their 6th Division . The attack was supported along the Gulf of Finland 's coast by Royal Navy and the Estonian Navy and marines . With the front approaching , the garrison of the Krasnaya Gorka fort mutinied . But the 7th Red Army received reinforcements and counterattacked , pushing the White Russians back , until the front was stabilised with the support from the Estonian 1st Division at the Luga and Saba Rivers . The Estonian Pskov offensive commenced simultaneously on 13 May 1919 . Its Petseri Battle Group destroyed the Estonian Red Army , captured the town on 25 May , and cleared the territory between Estonia and the Velikaya River . A few days later , the Northern Corps forces arrived in Pskov . On 19 June 1919 , the Estonian Commander - in - Chief Johan Laidoner rescinded his command over the White Russians , and they were renamed the Northwestern Army . Shortly afterward , General Nikolai N. Yudenich took command of the troops . The Northwestern Army launched operation White Sword , a major effort to capture Petrograd on 9 October , with arms provided by Britain and France , and the operational support by the Estonian Army , Estonian Navy , and the Royal Navy . The Estonian and British forces made a joint land and naval attack against Krasnaya Gorka , while the Estonian 2nd Division attempted to throw the 10th Red Division across the Velikaya , and the 3rd Division attacked toward Pytalovo and Ostrov . The Northwestern Army approached to within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of Petrograd , but the Red Army repulsed them back to the Narva River . Distrustful of the White Russians , the Estonian High Command disarmed and interned the remains of the Northwestern Army that retreated behind the state border . Southern Russia and Ukraine ( edit ) Main article : Southern Front of the Russian Civil War On 18 December 1918 , a month after the armistice , the French occupied Odessa . This began the intervention in southern Russia ( later Ukraine ) which was to aid and supply General Denikin 's White Army forces , the Volunteer Army , fighting the Bolsheviks there . The campaign involved French , Polish , and Greek troops . By April 1919 , they were withdrawn before the defeat of the White Army 's march against Moscow . General Wrangel reorganized his army in the Crimea ; however , with the deteriorating situation , he and his soldiers fled Russia aboard Allied ships on 14 November 1920 . Bessarabia ( edit ) After the Bolshevik forces of the Rumcherod attacked the region of Bessarabia , the Romanian government of Ion I.C. Brătianu decided to intervene , and on January 26 ( O.S. January 13 ) 1918 , the 11th Infantry Division under General Ernest Broșteanu entered Chișinău . The Bolshevik troops retreated to Tighina , and after a battle retreated further beyond the Dniester . The battle of Tighina was one of the two significant engagements of the 1918 Bessarabian Campaign . It lasted for five days , between 20 and 25 January , and ended in a Romanian victory , albeit with significant Romanian casualties ( 141 dead ) . Romanian troops captured 800 guns . Russud - class vessel The second important battle was fought at Vâlcov , between 27 January and 3 February . The actions of Bolshevik warships ( including three Donetsk - class gunboats ) , managed to delay the Romanians for several days , but the ships had to retreat on 3 February due to no longer being able to adjust and correct their aiming , after Romanian artillery destroyed the shore - based Bolshevik artillery observation posts . Later that day , Romanian troops occupied Vâlcov . The Romanians captured the Russud - class landing craft K - 2 as well as several more barges armed with a total of eight 152 mm Obuchov guns . Siberia ( edit ) Main article : Siberian Intervention A Japanese lithograph showing troops occupying Blagoveschensk The joint Allied intervention began in August 1918 . The Japanese entered through Vladivostok and points along the China -- Russia border with more than 70,000 troops eventually being deployed . The Japanese were joined by British and later American , Canadian , French , and Italian troops . Elements of the Czechoslovak Legion that had reached Vladivostok , greeted the Allied forces . The Americans deployed the 27th Infantry and 31st Infantry regiments out of the Philippines , plus elements of the 12th , 13th and 62nd Infantry Regiments out of Camp Fremont . The Japanese were expected to send only around 7,000 troops for the expedition , but by the end of their involvement in Siberia had deployed 70,000 . The deployment of such a large force for a rescue operation made the Allied Powers wary of Japanese intentions . On September 5 , the Japanese linked up with the vanguard of the Czech Legion , a few days later the British , Italian and French contingents joined the Czechs in an effort to re-establish the Eastern Front beyond the Urals ; as a result the European Allied Powers trekked westward . The Canadians largely remained in Vladivostok for the duration . The Japanese , with their own objectives in mind , refused to proceed west of Lake Baikal . The Americans , suspicious of Japanese intentions , also stayed behind to keep an eye on them . By November , the Japanese occupied all ports and major towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and Siberia east of the city of Chita . The Allied Powers lent their support to White Russian elements from the summer of 1918 . There were tensions between the two anti-Bolshevik factions ; the White Russian government led by Admiral Alexander Kolchak and the Cossacks led by Grigory Semyonov and Ivan Kalmykov which also hampered efforts . All Allied forces were evacuated by 1920 , apart from the Japanese who stayed until 1922 . Caucasus ( edit ) In 1917 , Dunsterforce , an Allied military mission of under 1,000 Australian , British , and Canadian troops ( drawn from the Mesopotamian and Western Fronts ) , accompanied by armoured cars , deployed from Hamadan some 350 km ( 220 mi ) across Qajar Persia . It was named after its commander General Lionel Dunsterville . Its mission was to gather information , train and command local forces , and prevent the spread of German propaganda . Later on , Dunsterville was told to take and protect the Baku oil fields . The force was initially delayed by 3,000 Russian Bolshevik troops at Enzeli but then proceeded by ship to the port of Baku on the Caspian Sea . This was the primary target for the advancing Ottoman forces and Dunsterforce endured a short , brutal siege in September 1918 before being forced to withdraw . However , having been defeated in World War I , the Ottoman Empire had to withdraw its forces from the borders of Azerbaijan in the middle of November 1918 . Headed by General William Thomson , the British troops of 5,000 soldiers arrived in Baku on November 17 , and martial law was implemented on the capital of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic until `` the civil power would be strong enough to release the forces from the responsibility to maintain the public order '' . Trans - Caspian campaign ( edit ) The first instance of Allied mediation occurred on 11 August 1918 , when General Malleson intervened in support of the Ashkhabad Executive Committee , who had ousted the Tashkent Soviet Bolsheviks from the western end of the Trans - Caspian Railway in July 1918 . Malleson had been authorised to intervene with Empire and British troops , in what would be referred to as the Malleson Mission . He sent the Machine Gun Section of the 19th Punjabi Rifles to Baýramaly located on the Trans - Caspian Railway . After combat at Merv , they were joined by the rest of the regiment . There was further action at Kaka on 28 August , 11 and 18 September . They were reinforced on 25 September by two squadrons of the 28th Light Cavalry . Fighting alongside Trans - Caspian troops , they subsequently fought at Arman Sagad ( between 9 and 11 October ) and Dushak ( 14 October ) . By 1 November , they had re-occupied Merv and on instructions of the British government , halted their advance and took up defensive positions at Bairam Ali . The Trans - Caspian forces continued to attack the Bolsheviks to the north . After the Trans - Caspian forces were routed at Uch Aji , their commander Colonel Knollys sent the 28th Cavalry to their support at Annenkovo . In January 1919 , one company of the 19th Punjabi Rifles was sent to reinforce the position at Annenkovo , where a second battle took place on 16 January . The British Government decided on 21 January to withdraw the force , and the last troops left for Persia on 5 April . Allied withdrawal ( edit ) The Allied Powers withdrew in 1920 . The Japanese stayed in the Maritime Provinces of the Russian Far East until 1922 and in northern Sakhalin until 1925 , when the Red Army 's military success forced Japan 's withdrawal from Russia . Assessment by historians ( edit ) Historical assessment of the intervention has been universally negative . Frederick L. Schuman wrote that the consequences of the expedition `` were to poison East - West relations forever after , to contribute significantly to the origins of World War II and the later ' Cold War , ' and to fix patterns of suspicion and hatred on both sides which even today threaten worse catastrophes in time to come . '' Some modern historians summarised , `` The immediate effect of the intervention was to prolong a bloody civil war , thereby costing thousands of additional lives and wreaking enormous destruction on an already battered society . '' See also ( edit ) Arthur Percy Sullivan Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918 -- 1919 British Campaign in the Baltic 1918 - 19 Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force Cold War Eight - Nation Alliance Italian Legione Redenta Polar Bear Expedition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scientia Militaria , South African Journal of Military Studies , Vol 15 , Nr 4 , 1985 , pp. 46 - 48 . Accessed January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegfried Breyer , Soviet Warship Development : 1917 - 1937 , Conway Maritime Press , 1992 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Warfare and Armed Conflicts -- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1500 -- 2000 2nd Ed . Clodfelter , Michael 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1204 - 4 pp. 384 -- 85 Jump up ^ The Army Council . General Annual Report of the British Army 1912 -- 1919 . Parliamentary Paper 1921 , XX , Cmd. 1193. , PartIV p. 62 -- 72 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Beyer , pp. 152 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Intervention and the War by Richard Ullman , Princeton University Press , 1961 , pp. 11 -- 13 Jump up ^ Keith Neilson , Strategy and Supply ( RLE The First World War ) : The Anglo - Russian Alliance ( Routledge , 2014 ) , p. 282 - 290 Jump up ^ Michael Hughes , INSIDE THE ENIGMA : British Officials in Russia , 1900 - 39 ( Bloomsbury , 2006 ) , p. 111 - 114 Jump up ^ Robert Service ( 2000 ) . Lenin : A Biography . p. 342 . Jump up ^ John W. Long , `` Plot and counter ‐ plot in revolutionary Russia : Chronicling the Bruce Lockhart conspiracy , 1918 . '' Intelligence and National Security 10 # 1 ( 1995 ) : 122 - 143 . ^ Jump up to : Jaan Maide ( 1933 ) . Ülevaade Eesti vabadussõjast 1918 -- 1920 ( Estonian War of Independence 1918 -- 1920 : Overview ) ( in Estonian ) . Tallinn : Estonian Defence League . Jump up ^ Moore , Joel R. ; Mead , Harry H. ; Jahns , Lewis E. ( 2003 ) . The History of the American Expedition Fighting the Bolsheviki . Nashville , Tenn. : The Battery Press . pp. 47 -- 50 . ISBN 089839323X . ^ Jump up to : E.M. Halliday , When Hell Froze Over ( New York City , NY , ibooks , inc. , 2000 ) , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Robert L. Willett , Russian Sideshow , pp. 166 -- 167 , 170 ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , The Way of the Heavenly Sword : The Japanese Army in the 1920s , p. 25 Jump up ^ Evan Mawdsley , `` Russian Civil War '' , Pegasus Jump up ^ Olson , John Stuart ; Pappas , Lee Brigance ; Pappas , Nicholas Charles ( 1994 ) . An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires . Greenwood Publishing . p. 273 . ^ Jump up to : A History of Russia , 7th Edition , Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg , Oxford University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Joana Breidenbach ( 2005 ) . Pál Nyíri , Joana Breidenbach , ed . China inside out : contemporary Chinese nationalism and transnationalism ( illustrated ed . ) . Central European University Press . p. 90 . ISBN 963 - 7326 - 14 - 6 . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . `` At the end of the year 1918 , after the Russian Revolution , the Chinese merchants in the Russian Far East demanded the Chinese government to send troops for their protection , and Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect the Chinese community : about 1600 soldiers and 700 support personnel . '' As well , there were reports of Canadian soldiers fighting Kettites , Chinese Communists ( perhaps left - wing adventurers ) , in the Murmansk area ( as recorded in war diary of E.H. Cope , North Russia Expeditionary Force , Provincial Archives of Alberta , 68.101 / 3 ) . Jump up ^ Grey , Jeffrey ( October 1985 ) . `` A ' Pathetic Sideshow ' : Australians and the Russian Intervention , 1918 -- 19 '' . Journal of the Australian War Memorial . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . 7 . ISSN 0729 - 6274 Jump up ^ Moffat , Ian C.D. `` Forgotten Battlefields - Canadians in Siberia 1918 - 1919 '' . Canadian Military Journal . Department of National Defence . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ British Military Aviation in 1918 - Part 2 Royal Air Force Museum ^ Jump up to : Traksmaa , August : Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu , page 141 . Olion , 1992 , ISBN 5 - 450 - 01325 - 6 Jump up ^ Traksmaa , August : Lühike vabadussõja ajalugu , page 142 . Olion , 1992 , ISBN 5 - 450 - 01325 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Estonian War of Independence 1918 -- 1920 . Jyri Kork ( Ed . ) . Esto , Baltimore , 1988 ( Reprint from Estonian War of Independence 1918 -- 1920 . Historical Committee for the War of Independence , Tallinn , 1938 ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , William A. ( 1976 ) . `` The British navy in the Baltic , 1918 - 1920 : Its contribution to the independence of the Baltic nations '' . Journal of Baltic Studies . 7 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 144 . doi : 10.1080 / 01629777600000141 . Jump up ^ ( in Greek ) The Campaign in the Ukraine Archived March 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , at sansimera.gr Jump up ^ Ion Nistor , Istoria Basarabiei , page 284 . Humanitas , 1991 . ISBN 973 - 28 - 0283 - 9 Jump up ^ Stanescu Marin , Armata română şi unirea Basarabiei şi Bucovinei cu România : 1917 - 1918 , pp. 105 - 107 ( in Romanian ) Jump up ^ Stanescu Marin , Armata română şi unirea Basarabiei şi Bucovinei cu România : 1917 - 1918 , pp. 115 - 118 ( in Romanian ) Jump up ^ Adrian Storea , Gheorghe Băjenaru , Artileria română în date și imagini ( Romanian artillery in data and pictures ) , p. 107 ( in Romanian ) Jump up ^ Siegfried Breyer , Soviet Warship Development : 1917 - 1937 , p. 98 Jump up ^ British Military Operations 1919 - 1939 Archived 2013 - 05 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Graham Watson , April 28 , 2002 Jump up ^ Paper Heritage - 1919 Railway - related issues of the Czech Army in Siberia Jump up ^ Willett , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Russian Sideshow . Washington : Brassey 's . pp. 166 -- 167 . ISBN 1574884298 . ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , Leonard A. ( 1995 ) . The Way of the Heavenly Sword : The Japanese Army in the 1920s . Stanford University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0804723753 . Jump up ^ Audrey L. Altstadt The Azerbaijani Turks : power and identity under Russian rule Hoover Press , 1992 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 9182 - 1 Jump up ^ Operations in Trans - Caspia Archived 2009 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Behind the Lines , accessed 23 September 2009 Jump up ^ Frederick L. Schuman , Russia Since 1917 : Four Decades of Soviet Politics ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1957 ) , 109 . Jump up ^ James W. Loewen , Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong ( The New Press , 2007 ) , p. 17 Further reading ( edit ) Carley , Michael Jabara . `` Allied Intervention and the Russian Civil War , 1917 - 1922 , '' International History Review 11 # 4 ( 1989 ) , pp. 689 -- 700 in JSTOR . Historiography Foglesong , David S. `` Policies Toward Russia and Intervention in the Russian Revolution . '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) : 386 - 405 . Humphreys , Leonard A. ( 1996 ) . The Way of the Heavenly Sword : The Japanese Army in the 1920s . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2375 - 3 . Isitt , Benjamin ( 2010 ) . From Victoria to Vladivostok : Canada 's Siberian Expedition , 1917 - 19 . University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1802 - 5 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Isitt , Benjamin ( 2006 ) . `` Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok , December 1918 '' . Canadian Historical Review . University of Toronto Press . 87 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 264 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Long , John W. `` American Intervention in Russia : The North Russian Expedition , 1918 -- 19 . '' Diplomatic History 6.1 ( 1982 ) : 45 - 68 . Moffat , Ian C.D. The Allied Intervention in Russia , 1918 - 1920 : The Diplomacy of Chaos ( 2015 ) excerpt Moore , Perry . Stamping Out the Virus : Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918 - 1920 ( 2002 ) Richard , Carl J. `` ' The Shadow of a Plan ' : The Rationale Behind Wilson 's 1918 Siberian Intervention . '' Historian 49.1 ( 1986 ) : 64 - 84 . Historiography Silverlight , John . The Victors ' Dilemma : Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War , 1917 - 1920 ( 1970 ) Trani , Eugene P. `` Woodrow Wilson and the decision to intervene in Russia : a reconsideration . '' Journal of Modern History 48.3 ( 1976 ) : 440 - 461 . in JSTOR Unterberger , Betty Miller . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Bolsheviks : The `` Acid Test '' of Soviet -- American Relations . '' Diplomatic History 11.2 ( 1987 ) : 71 - 90 . Willett , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . Russian Sideshow : America 's Undeclared War , 1918 -- 1920 . Washington D.C : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 429 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allied Intervention in the Civil war of Russia . Beyer , Rick ( 2003 ) . The Greatest Stories Never Told . A&E Television Networks / The History Channel . ISBN 0 - 06 - 001401 - 6 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War&oldid=841181302 '' Categories : Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 20th - century military history of the United States Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 20th - century military history of the United Kingdom History of the Royal Marines Campaigns and theatres of World War I Greater Romania Naval battles involving Romania Foreign intervention Hidden categories : CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) Articles with Greek - language external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Norsk Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 14 : 12 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied%20intervention%20in%20the%20Russian%20Civil%20War
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who has won eurovision twice in a row
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Ireland has finished first seven times , more than any other country , Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years ( 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ) , more consecutive years than any other country . Three countries have won twice in a row , Spain ( 1968 and 1969 ) , Luxembourg ( 1972 and 1973 ) and Israel ( 1978 and 1979 ) . Along with Switzerland 's win in the first contest , Serbia is the only other country to win with its debut entry ( in 2007 ) , though Serbia had competed prior as part of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015 , the winner of the contest was decided by the final voting nation on eleven occasions .
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Spain|Luxembourg|Israel
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List of Eurovision Song contest winners
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list of eurovision song contest winners
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Sixty - six songs have won the Eurovision Song Contest , an annual competition organised by member countries of the European Broadcasting Union . The contest , which has been broadcast every year since its debut in 1956 , is one of the longest - running television programmes in the world . The contest 's winner has been determined using numerous voting techniques throughout its history ; centre to these have been the awarding of points to countries by juries or televoters . The country awarded the most points is declared the winner . The first Eurovision Song Contest was not won on points , but by votes ( two per country ) , and only the winner was announced .
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There have been 63 contests , with one winner each year except the tied 1969 contest , which had four . Twenty - seven different countries have won the contest . Switzerland won the first contest in 1956 . The country with the highest number of wins is Ireland , with seven . The only person to have won more than once as performer is Ireland 's Johnny Logan , who performed `` What 's Another Year '' in 1980 and `` Hold Me Now '' in 1987 . Logan is also one of only five songwriters to have written more than one winning entry ( `` Hold Me Now '' 1987 and `` Why Me ? '' 1992 , performed by Linda Martin ) . This unique distinction makes Logan the only person to have three Eurovision victories to his / her credit , as either singer , songwriter or both . The other four songwriters with more than one winning entry to their credit are , Willy van Hemert ( Netherlands , 1957 and 1959 ) , Yves Dessca ( Monaco , 1971 and Luxembourg , 1972 ) , Rolf Løvland ( Norway , 1985 and 1995 ) and Brendan Graham ( Ireland , 1994 and 1996 ) . Winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a unique opportunity for the winning artist ( s ) to capitalise on their success and surrounding publicity by launching or furthering their international career during their singing years . However , throughout the history of the contest , relatively few of these artists have gone on to be huge international stars . The most notable winning Eurovision artists whose career was directly launched into the spotlight following their win were the members of ABBA , who won the 1974 contest for Sweden with their song `` Waterloo '' . ABBA went on to be one of the most successful bands of its time . Another notable winner who subsequently achieved international fame and success was Céline Dion , who won the 1988 contest for Switzerland with the song `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Winners By Year 3 Ranking ( top 3 appearances ) 4 By language 5 Photogallery 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 References 7.3 Bibliography List ( edit ) Year Date Host city Winner Song Performer Points Margin Runner - up 1956 24 May Lugano Switzerland `` Refrain '' Lys Assia Not announced 1957 3 March Frankfurt Netherlands `` Net als toen '' Corry Brokken 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 France 1958 12 March Hilversum France `` Dors , mon amour '' André Claveau 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Switzerland 1959 11 March Cannes Netherlands `` Een beetje '' Teddy Scholten 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 United Kingdom 1960 29 March London France `` Tom Pillibi '' Jacqueline Boyer 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 United Kingdom 1961 18 March Cannes Luxembourg `` Nous les amoureux '' Jean - Claude Pascal 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 United Kingdom 1962 18 March Luxembourg France `` Un premier amour '' Isabelle Aubret 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Monaco 1963 23 March London Denmark `` Dansevise '' Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Switzerland 1964 21 March Copenhagen Italy `` Non ho l'età '' Gigliola Cinquetti 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 United Kingdom 1965 20 March Naples Luxembourg `` Poupée de cire , poupée de son '' France Gall 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 United Kingdom 1966 5 March Luxembourg Austria `` Merci , Chérie '' Udo Jürgens 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Sweden 1967 8 April Vienna United Kingdom `` Puppet on a String '' Sandie Shaw 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Ireland 1968 6 April London Spain `` La , la , la '' Massiel 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United Kingdom 1969 29 March Madrid Spain `` Vivo cantando '' Salomé 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 No runner - up United Kingdom `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' Lulu Netherlands `` De troubadour '' Lenny Kuhr France `` Un jour , un enfant '' Frida Boccara 1970 21 March Amsterdam Ireland `` All Kinds of Everything '' Dana 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 United Kingdom 1971 3 April Dublin Monaco `` Un banc , un arbre , une rue '' Séverine 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Spain 1972 25 March Edinburgh Luxembourg `` Après toi '' Vicky Leandros 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 United Kingdom 1973 7 April Luxembourg Luxembourg `` Tu te reconnaîtras '' Anne - Marie David 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Spain 6 April Brighton Sweden `` Waterloo '' ABBA 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Italy 22 March Stockholm Netherlands `` Ding - a-dong '' Teach - In 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 United Kingdom 1976 3 April The Hague United Kingdom `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' Brotherhood of Man 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 France 1977 7 May London France `` L'oiseau et l'enfant '' Marie Myriam 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 United Kingdom 1978 22 April Paris Israel `` A-Ba - Ni - Bi '' ( א - ב - ני - בי ) Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta 7002157000000000000 ♠ 157 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Belgium 1979 31 March Jerusalem Israel `` Hallelujah '' ( הללויה ) Gali Atari and Milk and Honey 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Spain 1980 19 April The Hague Ireland `` What 's Another Year '' Johnny Logan 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Germany 1981 4 April Dublin United Kingdom `` Making Your Mind Up '' Bucks Fizz 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Germany 1982 24 April Harrogate Germany `` Ein bißchen Frieden '' Nicole 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Israel 23 April Munich Luxembourg `` Si la vie est cadeau '' Corinne Hermès 7002142000000000000 ♠ 142 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Israel 1984 5 May Luxembourg Sweden `` Diggi - Loo Diggi - Ley '' Herreys 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ireland 1985 4 May Gothenburg Norway `` La det swinge '' Bobbysocks ! 7002123000000000000 ♠ 123 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Germany 1986 3 May Bergen Belgium `` J'aime la vie '' Sandra Kim 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Switzerland 9 May Brussels Ireland `` Hold Me Now '' Johnny Logan 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Germany 1988 30 April Dublin Switzerland `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' Céline Dion 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 United Kingdom 1989 6 May Lausanne Yugoslavia `` Rock Me '' Riva 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 United Kingdom 1990 5 May Zagreb Italy `` Insieme : 1992 '' Toto Cutugno 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Ireland France 1991 4 May Rome Sweden `` Fångad av en stormvind '' Carola 7002146000000000000 ♠ 146 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 France 1992 9 May Malmö Ireland `` Why Me ? '' Linda Martin 7002155000000000000 ♠ 155 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 United Kingdom 1993 15 May Millstreet Ireland `` In Your Eyes '' Niamh Kavanagh 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 United Kingdom 1994 30 April Dublin Ireland `` Rock ' n ' Roll Kids '' Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan 7002226000000000000 ♠ 226 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Poland 1995 13 May Dublin Norway `` Nocturne '' Secret Garden 7002148000000000000 ♠ 148 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Spain 18 May Oslo Ireland `` The Voice '' Eimear Quinn 7002162000000000000 ♠ 162 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Norway 1997 3 May Dublin United Kingdom `` Love Shine a Light '' Katrina and the Waves 7002227000000000000 ♠ 227 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Ireland 1998 9 May Birmingham Israel `` Diva '' ( דיווה ) Dana International 7002172000000000000 ♠ 172 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 United Kingdom 1999 29 May Jerusalem Sweden `` Take Me to Your Heaven '' Charlotte Nilsson 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Iceland 2000 13 May Stockholm Denmark `` Fly on the Wings of Love '' Olsen Brothers 7002195000000000000 ♠ 195 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Russia 2001 12 May Copenhagen Estonia `` Everybody '' Tanel Padar , Dave Benton and 2XL 7002198000000000000 ♠ 198 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Denmark 2002 25 May Tallinn Latvia `` I Wanna '' Marie N 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Malta 2003 24 May Riga Turkey `` Everyway That I Can '' Sertab Erener 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Belgium 15 May Istanbul Ukraine `` Wild Dances '' Ruslana 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Serbia and Montenegro 2005 21 May Kiev Greece `` My Number One '' Helena Paparizou 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 Malta 2006 20 May Athens Finland `` Hard Rock Hallelujah '' Lordi 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Russia 2007 12 May Helsinki Serbia `` Molitva '' ( Молитва ) Marija Šerifović 7002268000000000000 ♠ 268 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Ukraine 2008 24 May Belgrade Russia `` Believe '' Dima Bilan 7002272000000000000 ♠ 272 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ukraine 2009 16 May Moscow Norway `` Fairytale '' Alexander Rybak 7002387000000000000 ♠ 387 7002169000000000000 ♠ 169 Iceland 29 May Oslo Germany `` Satellite '' Lena 7002246000000000000 ♠ 246 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 Turkey 2011 14 May Düsseldorf Azerbaijan `` Running Scared '' Ell & Nikki 7002221000000000000 ♠ 221 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Italy 2012 26 May Baku Sweden `` Euphoria '' Loreen 7002372000000000000 ♠ 372 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 Russia 2013 18 May Malmö Denmark `` Only Teardrops '' Emmelie de Forest 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Azerbaijan 2014 10 May Copenhagen Austria `` Rise Like a Phoenix '' Conchita Wurst 7002290000000000000 ♠ 290 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Netherlands 2015 23 May Vienna Sweden `` Heroes '' Måns Zelmerlöw 7002365000000000000 ♠ 365 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Russia 2016 14 May Stockholm Ukraine `` 1944 '' Jamala 7002534000000000000 ♠ 534 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Australia 2017 13 May Kiev Portugal `` Amar pelos dois '' Salvador Sobral 7002758000000000000 ♠ 758 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 Bulgaria 2018 12 May Lisbon Israel `` Toy '' Netta Barzilai 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Cyprus 2019 TBA TBA For information about the winning songwriters of each year , see List of Eurovision Song Contest winning songwriters . Eleven Eurovision winners ( alongside three non-winners ) featured at the Congratulations concert in 2005 , in which ABBA 's `` Waterloo '' was voted the most popular song of the contest 's first fifty years . Ireland has finished first seven times , more than any other country , Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years ( 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ) , more consecutive years than any other country . Three countries have won twice in a row , Spain ( 1968 and 1969 ) , Luxembourg ( 1972 and 1973 ) and Israel ( 1978 and 1979 ) . Along with Switzerland 's win in the first contest , Serbia is the only other country to win with its debut entry ( in 2007 ) , though Serbia had competed prior as part of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro . Under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015 , the winner of the contest was decided by the final voting nation on eleven occasions . Changes to the voting system , including a steady growth in the number of countries participating and voting , means that the points earned are not comparable across the decades . Portugal 's Salvador Sobral holds the record of the highest number of points in the contest 's history , earning 758 with the song `` Amar pelos dois '' . Norway 's Alexander Rybak holds the largest margin of victory in absolute points , a 169 - point cushion over second place in 2009 . Italy 's Gigliola Cinquetti holds the record for largest victory by percentage , scoring almost three times as many as second place ( 49 points compared with 17 by the runner - up ) in the 1964 contest . Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015 , the lowest winning score was Norway 's Bobbysocks ! 123 points earned ( of the 216 available from the 18 other countries ) when winning Eurovision 1985 , while the lowest winning total ever is the 18 points ( of the 160 total votes cast by 16 countries ) scored by each of the four winning countries in 1969 . Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015 , in which each country gives maximum points to its first place choice , Sweden 's Loreen won Eurovision 2012 with the most ever first place votes earned , receiving first place votes from 18 of 41 countries ( excluding themselves ) . The 1976 United Kingdom entrant , Brotherhood of Man with the song `` Save Your Kisses For Me '' holds the record of the highest average score per participating country , with an average of 9.65 points received per country . 2011 winner Azerbaijan Eldar & Nigar , hold the lowest average score for a winning song under that system , receiving 5.14 points per country . The United Kingdom has finished second fifteen times at Eurovision ( most recently in 1998 ) , more than any other country . The most successful country never to have won the Contest is Malta , having finished second in 2002 and 2005 and third in 1992 and 1998 . Another island nation Iceland has also finished second twice , in 1999 and 2009 . There is no official runner - up for two of the contests -- 1956 and 1969 . In 1956 only the winner , Switzerland , was announced , whilst there were speculative reports that Germany ended up in second place with `` Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück '' by Walter Andreas Schwarz , given that Germany was chosen to host the 1957 contest . In 1969 four songs shared first place by achieving the same number of points ; fifth place was achieved by Switzerland , which is not considered an official runner - up , because of the draw for first place . Winners by year ( edit ) Map showing each country 's number of Eurovision wins up to and including 2018 . Wins Country Years 7 Ireland 1970 , 1980 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 6 Sweden 1974 , 1984 , 1991 , 1999 , 2012 , 2015 5 France 1958 , 1960 , 1962 , 1969 , 1977 Luxembourg 1961 , 1965 , 1972 , 1973 , 1983 United Kingdom 1967 , 1969 , 1976 , 1981 , 1997 Netherlands 1957 , 1959 , 1969 , 1975 Israel 1978 , 1979 , 1998 , 2018 Norway 1985 , 1995 , 2009 Denmark 1963 , 2000 , 2013 Spain 1968 , 1969 Switzerland 1956 , 1988 Italy 1964 , 1990 Germany 1982 , 2010 Austria 1966 , 2014 Ukraine 2004 , 2016 Monaco 1971 Belgium 1986 Yugoslavia 1989 Estonia 2001 Latvia 2002 Turkey 2003 Greece 2005 Finland 2006 Serbia 2007 Russia 2008 Azerbaijan 2011 Portugal 2017 Year 1969 is in italics to indicate joint ( 4 - way ) win . Ranking ( top 3 appearances ) ( edit ) Place Country Winner Runner up Third place Best place Ireland 7 Sweden 6 6 United Kingdom 5 15 France 5 7 5 Luxembourg 5 0 6 Israel 7 Netherlands 8 Denmark 9 Norway 10 Germany 5 11 Italy 5 12 Spain 13 Switzerland 14 Ukraine 15 Austria 0 16 Russia 17 Belgium 0 18 Monaco 19 Turkey 20 Azerbaijan 21 Greece 0 22 Estonia 0 23 Latvia 0 24 Serbia 0 25 Yugoslavia 0 0 26 Finland 0 0 27 Portugal 0 0 28 Malta 0 29 Iceland 0 0 30 Bulgaria 0 0 31 Australia 0 0 32 Cyprus 0 0 33 Poland 0 0 34 Serbia and Montenegro 0 0 35 Romania 0 0 36 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 37 Moldova 0 0 38 Croatia 0 0 0 39 Hungary 0 0 0 40 Armenia 0 0 0 41 Albania 0 0 0 5 42 Lithuania 0 0 0 6 43 Belarus 0 0 0 6 44 Czech Republic 0 0 0 6 45 Slovenia 0 0 0 7 46 Georgia 0 0 0 9 47 Macedonia 0 0 0 12 48 Montenegro 0 0 0 13 49 Slovakia 0 0 0 18 50 Morocco 0 0 0 18 51 San Marino 0 0 0 24 52 Andorra 0 0 0 12 ( semifinal ) By language ( edit ) English ( 46.26 % ) French ( 20.89 % ) Hebrew ( 5.79 % ) Dutch ( 4.48 % ) German ( 2.99 % ) Norwegian ( 2.99 % ) Swedish ( 2.99 % ) Italian ( 2.99 % ) Spanish ( 2.99 % ) Danish ( 1.49 % ) Ukrainian ( 1.49 % ) Croatian ( 1.49 % ) Serbian ( 1.49 % ) Crimean Tatar ( 1.49 % ) Portuguese ( 1.49 % ) Between 1966 and 1973 , and again between 1977 and 1998 , countries were only permitted to perform in their own language ; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article . Wins Language Years Countries 32 English 1967 , 1969 , 1970 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 United Kingdom , Ireland , Sweden , Netherlands , Denmark , Estonia , Latvia , Turkey , Ukraine , Greece , Finland , Russia , Norway , Germany , Azerbaijan , Austria , Israel 14 French 1956 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1983 , 1986 , 1988 Switzerland , France , Luxembourg , Monaco , Belgium Hebrew 1978 , 1979 , 1998 , 2018 Israel Dutch 1957 , 1959 , 1969 Netherlands Italian 1964 , 1990 Italy German 1966 , 1982 Austria , Germany Spanish 1968 , 1969 Spain Swedish 1984 , 1991 Sweden Norwegian 1985 , 1995 Norway Danish 1963 Denmark Croatian 1989 Yugoslavia Ukrainian Ukraine Serbian 2007 Serbia Crimean Tatar 2016 Ukraine Portuguese 2017 Portugal Photogallery ( edit ) Lys Assia , winner of the 1956 contest for Switzerland . Corry Brokken , winner of the 1957 contest for The Netherlands . André Claveau , winner of the 1958 contest for France . Teddy Scholten , winner of the 1959 contest for The Netherlands . Jacqueline Boyer , winner of the 1960 contest for France . Jean - Claude Pascal , winner of the 1961 contest for Luxembourg . Isabelle Aubret , winner of the 1962 contest for France . Jørgen & Grethe Ingmann , winners of the 1963 contest for Denmark . Gigliola Cinquetti , winner of the 1964 contest for Italy . France Gall , winner of the 1965 contest for Luxembourg . Udo Jürgens , winner of the 1966 contest for Austria . Sandie Shaw , winner of the 1967 contest for the United Kingdom . Massiel , winner of the 1968 contest for Spain . Lulu , one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for the United Kingdom . Frida Boccara , one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for France . Lenny Kuhr , one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for The Netherlands . Dana , winner of the 1970 contest for Ireland . Vicky Leandros , winner of the 1972 contest for Luxembourg . Anne - Marie David , winner of the 1973 contest for Luxembourg . ABBA , winners of the 1974 and the 50th anniversary contests for Sweden . Teach - In , winners of the 1975 contest for The Netherlands . Brotherhood of Man , winners of the 1976 contest for the United Kingdom Marie Myriam , winner of the 1977 contest for France . Gali Atari , winner ( together with Milk and Honey ) of the 1979 contest for Israel . Johnny Logan , winner of the 1980 and 1987 contests for Ireland . Bucks Fizz , winners of the 1981 contest for the United Kingdom . Nicole Hohloch , winner of the 1982 contest for Germany . Richard Herrey from Herreys , winners of the 1984 contest for Sweden . Bobbysocks ! , winners of the 1985 contest for Norway . Sandra Kim , winner of the 1986 contest for Belgium . Celine Dion , winner of the 1988 contest for Switzerland . Toto Cutugno , winner of the 1990 contest for Italy . Carola Häggkvist , winner of the 1991 contest for Sweden . Linda Martin , winner of the 1992 contest for Ireland . Niamh Kavanagh , winner of the 1993 contest for Ireland . Secret Garden , winner of the 1995 contest for Norway . Katrina and the Waves , winners of the 1997 contest for the United Kingdom . Dana International , winner of the 1998 contest for Israel . Charlotte Nilsson , winner of the 1999 contest for Sweden . Olsen Brothers , winners of the 2000 contest for Denmark . Dave Benton , winner ( together with Tanel Padar and 2XL ) of the 2001 contest for Estonia . Marie N , winner of the 2002 contest for Latvia . Sertab Erener , winner of the 2003 contest for Turkey . Ruslana , winner of the 2004 contest for Ukraine . Helena Paparizou , winner of the 2005 contest for Greece . Lordi , winner of the 2006 contest for Finland . Marija Šerifović , winner of the 2007 contest for Serbia . Dima Bilan , winner of the 2008 contest for Russia . Alexander Rybak , winner of the 2009 contest for Norway . Lena , winner of the 2010 contest for Germany . Ell & Nikki , winners of the 2011 contest for Azerbaijan . Loreen , winner of the 2012 contest for Sweden . Emmelie de Forest , winner of the 2013 contest for Denmark . Conchita Wurst , winner of the 2014 contest for Austria . Måns Zelmerlöw , winner of the 2015 contest for Sweden . Jamala , winner of the 2016 contest for Ukraine . Salvador Sobral , winner of the 2017 contest for Portugal . Netta , winner of the 2018 contest for Israel . See also ( edit ) Eurovision portal List of Eurovision Song Contest winning songwriters Eurovision Song Contest winners discography List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest winners Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since 2004 , the contest has included a televised semi-final : : -- In 2004 held on the Wednesday before the final : -- Between 2005 and 2007 held on the Thursday of `` Eurovision Week '' Jump up ^ Since 2008 the contest has included two semi-finals , held on the Tuesday and Thursday before the final . Jump up ^ 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1991 , 1993 , 1998 , 2002 and 2003 . Jump up ^ the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins , one before , one after German reunification . The map depicts the outline of Germany during both of their wins . Jump up ^ the Federal Republic of Germany has two wins , one before , one after German reunification ^ Jump up to : This song was partially sung in Ukrainian . ^ Jump up to : This song was partially sung in Crimean Tatar . ^ Jump up to : This song was partially sung in Hebrew . ^ Jump up to : Croatian ( the language of the 1989 winning song ) and Serbian ( the language of the 2007 winning song ) are fully mutually intelligible and often considered varieties of a single language , Serbo - Croatian . However , they are listed separately in Eurovision statistics . Jump up ^ `` Nocturne '' features unaccredited vocals from Norwegian singer Gunnhild Tvinnereim . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extract from the rules for the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved on 22 August 2007 . Archived May 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eurovision 1956 . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved on 24 May 2008 . Archived May 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John Kennedy . The Eurovision Song Contest -- The Official History . Carlton Books , UK . 2007 ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 994 - 3 Jump up ^ BBC News ( 6 December 2005 ) . ABBA 's Bjorn says no to reunion . Retrieved on 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ ABBA win ' Eurovision 50th ' vote . BBC News ( 23 October 2005 ) . Retrieved on 22 August 2007 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winners of the Eurovision Song Contest . Eurovision Song Contest history . Eurovision.tv . Retrieved on 19 August 2007 . History . ESCtoday.com . Retrieved on 19 August 2007 . John Kennedy O'Connor ( 2005 ) . The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History . London : Carlton Books Limited . ISBN 1 - 84442 - 586 - X . Eurovision Song Contest Entries History Host cities Languages Presenters Rules Voting Winners Winners discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Countries Active Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Luxembourg Monaco Morocco Slovakia Turkey Former Lebanon Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Relations Armenia -- Azerbaijan Russia -- Ukraine National selections Current Albania Armenia Belarus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Moldova Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Former Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Estonia Finland Greece Ellinikós Telikós Eurosong - A MAD Show Ireland The Late Late Show You 're a Star Israel Latvia Eirodziesma Dziesma Lithuania Macedonia Malta Montenegro Netherlands Serbia and Montenegro Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Video Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award Television and concerts Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe Kvalifikacija za Millstreet Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Best of Eurovision Eurovision Song Contest 's Greatest Hits Category Portal List of Eurovision Song Contest winners Winning countries 1950s Switzerland Netherlands France Netherlands 1960s France Luxembourg France Denmark Italy Luxembourg Austria United Kingdom Spain France Netherlands Spain United Kingdom 1970s Ireland Monaco Luxembourg Luxembourg Sweden Netherlands United Kingdom France Israel Israel 1980s Ireland United Kingdom Germany Luxembourg Sweden Norway Belgium Ireland Switzerland Yugoslavia 1990s Italy Sweden Ireland Ireland Ireland Norway Ireland United Kingdom Israel Sweden 2000s Denmark Estonia Latvia Turkey Ukraine Greece Finland Serbia Russia Norway 2010s Germany Azerbaijan Sweden Denmark Austria Sweden Ukraine Portugal Israel Winning performers 1950s Lys Assia Corry Brokken André Claveau Teddy Scholten 1960s Jacqueline Boyer Jean - Claude Pascal Isabelle Aubret Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann Gigliola Cinquetti France Gall Udo Jürgens Sandie Shaw Massiel Frida Boccara Lenny Kuhr Lulu Salomé 1970s Dana Séverine Vicky Leandros Anne - Marie David ABBA Teach - In Brotherhood of Man Marie Myriam Izhar Cohen / Alphabeta Gali Atari / Milk and Honey 1980s Johnny Logan Bucks Fizz Nicole Corinne Hermès Herreys Bobbysocks ! Sandra Kim Johnny Logan Celine Dion Riva 1990s Toto Cutugno Carola Linda Martin Niamh Kavanagh Paul Harrington / Charlie McGettigan Secret Garden Eimear Quinn Katrina and the Waves Dana International Charlotte Nilsson 2000s Olsen Brothers Tanel Padar / Dave Benton / 2XL Marie N . Sertab Erener Ruslana Helena Paparizou Lordi Marija Šerifović Dima Bilan Alexander Rybak 2010s Lena Ell & Nikki Loreen Emmelie de Forest Conchita Wurst Måns Zelmerlöw Jamala Salvador Sobral Netta Winning songs 1950s `` Refrain '' `` Net als toen '' `` Dors , mon amour '' `` ' n Beetje '' 1960s `` Tom Pillibi '' `` Nous les amoureux '' `` Un premier amour '' `` Dansevise '' `` Non ho l'età '' `` Poupée de cire , poupée de son '' `` Merci , Chérie '' `` Puppet on a String '' `` La , la , la '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' `` Un jour , un enfant '' `` De troubadour '' `` Vivo cantando '' 1970s `` All Kinds of Everything '' `` Un banc , un arbre , une rue '' `` Après toi '' `` Tu te reconnaîtras '' `` Waterloo '' `` Ding - a-dong '' `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' `` L'oiseau et l'enfant '' `` A-Ba - Ni - Bi '' `` Hallelujah '' 1980s `` What 's Another Year '' `` Making Your Mind Up '' `` Ein bißchen Frieden '' `` Si la vie est cadeau '' `` Diggi - Loo Diggi - Ley '' `` La det swinge '' `` J'aime la vie '' `` Hold Me Now '' `` Ne partez pas sans moi '' `` Rock Me '' 1990s `` Insieme : 1992 '' `` Fångad av en stormvind '' `` Why Me ? '' `` In Your Eyes '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Kids '' `` Nocturne '' `` The Voice '' `` Love Shine a Light '' `` Diva '' `` Take Me to Your Heaven '' 2000s `` Fly on the Wings of Love '' `` Everybody '' `` I Wanna '' `` Everyway That I Can '' `` Wild Dances '' `` My Number One '' `` Hard Rock Hallelujah '' `` Molitva '' `` Believe '' `` Fairytale '' 2010s `` Satellite '' `` Running Scared '' `` Euphoria '' `` Only Teardrops '' `` Rise Like a Phoenix '' `` Heroes '' `` 1944 '' `` Amar pelos dois '' `` Toy '' Winning songwriters 1950s Géo Voumard / Émile Gardaz Guus Jansen / Willy van Hemert Hubert Giraud / Pierre Delanoë Dick Schallies / Willy van Hemert 1960s André Popp / Pierre Cour Jacques Datin / Maurice Vidalin Claude - Henri Vic / Roland Valande Otto Francker / Sejr Volmer - Sørensen Nicola Salerno / Mario Panzeri Serge Gainsbourg Udo Jürgens / Udo Jürgens , Thomas Hörbiger Bill Martin , Phil Coulter Manuel de la Calva , Ramón Arcusa David Hartsema / Lenny Kuhr Alan Moorhouse / Peter Warne María José de Cerato / Aniano Alcalde Émile Stern / Eddy Marnay 1970s Derry Lindsay , Jackie Smith Jean - Pierre Bourtayre / Yves Dessca Mario Panas , Klaus Munro / Yves Dessca , Klaus Munro Claude Morgan / Vline Buggy Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus , Stig Anderson Dick Bakker / Will Luikinga , Eddy Ouwens Tony Hiller , Lee Sheriden , Martin Lee Jean - Paul Cara / Joe Gracy Nurit Hirsh / Ehud Manor Kobi Oshrat / Shimrit Orr ( he ) 1980s Shay Healy Andy Hill , John Danter Ralph Siegel / Bernd Meinunger Jean - Pierre Millers / Alain Garcia Torgny Söderberg / Britt Lindeborg Rolf Løvland Jean Paul Furnémon , Angelo Crisci / Rosario Marino Atria Johnny Logan Nella Martinetti , Atilla Şereftuğ Rajko Dujmić / Stevo Cvikić 1990s Toto Cutugno Stephan Berg Johnny Logan Jimmy Walsh Brendan Graham Rolf Løvland / Petter Skavland Brendan Graham Kimberley Rew Svika Pick / Yoav Ginai Lars Diedricson / Marcos Ubeda 2000s Jørgen Olsen Ivar Must / Maian - Anna Kärmas Marija Naumova / Marija Naumova , Marats Samauskis Demir Demirkan , Sertab Erener / Demir Demirkan Ruslana Lyzhychko / Ruslana Lyzhychko , Alexandr Ksenofontov Christos Dantis / Christos Dantis , Natalia Germanou Mr Lordi Vladimir Graić / Saša Milošević Mare Dima Bilan , Jim Beanz Alexander Rybak 2010s Julie Frost , John Gordon ( da ) Stefan Örn , Sandra Bjurman , Iain James Farquharson Thomas G : son , Peter Boström Lise Cabble , Julia Fabrin Jakobsen , Thomas Stengaard Charlie Mason , Joey Patulka , Ali Zuckwoski , Julian Maas Anton Hård af Segerstad , Joy Deb , Linnea Deb Jamala , Art Antonyan Luísa Sobral Doron Medalie , Stav Beger ( he ) Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_winners&oldid=843401215 '' Categories : Eurovision Song Contest winners Eurovision Song Contest related lists Lists of award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Interlanguage link template link number Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 34 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Eurovision%20Song%20Contest%20winners
| 1,610 |
actor who plays joey on days of our lives
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Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives , an American soap opera on the NBC network , currently portrayed by James Lastovic . Introduced in 2008 , Joey was created by head writers Dena Higley and Victor Gialanella as the youngest child of supercouple , Steve `` Patch '' Johnson and Kayla Brady ( Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans ) . The role was originated by siblings Brody and Jonas -- who vacated the role in 2009 when the character was written out . Child actor , Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014 . In 2015 , the character was rapidly aged to 16 when Lastovic stepped into the role . Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues . It is later revealed that Joey has secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla 's reunion . Unbeknownst to Joey , Ava is his father 's ex-lover and has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family .
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James Lastovic
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Joey Johnson ( Days of Our Lives )
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joey johnson ( days of our lives )
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Joey Johnson is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives , an American soap opera on the NBC network , currently portrayed by James Lastovic . Introduced in 2008 , Joey was created by head writers Dena Higley and Victor Gialanella as the youngest child of supercouple , Steve `` Patch '' Johnson and Kayla Brady ( Stephen Nichols and Mary Beth Evans ) . The role was originated by siblings Brody and Jonas -- who vacated the role in 2009 when the character was written out . Child actor , Jadon Wells appeared in the role of Joey on a recurring basis from 2012 to 2014 . In 2015 , the character was rapidly aged to 16 when Lastovic stepped into the role . Joey returns having skipped out on boarding school suffering from abandonment issues . It is later revealed that Joey has secretly been conspiring with Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to orchestrate Patch and Kayla 's reunion . Unbeknownst to Joey , Ava is his father 's ex-lover and has caused quite a bit of trouble for Kayla and the rest of the Brady family .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 2008 -- 14 1.2 2015 -- 2 Development 2.1 Creation and casting 2.2 Teen years ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Departure 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) 2008 -- 14 ( edit ) In February 2008 , the Brady family travels to Ireland to reunite patriarch Shawn Brady ( Frank Parker ) with his dying sister Colleen Brady ( Shirley Jones ) . During their trip , Kayla and Steve learn she is pregnant . On their way back to Salem , the family is involved in a plane crash that kills Shawn . It is later revealed that , Steve 's deranged ex-lover Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) is responsible for the accident . Meanwhile , Kayla is trying to save her brother Bo 's life ( Peter Reckell ) and the stress causes pregnancy complications . Kayla goes into premature labor and gives birth to her baby boy at 26 weeks . She names him Joe after his paternal grandmother , Jo Johnson . Joe grows stronger only to be kidnapped in the summer of 2008 by Stefano DiMera ( Joseph Mascolo ) . Joe leaves town in early 2009 with his parents . Though off screen , Joe comes back to town in 2011 when his parents separate and later divorce . Joe ( Jadon Wells ) first appears onscreen in late 2012 during the Christmas episodes . The character is limited to special appearances during Christmas episodes and is last seen in December 2014 during a Christmas party . 2015 -- ( edit ) In August 2015 , a now 16 year old , Joe , also known as Joey returns to Salem with Steve . Joey had left boarding school and found his father in New York City . Joey acts out because he resents Steve for abandoning the family . When Steve leaves town to find Joey 's uncle Bo , Joey stows away on the plane . After the two have a heart to heart , where Steve recounts the story of how he and Kayla fell in love , Joey returns home . However , Joey continues causing trouble when he sabotages the electricity in the library at Salem High . Joey bonds with Theo Carver ( Kyler Pettis ) during Salem 's bicentennial celebration and he ends up collapsing outside . Theo gets help and Joey is rushed to the hospital . Steve makes it back in time to see Joey in the hospital and Kayla reveals that there a drugs in his system . However , Joey denies ever taking drugs . While he recovers and gets released from the hospital , it is later revealed that Joey is working with Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to orchestrate his parents ' reunion -- unaware of her past . After his parents reunite , Steve and Kayla discover Ava 's back in Salem and assume Joey has been working with her , but he denies it . Joey later admits to Ava that he is in love with her and he kisses her but Ava rejects him and reveals that she is dying . Kayla finds them together and demands that he stay away from her . Joey confides in Steve about his feelings for Ava and is shocked to learn Ava 's past and that she may have given birth to Steve 's son . Ava later kidnaps Kayla forcing Steve to cooperate with her in exchange for her release and Joey walks on them as they are about to make love . Ava forces Steve to leave town with her and gives Joey Kayla 's location to free her . Though they are reunited as a family , Steve 's betrayal leaves Joey bitter and angry . Development ( edit ) Creation and casting ( edit ) On November 24 , 2012 , Mary Beth Evans announced that child actor Jadon Wells would make his debut in the role of Joey in December 2012 . Wells is the real life son of actor Dan Wells who had previously appeared on the series as Stan , the male alter ego of Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) . Jadon 's appearances were limited to special Christmas episodes and he last appeared in December 2014 . In March 2015 , it was reported that Days of Our Lives had released two casting notices -- one of which was for the contract role of the 16 year old Joey . In April 2015 , talent agency John Robert Powers San Diego announced that James Lastovic had been cast in the role of Joey Johnson with a two - year contract . Five months prior , Lastovic had quit his day job to do a play for $25 a week . `` I had money saved up from the one commercial that I had done and thought I could use the money from that to do the play . '' However , the play lasted longer than expected and Lastovic ran out of money . `` I was so broke that I looked forward to the dinner scene '' so he could eat . Fortunately , Lastovic booked Days as the play ended . Lastovic had actually auditioned for the series three years prior . While he was n't sure for what role he auditioned for Lastovic revealed , `` I had the same exact sides when I read for Joey ! '' Lastovic filmed his first scenes in March 2015 and made his debut on August 28 , 2015 . During the audition process , Lastovic watched a few episodes of the series to prepare . Casting director Marnie Saitta later informed the young actor that he 'd be working with two `` adored '' veterans in Mary Beth Evans ( Kayla ) and Stephen Nichols ( Patch ) . `` I looked them up online and found some of their scenes from the 1980s . I saw how good they were and I was instantly excited to get to work with them '' Lastovic revealed . After he booked the role , Lastovic admitted that he got hooked on the show when he went back to watch Patch and Kayla 's love story . Teen years ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Stephen Nichols on Joey He 's very resentful . He does n't want to address his father 's absence . He 's just kind of silent and stoic about the whole thing . It 's hard to get two words out of the kid . `` '' Michael Logan , TV Insider The production team wanted to establish a teenage set in time for the show 's 50th anniversary and Lastovic 's casting was just the first in a slew of castings . Executive producer Ken Corday said `` Joey will be giving Patch the ' rebel ' a little of his own medicine ! '' Lastovic was very nervous about playing such an important role but Mary Beth Evans invited him over to her home and greeted him with freshly baked cookies . `` Seeing Mary Beth holding that plate of cookies , I immediately felt that motherly connection . '' He credited Evans and Stephen Nichols for making him comfortable . Lastovic also founded a mentor in costar Casey Moss who had joined the series two years prior in the similar role of troubled teenager JJ Deveraux -- Joey 's cousin . `` I think he could see a little bit of himself in me '' Lastovic said . Lastovic later admitted that his nerves worked well for his first scenes as Joey had recently run away from boarding school -- `` he was supposed to be nervous . '' So much is changing Joey at the time of his return . `` He 's just beginning to experience all these new emotions , so he 's feeling a little lost . '' Joey 's needing his parents helps bring Patch and Kayla back together after years of estrangement . A promo for the show 's 50th anniversary in November 2015 revealed that Joey is secretly conspiring with his father 's ex-lover and family rival Ava Vitali ( Tamara Braun ) to help reunite his parents . Departure ( edit ) In March 2017 , after a cryptic tweet by Lastovic 's mother , Lucienne , it was rumored that the actor 's contract with the series had not been renewed . On Wednesday , August 16 , the rumors were proven through by Lastovic himself in an Instagram post , he last aired on August 22 when the character going to prison for Ava 's murder . Reception ( edit ) Omar White - Nobles of TVSource Magazine praised the decision to age Joey along with the other characters in time for the show 's 50th anniversary . `` I may be 29 , but I 'm a fan of the multi-generational aspect of the continuing narrative . '' Lastovic 's debut was `` highly anticipated '' as it coincided with the onscreen return of Stephen Nichols as Patch . Soap Opera Digest included the actor in its list of the `` Hottest Newcomers '' for the year 2015 . Daytime Confidential also listed Lastovic as number five on their own list of the `` Top 20 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 . '' The blog praised Lastovic for his portrayal and said Joey 's habit of acting out and causing grief for his mother `` helps to further ground the Johnsons as Salem 's relatable , working central family . '' Omar Nobles said Joey return provided Kayla with `` a greater purpose and more attention in just a few short weeks than the four years since she returned to the show . '' He continued , `` That 's smart planning . That 's smart creative . '' The website also praised Lastovic as being one of the strongest of the new younger actors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 2008 '' . Days of Our Lives . Sony Pictures Television . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jadon Wells makes his debut as Steve & Kayla ... '' November 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dexter Season 8 -- Jadon Wells To Play Harrison '' . Dexter Weekly News . February 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Non-Contract Archive '' . Jason47 's Days of Our Lives Website . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TEEN CASTING AT DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . March 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Casts James Lastovic as Steve and Kayla 's Son Joey ? '' . About.com . United States : IAC . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hottest Newcomers of 2015 '' . Days of Our Lives : James Lastovic ( Joey ) . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 41 ) : 61 . October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Robert ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Generation Next '' . Interviews . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 39 ) : 44 -- 47 . Jump up ^ `` Bloodline '' . Scene & Heard . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 40 ( 38 ) : 53 . September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Patch Is Back ! Stephen Nichols Previews His Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Insider . TVGM Holdings , LLC ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Look : Days of Our Lives Grows a New Teen Set Practically Overnight '' . TV Insider . TVGM Holdings , LLC ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Is On FIYAH ! Watch The Scorching Hot NBC Promo Of What 's To Come ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` REPORT : James Lastovic out at DAYS '' . Soapcentral.com . United States . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` James Lastovic out at Days in August '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` James Lastovic Shares Emotional Message To His DAYS Family ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nobles , Omar ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of our Lives ' Creative Course Correction is off to a Great Start '' . TV Source Magazine . SoSource Media , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` DAYS Promo : Stephen Nichols Returns ! Serena Is Murdered ! Chad In Wrong Place At Wrong Time ? '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2015 '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Coryon ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of our Lives ' Week In Review : Celebrations , Returns and Introductions '' . TVSource Magazine . SoSource Media , LLC . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` Joey Johnson Days of Our Lives '' . Soaps.com . SheKnows Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Johnson_(Days_of_Our_Lives)&oldid=815228915 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional murderers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey%20Johnson%20%28Days%20of%20Our%20Lives%29
| 1,611 |
who prepared urea for the first time by heating ammonium cyanide
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Wöhler synthesis
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wohler synthesis
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The Wöhler synthesis is the conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea .
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Overview ( edit ) This chemical reaction was discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wöhler in an attempt to synthesize ammonium cyanate . It is considered the starting point of modern organic chemistry . Although the Wöhler reaction concerns the conversion of ammonium cyanate , this salt appears only as an ( unstable ) intermediate . Wöhler demonstrated the reaction in his original publication with different sets of reactants : a combination of cyanic acid and ammonia , a combination of silver cyanate and ammonium chloride , a combination of lead cyanate and ammonia and finally from a combination of mercury cyanate and cyanatic ammonia ( which is again cyanic acid with ammonia ) . The reaction can be demonstrated by starting with solutions of potassium cyanate and ammonium chloride which are mixed , heated and cooled again . An additional proof of the chemical transformation is obtained by adding a solution of oxalic acid which forms urea oxalate as a white precipitate . Alternatively the reaction can be carried out with lead cyanate and ammonia . The actual reaction taking place is a double displacement reaction to form ammonium cyanate : Pb ( NCO ) 2 + 2 NH 3 + 2 H 2 O ⟶ Pb ( OH ) 2 + 2 NH 4 ( NCO ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Pb ( NCO ) 2 ) + ( 2NH3 ) + 2H2O - > ( Pb ( OH ) 2 ) + ( 2NH4 ( NCO ) ) ) ) ) Ammonium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and cyanic acid which in turn react to produce urea in a nucleophilic addition followed by tautomeric isomerization : NH 4 ( CNO ) ⟶ NH 3 + HNCO ↽ − − ⇀ ( NH 2 ) 2 CO ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NH4 ( CNO ) ) - > ( NH3 ) + HNCO ( ( NH2 ) 2CO ) ) ) ) Complexation with oxalic acid helps to drive this chemical equilibrium to completion . The Wöhler synthesis is of great historical significance because for the first time an organic compound was produced from inorganic reactants . This finding went against the mainstream theory of that time called vitalism which stated that organic matter possessed a special force or vital force inherent to all things living . For this reason a sharp boundary existed between organic and inorganic compounds . Urea was discovered in 1799 and could until then only be obtained from biological sources such as urine . Wöhler reported to his mentor Berzelius `` I can not , so to say , hold my chemical water and must tell you that I can make urea without thereby needing to have kidneys , or anyhow , an animal , be it human or dog '' . It is argued that organic chemistry did not actually start with this discovery in 1828 but 4 years earlier with the synthesis of oxalic acid in 1824 also by Wöhler and also from the inorganic precursor cyanogen . It is also argued that vitalism was not put to bed either in 1828 . His contemporaries Liebig and Pasteur never abandoned vitalism and it took until 1845 when Kolbe repeated an inorganic -- organic conversion of carbon disulfide to acetic acid before vitalism started to lose supporters in serious numbers . References ( edit ) ^ Friedrich Wöhler ( 1828 ) . `` Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs '' . Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 88 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 256 . Bibcode : 1828AnP ... 88 ... 253W . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18280880206 . ^ Wöhler 's Synthesis of Urea : How Do the Textbooks Report It ? Paul S. Cohen , Stephen M. Cohen J. Chem. Educ. 1996 73 883 Abstract ^ A Demonstration of Wöhler 's Experiment : Preparation of Urea from Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Cyanate Zoltán Tóth. J. Chem. Educ. 1996 73 539 . Abstract ^ Recreation of Wöhler 's Synthesis of Urea : An Undergraduate Organic Laboratory Exercise James D. Batchelor , Everett E. Carpenter , Grant N. Holder , Cassandra T. Eagle , Jon Fielder , Jared Cummings The Chemical Educator 1 / Vol. 3 , NO . 6 1998 ISSN 1430 - 4171 Online article P. Walden ( 1928 ) . `` Die Bedeutung der Wöhlerschen Harnstoff - Synthese '' . Naturwissenschaften. 16 ( 45 -- 47 ) : 835 -- 849 . Bibcode : 1928NW ... 16 ... 835W . doi : 10.1007 / BF01451626 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Wöhler_synthesis&oldid = 803042626 '' Categories : Name reactions Organic reactions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 02 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sings while my guitar gently weeps with santana
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Among other cover versions , the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot , Phish and Charlie Byrd , and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro . Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam . Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven : The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time , in 2010 , featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo - Yo Ma . Released as a single , it charted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary . In 2016 , Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings , accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen .
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India Arie
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While My Guitar Gently Weeps
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while my guitar gently weeps
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`` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) . It was written by George Harrison , partly as an exercise in randomness after he consulted the Chinese I Ching . The song also serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles at the time . The recording includes a lead guitar part played by Eric Clapton , although he was not formally credited for his contribution .
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`` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ranks 136th on Rolling Stone 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , seventh on the magazine 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' , and tenth on its list of `` The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs '' . Guitar World magazine 's February 2012 online poll voted `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' the best of George Harrison 's Beatles - era songs . Clapton 's performance ranked 42nd in Guitar World 's October 2008 list of the `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 2 Musical structure 3 Personnel 4 Performances 5 Cover versions 6 2016 music video 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Composition and recording ( edit ) Inspiration for the song came to Harrison when reading the I Ching , which , as Harrison put it , `` seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else , as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental '' . Taking this idea of relativism to his parents ' home in northern England , Harrison committed to write a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a random book . He later explained the process : I wrote `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at my mother 's house in Warrington . I was thinking about the Chinese I Ching , ' The Book of Changes `` . The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be , and that there 's no such thing as coincidence -- every little item that 's going down has a purpose . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was a simple study based on that theory . I decided to write a song based on the first thing I saw upon opening any book -- as it would be relative to that moment , at that time . I picked up a book at random , opened it , saw `` gently weeps '' , then laid the book down again and started the song . The initial incarnation was not final , as Harrison said : `` Some of the words to the song were changed before I finally recorded it . '' A demo recorded at George 's home in Esher includes an unused verse : I look at the trouble and see that it 's raging , While my guitar gently weeps . As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing , Still , my guitar gently weeps . As well as an unused line in the very beginning : The problems you sow , are the troubles you 're reaping , Still , my guitar gently weeps . This line was eventually omitted in favour of the one appearing on The Beatles . An early acoustic guitar and organ demo of the song featured a slightly different third verse : I look from the wings at the play you are staging , While my guitar gently weeps . As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing , Still , my guitar gently weeps . This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix , with a string arrangement by George Martin . The band recorded the song several times . Take 1 on 25 July 1968 involved Harrison on his Gibson J - 200 acoustic guitar and an overdubbed harmonium . Sessions on 16 August and 3 and 5 September included a version with a backward ( or `` backmasked '' ) guitar solo ( as Harrison had done for `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' on Revolver ) , but Harrison was not satisfied . On 6 September 1968 , during a ride from Surrey into London , Harrison asked friend Eric Clapton to contribute lead guitar to the song . Clapton was reluctant , saying later , `` Nobody ever plays on the Beatles ' records '' ; but Harrison convinced him , and Clapton 's guitar parts , using Harrison 's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar `` Lucy '' ( a recent gift from Clapton ) , were recorded that evening . Harrison later said that in addition to his contribution , Clapton 's presence had another effect on the band : `` It made them all try a bit harder ; they were all on their best behaviour . '' Clapton wanted a more `` Beatley '' sound , so the sound was run through an ADT circuit with `` varispeed , '' with engineer Chris Thomas manually ' waggling ' the oscillator : `` apparently Eric said that he did n't want it to sound like him . So I was just sitting there wobbling the thing , they wanted it really extreme , so that 's what I did . '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was one of three songs on The Beatles where Paul McCartney experimented with the Fender Jazz Bass ( the others being `` Glass Onion '' and `` Yer Blues '' ) instead of his Hofner and Rickenbacker basses . According to Walter Everett 's book The Beatles as Musicians , John Lennon 's electric guitar is audible only in the coda with the tremolo switched on . Musical structure ( edit ) The song is in Am , with a shift to a ♭ 7 ( Am / G ) on `` all '' ( bass note G ) and a 6 ( D ( major 3rd F ♯ ) ) after `` love '' ( bass note F ♯ ) to a ♭ 6 ( Fmaj ) on `` sleeping '' ( bass note F ) . This 8 -- ♭ 7 -- 6 -- ♭ 6 progression has been described as an Aeolian / Dorian hybrid . Everett notes that the change from the minor mode verse ( A -- B ) to the parallel major for the bridge might express hope that `` unrealized potential '' described in the lyrics is to be `` fulfilled '' , but that the continued minor triads ( III , VI and II ) `` seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded '' . Clapton 's guitar contribution has been described as making this a `` monumental '' track ; particularly notable features include the increasing lengths of thrice - heard first scale degrees ( 0 : 17 -- 0 : 19 ) , the restraint showed by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances ( as at 0 : 28 -- 0 : 29 ) , commanding turnaround phrases ( 0 : 31 -- 0 : 33 ) , expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C ♯ ( 0 : 47 -- 0 : 53 ) , power retransition ( 1 : 21 -- 1 : 24 ) , emotive vibrato ( 2 : 01 -- 2 : 07 ) , and a solo ( 1 : 55 -- 2 : 31 ) with a `` measured rise in intensity , rhythmic activity , tonal drive and registral climb '' . Personnel ( edit ) George Harrison -- double - tracked vocals , backing vocal , acoustic guitar , twelve - string guitar , Hammond organ Paul McCartney -- harmony vocal , piano , bass John Lennon -- electric guitar with tremolo Ringo Starr -- drums , tambourine , castanets Eric Clapton -- lead guitar ( uncredited ) Personnel per Ian MacDonald Anthology 3 version George Harrison -- vocals , acoustic guitar Paul McCartney -- organ Love version George Harrison - vocals , acoustic guitar Paul McCartney - organ George Martin - string arrangement Performances ( edit ) On The Concert for Bangladesh , Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland hollow body guitar , and later acknowledged that a solid - body guitar would have been more appropriate . The version in the Prince 's Trust Rock Concert 1987 ( released on DVD by Panorama ) reunited Harrison , Starr and Clapton , and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving . Mark King ( of Level 42 ) played McCartney 's bass line . On their 1991 tour of Japan , Harrison and Clapton performed a live version of `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' with additional background vocals . An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo performances of the song is included on the album Live in Japan . On 3 June 2002 , within the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden , Paul McCartney performed the song with Clapton , as a tribute to George Harrison who had died the year before . They were introduced by George Martin . The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace . On 29 November the same year , McCartney , Starr , Dhani Harrison , Jeff Lynne , Marc Mann , and Clapton performed `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison . This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal and playing his original guitar solo while McCartney provided background vocals and piano ; Mann played Clapton 's original fills during the verses . In 2004 , Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' was played in tribute by Tom Petty vocals / guitar , Jeff Lynne vocals / guitar , Steve Winwood Hammond organ , Billy Preston keyboards , Scott Thurston Bass Guitar , Steve Ferrone Drums , Jim Capaldi percussion and tambourine , Marc Mann lead guitar , Dhani Harrison vocals / guitar , concluding with the guitar solo by fellow inductee Prince . Cover versions ( edit ) Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' on his 1990 album Hell to Pay . Harrison participated in the recording , contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals . Also issued as a single , Healey 's version peaked at number 27 in Canada , number 85 in the UK and number 25 in New Zealand . American musician Todd Rundgren covered `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World : A Tribute to George Harrison . Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute : `` ( Before the Beatles ) , I 'd never heard the term ' lead guitarist . ' George created the job description for my first paying gig , the vocation that I 'm still lucky enough to practice today ... '' Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection 's highlights , saying that Rundgren `` effortlessly replicates the grandeur '' of the Beatles ' track . As his personal tribute to Harrison , Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now . Among other cover versions , the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot , Phish and Charlie Byrd , and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro . Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam . Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven : The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time , in 2010 , featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo - Yo Ma . Released as a single , it charted on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary . In 2016 , Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings , accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen . 2016 music video ( edit ) In 2016 a music video was created by Apple Corps Ltd. and Cirque du Soleil . The video is based on a 10th anniversary re-staging of the song for Love , Cirque du Soleil 's theatrical production . The video was directed by Dandypunk , André Kasten and Leah Moyer . Ryan reed , describing the clip in rollingstone.com , wrote that `` Dandypunk 's hand - drawn illustrations depict Harrison 's lyrics falling off the page into the air , transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations . Projection mapping -- and no CGI -- was used to create the clip . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Henriques , AJ ( 21 December 1968 ) . `` An in - depth Look at the Songs on Side - One '' . Rolling Stone . The White Album Project . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle Greene ( 17 February 2016 ) . Rock , Counterculture and the Avant - Garde , 1966 - 1970 : How the Beatles , Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground Defined an Era . McFarland . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 2403 - 7 . Jump up ^ Graeme Thomson ( 11 October 2013 ) . George Harrison : Behind The Locked Door . Music Sales Group . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 858 - 4 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ While My Guitar Gently Weeps by The Beatles Songfacts ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2004 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2008 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 10 . While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Readers Poll Results : George Harrison 's 10 Best Beatles Songs '' , Guitar World ( retrieved 26 February 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Guitar World Staff ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos '' . guitarworld.com . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrison 2002 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Beatles 2000 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ While My Guitar Gently Weeps The Beatles Bible Jump up ^ `` Concert for George - Production Credits , Great Performances , PBS '' . ^ Jump up to : Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . NY . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 p201 ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ John F. Crowley . `` Mccartney 7 '' . Thecanteen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dominic Pedler . The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles . Music Sales Limited . Omnibus Press . NY . 2003 . pp. 435 - 437 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett . The Beatles as Musicians . Revolver Through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . NY . 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 . p. 202 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends , DVD , 2005 . Jump up ^ Madinger , Chip ; Mark Easter ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms To Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions , LP . p. 483 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Prince , an Artist Who Defied Genre , Is Dead at 57 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Phull , Hardeep ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince was so good , he made his own competition '' . New York Post . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Editors of Rolling Stone ( 2002 ) . Harrison . New York , NY : Rolling Stone Press . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3581 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks -- November 3 , 1990 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeff Healey Band -- While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard staff ( 11 December 2002 ) . `` Rock Vets Fete Harrison On Tribute Disc '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Johnny . `` Various Artists Songs From The Material World : A Tribute To George Harrison '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Frampton '' . interviewsofrecordingartists.com . Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Hal . `` Peter Frampton Now '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DaveO ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Cover Wars : While My Guitar Gently Weeps ( The Beatles ) - Glide Magazine '' . Glide Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Byrd 's Guitar Weeps -- Due to Late 60s Social Tumult '' . Zero to 180 - Three Minute Magic. 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Santana Covers Classics on ' Guitar Heaven ' '' . Billboard. 2010 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2010 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Santana , Michael Buble , Kings Of Leon Preview New Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the Beatles ' Hypnotic ' While My Guitar Gently Weeps ' Video '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Pollack , Alan W. ( 1991 ) . `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' . Notes On ... Series . Beatles , The ( 2000 ) . The Beatles anthology . Michigan : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Harrison , George ( 2002 ) . I , Me , Mine . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3793 - 4 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 9 December 2004 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . `` The 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 12 June 2008 . `` The Top Ten Beatles Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Jeff Healey Jeff Healey Band albums See the Light ( 1988 ) Hell to Pay ( 1990 ) Feel This ( 1992 ) Cover to Cover ( 1995 ) Get Me Some ( 2000 ) Solo albums Mess of Blues ( 2008 ) Songs From The Road ( 2009 ) Jeff Healey Band songs `` Angel Eyes '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=While_My_Guitar_Gently_Weeps&oldid=803147751 '' Categories : The Beatles songs 1968 songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by George Harrison Eric Clapton songs Rock ballads Music published by Harrisongs 1968 singles Apple Records singles 1960s ballads Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Use British English from August 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While%20My%20Guitar%20Gently%20Weeps
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who declared state of emergency in kenya in 1952
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Aside from military operations against Mau Mau fighters in the forests , the British attempt to defeat the movement broadly came in two stages : the first , relatively limited in scope , came during the period in which they had still failed to accept the seriousness of the revolt ; the second came afterwards . During the first stage , the British tried to decapitate the movement by declaring a State of Emergency before arresting 180 alleged Mau Mau leaders ( see Operation Jock Scott below ) and subjecting six of them to a show trial ( the Kapenguria Six ) ; the second stage began in earnest in 1954 , when they undertook a series of major economic , military and penal initiatives .
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British
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Mau Mau uprising
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mau mau uprising
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Mau Mau Uprising Part of the decolonisation of Africa Troops of the King 's African Rifles on watch for Mau Mau rebels . Date 1952 -- 1960 Location British Kenya Result Suppression of Mau Mau and lifting of the state of emergency , with sporadic resistance until after Kenyan independence . Belligerents British Empire Kenya Uganda Southern Rhodesia Mau Mau rebels Commanders and leaders Winston Churchill ( 1951 -- 1955 ) Anthony Eden ( 1955 -- 1957 ) Harold Macmillan ( 1957 -- 1960 ) Evelyn Baring George Erskine Kenneth O'Connor Dedan Kimathi Musa Mwariama Waruhiu Itote Stanley Mathenge ( MIA ) Strength 10,000 regular troops 21,000 police 25,000 Kikuyu Home Guard Unknown Casualties and losses 200 killed 579 wounded 12,000 killed ( officially ) ; perhaps 20,000 + killed ( unofficially ) 2,633 captured 2,714 surrendered Civilian Victims of Mau Mau : Native Kenyans killed : 1,819 Native Kenyans wounded : 916 Asians killed : 26 Asians wounded : 36 Europeans killed : 32 Europeans wounded : 26 Mau Mau Uprising 1952 Assassination of Waruhiu Operation Jock Scott 1953 Ruck Family massacre Lari massacre Chuka Massacre Operation Mushroom Christmas Eve Battle 1954 Operation Anvil Swynnerton Plan 1956 The Pipeline Capture of Kimathi 1959 Hola massacre The Mau Mau Uprising ( 1952 -- 1964 ) , also known as the Mau Mau Rebellion , the Kenya Emergency , and the Mau Mau Revolt , was a war in the British Kenya Colony ( 1920 -- 1963 ) . The definition of the term Mau Mau has been contentious . Some have argued that it is an acronym for Mzungu Aende Ulaya Mwafrica Apate Uhuru . Others have claimed that it was coined from the term UMA UMA , a communication code used by the freedom fighters . Dominated by the Kikuyu people , Meru people and Embu people , the Mau Mau also comprised units of Kamba and Maasai peoples who fought against the white European colonist - settlers in Kenya , the British Army , and the local Kenya Regiment ( British colonists , local auxiliary militia , and pro -- British Kikuyu people ) . The capture of rebel leader , Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi , on 21 October 1956 , signalled the defeat of the Mau Mau , however , the rebellion survived until after Kenya 's independence from Britain , driven mainly by the Meru units led by Field Marshal Musa Mwariama and General Baimungi . Baimuingi , one of the last Mau Mau generals , was killed shortly after Kenya attained self - rule . The Mau Mau failed to capture widespread public support , partly due to the British policy of divide and rule , and the Mau Mau movement remained internally divided , despite attempts to unify the factions . The British , meanwhile , applied the strategy and tactics they developed in suppressing the Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) . The Mau Mau Uprising created a rift between the European colonial community in Kenya and the metropole , and also resulted in violent divisions within the Kikuyu community . Suppressing the Mau Mau Uprising in the Kenyan colony cost Britain £ 55 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Background 2.1 Native labourer categories 3 Mau Mau warfare 4 British Reaction 4.1 British reaction to the uprising 4.2 State of Emergency declared ( October 1952 ) 4.3 Military operations 4.3. 1 Operation Anvil 4.3. 2 Air power 4.4 Swynnerton Plan 4.5 Detention programme 4.5. 1 Interrogations and confessions 4.5. 2 Works camps 4.6 Villagisation programme 4.7 Political and social concessions by the British 5 Deaths 6 War crimes 6.1 British war crimes 6.1. 1 Chuka Massacre 6.1. 2 Hola massacre 6.2 Mau Mau war crimes 6.2. 1 Lari massacres 7 Legacy 7.1 Compensation claims 8 Mau Mau status in Kenya 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Map of Kenya The origin of the term Mau Mau is uncertain . According to some members of Mau Mau , they never referred to themselves as such , instead preferring the military title Kenya Land and Freedom Army ( KLFA ) . Some publications , such as Fred Majdalany 's State of Emergency : The Full Story of Mau Mau , claim it was an anagram of Uma Uma ( which means `` get out get out '' ) and was a military codeword based on a secret language - game Kikuyu boys used to play at the time of their circumcision . Majdalany goes on to state that the British simply used the name as a label for the Kikuyu ethnic community without assigning any specific definition . As the movement progressed , a Swahili backronym was adopted : `` Mzungu Aende Ulaya , Mwafrika Apate Uhuru '' meaning `` Let the foreigner go back abroad , let the African regain independence '' . J.M. Kariuki , a member of Mau Mau who was detained during the conflict , postulates that the British preferred to use the term Mau Mau instead of KLFA in an attempt to deny the Mau Mau rebellion international legitimacy . Kariuki also wrote that the term Mau Mau was adopted by the rebellion in order to counter what they regarded as colonial propaganda . Another possible origin is a mishearing of the Kikuyu word for oath `` muuma '' . Background ( edit ) The principal item in the natural resources of Kenya is the land , and in this term we include the colony 's mineral resources . It seems to us that our major objective must clearly be the preservation and the wise use of this most important asset . `` '' -- Deputy Governor to Secretary of State for the Colonies , 19 March 1945 The armed rebellion of the Mau Mau was the culminating response to oppressive colonial rule . Although there had been previous instances of violent resistance to colonialism , the Mau Mau revolt was the most prolonged and violent anti-colonial warfare in the British Kenya colony . From the start , the land was the primary British interest in Kenya , which had `` some of the richest agricultural soils in the world , mostly in districts where the elevation and climate make it possible for Europeans to reside permanently '' . Though declared a colony in 1920 , the formal British colonial presence in Kenya began with a proclamation on 1 July 1895 , in which Kenya was claimed as a British protectorate . Even before 1895 , however , Britain 's presence in Kenya was marked by dispossession and violence . In 1894 , British MP Sir Charles Dilke had observed in the House of Commons , `` The only person who has up to the present time benefited from our enterprise in the heart of Africa has been Mr. Hiram Maxim '' . During the period in which Kenya 's interior was being forcibly opened up for British settlement , there was plenty of conflict and British troops carried out atrocities against the native population . Opposition to British imperialism existed from the start of British occupation . The most notable include the Nandi Resistance of 1895 -- 1905 ; the Giriama Uprising of 1913 -- 1914 ; the women 's revolt against forced labour in Murang'a in 1947 ; and the Kolloa Affray of 1950 . None of the armed uprisings during the beginning of British colonialism in Kenya were successful . The nature of fighting in Kenya led Winston Churchill to express concern in 1908 about how it would look if word got out : 160 Gusii have now been killed outright without any further casualties on our side ... It looks like a butchery . If the H. of C. gets hold of it , all our plans in E.A.P. will be under a cloud . Surely it can not be necessary to go on killing these defenceless people on such an enormous scale . You may travel through the length and breadth of Kitui Reserve and you will fail to find in it any enterprise , building , or structure of any sort which Government has provided at the cost of more than a few sovereigns for the direct benefit of the natives . The place was little better than a wilderness when I first knew it 25 years ago , and it remains a wilderness to - day as far as our efforts are concerned . If we left that district to - morrow the only permanent evidence of our occupation would be the buildings we have erected for the use of our tax - collecting staff . `` '' -- Chief Native Commissioner of Kenya , 1925 A feature of all settler societies during the colonial period was the ability to obtain a disproportionate share in land ownership . Kenya was no exception , with the first settlers arriving in 1902 as part of Governor Charles Eliot 's plan to have a settler economy pay for the Uganda Railway . The success of this settler economy would depend heavily on the availability of land , labour and capital , and so , over the next three decades , the colonial government and settlers consolidated their control over Kenyan land , and ' encouraged ' native Kenyans to become wage labourers . Until the mid-1930s , the two primary complaints were low native Kenyan wages and the requirement to carry an identity document , the kipande . From the early 1930s , however , two others began to come to prominence : effective and elected African - political - representation , and land . The British response to this clamour for agrarian reform came in the early 1930s when they set up the Carter Land Commission . The Commission reported in 1934 , but its conclusions , recommendations and concessions to Kenyans were so conservative that any chance of a peaceful resolution to native Kenyan land - hunger was ended . Through a series of expropriations , the government seized about 7,000,000 acres ( 28,000 km ; 11,000 sq mi ) of land , most of it in the fertile hilly regions of Central and Rift Valley Provinces , later known as the White Highlands due to the exclusively European - owned farmland there . In Nyanza the Commission restricted 1,029,422 native Kenyans to 7,114 square miles ( 18,430 km ) , while granting 16,700 square miles ( 43,000 km ) to 17,000 Europeans . By the 1930s , and for the Kikuyu in particular , land had become the number one grievance concerning colonial rule , the situation so acute by 1948 that 1,250,000 Kikuyu had ownership of 2,000 square miles ( 5,200 km ) , while 30,000 British settlers owned 12,000 square miles ( 31,000 km ) , abeit most of it not on traditional Kikuku land . `` In particular '' , the British government 's 1925 East Africa Commission noted , `` the treatment of the Giriama tribe ( from the coastal regions ) was very bad . This tribe was moved backwards and forwards so as to secure for the Crown areas which could be granted to Europeans . '' The Kikuyu , who lived in the Kiambu , Nyeri and Murang'a areas of what became Central Province , were one of the ethnic groups most affected by the colonial government 's land expropriation and European settlement ; by 1933 , they had had over 109.5 square miles ( 284 km ) of their potentially highly valuable land alienated . The Kikuyu mounted a legal challenge against the expropriation of their land , but a Kenya High Court decision of 1921 reaffirmed its legality . In terms of lost acreage , the Masai and Nandi people were the biggest losers of land . The colonial government and white farmers also wanted cheap labour which , for a period , the government acquired from native Kenyans through force . Confiscating the land itself helped to create a pool of wage labourers , but the colony introduced measures that forced more native Kenyans to submit to wage labour : the introduction of the Hut and Poll Taxes ( 1901 and 1910 respectively ) ; the establishment of reserves for each ethnic group , which isolated ethnic groups and often exacerbated overcrowding ; the discouragement of native Kenyans ' growing cash crops ; the Masters and Servants Ordinance ( 1906 ) and an identification pass known as the kipande ( 1918 ) to control the movement of labour and to curb desertion ; and the exemption of wage labourers from forced labour and other compulsory , detested tasks such as conscription . Native labourer categories ( edit ) Native Kenyan labourers were in one of three categories : squatter , contract , or casual . By the end of World War I , squatters had become well established on European farms and plantations in Kenya , with Kikuyu squatters comprising the majority of agricultural workers on settler plantations . An unintended consequence of colonial rule , the squatters were targeted from 1918 onwards by a series of Resident Native Labourers Ordinances -- criticised by at least some MPs -- which progressively curtailed squatter rights and subordinated native Kenyan farming to that of the settlers . The Ordinance of 1939 finally eliminated squatters ' remaining tenancy rights , and permitted settlers to demand 270 days ' labour from any squatters on their land. and , after World War II , the situation for squatters deteriorated rapidly , a situation the squatters resisted fiercely . In the early 1920s , though , despite the presence of 100,000 squatters and tens of thousands more wage labourers , there was still not enough native Kenyan labour available to satisfy the settlers ' needs . The colonial government duly tightened the measures to force more Kenyans to become low - paid wage - labourers on settler farms . The colonial government used the measures brought in as part of its land expropriation and labour ' encouragement ' efforts to craft the third plank of its growth strategy for its settler economy : subordinating African farming to that of the Europeans . Nairobi also assisted the settlers with rail and road networks , subsidies on freight charges , agricultural and veterinary services , and credit and loan facilities . The near - total neglect of native farming during the first two decades of European settlement was noted by the East Africa Commission . The resentment of colonial rule would not have been decreased by the wanting provision of medical services for native Kenyans , nor by the fact that in 1923 , for example , `` the maximum amount that could be considered to have been spent on services provided exclusively for the benefit of the native population was slightly over one - quarter of the taxes paid by them '' . The tax burden on Europeans in the early 1920s , meanwhile , was very light . Interwar infrastructure - development was also largely paid for by the indigenous population . Kenyan employees were often poorly treated by their European employers -- sometimes even beaten to death by them -- with some settlers arguing that native Kenyans `` were as children and should be treated as such '' . Some settlers flogged their servants for petty offences . To make matters even worse , native Kenyan workers were poorly served by colonial labour - legislation and a prejudiced legal - system . The vast majority of Kenyan employees ' violations of labour legislation were settled with `` rough justice '' meted out by their employers . Most colonial magistrates appear to have been unconcerned by the illegal practice of settler - administered flogging ; indeed , during the 1920s , flogging was the magisterial punishment - of - choice for native Kenyan convicts . The principle of punitive sanctions against workers was not removed from the Kenyan labour statutes until the 1950s . The greater part of the wealth of the country is at present in our hands ... This land we have made is our land by right -- by right of achievement . `` '' -- Speech by Deputy Colonial Governor 30 November 1946 As a result of the situation in the highlands and growing job opportunities in the cities , thousands of Kikuyu migrated into cities in search of work , contributing to the doubling of Nairobi 's population between 1938 and 1952 . At the same time , there was a small , but growing , class of Kikuyu landowners who consolidated Kikuyu landholdings and forged ties with the colonial administration , leading to an economic rift within the Kikuyu . Mau Mau warfare ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Mau Mau were the militant wing of a growing clamour for political representation and freedom in Kenya . The first attempt to form a countrywide political party begun on 1 October 1944 . This fledgling organisation was called the Kenya African Study Union with Harry Thuku as its inaugural chairman . He soon resigned his chairmanship . There is dispute over Thuku 's reason for leaving KASU : Bethwell Ogot states that Thuku `` found the responsibility too heavy '' ; David Anderson states that `` he walked out in disgust '' as the militant section of KASU took the initiative . KASU changed its name to the Kenya African Union ( KAU ) in 1946 . The failure of KAU to attain any significant reforms or redress of grievances from the colonial authorities shifted the political initiative to younger and more militant figures within the native Kenyan trade union movement , among the squatters on the settler estates in the Rift Valley and in KAU branches in Nairobi and the Kikuyu districts of central province . Around 1943 , residents of Olenguruone Settlement radicalised the traditional practice of oathing , and extended oathing to women and children . By the mid-1950s , 90 % of Kikuyu , Embu and Meru were oathed . On 3 October 1952 , Mau Mau claimed their first European victim when they stabbed a woman to death near her home in Thika . Six days later , on 9 October , Senior Chief Waruhiu was shot dead in broad daylight in his car , which was an important blow against the colonial government . Waruhiu had been one of the strongest supporters of the British presence in Kenya . His assassination gave Baring the final impetus to request permission from the Colonial Office to declare a State of Emergency . Contrary to British propaganda and western perceptions of the time , the Mau Mau attacks were mostly well organised and planned . ... the insurgents ' lack of heavy weaponry and the heavily entrenched police and Home Guard positions meant that Mau Mau attacks were restricted to nighttime and where loyalist positions were weak . When attacks did commence they were fast and brutal , as insurgents were easily able to identify loyalists because they were often local to those communities themselves . The Lari massacre was by comparison rather outstanding and in contrast to regular Mau Mau strikes which more often than not targeted only loyalists without such massive civilian casualties . `` Even the attack upon Lari , in the view of the rebel commanders was strategic and specific . '' The Mau Mau command , contrary to the Home Guard who were stigmatised as `` the running dogs of British Imperialism '' , were relatively well educated . General Gatunga had previously been a respected and well read Christian teacher in his local Kikuyu community . He was known to meticulously record his attacks in a series of five notebooks , which when executed were often swift and strategic , targeting loyalist community leaders he had previously known as a teacher . The Mau Mau military strategy was mainly guerrilla attacks launched under the cover of dark . They used stolen weapons such as guns , as well as weapons such as machetes and bows and arrows in their attacks . In a few limited cases , they also deployed biological weapons . Women formed a core part of the Mau Mau , especially in maintaining supply lines . Initially able to avoid the suspicion , they moved through colonial spaces and between Mau Mau hideouts and strongholds , to deliver vital supplies and services to guerrilla fighters including food , ammunition , medical care , and of course , information . An unknown number also fought in the war , with the most high - ranking being Field Marshal Muthoni . British reaction ( edit ) The British and international view was that Mau Mau as a savage , violent , and depraved tribal cult , an expression of unrestrained emotion rather than reason . Mau Mau was `` perverted tribalism '' that sought to take the Kikuyu people back to `` the bad old days '' before British rule . The official British explanation of the revolt did not include the insights of agrarian and agricultural experts , of economists and historians , or even of Europeans who had spent a long period living amongst the Kikuyu such as Louis Leakey . Not for the first time , the British instead relied on the purported insights of the ethnopsychiatrist ; with Mau Mau , it fell to Dr. John Colin Carothers to perform the desired analysis . This ethnopsychiatric analysis guided British psychological warfare , which painted Mau Mau as `` an irrational force of evil , dominated by bestial impulses and influenced by world communism '' , and the later official study of the uprising , the Corfield Report . The psychological war became of critical importance to military and civilian leaders , who waged it in the time - honoured colonial fashion of divide and rule , always trying to `` emphasise that there was in effect a civil war , and that the struggle was not black versus white '' , attempting to isolate Mau Mau from the Kikuyu , and the Kikuyu from the rest of the colony 's population and the world outside . In driving a wedge between Mau Mau and the Kikuyu generally , these propaganda efforts essentially played no role , though they could apparently claim an important contribution to the isolation of Mau Mau from the non-Kikuyu sections of the population . By the mid-1960s , the view of Mau Mau as simply irrational activists was being challenged by memoirs of former members and leaders that portrayed Mau Mau as an essential , if radical , component of African nationalism in Kenya , and by academic studies that analysed the movement as a modern and nationalist response to the unfairness and oppression of colonial domination ( though such studies downplayed the specifically Kikuyu nature of the movement ) . There continues to be vigorous debate within Kenyan society and among the academic community within and without Kenya regarding the nature of Mau Mau and its aims , as well as the response to and effects of the uprising . Nevertheless , partly because as many Kikuyu fought against Mau Mau on the side of the colonial government as joined them in rebellion , the conflict is now often regarded in academic circles as an intra-Kikuyu civil war , a characterisation that remains extremely unpopular in Kenya . Kenyatta described the conflict in his memoirs as a civil war rather than a rebellion . The reason that the revolt was majorly limited to the Kikuyu people was , in part , that they had suffered the most as a result of the negative aspects of British colonialism . Wunyabari O. Maloba regards the rise of the Mau Mau movement as `` without doubt , one of the most important events in recent African history . '' David Anderson , however , considers Maloba 's and similar work to be the product of `` swallowing too readily the propaganda of the Mau Mau war '' , noting the similarity between such analysis and the `` simplistic '' earlier studies of Mau Mau . This earlier work cast the Mau Mau war in strictly bipolar terms , `` as conflicts between anti-colonial nationalists and colonial collaborators '' . Caroline Elkins ' 2005 study , Imperial Reckoning , has met similar criticism , as well as being criticised for sensationalism . It is often assumed that in a conflict there are two sides in opposition to one another , and that a person who is not actively committed to one side must be supporting the other . During the course of a conflict , leaders on both sides will use this argument to gain active support from the `` crowd '' . In reality , conflicts involving more than two persons usually have more than two sides , and if a resistance movement is to be successful , propaganda and politicization are essential . `` '' -- Louise Pirouet Broadly speaking , throughout Kikuyu history , there have been two traditions : moderate - conservative and radical . Despite the differences between them , there has been a continuous debate and dialogue between these traditions , leading to a great political awareness among the Kikuyu . By 1950 , these differences , and the impact of colonial rule , had given rise to three native Kenyan political blocks : conservative , moderate nationalist and militant nationalist . It has also been argued that Mau Mau was not explicitly national , either intellectually or operationally . Bruce Berman argues that , `` While Mau Mau was clearly not a tribal atavism seeking a return to the past , the answer to the question of ' was it nationalism ? ' must be yes and no . '' As the Mau Mau rebellion wore on , the violence forced the spectrum of opinion within the Kikuyu , Embu and Meru to polarise and harden into the two distinct camps of loyalist and Mau Mau . This neat division between loyalists and Mau Mau was a product of the conflict , rather than a cause or catalyst of it , with the violence becoming less ambiguous over time , in a similar manner to other situations . British reaction to the uprising ( edit ) Between 1952 and 1956 , when the fighting was at its worst , the Kikuyu districts of Kenya became a police state in the very fullest sense of that term . `` '' -- David Anderson Philip Mitchell retired as Kenya 's governor in summer 1952 , having turned a blind eye to Mau Mau 's increasing activity . Through the summer of 1952 , however , Colonial Secretary Oliver Lyttelton in London received a steady flow of reports from Acting Governor Henry Potter about the escalating seriousness of Mau Mau violence , but it was not until the later part of 1953 that British politicians began to accept that the rebellion was going to take some time to deal with . At first , the British discounted the Mau Mau rebellion because of their own technical and military superiority , which encouraged hopes for a quick victory . The British army accepted the gravity of the uprising months before the politicians , but the army 's appeals to London and Nairobi initially fell on deaf ears . On 30 September 1952 , Evelyn Baring arrived in Kenya to permanently take over from Potter ; Baring was given no warning by Mitchell or the Colonial Office about the gathering maelstrom into which he was stepping . Aside from military operations against Mau Mau fighters in the forests , the British attempt to defeat the movement broadly came in two stages : the first , relatively limited in scope , came during the period in which they had still failed to accept the seriousness of the revolt ; the second came afterwards . During the first stage , the British tried to decapitate the movement by declaring a State of Emergency before arresting 180 alleged Mau Mau leaders ( see Operation Jock Scott below ) and subjecting six of them to a show trial ( the Kapenguria Six ) ; the second stage began in earnest in 1954 , when they undertook a series of major economic , military and penal initiatives . The second stage had three main planks : a large military - sweep of Nairobi leading to the internment of tens of thousands of the city 's suspected Mau Mau members and sympathisers ( see Operation Anvil below ) ; the enacting of major agrarian reform ( the Swynnerton Plan ) ; and the institution of a vast villagisation programme for more than a million rural Kikuyu ( see below ) . In 2012 , the UK government accepted that prisoners had suffered `` torture and ill - treatment at the hands of the colonial administration '' . The harshness of the British response was inflated by two factors . First , the settler government in Kenya was , even before the insurgency , probably the most openly racist one in the British empire , with the settlers ' violent prejudice attended by an uncompromising determination to retain their grip on power and half - submerged fears that , as a tiny minority , they could be overwhelmed by the indigenous population . Some settlers felt that `` ( a ) good sound system of compulsory labour would do more to raise the nigger in five years than all the millions that have been sunk in missionary efforts for the last fifty '' , and its representatives were so keen on aggressive action that George Erskine referred to them as `` the White Mau Mau '' . Second , the brutality of Mau Mau attacks on civilians made it easy for the movement 's opponents -- including native Kenyan and loyalist security forces -- to adopt a totally dehumanised view of Mau Mau adherents . A variety of persuasive techniques were initiated by the colonial authorities to punish and break Mau Mau 's support : Baring ordered punitive communal - labour , collective fines and other collective punishments , and further confiscation of land and property . By early 1954 , tens of thousands of head of livestock had been taken , and were allegedly never returned . Detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels were finally released in April 2012 . State of Emergency declared ( October 1952 ) ( edit ) On 20 October 1952 , Governor Baring signed an order declaring a State of Emergency . Early the next morning , Operation Jock Scott was launched : the British carried out a mass - arrest of Jomo Kenyatta and 180 other alleged Mau Mau leaders within Nairobi . Jock Scott did not decapitate the movement 's leadership as hoped , since news of the impending operation was leaked . Thus , while the moderates on the wanted list awaited capture , the real militants , such as Dedan Kimathi and Stanley Mathenge ( both later principal leaders of Mau Mau 's forest armies ) , fled to the forests . The day after the round up , another prominent loyalist chief , Nderi , was hacked to pieces , and a series of gruesome murders against settlers were committed throughout the months that followed . The violent and random nature of British tactics during the months after Jock Scott served merely to alienate ordinary Kikuyu and drive many of the wavering majority into Mau Mau 's arms . Three battalions of the King 's African Rifles were recalled from Uganda , Tanganyika and Mauritius , giving the regiment five battalions in all in Kenya , a total of 3,000 native Kenyan troops . To placate settler opinion , one battalion of British troops , from the Lancashire Fusiliers , was also flown in from Egypt to Nairobi on the first day of Operation Jock Scott . In November 1952 , Baring requested assistance from the Security Service . For the next year , the Service 's A.M. MacDonald would reorganise the Special Branch of the Kenya Police , promote collaboration with Special Branches in adjacent territories , and oversee coordination of all intelligence activity `` to secure the intelligence Government requires '' . Our sources have produced nothing to indicate that Kenyatta , or his associates in the UK , are directly involved in Mau Mau activities , or that Kenyatta is essential to Mau Mau as a leader , or that he is in a position to direct its activities . `` '' -- Percy Sillitoe , Director General of MI5 Letter to Evelyn Baring , 9 January 1953 In January 1953 , six of the most prominent detainees from Jock Scott , including Kenyatta , were put on trial , primarily to justify the declaration of the Emergency to critics in London . The trial itself was claimed to have featured a suborned lead defence - witness , a bribed judge , and other serious violations of the right to a fair trial . Native Kenyan political activity was permitted to resume at the end of the military phase of the Emergency . Military operations ( edit ) Lieutenant General Sir George Erskine , Commander - in - Chief , British East Africa ( centre ) , observing operations against the Mau Mau The onset of the Emergency led hundreds , and eventually thousands , of Mau Mau adherents to flee to the forests , where a decentralised leadership had already begun setting up platoons . The primary zones of Mau Mau military strength were the Aberdares and the forests around Mount Kenya , whilst a passive support - wing was fostered outside these areas . Militarily , the British defeated Mau Mau in four years ( 1952 -- 56 ) using a more expansive version of `` coercion through exemplary force '' . In May 1953 , the decision was made to send General George Erskine to oversee the restoration of order in the colony . By September 1953 , the British knew the leading personalities in Mau Mau , the capture and 68 hour interrogation of General China on 15 January the following year provided a massive intelligence boost on the forest fighters . Erskine 's arrival did not immediately herald a fundamental change in strategy , thus the continual pressure on the gangs remained , but he created more mobile formations that delivered what he termed `` special treatment '' to an area . Once gangs had been driven out and eliminated , loyalist forces and police were then to take over the area , with military support brought in thereafter only to conduct any required pacification operations . After their successful dispersion and containment , Erskine went after the forest fighters ' source of supplies , money and recruits , i.e. the native Kenyan population of Nairobi . This took the form of Operation Anvil , which commenced on 24 April 1954 . Operation Anvil ( edit ) By 1954 , Nairobi was regarded as the nerve centre of Mau Mau operations . Anvil was the ambitious attempt to eliminate Mau Mau 's presence within Nairobi in one fell swoop . 25,000 members of British security forces under the control of General George Erskine were deployed as Nairobi was sealed off and underwent a sector - by - sector purge . All native Kenyans were taken to temporary barbed - wire enclosures , whereafter those who were not Kikuyu , Embu or Meru were released ; those who were remained in detention for screening . British Army patrol crossing a stream carrying L1A1 rifle ( 1st and 2nd soldiers from right ) ; Sten Mk5 ( 3rd soldier ) ; and the Lee -- Enfield No. 5 ( 4th and 5th soldiers ) Whilst the operation itself was conducted by Europeans , most suspected members of Mau Mau were picked out of groups of the Kikuyu - Embu - Meru detainees by a native Kenyan informer . Male suspects were then taken off for further screening , primarily at Langata Screening Camp , whilst women and children were readied for ' repatriation ' to the reserves ( many of those slated for deportation had never set foot in the reserves before ) . Anvil lasted for two weeks , after which the capital had been cleared of all but certifiably loyal Kikuyu ; 20,000 Mau Mau suspects had been taken to Langata , and 30,000 more had been deported to the reserves . Air power ( edit ) For an extended period of time , the chief British weapon against the forest fighters was air power . Between June 1953 and October 1955 , the RAF provided a significant contribution to the conflict -- and , indeed , had to , for the army was preoccupied with providing security in the reserves until January 1955 , and it was the only service capable of both psychologically influencing and inflicting considerable casualties on the Mau Mau fighters operating in the dense forests . Lack of timely and accurate intelligence meant bombing was rather haphazard , but almost 900 insurgents had been killed or wounded by air attacks by June 1954 , and it did cause forest gangs to disband , lower their morale , and induce their pronounced relocation from the forests to the reserves . Contrary to that which is sometimes claimed , Lancaster bombers were not used during the Emergency , though Lincolns were . The latter flew their first mission on 18 November 1953 and remained in Kenya until 28 July 1955 , dropping nearly 6 million bombs . They and other aircraft , such as blimps , were also deployed for reconnaissance , as well as in the propaganda war , conducting large - scale leaflet - drops . After the Lari massacre , for example , British planes dropped leaflets showing graphic pictures of the Kikuyu women and children who had been hacked to death . Unlike the rather indiscriminate activities of British ground forces , the use of air power was more restrained ( though there is disagreement on this point ) , and air attacks were initially permitted only in the forests . Operation Mushroom extended bombing beyond the forest limits in May 1954 , and Churchill consented to its continuation in January 1955 . Swynnerton Plan ( edit ) Main article : Swynnerton Plan Baring knew the massive deportations to the already - overcrowded reserves could only make things worse . Refusing to give more land to the Kikuyu in the reserves , which could have been seen as a concession to Mau Mau , Baring turned instead in 1953 to Roger Swynnerton , Kenya 's assistant director of agriculture . The primary goal of the Swynnerton Plan was the creation of family holdings large enough to keep families self - sufficient in food and to enable them to practise alternate husbandry , which would generate a cash income . The projected costs of the Swynnerton Plan were too high for the cash - strapped colonial government , so Baring tweaked repatriation and augmented the Swynnerton Plan with plans for a massive expansion of the Pipeline coupled with a system of work camps to make use of detainee labour . All Kikuyu employed for public works projects would now be employed on Swynnerton 's poor - relief programmes , as would many detainees in the work camps . Detention programme ( edit ) Further information : List of British Detention Camps during the Mau Mau Uprising It would be difficult to argue that the colonial government envisioned its own version of a gulag when the Emergency first started . Colonial officials in Kenya and Britain all believed that Mau Mau would be over in less than three months . `` '' -- Caroline Elkins When the mass deportations of Kikuyu to the reserves began in 1953 , Baring and Erskine ordered all Mau Mau suspects to be screened . Of the scores of screening camps which sprang up , only fifteen were officially sanctioned by the colonial government . Larger detention camps were divided into compounds . The screening centres were staffed by settlers who had been appointed temporary district - officers by Baring . Thomas Askwith , the official tasked with designing the British ' detention and rehabilitation ' programme during the summer and autumn of 1953 , termed his system the Pipeline . The British did not initially conceive of rehabilitating Mau Mau suspects through brute force and other ill - treatment -- Askwith 's final plan , submitted to Baring in October 1953 , was intended as `` a complete blueprint for winning the war against Mau Mau using socioeconomic and civic reform . '' What developed , however , has been described as a British gulag . The Pipeline operated a white - grey - black classification system : ' whites ' were cooperative detainees , and were repatriated back to the reserves ; ' greys ' had been oathed but were reasonably compliant , and were moved down the Pipeline to works camps in their local districts before release ; and ' blacks ' were the so - called ' hard core ' of Mau Mau . These were moved up the Pipeline to special detention camps . Thus a detainee 's position in Pipeline was a straightforward reflection of how cooperative the Pipeline personnel deemed her or him to be . Cooperation was itself defined in terms of a detainee 's readiness to confess their Mau Mau oath . Detainees were screened and re-screened for confessions and intelligence , then re-classified accordingly . ( T ) here is something peculiarly chilling about the way colonial officials behaved , most notoriously but not only in Kenya , within a decade of the liberation of the ( Nazi ) concentration camps and the return of thousands of emaciated British prisoners of war from the Pacific . One courageous judge in Nairobi explicitly drew the parallel : Kenya 's Belsen , he called one camp . `` '' -- Guardian Editorial , 11 April 2011 A detainee 's journey between two locations along the Pipeline could sometimes last days . During transit , there was frequently little or no food and water provided , and seldom any sanitation . Once in camp , talking was forbidden outside the detainees ' accommodation huts , though improvised communication was rife . Such communication included propaganda and disinformation , which went by such names as the Kinongo Times , designed to encourage fellow detainees not to give up hope and so to minimise the number of those who confessed their oath and cooperated with camp authorities . Forced labour was performed by detainees on projects like the thirty - seven - mile - long South Yatta irrigation furrow . Family outside and other considerations led many detainees to confess . During the first year after Operation Anvil , colonial authorities had little success in forcing detainees to cooperate . Camps and compounds were overcrowded , forced - labour systems were not yet perfected , screening teams were not fully coordinated , and the use of torture was not yet systematised . This failure was partly due to the lack of manpower and resources , as well as the vast numbers of detainees . Officials could scarcely process them all , let alone get them to confess their oaths . Assessing the situation in the summer of 1955 , Alan Lennox - Boyd wrote of his `` fear that the net figure of detainees may still be rising . If so the outlook is grim . '' Black markets flourished during this period , with the native Kenyan guards helping to facilitate trading . It was possible for detainees to bribe guards in order to obtain items or stay punishment . ( T ) he horror of some of the so - called Screening Camps now present a state of affairs so deplorable that they should be investigated without delay , so that the ever increasing allegations of inhumanity and disregard of the rights of the African citizen are dealt with and so that the Government will have no reason to be ashamed of the acts which are done in its own name by its own servants . `` '' -- Letter from Police Commissioner Arthur Young to Governor Evelyn Baring , 22 November 1954 Interrogations and confessions ( edit ) By late 1955 , however , the Pipeline had become a fully operational , well - organised system . Guards were regularly shifted around the Pipeline too in order to prevent relationships developing with detainees and so undercut the black markets , and inducements and punishments became better at discouraging fraternising with the enemy . The grinding nature of the improved detention and interrogation regimen began to produce results . Most detainees confessed , and the system produced ever greater numbers of spies and informers within the camps , while others switched sides in a more open , official fashion , leaving detention behind to take an active role in interrogations , even sometimes administering beatings . The most famous example of side - switching was Peter Muigai Kenyatta -- Jomo Kenyatta 's son -- who , after confessing , joined screeners at Athi River Camp , later travelling throughout the Pipeline to assist in interrogations . Suspected informers and spies within a camp were treated in the time - honoured Mau Mau fashion : the preferred method of execution was strangulation then mutilation : `` It was just like in the days before our detention '' , explained one Mau Mau member later . `` We did not have our own jails to hold an informant in , so we would strangle him and then cut his tongue out . '' The end of 1955 also saw screeners being given a freer hand in interrogation , and harsher conditions than straightforward confession were imposed on detainees before they were deemed ' cooperative ' and eligible for final release . In a half - circle against the reed walls of the enclosure stand eight young , African women . There 's neither hate nor apprehension in their gaze . It 's like a talk in the headmistress 's study ; a headmistress who is firm but kindly . `` '' -- A contemporary BBC - description of screening While oathing , for practical reasons , within the Pipeline was reduced to an absolute minimum , as many new initiates as possible were oathed . A newcomer who refused to take the oath often faced the same fate as a recalcitrant outside the camps : they were murdered . `` The detainees would strangle them with their blankets or , using blades fashioned from the corrugated - iron roofs of some of the barracks , would slit their throats '' , writes Elkins . The camp authorities ' preferred method of capital punishment was public hanging . Commandants were told to clamp down hard on intra-camp oathing , with several commandants hanging anyone suspected of administering oaths . Even as the Pipeline became more sophisticated , detainees still organised themselves within it , setting up committees and selecting leaders for their camps , as well as deciding on their own `` rules to live by '' . Perhaps the most famous compound leader was Josiah Mwangi Kariuki . Punishments for violating the `` rules to live by '' could be severe . European missionaries and native Kenyan Christians played their part by visiting camps to evangelise and encourage compliance with the colonial authorities , providing intelligence , and sometimes even assisting in interrogation . Detainees regarded such preachers with nothing but contempt . The number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis which is being disclosed in Prison and Detention Camps is causing some embarrassment . `` '' -- Memorandum to Commissioner of Prisons John ' Taxi ' Lewis from Kenya 's Director of Medical Services , 18 May 1954 The lack of decent sanitation in the camps meant that epidemics of diseases such as typhoid swept through them . Official medical reports detailing the shortcomings of the camps and their recommendations were ignored , and the conditions being endured by detainees were lied about and denied . A British rehabilitation officer found in 1954 that detainees from Manyani were in `` shocking health '' , many of them suffering from malnutrition , while Langata and GilGil were eventually closed in April 1955 because , as the colonial government put it , `` they were unfit to hold Kikuyu ... for medical epidemiological reasons '' . While the Pipeline was primarily designed for adult males , a few thousand women and young girls were detained at an all - women camp at Kamiti , as well as a number of unaccompanied young children . Dozens of babies were born to women in captivity : `` We really do need these cloths for the children as it is impossible to keep them clean and tidy while dressed on dirty pieces of sacking and blanket '' , wrote one colonial officer . Wamumu Camp was set up solely for all the unaccompanied boys in the Pipeline , though hundreds , maybe thousands , of boys moved around the adult parts of the Pipeline . Works camps ( edit ) Short rations , overwork , brutality , humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging -- all in violation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . `` '' -- One colonial officer 's description of British works camps There were originally two types of works camps envisioned by Baring : the first type were based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan ; the second were punitive camps , designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves . These forced - labour camps provided a much needed source of labour to continue the colony 's infrastructure development . Colonial officers also saw the second sort of works camps as a way of ensuring that any confession was legitimate and as a final opportunity to extract intelligence . Probably the worst works camp to have been sent to was the one run out of Embakasi Prison , for Embakasi was responsible for the Embakasi Airport , the construction of which was demanded to be finished before the Emergency came to an end . The airport was a massive project with an unquenchable thirst for labour , and the time pressures ensured the detainees ' forced labour was especially hard . Villagisation programme ( edit ) At the end of 1953 , the Administration were faced with the serious problem of the concealment of terrorists and supply of food to them . This was widespread and , owing to the scattered nature of the homesteads , fear of detection was negligible ; so , in the first instance , the inhabitants of those areas were made to build and live in concentrated villages . This first step had to be taken speedily , somewhat to the detriment of usual health measures and was definitely a punitive short - term measure . `` '' -- District Commissioner of Nyeri If military operations in the forests and Operation Anvil were the first two phases of Mau Mau 's defeat , Erskine expressed the need and his desire for a third and final phase : cut off all the militants ' support in the reserves . The means to this terminal end was originally suggested by the man brought in by the colonial government to an ethnopsychiatric ' diagnosis ' of the uprising , JC Carothers : he advocated a Kenyan version of the villagisation programmes that the British were already using in places like Malaya . So it was that in June 1954 , the War Council took the decision to undertake a full - scale forced - resettlement programme of Kiambu , Nyeri , Murang'a and Embu Districts to cut off Mau Mau 's supply lines . Within eighteen months , 1,050,899 Kikuyu in the reserves were inside 804 villages consisting of some 230,000 huts . The government termed them `` protected villages '' , purportedly to be built along `` the same lines as the villages in the North of England '' , though the term was actually a `` euphemism ( ) for the fact that hundreds of thousands of civilians were corralled , often against their will , into settlements behind barbed - wire fences and watch towers . '' While some of these villages were to protect loyalist Kikuyu , `` most were little more than concentration camps to punish Mau Mau sympathizers . '' The villagisation programme was the coup de grâce for Mau Mau . By the end of the following summer , Lieutenant General Lathbury no longer needed Lincoln bombers for raids because of a lack of targets , and , by late 1955 , Lathbury felt so sure of final victory that he reduced army forces to almost pre-Mau Mau levels . He noted , however , that the British should have `` no illusions about the future . Mau Mau has not been cured : it has been suppressed . The thousands who have spent a long time in detention must have been embittered by it . Nationalism is still a very potent force and the African will pursue his aim by other means . Kenya is in for a very tricky political future . '' Whilst they ( the Kikuyu ) could not be expected to take kindly at first to a departure from their traditional way of life , such as living in villages , they need and desire to be told just what to do . `` '' -- Council of Kenya - Colony 's Ministers , July 1954 The government 's public relations officer , Granville Roberts , presented villagisation as a good opportunity for rehabilitation , particularly of women and children , but it was , in fact , first and foremost designed to break Mau Mau and protect loyalist Kikuyu , a fact reflected in the extremely limited resources made available to the Rehabilitation and Community Development Department . Refusal to move could be punished with the destruction of property and livestock , and the roofs were usually ripped off of homes whose occupants demonstrated reluctance . Villagisation also solved the practical and financial problems associated with a further , massive expansion of the Pipeline programme , and the removal of people from their land hugely assisted the enaction of Swynnerton Plan . The villages were surrounded by deep , spike - bottomed trenches and barbed wire , and the villagers themselves were watched over by members of the Home Guard , often neighbours and relatives . In short , rewards or collective punishments such as curfews could be served much more readily after villagisation , and this quickly broke Mau Mau 's passive wing . Though there were degrees of difference between the villages , the overall conditions engendered by villagisation meant that , by early 1955 , districts began reporting starvation and malnutrition . One provincial commissioner blamed child hunger on parents deliberately withholding food , saying the latter were aware of the `` propaganda value of apparent malnutrition '' . From the health point of view , I regard villagisation as being exceedingly dangerous and we are already starting to reap the benefits . `` '' -- Meru 's Dictrict Commissioner , 6 November 1954 , four months after the institution of villagisation The Red Cross helped mitigate the food shortages , but even they were told to prioritise loyalist areas . The Baring government 's medical department issued reports about `` the alarming number of deaths occurring amongst children in the ' punitive ' villages '' , and the `` political '' prioritisation of Red Cross relief . One of the colony 's ministers blamed the `` bad spots '' in Central Province on the mothers of the children for `` not realis ( ing ) the great importance of proteins '' , and one former missionary reported that it `` was terribly pitiful how many of the children and the older Kikuyu were dying . They were so emaciated and so very susceptible to any kind of disease that came along '' . Of the 50,000 deaths which John Blacker attributed to the Emergency , half were children under the age of ten . The lack of food did not just affect the children , of course . The Overseas Branch of the British Red Cross commented on the `` women who , from progressive undernourishment , had been unable to carry on with their work '' . Disease prevention was not helped by the colony 's policy of returning sick detainees to receive treatment in the reserves , though the reserves ' medical services were virtually non-existent , as Baring himself noted after a tour of some villages in June 1956 . Political and Social concessions by the British ( edit ) Kenyans were granted nearly all of the demands made by the KAU in 1951 . On 18 January 1955 , the Governor - General of Kenya , Evelyn Baring , offered an amnesty to Mau Mau activists . The offer was that they would not face prosecution for previous offences , but may still be detained . European settlers were appalled at the leniency of the offer . On 10 June 1955 with no response forthcoming , the offer of amnesty to the Mau Mau was revoked . In June 1956 , a programme of land reform increased the land holdings of the Kikuyu. . This was coupled with a relaxation of the ban on native Kenyans growing coffee , a primary cash crop . In the cities the colonial authorities decided to dispel tensions by raising urban wages , thereby strengthening the hand of moderate union organisations like the KFRTU . By 1956 , the British had granted direct election of native Kenyan members of the Legislative Assembly , followed shortly thereafter by an increase in the number of local seats to fourteen . A Parliamentary conference in January 1960 indicated that the British would accept `` one person -- one vote '' majority rule . Deaths ( edit ) The uprising was , in David Anderson 's words , `` a story of atrocity and excess on both sides , a dirty war from which no one emerged with much pride , and certainly no glory . '' Historian Daniel Goldhagen describes the campaign against the Mau Mau as an example of eliminationism , though this verdict has been fiercely criticised . The total number of deaths attributable to the Emergency has been a source of dispute : Caroline Elkins claims it is `` tens of thousands , perhaps hundreds of thousands '' . Elkins numbers have been challenged by the British demographer John Blacker , who demonstrated in detail that her numbers were overestimated , explaining that Elkins ' figure of 300,000 deaths `` implies that perhaps half of the adult male population would have been wiped out -- yet the censuses of 1962 and 1969 show no evidence of this -- the age - sex pyramids for the Kikuyu districts do not even show indentations . '' His study dealt directly with Elkins ' claim that `` somewhere between 130,000 and 300,000 Kikuyu are unaccounted for '' at the 1962 census , and was read by both David Anderson and John Lonsdale prior to publication . Half of Blacker 's own estimate of 50,000 comprises children under the age of ten . David Elstein has noted that leading authorities on Africa have taken issue with parts of Elkins ' study , in particular her mortality figures : `` The senior British historian of Kenya , John Lonsdale , whom Elkins thanks profusely in her book as ' the most gifted scholar I know ' , warned her to place no reliance on anecdotal sources , and regards her statistical analysis -- for which she cites him as one of three advisors -- as ' frankly incredible ' . '' The British possibly killed in excess of 20,000 Mau Mau militants , but in some ways more notable is the smaller number of Mau Mau suspects dealt with by capital punishment : by the end of the Emergency , the total was 1,090 . At no other time or place in the British empire was capital punishment dispensed so liberally -- the total is more than double the number executed by the French in Algeria . War crimes ( edit ) Main article : List of war crimes § Mau Mau uprising Mau Mau fighters , ... contrary to African customs and values , assaulted old people , women and children . The horrors they practiced included the following : decapitation and general mutilation of civilians , torture before murder , bodies bound up in sacks and dropped in wells , burning the victims alive , gouging out of eyes , splitting open the stomachs of pregnant women . No war can justify such gruesome actions . In man 's inhumanity to man , there is no race distinction . The Africans were practicing it on themselves . There was no reason and no restraint on both sides . `` '' -- Bethwell Ogot War crimes have been broadly defined by the Nuremberg principles as `` violations of the laws or customs of war '' , which includes massacres , bombings of civilian targets , terrorism , mutilation , torture , and murder of detainees and prisoners of war . Additional common crimes include theft , arson , and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . British war crimes ( edit ) See also : British war crimes In order to fight the Mau Mau insurgency during the conflict , British troops suspended civil liberties in Kenya . In response to the rebellion , many Kikuyu were relocated . Between 320,000 - 450,000 of them were moved into concentration camps . Most of the remainder -- more than a million -- were held in `` enclosed villages '' . Although some were Mau Mau guerrillas , many were victims of collective punishment that colonial authorities imposed on large areas of the country . Thousands suffered beatings and sexual assaults during `` screenings '' intended to extract information about the Mau Mau threat . Later , prisoners suffered even worse mistreatment in an attempt to force them to renounce their allegiance to the insurgency and to obey commands . Significant numbers were murdered . Prisoners were questioned with the help of `` slicing off ears , boring holes in eardrums , flogging until death , pouring paraffin over suspects who were then set alight , and burning eardrums with lit cigarettes '' . Castration by British troops and denying access to medical aid to the detainees were also widespread and common . Among the detainees who suffered severe mistreatment was Hussein Onyango Obama , the grandfather of Barack Obama , the former President of the United States . According to his widow , British soldiers forced pins into his fingernails and buttocks and squeezed his testicles between metal rods and two others were castrated . We knew the slow method of torture ( at the Mau Mau Investigation Center ) was worse than anything we could do . Special Branch there had a way of slowly electrocuting a Kuke -- they 'd rough up one for days . Once I went personally to drop off one gang member who needed special treatment . I stayed for a few hours to help the boys out , softening him up . Things got a little out of hand . By the time I cut his balls off , he had no ears , and his eyeball , the right one , I think , was hanging out of its socket . Too bad , he died before we got much out of him . `` '' One settler 's description of British interrogation In June 1957 , Eric Griffith - Jones , the attorney general of the British administration in Kenya , wrote to the governor , Evelyn Baring , 1st Baron Howick of Glendale , detailing the way the regime of abuse at the colony 's detention camps was being subtly altered . He said that the mistreatment of the detainees is `` distressingly reminiscent of conditions in Nazi Germany or Communist Russia '' . Despite this , he said that in order for abuse to remain legal , Mau Mau suspects must be beaten mainly on their upper body , `` vulnerable parts of the body should not be struck , particularly the spleen , liver or kidneys '' , and it was important that `` those who administer violence ... should remain collected , balanced and dispassionate '' . He also reminded the governor that `` If we are going to sin '' , he wrote , `` we must sin quietly . '' Chuka massacre ( edit ) The Chuka Massacre , which happened in Chuka , Kenya , was perpetrated by members of the King 's African Rifles B Company in June 1953 with 20 unarmed people killed during the Mau Mau uprising . Members of the 5th KAR B Company entered the Chuka area on 13 June 1953 , to flush out rebels suspected of hiding in the nearby forests . Over the next few days , the regiment had captured and executed 20 people suspected of being Mau Mau fighters for unknown reasons . The people executed belonged to the Kikuyu Home Guard -- a loyalist militia recruited by the British to fight the guerrillas . Nobody ever stood trial for the massacre . Hola massacre ( edit ) The Hola massacre was an incident during the conflict in Kenya against British colonial rule at a colonial detention camp in Hola , Kenya . By January 1959 , the camp had a population of 506 detainees , of whom 127 were held in a secluded `` closed camp '' . This more remote camp near Garissa , eastern Kenya , was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees . They often refused , even when threats of force were made , to join in the colonial `` rehabilitation process '' or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders . The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work . On 3 March 1959 , the camp commandant put this plan into action -- as a result , 11 detainees were clubbed to death by guards . 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries . The British government accepts that the colonial administration tortured detainees , but denies liability . Mau Mau war crimes ( edit ) Lari massacres ( edit ) Main article : Lari massacre Mau Mau militants were guilty of numerous war crimes . The most notorious was their attack on the settlement of Lari , on the night of 25 -- 26 March 1953 , in which they herded men , women and children into huts and set fire to them , hacking down with machetes anyone who attempted escape , before throwing them back into the burning huts . The attack at Lari was so extreme that `` African policemen who saw the bodies of the victims ... were physically sick and said ' These people are animals . If I see one now I shall shoot with the greatest eagerness ' '' , and it `` even shocked many Mau Mau supporters , some of whom would subsequently try to excuse the attack as ' a mistake ' '' . A retaliatory massacre was immediately perpetrated by Kenyan security forces who were partially overseen by British commanders . Official estimates place the death toll from the first Lari massacre at 74 , and the second at 150 , though neither of these figures account for those who ' disappeared ' . Whatever the actual number of victims , `` ( t ) he grim truth was that , for every person who died in Lari 's first massacre , at least two more were killed in retaliation in the second . '' Aside from the Lari massacres , Kikuyu were also tortured , mutilated and murdered by Mau Mau on many other occasions . Mau Mau racked up 1,819 murders of their fellow native Kenyans , though again this number excludes the many additional hundreds who ' disappeared ' , whose bodies were never found . Thirty - two European and twenty - six Asian civilians were also murdered by Mau Mau militants , with similar numbers wounded . The best known European victim was Michael Ruck , aged six , who was hacked to death with pangas along with his parents , Roger and Esme , and one of the Rucks ' farm workers , Muthura Nagahu , who had tried to help the family . Newspapers in Kenya and abroad published graphic murder details , including images of young Michael with bloodied teddy bears and trains strewn on his bedroom floor . ( E ) lectric shock was widely used , as well as cigarettes and fire . Bottles ( often broken ) , gun barrels , knives , snakes , vermin , and hot eggs were thrust up men 's rectums and women 's vaginas . The screening teams whipped , shot , burned and mutilated Mau Mau suspects , ostensibly to gather intelligence for military operations and as court evidence . `` '' -- Caroline Elkins In 1952 , the poisonous latex of the African milk bush was used by members of Mau Mau to kill cattle in an incident of biological warfare . Legacy ( edit ) Although Mau Mau was effectively crushed by the end of 1956 , it was not until the First Lancaster House Conference , in January 1960 , that native Kenyan majority rule was established and the period of colonial transition to independence initiated . Before the conference , it was anticipated by both native Kenyan and European leaders that Kenya was set for a European - dominated multi-racial government . There is continuing debate about Mau Mau 's and the rebellion 's effects on decolonisation and on Kenya after independence . Regarding decolonisation , the most common view is that Kenya 's independence came about as a result of the British government 's deciding that a continuance of colonial rule would entail a greater use of force than that which the British public would tolerate . Nissimi argues , though , that such a view fails to `` acknowledge the time that elapsed until the rebellion 's influence actually took effect ( and does not ) explain why the same liberal tendencies failed to stop the dirty war the British conducted against the Mau Mau in Kenya while it was raging on . '' Others contend that , as the 1950s progressed , nationalist intransigence increasingly rendered official plans for political development irrelevant , meaning that after the mid-1950s British policy increasingly accepted Kenyan nationalism and moved to co-opt its leaders and organisations into collaboration . It has been argued that the conflict helped set the stage for Kenyan independence in December 1963 , or at least secured the prospect of Black - majority rule once the British left . However , this is disputed and other sources downplay the contribution of Mau Mau to decolonisation . On 12 September 2015 , the British government unveiled a Mau Mau memorial statue in Nairobi 's Uhuru Park that it had funded `` as a symbol of reconciliation between the British government , the Mau Mau , and all those who suffered '' . This followed a June 2013 decision by Britain to compensate more than 5,000 Kenyans it tortured and abused during the Mau Mau insurgency . Compensation claims ( edit ) In 1999 , a collection of former fighters calling themselves the Mau Mau Original Group announced they would attempt a £ 5 billion claim against the UK on behalf of hundreds of thousands of Kenyans for ill - treatment they said they suffered during the rebellion , though nothing came of it . In November 2002 , the Mau Mau Trust -- a welfare group for former members of the movement -- announced it would attempt to sue the British government for widespread human rights violations it said were committed against its members . Until September 2003 , the Mau Mau movement was banned . Once the ban was removed , former Mau Mau members who had been castrated or otherwise tortured were supported by the Kenya Human Rights Commission , in particular by the Commission 's George Morara , in their attempt to take on the British government ; their lawyers had amassed 6,000 depositions regarding human rights abuses by late 2002 . 42 potential claimants were interviewed from whom five were chosen to prosecute a test case ; one of the five , Susan Ciong'ombe Ngondi , has since died . The remaining four test claimants are : Ndiku Mutua , who was castrated ; Paulo Muoka Nzili , who was castrated ; Jane Muthoni Mara , who was subjected to sexual assault that included having bottles filled with boiling water pushed up her vagina ; and Wambugu Wa Nyingi , who survived the Hola massacre . Ben Macintyre of The Times said of the legal case : `` Opponents of these proceedings have pointed out , rightly , that the Mau Mau was a brutal terrorist force , guilty of the most dreadful atrocities . Yet only one of the claimants is of that stamp -- Mr Nzili . He has admitted taking the Mau Mau oath and said that all he did was to ferry food to the fighters in the forest . None has been accused , let alone convicted , of any crime . '' Upon publication of Caroline Elkins ' Imperial Reckoning in 2005 , Kenya called for an apology from the UK for atrocities committed during the 1950s . The British government claimed the issue was the responsibility of the Kenyan government on the grounds of `` state succession '' for former colonies , relying on an obscure legal precedent relating to Patagonian toothfish and the declaration of martial law in Jamaica in 1860 . In July 2011 , `` George Morara strode down the corridor and into a crowded little room ( in Nairobi ) where 30 elderly Kenyans sat hunched together around a table clutching cups of hot tea and sharing plates of biscuits . ' I have good news from London ' , he announced . ' We have won the first part of the battle ! ' At once , the room erupted in cheers . '' The good news was that a British judge had ruled that the Kenyans could sue the British government for their torture . Morara said that , if the first test cases succeeded , perhaps 30,000 others would file similar complaints of torture . Explaining his decision , Mr Justice McCombe said the claimants had an `` arguable case '' , and added : It may well be thought strange , or perhaps even dishonourable , that a legal system which will not in any circumstances admit into its proceedings evidence obtained by torture should yet refuse to entertain a claim against the Government in its own jurisdiction for that Government 's allegedly negligent failure to prevent torture which it had the means to prevent . Furthermore , resort to technicality ... to rule such a claim out of court appears particularly misplaced . A Times editorial noted with satisfaction that `` Mr Justice McCombe told the FCO , in effect , to get lost ... Though the arguments against reopening very old wounds are seductive , they fail morally . There are living claimants and it most certainly was not their fault that the documentary evidence that seems to support their claims was for so long ' lost ' in the governmental filing system . '' If we are going to sin , we must sin quietly . `` '' -- Kenyan Attorney - General Eric Griffith - Jones Main article : Foreign and Commonwealth Office migrated archives During the course of the Mau Mau legal battle in London , a large amount of what was stated to be formerly lost Foreign Office archival material was finally brought to light , while yet more was discovered to be missing . The files , known as migrated archives , provided details of British human rights abuses ( torture , rape , execution ) in its former colonies during the final stages of empire , including during Mau Mau , and even after decolonisation . Regarding the Mau Mau Uprising , the records included confirmation of `` the extent of the violence inflicted on suspected Mau Mau rebels '' in British detention camps documented in Caroline Elkins ' study . Numerous allegations of murder and rape by British military personnel are recorded in the files , including an incident where a native Kenyan baby was `` burnt to death '' , the `` defilement of a young girl '' , and a soldier in Royal Irish Fusiliers who killed `` in cold blood two people who had been his captives for over 12 hours '' . Baring himself was aware of the `` extreme brutality '' of the sometimes - lethal torture meted out -- which included `` most drastic '' beatings , solitary confinement , starvation , castration , whipping , burning , rape , sodomy , and forceful insertion of objects into orifices -- but took no action . Baring 's inaction was despite the urging of people like Arthur Young , Commissioner of Police for Kenya for less than eight months of 1954 before he resigned in protest , that `` the horror of some of the ( camps ) should be investigated without delay '' . In February 1956 , a provincial commissioner in Kenya , `` Monkey '' Johnson , wrote to Attorney General Reginald Manningham - Buller urging him to block any enquiry into the methods used against Mau Mau : `` It would now appear that each and every one of us , from the Governor downwards , may be in danger of removal from public service by a commission of enquiry as a result of enquiries made by the CID . '' The April 2012 release also included detailed accounts of the policy of seizing livestock from Kenyans suspected of supporting Mau Mau rebels . Main criticism we shall have to meet is that ' Cowan plan ' which was approved by Government contained instructions which in effect authorised unlawful use of violence against detainees . `` '' -- Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox - Boyd Commenting on the papers , David Anderson stated that the `` documents were hidden away to protect the guilty '' , and `` that the extent of abuse now being revealed is truly disturbing '' . `` Everything that could happen did happen . Allegations about beatings and violence were widespread . Basically you could get away with murder . It was systematic '' , Anderson said . An example of this impunity is the case of eight colonial officials accused of having prisoners tortured to death going unpunished even after their actions were reported to London . Huw Bennett of King 's College London , who had worked with Anderson on the Chuka Massacre , said in a witness statement to the court that the new documents `` considerably strengthen '' the knowledge that the British Army were `` intimately involved '' with the colonial security forces , whom they knew were `` systematically abusing and torturing detainees in screening centres and detention camps '' . In April 2011 , lawyers for the Foreign and Commonwealth Office continued to maintain that there was no such policy . As early as November 1952 , however , military reports noted that `` ( t ) he Army has been used for carrying out certain functions that properly belonged to the Police , eg . searching of huts and screening of Africans '' , and British soldiers arrested and transferred Mau Mau suspects to camps where they were beaten and tortured until they confessed . Bennett said that `` the British Army retained ultimate operational control over all security forces throughout the Emergency '' , and that its military intelligence operation worked `` hand in glove '' with the Kenyan Special Branch `` including in screening and interrogations in centres and detention camps '' . The Kenyan government sent a letter to Hague insisting that the UK government was legally liable for the atrocities . The Foreign Office , however , reaffirmed its position that it was not , in fact , liable for colonial atrocities , and argued that the documents had not `` disappeared '' as part of a cover up . Nearly ten years before , in late 2002 , as the BBC aired a documentary detailing British human rights abuses committed during the rebellion and 6,000 depositions had been taken for the legal case , former district colonial officer John Nottingham had expressed concern that compensation be paid soon , since most victims were in their 80s and would soon pass away . He told the BBC : `` What went on in the Kenya camps and villages was brutal , savage torture . It is time that the mockery of justice that was perpetrated in this country at that time , should be , must be righted . I feel ashamed to have come from a Britain that did what it did here ( in Kenya ) . '' Thirteen boxes of `` top secret '' Kenya files are still missing . In October 2012 , Mr Justice McCombe granted the surviving elderly test claimants the right to sue the UK for damages . The UK government then opted for what the claimants ' lawyers called the `` morally repugnant '' decision to appeal McCombe 's ruling . In May 2013 , it was reported that the appeal was on hold while the UK government held compensation negotiations with the claimants . Mau Mau status in Kenya ( edit ) Partisan questions about the Mau Mau war have ... echoed round Kenya 's political arena during 40 years of independence . How historically necessary was Mau Mau ? Did its secretive violence alone have the power to destroy white supremacy ? or did it merely sow discord within a mass nationalism that -- for all the failings of the Kenya African Union ( KAU ) -- was bound to win power in the end ? Did Mau Mau aim at freedom for all Kenyans ? or did moderate , constitutional politicians rescue that pluralist prize from the jaws of its ethnic chauvinism ? Has the self - sacrificial victory of the poor been unjustly forgotten , and appropriated by the rich ? or are Mau Mau 's defeats and divisions best buried in oblivion ? `` '' -- John Lonsdale It is often argued that Mau Mau was suppressed as a subject for public discussion in Kenya during the periods under Kenyatta and Daniel arap Moi because of the key positions and influential presence of some loyalists in government , business and other elite sectors of Kenyan society post-1963 . Unsurprisingly , during this same period opposition groups tactically embraced the Mau Mau rebellion . Members of Mau Mau are currently recognised by the Kenyan Government as freedom - independence heroes and heroines who sacrificed their lives in order to free Kenyans from colonial rule . Since 2010 , Mashujaa Day ( Heroes Day ) has been marked annually on 20 October ( the same day Baring signed the Emergency order ) . According to the Kenyan Government , Mashujaa Day will be a time for Kenyans to remember and honour Mau Mau and other Kenyans who participated in the independence struggle . Mashujaa Day will replace Kenyatta Day ; the latter has until now also been held on 20 October . In 2001 , the Kenyan Government announced that important Mau Mau sites were to be turned into national monuments . This official celebration of Mau Mau is in marked contrast to a post-colonial norm of Kenyan governments rejection of the Mau Mau as a symbol of national liberation . Such a turnabout has attracted criticism of government manipulation of the Mau Mau uprising for political ends . We are determined to have independence in peace , and we shall not allow hooligans to rule Kenya . We must have no hatred towards one another . Mau Mau was a disease which had been eradicated , and must never be remembered again . `` '' -- Speech by Jomo Kenyatta , April 1963 See also ( edit ) The Black Man 's Land Trilogy , series of films on Kenya including Part Two , `` Mau Mau '' , described as `` a political analysis of Africa 's first modern guerrilla war and the myths that still surround it '' . Ian Henderson Dedan Kimathi , leader of the Mau Mau Muthoni wa Kirima Frank Kitson , author of the book Gangs and Counter-gangs Musa Mwariama Kurito ole Kisio Mathenge Robert Ruark , author of the novels Something of Value and Uhuru Weep Not , Child Insurgency : Mungiki , contemporary Kikuyu insurgency within Kenya General : History of Kenya British military history Notes ( edit ) The name Kenya Land and Freedom Army is sometimes heard in connection with Mau Mau . KLFA was the name that Dedan Kimathi used for a coordinating body which he tried to set up for Mau Mau . It was also the name of another militant group that sprang up briefly in the spring of 1960 ; the group was broken up during a brief operation from 26 March to 30 April . Between 1895 and 1920 , Kenya was formally known as British East Africa Protectorate ; between 1920 and 1963 , as Kenya Colony and Protectorate . `` Squatter or resident labourers are those who reside with their families on European farms usually for the purpose of work for the owners ... Contract labourers are those who sign a contract of service before a magistrate , for periods varying from three to twelve months . Casual labourers leave their reserves to engage themselves to European employers for any period from one day upwards . '' In return for his services , a squatter was entitled to use some of the settler 's land for cultivation and grazing . Contract and casual workers are together referred to as migratory labourers , in distinction to the permanent presence of the squatters on farms . The phenomenon of squatters arose in response to the complementary difficulties of Europeans in finding labourers and of Africans in gaining access to arable and grazing land . During the Emergency , screening was the term used by colonial authorities to mean the interrogation of a Mau Mau suspect . The alleged member or sympathiser of Mau Mau would be interrogated in order to obtain an admission of guilt -- specifically , a confession that they had taken the Mau Mau oath -- as well as for intelligence . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Page 2011 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 3 April 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 04246 - 3 . Jump up ^ In English , the Kikuyu people also are known as the `` Kikuyu '' and as the `` Wakikuyu '' people , but their preferred exonym is `` Gĩkũyũ '' , derived from the Swahili language . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 350 Jump up ^ `` Kenya : A Love for the Forest '' . Time . 1964 - 01 - 17 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 346 . Jump up ^ Füredi 1989 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Mumford 2012 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Maloba 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 4 : `` Much of the struggle tore through the African communities themselves , an internecine war waged between rebels and so - called ' loyalists ' -- Africans who took the side of the government and opposed Mau Mau . '' ^ Jump up to : Branch 2009 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Gerlach 2010 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Kanogo 1992 , pp. 23 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Majdalany 1963 , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Kariuki 1960 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Kariuki 1960 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` MAU MAU ( Religious Movement ) '' . what-when-how.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Curtis 2003 , pp. 320 . ^ Jump up to : Coray 1978 , p. 179 : `` The ( colonial ) administration 's refusal to develop mechanisms whereby African grievances against non-Africans might be resolved on terms of equity , moreover , served to accelerate a growing disaffection with colonial rule . The investigations of the Kenya Land Commission of 1932 -- 1934 are a case study in such lack of foresight , for the findings and recommendations of this commission , particularly those regarding the claims of the Kikuyu of Kiambu , would serve to exacerbate other grievances and nurture the seeds of a growing African nationalism in Kenya '' . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Curtis 2003 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Alam 2007 , p. 1 : The colonial presence in Kenya , in contrast to , say , India , where it lasted almost 200 years , was brief but equally violent . It formally started when Her Majesty 's agent and Counsel General at Zanzibar , A.H. Hardinge , in a proclamation on 1 July 1895 , announced that he was taking over the Coastal areas as well as the interior that included the Kikuyu land , now known as Central Province . '' Jump up ^ Ellis 1986 , p. 100 . You can read Dilke 's speech in full here : `` Class V ; House of Commons Debate , 1 June 1894 '' . Hansard . Series 4 , Vol. 25 , cc. 181 -- 270 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , p. 4 . Francis Hall , an officer in the Imperial British East Africa Company and after whom Fort Hall was named , asserted : `` There is only one way to improve the Wakikuyu ( and ) that is wipe them out ; I should be only too delighted to do so , but we have to depend on them for food supplies . '' Jump up ^ Meinertzhagen 1957 , pp. 51 -- 2 Richard Meinertzhagen wrote of how , on occasion , they massacred Kikuyu by the hundreds . Jump up ^ Alam 2007 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Brantley 1981 . Jump up ^ Atieno - Odhiambo 1995 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ogot 2003 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Leys 1973 , pp. 342 , which notes they were `` always hopeless failures . Naked spearmen fall in swathes before machine - guns , without inflicting a single casualty in return . Meanwhile the troops burn all the huts and collect all the live stock within reach . Resistance once at an end , the leaders of the rebellion are surrendered for imprisonment ... Risings that followed such a course could hardly be repeated . A period of calm followed . And when unrest again appeared it was with other leaders ... and other motives . '' A particularly interesting example , albeit outside Kenya and featuring guns instead of spears , of successful armed resistance to maintain crucial aspects of autonomy is the Basuto Gun War of 1880 -- 1881 , whose ultimate legacy remains tangible even today , in the form of Lesotho . Jump up ^ Maxon 1989 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Strayer ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Letter : Out of Africa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lapping 1989 , p. 469 . Jump up ^ Berman 1990 , p. 72 n. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Mosley 1983 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , pp. 1 -- 5 . Elkins 2005 , p. 2 , notes that the ( British taxpayer ) loans were never repaid on the Uganda Railway ; they were written off in the 1930s . ^ Jump up to : Kanogo 1993 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Carter 1934 . Jump up ^ Shilaro 2002 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Kanogo 1993 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 29 : `` This judgment is now widely known to Africans in Kenya , and it has become clear to them that , without their being previously informed or consulted , their rights in their tribal land , whether communal or individual , have ' disappeared ' in law and have been superseded by the rights of the Crown . '' Jump up ^ Emerson Welch 1980 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , p. 498 . `` The recruitment of African labor at poor rates of pay and under primitive conditions of work was characteristic of the operation of colonial capitalism in Africa during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ... ( C ) olonial states readily colluded with capital in providing the legal framework necessary for the recruitment and maintenance of labor in adequate numbers and at low cost to the employer ... The colonial state shared the desire of the European settler to encourage Africans into the labour market , whilst also sharing a concern to moderate the wages paid to workers '' . ^ Jump up to : Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 173 : `` Casual labourers leave their reserves ... to earn the wherewithal to pay their ' Hut Tax ' and to get money to purchase trade goods . '' Jump up ^ Shilaro 2002 , p. 117 : `` African reserves in Kenya were legally constituted in the Crown Lands Amendment Ordinance of 1926 '' . Though finalised in 1926 , reserves were first instituted by the Crown Lands Ordinance of 1915 -- see Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , pp. 506 . Jump up ^ Kanogo 1993 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , pp. 505 . Jump up ^ Creech Jones , Arthur . `` Native Labour ; House of Commons Debate , 10 November 1937 '' . Hansard . Series 5 , Vol. 328 , cc. 1757 - 9 . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Kanogo 1993 , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , p. 507 . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 166 : `` In many parts of the territory we were informed that the majority of farmers were having the utmost difficulty in obtaining labour to cultivate and to harvest their crops '' . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , pp. 155 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 180 : `` The population of the district to which one medical officer is allotted amounts more often than not to over a quarter of a million natives distributed over a large area ... ( T ) here are large areas in which no medical work is being undertaken . '' Jump up ^ Swainson 1980 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , pp. 516 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Curtis 2003 , pp. 320 -- 1 . Jump up ^ R.M.A. Van Zwanenberg ; Anne King ( 1975 ) . An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda 1800 - 1970 . The Bowering Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 17671 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Ogot 2003 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Berman 1991 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Branch 2007 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Elkins 2005 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Füredi 1989 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( 2005 ) . Histories of the Hanged . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 252 . Jump up ^ Anderson , David ( 2005 ) . Histories of the Hanged . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 239 . Jump up ^ `` When the Mau Mau Used a Biological Weapon -- Owaahh '' . Owaahh. 2014 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Presley , Cora Ann ( 1992 ) . Kikuyu Women , the Mau Mau Rebellion and Social Change in Kenya . Boulder : Westview Press . Jump up ^ Füredi 1989 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Berman 1991 , pp. 182 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Mahone 2006 , p. 241 : `` This article opens with a retelling of colonial accounts of the ' mania of 1911 ' , which took place in the Kamba region of Kenya Colony . The story of this ' psychic epidemic ' and others like it were recounted over the years as evidence depicting the predisposition of Africans to episodic mass hysteria . '' Jump up ^ McCulloch 2006 , pp. 64 -- 76 . Search Results for author Carothers JC on PubMed . includes a 1947 study of `` mental derangement in Africans , and an attempt to explain its peculiarities , more especially in relation to the African attitude to life '' . For his `` magnum opus '' , see Carothers 1953 . Jump up ^ Füredi 1994 , pp. 119 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Berman 1991 , pp. 183 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Clough 1998 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Branch 2009 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mau Mau uprising : Bloody history of Kenya conflict '' . BBC News . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . There was lots of suffering on the other side too . This was a dirty war . It became a civil war -- though that idea remains extremely unpopular in Kenya today . ( The quote is of Professor David Anderson ) . Jump up ^ Füredi 1989 , pp. 4 -- 5 : `` Since they were the most affected by the colonial system and the most educated about its ways , the Kikuyu emerged as the most politicized African community in Kenya . '' Jump up ^ Berman 1991 , p. 196 : `` The impact of colonial capitalism and the colonial state hit the Kikuyu with greater force and effect than any other of Kenya 's peoples , setting off new processes of differentiation and class formation . '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Beth ( 1993 ) . `` Historian , Kenya native 's book on Mau Mau revolt '' . UpDate. 13 ( 13 ) : 7 . Jump up ^ See in particular David Elstein 's angry letters : `` Letters : Tell me where I 'm wrong '' . London Review of Books . 27 ( 11 ) . 2005 . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . `` The End of the Mau Mau '' . The New York Review of Books . 52 ( 11 ) . 2005 . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . `` Letters : Tell me where I 'm wrong '' . London Review of Books . 27 ( 14 ) . 2005 . Retrieved 3 May 2011 . While Elstein regards the `` requirement '' for the `` great majority of Kikuyu '' to live inside 800 `` fortified villages '' as `` serv ( ing ) the purpose of protection '' , Professor David Anderson ( amongst others ) regards the `` compulsory resettlement '' of `` 1,007,500 Kikuyu '' inside what , for the `` most '' part , were `` little more than concentration camps '' as `` punitive ... to punish Mau Mau sympathisers '' . See Elstein 's `` Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya : recycling fantasy '' and Anderson 2005 , p. 294 . ^ Jump up to : Ogot 2005 , p. 502 : `` There was no reason and no restraint on both sides , although Elkins sees no atrocities on the part of Mau Mau . '' Jump up ^ Pirouet 1977 , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : Clough 1998 . Jump up ^ Berman 1991 , p. 197 : `` ( D ) eveloping conflicts ... in Kikuyu society were expressed in a vigorous internal debate . '' Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Branch 2009 , p. xi . Jump up ^ Berman 1991 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Branch 2009 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Branch 2009 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pirouet 1977 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Kalyvas 2006 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , pp. 31 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Nissimi 2006 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ French 2011 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mau Mau case : UK government accepts abuse took place '' . BBC News . 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : French 2011 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : French 2011 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Olivier , Sydney . `` East African Policy ; House of Lords Debate , 7 December 1927 '' . Hansard . Series 5 , Vol. 211 , cc. 551 -- 600 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . The quote is of Ewart Grogan ; Sydney Olivier was quoting Grogan & Sharp 1900 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 75 : `` According to Emergency regulations , the governor could issue Native Land Rights Confiscation Orders , whereby ' ( e ) ach of the persons named in the schedule ... participated or aided in violent resistance against the forces of law and order ' and therefore had his land confiscated '' . Jump up ^ Wallis , Holly ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` British colonial files released following legal challenge '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Andrew 2009 , pp. 456 -- 7 . See also : Walton 2013 , pp. 236 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Andrew 2009 , p. 454 . See also the relevant footnote , n. 96 of p. 454 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Berman 1991 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 37 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Clough 1998 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : French 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` They Follow the Dug - Out General '' . Sunday Mail . Brisbane. 19 April 1953 . p. 15 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` END MAY BE NEAR FOR THE MAU MAU '' . The Sunday Herald . Sydney . 30 August 1953 . p. 8 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` PSYOP of the Mau - Mau UprisingSGM '' Herbert A. Friedman ( Ret . ) 4 Jan 2006 , accessed 9 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` MAU MAU GENERAL SURRENDERS '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 9 March 1954 . p. 3 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ French 2011 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ French 2011 , pp. 116 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 124 : `` There was an unusual consensus in the ranks of both the military and Baring 's civilian government that the colony 's capital was the nerve center for Mau Mau operations . Nearly three - quarters of the city 's African male population of sixty thousand were Kikuyu , and most of these men , along with some twenty thousand Kikuyu women and children accompanying them , were allegedly ' active or passive supporters of Mau Mau ' . '' Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 121 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Chappell 2011 . Jump up ^ Chappell 2011 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , p. 86 : `` Before the Emergency ended , the RAF dropped the amazing total of 50,000 tons of bombs on the forests and fired over 2 million rounds from machine guns during strafing runs . It is not known how many humans or animals were killed . '' Jump up ^ Chappell 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Edgerton 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1988 : `` The Swynnerton Plan was among the most comprehensive of all the post-war colonial development programmes implemented in British Africa . Largely framed prior to the declaration of the State of Emergency in 1952 , but not implemented until two years later , this development is central to the story of Kenya 's decolonization '' . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ogot 1995 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1988 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 128 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 62 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ The term gulag is used by David Anderson and Caroline Elkins . For Anderson , see his 2005 Histories of the Hanged , p. 7 : `` Virtually every one of the acquitted men ... would spend the next several years in the notorious detention camps of the Kenyan gulag '' ; for Elkins , see the title of the UK edition of her 2005 book , Britain 's Gulag . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau abuse case : Time to say sorry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elkins 2005 , pp. 154 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Peterson 2008 , pp. 75 -- 6 , 89 , 91 : `` Some detainees , worried that the substance of their lives was draining away , thought their primary duty lay with their families . They therefore confessed to British officers , and sought an early release from detention . Other detainees refused to accept the British demand that they sully other people 's reputations by naming those whom they knew to be involved in Mau Mau . This ' hard core ' kept their mouths closed , and languished for years in detention . The battle behind the wire was not fought over detainees ' loyalty to a Mau Mau movement . Detainees ' intellectual and moral concerns were always close to home ... British officials thought that those who confessed had broken their allegiance to Mau Mau . But what moved detainees to confess was not their broken loyalty to Mau Mau , but their devotion to their families . British officials played on this devotion to hasten a confession ... The battle behind the wire was not fought between patriotic hard - core Mau Mau and weak - kneed , wavering , broken men who confessed ... Both hard core and soft core had their families in mind . '' ^ Jump up to : Elkins 2005 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Taking on the Boss : The quiet whistleblowers on events in Kenya deserve praise '' . The Times . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elkins 2005 , pp. 179 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 148 . It is debatable whether Peter Kenyatta was sympathetic to Mau Mau in the first place and therefore whether he truly switched sides . Jump up ^ Mike Thompson ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau blame ' goes right to the top ' '' . Today . BBC . 00 : 40 -- 00 : 54 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 176 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 171 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , Chapter 5 : The Birth of Britain 's Gulag . Jump up ^ Curtis 2003 , pp. 316 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Ian Cobain ; Peter Walker ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` Secret memo gave guidelines on abuse of Mau Mau in 1950s '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Baring informed Lennox - Boyd that eight European officers were facing accusations of a series of murders , beatings and shootings . They included : `` One District Officer , murder by beating up and roasting alive of one African . '' Despite receiving such clear briefings , Lennox - Boyd repeatedly denied that the abuses were happening , and publicly denounced those colonial officials who came forward to complain . Jump up ^ Peterson 2008 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Elkins 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 151 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Curtis 2003 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 240 -- 1 . Jump up ^ French 2011 , pp. 116 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McCulloch 2006 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 234 -- 5 . See also n. 3 of p. 235 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 235 . Anderson 2005 , p. 294 , gives a slightly lower figure ( 1,007,500 ) for the number of individuals affected . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2005 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Nissimi 2006 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 236 -- 7 . Jump up ^ French 2011 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 259 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Elkins 2005 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 263 . ^ Jump up to : Blacker 2007 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 260 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 263 : `` It is accepted policy that cases of pulmonary tuberculosis ... be returned to their reserve to avail themselves of the routine medical control and treatment within their areas '' . ( The quote is of the colony 's director of medical services ) . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 263 -- 4 : `` The financial situation has now worsened ... Schemes of medical help , however desirable and however high their medical priority , could not in ( these ) circumstances be approved '' . ( The quote is of Baring ) . ^ Jump up to : Pinckney , Thomas C. ; Kimuyu , Peter K. ( 1994 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Land Tenure Reform in East Africa : Good , Bad or Unimportant ? 1 '' . Journal of African Economies. 3 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. jae. a036794 . ISSN 0963 - 8024 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : David Elstein ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya : recycling fantasy '' . openDemocracy.org . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis ( 15 February 2010 ) . The Law of Armed Conflict : International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 301 -- 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 48711 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The sun is at last setting on Britain 's imperial myth '' . Jump up ^ MARK CURTIS ( 2003 ) . WEB OF DECEIT : BRITAIN 'S REAL FOREIGN POLICY : BRITAIN 'S REAL ROLE IN THE WORLD . VINTAGE . pp. 324 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Caroline Elkins ( 2005 ) . Britain 's gulag : the brutal end of empire in Kenya . Pimlico . pp. 124 -- 145 . Jump up ^ David Anderson ( 23 January 2013 ) . Histories of the Hanged : The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire . W.W. Norton . pp. 150 -- 154 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya : UK expresses regret over abuse as Mau Mau promised payout '' . The Guardian . London . 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ `` Sins of colonialists lay concealed for decades in secret archive '' . The Guardian . London . 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Maloba , Wunyabari O. Mau Mau and Kenya : An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt . ( Indiana University Press , Bloomington , Indiana : 1993 ) pp. 142 - 43 . Jump up ^ `` indepth / special - report - 3 '' . ogiek.org . Archived from the original on 21 October 2004 . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mau Mau massacre documents revealed '' . BBC News . 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , pp. 119 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Carus , W. Seth ( 2002 ) . Bioterrorism and Biocrimes : The Illicit Use of Biological Agents Since 1900 ( Reprint of 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Fredonia Books . pp. 63 -- 65 . This episode is not mentioned in histories of the Mau Mau revolt , suggesting that such incidents were rare . ^ Jump up to : Wasserman 1976 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Nissimi 2006 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Branch & Cheeseman 2006 , p. 11 : `` The co-option of sympathetic African elites during the colonial twilight into the bureaucracy , the legislature and the private property - based economy meant that the allies of colonialism and representatives of transnational capital were able to reap the benefits of independence ... The post-colonial state must therefore be seen as a representation of the interests protected and promoted during the latter years of colonial rule . Under Jomo Kenyatta , the post-colonial state represented a ' pact - of - domination ' between transnational capital , the elite and the executive . '' Jump up ^ Percox 2005 , pp. 752 . Jump up ^ Lonsdale 2000 , pp. 109 -- 10 . `` Mau Mau , despite its problematic claims to be called ' nationalist ' ... forced the issue of power in a way that KAU had never done . It was not that Mau Mau won its war against the British ; guerrilla movements rarely win in military terms ; and militarily Mau Mau was defeated . But in order to crown peace with sustainable civil governance -- and thus reopen a prospect of controlled decolonization -- the British had to abandon ' multiracialism ' and adopt African rule as their vision of Kenya 's future ... The blood of Mau Mau , no matter how peculiarly ethnic in source and aim , was the seed of Kenya 's all - African sovereignty . '' Jump up ^ Wasserman 1976 , p. 1 : `` Although the rise of nationalist movements in Africa was certainly a contributing factor in the dismantling of the colonial empires , one can not wholly attribute the ' demise of colonialism ' to the rise of nationalism ... ( T ) he decolonization process was shaped by an adaptive reaction of colonial political and economic interests to the political ascendency of a nationalist elite and to the threat of disruption by the masses . '' Jump up ^ `` British - backed Mau Mau memorial set to open in rare colonial apology '' . The Economic Times . AFP . 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former guerrillas seek damages '' . The Irish Times . 8 August 1999 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mau Mau compensation demand '' . BBC News . 20 August 1999 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mike ( 9 November 2002 ) . `` Mau Mau rebels threaten court action '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Plaut , Martin ( 31 August 2003 ) . `` Kenya lifts ban on Mau Mau '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Pflanz ( 11 October 2006 ) . `` Mau Mau veterans issue writ deadline '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Andrew ( 26 September 2006 ) . `` Mau Mau veterans to sue over British ' atrocities ' '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ireland , Corydon ( 1 September 2011 ) . `` Justice for Kenya 's Mau Mau '' . Harvard Gazette . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , John ( 9 November 2002 ) . `` Kenya : White Terror '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' He came with pliers ' -- Kenyan alleges torture by British colonial authorities '' . BBC News . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mau Mau case : UK government can not be held liable '' . BBC News . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Tristan ( 21 July 2011 ) . `` Kenyan veterans celebrate first victory in compensation claim '' . The Times . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` In court to face the ghosts of the past '' . The Times . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK ' atrocity ' apology '' . BBC News . 4 March 2005 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen Bowcott ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Kenyans sue UK for alleged colonial human rights abuses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen Bowcott ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau victims seek compensation from UK for alleged torture '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Owen Bowcott ( 21 July 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau torture claim Kenyans win right to sue British government '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Dominic Casciani ( 21 July 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau Kenyans allowed to sue UK government '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ; Ralph , Alex ; McConnell , Tristan ( 21 July 2011 ) . `` Kenyans can sue over ' colonial torture ' `` . The Times . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Good News from London '' . The Times . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Macintyre ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Torture device No 1 : the legal rubber stamp '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyans were tortured during Mau Mau rebellion , High Court hears '' . London : telegraph.co.uk. 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Macintyre ; Billy Kenber ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Brutal beatings and the ' roasting alive ' of a suspect : what secret Mau Mau files reveal '' . The Times . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Sir Evelyn Baring , the Governor of Kenya , in a telegram to the Secretary of State for the Colonies , reported allegations of extreme brutality made against eight European district officers . They included ' assault by beating up and burning of two Africans during screening ( interrogation ) ' and one officer accused of ' murder by beating up and roasting alive of one African ' . No action was taken against the accused . Jump up ^ Caroline Elkins ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` My critics ignored evidence of torture in Mau Mau detention camps '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kenber , Billy ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` New documents show how Britain sanctioned Mau Mau torture '' . The Times . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andy McSmith ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` Cabinet ' hushed up ' torture of Mau Mau rebels '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallis , Holly ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` British colonial files released following legal challenge '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Question , House of Lords , London 12 May 1959 -- ' Whether the Government will make available to this House the text of the Cowan plan ' Jump up ^ Dominic Casciani ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` British Mau Mau abuse papers revealed '' . BBC News . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Macintyre ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Tales of brutality and violence that could open the claims floodgate '' . The Times . Retrieved 6 April 2011 . A letter was sent to William Hague on March 31 stating : ' The Republic of Kenya fully supports the claimants ' case and has publicly denied any notion that responsibility for any acts and atrocities committed by the British colonial administration during the Kenya ' Emergency ' was inherited by the Republic of Kenya . ' Jump up ^ David Anderson ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` It 's not just Kenya . Squaring up to the seamier side of empire is long overdue '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ For more on Anderson 's reaction to the ' missing ' papers , see : `` Colonial secret papers to be made public '' . BBC News . 6 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Mark Thompson ( 7 April 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau blame ' goes right to the top ' '' . Today . BBC . 02 : 38 -- 03 : 31 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . These new documents were withheld because they were considered to be particularly sensitive , so we can but imagine what will be in these documents ... Senior members of the Commonwealth Office in London did know what was happening ; senior legal officials in London did , to some extent , sanction the use of coercive force ; and also , at Cabinet level , the Secretary of State for the Colonies certainly knew of the excesses that were taking place . ( The quote is of Anderson ) . Jump up ^ James Blitz ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Mau Mau case casts light on colonial records '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ McGhie , John ( 9 November 2002 ) . `` Kenya : White Terror '' . Correspondent . BBC . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ; Kenber , Billy ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` Hundreds more top secret files missing in Mau Mau abuse case '' . The Times . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . In a statement to the court dated March 8 , released to The Times yesterday , Martin Tucker , head of corporate records at the Foreign Office , reported that the 13 missing boxes could not be found . ' There were at one time a further 13 boxes of material retrieved from Kenya at independence which are additional to the documents discovered in Hanslope Park ( the closed Foreign Office repository in Buckinghamshire ) in January of this year ' , he wrote . He found evidence that the files had once been stored in the basement of the Old Admiralty Building in Whitehall , but traces of them had vanished after 1995 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Caroline ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` The colonial papers : FCO transparency is a carefully cultivated myth '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Cobain , Ian ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` Mau Mau torture case : Kenyans win ruling against UK '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Day , Martyn ; Leader , Dan ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` The Kenyans tortured by the British must now be justly treated '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark ( 23 December 2012 ) . `` Fury as Britain fights ruling on Kenya torture victims '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Cobain , Ian ; Hatcher , Jessica ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Kenyan Mau Mau victims in talks with UK government over legal settlement '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Huw ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Kenyan Mau Mau : official policy was to cover up brutal mistreatment '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lonsdale 2003 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , pp. 360 -- 3 : `` During the run - up to independence and the years that followed , former loyalists also wielded political clout to consolidate their own interests and power . Under Kenyatta many became influential members of the new government ... This system of loyalist patronage percolated all the way down to the local level of government , with former Home Guards dominating bureaucracies that had once been the preserve of the young British colonial officers in the African districts . Of the numerous vacancies created by decolonization -- powerful posts like provincial commissioner and district commissioner -- the vast majority were filled by one time loyalists . '' Jump up ^ Branch 2009 , pp. xii -- xiii . ^ Jump up to : Jacob Ole Miaron , Permanent Secretary of the Vice President Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture ( 26 February 2009 ) . `` Speech to the 52nd Commemoration of the Memory of Dedan Kimathi '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter Two -- The Republic '' ( PDF ) . Constitution of Kenya , 2010 . National Council for Law Reporting . Article 9 , p. 15 . The national days ... ( shall include ) Mashujaa Day , to be observed on 20 October . Jump up ^ Dominic Odipo ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Who are Kenya 's real heroes ? '' . The Standard . Nairobi : Standard Group . Changing Kenyatta Day to Mashujaa Day is not just an innocuous and harmless exercise in constitutional semantics . ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Cathy ( 22 March 2001 ) . `` Monuments for the Mau Mau '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2005 , pp. 335 -- 6 : `` ( Kenyatta ) often spoke of the need to ' forgive and forget ' , and to ' bury the past ' . He acknowledged the part the freedom fighters had played in the struggle , but he never once made any public statement that conceded to them any rights or any genuine compensation . Mau Mau was a thing best forgotten ... In Kenyatta 's Kenya there would be a deafening silence about Mau Mau '' . Jump up ^ Branch 2009 , pp. xiii -- xiv . Jump up ^ Nissimi 2006 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ormsby - Gore 1925 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Kanogo 1993 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Elkins 2005 , p. 63 . Bibliography Adekson , J. ' Bayo ( 1981 ) . `` The Algerian and Mau Mau Revolts : a Comparative Study in Revolutionary Warfare '' . Comparative Strategy . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 92 . doi : 10.1080 / 01495938108402629 . Alam , S.M. Shamsul ( 2007 ) . Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 8374 - 7 . Anderson , David ( 1988 ) . `` Smallholder Agriculture in Colonial Kenya : the Official Mind and the Swynnerton Plan . By ANNE THURSTON . Cambridge : University Press , 1987 . Pp. 141 ( ISBN 0 - 902 - 99319 - 4 ) '' . African Affairs . 87 ( 348 ) : 472 . JSTOR 722455 . -- -- -- ( 2004 ) . `` Kenya , 1895 -- 1939 : Registration and Rough Justice '' . In Douglas Hay & Paul Craven , eds. , Masters , Servants , and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire , 1562 -- 1955 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 82877 - 9 . -- -- -- ( 2005 ) . Histories of the Hanged : The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire . 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Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04216 - 2 . Carothers , John Colin ( 1953 ) . The African Mind in Health and Disease : A Study in Ethnopsychiatry . Geneva : World Health Organization . Carter , Morris ; et al. ( 1934 ) . `` The Kenya Land Commission Report '' . London : Government Printer . Chappell , Stephen ( 2011 ) . `` Air Power in the Mau Mau Conflict : The Government 's Chief Weapon '' ( PDF ) . RUSI Journal . 156 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 70 . doi : 10.1080 / 03071847.2011. 559986 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 October 2013 . Clough , Marshall S. ( 1998 ) . Mau Mau Memoirs : History , Memory and Politics . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 555 - 87537 - 4 . Coray , Michael S. ( 1978 ) . `` The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu '' . Agricultural History . 52 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 193 . JSTOR 3742957 . Corfield , Frank ( 1960 ) . The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau : an Historical Survey ( ' The Corfield Report ' ) . Nairobi : Government of Kenya . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13090 - 5 . Curtis , Mark ( 2003 ) . Web of Deceit : Britain 's Real Role in the World . London : Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 099 - 44839 - 6 . Edgerton , Robert B. ( 1989 ) . Mau Mau : An African Crucible . New York , NY : The Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 029 - 08920 - 0 . Elkins , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Imperial Reckoning : The Untold Story of Britain 's Gulag in Kenya . New York , NY : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 805 - 07653 - 0 . US edition -- -- -- ( 2005 ) . Britain 's Gulag : The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 978 - 0 - 224 - 07363 - 9 . UK edition -- -- -- ( 2011 ) . `` Alchemy of Evidence : Mau Mau , the British Empire , and the High Court of Justice '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 39 ( 5 ) : 731 -- 748 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2011. 629084 . Ellis , John ( 1986 ) ( 1975 ) . The Social History of the Machine Gun . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 83358 - 8 . Emerson Welch , Claude ( 1980 ) . Anatomy of Rebellion . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 873 - 95441 - 9 . French , David ( 2011 ) . The British Way in Counter-Insurgency , 1945 -- 1967 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 58796 - 4 . Füredi , Frank ( 1989 ) . The Mau Mau War in Perspective . London : James Currey ; Nairobi : Heinemann Kenya ; Athens , OH : Ohio University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 821 - 40940 - 4 . -- -- -- ( 1994 ) . Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 850 - 43784 - 0 . Gerlach , Christian ( 2010 ) . Extremely Violent Societies : Mass Violence in the Twentieth - Century World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88058 - 9 . Grogan , Ewart S. ; Sharp , Arthur H. ( 1900 ) . From the Cape to Cairo : The First Traverse of Africa from South to North . London : Hurst and Blackett . Kalyvas , Stathis N. ( 2006 ) . The Logic of Violence in Civil War . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85409 - 2 . Kanogo , Tabitha ( 1992 ) . Dedan Kimathi : A Biography . Nairobi : East African Educational Publishers . -- -- -- ( 1993 ) ( 1987 ) . Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau , 1905 -- 63 . Nairobi : East African Educational Publishers . ISBN 9966 - 46 - 326 - 7 . Lapping , Brian ( 1989 ) . End of Empire ( revised ed . ) . London : Paladin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 08870 - 8 . Leys , Norman ( 1973 ) . Kenya ( 4th ed . ) . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 714 - 61688 - 9 . Lonsdale , John ( 2000 ) . KAU 's Cultures : Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War . Journal of African Cultural Studies . 13 . pp. 107 -- 124 . doi : 10.1080 / 713674307 . JSTOR 1771859 . -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . `` Authority , Gender & Violence : The war within Mau Mau 's fight for land & freedom '' . In Elisha Stephen Atieno - Odhiambo & John Lonsdale , eds. , Mau Mau and Nationhood : Arms , Authority and Narration . Oxford : James Currey . pp. 46 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 852 - 55478 - 4 . Mahone , Sloan ( 2006 ) . The Psychology of Rebellion : Colonial Medical Responses to Dissent in British East Africa . The Journal of African History . 47 . pp. 241 -- 258 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853706001769 . JSTOR 4100723 . Majdalany , Fred ( 1963 ) . State of Emergency : The Full Story of Mau Mau . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin . Maloba , Wunyabari O. ( 1998 ) ( 1993 ) . Mau Mau and Kenya : An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt ( revised ed . ) . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 852 - 55745 - 7 . Maxon , Robert M. ( 1989 ) . Conflict and Accommodation in Western Kenya : The Gusii and the British , 1907 -- 1963 . Madison , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 838 - 63350 - 2 . McCulloch , Jock ( 2006 ) ( 1995 ) . Colonial Psychiatry and `` the African Mind '' ( revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 03480 - 7 . Meinertzhagen , Richard ( 1957 ) . Kenya Diary , 1902 -- 1906 . London : Oliver and Boyd . Mosley , Paul ( 1983 ) . The Settler Economies : Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900 -- 1963 ( reprint ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 10245 - 2 . Mumford , Andrew ( 2012 ) . The Counter-Insurgency Myth : The British Experience of Irregular Warfare . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 66745 - 6 . Mungeam , G.H. ( 1970 ) . `` Masai and Kikuyu Responses to the Establishment of British Administration in the East Africa Protectorate '' . The Journal of African History . 11 ( 1 ) : 127 -- 143 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700037476 . JSTOR 180220 . Newsinger , John ( 1981 ) . `` Revolt and Repression in Kenya : The ' Mau Mau ' Rebellion , 1952 -- 1960 '' . Science & Society . 45 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 185 . JSTOR 40402312 . Nissimi , Hilda ( 2006 ) . `` Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya '' . Journal of Military and Strategic Studies . 8 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Ogot , Bethwell Allan ( 1995 ) . `` The Decisive Years : 1956 -- 63 '' . In Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng ' , eds. , Decolonization and Independence in Kenya , 1940 -- 93 . Oxford : James Currey . pp. 48 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 1051 - 6 . -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . `` Mau Mau & Nationhood : The Untold Story '' . In Atieno - Odhiambo ; Lonsdale . In Elisha Stephen Atieno - Odhiambo & John Lonsdale , eds. , Mau Mau and Nationhood : Arms , Authority and Narration . Oxford : James Currey . pp. 8 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 852 - 55478 - 4 . -- -- -- ( 2005 ) . `` BRITAIN 'S GULAG Histories of the Hanged : Britain 's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire . By DAVID ANDERSON . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 2005 . Pp . viii + 406 ( ISBN 0 - 297 - 84719 - 8 ) . Britain 's Gulag : The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya . By CAROLINE ELKINS ( London : Jonathan Cape , 2005 ) . Pp . xiv + 475 '' . The Journal of African History . 46 : 493 -- 505 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021853705000939 . -- -- -- ( 2012 ) . `` Essence of ethnicity : an African perspective '' . In Hiroyuki Hino , John Lonsdale , Gustav Ranis & Frances Stewart , eds. , Ethnic Diversity and Economic Stability in Africa . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 91 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02599 - 8 . Ormsby - Gore , William ; et al. ( 1925 ) . Report of the East Africa Commission . London : Government Printer . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Page , Malcolm ( 2011 ) ( 1996 ) . King 's African Rifles : A History . Barnsley : Pen and Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84884 - 438 - 4 . Percox , David A. ( 2005 ) . `` Kenya : Mau Mau Revolt '' . In Kevin Shillington , ed. , Encyclopedia of African History , Volume 2 , H -- O. New York , NY : Fitzroy Dearborn . pp. 751 -- 752 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 579 - 58245 - 6 . Peterson , Derek R. ( 2008 ) . `` The Intellectual Lives of Detainees '' . The Journal of African History . 49 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 91 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853708003411 . JSTOR 40206614 . Pirouet , M. Louise ( 1977 ) . `` Armed Resistance and Counter-Insurgency : Reflections on the Anya Nya and Mau Mau Experiences '' . In Ali A. Mazrui , ed. , The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa . Leiden : Brill . pp. 197 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 004 - 05646 - 6 . Ranger , T.O. ( 1968 ) . `` Connexions between ' Primary Resistance ' Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa . Part I '' . The Journal of African History . 9 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 453 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700008665 . JSTOR 180275 . Sandgren , David ( 2012 ) . Mau Mau 's Children : The Making of Kenya 's Postcolonial Elite . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 28784 - 9 . Swainson , Nicola ( 1980 ) . The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya , 1918 -- 77 . Berkeley & Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03988 - 9 . Thiong'o , Ngugi wa ( 2010 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Detained : A Writer 's Prison Diary '' . In Roy R. Grinker , Stephen C. Lubkemann & Christopher B. Steiner , eds. , Perspectives on Africa : A Reader in Culture , History and Representation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . pp. 462 -- 470 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 444 - 33522 - 4 . Walton , Calder ( 2013 ) . Empire of Secrets : British Intelligence , the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 007 - 45796 - 0 . Wasserman , Gary ( 1976 ) . Politics of Decolonization : Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 1960 -- 1965 ( digital reprint ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 10023 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bennett , Huw ( 2012 ) . Fighting the Mau Mau : The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02970 - 5 . Berman , Bruce ; Lonsdale , John ( 1992 ) . Unhappy Valley : Conflict in Kenya and Africa ; Book One : State & Class . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 852 - 55021 - 2 . Berman , Bruce ; Lonsdale , John ( 1992 ) . Unhappy Valley : Conflict in Kenya and Africa ; Book Two : Violence & Ethnicity . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 852 - 55099 - 1 . Branch , Daniel ( 2006 ) . `` Loyalists , Mau Mau , and Elections in Kenya : The First Triumph of the System , 1957 -- 1958 '' . Africa Today . 53 ( 2 ) : 27 -- 50 . doi : 10.1353 / at. 2006.0069 . JSTOR 4187771 . Clough , Marshall S. ( 1990 ) . Fighting Two Sides : Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians , 1918 -- 1940 . Niwot , CO : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 978 - 0 - 870 - 81207 - 1 . Derrick , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Africa 's `` Agitators '' : Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West , 1918 -- 1939 . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 70056 - 6 . Heinlein , Frank ( 2002 ) . British Government Policy and Decolonisation , 1945 - 1963 : Scrutinising the Official Mind . London : Frank Cass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5220 - 7 . Henderson , Ian ; Goodhart , Philip ( 1958 ) . Man Hunt in Kenya . New York , NY : Doubleday and Company . Hewitt , Peter ( 2008 ) ( 1999 ) . Kenya Cowboy : A Police Officer 's Account of the Mau Mau Emergency . Johannesburg : 30 ° South Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 920 - 14323 - 7 . Kariuki , Josiah Mwangi ( 1975 ) . `` Mau Mau '' Detainee : The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953 -- 1960 . New York and London : Oxford University Press . Kyle , Keith ( 1999 ) . The Politics of the Independence of Kenya . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 72008 - 3 . Lonsdale , John ( 1990 ) . `` Mau Maus of the Mind : Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya '' . The Journal of African History . 31 ( 3 ) : 393 -- 421 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700031157 . JSTOR 182877 . Lovatt Smith , David ( 2005 ) . Kenya , the Kikuyu and Mau Mau . Mawenzi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 954 - 47132 - 3 . Lyttelton , Oliver ( 1962 ) . The Memoirs of Lord Chandos . London : Bodley Head . Marsh , Zoe ; Kingsnorth , G.W. ( 1972 ) . A History of East Africa . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08348 - 6 . Murphy , Philip ( 1999 ) ( 1995 ) . Party Politics and Decolonization : The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa , 1951 -- 1964 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820505 - 0 . Murphy , Philip ( 1999 ) . Alan Lennox - Boyd : A Biography . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 406 - 1 . Njagi , David ( 1991 ) . The Last Mau Mau ( Kenya 's Freedom Heroes or Villains ? ) : An Excerpt . Nairobi . Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Parsons , Timothy ( 1999 ) . African Rank - and - File : Social Implications of Colonial Military Service in the King 's African Rifles , 1902 -- 1964 . Hanover , NH : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 325 - 00140 - 1 . Percox , David ( 2011 ) ( 2004 ) . Britain , Kenya and the Cold War : Imperial Defence , Colonial Security and Decolonisation . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 966 - 1 . Shilaro , Priscilla M ( 2002 ) . `` Colonial Land Policies : The Kenya Land Commission and the Kakamega Gold Rush , 1932 -- 4 '' . In William Robert Ochieng . Historical Studies and Social Change in Western Kenya : Essays in Memory of Professor Gideon S. Were . Nairobi : East African Educational Publishers . pp. 110 -- 128 . ISBN 9966 - 25 - 152 - 9 . Throup , David ( 1987 ) . Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau , 1945 -- 53 . Oxford : James Currey . ISBN 0 - 85255 - 024 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Archive newsreels from Pathé News . Includes footage of : military operations against Mau Mau ; the capture of Dedan Kimathi ; capture of General China ( Waruhiu Itote ) ; the survivors of the Lari massacre and the defendants ' trial ; Operation Anvil . Colonial Film 's archive footage of Mau Mau `` Lost '' Mau Mau - era government - documents posted by the BBC 's Dominic Casciani `` Mau - Mau '' Podcast about the Mau Mau Uprising and British repression from Radiolab ( WNYC -- New York Public Radio ) Surrender Pass issued under Baring 's 18 January 1955 Amnesty Kenya articles History Timeline Arab slave trade East Africa Protectorate Uganda Railway Kenya Colony In World War II Ilemi Triangle Kenya African Union Mau Mau Uprising 1963 Constitution 1982 coup d'état attempt Goldenberg scandal 1992 Elections 2007 -- 2008 crisis 2010 referendum 2013 Elections Geography Biosphere reserves Climate Ecoregions Environmental issues Great Rift Valley Lakes Mountains Protected areas Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Subdivisions Cities Counties ( * Coat of arms * Flags ) Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President list Deputy President Prime Minister ( defunct ) Economy Agriculture Central bank Coffee Energy Real Estate Shilling ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health healthcare Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms English Engsh Flag Names Literature Media Museums Music Public holidays Sports Sheng Swahili Video gaming Outline Index Portal Colonial conflicts involving the English / British Empire 17th century Virginia ( 1609 -- 46 ) Swally ( 1612 ) Ormuz ( 1622 ) Saint Kitts ( 1626 ) Quebec ( 1628 ) Pequot War ( 1634 -- 38 ) Acadia ( 1654 -- 67 ) Anglo - 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Maratha War ( 1817 -- 18 ) Guiana ( 1823 ) Anglo - Ashanti wars ( 1824 -- 1901 ) First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 26 ) Black War ( Van Diemen 's Land ) 1828 -- 32 ) Jamaica ( 1831 -- 32 ) Malacca ( 1831 -- 33 ) Lower Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Upper Canada ( 1837 -- 38 ) Egyptian -- Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 41 ) First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 42 ) First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) New Zealand Wars ( 1845 -- 72 ) First Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) Río de la Plata ( 1845 -- 50 ) Ceylon ( 1848 ) Second Anglo -- Sikh War ( 1848 -- 49 ) Second Anglo -- Burmese War ( 1852 ) Eureka Rebellion ( 1852 ) Anglo -- Persian War ( 1856 -- 57 ) Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 60 ) Indian Rebellion ( 1857 -- 59 ) Ambela Campaign ( 1863 -- 64 ) Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 65 ) Fenian Rebellion in Canada ( 1866 -- 71 ) Abyssinia ( 1868 ) Manitoba ( 1870 ) Perak ( 1875 -- 76 ) Anglo -- Zulu War ( 1879 ) Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1879 -- 80 ) Basutoland ( 1880 -- 81 ) First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) Mahdist War ( 1881 -- 99 ) Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1882 ) Saskatchewan ( 1885 ) Central Africa ( 1886 -- 89 ) Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Hunza - Nagar Campaign ( 1891 ) Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 -- 94 ) North Borneo ( 1894 -- 1905 ) Chitral Expedition ( 1895 ) Jameson Raid South Africa ( 1896 ) Anglo -- Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 -- 97 ) Benin Expedition ( 1897 ) Siege of Malakand ( 1897 ) First Mohmand Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Tirah Campaign ( 1897 -- 98 ) Six - Day War ( 1899 ) Boxer Rebellion ( 1898 -- 1901 ) Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 20th century Somaliland ( 1900 -- 20 ) West Africa ( 1901 -- 02 ) Tibet expedition ( 1903 -- 04 ) Bambatha Rebellion ( 1906 ) Nyasaland ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1915 ) Nigeria ( 1918 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1919 -- 1920 ) Iraq ( 1920 ) Malabar Rebellion ( 1921 ) Kurdistan ( 1922 -- 24 ) Transjordan ( 1923 ) Pink 's War ( 1925 ) Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 30 ) Barzani revolt ( 1931 -- 32 ) Second Mohmand Campaign ( 1935 ) Palestine ( 1936 -- 39 ) Waziristan campaign ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Ethiopia ( 1943 ) Indochina ( 1945 -- 46 ) Indonesia ( 1945 ) Sarawak ( 1946 -- 50 ) Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 60 ) Mau Mau Uprising Kenya ( 1952 -- 60 ) Oman ( 1954 -- 59 ) Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 59 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Oman ( 1962 -- 76 ) Brunei ( 1962 ) Sarawak ( 1962 -- 90 ) Malaysia ( 1962 -- 66 ) Aden ( 1963 -- 67 ) Falklands ( 1982 ) GND : 4169145 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mau_Mau_Uprising&oldid=849903527 '' Categories : 20th - century revolutions Mau Mau Uprising 20th - century conflicts African resistance to colonialism Wars involving Kenya Wars of independence 20th century in Kenya Insurgencies in Africa Resistance to the British Empire Kikuyu Proxy wars Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Vèneto 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 05 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau%20Mau%20Uprising
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how many justices currently serve on the us supreme court
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There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are :
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nine
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List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
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list of justices of the supreme court of the united states
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 .
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The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7004231320000000000 ♠ 63 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7004298940000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7004255410000000000 ♠ 69 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7004311200000000000 ♠ 85 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7004291410000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7004248940000000000 ♠ 68 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7004233480000000000 ♠ 63 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7004212140000000000 ♠ 58 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7004185350000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY 001 ! Chief Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC 018 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA 019 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA 020 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA 021 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC 022 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001790 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD 023 ! Associate Justice J. Rutledge 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 000000001792 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ 024 ! Associate Justice T. Johnson 000000001793 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 000000001793 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC 002 ! Chief Justice Jay 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 000000001795 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD 025 ! Associate Justice Blair 000000001796 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 000000001796 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT 003 ! Chief Justice J. Rutledge 000000001796 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 000000001796 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA 026 ! Associate Justice Wilson 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 000000001798 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC 027 ! Associate Justice Iredell 000000001799 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 000000001800 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA 004 ! Chief Justice Ellsworth 000000001801 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 000000001801 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC 028 ! Associate Justice Moore 000000001804 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 000000001804 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY 029 ! Associate Justice Paterson 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 000000001807 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY 030 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001807 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 000000001807 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD 031 ! Associate Justice S. Chase 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 000000001811 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA 032 ! Associate Justice Cushing 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 000000001812 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY 033 ! Associate Justice Livingston 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY 034 ! Associate Justice Todd 000000001826 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 000000001826 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH 035 ! Associate Justice Trimble 000000001829 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 000000001830 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA 036 ! Associate Justice Washington 000000001830 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 000000001830 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA 037 ! Associate Justice W. Johnson 000000001835 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 000000001835 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD 005 ! Chief Justice J. Marshall 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 000000001836 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA 038 ! Associate Justice Duvall 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 000000001836 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN 039 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001837 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 000000001837 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL 040 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 000000001838 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA 041 ! Associate Justice Barbour 000000001841 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 000000001842 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY 042 ! Associate Justice Thompson 000000001845 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 000000001845 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH 043 ! Associate Justice Story 000000001846 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 000000001845 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA 044 ! Associate Justice Baldwin 000000001846 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 000000001846 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA 045 ! Associate Justice Woodbury 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 000000001851 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL 046 ! Associate Justice McKinley 000000001853 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 000000001853 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME 047 ! Associate Justice Curtis 000000001858 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 000000001858 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH 048 ! Associate Justice McLean 000000001862 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 000000001862 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA 049 ! Associate Justice Daniel 000000001862 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 000000001862 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL 050 ! Associate Justice Campbell 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 000000001862 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA 051 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001863 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 000000001863 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH 006 ! Chief Justice Taney 000000001864 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA 052 ! Associate Justice Grier 000000001870 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) 000000001870 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ 053 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001870 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 000000001870 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY 054 ! Associate Justice Nelson 000000001872 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 000000001873 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH 007 ! Chief Justice S.P. Chase 000000001874 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY 055 ! Associate Justice Davis 000000001877 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 000000001877 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA 056 ! Associate Justice Strong 000000001880 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 000000001881 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH 057 ! Associate Justice Swayne 000000001881 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 000000001881 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA 058 ! Associate Justice Clifford 000000001881 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 000000001882 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY 059 ! Associate Justice Hunt 000000001882 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 000000001882 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS 060 ! Associate Justice Woods 000000001888 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 000000001888 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL 008 ! Chief Justice Waite 000000001888 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS 061 ! Associate Justice Matthews 000000001889 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 000000001890 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI 062 ! Associate Justice Miller 000000001890 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 000000001891 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA 063 ! Associate Justice Bradley 000000001892 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 000000001892 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN 064 ! Associate Justice L. Lamar 000000001893 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA 065 ! Associate Justice Blatchford 000000001894 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 000000001894 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY 066 ! Associate Justice H. Jackson 000000001895 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 000000001896 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA 067 ! Associate Justice Field 000000001898 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 000000001898 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA 068 ! Associate Justice Gray 000000001902 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 000000001902 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH 069 ! Associate Justice Shiras 000000001903 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 000000001903 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA 070 ! Associate Justice Brown 000000001906 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 000000001906 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN 071 ! Associate Justice Peckham 000000001909 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY 072 ! Associate Justice Brewer 000000001910 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA 009 ! Chief Justice Fuller 000000001910 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY 073 ! Associate Justice E.D. White 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA 074 ! Associate Justice Moody 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ 075 ! Associate Justice J. Harlan 000000001912 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 000000001912 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN 076 ! Associate Justice Lurton 000000001914 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 000000001914 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY 077 ! Associate Justice J. Lamar 000000001916 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 000000001916 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH 078 ! Associate Justice Hughes 000000001916 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 000000001916 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT 010 ! Chief Justice E.D. White 000000001921 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 000000001921 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT 080 ! Associate Justice Clarke 000000001922 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 000000001922 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN 081 ! Associate Justice Day 000000001922 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 000000001923 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN 082 ! Associate Justice Pitney 000000001923 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 000000001923 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY 083 ! Associate Justice McKenna 000000001925 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 000000001925 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY 011 ! Chief Justice Taft 000000001930 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 000000001930 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA 084 ! Associate Justice Sanford 000000001930 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 000000001930 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY 085 ! Associate Justice Holmes 000000001932 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 000000001932 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL 086 ! Associate Justice Van Devanter 000000001937 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 000000001937 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY 087 ! Associate Justice Sutherland 000000001938 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 000000001938 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA 088 ! Associate Justice Cardozo 000000001939 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 000000001939 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT 089 ! Associate Justice Brandeis 000000001939 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 000000001939 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI 090 ! Associate Justice Butler 000000001940 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 000000001940 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY 012 ! Chief Justice Hughes 000000001941 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC 091 ! Associate Justice McReynolds 000000001941 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY 092 ! Associate Justice Stone 000000001941 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA 093 ! Associate Justice Byrnes 000000001943 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 000000001943 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH 094 ! Associate Justice O. Roberts 000000001945 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 000000001945 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY 013 ! Chief Justice Stone 000000001946 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 000000001946 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX 094 ! Associate Justice Murphy 000000001949 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 000000001949 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN 095 ! Associate Justice W. Rutledge 000000001949 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 000000001949 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA 014 ! Chief Justice Vinson 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 000000001953 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY 096 ! Associate Justice R. Jackson 000000001955 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 000000001955 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ 097 ! Associate Justice Minton 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 000000001956 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO 098 ! Associate Justice Reed 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH 099 ! Associate Justice Burton 000000001959 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO 100 ! Associate Justice Whittaker 000000001962 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 000000001962 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL 101 ! Associate Justice Frankfurter 000000001962 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 000000001962 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN 102 ! Associate Justice Goldberg 000000001965 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 000000001965 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY 103 ! Associate Justice Clark 000000001967 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 000000001967 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA 015 ! Chief Justice Warren 000000001969 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN 104 ! Associate Justice Fortas 000000001970 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 000000001970 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA 105 ! Associate Justice Black 000000001971 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ 106 ! Associate Justice J. Harlan II 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL 107 ! Associate Justice Douglas 000000001975 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 000000001975 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ 108 ! Associate Justice Stewart 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA 016 ! Chief Justice Burger 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA 109 ! Associate Justice Rehnquist 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA 110 ! Associate Justice Powell 000000001988 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004110570000000000 ♠ 30 years , 99 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH 110 ! Associate Justice Brennan 000000001990 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA 111 ! Associate Justice T. Marshall 000000001991 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003971400000000000 ♠ 26 years , 217 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY 112 ! Associate Justice B. White 000000001993 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003905700000000000 ♠ 24 years , 291 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA 113 ! Associate Justice Blackmun 000000001994 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003869900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 298 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD 017 ! Chief Justice Rehnquist 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003462400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 241 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ 115 ! Associate Justice O'Connor 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003450000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 117 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY 116 ! Associate Justice Souter 000000002009 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003321500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 293 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA 117 ! Associate Justice Stevens 000000002010 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003285100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 294 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO 118 ! Associate Justice Scalia 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002413000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 48 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of May 28 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons between justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biographies of Justices Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=843380072 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Justices%20of%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States
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when was the last time uva beat va tech in football
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Virginia -- Virginia Tech football rivalry
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virginia - - virginia tech football rivalry
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The Virginia -- Virginia Tech football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Virginia Cavaliers football team of the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech Hokies football team of Virginia Tech . The two schools first met in 1895 and have played annually since 1970 .
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Since 1964 , the game has always been played at either Lane Stadium or Scott Stadium on the campuses of the two universities . But the series has at times been played in Richmond ( 1903 , 1904 , and 1957 ) ; Norfolk ( 1940 , 1941 , and 1942 ) ; and at Victory Stadium in Roanoke ( in 17 of the 19 years between 1945 and 1963 ) . Since 1990 , the game has been held in late November , often on Thanksgiving weekend . Virginia Tech leads the series 57 -- 37 -- 5 , and the Cup series 17 -- 3 . At 99 games , it is the longest series for the Hokies and second - longest for the Cavaliers , after the 122 game series between Virginia and North Carolina known as the South 's Oldest Rivalry . The game counts for 1 point in the Commonwealth Clash each year , and is part of the greater Virginia -- Virginia Tech rivalry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commonwealth Cup Trophy 2 Hunter Carpenter in early football days 3 Game results 4 References 5 External links Commonwealth Cup trophy ( edit ) In 1996 , a trophy was created for the rivalry , known as the Commonwealth Cup . The winning team holds the trophy until the next game , which has been held annually since 1970 . Currently , Virginia Tech holds the cup , having won the 2017 game . The trophy is constructed of marble and cherry wood , and is four feet high . It also contains the scores of all of the games in the series . The cup is engraved with the names of the two schools and is mounted atop a trapezoidal base that makes up most of the trophy 's length . The front of the base features a stylized map of Virginia with Blacksburg and Charlottesville represented by stars on the map . ' Hunter Carpenter in early football days ( edit ) The Virginia - Virginia Tech rivalry has existed since the late 1800s , but did not reach pre-eminence until the 1980s . Traditionally , Virginia 's primary rival had been the Tar Heels of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , which remains the South 's Oldest Rivalry . Virginia Tech 's rival was the Virginia Military Institute , with whom they shared a military tradition and similar acronyms ( VMI and VPI ) . The UVA / VPI rivalry began in earnest 1899 , a year that saw Virginia take on northern powerhouses Penn State and Michigan . Virginia 's final game of the season was against a squad in the middle of a disastrous first full season , the Virginia Polytechnic Institute . That game , a 28 -- 0 decision for Virginia , was a footnote in their year . But for at least one Virginia Tech player , the blowout was much more . Hunter Carpenter enrolled at Virginia Tech in 1898 . He became a man possessed by one thing after the 1899 rout : beating UVA in football . However , after five years of college , Hunter Carpenter graduated from Virginia Tech without achieving his goal . Infuriated , he played in 1904 at the University of North Carolina . `` I just want to beat the University of Virginia , '' Carpenter was quoted as saying by the Associated Press , in reference to his move to Chapel Hill . However , as a standout on the Tar Heels ' football squad , he again failed to win against Virginia for two years in a row . Carpenter returned to Virginia Tech in 1905 for a last shot at beating Virginia in his eighth year of college football . Going into the 1905 game , UVA was 8 -- 0 against VPI by a cumulative score of 170 -- 5 . The Cavalier Daily ran a story outlining Carpenter 's motives and move from Virginia Tech to UNC and back to Tech over the preceding eight years . Virginia accused Carpenter of being a professional player , as he had played college football already for nearly a decade . Carpenter signed an affidavit that he had not received payment to play against UVA and , against a backdrop of recrimination , Carpenter led VPI to an 11 - 0 lead . Carpenter was ejected midway through the game for throwing the ball at the face of a Virginia defender , but stayed on the sidelines to watch as neither team was able to score against each other . Carpenter left immediately after the game and moved to Middleton , New York , never to return to the Commonwealth . Carpenter retired 1 -- 7 against UVA , but the Cavaliers still refused to play Virginia Tech again until 1923 . Game results ( edit ) Virginia victories Virginia Tech victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score October 5 , 1895 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 38 -- 0 October 31 , 1896 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 44 -- 0 November 11 , 1899 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 28 -- 0 November 14 , 1900 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 17 -- 5 5 October 26 , 1901 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 16 -- 0 6 November 15 , 1902 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 6 -- 0 7 October 24 , 1903 Richmond , VA Virginia 21 -- 0 8 November 5 , 1904 Richmond , VA Virginia 5 -- 0 9 November 4 , 1905 Charlottesville , VA VPI 11 -- 0 10 November 17 , 1923 Charlottesville , VA VPI 6 -- 3 11 November 15 , 1924 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 6 -- 0 12 November 14 , 1925 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 10 -- 0 13 October 23 , 1926 Blacksburg , VA VPI 6 -- 0 14 October 22 , 1927 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 7 -- 0 15 November 10 , 1928 Blacksburg , VA VPI 20 -- 0 16 November 9 , 1929 Charlottesville , VA VPI 32 -- 12 17 November 8 , 1930 Blacksburg , VA VPI 31 -- 13 18 November 14 , 1931 Charlottesville , VA Tie 0 -- 0 19 November 12 , 1932 Blacksburg , VA VPI 13 -- 0 20 November 18 , 1933 Charlottesville , VA Tie 6 -- 6 21 November 17 , 1934 Blacksburg , VA VPI 19 -- 6 22 November 16 , 1935 Charlottesville , VA Tie 0 -- 0 23 November 14 , 1936 Blacksburg , VA VPI 7 -- 6 24 November 13 , 1937 Charlottesville , VA VPI 14 -- 7 25 October 15 , 1938 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 14 -- 6 26 November 18 , 1939 Charlottesville , VA VPI 13 -- 0 27 November 2 , 1940 Norfolk , VA VPI 6 -- 0 28 November 1 , 1941 Norfolk , VA Virginia 34 -- 0 29 October 31 , 1942 Norfolk , VA VPI 20 -- 14 30 October 27 , 1945 Roanoke , VA Virginia 31 -- 13 31 October 5 , 1946 Roanoke , VA Tie 21 -- 21 32 October 4 , 1947 Roanoke , VA Virginia 41 -- 7 33 October 2 , 1948 Roanoke , VA Virginia 28 -- 0 34 October 8 , 1949 Roanoke , VA Virginia 26 -- 0 35 October 7 , 1950 Roanoke , VA Virginia 45 -- 6 36 October 6 , 1951 Roanoke , VA Virginia 33 -- 0 37 October 4 , 1952 Roanoke , VA # 16 Virginia 42 -- 0 38 September 26 , 1953 Charlottesville , VA VPI 20 -- 6 39 October 23 , 1954 Roanoke , VA VPI 6 -- 0 40 October 22 , 1955 Roanoke , VA VPI 17 -- 13 41 October 27 , 1956 Roanoke , VA VPI 14 -- 7 42 October 19 , 1957 Richmond , VA Virginia 38 -- 7 43 October 11 , 1958 Roanoke , VA VPI 22 -- 13 44 October 17 , 1959 Richmond , VA VPI 40 -- 14 45 October 22 , 1960 Roanoke , VA VPI 40 -- 6 46 October 21 , 1961 Roanoke , VA VPI 20 -- 0 47 October 6 , 1962 Roanoke , VA VPI 20 -- 15 48 October 5 , 1963 Roanoke , VA VPI 10 -- 0 49 October 3 , 1964 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 20 -- 17 50 October 23 , 1965 Blacksburg , VA VPI 22 -- 14 No . Date Location Winner Score 51 October 22 , 1966 Charlottesville , VA VPI 24 -- 7 52 September 12 , 1970 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 7 -- 0 53 November 6 , 1971 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 6 -- 0 54 September 16 , 1972 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 24 -- 20 55 October 20 , 1973 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 27 -- 15 56 October 19 , 1974 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 28 -- 27 57 October 18 , 1975 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 24 -- 17 58 October 16 , 1976 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 14 -- 10 59 October 15 , 1977 Blacksburg , VA Tie 14 -- 14 60 October 21 , 1978 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 17 -- 7 61 November 10 , 1979 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 20 -- 18 62 October 18 , 1980 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 30 -- 0 63 November 28 , 1981 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 20 -- 3 64 November 25 , 1982 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 21 -- 14 65 November 19 , 1983 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 48 -- 0 66 September 29 , 1984 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 26 -- 23 67 October 19 , 1985 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 28 -- 10 68 October 25 , 1986 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 42 -- 10 69 September 19 , 1987 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 14 -- 13 70 October 29 , 1988 Blacksburg , VA Virginia 16 -- 10 71 November 11 , 1989 Charlottesville , VA # 18 Virginia 32 -- 25 72 November 24 , 1990 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 38 -- 13 73 November 23 , 1991 Charlottesville , VA # 20 Virginia 38 -- 0 74 November 21 , 1992 Blacksburg , VA # 23 Virginia 41 -- 38 75 November 20 , 1993 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 20 -- 17 76 November 19 , 1994 Blacksburg , VA # 16 Virginia 42 -- 23 77 November 18 , 1995 Charlottesville , VA # 20 Virginia Tech 36 -- 29 78 November 29 , 1996 Blacksburg , VA # 17 Virginia Tech 26 -- 9 79 November 29 , 1997 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 34 -- 20 80 November 28 , 1998 Blacksburg , VA # 16 Virginia 36 -- 32 81 October 2 , 1999 Charlottesville , VA # 8 Virginia Tech 31 -- 7 82 November 25 , 2000 Blacksburg , VA # 6 Virginia Tech 42 -- 21 83 November 17 , 2001 Charlottesville , VA # 18 Virginia Tech 31 -- 17 84 November 30 , 2002 Blacksburg , VA # 22 Virginia Tech 21 -- 9 85 November 29 , 2003 Charlottesville , VA Virginia 35 -- 21 86 November 27 , 2004 Blacksburg , VA # 11 Virginia Tech 24 -- 10 87 November 19 , 2005 Charlottesville , VA # 7 Virginia Tech 52 -- 14 88 November 25 , 2006 Blacksburg , VA # 17 Virginia Tech 17 -- 0 89 November 24 , 2007 Charlottesville , VA # 8 Virginia Tech 33 -- 21 90 November 29 , 2008 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 17 -- 14 91 November 28 , 2009 Charlottesville , VA # 14 Virginia Tech 42 -- 13 92 November 27 , 2010 Blacksburg , VA # 14 Virginia Tech 37 -- 7 93 November 26 , 2011 Charlottesville , VA # 4 Virginia Tech 38 -- 0 94 November 24 , 2012 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 17 -- 14 95 November 30 , 2013 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 16 -- 6 96 November 28 , 2014 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 24 -- 20 97 November 28 , 2015 Charlottesville , VA Virginia Tech 23 -- 20 98 November 26 , 2016 Blacksburg , VA Virginia Tech 52 -- 10 99 November 24 , 2017 Charlottesville , VA # 24 Virginia Tech 10 -- 0 Series : Virginia Tech leads 57 -- 37 -- 5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia Tech vs Virginia '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ hokiesports.com Jump up ^ Hokiesports.com Commonwealth Cup Trophy . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brady , Erik ( 2007 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Virginia allegiances driven by rivalry on football field '' . College Football Update . USA Today . External links ( edit ) Official VT Athletics Site Official UVA Athletics Site Virginia Cavaliers football Venues Madison Hall Field ( 1888 -- 1912 ) Lambeth Field ( 1913 -- 1930 ) Scott Stadium ( 1931 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Florida State ( Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy ) Maryland North Carolina ( South 's Oldest Rivalry ) Virginia Tech ( Commonwealth Cup ) Culture & lore CavMan `` The Cavalier Song '' `` The Good Old Song '' Cavalier Marching Band Georgia Tech vs. Virginia 1990 People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders W.A. Lambeth Seasons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Virginia Tech Hokies football Venues Sheib Field ( 1894 -- 1901 ) Gibboney Field ( 1902 -- 1908 ) Miles Field ( 1909 -- 1925 ) Miles Stadium ( 1926 -- 1964 ) Lane Stadium ( 1965 -- present ) Victory Stadium ( alternate , 1942 -- 1971 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Boston College Georgia Tech Miami Virginia ( Commonwealth Cup ) West Virginia ( Black Diamond Trophy ) VMI ( former ) Culture & lore HokieBird `` Tech Triumph '' The Marching Virginians Battle at Bristol People Head coaches Starting quarterbacks NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rivalries of the Atlantic Coast Conference Conference O'Rourke -- McFadden Trophy ( Boston College -- Clemson ) Boston College -- Syracuse Boston College -- Virginia Tech Clemson -- Florida State Clemson -- Georgia Tech Textile Bowl ( Clemson -- NC State ) Duke -- North Carolina basketball / overall Victory Bell ( Duke -- North Carolina football ) Duke -- NC State Duke -- Wake Forest Florida State -- Miami Florida State -- Virginia Georgia Tech -- Virginia Tech Miami -- Virginia Tech North Carolina -- NC State overall North Carolina -- NC State North Carolina -- Wake Forest NC State -- Wake Forest South 's Oldest Rivalry ( North Carolina -- Virginia ) Pittsburgh -- Syracuse Virginia -- Virginia Tech Commonwealth Cup ( Virginia -- Virginia Tech football ) Non-conference Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Boston College -- Holy Cross Boston College -- Harvard ( basketball ) Commonwealth Classic ( Boston College -- UMass basketball ) Boston College -- UMass Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Colgate -- Syracuse Connecticut -- Notre Dame ( women 's basketball ) Duke -- Maryland ( basketball ) Duke -- Michigan ( basketball ) Florida -- Florida State Green Line Rivalry ( Boston College -- Boston U ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) Kentucky -- Louisville overall Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky -- Louisville football ) Louisville -- Memphis Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Georgia Tech -- Tulane Maryland -- Virginia Florida -- Miami Miami -- Nebraska NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina NC State -- East Carolina Notre Dame -- UCLA basketball River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) City Game ( Pittsburgh -- Duquesne ) Penn State -- Pittsburgh Backyard Brawl ( Pittsburgh -- West Virginia ) Georgetown -- Syracuse Penn State -- Syracuse Syracuse -- West Virginia New River Valley rivalry ( Radford -- Virginia Tech ) Virginia Tech -- West Virginia VMI -- Virginia Tech Notre Dame football rivalries Boston College -- Notre Dame Georgia Tech -- Notre Dame Miami -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Pittsburgh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia -- Virginia_Tech_football_rivalry&oldid = 813597874 '' Categories : Atlantic Coast Conference College football rivalries in the United States College sports in Virginia Virginia Cavaliers football Virginia Tech Hokies football 1895 establishments in Virginia Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 07 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%25E2%2580%2593Virginia%20Tech%20football%20rivalry
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when was the norfolk and norwich hospital built
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The university hospital replaced the former , Norfolk and Norwich Hospital , which was founded in 1771 , and the West Norwich Hospital . The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital was built under the Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) , and opened in late 2001 : it has 1237 acute beds and offers a wide range of NHS acute health services plus private patient facilities . It is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom in terms of in - patient capacity . The hospital is part of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust .
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2001
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Norfolk and Norwich University hospital
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norfolk and norwich university hospital
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The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital ( NNUH ) is a National Health Service academic teaching hospital in the Norwich Research Park on the western outskirts of Norwich , England .
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The university hospital replaced the former , Norfolk and Norwich Hospital , which was founded in 1771 , and the West Norwich Hospital . The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital was built under the Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) , and opened in late 2001 : it has 1237 acute beds and offers a wide range of NHS acute health services plus private patient facilities . It is one of the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom in terms of in - patient capacity . The hospital is part of the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . NNUH was the first new NHS teaching hospital built in England for more than 30 years and the hospital trust is a joint venture partner with the University of East Anglia . The hospital is a teaching centre for nurses ( adult and children 's ) , midwives , doctors , therapists and operating department practitioners . It hosts the Norwich GP speciality training scheme . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Development 3 Controversy 4 Healthcare associated infections and black alerts 5 People and NNUH 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Construction ( edit ) On 11 January 1998 , Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the go - ahead for the construction of a £ 214 million , 809 bed , new hospital in a broadcast from Tokyo on the BBC 's Breakfast with Frost show . Site work started the following day ( 12 January 1998 ) . The project was the first large PFI hospital scheme in the NHS . In July 2000 approval was given to extend the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital with a second phase that included an additional 144 beds and took the project cost to £ 229 million . The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust pays the private PFI Octagon consortium in the region of £ 41 million a year . In 2004 , the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants assessed the actual costs at £ 1.16 billion , or around five times the initial cost of £ 229 million . Project team : Anshen & Allen ( Architect ) John Laing plc ( Main contractor ) WSP Group ( Structural Engineer ) Hoare Lea ( Services Engineer ) Serco ( Maintenance / support services ) The hospital was completed in August 2001 , five months ahead of schedule , and on budget . The hospital won the Building Better Healthcare Award for Best Designed Hospital in September 2002 . The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital was also highly commended in the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment Prime Minister 's Better Public Building Award in 2002 . It is one of a small number of Accident and Emergency departments to benefit from Pearson Lloyd 's redesign - ' A Better A&E ' - which reduced aggression against hospital staff by 50 per cent . A system of environmental signage provides location - specific information for patients . Screens provide live information about how many cases are being handled and the current status of the A&E department . Development ( edit ) A £ 4.5 m radiotherapy cancer treatment unit , the Winterton Unit , at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , was opened by the Duke of Gloucester in May 2014 . The unit is set to increase capacity at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital by 25pc . Controversy ( edit ) The controversial Private Finance Initiative was first introduced to the public sector under the Conservative government of John Major and the contract for NNUH , one of the first PFI hospitals , was signed in 1996 . The level of subsequent potential risks and costs borne by the public sector was thought by some critics of the deal to be unacceptably high . In 2006 Edward Leigh , Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) and chairman of the Public Accounts Committee , appropriated a famous Edward Heath quote ( originally used with reference to Tiny Rowland of Lonrho International ) to describe the Department of Health 's approach to a refinancing deal for the NNUH PFI : `` It is hard to escape the conclusion that the public sector staff managing the project were not up to the rough and tumble of negotiating refinancing proposals with the private sector ... The unacceptable face of capitalism . '' The hospital neighbours the constituency of South Norfolk MP Richard Bacon , also a member of the Public Accounts Committee . Mr. Bacon wrote about the financing of the hospital on his website ; `` The Department of Health would not allow the hospital to include a refinancing clause in the original contract . This meant the hospital had no right to receive any proceeds from the refinancing at all , let alone the 29 % share it eventually secured . And that right was only obtained by taking on huge extra potential liabilities . '' In 2006 / 07 , the trust projected a savings target of £ 14.8 million but recorded a surplus of £ 867,000 by the end of the same financial year . In 2007 , the Audit Commission 's `` Review of the NHS financial year 2006 / 07 '' reported that the trust was delivering the best financial management of any NHS Trust in the country In 2006 , the Public Accounts Committee released report into the PFI refinancing conducted by the private Octagon Healthcare consortium , of which Innisfree Ltd owns a quarter , involved in building the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital of `` lining investors ' pockets '' and putting the trust at increased financial risk . The report noted that the consortium was receiving an over £ 80 million pound windfall from the deal , and the National Audit Office said that the windfall was the third it had uncovered after complaints from MPs and the public . The Consortium lengthened the NHS 's repayment term from 34 to 39 years , but raising their own rate of return from 16 to 60 per cent . Healthcare associated infections and black alerts ( edit ) Between 2002 and 2006 the hospital saw 65 patients die from Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , making it one of the ten worst hospitals in the United Kingdom in terms of deaths from the superbug . In 2006 an outbreak of a community - acquired infection Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus Aureus on the neonatal intensive care unit at the hospital , resulted in five babies carrying the organism and possibly contributing to the death of one baby . The hospital was placed on black alert in November 2007 when it ran out of beds for a time . Ambulances were forced to queue outside the building while non-urgent patients were discharged to free up beds and a major incident emergency plan implemented . In March 2011 several wards in the hospital were closed as a result of an outbreak of the community infection Norovirus . In 2011 , a Care Quality Commission inspection found that the hospital was in the moderate concern category with regards to nutritional screening . The inspection report stated `` People who use the service can be assured that they will be provided with respect , dignity and privacy by the staff during their stay in hospital . However , we observed that some improvements were needed '' . In March 2014 the N&N , Norfolk 's biggest hospital , marked two years of being MRSA free . People and NNUH ( edit ) Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital from the air The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital has been visited by a number of notable people in public life ; -- September 1998 , Secretary of State for Health Frank Dobson unveiled a plaque marking foundation work on the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital -- September 2001 , Health Minister Lord Hunt of Kings Heath attended the handover ceremony where the keys to the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital were given to the trust by the builders -- May 2002 , Prime Minister Tony Blair visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and was shown a pioneering Radiology digital imaging system and visited the Coronary Care Unit -- December 2002 , food critic and TV presenter Loyd Grossman visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital to raise awareness of the importance of good hospital food -- December 2002 , Actor Chris Rankin , who plays Percy Weasley in the Harry Potter films , visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital 's children 's ward to help spread the hand hygiene message . -- January 2003 , Norway 's ambassador to the UK , Tarald Brautaset , visited the medical school complex at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in a visit marking links with the county and the Trondheim area of Norway . -- September 2003 National cancer director Professor Mike Richards formally opened the £ 20 million Colney Centre for Oncology and Haematology patients at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital . -- February 2004 , The Queen formally opened the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital , visiting Medicine for the Elderly patients and staff on Holt ward and meeting staff in the Radiology department -- March 2004 , President of the Royal College of Physicians Professor Dame Carol Black visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital 's pioneering Emergency Assessment Unit -- May 2004 , Health Minister Rosie Winterton visited patients and staff in the hospital 's Critical Care Complex and Emergency Assessment Unit -- February 2006 , President of the Royal College of Radiologists Professor Janet Husband formally opened the Norwich Radiology Academy in the Cotman Centre -- May 2006 , the Department of Health 's Chief Medical Officer Sir Liam Donaldson visited the Norwich Radiology Academy to meet the radiology academy team and trainees -- June 2006 , Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital to meet staff and union representatives -- June 2007 , Journalist and TV presenter Esther Rantzen visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital to promote the use of the Liverpool Care of the Dying Pathway for terminal patients -- July 2007 , Actors Stephen Fry and Richard Briers took part in location filming for the second series of Kingdom ( ITV ) at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital -- November 2007 , the Archbishop of Canterbury , the Most Rev Dr Rowan Williams , visited the hospital 's Chaplaincy team and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit -- January 2009 , Neighbours actress Caitlin Stasey , appearing at the Theatre Royal , Norwich , in the pantomime Snow White , visited the children 's ward at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital -- March 2009 , The Bishop of Thetford , the Right Revd David John Atkinson , visited the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital 's renal unit . Rhonwen Washford , one of the staff nurses on Langley Ward at the NNUH , had recently been ordained and the Bishop had expressed an interest in her work at the hospital See also ( edit ) List of hospitals in England References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital '' . www.cqc.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Press Release Archive - UEA '' . comm.uea.ac.uk . Jump up ^ Blair to take welfare message on tour , BBC News Jump up ^ `` Private Finance Initiative -- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Norfolk hospital gets new chief , BBC News Jump up ^ `` Better Public Building Award finalists , 2002 '' . Jump up ^ `` A&E department redesign ' cuts aggression by half ' '' . Design Week . 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gretton , Adam . `` Photo gallery : Royal visitor opens new cancer treatment centre at N&N '' . Jump up ^ The Independent , 12 November 2004 , ' The unacceptable face of capitalism ' Jump up ^ George Monbiot , 9 May 2006 , The Guardian , An Easter Egg Hunt Jump up ^ `` Richard Bacon '' . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Audit Commission - GOV.UK '' . www.audit-commission.gov.uk . Jump up ^ The Independent , 3 May 2006 , Consortium condemned over pounds 100m windfall profit from NHS Jump up ^ Gilligan , Andrew ( 27 January 2011 ) . `` David Metter : Skiing in the Alps , the King of the PFIs who owns 28 hospitals and a motorway '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Superbugs MRSA and Clostridium difficile killing record numbers of patients , The Telegraph , 2008 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Babies infected in neonatal unit , BBC News , 2006 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hospital put on alert as ambulances stack up , The Guardian , 2007 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Norovirus outbreak at Norwich hospital , Eastern Daily Press , 2011 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Norfolk and Norwich Hospital told to improve elderly patients ' nutrition , Eastern Daily Press 2 , 2011 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Care Quality Commission , Dignity and nutrition for older people -- Review of compliance '' . Jump up ^ Gretton , Adam . `` Graphic : Praise after three Norfolk hospitals pass two years as MRSA free '' . Jump up ^ Norwich Evening News , p6 , 15 September 1998 Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Keys to new hospital handed over `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Prime Minister visits NNUH `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - England - Loyd Grossman goes on the wards '' . news.bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Harry Potter star 's hygiene message `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - England - Norfolk - New cancer centre opened '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - England - Norfolk - Queen to open new hospital '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Royal College Praises Emergency Assessment Unit `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Health minister to visit NNUH `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Official opening of the Norwich Radiology Academy `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` Department of Health '' . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Esther Rantzen welcomes new care plan for terminally ill `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Hospital staff star in TV series Kingdom `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Daily Press '' . Jump up ^ `` Norwich Evening News '' . Jump up ^ `` Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust '' Bishop of Thetford to visit renal patients at NNUH `` . www.nnuh.nhs.uk . External links ( edit ) Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital -- NHS Foundation ( hide ) University of East Anglia People Chancellor : Karen Jones Vice Chancellor : David Richardson List of University of East Anglia alumni Faculty UEA Creative Writing Course Climatic Research Unit School of International Development School of Biological Sciences UEA Law School Norwich Business School Norwich Medical School School of Art History and World Art Studies School of Social Work and Psychology Campus Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts UEA Broad Earlham Hall Student life Union of UEA Students Sportspark The Waterfront Concrete Livewire ( radio ) University of East Anglia Boat Club The Sustainability Initiative Fund Affiliates 1994 Group Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Cromer Hospital Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Categories University of East Anglia Alumni Academics Vice-Chancellors Chancellors People associated with the University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_and_Norwich_University_Hospital&oldid=803355506 '' Categories : Anshen and Allen buildings Buildings and structures in Norwich Hospital buildings completed in 2001 Hospitals in Norfolk NHS hospitals in England Teaching hospitals in England University of East Anglia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk%20and%20Norwich%20University%20Hospital
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who elects members of the house of commons
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A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that constituency , and pay a deposit of £ 500 , which is refunded only if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote . The deposit seeks to discourage frivolous candidates . Each constituency returns one member , using the first - past - the - post electoral system , under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins . Minors ( that is , anyone under the age of 18 ) , members of the House of Lords , prisoners , and insane persons are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons . To vote , one must be a resident of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and a British citizen , or a citizen of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after moving from the United Kingdom . No person may vote in more than one constituency .
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House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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house of commons of the united kingdom
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HM Government
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Conservative Party ( 316 ) Confidence and supply Democratic Unionist Party ( 10 ) HM Most Loyal Opposition Labour Party ( 262 ) Other Opposition Parties Scottish National Party ( 35 ) Liberal Democrats ( 12 ) Sinn Féin ( 7 ) ( abstentionist ) Plaid Cymru ( 4 ) Green Party ( 1 ) Independent Unionist ( 1 ) Independent ( 1 ) Speaker Speaker ( 1 ) Length of term up to 5 years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post Last election 8 June 2017 Next election Latest , 5 May 2022 Redistricting Boundary commissions Meeting place House of Commons chamber Palace of Westminster City of Westminster London , United Kingdom Website parliament.uk The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Like the upper house , the House of Lords , it meets in the Palace of Westminster . Officially , the full name of the house is : the Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled . The Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament ( MPs ) . Members are elected to represent constituencies by first - past - the - post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved . The House of Commons of England evolved in the 13th and 14th centuries . It eventually became the House of Commons of Great Britain after the political union with Scotland in 1707 , and assumed the title of `` House of Commons of Great Britain and Ireland '' after the political union with Ireland at the start of the 19th century . The `` United Kingdom '' referred to was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1800 , and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Accordingly , the House of Commons assumed its current title . Under the Parliament Act 1911 , the Lords ' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power . The Government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of the Commons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 1.1 Relationship with Her Majesty 's Government 1.2 Legislative functions 2 History 2.1 Layout and design 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 Expenses scandal 3 Members and elections 3.1 Qualifications 3.2 Officers 4 Procedure 5 Committees 6 Current composition 7 Commons symbol 8 In film and television 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Role ( edit ) Relationship with her Majesty 's Government ( edit ) Although it does not formally elect the prime minister , the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance . By convention , the prime minister is answerable to , and must maintain the support of , the House of Commons . Thus , whenever the office of prime minister falls vacant , the Sovereign appoints the person who has the support of the House , or who is most likely to command the support of the House -- normally the leader of the largest party in the Commons , while the leader of the second - largest party becomes the Leader of the Opposition . Since 1963 , by convention , the prime minister is always a member of the House of Commons , rather than the House of Lords . The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence . Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly , for instance : `` That this House has no confidence in Her Majesty 's Government . '' Many other motions were considered confidence issues , even though not explicitly phrased as such . In particular , important bills that form a part of the Government 's agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence , as is the annual Budget . When a Government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons , the prime minister is obliged either to resign , making way for another MP who can command confidence , or to request the monarch to dissolve Parliament , thereby precipitating a general election . Parliament normally sits for a maximum term of five years . Subject to that limit , the prime minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament , with the permission of the Monarch . However , since the Fixed - Term Parliaments Act 2011 , terms are now a fixed five years , and an early general election can only be brought about either by a two - thirds majority in favour of a motion for a dissolution , or by a vote of no confidence that is not followed within fourteen days by a vote of confidence ( which may be for confidence in the same government or a different one ) . By this second mechanism , the government of the United Kingdom can change without an intervening general election . Only four of the eight last Prime Ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election ; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a Prime Minister of their own party . The latter four were Jim Callaghan , John Major , Gordon Brown and the current Prime Minister Theresa May ; these four inherited the office from Harold Wilson , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair and David Cameron respectively . In such circumstances there may not even have been an internal party leadership election , as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim , having no electoral rival ( as in the case of both Brown and May ) . A prime minister may resign even if he or she is not defeated at the polls ( for example , for personal health reasons ) . In such a case , the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons ; in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime minister 's party . Until 1965 , the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader ; when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor , the party was unable to nominate one . It fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister , after taking the advice of ministers . By convention , all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords . A handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament , but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by - election or by receiving a peerage . Since 1902 , all prime ministers have been members of the Commons ( the sole exception , the Earl of Home , disclaimed his peerage three days after becoming prime minister , and was immediately elected to the House of Commons as Sir Alec Douglas - Home after twenty days in neither House ) . In modern times , the vast majority of ministers belong to the Commons rather than the Lords . Few major cabinet positions ( except Lord Privy Seal , Lord Chancellor and Leader of the House of Lords ) have been filled by a peer in recent times . Notable exceptions are Lord Carrington , who served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982 , and Lord Young , who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985 . Lord Mandelson was appointed Secretary of State for Business , Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in October 2008 ; he was also briefly a member of neither the Lords nor the Commons while serving in this capacity . The elected status of members of the Commons , as opposed to the unelected nature of members of the Lords , is seen to lend more legitimacy to ministers . The prime minister chooses the ministers , and may decide to remove them at any time ; the formal appointment or dismissal , however , is made by the Sovereign . The House of Commons scrutinises HM Government through `` Prime Minister 's Questions '' , when members have the opportunity to ask questions of the prime minister ; there are other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers . Prime Minister 's Questions occurs once each week , normally for half an hour each Wednesday . Questions must relate to the responding minister 's official government activities , not to his or her activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament . Customarily , members of the Government party and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions . In addition to questions asked orally during Question Time , Members of Parliament may also make inquiries in writing . In practice , the House of Commons ' scrutiny of the Government is fairly weak . Since the first - past - the - post electoral system is employed , the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons , and there is often little need to compromise with other parties . Modern British political parties are so tightly organised that they leave relatively little room for free action by their MPs . Also , many ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government . Thus , during the 20th century , the Government has lost confidence issues only three times -- twice in 1924 , and once in 1979 . However , the threat of rebellions by their own party 's backbench MPs often forces Governments to make concessions ( under the Coalition , over foundation hospitals and under Labour over top - up fees and compensation for failed company pension schemes ) . Occasionally the Government is defeated by backbench rebellions ( Terrorism Act 2006 ) . However , the scrutiny provided by the Select Committees is more serious . The House of Commons technically retains the power to impeach Ministers of the Crown ( or any other subject , even if not a public officer ) for their crimes . Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords , where a simple majority is necessary to convict . The power of impeachment , however , has fallen into disuse : the House of Commons exercises its checks on the Government through other means , such as No Confidence Motions ; the last impeachment was that of Viscount Melville in 1806 . Legislative functions ( edit ) Further information : Act of Parliament Bills may be introduced in either house , though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons . The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the Parliament Acts , under which certain types of bills may be presented to the Queen for Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords . The Lords may not delay a money bill ( a bill that , in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons , solely concerns national taxation or public funds ) for more than one month . Moreover , the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two parliamentary sessions , or one calendar year . These provisions , however , only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons . Moreover , a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords . By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts , only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or Supply . Furthermore , supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords . In addition , the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply - related provision , but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications . Under a separate convention , known as the Salisbury Convention , the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the Government 's election manifesto . Hence , as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice , the House of Commons is clearly the most powerful branch of Parliament . History ( edit ) Further information : House of Commons of England and House of Commons of Great Britain The British Parliament of today largely descends , in practice , from the Parliament of England , although the 1706 Treaty of Union , and the Acts of Union that ratified the Treaty , created a new Parliament of Great Britain to replace the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland , with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen Peers to represent Scotland . Later still the Acts of Union 1800 brought about the abolition of the Parliament of Ireland and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members , creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Although popularly considered to refer to the fact its members are commoners , the actual name of the House of Commons comes from the Norman French word for communities - communes . Layout and design ( edit ) See also : Palace of Westminster § Commons Chamber The current Commons ' layout is influenced by the use of the original St. Stephen 's Chapel in the Palace of Westminster . The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel . Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel 's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another . This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere that is representative of the British parliamentary approach . The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres , said to be equivalent to two swords ' length . 19th century ( edit ) William Pitt the Younger addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France ( 1793 ) ; painting by Anton Hickel The House of Commons in the early 19th century by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson . The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century . Over the years , several anomalies had developed in borough representation . The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660 , so many towns that were once important but had declined by the 19th century still retained their ancient right of electing two members , in addition to other boroughs that had never been important , e.g. Gatton . Among the most notorious of these `` rotten boroughs '' were Old Sarum , which had only six voters for two MPs , and Dunwich which had largely collapsed into the sea due to coastal erosion . At the same time , large cities such as Manchester received no separate representation ( although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat ) . Also notable were the pocket boroughs , small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats , whose `` nominees '' were invariably elected . The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831 . At first , the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill , but were forced to relent when the prime minister , Lord Grey , advised King William IV to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers . To avoid this the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832 . The Reform Act 1832 , also known as the `` Great Reform Act '' , abolished the rotten boroughs , established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs , and granted representation to populous cities , but still retained many pocket boroughs . In the ensuing years , the Commons grew more assertive , the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis , and the power of the patrons reduced . The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities , and it became an accepted political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office . Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century . The Reform Act 1867 lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs , reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs , and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns . The electorate was further expanded by the Representation of the People Act 1884 , under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered . The Redistribution of Seats Act of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single - member constituencies . 20th century ( edit ) The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir Charles Barry was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War . The essential features of Barry 's design were preserved when the Chamber was rebuilt . In 1908 , the Liberal Government under Asquith introduced a number of social welfare programmes , which , together with an expensive arms race , forced the Government to seek higher taxes . In 1909 , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , David Lloyd George , introduced the `` People 's Budget '' , which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners . But this measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords , and the government resigned . The resulting general election returned a hung parliament , but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties . Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed . After a further election in December 1910 , the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the House with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill . Thus the Parliament Act 1911 came into effect , destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament . The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation , for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years ( reduced to two sessions or one year by the Parliament Act 1949 ) . Since the passage of these Acts , the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament , both in theory and in practice . In 1918 , women over 30 were given the right to vote , quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as members of parliament at the younger age of 21 . The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish Sinn Féin candidate , Constance Markievicz , who therefore became the first woman MP . However , due to Sinn Féin 's policy of abstention from Westminster , she never took her seat . With effect from the General Election in 1950 , various forms of plural voting ( i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election ) , including University constituencies , were abolished . Since the 17th century , MPs had been unpaid . Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes , while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron . Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union , but this was declared illegal by a House of Lords judgment of 1909 . Consequently , a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs . Government ministers had always been paid . 21st century ( edit ) Expenses scandal ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) In May and June 2009 revelations of MPs ' expenses claims caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs , as well as causing the first forced resignation of the Speaker in 300 years . Members and elections ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United Kingdom House of Commons House of Commons Members Current members of the 57th Parliament ( 2017 general election ) MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland MPs for constituencies in Scotland MPs for constituencies in England MPs for constituencies in Wales Leadership Speaker of the House Leader of the House Shadow Leader of the House Father of the House Committees Committees of the House of Commons Places Palace of Westminster House of Commons Chamber Portcullis House Since 1950 each Member of Parliament has represented a single constituency . There remains a technical distinction between county constituencies and borough constituencies , but the only effect of this difference is in the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns . The boundaries of the constituencies are determined by four permanent and independent Boundary Commissions , one each for England , Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years , and a number of interim reviews . In drawing boundaries , they are required to take into account local government boundaries , but may deviate from this requirement to prevent great disparities in the populations of the various constituencies . The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval , but may not be amended . After the next general review of constituencies , the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the Electoral Commission , which was established in 2000 . As of 2017 , the United Kingdom is divided into 650 constituencies , with 533 in England , 40 in Wales , 59 in Scotland , and 18 in Northern Ireland . General elections occur whenever Parliament is dissolved . The timing of the dissolution was normally chosen by the prime minister ( see relationship with the Government above ) ; however , as a result of the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , Parliamentary terms are now fixed at five years , except in the event of the Commons passing a vote of no confidence or an `` early election '' motion , the latter having to be passed by two - thirds majority . All British elections are held on a Thursday . The Electoral Commission is unsure when this practice arose , but dates it to 1931 , with the suggestion that it was made to coincide with market day ; this would ease voting for those who had to travel to the towns to cast their ballot . A candidate for a constituency must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that constituency , and pay a deposit of £ 500 , which is refunded only if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote . The deposit seeks to discourage frivolous candidates . Each constituency returns one member , using the first - past - the - post electoral system , under which the candidate with a plurality of votes wins . Minors ( that is , anyone under the age of 18 ) , members of the House of Lords , prisoners , and insane persons are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons . To vote , one must be a resident of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and a British citizen , or a citizen of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after moving from the United Kingdom . No person may vote in more than one constituency . Once elected , Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament . But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified ( see qualifications below ) , his or her seat falls vacant . It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member , but this power is exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity . In each case , the vacancy is filled by a by - election in the constituency , with the same electoral system as in general elections . The term `` Member of Parliament '' is normally used only to refer to members of the House of Commons , even though the House of Lords is also a part of Parliament . Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letters `` MP '' . The annual salary of each member is £ 74,962 , effective from 1 April 2016 . Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold ( for instance , the Speakership ) . Most members also claim for various office expenses ( staff costs , postage , travelling , etc . ) and , in the case of non-London members , for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital . Qualifications ( edit ) Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber . Note the dark veneer on the wood , which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber . There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament . Most importantly , one must be aged at least 18 ( the minimum age was 21 until s. 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 came into force ) , and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom , of a British overseas territory , of the Republic of Ireland , or of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations . These restrictions were introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981 , but were previously far more stringent : under the Act of Settlement 1701 , only natural - born subjects were qualified . Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons , or even vote in parliamentary elections ( just as the Queen does not vote ) ; however , they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates ( unlike the Queen , who can not enter the chamber ) . A person may not sit in the Commons if he or she is the subject of a Bankruptcy Restrictions Order ( applicable in England and Wales only ) , or if he or she is adjudged bankrupt ( in Northern Ireland ) , or if his or her estate is sequestered ( in Scotland ) . Previously , MPs detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder . However , this disqualification was removed by the Mental Health ( Discrimination ) Act 2013 . There also exists a common law precedent from the 18th century that the `` deaf and dumb '' are ineligible to sit in the Lower House ; this precedent , however , has not been tested in recent years . Jack Ashley continued to serve as an MP for 25 years after becoming profoundly deaf . Anyone found guilty of high treason may not sit in Parliament until he or she has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown . Moreover , anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible . Finally , the Representation of the People Act 1983 disqualifies for ten years those found guilty of certain election - related offences . Several other disqualifications are codified in the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 : holders of high judicial offices , civil servants , members of the regular armed forces , members of foreign legislatures ( excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries ) , and holders of several Crown offices . Ministers , even though they are paid officers of the Crown , are not disqualified . The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623 , under which members are not permitted to resign their seats . In practice , however , they always can . Should a member wish to resign from the Commons , he or she may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices : that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds , or that of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead . These offices are sinecures ( that is , they involve no actual duties ) ; they exist solely to permit the `` resignation '' of members of the House of Commons . The Chancellor of the Exchequer is responsible for making the appointment , and , by convention , never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons . Officers ( edit ) The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons , as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834 . At the beginning of each new parliamentary term , the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer , known as the Speaker . If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term , then the House may re-elect him or her merely by passing a motion ; otherwise , a secret ballot is held . A Speaker - elect can not take office until he or she has been approved by the Sovereign ; the granting of the royal approbation , however , is a formality . The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers , the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means . The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means . These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means , a body over which the chairman once used to preside ; even though the Committee was abolished in 1967 , the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained . The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons . Whilst presiding , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress . The presiding officer may also wear a wig , but this tradition was abandoned by a former Speaker , Betty Boothroyd . Michael Martin , who succeeded to the office , also did not wear a wig whilst in the chamber . The current speaker , John Bercow , has chosen to wear a gown over a lounge suit , a decision which has sparked much debate and opposition . The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the House . This chair was designed by Augustus Pugin , who initially built a prototype of the chair at King Edward 's School , Birmingham : that chair is called Sapientia , and is where the Chief master sits . The Speaker is also chairman of the House of Commons Commission , which oversees the running of the House , and he or she controls debates by calling on members to speak . If a member believes that a rule ( or Standing Order ) has been breached , he or she may raise a `` point of order '' , on which the Speaker makes a ruling that is not subject to any appeal . The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the House . Thus , the Speaker is far more powerful than his Lords counterpart , the Lord Speaker , who has no disciplinary powers . Customarily , the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan ; they do not vote ( with the notable exception of tied votes , where the Speaker votes in accordance with Denison 's rule ) , or participate in the affairs of any political party . By convention , a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in his or her constituency by any of the major parties . The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons . The Clerk of the House is both the House 's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons . He or she is a permanent official , not a member of the House itself . The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the House , signs orders and official communications , and signs and endorses bills . He or she chairs the Board of Management , which consists of the heads of the six departments of the House . The Clerk 's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant . Another officer of the House is the Serjeant - at - Arms , whose duties include the maintenance of law , order , and security on the House 's premises . The Serjeant - at - Arms carries the ceremonial mace , a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons , into the House each day in front of the Speaker , and the Mace is laid upon the Table of the House during sittings . The Librarian is head of the House of Commons Library , the House 's research and information arm . Procedure ( edit ) See also : Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill Like the Lords , the Commons meets in the Palace of Westminster in London . The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green , in contrast to the large , lavishly furnished red Lords chamber . There are benches on two sides of the chamber , divided by a centre aisle . This arrangement reflects the design of St Stephen 's Chapel , which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834 . The Speaker 's chair is at one end of the Chamber ; in front of it , is the Table of the House , on which the Mace rests . The Clerks sit at one end of the Table , close to the Speaker so that they may advise him or her on procedure when necessary . Members of the Government sit on the benches on the Speaker 's right , whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker 's left . In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn , which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates . Government ministers and the leader of the Opposition and the Shadow Cabinet sit on the front rows , and are known as frontbenchers . Other members of parliament , in contrast , are known as backbenchers . Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the Chamber at the same time , as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members . It 's always said that there are 427 seats in the Chamber , but according to Sir Robert Rogers , former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive , that figure is an average or a finger in the wind estimate . Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the House if they wish to listen to debates . Sittings in the Chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday , and also on some Fridays . During times of national emergency , the House may also sit at weekends . Sittings of the House are open to the public , but the House may at any time vote to sit in private , which has occurred only twice since 1950 . Traditionally , a Member who desired that the House sit privately could shout `` I spy strangers '' and a vote would automatically follow . In the past , when relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial , this procedure was used whenever the House wanted to keep its debate private . More often , however , this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings ; as a result , it was abolished in 1998 . Now , Members seeking that the House sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect . Public debates are recorded and archived in Hansard . The post war redesign of the House in 1950 included microphones , and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975 . Since 1989 , they have also been broadcast on television , which is now handled by BBC Parliament . Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the Chamber from the galleries -- items thrown include leaflets , manure , flour by the group Fathers 4 Justice , and a canister of chlorobenzylidene malonitrile ( tear gas ) . Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the House . For instance , in 1976 , Conservative MP Michael Heseltine seized and brandished the Mace of the House during a heated debate . However , perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by King Charles I , who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest five members for high treason . This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the House , and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons . Each year , the parliamentary session begins with the State Opening of Parliament , a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign , in the presence of Members of both Houses , delivers an address outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod ( a Lords official ) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber . When he arrives to deliver his summons , the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face , symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference . He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod , and only then is granted admittance , where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them , after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the Queen 's Speech . During debates , Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker ( or a Deputy Speaker , if the Speaker is not presiding ) . Traditionally , the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition . The Prime Minister , the Leader of the Opposition , and other leaders from both sides are normally given priority . All Privy Counsellors used to be granted priority ; however , the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition . Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr Speaker '' , `` Madam Speaker '' , `` Mr Deputy Speaker '' , or `` Madam Deputy Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate ; other members must be referred to in the third person . Traditionally , members do not refer to each other by name , but by constituency , using forms such as `` the Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' , or , in the case of Privy Counsellors , `` the Right Honourable Member for ( constituency ) '' . Members of the same party ( or allied parties or groups ) refer to each other as `` my ( Right ) Honourable friend '' . ( A member of the Armed Forces used to be called `` the Honourable and Gallant Member '' , a barrister `` the Honourable and Learned Member '' , and a woman `` the Honourable Lady the Member '' . ) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery , when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member 's exact constituency , but it is invariably followed in the transcript entered in the Hansard . The Speaker enforces the rules of the House and may warn and punish members who deviate from them . Disregarding the Speaker 's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the House . In the case of grave disorder , the Speaker may adjourn the House without taking a vote . The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates . The Speaker may , however , order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking . The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is , however , often limited by informal agreements between the parties . Debate may also be restricted by the passage of `` Allocation of Time Motions '' , which are more commonly known as `` Guillotine Motions '' . Alternatively , the House may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke Closure . The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if he or she believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority . Today , bills are scheduled according to a Timetable Motion , which the whole House agrees in advance , negating the use of a guillotine . When the debate concludes , or when the Closure is invoked , the motion in question is put to a vote . The House first votes by voice vote ; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question , and Members respond either `` Aye ! '' ( in favour of the motion ) or `` No ! '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote , but if his or her assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear , a recorded vote known as a division follows . The presiding officer , if he or she believes that the result of the voice vote is clear , may reject the challenge . When a division occurs , members enter one of two lobbies ( the `` Aye '' lobby or the `` No '' lobby ) on either side of the Chamber , where their names are recorded by clerks . A member who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies , casting one vote for and one against . At each lobby are two tellers ( themselves members of the House ) who count the votes of the members . Once the division concludes , the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer , who then announces them to the House . If there is an equality of votes , the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a casting vote . Traditionally , this casting vote is exercised to allow further debate , if this is possible , or otherwise to avoid a decision being taken without a majority ( e.g. voting ' No ' to a motion or the third reading of a bill ) . Ties rarely occur -- the last one was in July 1993 . The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote , including the Speaker and four tellers . If fewer than 40 members have participated , the division is invalid . Formerly , if a member sought to raise a point of order during a division , suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated , he was required to wear a hat , thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate . Collapsible top hats were kept in the Chamber just for this purpose . This custom was discontinued in 1998 . The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand , since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote . A party normally entrusts some members of parliament , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired . Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do so jeopardise promotion , or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections . Ministers , junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips ' instructions usually resign . Thus , the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low , although `` backbench rebellions '' by members discontent with their party 's policies do occur . A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected . In some circumstances , however , parties announce `` free votes '' , allowing members to vote as they please . Votes relating to issues of conscience such as abortion and capital punishment are typically free votes . Pairing is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division , allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend . A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the House to attend to constituency business or other matters . Committees ( edit ) Main article : Parliamentary Committees of the United Kingdom The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes , e.g. , for the review of bills . Committees consider bills in detail , and may make amendments . Bills of great constitutional importance , as well as some important financial measures , are usually sent to the `` Committee of the Whole House '' , a body that includes all members of the Commons . Instead of the Speaker , the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides . The Committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber . Most bills were until 2006 considered by Standing Committees , which consisted of between 16 and 50 members . The membership of each Standing Committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House . The membership of Standing Committees changed constantly ; new Members were assigned each time the committee considered a new bill . There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees , but usually only ten existed . Rarely , a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee , which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised . In November 2006 , Standing Committees were replaced by Public Bill Committees . The House of Commons also has several Departmental Select Committees . The membership of these bodies , like that of the Standing Committees , reflects the strength of the parties . Each committee elects its own chairman . The primary function of a Departmental Select Committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department . To fulfil these aims , it is permitted to hold hearings and collect evidence . Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees , but such a procedure is seldom used . A separate type of Select Committee is the Domestic Committee . Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members . Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees ( which also include members of the House of Lords ) , the Committee on Standards and Privileges ( which considers questions of parliamentary privilege , as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members ) , and the Committee of Selection ( which determines the membership of other committees ) . Current composition ( edit ) Main article : List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election , 2017 Affiliation Members At 2017 election Current seats Conservative 317 316 Labour 262 262 SNP 35 35 Liberal Democrat 12 12 DUP 10 10 Sinn Féin 7 7 Plaid Cymru Green Independent Speaker Total 650 650 Seats needed for majority 5 Conservative / DUP majority 13 11 Notes See here for a full list of changes during the fifty - sixth Parliament . In addition to the parties listed in the table above , the Co-operative Party is also represented in the House of Commons by Labour MPs sitting with the Labour Co-operative designation . The number of these MPs is 38 . The `` seats needed for a majority '' is calculated as the number of seats needed by the Conservative Party to have a majority of one ( 320 ) . The `` Conservative / DUP majority '' is calculated as the sum of Conservative and DUP seats , less the sum of all other seats . This calculation excludes the Speaker , Deputy Speakers ( two Labour and one Conservative ) and Sinn Féin ( who follow a policy of abstentionism ) . Commons symbol ( edit ) The symbol used by the Commons consists of a portcullis topped by St Edward 's Crown . The portcullis has been one of the Royal Badges of England since the accession of the Tudors in the 15th century , and was a favourite symbol of King Henry VII . It was originally a pun on the name Tudor , as in tu - door . The original badge was of gold , but nowadays is shown in various colours , predominantly green or black . In film and television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1986 , the British television production company Granada Television created a near - full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in Manchester for use in its adaptation of the Jeffrey Archer novel First Among Equals . The set was highly convincing , and was retained after the production -- since then , it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber . From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the Granada Studios Tour , where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set . The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five . In 2002 , the set was purchased by the scriptwriter Paul Abbott so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial State of Play . Abbott , a former Granada Television staff writer , bought it personally as the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC . Abbott kept the set in storage in Oxford . The post-1941 Commons Chamber was used in the film Ali G Indahouse , the political satire Restart by Komedy Kollective , about a British prime minister seeking re-election , and was mentioned in the Robin Williams stand - up special Robin Williams Live on Broadway in which he describes it as `` like Congress , but with a two drink minimum '' . The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in Shepperton Studios for the Ridley Scott / Richard Loncraine 2002 biographical film on Churchill , The Gathering Storm . See also ( edit ) British politics portal Adjournment debate Australian House of Representatives Early day motion Father of the House House of Commons of Canada Introduction ( British House of Commons ) List of Stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies New Zealand House of Representatives Parliament in the Making Parliament Week Parliamentary Archives Parliamentary Brief Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom Relocation of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Salaries of Members of the United Kingdom Parliament Speaker Denison 's rule Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pollard , A.F. ( 1920 ) . The Evolution of Parliament . Longmans . pp. 107 -- 08 . Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been . For `` commons '' means `` communes '' ; and while `` communes '' have commonly been popular organizations , the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or confederacy . Jump up ^ `` Some Traditions and Customs of the House '' ( PDF ) . http://www.parliament.uk . Endorsements on Bills - use of Norman French . August 2010 . p. 9 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . the Bills themselves are made in Norman French ( in this case `` soit baillé aux communes '' ) a relic of the very early days of Parliament External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentum '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Women in parliament '' . BBC News . 31 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Allen ; Sarah Birch ( 5 February 2015 ) . Ethics and Integrity in British Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05050 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker quits ' for sake of unity ' '' . BBC News . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs ' expenses '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed - term Parliaments Act '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Peter ( 8 May 2010 ) . `` Archaic electoral biases must go '' . The Australian . Sydney , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Parliament -- Pay and expenses for MPs '' . Parliament.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ A Treatise on the Law of Elections : In All Its Branches - Sir John Simeon - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An insider 's guide to the House of Commons '' . parliament.uk. 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hansard of the air '' . parliament.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of TV cameras in the Commons '' . BBC Politics . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ For example : Plaid Cymru , Scottish National Party , the Green Party of England and Wales , and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group . See e.g. ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Samuel , Sir Herbert ( May 1935 ) . The Pageantry of Parliament . The Rotarian. 46 . Rotary International . p. 22 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing -- Glossary page -- UK Parliament '' . Parliament.uk. 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pairing '' . BBC News . 16 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bisque '' . BBC News . 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Current State of the Parties '' . www.parliament.uk . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox - Davies , Arthur ( 1909 ) . A Complete Guide to Heraldry . London : T.C. & E.C. Jack . Jump up ^ Abbott , Paul . Audio commentary on the DVD release of State of Play . BBC Worldwide . BBCDVD 1493 . Bibliography ( edit ) Farnborough , T.E. May , 1st Baron. ( 1896 ) . Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third , 11th ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Mackenzie , K.R. , `` The English Parliament '' , ( 1950 ) Pelican Books . `` Parliament '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica , 11th ed . London : Cambridge University Press . Pollard , Albert F. ( 1926 ) . The Evolution of Parliament , 2nd ed . London : Longmans , Green and Co . Porritt , Edward , and Annie G. Porritt. ( 1903 ) . The Unreformed House of Commons : Parliamentary Representation before 1832 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Raphael , D.D. , Donald Limon , and W.R. McKay. ( 2004 ) . Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice , 23rd ed . London : Butterworths Tolley . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to House of Commons of the United Kingdom . House of Commons official website The Parliamentary Archives Find Your MP Parliament Live TV ( Silverlight is required to watch ) Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos House of Commons from Democracy Live at BBC News Guide to the Commons `` House of Commons collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . 2010 Intake -- Educational / Social Breakdown ( BBC Magazine ) 2010 Intake -- Occupational Background ( Times Online ) ( = 39298 ) British House of Commons people on www.C-SPAN.org Officers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords House of Commons House of Lords Speaker John Bercow Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler Leader of the House of Commons Andrea Leadsom Leader of the House of Lords The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Serjeant at Arms Kamal El - Hajji Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod Lt - Gen. 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where do the boston celtics play their home games
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Boston Celtics 2017 -- 18 Boston Celtics season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1946 History Boston Celtics 1946 -- present Arena TD Garden Location Boston , Massachusetts Team colors Green , black , gold President Rich Gotham General manager Danny Ainge Head coach Brad Stevens Ownership Boston Basketball Partners ( Wyc Grousbeck , CEO and governor ) Affiliation ( s ) Maine Red Claws Championships 17 ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 ) Conference titles 21 ( 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 2008 , 2010 ) Division titles 22 ( 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 21 ( 00 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , LOSCY ) Website www.nba.com/celtics Uniforms Home Away Third
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Boston Celtics
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boston celtics
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The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . Founded in 1946 and one of eight NBA teams ( out of 23 total teams ) to survive the league 's first decade , the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC . The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden , which they share with the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Boston Bruins . The franchise 's 17 championships are the most of any NBA team , and account for 24.3 percent of all NBA championships since the league 's founding in 1946 . As a percentage of championships won , the Celtics are the most successful franchise to date in the major four traditional North American professional sports leagues .
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The Celtics have played the Los Angeles Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA finals , including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010 , where the Celtics have won nine meetings . Four Celtics players ( Bob Cousy , Bill Russell , Dave Cowens and Larry Bird ) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards . Their mascot ' Lucky the Leprechaun ' is a nod to the team 's Irish heritage and to Boston 's historically large Irish population . The Celtics rose again after struggling through the 1990s to win a championship in 2008 with the help of Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce , and Ray Allen in what was known as the new `` Big Three '' era , following the original `` Big Three '' era of the 1980s that featured Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish . After the end of the second `` Big Three '' era , general manager Danny Ainge began a rebuilding process with the help of new head coach Brad Stevens , who led the Celtics to a return to the playoffs from 2015 to 2017 . During the 2016 -- 17 season , the Celtics clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference playoffs . They faced the Chicago Bulls in the first round and then the Washington Wizards in the second round winning in 7 games . The Boston Celtics then lost in the Eastern Conference Finals to the Cleveland Cavaliers in 5 games after Isaiah Thomas was injured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1946 -- 1950 : Early years 1.2 1950 -- 1957 : Arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach 1.3 1957 -- 1969 : The Bill Russell era 1.4 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo 1.5 1979 -- 1992 : The Larry Bird era 1.6 1993 -- 1998 : Rebuilding 1.7 1998 -- 2013 : The Paul Pierce era 1.7. 1 The `` Doc '' is here 1.7. 2 2007 -- 2012 : The new ' Big Three ' : Paul Pierce , Ray Allen and Kevin Garnett 1.7. 3 The end of the ' Big Three ' era 1.8 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens takes over 2 Rivalries 2.1 Atlanta Hawks 2.2 New York Knicks 2.3 Philadelphia 76ers 2.4 Detroit Pistons 2.5 Los Angeles Lakers 2.6 Brooklyn Nets 3 Season - by - season record 4 Records , retired numbers and awards 4.1 FIBA Hall of Fame 5 Home arenas 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retained draft rights 6.3 Captains 6.4 Franchise leaders 7 Coaches 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Assistant coaches 8 Logos and uniforms 8.1 Logos 8.2 Uniforms 9 Television and radio 10 Management 10.1 Ownership history 10.2 Team presidents 10.3 General managers 10.4 Other 11 Medical staff 11.1 Team physicians 11.2 Team athletic trainers 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Celtics 1946 -- 1950 : early years ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were formed on June 7 , 1946 , by Boston Garden - Arena Corporation President Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America , and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949 . In 1950 , the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper , becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player . 1950 -- 1957 : arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach ( edit ) Bob Cousy played 13 years for the team , winning 6 NBA titles . The Celtics struggled during their early years , until the hiring of coach Red Auerbach . In the franchise 's early days , Auerbach had no assistants , ran all the practices , did all the scouting -- both of opposing teams and college draft prospects -- and scheduled all the road trips . One of the first great players to join the Celtics was Bob Cousy , whom Auerbach initially refused to draft out of nearby Holy Cross because he was `` too flashy '' . Cousy eventually became the property of the Chicago Stags , but when that franchise went bankrupt , Cousy went to the Celtics in a dispersal draft . After the 1955 -- 56 season , Auerbach made a stunning trade . He sent perennial All - Star Ed Macauley to the St. Louis Hawks along with the draft rights to Cliff Hagan in exchange for the second overall pick in the draft . After negotiating with the Rochester Royals -- a negotiation that included a promise that the Celtics owner would send the highly sought - after Ice Capades to Rochester if the Royals would let Russell slide to # 2 -- Auerbach used the pick to select University of San Francisco center Bill Russell . Auerbach also acquired Holy Cross standout , and 1957 NBA Rookie of the Year , Tommy Heinsohn . Russell and Heinsohn worked extraordinarily well with Cousy , and they were the players around whom Auerbach would build the champion Celtics for more than a decade . 1957 -- 1969 : the Bill Russell era ( edit ) Bill Russell played 13 years for the team , winning 11 NBA titles . With Bill Russell , the Celtics advanced to the 1957 NBA Finals and defeated the St. Louis Hawks in seven games , giving the Celtics the first of their record 17 championships . Russell went on to win 11 championships , making him the most decorated player in NBA history . In 1958 , the Celtics again advanced to the NBA Finals , this time losing to the Hawks in 6 games . However , with the acquisition of K.C. Jones that year , the Celtics began a dynasty that would last for more than a decade . In 1959 , the Celtics won the NBA Championship after sweeping the Minneapolis Lakers , the first of their record eight consecutive championships . During that time , the Celtics met the Lakers in the Finals five times , starting an intense and often bitter rivalry that has spanned generations . In 1964 , the Celtics became the first NBA team to have an all African - American starting lineup . On December 26 , 1964 , Willie Naulls replaced an injured Tommy Heinsohn , joining Tom ' Satch ' Sanders , K.C. Jones , Sam Jones , and Bill Russell in the starting lineup . The Celtics defeated St. Louis 97 -- 84 . Boston won its next 11 games with Naulls starting in place of Heinsohn . The Celtics of the late - 1950s -- 1960s are widely considered as one of the most dominant teams of all time . Auerbach retired as coach after the 1965 -- 66 season and Russell took over as player - coach , which was Auerbach 's ploy to keep Russell interested . With his appointment , Russell also became the first African - American coach in any U.S. pro sport . Auerbach would remain the general manager , a position he would hold well into the 1980s . However , that year the Celtics ' string of NBA titles was broken as they lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . The aging team managed two more championships in 1968 and 1969 , defeating the Los Angeles Lakers each time in the NBA Finals . Russell retired after the 1969 season , effectively ending a dominant Celtics dynasty that had garnered 11 NBA titles in 13 seasons . The streak of 8 consecutive championships is the longest streak of consecutive championships in U.S. professional sports history . 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo ( edit ) Tom Heinsohn coached the Boston Celtics to the 1974 and 1976 NBA Championship . Dave Cowens had helped the Celtics win 2 titles during the mid-1970s . The 1970 season was a rebuilding year , as the Celtics had their first losing record since the 1949 -- 50 season . However , with the acquisition of Dave Cowens , Paul Silas , and Jo Jo White , the Celtics soon became dominant again . After losing in the Eastern Conference Finals in 1972 , the Celtics regrouped and came out determined in 1973 and posted an excellent 68 -- 14 regular season record . But the season ended in disappointment , as they were upset in 7 games by the New York Knicks in the Conference Finals . John Havlicek injured his right shoulder in game six and was forced to play game 7 shooting left handed . The Celtics returned to the playoffs the next year , defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the NBA Finals in 1974 for their 12th NBA Championship . The teams split the first four games , and after the Celtics won Game 5 in Milwaukee they headed back to Boston leading 3 games to 2 , with a chance to claim the title on their home court . However , the Bucks won Game 6 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar nestled in a hook shot with 3 seconds left in the game 's second overtime , and the series returned to Milwaukee . But Cowens was the hero in Game 7 , scoring 28 points , as the Celtics brought the title back to Boston for the first time in five years . In 1976 , the team won yet another championship , defeating the Phoenix Suns in 6 games . The Finals featured one of the greatest games in the NBA 's history . With the series tied at two games apiece , the Suns trailed early in the Boston Garden , but came back to force overtime . In double overtime , a Gar Heard turn - around jumper at the top of the key sent the game to a third overtime , at which point the Celtics prevailed . Tommy Heinsohn coached the team for those two championships . After the 1976 championship and a playoff appearance in 1977 , Boston went into another rebuilding phase . In the 1977 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted a young forward from UNC Charlotte named Cedric Maxwell . `` Cornbread '' Maxwell did not contribute much in his rookie season , but he showed promise . Auerbach 's job became even tougher following the 1977 -- 78 season in which they went 32 -- 50 as John Havlicek , the Celtics ' all - time leading scorer , retired after 16 seasons . 1979 -- 1992 : the Larry Bird era ( edit ) The Celtics owned two of the top eight picks in the 1978 NBA draft . Since the Celtics had two draft choices , Auerbach took a risk and selected junior Larry Bird of Indiana State with the 6th pick , knowing Bird would elect to remain in college for his senior year . The Celtics would retain his rights for one year -- a rule that was later changed -- and Auerbach believed Bird 's potential would make it worth the wait . Auerbach also felt that when the college season ended the Celtics would have a great chance to sign Bird . Auerbach was right and Bird signed soon after leading Indiana State to the NCAA Championship game , where they fell to a Michigan State University team . ( The other pick was Freeman Williams , who was traded before the 1978 -- 79 season began . ) In 1978 , ownership was changed as Irv Levin traded his stake in the Celtics with John Y. Brown , Jr. 's Buffalo Braves , so he could move the Braves to California , where they became known as the San Diego Clippers . As part of the deal , trades were made between the Braves / Clippers franchise and the Celtics franchise which resulted in many former Braves joining the team . One of the moves that irked Auerbach was a trade Brown made with the Braves that saw his franchise center Bob McAdoo join the Celtics for three first round draft picks Auerbach had planned on using for the future rebuilding project he was trying to undertake . The dispute nearly led to Auerbach resigning as general manager for a position with the New York Knicks . With public support strongly behind Auerbach , Brown sold the team to Harry Mangurian rather than run the risk of having Auerbach leave the team . The Celtics would struggle through the season , going 29 -- 53 without Bird . Newcomers Chris Ford , Rick Robey , Cedric Maxwell and Nate Archibald failed to reverse the team 's momentum . Bird debuted for the Celtics during the 1979 -- 80 season , a year after being drafted . With a new owner in place , Auerbach made a number of moves that would bring the team back to prominence . He almost immediately traded McAdoo , a former NBA scoring champion , to the Detroit Pistons for guard M.L. Carr , a defensive specialist , and two first - round picks in the 1980 NBA draft . He also picked up point guard Gerald Henderson from the CBA. Carr , Archibald , Henderson and Ford formed a highly competent backcourt , with their unique skills blending in perfectly with the talented frontcourt of Cowens , Maxwell and Bird , who would go on to win NBA Rookie of the Year honors . The Celtics improved by 32 games , which at the time was the best single - season turnaround in NBA history , going 61 -- 21 and losing to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . That record was later broken by the Celtics about 30 years later . After the season , Auerbach completed what may be the most lopsided trade in NBA history . Auerbach had always been a fan of stockpiling draft picks , so even after the success of the 1979 -- 80 season , the Celtics had both the 1st and 13th picks in the 1980 NBA draft left over from the M.L. Carr trade . Auerbach saw an opportunity to improve the team immediately , sending the two picks to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for center Robert Parish and the Warriors ' first round pick , the 3rd overall . With the draft pick , Auerbach picked University of Minnesota power forward Kevin McHale . With these three future Hall of Famers on the team , henceforth known as the first ' Big 3 ' , the Celtics had a core in place to again become a dominant team . The Celtics went 62 -- 20 under coach Bill Fitch in 1980 -- 81 , despite losing center Dave Cowens to retirement late in training camp . Once again the Celtics matched up with the 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . Boston fell behind 3 games to 1 before coming back to win a classic 7th game , 91 -- 90 . The Celtics went on to capture the 1981 NBA Championship over the Houston Rockets , just two years after Bird had been drafted . Maxwell was named NBA Finals MVP . The following year the Celtics again tried to come back from a 3 -- 1 deficit against the Sixers in the rematch but this time lost Game 7 at Boston Garden . In 1983 the Celtics were swept in the playoffs for the first time by the Milwaukee Bucks ; afterwards Fitch resigned and the team was sold to new owners led by Don Gaston . In 1983 -- 84 the Celtics , under new coach K.C. Jones , would go 62 -- 20 and finally get back to the NBA Finals after a three - year hiatus . In the finals , the Celtics came back from a 2 -- 1 deficit to defeat the Lakers , winning their 15th championship . Bird renewed his college rivalry with Lakers star Magic Johnson during this series . After the series Auerbach officially retired as general manager but maintained the position of team President . Auerbach was succeeded by Jan Volk as general manager . Volk had been with the Celtics since graduating from Columbia Law School in 1971 and had been the team 's General Counsel since 1976 and the team 's Assistant G.M. since 1980 . During the off - season , in Volk 's first major transaction since assuming the GM role , the Celtics traded Henderson to the Seattle SuperSonics for their first round pick in the 1986 NBA draft . In 1985 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , but this time the Lakers took the championship . This was the first time the Lakers had defeated the Celtics for a championship , as well as the only time the Celtics lost a championship at Boston Garden . During the following off - season , the Celtics acquired Bill Walton from the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Cedric Maxwell . Walton was a big star with the Portland Trail Blazers , but injuries had kept him from living up to expectations . He was willing to come off the bench , deferring to the three big men already with the team . Walton , considered the best passer of all NBA centers in history , stayed healthy and was a big part of the Celtics ' success in 1986 . Dennis Johnson was another key member of the Celtics , along with the `` Big 3 '' . In 1985 -- 86 the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history . The 1986 Celtics won 67 games , going 40 -- 1 at their home games . Bird won his third consecutive MVP award and Walton won the Sixth Man of the Year Award . They won the franchise 's 16th championship and last of the 20th century , defeating the Houston Rockets in the NBA Finals 4 games to 2 . Thanks to the 1984 trade of Gerald Henderson and the subsequent fall of the Seattle SuperSonics , at the end of the 1985 -- 86 the Celtics owned not only the best team in the NBA but also the second pick in the 1986 NBA draft . The Celtics drafted Len Bias with the pick and had high hopes for the young University of Maryland star . Fans believed Bias had superstar potential , and that he would be the perfect complement to the aging , but still strong , Celtics . The hope was his presence would ensure the franchise would remain a powerhouse after Bird , McHale and Parish retired . Unfortunately , Bias died 48 hours after he was drafted , after using cocaine at a party and overdosing . It would be the first in a long string of bad luck for the Celtics , one that would continue until the next manifestation of the ' Big Three ' in Boston . Despite the loss of Bias , the Celtics remained competitive in 1986 -- 87 , going 59 -- 23 and again winning the Eastern Conference Championship . However , injuries took their toll , and the Celtics ceded the NBA championship to the Lakers in six games . It would be 21 years before they would reach the NBA Finals again . The Celtics ' reign as the Eastern Conference champions ended in 1988 , after the team lost to the Detroit Pistons in six games . After the 1987 -- 88 season , head coach K.C. Jones retired . Jones was replaced as head coach by assistant Jimmy Rodgers . Rodgers faced immediate trouble in 1988 -- 89 when , only 6 games into the season , Larry Bird decided to have surgery to remove bone spurs in his feet . The injury sidelined Bird until well after the All - Star Break , although he hoped to return that year . However , despite his best attempts to return he was unable to make it back as the Celtics stumbled to a 42 -- 40 record and a first round playoff defeat to the Detroit Pistons . Bird returned in 1989 -- 90 and led the Celtics to a 52 -- 30 record . In the playoffs , after winning the first two games of a Best of 5 series against the New York Knicks , the Celtics collapsed , losing 3 straight , including the decisive 5th game at the Boston Garden . In the wake of the embarrassing defeat , Rodgers was fired and replaced by assistant coach and former Celtics ' player Chris Ford . Under Ford 's leadership the Celtics improved to 56 -- 26 in 1990 -- 91 , recapturing the Atlantic Division title even though Bird missed 22 games with a variety of injuries . The Celtics fell to the Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . In 1992 , a late season rally allowed the Celtics to catch the New York Knicks and repeat as Atlantic Division champions . The team finished 51 -- 31 and matched up with the Indiana Pacers in the First round , this time sweeping the series . In the Eastern Conference Semifinals the Celtics lost a grueling 7 game series to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Due to back problems , Larry Bird played in only 45 of the 82 regular season games , and only 4 of the 10 playoff games ; during games he was frequently lying on the floor when out of the lineup , instead of sitting on the bench . After 13 seasons with the club and winning a gold medal in the Barcelona Olympics with the Dream Team , Bird retired in 1992 , primarily due to his back injuries . Among his lasting contributions to the game was the `` Bird exception '' , which allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents , at an amount up to the maximum salary . 1993 -- 1998 : rebuilding ( edit ) At the time of Bird 's retirement , former Celtics guard Chris Ford was the coach of the Celtics. 26 - year - old Reggie Lewis ( out of Boston 's Northeastern University ) was seen as Bird 's successor as the franchise player for the Celtics . Lewis , a small forward , fainted during a 1993 first round playoff matchup with the Charlotte Hornets which the Celtics lost in four games . It was later revealed that Lewis had heart problems , yet he was able to get doctors to clear him for a comeback . He died of a heart attack while shooting baskets at Brandeis University during the offseason . The Celtics honored his memory during the following season by retiring his number 35 . The original Big 3 era came to an end in 1994 , after Robert Parish signed with the Hornets The year before , Kevin McHale retired after the Celtics ' playoff loss to the Hornets . The Celtics finished the year out of the playoffs with a 32 -- 50 mark . In 1994 , the Celtics hired former player and legendary towel - waving Celtic cheerleader M.L. Carr to be the team 's new V.P. of Basketball Operations , working alongside G.M. Jan Volk . In his first draft in charge of the Celtics , he drafted University of North Carolina star Eric Montross with his first round draft pick . Montross became the new heir apparent in the paint , but failed to develop and was eventually traded . 1994 -- 95 was the Celtics ' final season in the Boston Garden . The Celtics signed the aging Dominique Wilkins as a free agent , and he led the team in scoring with 17.8 PPG . Second - year player Dino Rađa , a power forward from Croatia , added an interior presence to the team that had been lacking in 1993 -- 94 . The Celtics made the playoffs , losing to the heavily favored Orlando Magic in 4 games . In 1995 , the Celtics moved from the Boston Garden to the Fleet Center ( later TD BankNorth , then TD Garden ) . Carr fired Chris Ford and took the coaching reins himself . After drafting Providence College star Eric Williams , the Celtics struggled to a 33 -- 49 record . Things got worse in 1996 -- 97 as the Celtics lost a franchise record 67 games , setting an unwanted NBA record winning only once against other Atlantic Division teams and just fifteen victories overall despite the emergence of 1st - round draft pick Antoine Walker . With Carr 's coaching stint deemed a failure , he stepped aside to another job in the organization when owner Paul Gaston convinced star college coach Rick Pitino to join the franchise as the team 's president , director of basketball operations , and head coach . Pitino 's appointment as team president was controversial as Auerbach , who had filled that role for more than 25 years , first heard about this change from local media people . Unfortunately for the franchise , Pitino was not the savior everyone expected him to be . Auerbach bore the insult of being elbowed out with dignity , even as the team failed to improve . The Celtics received the third and sixth draft picks in the 1997 NBA draft , and used the picks to select a brand new backcourt through Chauncey Billups and Ron Mercer . The young team that lost 67 games the year before was dismantled , with David Wesley , Dino Rađa and Rick Fox being let go , and Williams traded to the Denver Nuggets for a pair of second round draft picks ( Williams would return to the Celtics in 1999 and played for four years ) . Walter McCarty was also acquired in a trade with the Knicks . With a promising start , upsetting the defending champions Chicago Bulls at home on opening night , and hard play from the youngsters that led to leaderships in turnovers and steals , the team improved its victories from 15 to 36 despite many losing streaks . Billups was subsequently traded to the Raptors during his rookie year , and Mercer was traded to the Nuggets during his third season . 1998 -- 2013 : the Paul Pierce era ( edit ) Paul Pierce , 2008 NBA Finals MVP , was drafted 10th overall in the 1998 NBA draft . The following year in the 1998 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted Paul Pierce , a college star who had been expected to be drafted much earlier than the Celtics ' 10th overall pick . Pierce had an immediate impact during the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 NBA season , averaging 19.5 points and being named Rookie of The Month in February as he led the league in steals . However , the Celtics continued to struggle as Pitino failed to achieve meaningful success . After Boston lost to the Toronto Raptors on March 1 , 2000 , on a buzzer - beater by Vince Carter , Pitino delivered the memorable `` Larry Bird is not walking through that door , fans '' speech . He resigned in January 2001 . Following the resignation of Rick Pitino , the Celtics saw modest improvement under coach Jim O'Brien . Paul Pierce matured into an NBA star and was ably complemented by Antoine Walker and the other players acquired over the years . While the team was 12 -- 21 when Pitino left , O'Brien's record to finish the season was 24 -- 24 . Following the 2000 -- 01 season O'Brien was given the job of head coach on a permanent basis . As a result of numerous trades , the Celtics had three picks in the 2001 NBA draft . They selected Joe Johnson , Joe Forte , and Kedrick Brown . Only Johnson managed to succeed in the NBA , becoming a perennial All - Star after leaving the Celtics . The Celtics entered the 2001 -- 02 season with low expectations . The team 's success in the latter stages of 2000 -- 01 was largely forgotten , and critics were surprised when the team , along with the New Jersey Nets , surged to the top of the Atlantic Division ahead of the Philadelphia 76ers , who were fresh off a trip to the NBA Finals . The Celtics won a hard - fought 5 - game series with the 76ers in the first round , 3 -- 2 . Pierce scored 46 points in the series - clinching blowout at the Fleet Center . In the Conference Semifinals , the Celtics defeated the favored Detroit Pistons 4 -- 1 . In their first trip to the Eastern Conference Finals since 1988 , the Celtics jumped out to a 2 -- 1 series lead over the Nets , after rallying from 21 points down in the fourth quarter to win Game 3 , but would lose the next three games to fall 4 -- 2 . In 2003 , the Celtics were sold by owner Paul Gaston to Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. , led by H. Irving Grousbeck , Wycliffe Grousbeck and Steve Pagliuca . The team made it back to the playoffs but were swept by the Nets in the second round , despite bringing Game 4 to double overtime . Before their elimination , the team hired former Celtics ' guard Danny Ainge as general manager , moving Chris Wallace to another position in the organization . Ainge believed the team had reached its peak and promptly sent Antoine Walker to the Dallas Mavericks ( along with Tony Delk ) . In return , the Celtics received the often - injured Raef LaFrentz , Chris Mills , Jiří Welsch , and a first - round pick in 2004 . The Celtics made the playoffs , only to be swept in the first round by the Indiana Pacers , losing all 4 games by blowout margins . Head coach Doc Rivers led the Celtics to an NBA title in 2008 . The `` Doc '' is here ( edit ) The Celtics were a young team under new coach Doc Rivers during the 2004 -- 05 season , having drafted youngsters Al Jefferson , Delonte West and Tony Allen in the 2004 Draft . Yet they seemed to have a core of good young players , led by Pierce and rookie Al Jefferson , to go along with a group of able veterans . The Celtics went 45 -- 37 and won their first Atlantic Division title since 1991 -- 92 , receiving a boost from returning star Antoine Walker in mid-season . The Pacers defeated them in the first round yet again , with the series culminating in an embarrassing 27 - point loss in Game 7 at the Fleet Center . After the season Walker was traded again , this time to the Miami Heat . Despite Pierce 's career season , in which he averaged career - highs in points ( 26.8 ) , the Celtics missed the playoffs with a 33 -- 49 record , owing largely to a young roster and constant roster shuffling , which saw the likes of Marcus Banks , Ricky Davis and Mark Blount traded for underachieving former first - overall pick Michael Olowokandi and former all - star Wally Szczerbiak . The Celtics continued to rebuild in the 2006 NBA draft . The Celtics selected Kentucky point guard Rajon Rondo , who was to become a key piece in the team 's revival . In the second round the Celtics added Leon Powe . The 2006 -- 07 season was a gloomy one for the franchise , starting with the death of Red Auerbach at 89 . Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946 . The Celtics went 2 -- 22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Pierce to injury , the result of a stress reaction in his left foot . At first , the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL and MCL on a needless dunk attempt after the whistle . The Celtics compiled a record of 24 -- 58 , second - worst in the NBA , including a franchise record 18 - game losing streak . At the end of the season , the Celtics , with the second worst record in the NBA , were at least hopeful that they could secure a high draft pick and select either Greg Oden or Kevin Durant to help rebuild the franchise , but the Celtics fell to fifth in the Draft Lottery . 2007 -- 2012 : the New ' Big three ' : Paul Pierce , Ray Allen and Kevin Garnett ( edit ) The Boston Celtics celebrate after winning the 2008 NBA championship . The 17th championship banner was raised above the TD Garden rafters on October 28 , 2008 . In the summer of 2007 , GM Danny Ainge made a series of moves that returned the Celtics to prominence . On draft night , he traded the No. 5 pick Jeff Green , Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to Seattle for perennial all - star Ray Allen and Seattle 's second - round pick which the team used to select LSU 's Glen `` Big Baby '' Davis . Then the Celtics traded Ryan Gomes , Gerald Green , Al Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , and Sebastian Telfair to Minnesota , where Ainge 's former teammate Kevin McHale was the G.M. , and swapped 2009 first round draft picks , for MVP Kevin Garnett . These moves created the `` Boston Three Party '' ( the nickname given to describe the combining of Allen , Garnett , and Pierce by Scott Van Pelt in a `` This Is Sportscenter '' commercial ) , which would revitalize the team and lead them back to glory . The Celtics completed the largest single - season turnaround in NBA history . The new ' Big Three ' of Pierce , Allen and Garnett went 66 -- 16 in the regular season , a 42 - game improvement . However , the team struggled initially in the playoffs . The Atlanta Hawks took them to seven games in the first round , as did the Cleveland Cavaliers in the conference semifinals . The Celtics defeated the Detroit Pistons in six games of the Eastern Conference Finals , winning two road games . In the 2008 NBA Finals , the Celtics faced MVP Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers for the 11th time , the first time since 1987 . The Celtics won Game 1 at home 98 -- 88 , fueled by strong play by Garnett and Pierce 's dramatic comeback from a second half knee injury . They would also go on to win Game 2 108 -- 102 , despite nearly blowing a 24 - point lead in the fourth quarter . As the series shifted to Los Angeles , the Lakers stifled Pierce and Garnett in Game 3 and won 87 -- 81 . However , the Celtics would overcome a 24 - point deficit in Game 4 to win 97 -- 91 , the largest comeback in NBA Finals history . After again blowing a large lead , the Lakers hung on to win Game 5 103 -- 98 , sending the series back to Boston . In Game 6 , the Celtics overpowered the Lakers , winning 131 -- 92 , clinching their 17th NBA title , and first since 1986 . It remains the most lopsided win in a championship - clinching game ; Paul Pierce was named Finals MVP . The win in Game 6 was a sense of relief , as it was a difficult path to this championship ; in that game , these Celtics set a record for most games a team had ever played in a postseason , with 26 , surpassing the 1994 New York Knicks , whom Coach Doc Rivers played for , and the 2005 Detroit Pistons , each of whom played 25 , but lost their respective finals in seven games ( Knicks in 1994 , Pistons in 2005 ) . The Celtics during the 2008 -- 09 season opener . L-R : Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Eddie House , Kendrick Perkins and Ray Allen . The 2008 -- 09 Celtics started off the season at 27 -- 2 , the then - best starting record in NBA history . They also had a pair of 10 + game winning streaks including a franchise record 19 - game streak . After the All Star Break , Kevin Garnett was injured in a loss against the Utah Jazz , missing the last 25 games of the season . Garnett was eventually shelved for the playoffs . The 2009 Celtics still finished with 62 victories , but their playoff run would end against the Magic in the second round , losing in seven games after leading 3 -- 2 , the first such occurrence in team history . In the prior round they were pushed to a Game 7 against the Chicago Bulls , with four of those games went to overtime , yet the Celtics ' experience was too much for the young Bulls . The following year , with the return of Garnett from injury and the additions of Rasheed Wallace and Marquis Daniels , the Celtics started the season 23 -- 5 and at one point had the best record in the NBA . However , Doc Rivers decided to lessen his aging stars ' minutes to keep them fresh for the playoffs . As a result , the Celtics sputtered to an even 27 -- 27 record the rest of the way and finished the 2009 -- 10 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , with a better road ( 26 -- 15 ) than home ( 24 -- 17 ) record . Despite previous predictions the Celtics would never go deeper into the playoffs , the Celtics still managed to make the NBA Finals despite their lowly fourth seeding . They defeated the Miami Heat in five games , upset the top - seeded Cavaliers in six games and toppled the defending Eastern champion Magic , avenging their loss from the previous season . Rajon Rondo emerged as a bonafide superstar during post-season play , continuing his rise to fame beginning with his first All - Star appearance . For the 12th time , the adversary were the Lakers . After taking a 3 -- 2 lead heading into Los Angeles for Game 6 , the Celtics appeared poised to pack in their 18th title . But Kendrick Perkins , the team 's starting center , suffered a severe knee injury early in Game 6 , and the Celtics would lose Game 6 , and go on to blow a 13 - point lead in Game 7 . After speculation coach Doc Rivers would resign to spend more time with his family , he affirmed on June 30 , 2010 , that he would return to the team for the 2010 -- 11 season . During the 2010 off season , with Perkins expected to be out until February 2011 , the Celtics signed two former All - Star centers , Shaquille O'Neal and Jermaine O'Neal , along with Turkish center Semih Erden , their 2008 second round pick , and the return of Delonte West . Shaquille O'Neal's presence wound up leading to Perkins departure : the Celtics were 33 -- 10 in games Perkins had missed during the year due to injury , with a 19 -- 3 record with O'Neal played over 20 minutes . Consequently , Perkins was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder in February , when the Celtics were 41 -- 14 and held the Eastern Conference leaderboard despite another rash of injuries . Following the trade , however , they proceeded to win only 15 of their final 27 games to finish with a 56 -- 26 record , sliding to the third seed , due to the injuries -- O'Neal played only five minutes -- and difficult adjustment of new Celtics such as Jeff Green , Nenad Krstić and Carlos Arroyo . The 2010 -- 11 season still provided three landmarks : the Celtics became the second team to reach 3,000 victories , Paul Pierce became the third Celtic to score 20,000 points after Larry Bird and John Havlicek , and Ray Allen broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a career . The 2011 NBA Playoffs started with the Celtics sweeping the New York Knicks 4 -- 0 in the opening round , but in the second round they were ousted by eventual Eastern champions Miami Heat in five games . Shaquille O'Neal , limited to 12 minutes in two games of the second round , retired at the end of the season . At the 2011 NBA draft , the Celtics acquired two Purdue teammates , JaJuan Johnson and E'Twaun Moore . During the short preseason following the 2011 NBA lockout , the Celtics signed free agents Marquis Daniels , Chris Wilcox , Keyon Dooling and Greg Stiemsma , while acquiring Brandon Bass from the Magic for Glen Davis and Von Wafer . They also re-signed Jeff Green , only to have it voided after a physical revealed that Green was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm , forcing him to miss the season . The Celtics started the season 0 -- 3 with Paul Pierce out with a heel injury and his replacement Mickaël Piétrus taking long to debut . The struggles let to the longest losing streak in the ' Big Three ' era with five games , and by the All Star break , the Celtics were below . 500 with a 15 -- 17 record . However , they were one of the hottest teams after the break , going 24 -- 10 the rest of the year and winning their 5th division title in a row . The Celtics would end up making the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference in the 2012 NBA Playoffs . In the playoffs , the Celtics faced the Atlanta Hawks in the first round , beating them in six games led by strong play from Pierce and Garnett . In the Conference Semifinals the Celtics faced the Philadelphia 76ers led by Doug Collins and a young group of promising players that would push the Celtics into a full - seven game series . Following a Game 7 85 -- 75 win the Celtics faced the Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Finals , who had defeated them in the playoffs the previous year . After losing the first two games in Miami , Boston fought back and won the next three games . With the possibility of closing the series at home , the C suffered a blowout loss at the TD Garden of 98 -- 79 , taking the series back to Miami for Game 7 , where the Celtics built an early lead but eventually lost 101 -- 88 ; Miami would go on to defeat the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Finals . The end of the ' Big three ' era ( edit ) Rajon Rondo became the Celtics ' leader after the ' Big Three ' left . The 2012 offseason started with the Celtics having only six players under contract . While Kevin Garnett renewed , Ray Allen chose to sign with the Miami Heat for less money , bringing the five - year ' Big Three ' era to a somewhat acrimonious end . The Celtics also signed free agents Jason Terry , Jason Collins , Darko Miličić and Leandro Barbosa ; acquired Courtney Lee in a three - team sign and trade -- where Johnson , Moore , Sean Williams and a future second round pick were sent to the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers got Sasha Pavlovic ; drafted three players , Jared Sullinger , Fab Melo and Kris Joseph ; and renewed with Brandon Bass along with Chris Wilcox and Jeff Green , who both were returning to play after sustaining season - ending heart ailments . Despite losing Rondo and Sullinger to injury , the Celtics compiled a seven - game winning streak , including victories over the Heat in double overtime and the Nuggets in triple overtime . The winning streak was snapped on February 12 when Leandro Barbosa suffered a season - ending torn ACL . To compensate , the Celtics signed swingman Terrence Williams , forwards D.J. White and Shavlik Randolph , and traded Barbosa and Collins to the Washington Wizards in exchange for guard Jordan Crawford . The Celtics finished the season with 41 wins , but played only 81 games after a home game against the Indiana Pacers on April 16 was cancelled following the Boston Marathon bombings ; the game was not made up with both teams already assured of their playoff positions . The 41 wins were the lowest totals the Celtics achieved as a playoff - bound team since 2004 . The Celtics trailed 3 -- 0 to the New York Knicks in the first round of the 2013 NBA Playoffs , before losing the series in six games . In Game 6 , the Celtics nearly completed a come back when they went on a 20 -- 0 run to cut the lead to 4 , but that was the closest they got as the New York Knicks would take over to win . During the offseason , head coach Doc Rivers was allowed out of his contract and left to coach the Los Angeles Clippers , giving the Celtics a 2015 unprotected first round pick as compensation . A few days later , Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett ( after waiving his no - trade clause ) , along with Jason Terry and D.J. White , were traded to the Brooklyn Nets for Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Humphries , Kris Joseph , Gerald Wallace , and three future first - round draft picks ( 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) , with the right to swap 2017 first - round picks with Brooklyn . The deal was later approved by the league on July 12 , 2013 , effectively ending the ' Big 3 ' era and marking the start of a youth movement for the team . 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens takes over ( edit ) Brad Stevens is the Celtics ' current head coach . On July 3 , 2013 , the Celtics announced that Brad Stevens , the head coach of Butler University , would replace Doc Rivers as head coach . Halfway through the season , in January , Rajon Rondo made his return and was named the 15th Team Captain in team history , and the team furthered the youth movement by acquiring two draft picks in a three team trade that sent Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks to the Golden State Warriors while the Celtics received the Heat center Joel Anthony . The 2013 -- 14 season marked the Celtics ' first missed playoffs since the ' Big Three ' . The next off - season , the Celtics drafted Marcus Smart with the 6th overall pick and James Young with the 17th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft , and signed Evan Turner . The 2014 -- 15 season had several roster moves , the most prominent being Rondo and rookie Dwight Powell traded to the Dallas Mavericks for center Brandan Wright , forward Jae Crowder , veteran point guard Jameer Nelson , and future picks . A total of 22 players spent time with the Celtics , leading scorer and rebounder Sullinger suffered a season - ending left metatarsal stress fracture , and the team was only tenth in the East with 28 games remaining . However , midseason acquisition Isaiah Thomas helped the team win 22 of their last 34 games , finishing the season with a 40 -- 42 record , enough for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs . The Celtics were swept by the second seeded Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . In the 2015 NBA draft Boston selected Terry Rozier , R.J. Hunter , Jordan Mickey , and Marcus Thornton with the 16th , 28th , 33rd , and 45th selections respectively . During the off - season , the Celtics signed forward Amir Johnson and traded Gerald Wallace and Chris Babb in exchange for Warriors forward David Lee . The Celtics finished the 2015 -- 16 NBA season with a 48 -- 34 record , earning the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference . They played the fourth seed Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the playoffs . After leading by 3 points in the fourth quarter of Game 1 , guard Avery Bradley went down with a hamstring injury , making him sit out for the rest of the series . The Celtics lost the series 4 -- 2 to the Hawks , ending their season . On July 8 , 2016 , the Celtics signed 4 - time All - Star Al Horford . The Celtics finished the 2016 -- 17 season with a 53 -- 29 record and clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference . After a hip injury ended Thomas ' impressive playoff run in game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals , the Celtics eventually lost to the Cavaliers in five games . For the 2017 NBA draft , the Celtics won the draft lottery , earning them the first pick . They were projected to select freshman guard Markelle Fultz , but the pick was subsequently traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for the third pick in the 2017 draft and future picks . The 76ers would go on to draft Fultz , while the Celtics used the third pick to select freshman forward Jayson Tatum . Semi Ojeleye , Kadeem Allen , and Jabari Bird were selected with the 37th , 53rd , and 56th selections , respectively , in the second round . At the start of the off - season , the team signed Tatum and Ante Žižić , among others , with the biggest acquisition being the signing of Gordon Hayward . On August 22 , 2017 , the Celtics agreed to a deal that sent Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Žižić , and the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first - round draft pick to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . Rivalries ( edit ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) The Celtics - Hawks rivalry is a rivalry in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association that has lasted for over five decades , although the two teams have played each other since the 1949 -- 50 season , when the then - Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA as part of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America merger . However , the Blackhawks could not field a truly competitive team until they moved to St. Louis as the St. Louis Hawks after a four - year stopover at Milwaukee . The two teams have faced each other eleven times in the NBA Playoffs , four times in the NBA Finals , with the Celtics winning ten of twelve series against the Hawks , including three out of four NBA Finals . While the Hawks have only defeated the Celtics twice out of eleven series in the NBA Playoffs , they still often managed to make their series with the Celtics memorable . The rivalry intensified in 2016 with Hawks All - Star Center Al Horford spurning the team and joining the Celtics . New York Knicks ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Knicks rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams , both of which are in the NBA 's Atlantic division . It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams . Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence . The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season , with the Celtics winning 276 times . The two teams have also faced each other 61 times during the playoffs , with the Celtics winning 34 times . Philadelphia 76ers ( edit ) Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia 76ers being defended against by Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics . Main article : 76ers -- Celtics rivalry The Celtics and the Philadelphia 76ers are the two teams who have the most meetings in the NBA Playoffs , playing each other in 19 series , of which the Celtics have won 12 . The 76ers are considered as the Celtics ' biggest rival in the Eastern Conference . The rivalry reached its peak when players Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain of the 76ers played each other from 1965 to 1968 . Their play would result in the Celtics not winning every NBA Finals series in the 1960s when the Sixers won in 1967 . During the early 1980s , the teams constantly fought for conference championships with Larry Bird leading the Celtics and Julius Erving leading the 76ers . Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Pistons rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the Detroit Pistons peaked in the 1980s , featuring players such as Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , Robert Parish , Isiah Thomas , Bill Laimbeer , Dennis Rodman , and Joe Dumars . These teams met in the NBA Playoffs five times in 7 seasons from 1985 to 1991 , with the Celtics winning in 1985 and 1987 , and the Pistons coming out on top en route to back - to - back Finals appearances in 1988 and their championship seasons of 1989 and 1990 . Led by Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen in the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals the Celtics defeated the Pistons in 6 games to advance to the NBA Finals where they went on to beat the Lakers also in 6 games . Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Lakers rivalry The rivalry between the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers involves the two most storied franchises in NBA history . It has been called the NBA 's best rivalry . The two teams have met a record twelve times in the NBA Finals , starting with their first Finals meeting in 1959 . They would go on to dominate the league in the 1960s and the 1980s , facing each other six times in the 1960s , three times in the 1980s , in 2008 , and in 2010 . The rivalry had been less intense since the retirements of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the early 1990s , but in 2008 it was renewed as the Celtics and Lakers met in the Finals for the first time since 1987 , with the Celtics winning the series in six games . They faced off once again in the 2010 NBA Finals which the Lakers won in seven games . The two teams have won the two highest numbers of championships , the Celtics 17 , the Lakers 16 ; together , the 33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history . Brooklyn Nets ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were once rivals of the New Jersey Nets during the early 2000s due to their respective locations and their burgeoning stars . The Nets were led by Jason Kidd and Kenyon Martin , while the Celtics were experiencing newfound success behind Paul Pierce and Antoine Walker . The rivalry began to heat up in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals , which was preceded by trash talking from the Celtics who claimed Martin was a `` fake '' tough guy . Things progressed as the series started , and on - court tensions seemed to spill into the stands . Celtics ' fans berated Kidd and his family with chants of `` Wife Beater ! '' in response to Kidd 's 2001 domestic abuse charge . When asked about the fan barbs being traded , Kenyon Martin stated , `` Our fans hate them , their fans hate us . '' Bill Walton said at the time that Nets - Celtics was the `` beginning of the next great NBA rivalry '' during the Eastern Conference Finals in 2002 with the Nets advancing to the NBA Finals , though New Jersey would go on to sweep Boston in the 2003 playoffs . In 2012 , the year the Nets returned to New York in the borough of Brooklyn , there were indications that the rivalry might be rekindled when an altercation occurred on the court on November 28 , resulting in the ejection of Rajon Rondo , Gerald Wallace , and Kris Humphries . Rondo was suspended for two games in the aftermath , while Wallace and Kevin Garnett were fined . The story was revisited on December 25 , when Wallace grabbed Garnett 's shorts and the two had to be broken up by referees and players alike . However , the rivalry between the Nets and the Celtics appeared significantly cooled off by the June 2013 blockbuster trade that dealt Celtics stars Garnett and Paul Pierce to the Nets in exchange for Wallace , Humphries , and others . This move was billed as a merger of the two Atlantic Division teams . Celtics announcer Sean Grande said `` It 's almost as if you found a great home for these guys . You could n't have found a better place . These guys will be in the New York market , they 'll be on a competitive team , they 'll stay on national TV . It 's funny , because the enemy of my enemy is my friend . So with Celtics fans feeling the way they do about the Heat , feeling the way they do about the Knicks , the Nets are going to become almost the second ( Boston ) team now . '' Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Boston Celtics seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning Percentage ; Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 81 41 40 . 506 3rd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Knicks ) 2013 -- 14 82 25 57 . 305 4th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 40 42 . 488 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) 2015 -- 16 82 48 34 . 585 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Hawks ) 2016 -- 17 82 53 29 . 646 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) Records , retired numbers and awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics accomplishments and records The Celtics have a NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row , and 11 championships in 13 years . They also have 52 playoff appearances . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics , and the franchise is the one with the most retired numbers in all American sports , with 21 . FIBA Hall of Fame ( edit ) Boston Celtics FIBA Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 6 Bill Russell 1956 -- 1969 2007 Home arenas ( edit ) Boston Garden TD Garden Arena Location Duration Boston Arena Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1955 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1995 Hartford Civic Center Hartford , Connecticut 1975 -- 1995 TD Garden Boston , Massachusetts 1995 -- present Players ( edit ) Main article : Boston Celtics all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) Boston Celtics roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Allen , Kadeem ( TW ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 - 01 - 15 Arizona 5.5 ! F / C 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Baynes , Aron 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1986 - 12 - 09 Washington State 1.5 ! G 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Bird , Jabari ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1994 - 07 - 03 UC Berkeley 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Brown , Jaylen 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1996 - 10 - 24 UC Berkeley 1.5 ! G 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Dixon , Daniel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1994 - 02 - 13 William & Mary 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Hayward , Gordon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 23 Butler 4.0 ! F 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Holmes , Jonathan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 242 lb ( 110 kg ) 1992 -- 12 -- 09 Texas 5.5 ! F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Horford , Al 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1986 - 06 - 03 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Irving , Kyrie 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 - 03 - 23 Duke 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Larkin , Shane 7000180340000000000 ♠ 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1992 - 10 - 02 Miami ( FL ) 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Morris , Marcus 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 - 09 - 02 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Nader , Abdel 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 - 09 - 25 Iowa State 4.0 ! F 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Ojeleye , Semi 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1994 - 12 - 05 Southern Methodist 1.5 ! G 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Peak , L.J. 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1996 - 02 - 02 Georgetown 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Rozier , Terry 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 - 03 - 17 Louisville 1.5 ! G 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Smart , Marcus 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1994 - 03 - 06 Oklahoma State 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tatum , Jayson 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 - 03 - 03 Duke 5.5 ! F / C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Theis , Daniel 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 243 lb ( 110 kg ) 1992 - 04 - 04 Germany 1.5 ! G 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 White , Andrew 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 - 06 - 15 Syracuse 4.0 ! F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Yabusele , Guerschon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1995 - 12 - 17 France Head coach Brad Stevens Assistant coach ( es ) Jerome Allen Jay Larrañaga Walter McCarty Scott Morrison Micah Shrewsberry Alvin Williams Jamie Young Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 19 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Captains ( edit ) Former Celtics captain Paul Pierce being defended by LeBron James . All - time Team captains Captain Tenure Bob Cousy 1950 -- 1963 Frank Ramsey & Bill Russell 1963 -- 1964 Bill Russell 1964 -- 1966 John Havlicek January 16 , 1967 -- 1978 Jo Jo White & Dave Cowens October 17 , 1978 -- November 14 , 1978 Jo Jo White November 14 , 1978 -- January 30 , 1979 Dave Cowens & Chris Ford January 31 , 1979 -- 1979 Dave Cowens 1979 -- October 1 , 1980 Larry Bird 1983 -- 1992 Reggie Lewis 1992 -- 1993 Robert Parish 1993 -- 1994 Dominique Wilkins & Dee Brown 1994 -- 1995 Dee Brown 1995 -- 1996 Rick Fox 1996 -- 1997 Dee Brown & Antoine Walker October 8 , 1997 -- December 2 , 1997 Dee Brown , Antoine Walker , & Pervis Ellison December 2 , 1997 - February 18 , 1998 Antoine Walker and Pervis Ellison February 18 , 1998 -- 1998 Antoine Walker 1998 -- 1999 Antoine Walker & Dana Barros 1999 -- 2000 Antoine Walker & Paul Pierce 2000 -- 2003 Paul Pierce 2003 -- 2013 Rajon Rondo January 17 , 2014 -- December 19 , 2014 Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) 1 . John Havlicek ( 26,395 ) 2 . Paul Pierce ( 24,021 ) 3 . Larry Bird ( 21,791 ) 4 . Robert Parish ( 18,245 ) 5 . Kevin McHale ( 17,335 ) 6 . Bob Cousy ( 16,955 ) 7 . Sam Jones ( 15,411 ) 8 . Bill Russell ( 14,522 ) 9 . Dave Cowens ( 13,192 ) 10 . Jo Jo White ( 13,188 ) 11 . Bill Sharman ( 12,287 ) 12 . Tom Heinsohn ( 12,194 ) 13 . Antoine Walker ( 11,386 ) 14 . Don Nelson ( 9,968 ) 15 . Satch Sanders ( 8,766 ) 16 . Frank Ramsey ( 8,378 ) 17 . Cedric Maxwell ( 8,311 ) 18 . Reggie Lewis ( 7,902 ) 19 . Ed Macauley ( 7,882 ) 20 . Dennis Johnson ( 6,805 ) 21 . Danny Ainge ( 6,257 ) 22 . Kevin Garnett ( 6,233 ) 23 . Ray Allen ( 5,987 ) 24 . Bailey Howell ( 5,812 ) 25 . Rajon Rondo ( 5,783 ) 26 . Don Chaney ( 5,689 ) 27 . Dee Brown ( 5,512 ) 28 . Larry Siegfried ( 5,420 ) 29 . K.C. Jones ( 5,011 ) 30 . Avery Bradley ( 5,000 ) 31 . Kevin Gamble ( 4,895 ) 32 . Rick Fox ( 4,759 ) 33 . Tiny Archibald ( 4,550 ) 34 . Isaiah Thomas ( 4,422 ) 35 . Eric Williams ( 4,248 ) 36 . Paul Silas ( 3,744 ) 37 . Dino Radja ( 3,733 ) 38 . Gerald Henderson ( 3,521 ) 39 . Jeff Green ( 3,252 ) 40 . Brandon Bass ( 3,216 ) 41 . Chris Ford ( 3,194 ) 42 . Jim Loscutoff ( 3,156 ) 43 . Dana Barros ( 3,109 ) 44 . Sherman Douglas ( 2,981 ) 45 . Ricky Davis ( 2,940 ) 46 . Steve Kuberski ( 2,929 ) 47 . Kendrick Perkins ( 2,917 ) 48 . Jared Sullinger ( 2,856 ) 49 . Rick Robey ( 2,829 ) 50 . Walter McCarty ( 2,806 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes John Havlicek 46,471 Bill Russell 40,726 Paul Pierce 40,360 Robert Parish 34,977 Larry Bird 34,443 Bob Cousy 30,131 Kevin McHale 30,118 Dave Cowens 28,551 Jo Jo White 26,770 Sam Jones 24,285 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Bill Russell 21,620 Robert Parish 11,051 Dave Cowens 10,170 Larry Bird 8,974 John Havlicek 8,007 Kevin McHale 7,122 Paul Pierce 6,651 Satch Sanders 5,798 Tom Heinsohn 5,749 Antoine Walker 4,782 Most assists Player Assists Bob Cousy 6,945 John Havlicek 6,114 Larry Bird 5,695 Rajon Rondo 4,474 Paul Pierce 4,305 Bill Russell 4,100 Jo Jo White 3,686 Dennis Johnson 3,486 K.C. Jones 2,908 Dave Cowens 2,828 Most steals Player Steals Paul Pierce 1,583 Larry Bird 1,556 Rajon Rondo 990 Robert Parish 873 Antoine Walker 828 Dee Brown 675 Danny Ainge 671 Dennis Johnson 654 Dave Cowens 569 Reggie Lewis 561 Most blocks Player Blocks Robert Parish 1,703 Kevin McHale 1,690 Larry Bird 755 Paul Pierce 668 Kendrick Perkins 646 Dave Cowens 473 Reggie Lewis 417 Kevin Garnett 394 Cedric Maxwell 378 Tony Battie 369 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Paul Pierce 1823 Antoine Walker 937 Ray Allen 798 Larry Bird 649 Avery Bradley 520 Isaiah Thomas 460 Walter McCarty 417 Dana Barros 416 Danny Ainge 348 Eddie House 332 Coaches ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics head coaches Red Auerbach coached the Boston Celtics to 9 NBA titles , with eight straight titles between 1959 and 1966 . There have been 17 head coaches in Celtics ' history . Red Auerbach is the most successful franchise 's head coach having won 9 NBA championships with the team . Celtics ' legend Bill Russell took coaching duties from Auerbach and led them to 2 NBA championships while playing and coaching at the same time . The other two coaches that won 2 NBA titles with the team are Tom Heinsohn and K.C. Jones . Both Bill Fitch and Doc Rivers led the Celtics to 1 NBA championship the latter being the most recent coach to do so . Brad Stevens is the current head coach for the team . Assistant coaches ( edit ) Danny Silva ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Henry McCarthy ( 1948 -- 1950 ) Art Spector ( 1949 -- 1950 ) John Killilea ( 1972 -- 1977 ) K.C. Jones ( 1977 -- 1983 , 1996 -- 1997 ) Satch Sanders ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Bob McKinnon ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Jim Rodgers ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Chris Ford ( 1983 -- 1990 ) Ed Badger ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Lanny Van Eman ( 1988 -- 1990 ) Don Casey ( 1990 -- 1996 ) Jon P. Jennings ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Dennis Johnson ( 1993 -- 1997 ) John Kuester ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Winston Bennett ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jim O'Brien ( 1997 -- 2001 ) John Carroll ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Mark Starns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Kevin Willard ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Lester Conner ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Andy Enfield ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Dick Harter ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Frank Vogel ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Dana Barros ( February 2004 - end of 2003 -- 04 ) Jim Brewer ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Paul Cormier ( February 2004 -- 2005 ) Tony Brown ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Kevin Eastman ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Armond Hill ( 2004 -- 2013 ) Paul Pressey ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Dave Wohl ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Clifford Ray ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Mike Longabardi ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Tom Thibodeau ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Lawrence Frank ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Roy Rogers ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Tyronn Lue ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Jamie Young ( 2011 -- present ) Jay Larrañaga ( 2012 -- present ) Ron Adams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Micah Shrewsberry ( 2013 -- present ) Walter McCarty ( 2013 -- present ) Jerome Allen ( 2015 -- present ) Scott Morrison ( 2017 -- present ) Alvin Williams ( 2017 -- present ) Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The Celtics ' current wordmark , used since the 1969 -- 70 season . The Boston Celtics logo since the early 1960s features a leprechaun spinning a basketball , named Lucky . It was originally designed by Zang Auerbach , the brother of Celtics head coach Red Auerbach . For a long time , the logo 's only colors were black , white and green . Then for the 1996 -- 97 season , celebrating the club 's 50th anniversary , the logo got a full - color treatment . Lucky 's face and hands were both painted tan , while gold was included on the vest , bow tie and hat , as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh , and black on its pants and shoes . The Celtics also have various alternative logos , with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters `` Celtics '' above it , wrapped in a green circle , which has been used since the 1998 -- 99 season . The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used the Zang Auerbach leprechaun . For much of its history , the shamrock was trimmed in gold , as seen in the old team warmup jackets . A new secondary logo , unveiled in 2014 , featured a variation of the leprechaun logo , albeit in silhouette form . Uniforms ( edit ) The Celtics jerseys have always been green on away games and white on home games since their inception in 1946 . Except for some minor modifications , most notably the road ' Boston ' script and the serifed version of the uniforms during the Bill Russell era , the jerseys remained unchanged through the years . Beginning in 2005 -- 06 , the Celtics began using alternate home / road jerseys which are green with black lettering and trim featuring the word `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey . The alternate jersey made few appearances in its first 2 seasons , but since 2007 it has been used much more often , in more than half of the road games . The uniforms traditionally make their debut on the last Friday of November home games , and are used on the road for games after that , though they also wear it at home on a few occasions . Also , in 2005 -- 06 , the Celtics began a tradition of wearing green jerseys with gold trim as part of the St. Patrick 's Day celebrations the NBA puts into place every third week of March . Except for the word `` Boston '' in front and the gold trim , the St. Patrick 's Day jerseys resemble the regular road jerseys . For the first four years , the St. Paddy 's jerseys were used four times , a majority of which on the road ; however in the 2009 -- 10 NBA season , they were used just twice ( both home games ) . They wore them six times in the 2011 -- 12 season ; wearing them at its earliest on March 9 , their final home game before an eight - game road trip . The uniform was the only one in the current Celtics set that does not use the Adidas Revolution 30 design . During the 2006 -- 07 season , the Celtics wore a commemorative patch of a black shamrock with the nickname `` Red '' in green letters on the right top of the jersey in remembrance of Red Auerbach , who died shortly prior to the beginning of the season . During the NBA Europe Live Tour prior to the 2007 -- 08 season , the Celtics used the alternate road jerseys in their game against the Toronto Raptors in Rome , except that the words `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey and the shamrock on the shorts and on the reverse side of the jersey contained the green , white and red tricolors of the Italian flag . In the second game in London , the regular road jerseys featured a patch containing the Union Jack . At the 2008 -- 09 season opener against the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Celtics wore a modified version of their home uniforms , accented with gold , to commemorate last season 's championship team . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Celtics replaced their alternate St. Patrick 's uniform with a new , sleeved version . Unlike the previous uniform , the front featured the team name in front , gold side panels and a white shamrock at the back , while the shorts closely resemble the green / black third uniform save for the gold accents . For the 2015 -- 16 season , the Celtics decided to go with a green / gold variation of their alternate uniform for St. Patrick 's week . A home grey alternate sleeved uniform was unveiled on November 6 , 2014 . The uniform features a serifed vertical arch ' Celtics ' wordmark in white with green trim , with names in green and numbers in white with green trim . In addition , it features a pattern of the Celtics ' famed parquet floor on the sides , a silhouette version of their leprechaun logo on the waistband , and a green shamrock on the left leg of the shorts . The grey uniforms were used for six home dates during the season . Also that season , the shamrock that had been present at the back of the uniforms since the 2006 -- 07 season was replaced by the NBA logo , while a gold tab representing the club 's 17 championships was stitched atop the neck stripe . The Celtics have also worn special edition Christmas Day uniforms since the 2008 -- 09 season . For the first four games , they wore their regular road uniforms modified with the NBA logo inside a snowflake . Then in the 2012 -- 13 season , they wore monochrome uniforms with green lettering trimmed in white . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Celtics wore a special green uniform with a more ornate script lettering , but without the additional striping . The team has honored deceased members of the Celtics family with a commemorative black band on the left shoulder strap of the jersey . It has been featured eight times in the history of the franchise : Walter Brown ( 1964 -- 65 ) , Bob Schmertz ( 1975 -- 76 ) , Joan Cohen ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Johnny Most ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Reggie Lewis ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Dorothy Auerbach ( 2000 -- 01 ) , Dennis Johnson ( 2006 -- 07 ) . and Jim Loscutoff ( 2015 -- 16 ) . The team also had the tradition of wearing black sneakers through most of their history , except during the early 1980s when they wore green sneakers . According to legend , Celtics patriarch Red Auerbach had a problem with the white sneakers , claiming that the white sneakers can easily get dirty ; hence starting a long tradition with the black sneakers . But prior to the 2003 -- 04 season , current Celtics GM Danny Ainge and captain Paul Pierce suggested wearing white sneakers , in due part to a growing number of teams wearing black sneakers . Auerbach gladly accepted and the white sneakers have remained since on home games . They still wore the black sneakers on away games , but in the 2008 -- 09 season , they wore white sneakers with green and gold accents while wearing their St. Patrick 's Day jerseys on the road . Most recently , when the Celtics play on Christmas Day , they wore white or green sneakers with red and gold accents . Since the 2009 -- 10 season , the NBA relaxed its rules on specified sneaker colors , and Celtics players are now seen wearing either green , white or black sneakers at home and on the road . The Celtics were the only team to wear warmup jackets with the player names on the back . During the 1980s , this style was dominant in most NBA warmup jackets , but by the late 1990s , this style gradually declined . The Celtics , however , kept the design in keeping with tradition , before discontinuing the practice after the 2011 -- 12 season . By that time Adidas issues a new warmup jacket design annually , and for a few seasons , they provided players with a customized shooting shirt containing the player 's name and uniform number on the back . In January 2017 , the Celtics signed a multi-year deal with General Electric where they will become the `` exclusive Data and Analytics partner '' for the team . As part of the deal , the uniforms will have the GE logo prominently placed on the left shoulder of Celtics ' jerseys in green and white . This will be the first time a corporate logo will have placement on the game uniforms . With the switch to Nike as the uniform provider in 2017 , the NBA 's home and away uniform designations were abolished . The Celtics ' green `` Icon '' and white `` Association '' uniforms , to be worn either at home or away , remained mostly intact save for truncated striping on the shoulders and shorts . In addition , the Celtics unveiled a third `` Statement '' uniform , with black as the base color and letters and striping in green and white trim . A fourth uniform design , dubbed the `` Community '' uniform , will be unveiled during the 2017 -- 18 season . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics broadcasters Comcast SportsNet New England is the Boston Celtics ' main television outlet , having aired its games since 1981 when the station was known as SportsChannel New England . Like all the other SportsChannel networks , the New England channel was rebranded as Fox Sports New England when former owner Cablevision entered into a partnership with Liberty Media and News Corporation in 1998 . Comcast purchased Cablevision 's original network stake in 2001 , then acquired the remaining stake in what was now FSN New England in 2007 and rebranded the network as CSN New England . Mike Gorman provides the play - by - play with former Celtics player and coach Tommy Heinsohn serving as analyst for home games , while former Celtics ' player Brian Scalabrine serves as analyst for road games . Abby Chin serves as courtside reporter . The Celtics can be heard on 98.5 the Sports Hub during all Boston Celtics games , all season long from preseason to postseason . The play - by - play announcer is Sean Grande with commentary from Cedric Maxwell . On September 26 , 2013 , the Celtics and 98.5 The Sports Hub announced a multi-year partnership in which the Boston Celtics games will be broadcast on the market 's leading sports station . Beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season , 98.5 The Sports Hub will feature select pre-season games , and all regular and post-season matchups , as well as produce extended pre - and postgame shows focused entirely on the Celtics . Management ( edit ) Ownership history ( edit ) Ownership history Owner Tenure Boston Garden - Arena Corporation June 6 , 1946 -- July 31 , 1950 Walter A. Brown / Lou Pieri July 31 , 1950 -- September 7 , 1964 Lou Pieri and Marjorie Brown , wife of team founder September 7 , 1964 -- June 24 , 1965 Marvin Kratter / Knickerbocker Brewing Company , subsidiary of National Equities June 24 , 1965 -- 1968 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1968 -- 1969 Trans - National Communications 1969 -- 1971 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1971 -- 1972 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton April 1972 -- May 1972 * Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology May 1972 -- January 1975 Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology , Irv Levin , and Harold Lipton January 1975 -- November 1975 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton November 1975 -- 1978 John Y. Brown , Jr. and Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1978 -- 1979 Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1979 -- 1983 Don Gaston , Alan N. Cohen , Paul Dupee 1983 -- 1993 Paul Gaston 1993 -- 2002 Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. -- consisting of Wycliffe Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca , H. Irving Grousbeck and The Abbey Group , represented by Robert Epstein 2002 -- present * Sale not approved by NBA Team presidents ( edit ) All - time Team presidents President Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1963 Louis Pieri 1963 -- 1965 Jack Waldron 1965 -- 1967 Clarence H. Adams 1967 -- 1968 Jack Waldron 1968 -- 1970 Red Auerbach 1970 -- 1997 Rick Pitino 1997 -- 2001 Red Auerbach 2001 -- 2006 Rich Gotham 2007 -- present General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1951 Red Auerbach 1951 -- 1984 Jan Volk 1984 -- 1997 Chris Wallace 1997 -- 2007 Danny Ainge 2007 -- present Other ( edit ) Name Position Tenure Dave Gavitt CEO 1990 -- 1994 Larry Bird Special assistant to front office 1992 -- 1997 M.L. Carr Director of Basketball Operations 1994 -- 1997 Danny Ainge President of Basketball Operations 2003 -- present Medical staff ( edit ) Team physicians ( edit ) All - time Team physicians Physician Tenure Dr. Robert Steinsieck 1956 -- 1958 Dr. Jack Longford 1958 -- 1959 Dr. John Doherty 1959 -- 1969 Dr. Thomas Silva 1969 -- 1987 Dr. Arnold Scheller 1987 -- 2005 Dr. Brian McKeon 2005 -- present Team athletic trainers ( edit ) All - time Athletic Trainers Trainer Tenure Harry Cohen 1946 -- 1958 Buddy LeRoux 1958 -- 1967 Joe DeLauri 1967 -- 1972 Frank Challant 1972 -- 1979 Ray Melchiorre 1979 -- 1987 Ed Lacerte 1987 -- present See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal The Sports Museum ( at TD Garden ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of February 2017 , the Boston Celtics have the highest percentage of National Basketball Association championships with 25.4 percent , and in Major League Baseball , the New York Yankees have the highest percentage with 24.8 percent . Jump up ^ This pick originally belonged to the Brooklyn Nets , but was sent to the Celtics in the 2013 trade involving Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett . The Nets had the worst record in the previous season , which gave the Celtics the highest chance of winning the lottery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Boston Celtics seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals History : Finals Champions and MVPs '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Boston Celtics . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Celtics Related Books , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Earl Lloyd -- First Black Coach , sports.jrank.org accessed 2008 -- February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Lisette Auerbach 's Celtics played as a team , espn.go.com/classic . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Celtics tried to pass on ultimate passer '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Cousy Biography , nba.com/history , accessed February 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ed Macauley , hoophall.com , accessed May 26 , 2008 . Archived October 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Only the Ball Was Brown , daviskamp.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Season Recap -- 1950s , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob Pettit Bio , nba.com/history . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 -- 1968 ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics ( 1946 -- present ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Lakers History , nba.com/lakers . Retrieved January 13 , 2005 . Archived August 17 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 1 ). , Retrieved November 02 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berube , Reagan High Five , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Celtics Coach Red Auerbach Retires , massmoments.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Boston Celtics blinkbits.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2005 . Archived September 3 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heritage Week : Power Rankings , 1969 -- 70 nba.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable '' Sports Records ( The World Almanac ) Archived 2009 - 08 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . worldalmanac.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Season Recaps -- 1970s , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved August 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bucks NBA Archived 2008 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , jsonline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greatest Game Ever , nba.com/suns . Retrieved March 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Boston Drafts Cedric Mexwell , sportsfilter.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2001 . Archived April 8 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oklahoma Sooners Official Athletic Site -- Men 's Basketball Archived 2008 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , soonersports.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics , Braves once made a really big trade Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill Memories of Red , sports.espn.go.com October 30 , 2006 , February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bob McAdoo Bio , nba.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ CNN / SI -- 33 : Timeline , sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ All - Time Finals Challenge : 1981 Celtics , nba.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics History , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob McAdoo Summary , nba.com/history . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rookie of the Year Award Winners , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1980 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Editors of Publication International , Ltd . Robert Parish , entertainment.howstuffworks.com ... Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Complete First Round Results -- 1980 -- 89 , nba.com/history/draft . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yearly Win / Loss Record , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1981 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finals MVP , nba.com/history . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1982 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1983 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Investment group buys Celtics for $360 million , sportsillustrated.cnn.com September 27 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Roster and Statistics , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1984 NBA Finals , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Red Auerbach Biography , jockbio.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1985 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Postscript on the Walton - Maxwell Trade , lexnihilnovi.blogspot.com September 7 , 1985 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scoop The legend of Len Bias , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Len Bias Tragedy , washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1987 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1988 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Villanova to Retire Former Celtic Player , Coach Chris Ford 's Jersey nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1993 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ PRO BASKETBALL ; Reggie Lewis 's Family Had a History of Heart Problems , Report Asserts -- New York Times nytimes.com September 13 , 1993 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Did Reggie Lewis Have to Die ? -- TIME , time.com June 21 , 2001 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Reggie ... -- The Official Site of the BOSTON CELTICS '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Citizens Bank Closes Deal with Rick Pitino Celtics Head Coach Signs on With Personal Services Contract , highbeam.com December 9 , 1997 . Retrieved December 15 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Complete First round Results -- 1990 -- 99 nba.com/history . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ON BASKETBALL ; Pitino 's Young Guns Overrun The Bulls Jump up ^ 1997 -- 98 : Celtic Pride Returns Jump up ^ Boston Wins Without Pitino Jump up ^ BASKETBALL ; Kenny Anderson Is Traded To Celtics in 7 - Player Deal Jump up ^ What the Hell Happened to ... Ron Mercer ? , celticslife.com May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1998 NBA Draft History -- Round 1 , mynbadraft.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Paul Pierce in the House ! Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Dave ( March 13 , 2000 ) . `` There 's something about Pitino and the Celtics '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pitino 's resignation does n't mean an end to his career , sportsillustrated.cnn.com January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved January 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Franchise Index , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2002 NBA Playoffs Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Basketball Partners Assume Ownership of Celtics Franchise '' . NBA.com . December 31 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2003 NBA Playoffs , nba.com , accessed May 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Mavs Acquire ( sic ) Antoine Walker and Tony Delk from Boston , nba.com/mavericks . Retrieved April 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire LaFrentz , Mills & Welsch From Mavericks , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved April 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2004 NBA Playoffs , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Doc Rivers goes back to the bench , hired to coach Boston Celtics , findarticles.com May 17 , 2004 , accessed May 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Draft Rights to Leon Powe , nba.com/celtics , accessed April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Legendary Celtics coach Auerbach dead at age 89 , sports.espn.go.com October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gil , Gideon Recovery from ACL tear took 6 -- 9 months , boston.com September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics finished with second - worst record last season , sports.espn.go.com May 10 , 2007 , accessed May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Seven - Time All - Star Ray Allen from Sonics , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire 10 - Time All - Star Kevin Garnett , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce shoots Celtics to first Finals appearance since ' 87 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics smash Lakers , bring home 17th NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Celtics Remain Mindful Of a Missed Opportunity '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . Jump up ^ NBA Celtics win 19th straight to set franchise record , news.google.com December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers snap Celtics 19 game winning streak , outsidethebeltway.com December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` EWING PROPHETIC AS MAGIC BEAT CELTICS IN GAME 7 '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Celtics claw into second round with cagy Game 7 victory , espn.go.com May 2 , 2009 , accessed May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach Home Court Records and Champions , celticshub.com March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Celtics finally finish off Magic in Game 6 to head back to Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers edge Celtics in Game 7 , win 16th title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics Creak Toward Postseason , Hoping They Have Legs for a Run '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Doc Rivers : Timing of trade was off '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire back as Celts ' reserves top Knicks ' second string '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Shaquille O'Neal , who has played 5 minutes , 29 seconds since February 1 , also sat out . Jump up ^ Chris ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Report card : Shaquille O'Neal '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign D.J. White '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shavlik Randolph Signs 10 - Day Contract With Celtics -- RealGM Wiretap '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Golliver . `` NBA cancels game between Celtics and Pacers after Boston Marathon blasts '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Knicks hold off Celtics ' rally , win first playoff series since 2000 Jump up ^ `` Nets , Celtics work out blockbuster '' . ESPN . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics Hire Brad Stevens as Head Coach '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ NBA 's big three miss playoffs in same year for first time Jump up ^ `` What can the Celtics do with the sixth pick ? '' . CBS Sports . CBS . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Complete Trade With Dallas Mavericks '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Roster overhaul has n't changed C 's goals Jump up ^ `` Jared Sullinger of Boston Celtics will miss rest of season due to foot injury '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Celtics Will Probably Miss the Playoffs , and That 's Okay Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Al Horford '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Clinch # 1 Seed ; Will Face Bulls In First Round '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2710816-isaiah-thomas-out-for-rest-of-2017-nba-postseason-with-hip-injury Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Boston Celtics trade No. 1 overall draft pick to Philadelphia 76ers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Draft picks : Complete results , full list of players selected , highlights , grades '' . CBS Sports . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign Jayson Tatum , Ante Zizic '' . NBA.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Gordon Hayward Boston Celtics '' . NBA.com . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Franchise History , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 8th , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Knicks and Celtics Renew Playoff Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Most frequent playoff matchups '' . McCubed.net . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( May 12 , 1985 ) . `` Celtics - 76ers has been a playoff tradition '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved Jne 17 , 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Celtics - Pistons rivalry : Top 10 games Jump up ^ `` NBA ; s Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ; Everson , Darren ( May 20 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics Talk A Good Game -- New York Daily News '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Steve WilsteinAP Sports Writer ( May 31 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics fans ' taunts hurt Jason Kidd 's wife Amarillo.com Amarillo Globe - News '' . Amarillo.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter , May ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Suspension and 2 Fines After Brawl '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nets owner Mikhail Prokhorov 's win - at - all - costs mentality is reminiscent of late George Steinbrenner '' . New York : NY Daily News . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grande : Celtics found ' good home ' for KG , Pierce '' . Csnne.com . July 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Hall of Famers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers -- Celtics '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` C 's Captain a Work in Progress '' . Telegram & Gazette . February 28 , 1999 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 10 , 1963 ) . `` Celtics Vow To Be Champions '' . Gadsden Times . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( January 16 , 1967 ) . `` Havlicek Celtic Captain '' . The Day . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 12 , 1978 ) . `` White , Cowens captains ; Maxwell to start Friday '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( February 1 , 1979 ) . `` Celtics Defuse Rockets '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowens Calls It Quits '' . The Daily Union Democrat . October 2 , 1980 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 28 , 1983 ) . `` Talented , ambitious Celtics in opener at Detroit tonight '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( October 14 , 1992 ) . `` Celtics name Lewis captain '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hohman , Ralph ( October 31 , 1993 ) . `` Celtics wish for a new star '' . Record - Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Brown , Wilkins appointed as co-captains for Celtics '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 11 , 1995 ) . `` High Hopes at Celts ' Camp '' . The Hour . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( November 28 , 1996 ) . `` Magic Edge Hawks '' . Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( October 9 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino does his analysis play by play '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : AP ( December 3 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino names Ellison captain '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` Pitino Plies Trade Again '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bulpett , Steve ( October 27 , 1999 ) . `` Walker , Barros will captain ship '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , Walker are Co-Captains '' . Telegram & Gazette . October 12 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` C 's Name Rondo Captain On Night of Return '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Celtics : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Managements and Captains , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Creation of a Logo '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Announce New Alternate Logo '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics unveil new alternate logo '' . ESPNBoston.com . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 -- 08 Downloadable Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . nba.com/celtics.com . p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics and adidas Unveil Parquet Pride Collection '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joseph P. ( May 11 , 2003 ) . `` Celtics court change with a move to white sneakers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , GE Announce Multi-Year Partnership '' ( Press release ) . Boston Celtics . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dylan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` GE Just Struck a Major Partnership with the Celtics '' . BostInno . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , 98.5 The Sports Hub Announce Multi-Year Broadcast Partnership `` CBS Boston '' . Boston.cbslocal.com. 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Brown , Pieri Purchases Celtics Basketball Club '' . The Hartford Courant . August 1 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` New Owner But Red Is Still Boss of Celts '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . January 14 , 1975 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paul Gaston to run Celtics ; Cohen out , highbeam.com September 2 , 1993 . Retrieved February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics ' owner dispute is more confused than ever '' . The Tuscaloosa News . July 22 , 1974 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rich Gotham , Team President , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Wallace , General Manager , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Danny Ainge , Executive Director of Basketball Operations and General Manager , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Celtics : Medical Staff , http://www.museumstuff.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ed Lacerte -- Head Trainer , nba.com/celtics . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Celtics . Official website Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 ( To be retired on February 11 , 2018 ) 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! Boston Garden North Station Larry Legend DJ The Chief The Truth The Sports Museum of New England NBA Championships ( 17 ) 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1986 2008 Eastern Conference Championships ( 21 ) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1985 1986 2008 Media TV NBC Sports Boston Radio WBZ - FM Announcers Mike Gorman Tom Heinsohn Brian Scalabrine Sean Grande Cedric Maxwell John Wallach Links to related articles Boston Celtics seasons Franchise History Seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Massachusetts Australian rules football USAFL Boston Demons Baseball MLB Boston Red Sox NYPL Lowell Spinners CCBL Bourne Braves Brewster Whitecaps Chatham Anglers Cotuit Kettleers Falmouth Commodores Harwich Mariners Hyannis Harbor Hawks Orleans Firebirds Wareham Gatemen Yarmouth -- Dennis Red Sox FCBL Brockton Rox Martha 's Vineyard Sharks North Shore Navigators Pittsfield Suns Wachusett Dirt Dawgs Worcester Bravehearts NECBL New Bedford Bay Sox North Adams SteepleCats Plymouth Pilgrims Valley Blue Sox Basketball NBA Boston Celtics Football NFL New England Patriots WFA Boston Renegades Hockey NHL Boston Bruins AHL Springfield Thunderbirds ECHL Worcester Railers NWHL Boston Pride CWHL Boston Blades Lacrosse MLL Boston Cannons UWLX Boston Storm Roller derby WFTDA Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby Boston Roller Derby MRDA Pioneer Valley Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Boston Thirteens Oneida FC Rugby union RSL Boston RFC NERFU Boston Irish Wolfhounds Mystic River South Shore Anchors Soccer MLS New England Revolution NWSL Boston Breakers PDL FC Boston Western Mass Pioneers NPSL Boston City FC Greater Lowell NPSL FC Champions Soccer League USA Greater Lowell United FC UWS New England Mutiny WPSL Boston Breakers Academy Boston Breakers Reserves Boston Breakers U23 FC Stars FC Stars U23 Ultimate Club Boston Ironsides College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) AIC Yellow Jackets ( ice hockey ) Bentley Falcons ( ice hockey ) Boston College Eagles Boston University Terriers Harvard Crimson Holy Cross Crusaders UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen UMass Lowell River Hawks Merrimack Warriors ( ice hockey ) Northeastern Huskies City of Boston Topics Accent Annual events Arts Bibliography Culture Demographics Diplomatic missions Economy Education Colleges and universities Geography Historic Places Northern Southern History Timeline Media Nicknames People Politics Port Public Library Public Schools Sister cities Skyscrapers Songs Transportation Attractions Boston Common Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum Bunker Hill Monument Faneuil Hall Fenway Park Franklin Park Zoo Freedom Trail Hynes Convention Center Institute of Contemporary Art Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Celtics&oldid=804916429 '' Categories : Boston Celtics Irish - American organizations Irish - American history National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1946 1946 establishments in Massachusetts Sports teams in Boston Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 22 : 22 . 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difference between labour movement and trade union movement
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Labour movement
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labour movement
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Part of a series on Organized labour Labour movement ( hide ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labour rights ( show ) Child labour Eight - hour day Five - day work week Annual leave Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( show ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labour parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli Maltese New Zealand Norwegian List of Labour parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law The labour movement or labor movement consists of two main wings , the trade union movement ( British English ) or labor union movement ( American English ) , also called trade unionism or labor unionism on the one hand , and the political labour movement on the other . The trade union movement consists of the collective organisation of working people developed to represent and campaign for better working conditions and treatment from their employers and , by the implementation of labour and employment laws , from their governments . The standard unit of organisation is the trade union . The political labour movement in many countries includes a political party that represents the interests of employees , often known as a `` labour party '' or `` workers ' party '' . Many individuals and political groups otherwise considered to represent ruling classes may be part of and active in the labour movement . The labour movement developed in response to the depredations of industrial capitalism at about the same time as socialism . However , while the goal of the labour movement is to protect and strengthen the interests of labour within capitalism , the goal of socialism is to replace the capitalist system entirely . Contents 1 History 2 Labour parties 3 Labour festivals 4 Labour and racial equality 5 Development of labour movements within nation states 6 Development of an international labour movement 7 List of national labour movements 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Apprentice laws , agricultural labour laws , illegal combination , Peterloo , Chartism , friendly societies and cooperatives , New Unionism , political party formation , socialism , anarchism , communism , craft unionism . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2011 ) Labor is prior to , and independent of , capital . Capital is only the fruit of labor , and could never have existed if labor had not first existed . Labor is the superior of capital , and deserves much the higher consideration . -- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln , December 3 , 1861 In Europe , the labour movement began during the industrial revolution , when agricultural jobs declined and employment moved to more industrial areas . The idea met with great resistance . In the early 19th century , groups such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs of Dorset were punished and transported for forming unions , which was against the laws of the time . Trade unionism was active during the early to mid 19th century and various labour parties and trade unions were formed throughout the industrialised parts of the world . The International Workingmen 's Association , the first attempt at international coordination , was founded in London in 1864 . The major issues included the right of the workers to organize themselves , and the right to an 8 - hour working day . In 1871 workers in France rebelled and the Paris Commune was formed . From the mid-nineteenth century onward the labour movement became increasingly globalised . `` Labour has been central to the modern globalization process . From issues of the embodied movement of workers to the emergence of a global division of labour , and organized responses to capitalist relations of production , the relevance of labour to globalization is not new , and it is far more significant in shaping the world than is usually recognized . '' The movement gained major impetus during the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the Catholic Social Teaching tradition which began in 1891 with the publication of Pope Leo XIII 's foundational document , Rerum novarum , also known as `` On the Condition of the Working Classes , '' in which he advocated a series of reforms including limits on the length of the work day , a living wage , the elimination of child labour , the rights of labour to organise , and the duty of the state to regulate labour conditions . Throughout the world , action by labourists has resulted in reforms and workers ' rights , such as the two - day weekend , minimum wage , paid holidays , and the achievement of the eight - hour day for many workers . There have been many important labour activists in modern history who have caused changes that were revolutionary at the time and are now regarded as basic . For example , Mary Harris Jones , better known as `` Mother Jones '' , and the National Catholic Welfare Council were important in the campaign to end child labour in the United States during the early 20th century . Labour parties ( edit ) See also : List of Labour Parties Modern labour parties originated from an increase in organising activities in Europe and European colonies during the 19th century , such as the Chartist movement in the United Kingdom during 1838 -- 50 . In 1891 , localised labour parties were formed , by trade union members in the British colonies of Australia . They later amalgamated to form the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) . In 1893 , Members of Parliament in the Colony of Queensland briefly formed the world 's first labour government . The British Labour Party was created as the Labour Representation Committee , as a result of an 1899 resolution by the Trade Union Congress . While archetypal labour parties are made of direct union representatives , in addition to members of geographical branches , some union federations or individual unions have chosen not to be represented within a labour party and / or have ended association with them . Labour festivals ( edit ) Main article : Labour festival Labour festivals have long been a part of the labour movement . Often held outdoors in the summer , the music , talks , food , drink , and film have attracted hundreds of thousands of attendees each year . Labour and racial equality ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) A degree of strategic bi-racial cooperation existed among black and white dockworkers on the waterfronts of New Orleans , Louisiana during the early 20th century . Although the groups maintained racially separate labour unions , they coordinated efforts to present a united front when making demands of their employers . These pledges included a commitment to the `` 50 - 50 '' or `` half - and - half '' system wherein a dock crew would consist of 50 % black and 50 % white workers and agreement on a single wage demand to reduce the risk of ship owners pitting one race against the other . Black and white dockworkers also cooperated during protracted labour strikes , including general levee strikes in 1892 and 1907 as well as smaller strikes involving skilled workers such as screwmen in the early 1900s . Negroes in the United States read the history of labour and find it mirrors their own experience . We are confronted by powerful forces telling us to rely on the good will and understanding of those who profit by exploiting us ( ... ) They are shocked that action organizations , sit - ins , civil disobedience and protests are becoming our everyday tools , just as strikes , demonstrations and union organization became yours to insure that bargaining power genuinely existed on both sides of the table ( ... ) Our needs are identical to labor 's needs : decent wages , fair working conditions , livable housing , old age security , health and welfare measures ( ... ) That is why the labor - hater and labor - baiter is virtually always a twin - headed creature spewing anti-Negro epithets from one mouth and anti-labor propaganda from the other mouth . -- Martin Luther King , Jr , `` If the Negro Wins , Labor Wins '' , December 11 , 1961 Development of labour movements within nation States ( edit ) Historically labour markets have often been constrained by national borders that have restricted movement of workers . Labour laws are also primarily determined by individual nations or states within those nations . While there have been some efforts to adopt a set of international labour standards through the International Labour Organisation ( ILO ) , international sanctions for failing to meet such standards are very limited . In many countries labour movements have developed independently and represent those national boundaries . Development of an international labour movement ( edit ) With ever - increasing levels of international trade and increasing influence of multinational corporations , there has been debate and action among labourists to attempt international co-operation . This has resulted in renewed efforts to organize and collectively bargain internationally . A number of international union organisations have been established in an attempt to facilitate international collective bargaining , to share information and resources and to advance the interests of workers generally . List of national labour movements ( edit ) Trade unions in Albania Trade unions in Algeria Trade unions in Andorra Trade unions in Angola Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda Trade unions in Argentina Trade unions in Armenia Australian labour movement Trade unions in Benin Trade unions in Botswana Trade unions in Burkina Faso Trade unions in Egypt Trade unions in Ethiopia Trade unions in Germany Trade unions in Ghana Trade unions in India Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions Trade unions in Ireland Labour unions in Japan Trade unions in Malaysia Trade unions in Maldives Trade unions in Nauru Trade unions in Niger Trade unions in Oman Trade unions in Pakistan Trade unions in Qatar Trade unions in Senegal Trade unions in South Africa Trade unions in Spain Swedish labour movement Trade unions in Switzerland Labour movement in Taiwan Trade unions in Tanzania Trade unions in the United Kingdom Labour unions in the United States See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Activism industry AFL -- CIO Anarchism Anarcho - syndicalism Canadian Labour Congress Catholic social teaching Catholic trade unions Change to Win Federation Christian socialism Class conflict Communism Council communism Democratic socialism Eight - hour day Far - left politics Filippo Turati Freelancers Union Industrial Workers of the World International labour law Labour law Labour history including art and culture Left - wing politics List of international labour organizations Living wage Marxism New Unionism Social criticism Social democracy Socialism Workerism Trade union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See American and British English spelling differences . Jump up ^ Eatwell & Wright , Roger & Anthony ( March 1 , 1999 ) . Contemporary Political Ideologies : Second Edition . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0826451736 . If ' labourism ' sought to protect and defend the interests of labour in relation to this system , ' socialism ' sought to change the system itself ... Jump up ^ Selections from the Letters , Speeches , and State Papers of Abraham BOBBY , by Abraham Lincoln , edited by Ida Minerva Tarbell , Ginn , 1911 / 2008 , pg 77 Jump up ^ James , Paul ; O'Brien , Robert ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 4 : Globalizing Labour . London : Sage Publications . pp. ix -- x . Jump up ^ A Testament of Hope : The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King , Jr , edited by James Melvin Washington , HarperCollins , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 064691 - 8 , pg 202 - 203 Further reading ( edit ) Robert N. Stern , Daniel B. Cornfield , The U.S. labor movement : References and Resources , G.K. Hall & Co 1996 John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc ( ed . ) , U.S. labor in the twentieth century : studies in working - class struggles and insurgency , Amherst , NY : Humanity Books , 2000 James , Paul ; O'Brien , Robert ( 2007 ) . Globalization and Economy , Vol. 4 : Globalizing Labour . London : Sage Publications . Philip Yale Nicholson , Labor 's story in the United States , Philadelphia , Pa . : Temple Univ . Press 2004 ( Series ' Labor in Crisis ' ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 239 - 3 Beverly Silver : Forces of Labor . Worker 's Movements and Globalization since 1870 , Cambridge University Press , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 52077 - 0 St. James Press Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide , St. James Press 2003 ISBN 1 - 55862 - 542 - 9 Lenny Flank ( ed ) , IWW : A Documentary History , Red and Black Publishers , St Petersburg , Florida , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791813 - 5 - 1 Tom Zaniello : Working Stiffs , Union Maids , Reds , and Riffraff : An Expanded Guide to Films about Labor ( ILR Press books ) , Cornell University Press , revised and expanded edition 2003 , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 4009 - 2 Neither Washington Nor Stowe : Common Sense For The Working Vermonter , The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective , Catamount Tavern Press , 2004 . Ness , Immanuel ( 2014 ) . New Forms of Worker Organization : The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class - Struggle Unionism . PM Press . ISBN 1604869569 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labour movement . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Labour movement The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Canadian Labour History , 1850 - 1999 LabourStart : Trade union web portal LaborNet : Global online communication for a democratic , independent labour movement CEC : A Labour Resource Centre in India `` Justice Thunders Condemnation '' -- a video history of labour legislation on YouTube Trade unions and organized labour Trade union ( public sector ) Labour history Labour rights Labour movement Formation Structure Labour council Union organizer National trade union centre Global union federation Union representative Clerk of the Chapel Father of the Chapel Local union Union dues Vigilance committee Union label Salt Trades hall Duty of fair representation Models Organizing model Service model Social movement unionism Community unionism Members - only unionism One Big Union Open - source unionism Business unionism Dual unionism Solidarity unionism Syndicalism Types Company union Independent union General union Craft unionism Industrial unionism Industrial relations Shops and hiring Closed shop Open shop Agency shop Union shop Hiring hall Bump Scope clause Actions Unfair list Strike action recognition secondary action Strike notice Occupation of factories Precarious work Precarity General strike Sitdown strike Slowdown Bossnapping Stay - away Labour unrest Grievance Organizational dissent Overtime ban Industrial action Walkout Contingent work Whipsaw strike Wildcat strike action Work - to - rule Green ban Picketing Bargaining Collective bargaining Collaborative bargaining Mutual gains bargaining Pattern bargaining Bargaining unit Union security agreement Master contract Enterprise bargaining agreement Compensation Strike pay Union wage premium Workers ' compensation Reactions Opposition to trade unions Labour spies in the United States Union busting Givebacks Churn and burn Paper local Anti-union violence United States Union violence Demarcation dispute Strikebreaker Goon squad Featherbedding Other topics International comparisons of labour unions Labour code Labour law Eight - hour day Worker centre GND : 4002581 - 0 NARA : 10638437 NDL : 00616837 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_movement&oldid=858692429 '' Categories : Labour movement Hidden categories : Use British English Oxford spelling from January 2014 Articles to be expanded from April 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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what is wrong with dr house's leg
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In the series , the character 's unorthodox diagnostic approaches , radical therapeutic motives , and stalwart rationality have resulted in much conflict between him and his colleagues . House is also often portrayed as lacking sympathy for his patients , a practice that allots him time to solve pathological enigmas . The character is partly inspired by Sherlock Holmes . A portion of the show 's plot centers on House 's habitual use of Vicodin to manage pain stemming from a leg infarction involving his quadriceps muscle some years earlier , an injury that forces him to walk with a cane . This addiction is also one of the many parallels to Holmes , who was a habitual user of cocaine .
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a leg infarction involving his quadriceps muscle
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Gregory House
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gregory house
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Gregory House , M.D. , commonly referred to by his surname House , is the title character of the American medical drama series House . Created by David Shore and portrayed by English actor Hugh Laurie , he leads a team of diagnosticians as the Head of Diagnostic Medicine at the fictional Princeton - Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in Princeton , New Jersey ( based on the real - life Yale -- New Haven Hospital in New Haven , Connecticut ) .
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House 's character has been described as a misanthrope , cynic , narcissist , and curmudgeon , the last of which was named one of the top television words of 2005 in honor of the character . He is the only character to appear in all 177 episodes and , except for Wilson 's brief appearance , is the only regular character to appear in the season six premiere . In the series , the character 's unorthodox diagnostic approaches , radical therapeutic motives , and stalwart rationality have resulted in much conflict between him and his colleagues . House is also often portrayed as lacking sympathy for his patients , a practice that allots him time to solve pathological enigmas . The character is partly inspired by Sherlock Holmes . A portion of the show 's plot centers on House 's habitual use of Vicodin to manage pain stemming from a leg infarction involving his quadriceps muscle some years earlier , an injury that forces him to walk with a cane . This addiction is also one of the many parallels to Holmes , who was a habitual user of cocaine . Throughout the series ' run , the character received generally positive reviews and was included in several best lists . Tom Shales of The Washington Post called House `` the most electrifying character to hit television in years '' . For his portrayal , Laurie has won various awards , including two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor from Drama Series , two Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , two TCA Awards for Individual Achievement in Drama , and a total of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 2 Personality 2.1 Social behavior 3 Development 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Parallels to Sherlock Holmes 4 Reception 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 External links Character history ( edit ) Gregory House was born to John and Blythe House ( R. Lee Ermey and Diane Baker ) on June 11 , 1959 , or May 15 , 1959 . House is a `` military brat '' ; his father served as a Marine Corps aviator and transferred often to other bases during House 's childhood . House presumably picked up his affinity for languages during this period and shows a level of understanding of Spanish , Portuguese , Japanese , and Mandarin . One place in which his father was stationed was Egypt , where House developed a fascination with archaeology and treasure - hunting , which led him to keep his treasure - hunting tools well into adulthood . Another station was Japan , where , at age 14 , House discovered his vocation after a rock climbing incident with his friend . He witnessed the respect given to a buraku doctor who solved the case no other doctor could . He also spent some time in the Philippines , where he received dental surgery . House loves his mother but hates his father , who he claims has an `` insane moral compass '' , and deliberately attempts to avoid both parents . At one point , House tells a story of his parents leaving him with his grandmother , whose punishments constituted abuse . However , he later confesses it was his father who abused him . Due to this abuse , House never believed John House was his biological father ; at the age of 12 , he inferred that a friend of his family with the same birthmark as himself was his real father . In the season 5 episode `` Birthmarks '' , House discovers that his `` father '' was not his biological father after he ordered a DNA test that compared his DNA against John 's . After a second DNA test was performed in the season 8 episode `` Love Is Blind '' , House discovers the man he thought was his biological father , Thomas Bell , was not either . The identity of his real father remains unknown . House studied both as an undergraduate earning a BS in physics and a medical student at Johns Hopkins University . House first attended Johns Hopkins University as an undergraduate . Before fully committing to medicine as his discipline , he considered getting a Ph. D. in Physics , researching dark matter . He was accepted to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and excelled during his time there . He was a front runner for a prestigious and competitive internship at the Mayo Clinic ; however , another student , Philip Weber , caught him cheating , resulting in his expulsion from Johns Hopkins and rejection from the internship . While appealing his expulsion , he studied at the University of Michigan Medical School , and worked at a bookstore , where he met his future employer and love interest Lisa Cuddy ( Lisa Edelstein ) , with whom he shared a night when `` he gave her everything she asked for '' . After the appeal process , he was denied re-entry into Johns Hopkins . During a medical convention in New Orleans , House first saw his eventual best friend Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) . Wilson , who was going through his first divorce at the time , broke a mirror in frustration and started a bar fight after a man repeatedly played `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' on a jukebox . House paid for the damage , bailed him out , and hired an attorney to clear his name ( who failed to do so ) , starting their professional and personal relationship . House eventually became a Board - certified internist with a double specialty in infectious disease and nephrology . Approximately ten years before the beginning of the series , House entered into a relationship with Stacy Warner ( Sela Ward ) , a constitutional lawyer , after she shot him during a `` Lawyers vs. Doctors '' paintball match . Five years later , during a game of golf , he suffered an infarction in his right leg which went misdiagnosed for three days due to doctors ' concerns - House would eventually diagnose the infarction himself : An aneurysm in his thigh had clotted leading to an infarction and causing his quadriceps muscle to become necrotic . House had the dead muscle bypassed to restore circulation to the remainder of his leg , risking organ failure and cardiac arrest . He was unwilling to allow an amputation opting instead to endure excruciating post-operative pain to retain the use of his leg . However , after he was put into a chemically induced coma to sleep through the worst of the pain , Stacy , House 's medical proxy , and Dr. Lisa Cuddy who was House 's doctor at the time , acted against his wishes and authorized a safer surgical middle - ground procedure between amputation and a bypass by removing just the dead muscle . This resulted in the partial loss of use in his leg and left House with a lesser , but still serious , level of pain for the rest of his life . House could not forgive Stacy for making the decision after he obviously did n't want it and this was eventually the reason Stacy left him . House now suffers chronic pain in his thigh and uses a cane ( which he uses for more than walking ; he often wields it for protection or to push aside privacy curtains , or for knocking on doors ) to aid his walking . He also frequently takes Vicodin , a moderate to severe painkiller , to relieve his pain . House does briefly break his dependency with psychiatric help , after he suffers a psychotic break . When Warner makes her first appearance in season 1 , she is married to a high school guidance counselor named Mark Warner . Although she and House have a brief , intimate encounter during the second season , House eventually tells Stacy to go back to her husband , devastating her . In the season two finale `` No Reason '' one of House 's former patients shoots him twice . At the beginning of season three , House temporarily regains his ability to walk and run after receiving ketamine treatment for his gunshot injuries . However , the chronic pain in his leg comes back and House , who seems depressed because of the returning pain , takes painkillers and uses his cane once again . The other doctors speculate his cane and opiate re-usage are due to his psychological tendencies . On a routine clinic visit , a police detective , Michael Tritter , is seen by House . Tritter observes House taking Vicodin for his pain and blames this for House 's being rude and a bully . Tritter , believing doctors should be more responsible while practicing medicine , decides to take it upon himself to take legal action to free House of his addiction by launching an investigation into suspected drug abuse . The investigation slowly involves Cuddy , Wilson and House 's diagnostics team , with Tritter using extreme measures to get information . House , being forcibly weaned off Vicodin to take a deal where he would keep his medical license , goes to extreme lengths to manage his pain by stealing Oxycodone from a cancer patient of Wilson 's who had just died , giving Tritter what he needed to bring House to trial . At the pretrial hearing , the Judge decides House is not a danger to society and that his pain management for his leg is not as serious as Tritter made it seem . This conclusion is reached when Cuddy manufactures evidence and perjures herself to keep House out of jail . During season five , House once again regains his ability to walk without pain after taking methadone but soon stops after nearly killing a patient due to an uncharacteristic medical error . At the end of season five , House 's use of Vicodin reaches a level in which House starts hallucinating about a former fellowship candidate who is also Wilson 's dead girlfriend Amber Volakis and a relationship with Cuddy . When House comes to the conclusion Vicodin is making him hallucinate and taking over his life , he checks himself into Mayfield Psychiatric Hospital . At the start of season six , after spending time in Mayfield , House stops taking pain medications and with the help of Dr. Darryl Nolan , finds other ways to deal with his pain and other aspects of his life . During his stay it is revealed by Dr. Nolan that House suffers from clinical depression , has antisocial tendencies , an inflated ego and severe trust issues . Dr. Nolan at one point even took House to a gathering in an effort to make House open up to people . To help manage his pain House finds a short - lived hobby in cooking . Thirteen ( Remy Hadley ) , Cuddy , and Wilson discover House is very good at his new hobby , attributing this to House thinking of ingredients in terms of chemistry . House eventually finds the one thing that seems to help the pain go away : practicing medicine . After he diagnoses a patient online for his team ( without their knowledge ) , and shows Dr. Nolan how this reduces his pain , Nolan suggests House resume his practice . In season seven , when Cuddy , who is House 's girlfriend at this point , has a brush with death , House goes back on Vicodin in order to cope with the fear of losing her . Near the end of season seven , House finds out the experimental drug he had been using caused fatal cancerous tumors in all of the lab rats in the experiment . He gets a CT scan of his leg and finds three tumors close to the surface of the skin in his leg . He goes home , cleans his bathroom , and attempts to perform surgery on himself to extract the tumors in his bathtub . In season eight , House finds himself in jail after running his car into Cuddy 's house . There he finds his need for Vicodin is a weakness when an inmate makes House steal twenty pills of Vicodin or be killed . Throughout season eight , House 's therapeutic use of Vicodin becomes more habitual , similar to his use before season five . The final season 's opening episode partly explores what path an imprisoned House would take aside from practicing medicine , revealing physics as his other forté . The episode `` Body & Soul '' makes a nod to this with a reference to a particle physics text amongst his books , as mentioned by his then - wife Dominika Petrova ( Karolina Wydra ) . House fakes his own death in the series finale , thus giving up his ability to practice medicine again , in order to spend time with Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) , who has five months left to live . He does this in order to avoid being sent back to prison for destroying an MRI machine in a prank gone wrong . The series ends with House and Wilson riding off into the countryside on motorcycles , as Dr. Robert Chase ( Jesse Spencer ) takes over House 's department . Personality ( edit ) `` Dr. House is a fascinating and daringly cantankerous enigma , the proverbial bitter pill who also happens to be a highly intuitive medical genius . He despises interacting with patients and prefers dealing with diseases -- with medical mysteries that leave other doctors scratching their heads in befuddlement . '' -- Tom Shales describing the character . House frequently shows off his cunning and biting wit , and enjoys picking people apart and mocking their weaknesses . House accurately deduces people 's motives and histories from aspects of their personality , appearance , and behavior . His friend and colleague Wilson says that while some doctors have the `` Messiah complex '' ( they need to `` save the world '' ) , House has the `` Rubik 's complex '' ( he needs to `` solve the puzzle '' ) . House typically waits as long as possible before meeting his patients . When he does , he shows an unorthodox bedside manner and uses unconventional treatments . However , he impresses them with rapid and accurate diagnoses after seemingly not paying attention . This skill is demonstrated in a scene where House diagnoses an entire waiting room full of patients in little over one minute on his way out of the hospital clinic . House , although rarely visiting his patients , demonstrates that he is more than capable of using practical medical skills . For example , occasionally taking part in operations and reacting quickly when a patient has a cardiac arrest in front of him . Critics have described the character as `` moody '' , `` bitter '' , `` antagonistic '' , `` misanthropic '' , `` cynical '' `` grumpy '' , `` maverick '' , `` anarchist '' , `` sociopath '' , and a `` curmudgeon '' . The Global Language Monitor chose the word `` curmudgeon '' as the best way to describe the character . Laurie describes House as a character who refuses to `` obey the usual pieties of modern life '' and expects to find a rare diagnosis when he is treating his patient . Many aspects of his personality are the antithesis of what might be expected from a doctor . Executive producer Katie Jacobs views House as a static character who is accustomed to living in misery . Jacobs has said that Dr. Wilson , his only friend in the show , and House both avoid mature relationships , which brings the two closer together . Leonard has said that Dr. Wilson is one of the few who voluntarily maintains a relationship with House , because he is free to criticize him . Although House 's crankiness is commonly misattributed to the chronic pain in his leg , both Stacy and Cuddy have said that he was the same before the infarction . To handle the chronic pain in his leg , House takes Vicodin every day , and as a result has developed an addiction to the drug . He refuses to admit that he has an addiction ( `` I do not have a pain management problem , I have a pain problem '' ) . However , after winning a bet from Cuddy by not taking the drug for a week , he concedes that he has an addiction , but says that it is not a problem because it does not interfere with his work or life . In the 2009 season House goes through detox and his addiction goes into remission , so to say . However , it does seem that House may have gotten over his addiction in the season 6 premiere . House creator David Shore told the Seattle Times in 2006 that Vicodin is `` becoming less and less useful a tool for dealing with his pain , and it 's something ( the writers ) are going to continue to deal with , continue to explore '' . House openly talks about , and makes references to , pornography . In `` Lines in the Sand '' , he returns the flirtations of an underage female who is a daughter of a clinic patient . He regularly engages the services of prostitutes , of which his former female diagnostic team member Dr. Allison Cameron ( Jennifer Morrison ) , who once had a crush on him , is aware . He also likes to gamble , frequently making wagers . House speaks multiple languages , demonstrating fluency in English , Spanish , Russian , Portuguese , Hindi , and Mandarin . He listens to jazz , plays the piano ( as does Hugh Laurie ) and has an interest in vintage electric guitars . House has often credited guitarist / songwriter Eric Clapton and composer Giacomo Puccini as his biggest musical influences , drawing parallels to those of Hugh Laurie 's . He is an avid video gamer , is known to attend monster truck pulls with Wilson , and watch the soap operas General Hospital and the fictional Prescription Passion . House is a fan of the Philadelphia Phillies and Philadelphia Flyers . He is also ( as is Laurie ) a motorcyclist , riding a Honda CBR1000RR Repsol Edition , license plate Y91 , as seen in `` Swan Song '' , `` Help Me '' , `` Deception '' and `` Post Mortem '' ; otherwise , he drives a Dodge Dynasty sedan . House is an atheist . He openly and relentlessly mocks colleagues and patients who express any belief in religion , deeming such beliefs as illogical . He does not believe in an afterlife because he finds it is better to believe life `` is n't just a test '' . However , in the season four episode `` 97 Seconds '' , he expresses sufficient interest in the possibility of an afterlife to electrocute himself in an effort to find out ; he is dissatisfied with the results and denounces the possibility of an afterlife . This is also an example of House 's tendency to self - experiment and submit to risky medical procedures in the name of truth . Over the course of the series , he disproves the effectiveness of a migraine cure by self - inducing a migraine and controlling the effects through drugs , undergoes a blood transfusion to assist with a diagnosis , and overdoses on physostigmine to improve his memory after sustaining head injuries , subsequently causing his heart to stop beating , then undergoes deep brain stimulation soon after . In `` The Fix '' , he steals experimental medicine only tested in rats to try and regrow his thigh muscle , eliminating his pain . In the following episode , `` After Hours '' , he finds out that the medicine cause tumors , and operated on himself in his bathtub based on a CT scan . Ultimately he is unable to continue and eventually brought in Cuddy , who sends him to the hospital . `` ( House ) enjoys pursuing the truth , and he knows we all see the world through our own lenses . He 's constantly trying to strip himself of those biases , to get a clean , objective view of things . '' -- Shore to Variety . House frequently says , `` Everybody lies '' , but jokingly remarked he was lying when he said it . House criticizes social etiquette for lack of rational purpose and usefulness . Dr. Cameron states in the first episode of the first season `` House does n't believe in pretense ... so he just says what he thinks '' . In the season three episode `` Lines in the Sand '' , he explains how he envies an autistic patient because society allows the patient to forgo the niceties that he must suffer through . In the same episode , Dr. Wilson suggests House might have Asperger syndrome , which is characterized by a number of traits found in House , such as difficulty accepting the purpose of social rules , lack of concern for his physical appearance , and resistance to change ; though he later reveals to House that he does not truly believe this , and that claiming this was a part of a ploy to soften Cuddy 's opinion of House . House is a strong nonconformist and has little regard for how others perceive him . Throughout the series , he displays sardonic contempt for authority figures . House shows an almost constant disregard for his own appearance , possessing a permanent stubble and dressing informally in worn jeans , wrinkled shirts over rumpled T - shirts , and sneakers . He avoids wearing the standard white lab coat to avoid patients recognizing him as a doctor , preferring a shabby blazer or , less frequently , a motorcycle jacket . Social behavior ( edit ) House does not have much of a social life , and his only real friend is Dr. James Wilson . Wilson knew House before the infarction and looked after him when House 's relationship with Stacy ended . Dr. Wilson 's moving into House 's apartment after his failed marriage in `` Sex Kills '' symbolizes his taking emotional refuge in his friend . Although they frequently analyze and criticize each other 's motives , Wilson has risked his career to protect House , including having his job terminated in the first season as an effort of Edward Vogler to dismiss House , and having his practice damaged by Detective Michael Tritter in an investigation of House 's narcotics consumption . House has quietly admitted , at several instances , that he is grateful for Wilson 's presence , including referring to Wilson as his best friend . When Wilson resigns and moves away from both New Jersey and House 's friendship in the season 5 premiere , House is desperate to have his friend back , and hires a private investigator ( Michael Weston ) to spy on him . The two ultimately reconcile at House 's father 's funeral in a scene similar to their first meeting , only this time Wilson breaks a stained glass window with what appears to be a bottle of wine or alcohol in a moment of anger directed at House . In the series finale , House fakes his death both to get out of going to prison and to spend five remaining months with Wilson before he dies of cancer , after having spent the past third of the season helping him through difficult , risky and ultimately unsuccessful treatments and reckless `` bucket list '' wishes . Lisa Edelstein has said that despite his sardonic personality , House is a character who is reliant on people surrounding him . Edelstein says this characteristic is portrayed on several occasions in the third season , during which House 's medical career is in jeopardy due to investigations by Det . Michael Tritter ( David Morse ) , who arrests him for possessing narcotics . House 's legal trouble ends when Edelstein 's character , Lisa Cuddy , commits perjury during his hearing . In Season 5 , a relationship with Cuddy begins to blossom , as they are unable to deny feelings between each other . They share a kiss in episode six `` Joy '' which sparked an ongoing romantic tension between them . When Cuddy 's office is destroyed by a gunman and is being renovated , she moves into House 's office in what Wilson believes to be an attempt to get closer to House . The two try to drive each other away , doing things to each other 's office to make them worse , but in an uncharacteristically nice move , House has Cuddy 's mother send her medical school desk for her new office as a surprise . Cuddy is touched by what he did , but is devastated when she spots him with a prostitute he hired , not knowing he had done so only to mess with Kutner and Taub . In the season finale `` Both Sides Now '' it is confirmed that House wishes to pursue a romantic relationship with Cuddy . In this same episode he believes he has slept with Cuddy and informs Dr. James Wilson the following morning . This however is revealed to be a psychosis , which is a side effect of his Vicodin abuse . The House - Cuddy story culminates in the season 6 finale , `` Help Me '' , when Cuddy cancels her engagement to Lucas to face the inevitable realization of her loving House all along ; they share a passionate kiss , thus hinting on mutual willingness to try to develop a real relationship . However , in season 7 , this relationship is ended when House starts taking Vicodin again when he is faced with Cuddy possibly having a terminal illness . House has also been known to act as a mooch at times , frequently stealing food from Wilson . In `` You Do n't Want to Know '' , while House is searching for the cause of Thirteen 's twitching , he claims to have stolen money from her wallet . In the same episode , Wilson later observes that House 's blood type is AB , the universal recipient , reflecting his desire to take whatever he can . In another episode , he reveals to Wilson that he 's been borrowing larger and larger sums of money from him without paying him back , just to see at what point Wilson would turn him down . Development ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) `` The title diagnostician of the show would be as smart a physician as Dr. Kildare and as sharp a sleuth as Gil Grissom of CSI , it was important to us that he be damaged , both emotionally and physically . '' -- Shore on House 's creation . While the show was originally set to be a medical procedural , the idea changed when the writers started to explore the possibilities of a curmudgeonly title character . Shore traced the concept for the title character to his background as a patient at a teaching hospital . Shore recalled that `` I knew , as soon as I left the room , they would be mocking me relentlessly ( for my cluelessness ... ) and I thought that it would be interesting to see a character who actually did that before they left the room '' . Shore also based the character partly on himself : in a 2006 interview with Macleans he explained that he has a `` cynical and cold attitude lurking within '' him , and almost always agrees with House 's point of view . A central part of the show 's premise was that the main character would be disabled in some way . The initial idea was for House to use a wheelchair , inspired by the 1960s police drama Ironside , but Fox turned down this interpretation ( for which the crew was later grateful ) . The wheelchair became a scar on House 's face , which later turned into a bad leg necessitating the use of a cane . House usually holds his cane on the same side as his injured leg ; Shore explained : `` Some people feel more comfortable with the cane in the dominant arm , and that is acceptable '' . The cane tricks that are seen throughout the series are created by Laurie himself . Cathy Crandall , costume designer for the show , created a look for the character that made it seem like he did not care about his clothing . She designed House with a wrinkled T - shirt , a blazer that is one size too short , faded and worn - in jeans and heather - gray rag socks . It was Laurie 's idea to have the character wear sneakers , because he thought `` a man with a cane needs functional shoes '' ; the Fox studios ' wardrobe department kept thirty - seven pairs of Nike Shox on hand . House has worn T - shirts designed by famous designers such as Barking Irons and Lincoln Mayne , but also by less known designers such as Andrew Buckler and Taavo . The shirts are usually kept tied in a ball overnight to get them to wrinkle . Casting ( edit ) When casting for the part started , Shore was afraid that in `` the wrong hands '' , House would `` just be hateful '' . The casting directors were looking for someone who could , as Shore described , `` do these horrible things and be somehow likable without just , you know , petting a kitten '' . When Laurie was asked to audition for the role of House , he was filming Flight of the Phoenix in Namibia . Laurie had no big expectations for the show , thinking that it would only `` run for a few weeks '' . He planned to audition for the roles of both James Wilson and Gregory House . However , when he read that Wilson was a character with a `` handsome open face '' , he decided to audition solely for the role of House . Laurie chose not to change his clothing , but to remain in the costume he wore for the film ; he also decided not to shave his beard . He put together an audition tape of his own in a Namibian hotel bathroom , the only place with enough light , while his Flight of the Phoenix co-stars Jacob Vargas and Scott Michael Campbell held the camera . He improvised by using an umbrella for a cane . Laurie initially believed that James Wilson would be the protagonist of the show after reading the brief description of the character and did not find out that House was the main character until he read the full script of the pilot episode . After he had watched casting tapes for the pilot episode , Bryan Singer grew frustrated and refused to consider any more British actors because of their flawed American accents . Although Singer compared Laurie 's audition tape to an `` Osama bin Laden video '' , he was impressed with Laurie 's acting and , not knowing who he was , Singer was fooled by his American accent . He commented on how well the `` American actor '' was able to grasp the character , not knowing about Laurie 's British nationality . Although Laurie 's appearance was very different from the way Shore pictured House , when he watched the audition tape , he was equally impressed as Singer . More famous ( in the American market ) actors such as Denis Leary , Rob Morrow and Patrick Dempsey were also considered , but Singer , Shore , and executive producers Paul Attanasio and Katie Jacobs all thought Laurie was the best option and decided to cast him for the part . Laurie was the final actor to join the cast of House . After he was chosen for the part , Laurie , whose father Ran Laurie was a doctor himself , said he felt guilty for `` being paid more to become a fake version of my own father '' . While Laurie has used an American accent before in the Stuart Little films , he found it difficult to adopt for his role , saying that words such as `` coronary artery '' are particularly tricky to pronounce . Parallels to Sherlock Holmes ( edit ) House and Wilson 's relationship mirrors Holmes and Watson 's ( pictured ) relationship . Similarities between House and the famous fictional detective Sherlock Holmes appear throughout the series ; Shore explained that he was always a Sherlock Holmes fan , and found the character 's traits of indifference to his clients unique . The resemblance is evident in various elements of the series ' plot , such as House 's reliance on psychology to solve a case , his reluctance to accept cases he does not find interesting and House 's home address , 221B Baker Street , which is the same as Holmes ' . Other similarities between the two characters are drug use ( House battled a Vicodin addiction for years and Holmes was a recreational user of cocaine ) , successful detoxification ( which proves to be only temporary in House 's case ) , playing an instrument ( Holmes plays the violin and House plays the guitar , piano , organ and harmonica ) and a talent for accurately deducing people 's motives and histories from aspects of their personality and appearance . Shore has also explained that the name `` House '' is a play on the name `` Holmes '' via its phonetic similarity to the word `` homes '' . The pun does not extend to the meaning of the names , as the surname `` Holmes '' actually denotes that its initial bearers lived near or worked with holly or holm - oak trees , such that `` Holl ( e ) y '' or `` Oak ( e ) s '' would be a more literal equivalent . Both Holmes and House each have one true friend , Dr. John Watson and Dr. James Wilson , respectively . Leonard has said that House and his character were originally intended to play the roles of Holmes and Watson in the series although he believes that House 's team has assumed the Watson role . Shore has also said that Dr. House draws inspiration from Dr. Marc Chamberlain , a professor of neurology at the University of Washington , Seattle , and Dr. Joseph Bell ( who was a teacher of Arthur Conan Doyle 's and thus a chief source of inspiration for the creation of Holmes ) , who could `` walk into a waiting room and diagnose people without speaking to them '' . In the season two finale `` No Reason '' , House is shot by a man named Jack Moriarty , a name that coincides with Sherlock Holmes ' adversary , Professor James Moriarty ; likewise , in the fifth season , Wilson uses Irene Adler as the name for an imaginary love interest of House , the same name as the only female adversary Holmes ever encountered . Reception ( edit ) Throughout the series ' run , the character received positive reviews . Tom Shales of The Washington Post called House `` the most electrifying character to hit television in years '' . House was featured on several best lists . In 2008 , House was voted by BuddyTV second sexiest TV doctor ever , behind Dr. Doug Ross ( George Clooney ) from ER . TV Overmind named House the best TV character of the last decade . In June 2010 , Entertainment Weekly also named him one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years . He also appeared in Entertainment Weekly 's `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . He was elected TV 's Most Crushworthy Male Doctor over Doug Ross of ER in a poll held by Zap2it . Fox News placed the character among the Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General . For his portrayal , Hugh Laurie has won various awards , including two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Actor from Drama Series , two Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama , and two TCA Awards for Individual Achievement in Drama . Laurie has also earned a total of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Holtz , Andrew ( 2006 ) . The Medical Science of House , M.D . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 21230 - 1 . Holtz , Andrew ( 2011 ) . House M.D. vs. Reality : Fact and Fiction in the Hit Television Series . New York : Berkley Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 23893 - 6 . Hockley , L. ; Gardner , L. ( 2010 ) . House The Wounded Healer on Television : Jungian and Post-Jungian Reflections . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 47913 - 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` House , M.D. '' . Tioti.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Refugee ' Tops ' Desperation ' and ' Camp Cupcake ' as Top Television Buzzword of the 2005 '' . The Global Language Monitor . June 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( 2007 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Ending Season Three With a Bang ? An Interview with House Writer Lawrence Kaplow '' . Blog Critics . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ O'Hare , Kate ( 2005 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Builder keeps adding on to `` House '' for Fox `` . seattletimes . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` House and Holmes parallels '' . Radio Times . BBC Magazines . January 2006 . p. 57 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jericho , Arachne ( May 31 , 2008 ) . `` A House , MD and Sherlock Holmes Special : Predicting House Season Five Based On the Sherlock Holmes Canon '' . Holmesian Derivations , A 21st century look at Sherlock Holmes . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hugh ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Dr. Laurie has viewers of US TV in stitches '' . The Daily Telegraph . p . N9 . ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` There 's a doctor worth watching in ' House ' '' . USA Today . p . D1 . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shales , Tom ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` ' House ' : Watching Is the Best Medicine '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ No Reason , S02E24 - after being shot , House is hospitalized . His hospital bracelet displays DOB as 06 / 11 / 1959 Jump up ^ S07E22 a medicine bottle lists his DOB as 05 / 15 / 1959 ^ Jump up to : `` Daddy 's Boy '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 5 . 2005 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ His knowledge of Mandarin is evidenced in Risky Business , S08E04 in conversation with his patient . Jump up ^ `` Clueless '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 15 . 2006 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Son of Coma Guy '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2006 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Day , One Room '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 12 . 2007 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birthmarks '' . House , M.D. Season 5 . Episode 4 . 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Love Is Blind '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 14 . 2012 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twenty Vicodin '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 1 . October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Distractions '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2006 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Humpty Dumpty '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 3 . 2005 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Top Secret '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 16 . 2007 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Occam 's Razor '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 2004 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three Stories '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 21 . 2005 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 2004 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honeymoon '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 22 . 2005 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Meaning '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 1 . 2006 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Informed Consent '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ TV Guide House recaps Archived October 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . episode 5 , 15 Jump up ^ `` After Hours '' . House , M.D . Season 7 . Episode 22 . 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Body & Soul '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 18 . 2012 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Dies '' . House , M.D . Season 8 . Episode 22 . 2012 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` Scorn is the Best Medicine '' . Time . Time Inc . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holland , Roger ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` House : Season Four Premiere '' . PopMatters . Retrieved September 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burnett , Barbara ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` Dr. Gregory House : Romantic Hero '' . Blogcritics . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Sue ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Find better bedside manner '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Medicine '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 12 . 2005 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( November 15 , 2004 ) . `` Network meddling by Fox execs starts the deathwatch for ' House ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Neil ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` Dr. Feelbad '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wright , Mark ( November 6 , 2007 ) . `` Top 5 Grumpy TV Doctors ( amended ) '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burana , Lily ( May 27 , 2007 ) . `` Stalking Dr. House '' . Salon.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Full ' House ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 44 -- 47 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Rebecca ( 2005 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Doctor Is in ... a Bad Mood '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( 2005 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Behind `` Half - Wit '' and Beyond : An Interview with House Executive Producer Katie Jacobs `` . Blog Critics . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` ' House ' - a-palooza : On Omar Epps ' Emmy bid , Wilson 's messed - up life and stupid cane tricks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Need to Know '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 11 . 2005 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Constructing House : An Interview With House , M.D. Writer Lawrence Kaplow '' . Blog Critics . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Detox '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 11 . 2005 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Words and Deeds '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 01 - 01 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Broken '' . House , M.D . Season 6 . Episode 01 . 2009 - 09 - 21 . Fox . Jump up ^ Holston , Noel ( February 22 , 2006 ) . `` Doctors find little humor in TV 's handling of painkillers '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Babies & Bathwater '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 18 . 2005 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lines in the Sand '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Episode 4 . 2006 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , David ( February 2009 ) . `` Playboy Interview : Hugh Laurie '' . Playboy . pp. 31 -- 36 + 105 . Jump up ^ `` Que Sera Sera '' . House , M.D . Season 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fall From Grace '' . House , M.D . Season 7 . Episode 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fidelity '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' . House , M.D . Season 2 . Episode 18 . Jump up ^ `` 97 Seconds '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 3 . 2007 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ; Hass , Sara ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) . `` You Do n't Want To Know '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Shore , David ; Blake , Peter ; Egan , Doris ; Friend , Russel ; Lerner , Garett ; Foster , David ( 2008 - 05 - 12 ) . `` House 's Head '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wilson 's Heart '' . House , M.D . Season 4 . Episode 16 . 2008 - 05 - 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Werts , Diane ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` Fox 's medical marvel stays on top '' . Variety . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 15 , 2004 ) . `` House Review '' . Variety . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Control '' . House , M.D . Season 1 . Episode 14 . 2005 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Challen , p. 38 Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` ' House ' - a-palooze , Part 3 : Katie Jacobs '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Whac - a-Mole '' . House , M.D.. 2006 - 11 - 21 . No. 8 , season 3 . Jump up ^ `` Not Cancer '' . House , M.D . Season 5 . Episode 2 . 2008 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Fools for Love '' . House , M.D. Season 3 . Episode 5 . October 31 , 2006 . Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` Joy '' . House , M.D . Season 5 . Episode 6 . 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Yaitanes , Greg ( 2010 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Help Me '' . House , M.D . Season 6 . Episode 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' House ' exclusive : Huddy fans -- your time has come ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved Aug 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frum , Linda ( March 14 , 2006 ) . `` Q&A with ' House ' creator David Shore '' . Macleans. Rogers Publishing . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` Dr. Feelbad '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( 2006 ) . `` Developing The Concept '' . Hulu.com . The Paley Center for Media . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ; Jacobs , Katie ( 2006 ) . `` House 's Disability '' . Hulu.com . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Challen , Paul ( October 2008 ) . The House that Hugh Laurie Built . ECW Press . p. 106 . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 803 - X . ^ Jump up to : Hochman , David ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` House Rules '' . TV Guide . pp. 22 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tee Time '' . TV Guide . March 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Romero , Michelle ( May 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' House ' : Head Case '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Bridget ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) . `` British actor set for U.S. fame with offbeat M.D. role '' . The Press Enterprise . Riverside , California : Press - Enterprise Company . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Laurie , Hugh ( 2004 ) . House , Season 1 , Casting Session with Hugh Laurie ( DVD ) . Universal . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Clune , Richard ( October 28 , 2007 ) . `` Man about the House '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( November 16 , 2004 ) . `` Hugh Laurie gets into ' House ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DeLeon , Kris ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` How Hugh Laurie Got into ' House ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Laurie Interview '' . Inside the Actor 's Studio . Season 12 . Episode 189 . 2006 - 07 - 31 . BRAVO Network . Jump up ^ Cina , Mark ( October 30 , 2007 ) . `` House 's Hugh Laurie Battling `` Mild Depression '' `` . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( November 14 , 2004 ) . `` Compelling ' House ' Doctor '' . Toronto Sun . p . TV2 . Jump up ^ Challen , p. 39 Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( June 12 , 2006 ) . `` Casting About '' . The Hollywood Reporter . pp. S18 -- S24 . Jump up ^ Slate , Libby ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` Hugh Laurie and Cast Make a House Call '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remorse '' . House , M.D. 2010 - 01 - 25 . No. 12 , season 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Julia ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` You ca n't have House without a Holmes '' . TV Squad . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wittler , Wendell ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` Living in a ' House ' built for one '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` ' House ' - a-palooza , part 2 : Robert Sean Leonard '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kristine , Diane ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` TV Review : House Season Finale -- `` No Reason '' `` . Blog Critics . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Joy to the World '' . House . Season 5 . Episode 11 . 2008 - 11 - 09 . Fox . Jump up ^ Diaz , Glen L. ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Move over Clooney , ' House ' is Here '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV Overmind ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 TV Characters of the Decade '' . TV Overmind . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam B. Vary ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years : Here 's our full list ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` House , Hugh Laurie Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses -- Photo 3 of 28 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carina Adly MacKenzie . `` TV 's Most Crushworthy Doctor ( Male ) '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Doctors For Surgeon General '' . Fox News . September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blaustein , David ( January 17 , 2006 ) . `` Loose Lips Backstage at Golden Globes '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 59th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Fictional characters portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gregory House Gregory House at the TV IV Gregory House on IMDb Dr. House modelled after Sherlock Holmes ( hide ) House Characters Main Gregory House Lisa Cuddy James Wilson Eric Foreman Robert Chase Allison Cameron Thirteen ( Remy Hadley ) Chris Taub Lawrence Kutner Martha Masters Jessica Adams Chi Park Recurring Stacy Warner Michael Tritter Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Paternity '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Three Stories '' Season 2 `` Acceptance '' `` Autopsy '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` Daddy 's Boy '' `` Spin '' `` Hunting '' `` The Mistake '' `` Deception '' `` Failure to Communicate '' `` Need to Know '' `` All In '' `` Clueless '' `` House vs. God '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` No Reason '' Season 3 `` Meaning '' `` Informed Consent '' `` Lines in the Sand '' `` Fools for Love '' `` Que Será Será '' `` Son of Coma Guy '' `` Whac - A-Mole '' `` Finding Judas '' `` Merry Little Christmas '' `` Words and Deeds '' `` One Day , One Room '' `` Needle in a Haystack '' `` Insensitive '' `` Half - Wit '' `` Top Secret '' `` Fetal Position '' `` Airborne '' `` Act Your Age '' `` House Training '' `` Family '' `` Resignation '' `` The Jerk '' `` Human Error '' Season 4 `` Alone '' `` The Right Stuff '' `` 97 Seconds '' `` Guardian Angels '' `` Mirror Mirror '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Ugly '' `` You Do n't Want to Know '' `` Games '' `` It 's a Wonderful Lie '' `` Frozen '' `` Do n't Ever Change '' `` No More Mr. Nice Guy '' `` Living the Dream '' `` House 's Head '' `` Wilson 's Heart '' Season 5 `` Dying Changes Everything '' `` Not Cancer '' `` Adverse Events '' `` Birthmarks '' `` Lucky Thirteen '' `` Joy '' `` The Itch '' `` Emancipation '' `` Last Resort '' `` Let Them Eat Cake '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Big Baby '' `` The Greater Good '' `` Unfaithful '' `` The Softer Side '' `` The Social Contract '' `` Here Kitty '' `` Locked In '' `` Simple Explanation '' `` Saviors '' `` House Divided '' `` Under My Skin '' `` Both Sides Now '' Season 6 `` Broken '' `` Epic Fail '' `` The Tyrant '' `` Instant Karma '' `` Brave Heart '' `` Known Unknowns '' `` Teamwork '' `` Ignorance Is Bliss '' `` Wilson '' `` The Down Low '' `` Remorse '' `` Moving the Chains '' `` 5 to 9 '' `` Private Lives '' `` Black Hole '' `` Lockdown '' `` Knight Fall '' `` Open and Shut '' `` The Choice '' `` Baggage '' `` Help Me '' Season 7 `` Now What ? '' `` Selfish '' `` Unwritten '' `` Massage Therapy '' `` Unplanned Parenthood '' `` Office Politics '' `` A Pox on Our House '' `` Small Sacrifices '' `` Larger than Life '' `` Carrot or Stick '' `` Family Practice '' `` You Must Remember This '' `` Two Stories '' `` Recession Proof '' `` Bombshells '' `` Out of the Chute '' `` Fall from Grace '' `` The Dig '' `` Last Temptation '' `` Changes '' `` The Fix '' `` After Hours '' `` Moving On '' Season 8 `` Twenty Vicodin '' `` Transplant '' `` Charity Case '' `` Risky Business '' `` The Confession '' `` Parents '' `` Dead & Buried '' `` Perils of Paranoia '' `` Better Half '' `` Runaways '' `` Nobody 's Fault '' `` Chase '' `` Man of the House '' `` Love Is Blind '' `` Blowing the Whistle '' `` Gut Check '' `` We Need the Eggs '' `` Body & Soul '' `` The C - Word '' `` Post Mortem '' `` Holding On '' `` Everybody Dies '' Related Cast list Accolades Soundtrack Nurse Jeffrey Doctor Richter Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_House&oldid=807069334 '' Categories : House ( TV series ) characters Fictional atheists and agnostics Fictional drug addicts Fictional painkiller addicts Fictional physicians Fictional bikers Fictional victims of child abuse Fictional American people of German descent Fictional American people of Dutch descent Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional characters from New Jersey Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional criminals Fictional military brats Atheism in television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 18 : 11 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20House
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what is the setting of dear evan hansen
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The titular character , Evan Hansen , is a high school senior with severe social anxiety , which inhibits his ability to connect with other people and make friends . After the death of one of his classmates , he fabricates a lie that inadvertently brings him closer to the classmate 's family , while also allowing him to gain his own sense of purpose .
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a high school
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Dear Evan Hansen
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dear evan hansen
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This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dear Evan Hansen Official logo Music Benj Pasek Justin Paul Lyrics Benj Pasek Justin Paul Book Steven Levenson Premiere July 10 , 2015 : Arena Stage , Washington , D.C. Productions 2015 Washington , D.C. 2016 Off - Broadway 2016 Broadway Awards Obie Award for Musical Theatre Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical Tony Award for Best Original Score Drama League Award for Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Production Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album Dear Evan Hansen is a stage musical with music and lyrics by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul , and a book by Steven Levenson . The musical opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre in December 2016 , after its world premiere at the Arena Stage in Washington , DC , in July 2015 and an Off - Broadway production in March to May 2016 . The titular character , Evan Hansen , is a high school senior with severe social anxiety , which inhibits his ability to connect with other people and make friends . After the death of one of his classmates , he fabricates a lie that inadvertently brings him closer to the classmate 's family , while also allowing him to gain his own sense of purpose . The musical has received critical acclaim , particularly for Ben Platt 's leading performance , the lyrics , and the book , and has served as a touchstone for discussion about pre-mature storytelling and themes explored in musical theatre , particularly that of mental illness and youth suicide . At the 71st Tony Awards , it was nominated for nine awards , winning six , including Best Musical , Best Score , Best Actor in a Musical for Platt , and Best Featured Actress in a Musical for Rachel Bay Jones . Contents 1 Background 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act 1 2.2 Act 2 3 Roles and principal casts 3.1 Original casts 3.2 Broadway cast replacements 3.3 Characters 4 Musical numbers 4.1 Recording 5 Productions 5.1 Original Washington , D.C. production 5.2 Original Off - Broadway production 5.3 Original Broadway production 5.4 First National Tour 5.5 Canadian production 6 Critical response 7 Honors and awards 7.1 Original Washington , D.C. production 7.2 Original Off - Broadway production 7.3 Original Broadway production 8 Novelization 9 Books 10 References 11 External links Background The musical has its origins in an incident that took place during Pasek 's high school years . The musical `` takes the notion of a teenager , ... Evan Hansen , who invents an important role for himself in a tragedy that he did not earn . '' Synopsis Act 1 Evan Hansen is a teenager who struggles with severe social anxiety which makes it hard for him to make friends . His therapist recommends that he write letters to himself detailing what will be good about each day . Before the first day of his senior year in high school , his mother , Heidi , suggests that he make new friends by asking people to sign the cast on his arm , which he broke by falling out of a tree over the summer . Across town , the wealthy Murphy family -- Cynthia , Larry , and their children Zoe and Connor -- sit down to breakfast . Zoe and Larry berate Connor for getting high before school , while Cynthia struggles with the fact that her family is falling apart . The two mothers wonder simultaneously how to connect with their sons ( `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' ) . At school , Evan runs into Alana , a smart classmate , and Jared , his only friend . Both Alana and Jared notice his broken arm , but neither signs his cast -- instead , Jared teases Evan about it . Jared and Evan then run into Connor , whom Jared pokes fun at . Connor interprets Evan 's awkwardness as making fun of him , resulting in Connor pushing Evan to the ground . Connor 's sister Zoe , whom Evan has a massive crush on , feels obligated to apologize for her brother 's behavior . Evan wonders if this is his destiny -- to be ignored and an outcast , never getting the girl of his dreams ; `` on the outside always looking in '' for the rest of his life ( `` Waving Through A Window '' ) . Evan writes himself another letter . He states he has given up on it being a good year and how he wonders if anyone would notice if he were not there . He remarks that all his hope is now pinned on Zoe , since his crush on her is the only thing that brings him happiness . While printing the letter in the school 's computer lab , he encounters Connor again , now much more subdued than he was in the morning . Connor asks what happened to Evan 's arm and offers to sign his cast , musing that maybe now they can both pretend they have friends . After signing the cast , he reads Evan 's letter ( which he grabbed from the printer as a favor ) and becomes furious at the mention of Zoe , thinking Evan intended for him to see the letter in order to make fun of him . He storms out , taking the letter with him . Several days pass with no sign of Connor . Evan is in an intense state of anxiety over what Connor might have done with the letter , and tells Jared online about his assignment to write letters to himself , and how he 's worried about what Connor might 've done with the letter . Jared remarks that Connor has always been completely out of his mind . Later that day , Evan is called to the principal 's office , where Connor 's parents are waiting to meet him . They tell Evan that Connor died by suicide a few days before with Evan 's letter in his pocket . Believing it to be Connor 's suicide note addressed to Evan , they ask Evan if he and Connor were close , as Connor had never mentioned having friends before . Not wanting to further their grief and unsure what to do , Evan agrees to go to their house to talk about Connor . There , after seeing Cynthia 's distress over the loss of her son , Evan panics and , rather than telling the truth , begins to fabricate an intricate story of his and Connor 's friendship , claiming he and Connor kept up a secret email correspondence and recounting a fictional version of the day he broke his arm in which Connor was with him ( `` For Forever '' ) . Later , Heidi reminds Evan that he needs to begin applying for college scholarships . She mentions hearing about Connor 's death , but Evan tells her not to worry and that he did n't know Connor . Seeing Connor 's name signed on his cast , Heidi confronts Evan , but he lies , saying that someone else named Connor signed it . After realizing he needs evidence of his supposed `` secret email account , '' Evan enlists Jared 's help in creating fake , backdated email conversations between himself and Connor ( `` Sincerely , Me '' ) . After Evan shows the Murphy family Connor 's ' emails ' , Cynthia is ecstatic that her son had a friend , but Larry is more hurt that Connor took his family and his privileged life for granted ; Zoe , who was alienated by Connor 's aggressive behavior , refuses to mourn him at all ( `` Requiem '' ) . However , after reading the suicide note , Zoe notices that she is mentioned and asks Evan why Connor would say that about her ; Evan , unable to tell her the truth , tells her all the reasons he loves her under the guise of Connor saying them ( `` If I Could Tell Her '' ) . Overcome with emotion , he impulsively kisses Zoe , but she pulls away and tells him to leave . At school , Evan and Alana notice that people are starting to forget about Connor . Spurred on by a vision of Connor , Evan enlists Alana and Jared 's help in founding `` The Connor Project '' -- an organization dedicated to keeping Connor 's memory alive . The three pitch the idea to the Murphys , who agree to support the project ( `` Disappear '' ) ; moved by his dedication , Cynthia gives Evan a necktie she had gotten for Connor that he had never worn , and asks Evan to wear it when he speaks at Connor 's memorial service . At the official launch of The Connor Project , Evan gives an inspiring speech about his loneliness and friendship with Connor , which goes viral . Zoe , overcome by the impact her brother and Evan have had , kisses him ( `` You Will Be Found '' ) . Act 2 Evan and Alana pitch a fundraising idea on The Connor Project 's website . In memory of Connor , they want to raise $50,000 in three weeks to reopen the abandoned apple orchard that Evan and Connor supposedly spent time in . Despite Alana 's total devotion the project , Evan becomes preoccupied with his new relationship with Zoe and his newfound family in the Murphys , and begins to neglect his mother , Jared , and The Connor Project ( `` Sincerely , Me ( Reprise ) '' ) . Heidi tells Evan that she saw the video of his speech on Facebook and asks him why he did not tell her about The Connor Project or about his and Connor 's friendship . He angrily responds that he did not have the time because she is never around . Overcome with emotion , he then rushes off to the Murphys ' , telling her that he is going to Jared 's . At the Murphys ' , Evan bonds with Larry Murphy and confides in him that his father left when he was young , has remarried , and no longer keeps in touch with him or his other relatives . Larry offers him an old baseball glove of Connor 's that was never used ( `` To Break in a Glove '' ) . Sometime later , at Evan 's house , Evan makes an offhand comment to Zoe about how he and his mother do not have much money and he needs scholarships to pay for college . When he begins to mention Connor , Zoe tells him that she does not want their relationship to be about Connor , but about the two of them ( `` Only Us '' ) . Evan gets into a fight with Jared , who claims that Connor 's death was the best thing that ever happened to Evan -- he is no longer invisible and has landed the girl of his dreams . Later on , Evan goes to the Murphys ' , only to discover that they have invited Heidi for dinner . Heidi , who has no idea that Evan had spent time at the Murphys ' , is mortified when Larry and Cynthia offer to use the money that they had set aside for Connor 's college fund to send Evan to school instead . After returning home , Heidi and Evan fight over his secrecy and deception . When Heidi proclaims that the Murphys are not Evan 's family , Evan confesses that he feels not only welcomed but also accepted by the Murphys in light of Heidi 's absence and expectations towards Evan 's mental health . Heidi tearfully berates him for running off to his new family , while Alana begins to find inconsistencies in the fake emails Evan `` received '' from Connor and suspects that the entire story is a lie . Beginning to panic , Evan urges Jared to help him clear up the inaccuracies , but Jared refuses due to Evan 's own absence . Evan counters that Jared himself had acted as a friend to him only when he needed something from him . Jared threatens to expose Evan , and Evan warns him he could , in turn , open up about Jared 's role in the lie . Heidi , Alana , and Jared converge in Evan 's conscience , compounding his guilt and doubt over his decisions ( `` Good for You '' ) . Evan decides he has to come clean with what he has done . Imaginary Connor attempts to talk him out of it , citing the happiness he has given the Murphys and the fate of Evan 's relationship with Zoe , but Evan does not back down , angrily shouting that he needs the whole thing to be over . Connor is unconvinced and asks Evan how he broke his arm : did he fall by accident or actually let go ? Evan denies suicidal intent , but Connor tells him that if he tells the truth , all he has will be gone , and the only thing he will be left with is himself . He disappears , leaving Evan alone . Evan goes to apologize to Alana , but she says she has given up on Evan helping her with The Connor Project . She doubts the truth of Evan 's repeated statements that he was Connor 's best friend , since they were never seen together , and she says that it is easy to create fake backdated emails . Desperate , Evan says he has proof that they were friends . He shows her the letter to himself that he wrote when he was giving up on having a good year , claiming it to be Connor 's suicide note . Realizing that the letter is the key to fulfilling the fundraising goal , Alana posts it online where , to Evan 's chagrin , it goes viral . As a result , many people begin to believe Connor 's suicide was because of his uncaring , wealthy parents . Evan is distraught and goes to see the Murphys , who have become the targets of hateful comments from people who believe they were responsible for Connor 's death . He walks in on the three of them fighting about why Connor really killed himself and finally admits that he fabricated the entire thing , hopeful that he could forge a genuine bond with the Murphys out of the tragedy . As Zoe and her mother tearfully run out , Larry turns away from Evan in disgust . Alone once more , Evan absorbs his perceived brokenness as inescapable ( `` Words Fail '' ) . Evan finds Heidi waiting for him at home . She saw the letter online , and immediately knew that it was one of Evan 's therapy assignments . She apologizes to Evan for not seeing how badly he had been hurting , though Evan denies her guilt due to his deception . He then vaguely admits that his fall was a suicide attempt . Heidi sits him down and recalls the day that his father moved out : how she felt so small and alone and did not know how she was going to make it by herself . In the end , however , she realized that she was not alone -- she had Evan and knew that the two of them could make it through anything so long as they were together . Tearfully , Heidi promises that she will always be there for him when he needs her ( `` So Big / So Small '' ) . A year later , Evan is still living at home and working at Pottery Barn to earn enough money to go to college the next semester . He contacts Zoe , whom he has not seen since the day she found out the truth , and asks if she will agree to meet him . She does , but insists that they meet at the orchard that has been reopened in Connor 's memory . He apologizes for the pain he caused her family and admits that he has been reading Connor 's ten favorite books after finding a list in an old yearbook in an attempt to connect with who he really was . He also thanks her and her parents for keeping his secret and reveals that they never told anyone else that his friendship with Connor was a lie . She forgives him , saying the whole ordeal brought her family closer together over the past year because `` everyone needed it for something . '' Evan asks her why she insisted on meeting at the orchard , and she replies that she wanted to be sure he saw it , and the two share a gentle moment before they part . Evan mentally writes himself one last letter reflecting on the impact he has had on his community and finally accepts himself ( `` Finale '' ) . Roles and principal casts Original casts Character Washington , D.C. ( 2015 ) Off -- Broadway ( 2016 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2016 ) National Tour ( 2018 ) Evan Hansen Ben Platt Ben Levi Ross Heidi Hansen Rachel Bay Jones Jessica Phillips Zoe Murphy Laura Dreyfuss Maggie McKenna Cynthia Murphy Jennifer Laura Thompson Christiane Noll Larry Murphy Michael Park John Dossett Michael Park Aaron Lazar Connor Murphy Mike Faist Marrick Smith Alana Beck Alexis Molnar Kristolyn Lloyd Phoebe Koyabe Jared Kleinman Will Roland Jared Goldsmith Evan Hansen ( alternate ) N / A N / A Michael Lee Brown Stephen C. Anthony Broadway cast replacements Evan Hansen : Noah Galvin ; Taylor Trensch Connor Murphy : Alex Boniello Heidi Hansen : Lisa Brescia Characters Evan Hansen -- A high school senior who struggles with severe social anxiety . He is assigned by his therapist to write letters to himself about why each day will be good , which becomes the catalyst for the plot of the story . He also has never had any friends , and has had a crush on Zoe Murphy for a very long time . After Connor 's death , he begins to tell lies of him being friends with Connor to the Murphy family because they found Evan 's letter to himself folded up in Connor 's pocket ; they thought Connor wrote it to Evan . The first act centers on his outreach propelled by Connor 's death , while the second act has him unleash his yearning towards the Murphys and his anger towards Heidi and Jared , who he believes have used him for validation and ignored him when they did n't need him . Heidi Hansen -- Evan 's mother , a nurse 's aide who attends paralegal school at night , often leaving Evan on his own as a result . She tries to connect with Evan , but struggles because she does n't personally understand what he goes through on a daily basis . Having been left by her ex-husband years prior to raise Evan on her own , she exhibits possessive and jealous behavior once she learns of the Murphys ' interest in securing Evan 's future . However , she comes to see her failings and Evan 's concealed sorrow as a wake - up - call not to hide from her son . Zoe Murphy -- Connor 's younger sister and Evan 's longtime crush . She was never close to Connor , hated him even , but wishes she had known him better and turns to Evan after he lies and says he was friends with Connor . She is initially mad at Evan when he comes clean about the lies , but eventually forgives him . Cynthia Murphy -- Connor and Zoe 's stay - at - home mother . She is constantly trying to keep her fragile family from falling apart , but is often unsuccessful . She clings to the memory of Connor even though she was never close with him , and her relationship with Larry and Zoe suffers because of it . The second act elaborates on her past attempts at coaxing Connor through expensive retreats , and her bitterness towards her husband 's distance . Larry Murphy -- Connor and Zoe 's busy father . He works hard to give his family a relatively easy life , but he is emotionally distant from all three of them . He becomes close with Evan , who never had a strong father figure , and begins to see Evan as the son Connor never was . However , as the letter becomes public , he 's faced with his role in Connor 's alienation and the truth behind Evan 's outreach . Connor Murphy - A high school senior who is also a social outcast with no friends , like Evan . He is a frequent drug user , and becomes aggressive when he is high . He is very protective of his sister Zoe , even though they are not close . He commits suicide early on , but his image returns in Evan 's imagination to guide him . Evan 's imaginary version of Connor is likable , contributing to Evan 's belief that they could have been friends . His death is the basis of the whole story . Alana Beck -- Evan 's precocious and sometimes insufferable classmate . She is constantly looking for academic and extracurricular activities to boost her collegiate chances . She never knew Connor , but is greatly affected by his death and the concept of mortality , and quickly joins Evan in founding the Connor Project in order to keep Connor 's memory alive . Jared Kleinman -- Another of Evan 's classmates ; he is the closest person Evan has ever had to a friend . The son of a family friend of the Hansens , he initially says that he only talks to Evan so his parents will pay for his car insurance . Jared is very adept with computers and technology , so Evan enlists his help in crafting fake emails from Connor . However , as Evan becomes preoccupied with his relationship with the Murphys and fails to further Jared 's prominence in the Project , Jared turns his snide nature against Evan once more , only to be confronted by his own self - centeredness . Musical numbers Act 1 `` Anybody Have a Map ? '' -- Heidi , Cynthia `` Waving Through a Window '' -- Evan `` Waving Through a Window '' ( Reprise # 1 ) * -- Evan `` Waving Through a Window '' ( Reprise # 2 ) * -- Alana `` For Forever '' -- Evan `` Sincerely , Me '' -- Connor , Evan , Jared `` Requiem '' -- Zoe , Cynthia , Larry `` If I Could Tell Her '' -- Evan , Zoe `` Disappear '' -- Connor , Evan , Alana , Jared , Larry , Cynthia , Zoe `` You Will Be Found '' -- Company Act 2 `` Sincerely , Me '' ( Reprise ) * -- Connor , Jared `` To Break in a Glove '' -- Larry , Evan `` Only Us '' -- Zoe , Evan `` Good for You '' -- Heidi , Alana , Jared , Evan `` For Forever '' ( Reprise ) `` * -- Connor `` You Will Be Found '' ( Reprise ) * -- Company `` Words Fail '' -- Evan `` So Big / So Small '' -- Heidi `` Finale '' -- Company * Not included on the Original Broadway Cast Recording Recording An original Broadway cast album was released at midnight on February 3 , 2017 . The second song on the album , `` Waving Through A Window '' , was released as a special early download for those who had pre-ordered the album . The fifth song , `` Requiem '' , was made available to stream for 24 hours on January 26 , 2017 , a week before the release of the cast recording . The song was released as a second pre-order bonus the next day . The recording of the Act 1 finale `` You Will Be Found '' was available for a first listen online on January 30 , 2017 . The cast album debuted at number 8 on the February 25 Billboard 200 . The cast album became available in compact disc format on February 24 , 2017 . The cast album , produced by Alex Lacamoire , featuring the band from both the original Off - Broadway and Broadway productions , including Ben Cohn ( piano ) , Jamie Eblen ( drums ) , Justin Goldner and Dillon Kondor ( guitars ) , Rob Jost ( bass ) , Justin Smith , Todd Low and Adele Stein ( strings ) and won the 2018 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . Productions Original Washington , D.C. production Dear Evan Hansen premiered at the Arena Stage in Washington , D.C. , running from July 10 to August 23 , 2015 . Directed by Michael Greif , with orchestrations by Alex Lacamoire , the set was designed by David Korins and the projection design was by Peter Nigrini . The cast featured Ben Platt in the title role . Original Off - Broadway production The musical opened Off - Broadway at the Second Stage Theater on March 26 , 2016 , in previews , with the official opening on May 1 . The cast featured Ben Platt , Laura Dreyfuss , Mike Faist , Rachel Bay Jones , Will Roland and Jennifer Laura Thompson repeating their roles from the Arena Stage production . New cast members were John Dossett and Kristolyn Lloyd . Michael Greif again directed , with choreography by Danny Mefford . The Off - Broadway engagement closed on May 29 , 2016 . Original Broadway production The show premiered on Broadway on November 14 , 2016 , in previews , and officially opened on December 4 . After originally announcing that performances would take place at the Belasco Theatre , in mid-September 2016 , producers announced that the show would instead be performed at the Music Box Theatre . Michael Park , who originated the role of Larry in the Arena Stage production , returned for the Broadway production ( replacing John Dossett who went on to the musical War Paint ) . All other cast members from the Second Stage production returned for the Broadway engagement . Ben Platt played his last performance on November 19 , 2017 . Noah Galvin replaced Platt on November 21 , 2017 and played until February 2018 . Taylor Trensch played two performances in the show before officially replacing Galvin on February 6 , 2018 . First National Tour A U.S. Tour was announced , starring Ben Levi Ross in the title role . It will also star Jessica Phillips in the role of Heidi Hansen , Jared Goldsmith in the role of Jared Kleinman , and Phoebe Koyabe in the role of Alana Beck . Also joining the cast will be Christiane Noll in the role of Cynthia Murphy , Aaron Lazar as Larry Murphy , Marrick Smith in the role of Connor Murphy , and Maggie Mckenna in the role of Zoe Murphy . The tour will start in Denver in October 2018 and will go on to play more than fifty cities . Canadian production The show will play its first international performance in Toronto , Canada . The production is slated to begin performances in March 2019 . Critical response Derek Mong , in his review of the musical at the Arena Stage , wrote that the `` inventive set design by David Korins ... that transforms a small stage into a platform for the most intimate living room where a mother and son share a heart - to - heart to the physical abyss of internet cyberspace ... book by Steven Levenson ... lyrics and music by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ... heartfelt lyrics with universal appeal joined by the perfect , oftentimes acoustic , accompaniment that can change the mood from somber to celebratory to sinister in a single bar of music . '' Barbara Mackay in reviewing the Arena Stage production for TheatreMania wrote : `` Levenson , Pasek , and Paul set themselves two high , untraditional bars in Evan Hansen : exploring a community 's grief and examining a lonely protagonist who desperately wants to connect with that community ... Ben Platt is outstanding as Evan ... Since the success of the musical depends entirely on whether Evan 's solitary nature appears funny or weird , Evan 's ability to laugh at himself and make the audience laugh is crucial . Platt is charming as he eternally twists his shirt tails and hangs his head ... Although the themes of grief and loneliness are serious , the musical is anything but somber . It addresses challenging facts of life . But from start to finish , when Evan leaves his room and finds an authentic life outside it , Dear Evan Hansen contains far more joy than sadness . '' Susan Davidson , in her review of the Arena Stage production for CurtainUp , noted : `` ... it helps to suspend the disbelief that sullen , anti-social teenagers can change quickly . Surely that 's a process requiring time - released hormonal adjustments . It is hard to accept that a long - admired - from - afar girl can change Evan 's outlook on life so rapidly or that Connor 's teenage disequilibrium leads him to do what he does . Coming through loud and clear , however , is the fact that what starts as deceit can be blown totally out of proportion by the Internet where lies are disseminated with lightning speed leaving plenty of victims in their wake ... The music is pleasant , not terribly original but good enough to get toes tapping . Benj Pasek and Justin Paul 's ballads stand out , particularly Heidi 's `` So Big / So Small , '' Evan 's `` Words Fail '' and Zoe and Evan 's young sweethearts duet `` Only Us . '' '' Charles Isherwood , in his review of the Second Stage production for The New York Times , noted : `` The songs , by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( Dogfight , A Christmas Story ) , strike the same complex notes , with shapely , heartfelt lyrics that expose the tensions and conflicts that Connor 's death and Evan 's involvement cause in both families . The music , played by a small but excellent band on a platform upstage , is appealingly unstrident pop - rock , with generous doses of acoustic guitar , keyboards and strings . It 's the finest , most emotionally resonant score yet from this promising young songwriting team . '' Dear Evan Hansen is a recipient of the Edgerton Foundation New Play Award . Honors and awards Original Washington , D.C. production Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Helen Hayes Award Outstanding Musical -- HAYES Production Won Outstanding Direction of a Musical -- HAYES Production Michael Greif Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Musical -- HAYES Production Laura Dreyfuss Nominated Jennifer Laura Thompson Nominated Outstanding Ensemble in a Musical -- HAYES Production Won Outstanding Lighting Design -- HAYES Production Japhy Weideman Nominated Outstanding Musical Direction -- HAYES Production Ben Cohn Nominated Outstanding Set Design -- HAYES Production David Kornis ( Set Design ) and Peter Nigrini ( Projection Design ) Nominated Original Off - Broadway production Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 The Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding Original New Play or Musical Steven Levenson ( Book ) and Pasek & Paul ( Lyrics & Music ) Nominated Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Off - Broadway Musical Won Outstanding New Score ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Pasek & Paul Nominated Outstanding Book of a Musical ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Steven Levenson Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Michael Greif Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Ben Platt Nominated Outstanding Projection Design ( Play or Musical ) Peter Nigrini Nominated Off Broadway Alliance Awards Best New Musical Nominated Drama League Award Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Distinguished Performance Ben Platt Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Lyrics Pasek & Paul Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Rachel Bay Jones Nominated Outstanding Projection Design Peter Nigrini Nominated Obie Awards Obie Award for Musical Theatre Steven Levenson ( Book ) and Pasek & Paul ( Lyrics & Music ) Won Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actor Ben Platt Won 2017 Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Ben Platt Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Rachel Bay Jones Won Outstanding Projection Design Peter Nigrini Nominated Original Broadway production Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2017 Tony Awards Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Steven Levenson Won Best Original Score Pasek & Paul Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Ben Platt Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Mike Faist Nominated Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Rachel Bay Jones Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Japhy Weideman Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Michael Greif Nominated Best Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Won Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Production Won Distinguished Performance Ben Platt Won Rachel Bay Jones Nominated 2018 Grammy Awards Best Musical Theater Album Laura Dreyfuss , Mike Faist , Rachel Bay Jones , Kristolyn Lloyd , Michael Park , Ben Platt , Will Roland & Jennifer Laura Thompson ( principal soloists ) ; Pete Ganbarg , Alex Lacamoire , Stacey Mindich , Benj Pasek & Justin Paul ( producers ) ; Benj Pasek & Justin Paul ( composers / lyricists ) Won Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Musical Performance in a Daytime Program Ben Platt & the Cast of Dear Evan Hansen `` You Will Be Found '' ( performed on The Today Show ) Won Novelization The musical was adapted into a young adult novel by actor and singer - songwriter Val Emmich , in collaboration with Pasek & Paul and Levenson . The novel , which will also feature additional material based on scenes and songs cut from the show 's development that flesh out and expand upon the story , will be released by Little , Brown Books for Young Readers on October 9 , 2018 . Books Levenson , Steven ; Pasek , Benj ; Paul , Justin ( 2017 ) . Dear Evan Hansen . Theatre Communications Group . 144pp . ISBN 978 - 1559365604 . Levenson , Steven ; Pasek , Benj ; Paul , Justin ( 2017 ) . Dear Evan Hansen : Through the Window . Grand Central Publishing . 224pp . ISBN 978 - 1538761915 . References Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( May 1 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Puts a Twist on Teenage Angst '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Dear Evan Hansen : Original story , high hopes for Benj Pasek and Justin Paul '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Deb , Sopan ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Names Replacements for Ben Platt '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Alex Boniello Joins DEAR EVAN HANSEN , Mike Faist and Will Roland to Play Final Performances '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ; Gans , Andrew ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Broadway 's Dear Evan Hansen Welcomes Wicked and Mamma Mia ! Alum Lisa Brescia August 7 '' . Playbill . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Evan Hansen Announces Cast Recording Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Dear Evan Hansen 's `` Requiem '' Ahead of Album Release Playbill `` . Playbill . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Must Listen : Check Out a Track From the Dear Evan Hansen Cast Album Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Albums '' . Jump up ^ `` Dear Evan Hansen Cast Recording Makes Billboard Top 10 -- Playbill '' . Jump up ^ `` Dear Evan Hansen ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) - Benj Pasek , Justin Paul Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` See The Full List Of 60th GRAMMY Winners '' . GRAMMY.com . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Pasek and Paul 's Dear Evan Hansen , About the High School Struggle to Fit In , Premieres in D.C. '' Playbill . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Platt to Star in NY Premiere of New Musical ' Dear Evan Hansen ' '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Buzzy Musical ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Sets New York Run '' . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Following Its D.C. Run , Pasek and Paul 's Dear Evan Hansen Will Transfer to New York '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Pasek and Paul 's ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Bows in New York '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Opens on Broadway December 4 '' Playbill , December 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Announces Broadway Theatre , Date and Cast '' Playbill , June 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gordon , David . `` Ben Platt - Led ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Finds a New Broadway Home '' theatermania.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen to Premiere Music Video at Exact Same Time as Tonight 's Live Broadway Performance '' Playbill , November 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Ben Levi Ross Will Play Evan in DEAR EVAN HANSEN National Tour '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Jessica Phillips Will Join Ben Levi Ross in National Tour of Dear Evan Hansen '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , BBW News . `` Jared Goldsmith Joins DEAR EVAN HANSEN Tour as Jared Kleinman '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , BBW News . `` DEAR EVAN HANSEN Tour Finds Its Overachiever - Phoebe Koyabe to Play Alana Beck '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , BBW News . `` DEAR EVAN HANSEN Announces Tour Stops and Complete Cast '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mirvish - Dear Evan Hansen '' . www.mirvish.com . Jump up ^ Mong , Derek ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dear Evan Hansen ' at Arena Stage '' . dcmetrotheaterarts.com . Jump up ^ Mackay , Barbara ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Reviews . ' Dear Evan Hansen ' '' . theatermania.com . Jump up ^ Davidson , Susan ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` CurtainUP Review . Dear Evan Hansen '' . CurtainUp . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Dear Evan Hansen ' Puts a Twist on Teenage Angst '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Dear Evan Hansen '' . arenastage.org . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Helen Hayes Awards '' . theatrewashington.org. 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Outer Critics Awards '' . outercritics.org. 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Drama Desk Awards '' . dramadeskawards.com. 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Drama League Awards '' . dramaleague.org. 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Drama Desk Awards '' . playbill.com. 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Announced for 61st Annual Obie Awards '' . playbill.com. 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards 2017 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Tony Awards . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : DEAR EVAN HANSEN , GREAT COMET & More Earn Drama League Awards Nominations ; Check Out the Full List ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual GRAMMY Awards '' . GRAMMY.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammys 2018 : Complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . 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when was the amrit bazar patrika started in bangalore
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It debuted on 20 February 1868 . It was started by Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh , sons of Hari Naryan Ghosh , a rich merchant from Magura , in Jessore District during the Bengal Presidency of the British Raj ( present day in Bangladesh ) . The family had constructed a Bazaar and named it after Amritamoyee , wife of Hari Naryan Ghosh . Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh started Amrita Bazar Patrika as a weekly first . It was first edited by Motilal Ghosh , who did not have a formal university education . It had built its readership as a rival to Bengalee which was being looked after by Surendranath Banerjee .
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20 February 1868 .
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Amrita Bazar Patrika
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amrita bazar patrika
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Amrita Bazar Patrika ( Bengali : অমৃতবাজার পত্রিকা ) ; is one of the oldest daily newspapers in South Asia and the oldest in Bangladesh . Originally published in Bengali script , it evolved into an English format published from Kolkata and other locations such as Cuttack , Ranchi and Allahabad . The paper discontinued its publication in 1991 after 123 years of publication , although it was relaunched in Dhaka in 2006 where it is now published in Bengali once again .
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It debuted on 20 February 1868 . It was started by Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh , sons of Hari Naryan Ghosh , a rich merchant from Magura , in Jessore District during the Bengal Presidency of the British Raj ( present day in Bangladesh ) . The family had constructed a Bazaar and named it after Amritamoyee , wife of Hari Naryan Ghosh . Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh started Amrita Bazar Patrika as a weekly first . It was first edited by Motilal Ghosh , who did not have a formal university education . It had built its readership as a rival to Bengalee which was being looked after by Surendranath Banerjee . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Archives 3 References 4 External sources History ( edit ) Amrita Bazaar Patrika was the oldest Indian - owned English daily . It played a major role in the evolution and growth of Indian journalism and made a striking contribution to creating and nurturing the Indian freedom struggle . In 1920 , Russian Communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin described ABP as the best nationalist paper in India . ABP was born as a Bengali weekly in February 1868 in the village of Amrita Bazaar in Jessore district ( now located in modern - day Bangladesh ) . It was started by the Ghosh brothers to fight the cause of peasants who were being exploited by indigo planters . Sisir Kumar Ghosh was the first editor . The Patrika operated out of a battered wooden press purchased for Rs 32 . In 1871 , the Patrika moved to Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) , due to the outbreak of plague in Amrita Bazaar . Here it functioned as a bilingual weekly , publishing news and views in English and Bengali . Its anti-government views and vast influence among the people was a thorn in the flesh of the government . Lord Lytton , the Viceroy of India promulgated the Vernacular Press Act on 1878 mainly against ABP . The Patrika became a daily in 1891 . It was the first Indian - owned English daily to go into investigative journalism . During the tenure of Lord Lansdowne , a Patrika journalist rummaged through the waste paper basket of the Viceroy 's office and pieced together a torn up letter detailing the Viceroy 's plans to annexe Kashmir . ABP published the letter on its front page , where it was read by the Maharaja of Kashmir , who immediately went to London and lobbied for his independence . Sisir Kumar Ghosh also launched vigorous campaigns against restrictions on civil liberties and economic exploitation . He wanted Indians to be given important posts in the administration . Both he and his brother Motilal were deeply attached to Bal Gangadhar Tilak . When Tilak was prosecuted for sedition in 1897 , they raised funds in Calcutta for his defence . They also published a scathing editorial against the judge who sentenced Tilak to 6 years of imprisonment , for ' presuming to teach true patriotism to a proved and unparalleled patriot . ' The Patrika had many brushes with Lord Curzon , the Viceroy of India at the time of the Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) . It referred to him as ' Young and a little foppish , and without previous training but invested with unlimited powers . ' Because of such editorials , the Press Act of 1910 was passed and a security of Rs 5,000 was demanded from ABP . Motilal Ghosh was also charged with sedition but his eloquence won the case . After this , the Patrika started prefacing articles criticising the British government with ridiculously exuberant professions of loyalty to the British crown . When Subhas Chandra Bose and other students were expelled from Calcutta Presidency College , the Patrika took up their case and succeeded in having them re-admitted . Even after Motilal Ghosh 's death in 1922 , the Patrika kept up its nationalist spirit . Higher securities of Rs 10,000 were demanded from it during the Salt Satyagraha . Its editor Tushar Kanti Ghosh ( son of Sisir Kumar Ghosh ) was imprisoned . The Patrika contributed its share to the success of its freedom movement under the leadership of Gandhi and suffered for its views and actions at the hands of the British rulers . The Patrika espoused the cause of communal harmony during the Partition of India . During the great Calcutta killings of 1946 , the Patrika left its editorial columns blank for three days . When freedom dawned on August 15 , 1947 , the Patrika published in an editorial : It is dawn , cloudy though it is . Presently sunshine will break . Archives ( edit ) This Hopkinson & Cope press was used for the Amrita Bazar Patrika . Now it is at the National Science Centre , New Delhi . As a part of the ' Endangered Archive project ' attempting to rescue text published prior to 1950 , the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences , Calcutta took up the project of digitizing the old newspapers ( ABP and Jugantar ) for safe storage and retrieval in 2010 . The newspaper archives are also available from the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library , Delhi , and in 2011 over one lakh images from the newspaper were digitized by the library and available online . and also at The Centre of South Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Debts kill 123 - year - old English daily Amrita Bazar Patrika '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Subhrangshu ( 2 January 2003 ) . `` Amrita Bazar Patrika may be relaunched '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Registrar of Newspapers for India Archived March 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Political Agitators in India , A Confidential Report , pp. 15 , Available in Digitized form on Archives.org , contributed by Library of University of Toronto , Digitized for Microsoft Corporation by Internet Archive in 2007 , provided by University of Toronto , accessed on June 8 , 2009 and link at https://archive.org/details/politicalagitato00slsnuoft Jump up ^ Retrieval of two major and endangered newspapers : CSSSC Archived February 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Memorial library digitised '' . The Times of India . May 28 , 2011 . External sources ( edit ) Amrita Bazar Patrika Endangered Archive Project , CSSSC Nehru Memorial Museum & Library Centre of South Asian Studies ( hide ) Newspapers of Bangladesh Bengali Amrita Bazar Patrika Amader Shomoy Amar Desh Bangladesh Pratidin Bhorer Kagoj Daily Bir Chattagram Mancha Daily Inqilab The Daily Ittefaq Daily Naya Diganta The Daily Sangram Jaijaidin Janakantha Jugantor Kaler Kantho Manabzamin Prime Khobor Prothom Alo Samakal Suprobhat Bangladesh Daily Shokaler Khabor English The Bangladesh Today Dhaka Courier Dhaka Tribune Daily Prime News The Daily Star Daily Sun The Financial Express The Independent New Age News Today Weekly Blitz Online newspaper Bdnews24.com Banglanews24.com Bangla Tribune Banglamail24 Bartabangla Comillarbarta.com News agencies Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha United News of Bangladesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amrita_Bazar_Patrika&oldid=791510944 '' Categories : Bengali - language newspapers published in Bangladesh Publications established in 2006 Media in Dhaka Defunct newspapers of India English - language newspapers Newspapers published in Kolkata Publications established in 1868 Newspapers published in India 1868 establishments in India 1986 disestablishments in India ABP Group Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Bengali - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2017 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita%20Bazar%20Patrika
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who gave the slogan swaraj is my right and i shall have it
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Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ( `` self - rule '' ) and a strong radical in Indian consciousness . He is known for his quote in Marathi : `` Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it ! '' . He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai , Aurobindo Ghose , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah .
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Bal Gangadhar Tilak
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bal gangadhar tilak
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This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bal Gangadhar Tilak ( 1856 - 07 - 23 ) 23 July 1856 Ratnagiri , Bombay State , British India ( present - day Maharashtra , India ) 1 August 1920 ( 1920 - 08 - 01 ) ( aged 64 ) Bombay , British India ( present - day Maharashtra , India ) Occupation Author , politician , freedom fighter , social reformer Political party Indian National Congress Movement Indian Independence movement Bal Gangadhar Tilak ( or Lokmanya Tilak , pronunciation ( help info ) ; 23 July 1856 -- 1 August 1920 ) , born as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak , was an Indian nationalist , teacher , social reformer , lawyer and an independence activist . He was the first leader of the Indian Independence Movement . The British colonial authorities called him `` The father of the Indian unrest . '' He was also conferred with the title of `` Lokmanya '' , which means `` accepted by the people ( as their leader ) '' . Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ( `` self - rule '' ) and a strong radical in Indian consciousness . He is known for his quote in Marathi : `` Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it ! '' . He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal , Lala Lajpat Rai , Aurobindo Ghose , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Contents 1 Early life 2 Political career 2.1 Indian National Congress 2.2 Sedition Charges 2.3 Imprisonment in Mandalay 2.4 Life after Mandalay 2.5 All India Home Rule League 2.6 Religio - Political Views 2.7 Social views 2.7. 1 Women 's issues 2.7. 2 Untouchability 2.8 Esteem for Swami Vivekananda 2.9 Conflicts with Shahu over caste issues 3 Social contributions and legacy 4 Books 5 Descendants 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Tilak was born in a Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin family in Ratnagiri as Keshav Gangadhar Tilak , in the headquarters of the eponymous district of present - day Maharashtra ( then British India ) on 23 July 1856 . His ancestral village was Chikhali . His father , Gangadhar Tilak was a school teacher and a Sanskrit scholar who died when Tilak was sixteen . In 1871 Tilak was married to Tapibai ( Née Bal ) when he was sixteen , a few months before his father 's death . After marriage , her name was changed to Satyabhamabai . He obtained his Bachelor of Arts in first class in Mathematics from Deccan College of Pune in 1877 . He left his M.A. course of study midway to join the LL. B course instead , and in 1879 he obtained his LL. B degree from Government Law College . After graduating , Tilak started teaching mathematics at a private school in Pune . Later , due to ideological differences with the colleagues in the new school , he withdrew and became a journalist . Tilak actively participated in public affairs . He stated : `` Religion and practical life are not different. The real spirit is to make the country your family instead of working only for your own . The step beyond is to serve humanity and the next step is to serve God . '' Inspired by , Vishnushastri Chiplunkar , he co-founded the New English school for secondary education in 1880 with a few of his college friends , including Gopal Ganesh Agarkar , Mahadev Ballal Namjoshi. and Vishnushastri Chiplunkar . Their goal was to improve the quality of education for India 's youth. The success of the school led them to set up the Deccan Education Society in 1884 to create a new system of education that taught young Indians nationalist ideas through an emphasis on Indian culture . The Society established the Fergusson College in 1885 for post-secondary studies . Tilak taught mathematics at Fergusson College . In 1890 , Tilak left the Deccan Education Society for more openly political work . He began a mass movement towards independence by an emphasis on a religious and cultural revival . Political career ( edit ) Tilak had a long political career agitating for Indian autonomy from the British rule. ( Before Gandhi , he was the most widely known Indian political leader . Unlike his fellow Maharashtrian contemporary , Gokhale , Tilak was considered a radical Nationalist but a Social conservative . He was imprisoned on a number of occasions that included a long stint at Mandalay . At one stage in his political life he was called `` the father of Indian unrest '' by british author Sir Valentine Chirol . Indian national Congress ( edit ) Tilak joined the Indian National Congress in 1890 . He opposed its moderate attitude , especially towards the fight for self - government . He was one of the most - eminent radicals at the time . In fact , it was the Swadeshi movement of 1905 - 1907 that resulted in the split within the Indian National Congress into the Moderates and the Extremists Despite being personally opposed to early marriage , Tilak was against the 1891 Age of Consent bill , seeing it as interference with Hinduism and a dangerous precedent . The act raised the age at which a girl could marry from 10 to 12 years . During late 1896 , a bubonic plague spread from Bombay to Pune , and by January 1897 , it reached epidemic proportions . British troops were brought in to deal with the emergency and harsh measures were employed including forced entry into private houses , examination of occupants , evacuation to hospitals and segregation camps , removing and destroying personal possessions , and preventing patients from entering or leaving the city . By the end of May , the epidemic was under control . They were widely regarded as acts of tyranny and oppression . Tilak took up this issue by publishing inflammatory articles in his paper Kesari ( Kesari was written in Marathi , and `` Maratha '' was written in English ) , quoting the Hindu scripture , the Bhagavad Gita , to say that no blame could be attached to anyone who killed an oppressor without any thought of reward . Following this , on 22 June 1897 , Commissioner Rand and another British officer , Lt. Ayerst were shot and killed by the Chapekar brothers and their other associates . According to Barbara and Thomas R. Metcalf , Tilak `` almost surely concealed the identities of the perpetrators '' . Tilak was charged with incitement to murder and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment . When he emerged from prison in present - day Mumbai , he was revered as a martyr and a national hero . He adopted a new slogan coined by his associate Kaka Baptista : `` Swaraj ( self - rule ) is my birthright and I shall have it . '' Following the Partition of Bengal , which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement , Tilak encouraged the Swadeshi movement and the Boycott movement . The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods . The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods . Once foreign goods were boycotted , there was a gap which had to be filled by the production of those goods in India itself . Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin . Lala Lajpat Rai , Bal Gangadhar Tilak , Bipin Chandra Pal together popularly known as Lal - Bal - Pal triumvirate Tilak opposed the moderate views of Gopal Krishna Gokhale , and was supported by fellow Indian nationalists Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab . They were referred to as the `` Lal - Bal - Pal triumvirate '' . In 1907 , the annual session of the Congress Party was held at Surat , Gujarat . Trouble broke out over the selection of the new president of the Congress between the moderate and the radical sections of the party . The party split into the radicals faction , led by Tilak , Pal and Lajpat Rai , and the moderate faction . Nationalists like Aurobindo Ghose , V.O. Chidambaram Pillai were Tilak supporters . Sedition charges ( edit ) During his lifetime among other political cases , Bal Gangadhar Tilak had been tried for Sedition Charges in three times by British India Government -- in 1897 , 1909 , and 1916 . In 1897 , Tilak was sentenced to 18 months in prison for preaching disaffection against the Raj . In 1909 , he was again charged with sedition and intensifying racial animosity between Indians and the British . The Bombay lawyer Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Tilak 's defence could not annul the evidence in Tilak 's polemical articles and Tilak was sentenced to six years in prison in Burma . Imprisonment in Mandalay ( edit ) See also : Alipore bomb case On 30 April 1908 , two Bengali youths , Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose , threw a bomb on a carriage at Muzzafarpur , to kill the Chief Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford of Calcutta fame , but erroneously killed two women traveling in it . While Chaki committed suicide when caught , Bose was hanged . Tilak , in his paper Kesari , defended the revolutionaries and called for immediate Swaraj or self - rule . The Government swiftly charged him with sedition . At the conclusion of the trial , a special jury convicted him by 7 : 2 majority . The judge , Dinshaw D. Davar gave him a six years jail sentence to be served in Mandalay , Burma and a fine of Rs 1,000 . On being asked by the judge whether he had anything to say , Tilak said : All that I wish to say is that , in spite of the verdict of the jury , I still maintain that I am innocent . There are higher powers that rule the destinies of men and nations ; and I think , it may be the will of Providence that the cause I represent may be benefited more by my suffering than by my pen and tongue . In passing sentence , the judge indulged in some scathing strictures against Tilak 's conduct . He threw off the judicial restraint which , to some extent , was observable in his charge to the jury . He condemned the articles as `` seething with sedition '' , as preaching violence , speaking of murders with approval . `` You hail the advent of the bomb in India as if something had come to India for its good . I say , such journalism is a curse to the country '' . Tilak was sent to Mandalay from 1908 to 1914 . While imprisoned , he continued to read and write , further developing his ideas on the Indian nationalist movement . While in the prison he wrote the Gita Rahasya . Many copies of which were sold , and the money was donated for the Indian Independence movement. . Life after Mandalay ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tilak developed diabetes during his sentence in Mandalay prison . This and the general ordeal of prison life had mellowed him at his release on 16 June 1914 . When World War I started in August of that year , Tilak cabled the King - Emperor George V of his support and turned his oratory to find new recruits for war efforts . He welcomed The Indian Councils Act , popularly known as Minto - Morley Reforms , which had been passed by British Parliament in May 1909 , terming it as `` a marked increase of confidence between the Rulers and the Ruled '' . It was his conviction that acts of violence actually diminished , rather than hastening , the pace of political reforms . He was eager for reconciliation with Congress and had abandoned his demand for direct action and settled for agitations `` strictly by constitutional means '' -- a line advocated by his rival Gokhale . Tilak tried to convince Mohandas Gandhi to leave the idea of Total non-violence ( `` Total Ahimsa '' ) and try to get self - rule ( `` Swarajya '' ) by all means . All India Home rule League ( edit ) Main article : All India Home Rule League Later , Tilak re-united with his fellow nationalists and re-joined the Indian National Congress in 1916 . He also helped find the All India Home Rule League in 1916 -- 18 , with G.S. Khaparde and Annie Besant . After years of trying to reunite the moderate and radical factions , he gave up and focused on the Home Rule League , which sought self - rule . Tilak travelled from village to village for support from farmers and locals to join the movement towards self - rule . Tilak was impressed by the Russian Revolution , and expressed his admiration for Vladimir Lenin . The league had 1400 members in April 1916 , and by 1917 membership had grown to approximately 32,000 . Tilak started his Home Rule League in Maharashtra , Central Provinces , and Karnataka and Berar region . Besant 's League was active in the rest part of India . Tilak , progressed into a prominent nationalist after his close association with Indian nationalists following the partition of Bengal . When asked in Calcutta whether he envisioned a Maratha - type of government for independent India , Tilak replied that the Maratha - dominated governments of 17th and 18th centuries were outmoded in the 20th century , and he wanted a genuine federal system for Free India where every religion and race was an equal partner . He added that only such a form of government would be able to safeguard India 's freedom . He was the first Congress leader to suggest that Hindi written in the Devanagari script be accepted as the sole national language of India . Religio - political views ( edit ) Tilak sought to unite the Indian population for mass political action throughout his life . For this to happen , he believed there needed to be a comprehensive justification for anti-British pro-Hindu activism . For this end , he sought justification in the supposed original principles of the Ramayana and the Bhagavad Gita . He named this call to activism karma - yoga or the yoga of action . In his interpretation , the Bhagavad Gita reveals this principle in the conversation between Krishna and Arjuna when Krishna exhorts Arjuna to fight his enemies ( which in this case included many members of his family ) because it is his duty . In Tilaks opinion , the Bhagavad Gita provided a strong justification of activism . However , this conflicted with the mainstream exegesis of the text at the time which was predominated by renunciate views and the idea of acts purely for God . This was represented by the two mainstream views at the time by Ramanuja and Adi Shankara . To find support for this philosophy , Tilak wrote his own interpretations of the relevant passages of the Gita and backed his views using Jnanadeva 's commentary on the Gita , Ramanuja 's critical commentary and his own translation of the Gita . His main battle was against the renunciate views of the time which conflicted with worldly activism . To fight this , he went to extents to reinterpret words such as karma , dharma , yoga as well as the concept of renunciation itself . Because he found his rationalization on Hindu religious symbols and lines , this alienated many non-Hindus such as the Muslims who began to ally with the British for support . Social views ( edit ) Tilak was strongly opposed to liberal trends emerging in Pune such as women 's rights and social reforms against untouchability . Women 's issues ( edit ) Tilak vehemently opposed the establishment of the first Native girls High school ( now called Huzurpaga ) in Pune in 1885 and its curriculum using his newspapers , the Mahratta and Kesari . Tilak was also opposed to intercaste marriage , particularly the match where an upper caste woman married a lower caste man . In the case of Deshasthas , Chitpawans and Karhades , he encouraged these three Maharashtrian Brahmin groups to give up `` caste exclusiveness '' and intermarry . Tilak officially opposed the age of consent bill which raised the age of marriage from ten to twelve for girls , however he was willing to sign a circular that increased age of marriage for girls to sixteen and twenty for boys . In his opinion , self - rule took precedence over any social reform . Child bride Rukhmabai was married at the age of eleven but refused to go and live with her husband . The husband sued for restitution of conjugal rights , initially lost but appealed the decision . On 4 March 1887 , Justice Farran , using interpretations of Hindu laws , ordered Rukhmabai to `` go live with her husband or face six months of imprisonment '' . Tilak approved of this decision of the court and said that the court was following Hindu Dharmaśāstras . Rukhmabai responded that she would rather face imprisonment than obey the verdict . Her marriage was later dissolved by Queen Victoria . Later , she went on to receive her Doctor of Medicine degree from the London School of Medicine for Women . In 1890 , when an eleven year old Phulamani Bai died while having sexual intercourse with her much older husband , the Parsi social reformer Behramji Malabari supported the Age of Consent Act , 1891 to raise the age of a girl 's eligibility for marriage . Tilak opposed the Bill and said that the Parsis as well as the English had no jurisdiction over the ( Hindu ) religious matters . He blamed the girl for having `` defective female organs '' and questioned how the husband could be `` persecuted diabolically for doing a harmless act '' . He called the girl one of those `` dangerous freaks of nature '' . Tilak did not have a progressive view when it came to gender relations . He did not believe that Hindu women should get a modern education . Rather , he had a more conservative view , believing that women were meant to be homemakers who had to subordinate themselves to the needs of their husbands and children . Untouchability ( edit ) Tilak refused to sign a petition for the abolition of untouchability in 1918 , two years before his death , although he had spoken against it earlier in a meeting . Esteem for Swami Vivekananda ( edit ) Tilak and Swami Vivekananda had great mutual respect and esteem for each other . They met accidentally while travelling by train in 1892 and Tilak had Vivekananda as a guest in his house . A person who was present there ( Basukaka ) , heard that it was agreed between Vivekananda and Tilak that Tilak would work towards nationalism in the `` political '' arena , while Vivekananda would work for nationalism in the `` religious '' arena . When Vivekanada passed away at a young age , Tilak expressed great sorrow and paid tributes to him in the Kesari . Tilak said about Vivekananda : `` No Hindu , who , has the interests of Hinduism at his heart , could help feeling grieved over Vivekananda 's samadhi . Vivekananda , in short , had taken the work of keeping the banner of Advaita philosophy forever flying among all the nations of the world and made them realize the true greatness of Hindu religion and of the Hindu people . He had hoped that he would crown his achievement with a fulfillment of this task by virtue of his learning , eloquence , enthusiasm and sincerity , just as he had laid a secure foundation for it ; but with Swami 's samadhi these hopes have gone. Thousands of years ago , another saint , Shankaracharya , who , showed to the world the glory and greatness of Hinduism . At the fag of the 19th century , the second Shankaracharya is Vivekananda , who , showed to the world the glory of Hinduism . His work has yet to be completed . We have lost our glory , our independence , everything . '' Conflicts with Shahu over caste issues ( edit ) Shahu had several conflicts with Tilak as the latter agreed with the Brahmin decision of puranic rituals for the Marathas that were intended for Shudras . Tilak even suggested that the Marathas should be `` content '' with the Shudra status assigned to them by the Brahmins . Tilak 's newspapers as well as the press in Kolhapur criticized Shahu for his caste prejudice and his unreasoned hostility towards Brahmins . These included serious allegations such as sexual assaults by Shahu against four Brahmin women . An englishwoman named lady Minto was petitioned to help them . The agent of Shahu had blamed these allegations on the `` troublesome brahmins '' . Tilak and another Brahmin suffered from the confiscation of estates by Shahu , the first during a quarrel between Shahu and the Shankaracharya of Sankareshwar and later in another issue . Social contributions and legacy ( edit ) Further information : Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav and Kesari ( newspaper ) Tilak started two weeklies , Kesari ( `` The Lion '' ) in Marathi and Mahratta in English ( sometimes referred as ' Maratha ' in Academic Study Books ) in 1880 -- 81 with Gopal Ganesh Agarkar as the first editor . By this he was recognized as ' awakener of India ' . As Kesari later became a daily and continues publication to this day . In 1894 , Tilak transformed the household worshipping of Ganesha into a grand public event ( Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav ) . The celebrations consisted of several days of processions , music and food . They were organized by the means of subscriptions by neighbourhood , caste , or occupation . Students often would celebrate Hindu and national glory and address political issues ; including patronage of Swadeshi goods . In 1895 , Tilak founded the Shri Shivaji Fund Committee for celebration of `` Shiv Jayanti '' , the birth anniversary of Chhatrapati Shivaji , the founder of the Maratha Empire . The project also had the objective of funding the reconstruction of the tomb ( Samadhi ) of Shivaji at Raigad Fort . For this second objective , Tilak established the Shri Shivaji Raigad Smarak Mandal along with Senapati Khanderao Dabhade II of Talegaon Dabhade , who became the founder President of the Mandal . The events like the Ganapati festival and Shiv Jayanti were used by Tilak to build a national spirit beyond the circle of educated elite in opposition to colonial rule . But it also exacerbated Hindu - Muslim differences . The festival organizers would urge Hindus to protect cows and boycott the Muharram celebrations organized by Shi'a Muslims , in which Hindus had formerly often participated . Thus , although the celebrations were meant to be a way to oppose colonial rule , they also contributed to religious tensions . Contemporary Marathi Hindu nationalist parties like the Shivsena took up his reverence for Shivaji . However , Indian Historian , Uma Chakravarti cites Professor Gordon Johnson and states `` It is significant that even at the time when Tilak was making political use of Shivaji the question of conceding Kshatriya status to him as maratha was resisted by the conservative Brahmins including Tilak . While Shivaji was a Brave man , all his bravery , it was argued , did not give him the right to a status that very nearly approached that of a Brahmin . Further , the fact that Shivaji worshiped the Brahmmanas in no way altered social relations , ' since it was as a Shudra he did it - as a Shudra the servant , if not the slave , of the Brahmin ' '' . The Deccan Education Society that Tilak founded with others in the 1880s still runs Institutions in Pune like the Fergusson College . The Swadeshi movement started by Tilak at the beginning of the 20th century became part of the Independence movement until that goal was achieved in 1947 . One can even say Swadeshi remained part of Indian Government policy until the 1990s when the Congress Government liberalised the economy . Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir , a theatre auditorium in Pune is dedicated to him . In 2007 , the Government of India released a coin to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Tilak . Tilak said , `` I regard India as my Motherland and my Goddess , the people in India are my kith and kin , and loyal and steadfast work for their political and social emancipation is my highest religion and duty '' . Lokmanya : Ek Yug Purush is a film released on January 2 , 2015 based on his life . Directed by Om Raut , Tilak is played by actor Subodh Bhave . Books ( edit ) In 1903 , he wrote the book The Arctic Home in the Vedas . In it , he argued that the Vedas could only have been composed in the Arctics , and the Aryan bards brought them south after the onset of the last ice age . He proposed a new way to determine the exact time of the Vedas . In `` The Orion '' He tried to calculate the time of Vedas by using the position of different Nakshatras . Positions of Nakshtras were described in different Vedas . Tilak authored `` Shrimadh Bhagvad Gita Rahasya '' in prison at Mandalay -- the analysis of ' Karma Yoga ' in the Bhagavad Gita , which is known to be gift of the Vedas and the Upanishads . Descendants ( edit ) Tilak 's son , Shridhar was a campaigner for social reforms in India . Shridhar 's son , Jayantrao Tilak ( 1921 - 2001 ) was editor of the Kesari newspaper for many years . Jayantrao was also a politician from the Congress party . He was a member of the Parliament of India representing Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament . He was also a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council . Mukta Tilak , the wife of Tilak 's great - grandson Shailesh Tilak was elected Pune 's mayor in 2017 . Mukta Tilak is a Bhartiya Janata Party member . Rohit Tilak , a descendant of Bal Gangadhar Tilak is a Pune based Congress party politician . In 2017 , a woman with whom he had an extra-marital affair accused him of rape and other crimes . He is currently out on bail in connection with these charges . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maharashtra Gazetteer Official Ratnagiri website Archived 16 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Lokmanya Tilak -- A Biography Britannica Jump up ^ D.V. Tahmankar ( 1956 ) . Lokamany Tilak : Father of Indian Unrest and Maker of Modern India . John Murray ; 1st Edition ( 1956 ) . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak - N R. Inamdar Jump up ^ Brown , Donald Mackenzie ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . The Nationalist Movement : Indian Political Thought from Ranade to Bhave . University of California Press . p. 76 . ISBN 9780520001831 . Jump up ^ Karve , D.D. `` The Deccan Education Society '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 20 ( 2 ) : 206 -- 207 . doi : 10.2307 / 2050484 . ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 ) . Makers of Modern India . Cambridge : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Michael Edwardes , A History of India ( New York : Farrar , Straus and Cudahy , 1961 ) , 322 . Jump up ^ N.R. Inamdar ( 1983 ) . Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak . Concept Publishing Company . p. 20 . GGKEY : K00Z79DFC6R . ^ Jump up to : Donald Mackenzie Brown `` The Congress . '' The Nationalist Movement : Indian Political Thought from Ranade to Bhave ( 1961 ) : 34 ^ Jump up to : Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of India ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521682251 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka Baptista '' . East Indian Community . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ranbir Vohra , The Making of India : A Historical Survey ( Armonk : M.E. Sharpe , Inc , 1997 ) , 120 Jump up ^ Stanley A. Wolpert , Tilak and Gokhale : revolution and reform in the making of modern India ( 1962 ) p 67 Jump up ^ `` FIRST TILAK TRIAL - 1897 '' . Bombay High Court . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SECOND TILAK TRIAL - 1909 '' . Bombay High Court . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THIRD TILAK TRIAL - 1916 '' . Bombay High Court . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remove portrait of judge who sentenced Bal Gangadhar Tilak '' . Mumbai : Indian Express . 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Asian History. `` Tilak , Bal Gangadhar '' ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons and Macmillan Publishing Company , 1988 ) , 98 . Jump up ^ M.V.S. Koteswara Rao . Communist Parties and United Front -- Experience in Kerala and West Bengal . Hyderabad : Prajasakti Book House , 2003 . p. 82 Jump up ^ Mohammad Tarique . Modern Indian History . Tata McGraw Hill . Jump up ^ Prof R.P. Chaturvedi . `` Great Personalities '' , Upkar 's , p. 144R Jump up ^ Harvey , Mark ( 1986 ) . `` Secular as Sacred ? - The Religio - Political Rationalization of B.G. Tilak '' . Modern Asian Studies . 20 : 321 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00000858 . JSTOR 312578 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Mark ( 1986 ) . `` The Secular as Sacred ? - The Religio - Political Rationalization of B.G. Tilak '' . Modern Asian Studies . 20 : 322 -- 324 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00000858 . JSTOR 312578 . ^ Jump up to : Christophe Jaffrelot ( 2005 ) . Dr. Ambedkar and Untouchability : Fighting the Indian Caste System . Columbia University Press . p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , P.V. ( 2008 ) . `` Women 's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India : Part II -- Higher Education '' . Indian Journal of Gender Studies . 15 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 148 . doi : 10.1177 / 097152150701500108 . ^ Jump up to : Dorothy M. Figueira ( 2002 ) . Aryans , Jews , Brahmins : Theorizing Authority through Myths of Identity . State University of New York Press . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Rao , P.V. ( 2007 ) . `` Women 's Education and the Nationalist Response in Western India : Part I - Basic Education '' . Indian Journal of Gender Studies . 14 ( 2 ) : 307 . doi : 10.1177 / 097152150701400206 . ^ Jump up to : Omvedt , Gail ( 1974 ) . `` Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 9 ( 6 / 8 ) : 201 -- 219 . JSTOR 4363419 . Jump up ^ Sandhya Gokhale ( 2008 ) . The Chitpavans : social ascendancy of a creative minority . p. 147 . As early as 1881 , in a few articles Bal Gangadhar Tilak , the resolute thinker and the enfant terrible of Indian politics , wrote comprehensive discourses on the need for united front by the Chitpavans , Deshasthas and the Karhades . Invoking the urgent necessity of this remarkable Brahmans combination , Tilak urged sincerely that these three groups of Brahmans should give up caste exclusiveness by encouraging inter sub-caste marriages and community dining . '' Jump up ^ Cashman , Richard I. ( 1975 ) . The myth of the Lokamanya : Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 52 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0520024076 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Geraldine Hancock Forbes ( 1999 ) . Women in Modern India , Part 4 , Volume 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Shompa Lahiri . Indians in Britain : Anglo - Indian Encounters , Race and Identity , 1880 - 1930 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Chandra , Sudhir ( 1996 ) . `` Rukhmabai : Debate over Woman 's Right to Her Person '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 31 ( 44 ) : 2937 -- 2947 . JSTOR 4404742 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Helen ( 2003 ) . Queen Victoria : A Biographical Companion . ABC - CLIO . p. 429 . ISBN 9781851093557 . Jump up ^ Vishwanath Prasad Varma ; Lakshmi Narain Agarwa ( 1978 ) . The Life and Philosophy of Lokamanya Tilak : With Excerpts from Original Sources . THE RELATIONS OF TILAK AND VIVEKANANDA The personal relations between Tilak and Swami Vivekananda ( 1863 - 1902 ) were marked by great mutual regards and esteem . In 1892 , Tilak was returning from Bombay to Poona and had occupied a seat in a second - class railway compartment . Some Gujratis accompanied Swami Vivekananda who also came and sat in the same compartment . The Gujarati introduced the Swami to Tilak and requested the Swami to stay with the latter ... Jump up ^ P.R. Bhuyan ( 2003 ) . Swami Vivekananda : Messiah of Resurgent India . p. 191 . 93 . Among the Congress men there was one exception and that was Bal Gangadhar Tilak , whose patriotism was marked by ' sacrifice , scholastic fervour and militancy . ' 94 Tilak a great scholar , was also a fearless patriot , who wanted to meet the challenge of British imperialism with passive resistance and boycott of British goods . This programme came to the forefront in 1905 - 7 , some years after the death of Swami Vivekananda . It would be useless to speculate what Swamiji would have ... Jump up ^ `` The Vedanta Kesari - Volume 65 '' . 1978 . p. 407 . Here it will not be out of place to refer to Tilak 's views of Swami Vivekananda whom he did not know intimately ; but Swamiji 's dynamic personality and powerful exposition of the Vedantic doctrine , could not fail to impress Tilak . When Swamiji 's great soul sought eternal rest on the 4th July 1902 , Tilak , paying his tributes to him , wrote in his Kesari : `` No Hindu who has the interest of Hinduism at his heart , can help feeling grieved over Swami Vivekananda 's Samadhi '' Jump up ^ `` Yuva Bharati - Volume 7 '' . 1979 . p. 70 . According to Basukaka , when Swamiji was living in Tilak 's house as the latter 's guest , Basukaka , who was present there , heard that it was agreed between Vivekananda and Tilak that Tilak would work for nationalism in the political field , while Vivekananda would work for nationalism in the religious field . Tilak and Vivekananda Now let us see what Tilak had himself to say about the meeting he had with Swamiji . Writing in the Vedanta Kesari ( January 934 ) , Tilak recalled the meeting ... Jump up ^ A.K. Bhagwat ; G.P. Pradhan ( 2015 ) . Lokmanya Tilak -- A Biography . p. 226 ... Vivekanand was another powerful influence in turning the thoughts of Tilak from western to eastern philosophy . No Hindu , he says , who , has the interests of Hinduism at his heart , could help feeling grieved over Vivekananda 's samadhi ... Vivekananda , in short , had taken the work of keeping the banner of advaita philosophy forever flying among all the nations of the world and made them realize the true greatness of Hindu religion and of the Hindu people . He had hoped that he would crown his achievement with a fullfilment of this task by virtue of his learning , eloquence , enthusiasm and sincerity , just as he had laid a secure foundation for it ; but with Swami 's samadhi these hopes have gone. Thousands of years ago , another saint , Shankaracharya , showed to the world the glory and greatness of Hinduism . At the fag of the 19th century , the second Shankaracharya is Vivekananda , who , showed to the world the glory of Hinduism . His work has yet to be completed . We have lost our glory , our independence , everything . Jump up ^ Mike Shepperdson ; Colin Simmons ( 1988 ) . The Indian National Congress Party and Political Economy in India , 1885 - 1985 . p. 109 . This connection with the British has tended to obscure an equally important significance in Shahu 's exchanges with Tilak , especially in the dispute over the Vedokta , the right of Shahu 's family and of other Marathas to use the vedic rituals of the twice - born kshatriya , rather than the puranic rituals and shudra status with which Tilak and conservative Brahman opinion held that the Marathas should be content . Jump up ^ Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism : Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880 - 1915 ( Cambridge South Asian Studies ) . Cambridge University Press ; 2nd edition ( August 4 , 2005 ) . p. 104 . The anti - durbar pressin kolhapur aligned itself with Tilak 's newspapers and reproved Shahu for his caste prejudice and his unreasoned hostility towards Brahmins . To the Bombay government , and to the Vicereine herself , the Brahmins in Kolhapur presented themselves as the victims of a ruthless persecution by the Maharaja ... Both Natu and Tilak suffered from the durbar 's confiscation of estates - first during the confiscation of estates in Kolhapur - the first during a quarrel between Shahu and the Shankaracharya of Sankareshwar. S ee , for example , samarth , 8 august 1906 , quoted in I. Copland , ' The Maharaja of Kolhapur ' , in Modern Asian studies , vol II , no 2 ( April 1973 ) , 218 . In 1906 , the ' poor helpless women ' of Kolhapur petitioned lady Minto alleging that four Brahmin ladies had been forcibly seduced by the Maharaja and that the Political Agent had refused to act in the matter. Broadsheets were distributed maintaining ' no beautiful woman is immune from the violence of the Maharaja ... and the Brahmins being special objects of hatred no Brahmin women can hope to escape this shameful fate ' ... But the agent blamed everything on the troublesome brahmins . Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica : Solovyov - Truck , Volume 11 . p. 772 . Jump up ^ Uma Chakravarti ( 2013 ) . Rewriting History : The Life and Times of Pandita Ramabai . Zubaan Books . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Tilak family awaits 3 lakh coins '' . Pune : Indian Express . 5 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flawed ' Tilak coin ' upsets many '' . Pune : Zee News . 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Minor Robert ( 1986 ) . Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita . State University of NY press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 298 - 9 Jump up ^ Bal Gangadhar Thilak , `` Orion , or Researches into the Antiquities of the Vedas '' , 1893 Jump up ^ Thorat , Sukhdeo . `` 9th Dr. Asghar Ali Engineer Memorial Lecture on 5th August 2017 `` Why Untouchability , Caste Discrimination and Atrocities still persists despite Law ? Reflections on Causes for Persistence and Solutions '' '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Study of Society and Secularism . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rajya Sabha Web Site '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mukta Tilak , MBA , is Pune 's first BJP mayor '' . The Hindu . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ROHIT TILAK 'S BAIL IN RAPE CASE EXTENDED BY COURT '' . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great grandson of Bal Gangadhar Tilak charged with rape in Pune '' . 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Lokmanya Tilak : A Biography , by AK Bhagwat and GP Pradhan ( Publisher JAICO ) Shrimad Bhagwat Geeta : Geeta Rahasya by Lokmanya Tilak ( Sharda Prakashan ) Parimala V. Rao ( 2011 ) . Foundations of Tilak 's Nationalism : Discrimination , Education and Hindutva . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 4268 - 6 . Ram Gopal , Lokmanya Tilak -- A Biography External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Bal Gangadhar Tilak Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bal Gangadhar Tilak . Marathi Wikisource has original text related to this article : बाळ गंगाधर टिळक Bal Gangadhar Tilak materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive ( SAADA ) Full and authentic report of the Tilak trial ( 1908 ) being the only authorised verbatim account of the whole proceedings with introduction and character sketch of Bal Gangadhar Tikak : Together with press opinion , 1908 , Narsinha Chintaman Kelkar Antiquity of the Hindu Calendar , an interactive aid to understanding `` The Orion '' by Bal Gangadhar Thilak by Kishore S Kumar `` Tilak , Bal Gangadhar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed . ) . 1922 . 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Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijaya Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Category Hindu reform movements Ayyavazhi Arya Samaj Brahma Kumaris BAPS Chinmaya Mission Divine Life Society ISKCON Ramakrishna Mission Sri Aurobindo Ashram Swadhyay Parivar Swaminarayan Sampraday YSS Topics Bhakti Brahmacharya Caste Persecution of Hindus Shuddhi Women in Hinduism Reformers and revivalist writers Arumuka Navalar Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Dayananda Saraswati Debendranath Tagore Keshub Chandra Sen Mahatma Gandhi Mirra Alfassa Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar Pandurang Shastri Athavale Ram Mohan Roy Ramakrishna Sister Nivedita Sivananda Saraswati Sri Aurobindo Swami Shraddhanand Swami Vipulananda Swaminarayan Vivekananda more Modern Hindu writers ( 1848 to date ) Hinduism Hinduism in the West Indian philosophy Indian religions Religious writers Mirra Alfassa ( The Mother ) Sri Anirvan Sri Aurobindo Ananda Coomaraswamy Dayananda Eknath Easwaran Satsvarupa dasa Goswami Mahendranath Gupta Jiddu Krishnamurti Nisargadatta Maharaj Ramana Maharshi Sister Nivedita Swami Prabhavananda A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Krishna Prem Swami Rama Swami Ramdas Chinmayananda Saraswati Dayananda Saraswati ( Arya Samaj ) Krishnananda Saraswati Sivananda Saraswati Swami Shraddhanand Ram Swarup Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Political writers Mahatma Gandhi François Gautier Sita Ram Goel Ram Gopal Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan H.V. Sheshadri Arun Shourie Bal Gangadhar Tilak Literary writers Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Ramdhari Singh Dinkar C. Rajagopalachari K.D. Sethna Amish Tripathi Westerners influenced by Hinduism Annie Besant Helena Blavatsky Deepak Chopra Aleister Crowley Ram Dass Wayne Dyer T.S. Eliot R.W. Emerson Allen Ginsberg René Guénon George Harrison Aldous Huxley Christopher Isherwood David Lynch André Malraux Henry Miller Maria Montessori H.S. Olcott Oppenheimer Helena Roerich Romain Rolland Arthur Schopenhauer Erwin Schrödinger Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Voltaire Alan Watts Ken Wilber W.B. Yeats Sam Harris Scholars Alain Daniélou S.N. Balagangadhara Michel Danino Paul Deussen Dharampal Mircea Eliade Koenraad Elst Georg Feuerstein David Frawley Meenakshi Jain Subhash Kak Nicholas Kazanas Klaus Klostermaier Hajime Nakamura Harsh Narain Rajiv Malhotra Anantanand Rambachan Ramesh Nagaraj Rao Yvette Rosser Arvind Sharma Graham Schweig Lists List of modern Eastern religions writers List of writers on Hinduism Hinduism Portal Indian religions Portal India Portal Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%20Gangadhar%20Tilak
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who sings you are everything and everything is you
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You Are Everything
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you are everything
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`` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' ( 1971 ) `` You Are Everything '' ( 1971 ) `` Betcha by Golly , Wow '' ( 1972 ) `` You Are Everything '' is a soul song written by Thom Bell and Linda Creed that was originally recorded by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics . Contents 1 The Stylistics version 2 Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross version 3 Covers and samples 4 References 5 External links The Stylistics version ( edit ) An R&B ballad , it was the sixth track from their 1971 debut self - titled album and was released as a single in 1971 and reached # 9 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . In addition , it also climbed to # 10 in the Billboard R&B chart and reached number # 24 in the Billboard Easy Listening chart . The Stylistics ' recording sold over one million copies globally , earning the band a gold disc The award was presented by the RIAA on January 3 , 1972 . It was the band 's first gold disc . The song was used in two episodes of the TV series The Wonder Years , entitled `` Denial '' and `` Double Double Date '' . It was also used in a 2002 episode of The King of Queens , called `` Business Affairs '' . The song was featured at a dance in the 2005 comedy , The Ringer . Chart ( 1971 - 72 ) Peak position Australia KMR 17 Canada RPM Top Singles 25 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 24 U.S. Billboard R&B Singles 10 Marvin Gaye and Diana Ross version ( edit ) `` You Are Everything '' Single by Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye from the album Diana & Marvin B - side `` Include Me in Your Life '' Released January 1974 Format 7 '' Genre Soul Length 3 : 10 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Thom Bell , Linda Creed Producer ( s ) Hal Davis Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye singles chronology `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' ( 1974 ) `` You Are Everything '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Knock My Love '' ( 1974 ) `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' ( 1974 ) `` You Are Everything '' ( 1974 ) `` Do n't Knock My Love '' ( 1974 ) Another cover was by one - time Motown singing duo , Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye . Released as the second UK single from their Diana & Marvin album , the song reached # 5 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1974 , and also became the first official Motown single to be awarded with silver disc for sales in excess of 200,000 copies . It also reached # 13 on the Dutch charts and # 20 on the Irish Singles Chart . It was never released as a single in the U.S. Covers and samples ( edit ) Other artists to have covered the song , or referenced it , over the years include : In 1973 , The Pearls , a 1970s vocal girl duo from Liverpool , were the first artists to chart with this song in the UK , early that year . It was released on the Bell label and reached number 41 in the UK Singles Chart . Around 1988 , Judas Priest recorded a cover of the song in collaboration with Stock Aitken Waterman as a demo . Portions of the demo were leaked out to the public in 2015 , but it has never been officially released in its entirety . In 1991 , Rod Stewart included his version on the album Vagabond Heart . In 1993 , David Hasselhoff covered the song for the album of the same name . In 1995 , Melanie Williams and Joe Roberts enjoyed a UK Top 40 hit with their version of the track , which peaked at number 28 . In 1997 , American singer Mary J. Blige samples and interpolates the song on her hit `` Everything '' from her album Share My World . In 1997 , Canadian singer and actress Deborah Cox sampled `` You Are Everything '' for her single , `` Things Just Ai n't the Same '' from the soundtrack of the 1997 film Money Talks . In 1999 , rapper Lil ' Cease sampled the song on his album The Wonderful World of Cease A Leo , on a song titled `` Everything '' ( feat . 112 ( band ) ) . In 2002 , singer Jennifer Lopez sampled the song for her track `` The One '' on her album This Is Me ... Then . In 2005 , singer Vanessa L. Williams performed the song on her cover album titled Everlasting Love . Her version was a hit on the Smooth jazz , Dance and Adult Contemporary charts . In 2006 , former Destiny 's Child member LeToya Luckett sampled the song in her hit `` Torn '' . In 2013 , German rapper Eko Fresh sampled the song on the track `` Alte Zeit '' from his seventh album Eksodus . Craig David - sampled for `` Kinda Girl For Me '' from the album Trust Me Nivea ( singer ) - sampled for `` I Ca n't Mess With You '' from the album Complicated Usher - sampled for the song titled `` Love in This Club , Pt. II '' featuring Beyoncé and Lil Wayne , released as a single in 2008 and as part of his album Here I Stand . Childish Gambino - sampled for Put It In My Video from the 2010 album CULDESAC Leessang - sampled for `` Rush '' from the album Leessang of Honey Family References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lytle , Craig . `` The Stylistics '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Allmusic - Charts & Awards Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 223 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 421 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Mary J. Blige 's Everything sample of The Stylistics 's You Are Everything '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez 's The One sample of The Stylistics 's You Are Everything '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Eko Fresh -- Alte Zeit Lyrics '' . Rap Genius . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Stylistics Airrion Love Herb Murrell Jason Sharpe Barrington `` Bo '' Henderson Russell Thompkins , Jr . James Dunn James Smith Raymond Johnson Van Fields Harold Eban Brown Michael Muse Studio albums The Stylistics Round 2 Rockin ' Roll Baby Let 's Put It All Together Compilation albums The Best of the Stylistics The Best of the Stylistics Volume II Singles `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Betcha by Golly , Wow '' `` I 'm Stone in Love with You '' `` Break Up to Make Up '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` You Make Me Feel Brand New '' `` Ca n't Give You Anything ( But My Love ) '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` Satin Doll '' `` Shame and Scandal in the Family '' `` Always on My Mind '' Related articles Discography Avco Records H&L Records Book : The Stylistics Diana Ross Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Diana Ross ( 1970 ) Everything Is Everything Surrender Touch Me in the Morning Diana & Marvin Last Time I Saw Him Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Baby It 's Me Ross ( 1978 ) The Boss Diana Why Do Fools Fall in Love Silk Electric Ross ( 1983 ) Swept Away Eaten Alive Red Hot Rhythm & Blues Workin ' Overtime The Force Behind the Power A Very Special Season Take Me Higher Every Day Is a New Day Blue I Love You Diana Ross Sings Songs from The Wiz Compilations Greatest Hits Diana Ross ' Greatest Hits 20 Golden Greats To Love Again All the Great Hits Forever Diana : Musical Memoirs One Woman : The Ultimate Collection Diana Extended : The Remixes Voice of Love Love & Life : The Very Best of Diana Ross The Definitive Collection The Greatest Upside Down : The Collection Live releases Live at Caesars Palace An Evening with Diana Ross Greatest Hits Live Stolen Moments : The Lady Sings ... Jazz and Blues Christmas in Vienna Soundtrack albums Diana ! Lady Sings the Blues Mahogany The Wiz Tours Return to Love Tour I Love You Tour More Today Than Yesterday : The Greatest Hits Tour In the Name of Love Tour The Essential Diana Ross : Some Memories Never Fade Related topics The Supremes Rhonda Ross Kendrick ( daughter ) Tracee Ellis Ross ( daughter ) Evan Ross ( son ) Arne Næss , Jr. ( second husband ) Arthur `` T - Boy '' Ross ( brother ) Berry Gordy Diana Ross Playground Book Category Template Diana Ross singles Discography 1970s singles `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Remember Me '' `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' `` Surrender '' `` I 'm Still Waiting '' `` Good Morning Heartache '' `` Touch Me in the Morning '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Last Time I Saw Him '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Love Hangover '' `` Gettin ' Ready for Love '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` The Boss '' `` It 's My House '' 1980s singles `` Upside Down '' `` I 'm Coming Out '' `` My Old Piano '' `` It 's My Turn '' `` Endless Love '' `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` Muscles '' `` Pieces of Ice '' `` All of You '' `` Swept Away '' `` Missing You '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Chain Reaction '' 1990 -- 2000s singles `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( Remix ) `` Take Me Higher '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Not Over You Yet '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' Featured singles `` A Brand New Day '' `` We Are the World '' Book Category Template Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes The Marquees Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Vanessa Williams Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums The Right Stuff The Comfort Zone The Sweetest Days Star Bright Next Silver & Gold Everlasting Love The Real Thing Compilations Greatest Hits : The First Ten Years Love Songs Singles `` The Right Stuff '' `` ( He 's Got ) the Look '' `` Dreamin ' '' `` Darlin ' I '' `` Running Back to You '' `` The Comfort Zone '' `` Save the Best for Last '' `` Work to Do '' `` Just for Tonight '' `` Love Is '' `` The Sweetest Days '' `` The Way That You Love '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` Do You Hear What I Hear / The Little Drummer Boy '' `` Happiness '' `` Oh How the Years Go By '' `` Merry Christmas Darling '' `` You Are Everything '' `` The Real Thing '' Relatives William A. Feilds Chris Williams Jillian Hervey Related topics Teri Joseph Wilhelmina Slater Renee Perry Vanessa Williams and Miss America Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Are_Everything&oldid=850534166 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1971 singles 1974 singles The Stylistics songs Diana Ross songs Marvin Gaye songs Vanessa Williams songs The Pearls songs Soul ballads Vocal duets Songs written by Thom Bell Songs written by Linda Creed 1971 songs Avco Records singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 13 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Are%20Everything
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where do they get the skin for breast implants
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Breast implant
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breast implant
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A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size , shape , and contour of a woman 's breast . In reconstructive plastic surgery , breast implants can be placed to restore a natural looking breast mound for post -- mastectomy breast reconstruction patients or to correct congenital defects and deformities of the chest wall . They are also used cosmetically to enhance or enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery .
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Play media ( video ) A doctor marking the chest for implants . There are three general types of breast implant devices , defined by their filler material : saline solution , silicone gel , and composite filler . The saline implant has an elastomer silicone shell filled with sterile saline solution during surgery ; the silicone implant has an elastomer silicone shell pre-filled with viscous silicone gel ; and the alternative composition implants featured miscellaneous fillers , such as soy oil , polypropylene string , etc . Composite implants are typically not recommended for use anymore and , in fact , their use is banned in the United States and Europe due to associated health risks and complications . In surgical practice , for the reconstruction of a breast , the tissue expander device is a temporary breast prosthesis used to form and establish an implant pocket for the future permanent breast implant . For the correction of male breast defects and deformities , the pectoral implant is the breast prosthesis used for the reconstruction and the aesthetic repair of a man 's chest wall ( see : gynecomastia and mastopexy ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th century 1.2 The 20th century 2 Types 2.1 Saline implants 2.2 Silicone gel implants 2.2. 1 First generation 2.2. 2 Second generation 2.2. 3 Third and Fourth generations 2.2. 4 Fifth generation 3 Psychology 4 Surgical procedures 4.1 Indications 4.2 Incision types 4.3 Implant pocket placement 4.4 Post-surgical recovery 5 Complications 5.1 Implant rupture 5.2 Capsular contracture 5.3 Repair and revision surgeries 6 Systemic Illness and ALCL Cancer 6.1 Systemic disease and sickness 6.2 Platinum toxicity 6.3 Anaplastic large cell lymphoma 7 Implants and breast - feeding 8 Implants and mammography 9 U.S. FDA approval 10 Criticism 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Vincenz Czerny ( 1842 -- 1916 ) , a surgical pioneer in breast reconstruction . 19th century ( edit ) Since the late nineteenth century , breast implants have been used to surgically augment the size ( volume ) , modify the shape ( contour ) , and enhance the feel ( tact ) of a woman 's breasts . In 1895 , surgeon Vincenz Czerny effected the earliest breast implant emplacement when he used the patient 's autologous adipose tissue , harvested from a benign lumbar lipoma , to repair the asymmetry of the breast from which he had removed a tumor . In 1889 , surgeon Robert Gersuny experimented with paraffin injections , with disastrous results . The 20th century ( edit ) From the first half of the twentieth century , physicians used other substances as breast implant fillers -- ivory , glass balls , ground rubber , ox cartilage , Terylene wool , gutta - percha , Dicora , polyethylene chips , Ivalon ( polyvinyl alcohol -- formaldehyde polymer sponge ) , a polyethylene sac with Ivalon , polyether foam sponge ( Etheron ) , polyethylene tape ( Polystan ) strips wound into a ball , polyester ( polyurethane foam sponge ) Silastic rubber , and teflon - silicone prostheses . In the mid-twentieth century , Morton I. Berson , in 1945 , and Jacques Maliniac , in 1950 , each performed flap - based breast augmentations by rotating the patient 's chest wall tissue into the breast to increase its volume . Furthermore , throughout the 1950s and the 1960s , plastic surgeons used synthetic fillers -- including silicone injections received by some 50,000 women , from which developed silicone granulomas and breast hardening that required treatment by mastectomy . In 1961 , the American plastic surgeons Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow , and the Dow Corning Corporation , developed the first silicone breast prosthesis , filled with silicone gel ; in due course , the first augmentation mammoplasty was performed in 1962 using the Cronin -- Gerow Implant , prosthesis model 1963 . In 1964 , the French company Laboratoires Arion developed and manufactured the saline breast implant , filled with saline solution , and then introduced for use as a medical device in 1964 . Types ( edit ) Saline - solution - filled breast implant device models . The original breast implant : the Cronin -- Gerow Implant , prosthesis model 1963 , was an anatomic tear - shaped design that featured a posterior fastener made of Dacron , to affix it in the implant pocket . Late - generation models of silicone gel - filled prostheses . Today , there are two types of breast implants commonly used for mammoplasty , breast reconstruction , and breast augmentation procedures : saline implant filled with sterile saline solution . silicone implant filled with viscous silicone gel . Saline implants ( edit ) The saline breast implant -- filled with saline solution ( biological - concentration salt water 0.90 % w / v of NaCl , ca . 300 mOsm / L . ) -- was first manufactured by the Laboratoires Arion company , in France , and was introduced for use as a prosthetic medical device in 1964 . The contemporary models of saline breast implant are manufactured with thicker , room - temperature vulcanized ( RTV ) shells made of a silicone elastomer . The study In vitro Deflation of Pre-filled Saline Breast Implants ( 2006 ) reported that the rates of deflation ( filler leakage ) of the pre-filled saline breast implant made it a second - choice prosthesis for corrective breast surgery . Nonetheless , in the 1990s , the saline breast implant was the prosthesis most common device used for breast augmentation surgery in the United States , because of the U.S. FDA 's restriction against the implantation of silicone - filled breast implants outside of clinical studies . Saline breast implants have enjoyed little popularity in the rest of the world , possessing negligible market share . The technical goal of saline - implant technology was a physically less invasive surgical technique for emplacing an empty breast implant device through a smaller surgical incision . In surgical praxis , after having emplaced the empty breast implants to the implant pockets , the plastic surgeon then filled each device with saline solution , and , because the required insertion - incisions are short and small , the resultant incision - scars will be smaller and shorter than the surgical scars usual to the long incisions required for inserting pre-filled , silicone - gel implants . When compared to the results achieved with a silicone - gel breast implant , the saline implant can yield acceptable results , of increased breast - size , smoother hemisphere - contour , and realistic texture ; yet , it is likelier to cause cosmetic problems , such as the rippling and the wrinkling of the breast - envelope skin , accelerated lower breast pole stretch , and technical problems , such as the presence of the implant being noticeable to the eye and to the touch . The occurrence of such cosmetic problems is likelier in the case of the woman with very little breast tissue , and in the case of the woman who requires post-mastectomy breast reconstruction ; thus , the silicone - gel implant is the technically superior prosthetic device for breast augmentation , and for breast reconstruction . In the case of the woman with much breast tissue , for whom sub-muscular emplacement is the recommended surgical approach , saline breast implants can produce an aesthetic result much like that afforded by silicone breast implants , albeit with greater implant palpability . Silicone gel implants ( edit ) As a medical device technology , there are five generations of silicone breast implant , each defined by common model - manufacturing techniques . The modern prosthetic breast was invented in 1961 by the American plastic surgeons Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow , and manufactured by the Dow Corning Corporation ; in due course , the first augmentation mammoplasty was performed in 1962 . First generation ( edit ) The Cronin -- Gerow Implant , prosthesis model 1963 , was a silicone rubber envelope - sac , shaped like a teardrop , which was filled with viscous silicone - gel . To reduce the rotation of the emplaced breast implant upon the chest wall , the model 1963 prosthesis was affixed to the implant pocket with a fastener - patch , made of Dacron material ( Polyethylene terephthalate ) , which was attached to the rear of the breast implant shell . Second generation ( edit ) In the 1970s , manufacturers presented the second generation of breast implant prostheses that featured functional developments and aesthetic improvements to the technology : the first technological developments were a thinner - gauge device - shell , and a filler gel of low - cohesion silicone , which improved the functionality and the verisimilitude ( size , appearance , and texture ) of the silicone - gel breast implant . Yet , in clinical practice , second - generation breast implants proved fragile , and suffered greater incidences of shell rupture , and of filler leakage ( `` silicone - gel bleed '' ) through the intact device shell . The consequent , increased incidence - rates of medical complications ( e.g. capsular contracture ) precipitated faulty - product , class action - lawsuits , by the U.S. government , against the Dow Corning Corporation , and other manufacturers of breast prostheses . the second technological development was a polyurethane foam coating for the shell of the breast implant ; the coating reduced the incidence of capsular contracture , by causing an inflammatory reaction that impeded the formation of a capsule of fibrous collagen tissue around the breast implant . Nevertheless , despite that prophylactic measure , the medical use of polyurethane - coated breast implants was briefly discontinued , because of the potential health - risk posed by 2 , 4 - toluenediamine ( TDA ) , a carcinogenic by - product of the chemical breakdown of the polyurethane foam coating of the breast implant . After reviewing the medical data , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that TDA - induced breast cancer was an infinitesimal health - risk to women with breast implants , and did not justify legally requiring physicians to explain the matter to their patients . In the event , polyurethane - coated breast implants remain in plastic surgery practice in Europe and in South America ; and no manufacturer has sought FDA approval for medical sales of such breast implants in the U.S. the third technological development was the double lumen breast implant device , a double - cavity prosthesis composed of a silicone breast implant contained within a saline breast implant . The two-fold , technical goal was : ( i ) the cosmetic benefits of silicone - gel ( the inner lumen ) enclosed in saline solution ( the outer lumen ) ; ( ii ) a breast implant device the volume of which is post-operatively adjustable . Nevertheless , the more complex design of the double - lumen breast implant suffered a device - failure rate greater than that of single - lumen breast implants . The contemporary versions of second - generation breast implant devices ( presented in 1984 ) are the `` Becker Expandable '' models of breast implant , which are primarily used for breast reconstruction . Third and Fourth generations ( edit ) In the 1980s , the models of the Third and of the Fourth generations of breast implant devices were sequential advances in manufacturing technology , such as elastomer - coated shells that decreased gel - bleed ( filler leakage ) , and a thicker ( increased - cohesion ) filler gel . Sociologically , the manufacturers of prosthetic breasts then designed and made anatomic models ( natural breast ) and shaped models ( round , tapered ) that realistically corresponded with the breast - and body - types of women . The tapered models of breast implant have a uniformly textured surface , which reduces the rotation of the prosthesis within the implant pocket ; the round models of breast implant are available in smooth - surface - and textured - surface - types . Fifth generation ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , the fifth generation of silicone - gel breast implant is made of a high - strength , highly cohesive silicone gel that mostly eliminates the occurrences of filler leakage ( `` silicone gel bleed '' ) and of the migration of the silicone filler from the implant pocket to elsewhere in the woman 's body . These implants are commonly referred to as `` gummy bear breast implants '' for their firm , pliant consistency , which is similar to gummy candies . The studies Experience with Anatomical Soft Cohesive Silicone gel Prosthesis in Cosmetic and Reconstructive Breast Implant Surgery ( 2004 ) and Cohesive Silicone gel Breast Implants in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery ( 2005 ) reported low incidence - rates of capsular contracture and of device - shell rupture ; and greater rates of improved medical - safety and technical - efficacy than that of early generation breast implant devices . Psychology ( edit ) Further information : Body dysmorphic disorder , Body image , and Beauty The breast augmentation patient usually is a young woman whose personality profile indicates psychological distress about her personal appearance and her bodily self image , and a history of having endured criticism ( teasing ) about the aesthetics of her person . The studies Body Image Concerns of Breast Augmentation Patients ( 2003 ) and Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Cosmetic Surgery ( 2006 ) reported that the woman who underwent breast augmentation surgery also had undergone psychotherapy , suffered low self - esteem , presented frequent occurrences of psychological depression , had attempted suicide , and suffered body dysmorphia , a type of mental illness . The pre-operative aspects ( left ) , and the post-operative aspects ( right ) of a bilateral primary augmentation with medium - volume ( 350cc ) saline impants emplaced to a submuscular pocket through an inframammary fold ( IMF ) incision . Post-operative patient surveys about mental health and quality - of - life , reported improved physical health , physical appearance , social life , self - confidence , self - esteem , and satisfactory sexual functioning . Furthermore , the women reported long - term satisfaction with their breast implant outcomes ; some despite having suffered medical complications that required surgical revision , either corrective or aesthetic . Likewise , in Denmark , 8.0 per cent of breast augmentation patients had a pre-operative history of psychiatric hospitalization . In 2008 , the longitudinal study Excess Mortality from Suicide and other External Causes of Death Among Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants ( 2007 ) , reported that women who sought breast implants are almost 3.0 times as likely to commit suicide as are women who have not sought breast implants . Compared to the standard suicide - rate for women of the general populace , the suicide - rate for women with augmented breasts remained constant until 10 - years post-implantation , yet , it increased to 4.5 times greater at the 11 - year mark , and so remained until the 19 - year mark , when it increased to 6.0 times greater at 20 - years post-implantation . Moreover , additional to the suicide - risk , women with breast implants also faced a trebled death - risk from alcoholism and the abuse of prescription and recreational drugs . Although seven studies have statistically connected a woman 's breast augmentation to a greater suicide - rate , the research indicates that breast augmentation surgery does not increase the death rate ; and that , in the first instance , it is the psychopathologically - inclined woman who is more likely to undergo a breast augmentation procedure . The study Effect of Breast Augmentation Mammoplasty on Self - Esteem and Sexuality : A Quantitative Analysis ( 2007 ) , reported that the women attributed their improved self image , self - esteem , and increased , satisfactory sexual functioning to having undergone breast augmentation ; the cohort , aged 21 -- 57 years , averaged post-operative self - esteem increases that ranged from 20.7 to 24.9 points on the 30 - point Rosenberg self - esteem scale , which data supported the 78.6 per cent increase in the woman 's libido , relative to her pre-operative level of libido . Therefore , before agreeing to any surgery , the plastic surgeon evaluates and considers the woman 's mental health to determine if breast implants can positively affect her self - esteem and sexual functioning . Surgical procedures ( edit ) Indications ( edit ) A mammoplasty procedure for the placement of breast implant devices has three ( 3 ) purposes : primary reconstruction : the replacement of breast tissues damaged by trauma ( blunt , penetrating , blast ) , disease ( breast cancer ) , and failed anatomic development ( tuberous breast deformity ) . revision and reconstruction : to revise ( correct ) the outcome of a previous breast reconstruction surgery . primary augmentation : to aesthetically augment the size , form , and feel of the breasts . The operating room ( OR ) time of post -- mastectomy breast reconstruction , and of breast augmentation surgery is determined by the procedure employed , the type of incisions , the breast implant ( type and materials ) , and the pectoral locale of the implant pocket . Recent research has indicated that mammograms should not be done with any increased frequency than used in normal procedure in patients undergoing breast surgery , including breast implant , augmentation , mastopexy , and breast reducation . Incision types ( edit ) Breast implant emplacement is performed with five ( 5 ) types of surgical incisions : Inframammary : an incision made to the inframammary fold ( natural crease under your breast ) , which affords maximal access for precise dissection of the tissues and emplacement of the breast implants . It is the preferred surgical technique for emplacing silicone - gel implants , because it better exposes the breast tissue -- pectoralis muscle interface ; yet , IMF implantation can produce thicker , slightly more visible surgical scars . Periareolar : a border - line incision along the periphery of the areola , which provides an optimal approach when adjustments to the IMF position are required , or when a mastopexy ( breast lift ) is included to the primary mammoplasty procedure . In periareolar emplacement , the incision is around the medial - half ( inferior half ) of the areola 's circumference . Silicone gel implants can be difficult to emplace via periareolar incision , because of the short , five - centimetre length ( ~ 5.0 cm ) of the required access - incision . Aesthetically , because the scars are at the areola 's border ( periphery ) , they usually are less visible than the IMF - incision scars of women with light - pigment areolae ; when compared to cutaneous - incision scars , the modified epithelia of the areolae are less prone to ( raised ) hypertrophic scars . Transaxillary : an incision made to the axilla ( armpit ) , from which the dissection tunnels medially , to emplace the implants , either bluntly or with an endoscope ( illuminated video microcamera ) , without producing visible scars on the breast proper ; yet , it is likelier to produce inferior asymmetry of the implant - device position . Therefore , surgical revision of transaxillary emplaced breast implants usually requires either an IMF incision or a periareolar incision . Transumbilical : a trans - umbilical breast augmentation ( TUBA ) is a less common implant - device emplacement technique wherein the incision is at the umbilicus ( navel ) , and the dissection tunnels superiorly , up towards the bust . The TUBA approach allows emplacing the breast implants without producing visible scars upon the breast proper ; but makes appropriate dissection and device - emplacement more technically difficult . A TUBA procedure is performed bluntly -- without the endoscope 's visual assistance -- and is not appropriate for emplacing ( pre-filled ) silicone - gel implants , because of the great potential for damaging the elastomer silicone shell of the breast implant during its manual insertion through the short ( ~ 2.0 cm ) incision at the navel , and because pre-filled silicone gel implants are incompressible , and can not be inserted through so small an incision . Transabdominal : as in the TUBA procedure , in the transabdominoplasty breast augmentation ( TABA ) , the breast implants are tunneled superiorly from the abdominal incision into bluntly dissected implant pockets , whilst the patient simultaneously undergoes an abdominoplasty . Implant pocket placement ( edit ) Implant placement comparison Subglandular implant Subpectoral implant Submuscular implant The four surgical approaches to emplacing a breast implant to the implant pocket are described in anatomical relation to the pectoralis major muscle . Subglandular : the breast implant is emplaced to the retromammary space , between the breast tissue ( the mammary gland ) and the pectoralis major muscle ( major muscle of the chest ) , which most approximates the plane of normal breast tissue , and affords the most aesthetic results . Yet , in women with thin pectoral soft - tissue , the subglandular position is likelier to show the ripples and wrinkles of the underlying implant . Moreover , the capsular contracture incidence rate is slightly greater with subglandular implantation . Subfascial : the breast implant is emplaced beneath the fascia of the pectoralis major muscle ; the subfascial position is a variant of the subglandular position for the breast implant . The technical advantages of the subfascial implant - pocket technique are debated ; proponent surgeons report that the layer of fascial tissue provides greater implant coverage and better sustains its position . Subpectoral ( dual plane ) : the breast implant is emplaced beneath the pectoralis major muscle , after the surgeon releases the inferior muscular attachments , with or without partial dissection of the subglandular plane . Resultantly , the upper pole of the implant is partially beneath the pectoralis major muscle , while the lower pole of the implant is in the subglandular plane . This implantation technique achieves maximal coverage of the upper pole of the implant , whilst allowing the expansion of the implant 's lower pole ; however , `` animation deformity '' , the movement of the implants in the subpectoral plane can be excessive for some patients . Submuscular : the breast implant is emplaced beneath the pectoralis major muscle , without releasing the inferior origin of the muscle proper . Total muscular coverage of the implant can be achieved by releasing the lateral muscles of the chest wall -- either the serratus muscle or the pectoralis minor muscle , or both -- and suturing it , or them , to the pectoralis major muscle . In breast reconstruction surgery , the submuscular implantation approach effects maximal coverage of the breast implants . This technique is rarely used in cosmetic surgery due to high risk of animation deformities . Post-surgical recovery ( edit ) The surgical scars of a breast augmentation mammoplasty develop approximately at 6 - weeks post-operative , and fade within months . Depending upon the daily - life physical activities required of the woman , the breast augmentation patient usually resumes her normal life at 1 - week post-operative . Moreover , women whose breast implants were emplaced beneath the chest muscles ( submuscular placement ) usually have a longer , slightly more painful convalescence , because of the healing of the incisions to the chest muscles . Usually , she does not exercise or engage in strenuous physical activities for approximately 6 weeks . During the initial post-operative recovery , the woman is encouraged to regularly exercise ( flex and move ) her arm to alleviate pain and discomfort ; if required , analgesic indwelling medication catheters can alleviate pain Moreover , significantly improved patient recovery has resulted from refined breast - device implantation techniques ( submuscular , subglandular ) that allow 95 per cent of women to resume their normal lives at 24 - hours post-procedure , without bandages , fluid drains , pain pumps , catheters , medical support brassières , or narcotic pain medication . Complications ( edit ) The plastic surgical emplacement of breast implant devices , either for breast reconstruction or for aesthetic purpose , presents the same health risks common to surgery , such as adverse reaction to anesthesia , hematoma ( post-operative bleeding ) , late hematoma ( post-operative bleeding after 6 months or more ) , seroma ( fluid accumulation ) , incision - site breakdown ( wound infection ) . Complications specific to breast augmentation include breast pain , altered sensation , impeded breast - feeding function , visible wrinkling , asymmetry , thinning of the breast tissue , and symmastia , the `` bread loafing '' of the bust that interrupts the natural plane between the breasts . Specific treatments for the complications of indwelling breast implants -- capsular contracture and capsular rupture -- are periodic MRI monitoring and physical examinations . Furthermore , complications and re-operations related to the implantation surgery , and to tissue expanders ( implant place - holders during surgery ) can cause unfavorable scarring in approximately 6 -- 7 per cent of the patients . Statistically , 20 per cent of women who underwent cosmetic implantation , and 50 per cent of women who underwent breast reconstruction implantation , required their explantation at the 10 - year mark . Implant rupture ( edit ) Because a breast implant is a Class III medical device of limited product - life , the principal rupture - rate factors are its age and design ; Nonetheless , a breast implant device can retain its mechanical integrity for decades in a woman 's body . When a saline breast implant ruptures , leaks , and empties , it quickly deflates , and thus can be readily explanted ( surgically removed ) . The follow - up report , Natrelle Saline - filled Breast Implants : a Prospective 10 - year Study ( 2009 ) indicated rupture - deflation rates of 3 -- 5 per cent at 3 - years post-implantation , and 7 -- 10 per cent rupture - deflation rates at 10 - years post-implantation . A breast implant failure : the parts of a surgically explanted breast implant are the red , fibrous capsule ( left ) , the ruptured silicone implant ( center ) , and the transparent filler - gel that leaked with the capsule ( right ) . When a silicone breast implant ruptures it usually does not deflate , yet the filler gel does leak from it , which can migrate to the implant pocket ; therefore , an intracapsular rupture ( in - capsule leak ) can become an extracapsular rupture ( out - of - capsule leak ) , and each occurrence is resolved by explantation . Although the leaked silicone filler - gel can migrate from the chest tissues to elsewhere in the woman 's body , most clinical complications are limited to the breast and armpit areas , usually manifested as granulomas ( inflammatory nodules ) and axillary lymphadenopathy ( enlarged lymph glands in the armpit area ) . The suspected mechanisms of breast implant rupture are : damage during implantation damage during ( other ) surgical procedures chemical degradation of the breast implant shell trauma ( blunt trauma , penetrating trauma , blast trauma ) mechanical pressure of traditional mammographic breast examination Silicone implant rupture can be evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging ; from the long - term MRI data for single - lumen breast implants , the European literature about second generation silicone - gel breast implants ( 1970s design ) , reported silent device - rupture rates of 8 -- 15 per cent at 10 - years post-implantation ( 15 -- 30 % of the patients ) . The study Safety and Effectiveness of Mentor 's MemoryGel Implants at 6 Years ( 2009 ) , which was a branch study of the U.S. FDA 's core clinical trials for primary breast augmentation surgery patients , reported low device - rupture rates of 1.1 per cent at 6 - years post-implantation . The first series of MRI evaluations of the silicone breast implants with thick filler - gel reported a device - rupture rate of 1.0 per cent , or less , at the median 6 - year device - age . Statistically , the manual examination ( palpation ) of the woman is inadequate for accurately evaluating if a breast implant has ruptured . The study , The Diagnosis of Silicone Breast implant Rupture : Clinical Findings Compared with Findings at Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( 2005 ) , reported that , in asymptomatic patients , only 30 per cent of the ruptured breast implants are accurately palpated and detected by an experienced plastic surgeon , whereas MRI examinations accurately detected 86 per cent of breast implant ruptures . Therefore , the U.S. FDA recommended scheduled MRI examinations , as silent - rupture screenings , beginning at the 3 - year - mark post-implantation , and then every two years , thereafter . Nonetheless , beyond the U.S. , the medical establishments of other nations have not endorsed routine MRI screening , and , in its stead , proposed that such a radiologic examination be reserved for two purposes : ( i ) for the woman with a suspected breast implant rupture ; and ( ii ) for the confirmation of mammographic and ultrasonic studies that indicate the presence of a ruptured breast implant . Furthermore , The Effect of Study design Biases on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Silicone Breast Implant Ruptures : a Meta - analysis ( 2011 ) reported that the breast - screening MRIs of asymptomatic women might overestimate the incidence of breast implant rupture . In the event , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration emphasised that `` breast implants are not lifetime devices . The longer a woman has silicone gel - filled breast implants , the more likely she is to experience complications . '' Capsular contracture ( edit ) Main article : Capsular contracture The human body 's immune response to a surgically installed foreign object -- breast implant , cardiac pacemaker , orthopedic prosthesis -- is to encapsulate it with scar tissue capsules of tightly woven collagen fibers , in order to maintain the integrity of the body by isolating the foreign object , and so tolerate its presence . Capsular contracture -- which should be distinguished from normal capsular tissue -- occurs when the collagen - fiber capsule thickens and compresses the breast implant ; it is a painful complication that might distort either the breast implant , or the breast , or both . A breast implant failure : capsular contracture is a medical complication , in this case , a Baker scale Grade IV contraction , of a subglandular silicone implant in the right breast . The cause of capsular contracture is unknown , but the common incidence factors include bacterial contamination , device - shell rupture , filler leakage , and hematoma . The surgical implantation procedures that have reduced the incidence of capsular contracture include submuscular emplacement , the use of breast implants with a textured surface ( polyurethane - coated ) ; limited pre-operative handling of the implants , limited contact with the chest skin of the implant pocket before the emplacement of the breast implant , and irrigation of the recipient site with triple - antibiotic solutions . The correction of capsular contracture might require an open capsulotomy ( surgical release ) of the collagen - fiber capsule , or the removal , and possible replacement , of the breast implant . Furthermore , in treating capsular contracture , the closed capsulotomy ( disruption via external manipulation ) once was a common maneuver for treating hard capsules , but now is a discouraged technique , because it can rupture the breast implant . Non-surgical treatments for collagen - fiber capsules include massage , external ultrasonic therapy , leukotriene pathway inhibitors such as zafirlukast ( Accolate ) or montelukast ( Singulair ) , and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy ( PEMFT ) . Repair and revision surgeries ( edit ) When the patient is unsatisfied with the outcome of the augmentation mammoplasty ; or when technical or medical complications occur ; or because of the breast implants ' limited product life , it is likely she might require replacing the breast implants . Common revision surgery indications include major and minor medical complications , capsular contracture , shell rupture , and device deflation . Revision incidence rates were greater for breast reconstruction patients , because of the post-mastectomy changes to the soft - tissues and to the skin envelope of the breast , and to the anatomical borders of the breast , especially in women who received adjuvant external radiation therapy . Moreover , besides breast reconstruction , breast cancer patients usually undergo revision surgery of the nipple - areola complex ( NAC ) , and symmetry procedures upon the opposite breast , to create a bust of natural appearance , size , form , and feel . Carefully matching the type and size of the breast implants to the patient 's pectoral soft - tissue characteristics reduces the incidence of revision surgery . Appropriate tissue matching , implant selection , and proper implantation technique , the re-operation rate was 3.0 per cent at the 7 - year - mark , compared with the re-operation rate of 20 per cent at the 3 - year - mark , as reported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Systemic illness and ALCL cancer ( edit ) Chest X-ray showing breast implants Systemic disease and sickness ( edit ) Many women with breast implants have reported connective tissue diseases such as systemic sclerosis , systemic lupus erythematosus , rheumatoid arthritis , and fibromyalgia . Various other systemic symptoms have been evidenced at large and fall under the term Breast Implant Illness . Symptoms include extreme fatigue , cognitive dysfunction ( brain fog , memory loss , difficulty concentrating ) , joint and muscle pain , dryness throughout the body , hair loss , tingling and numbness in the extremities , recurring infections , endocrine problems ( thyroid , adrenals , etc . ) , and more . Platinum toxicity ( edit ) Platinum is used in the production of silicone gel for breast implants and small amounts may leach into surrounding tissues . Dr. Ernest Lykissa and Dr. Susan Maharaj did research on silicone breast implants and platinum . In their Analytical Chemistry paper , which is a top journal of the field , they reported finding the highest platinum to date in women who had implants . They also found that the platinum is transformed into an oxidized state which is more harmful . Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ( edit ) The FDA has identified that breast implants may cause a rare form of cancer called anaplastic large - cell lymphoma , notably when the implants are textured . As of February 1 , 2017 , the FDA has received a total of 359 medical device reports of breast - implant - associated ALCL , including 9 deaths . If women have swelling or fluid collection , a CD30 test must be done . The American Society of Plastic Surgery ( ASPS ) states , `` CD30 is the main diagnostic test that must be performed on the seroma fluid as routine pathology or H&E staining can frequently miss the diagnosis . '' Diagnosis and treatment of breast implant associated ALCL now follows standardized guidelines established by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network . `` The current lifetime risk of BIA - ALCL in the U.S. is estimated to be 1 : 30,000 women with textured implants based upon current confirmed cases and textured implant sales data over the past two decades . This is consistent with risk reported in Europe. Certain geographic locations have demonstrated variable risks . For instance , a December 2016 update from the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia and New Zealand reported a risk of 1 : 1,000 to 1 : 10,000 for textured implants . '' The ASPS and the Plastic Surgery Foundation ( PSF ) have partnered with the FDA to study this condition and in doing so created the Patient Registry and Outcomes For breast Implants and anaplastic large cell Lymphoma Etiology and epidemiology ( PROFILE ) . The United States FDA strongly encourages all physicians to report cases to PROFILE in an effort to better understand the role of breast implants in ALCL and the management of this disease . Implants and breast - feeding ( edit ) The functional breast : a mammary gland in medias res , feeding an infant . Cross-section scheme of the mammary gland . Chest wall Pectoralis muscles Lobules Nipple Areola Milk duct Fatty tissue Skin envelope Digestive contamination and systemic toxicity are the principal infant - health concerns ; the leakage of breast implant filler to the breast milk , and if the filler is dangerous to the nursing infant . Breast implant device fillers are biologically inert -- saline filler is salt water , and silicone filler is indigestible -- because each substance is chemically inert , and environmentally common . Moreover , proponent physicians have said there `` should be no absolute contraindication to breast - feeding by women with silicone breast implants . '' In the early 1990s , at the beginning of the silicone breast implant sickness occurrences , small - scale , non-random studies ( i.e. `` patients came with complaints , which might have many sources '' , not `` doctors performed random tests '' ) indicated possible breast - feeding complications from silicone implants ; yet no study reported device -- disease causality . Women with breast implants may have functional breast - feeding difficulties ; mammoplasty procedures that feature periareolar incisions are especially likely to cause breast - feeding difficulties . Surgery may also damage the lactiferous ducts and the nerves in the nipple - areola area . Functional breast - feeding difficulties arise if the surgeon cut the milk ducts or the major nerves innervating the breast , or if the milk glands were otherwise damaged . Milk duct and nerve damage are more common if the incisions cut tissue near the nipple . The milk glands are most likely to be affected by subglandular implants ( under the gland ) , and by large - sized breast implants , which pinch the lactiferous ducts and impede milk flow . Small - sized breast implants , and submuscular implantation , cause fewer breast - function problems ; however , it is impossible to predict whether a woman who undergoes breast augmentation will be able to successfully breast feed since some women are able to breast - fed after periareolarincisions and subglandular placement and some are not able to after augmentation using submuscular and other types of surgical incisions . Implants and mammography ( edit ) The presence of radiologically opaque breast implants ( either saline or silicone ) might interfere with the radiographic sensitivity of the mammograph , that is , the image might not show any tumor ( s ) present . In which case , anEklund view mammogram is required to ascertain either the presence or the absence of a cancerous tumor , wherein the breast implant is manually displaced against the chest wall and the breast is pulled forward , so that the mammograph can visualize a greater volume of the internal tissues ; Nonetheless , approximately one - third of the breast tissue remains inadequately visualized , resulting in an increased incidence of mammograms with false - negative results . A mammograph of a normal breast ( left ) ; a mammograph of a cancerous breast ( right ) . The breast cancer studies Cancer in the Augmented Breast : Diagnosis and Prognosis ( 1993 ) and Breast Cancer after Augmentation Mammoplasty ( 2001 ) of women with breast implant prostheses reported no significant differences in disease - stage at the time of the diagnosis of cancer ; prognoses are similar in both groups of women , with augmented patients at a lower risk for subsequent cancer recurrence or death . Conversely , the use of implants for breast reconstruction after breast cancer mastectomy appears to have no negative effect upon the incidence of cancer - related death . That patients with breast implants are more often diagnosed with palpable -- but not larger -- tumors indicates that equal - sized tumors might be more readily palpated in augmented patients , which might compensate for the impaired mammogram images . The ready palpability of the breast - cancer tumor ( s ) is consequent to breast tissue thinning by compression , innately in smaller breasts a priori ( because they have lesser tissue volumes ) , and that the implant serves as a radio - opaque base against which a cancerous tumor can be differentiated . Breast MRI of a patient with implant ( Blue ) The breast implant has no clinical bearing upon lumpectomy breast - conservation surgery for women who developed breast cancer after the implantation procedure , nor does the breast implant interfere with external beam radiation treatments ( XRT ) ; moreover , the post-treatment incidence of breast - tissue fibrosis is common , and thus a consequent increased rate of capsular contracture . The study Breast Cancer Detection and Survival among Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants : Systematic Review and Meta - analysis of Observational Studies , reported a significant delay in the diagnoses of women who developed breast cancer after undergoing breast augmentation , when compared to breast cancer patients who had not undergone breast augmentation . The metadata study Breast Implants following Mastectomy in Women with Early - stage Breast Cancer : Prevalence and Impact on Survival ( 2005 ) reported that breast augmentation patients were statistically likelier to die from breast cancer . Although the use of implants for breast reconstruction after breast cancer mastectomy appears to have no negative effect upon the incidence of cancer - related death , women who underwent a mastectomy procedure tend to die earlier than women who underwent a lumpectomy procedure , with like diagnoses . U.S. FDA approval ( edit ) In 1988 , twenty - six years after the 1962 introduction of breast implants filled with silicone gel , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) investigated breast implant failures and the subsequent complications , and re-classified breast implant devices as Class III medical devices , and required from manufacturers the documentary data substantiating the safety and efficacy of their breast implant devices . In 1992 , the FDA placed silicone - gel breast implants in moratorium in the U.S. , because there was `` inadequate information to demonstrate that breast implants were safe and effective '' . Nonetheless , medical access to silicone - gel breast implant devices continued for clinical studies of post-mastectomy breast reconstruction , the correction of congenital deformities , and the replacement of ruptured silicone - gel implants . The FDA required from the manufacturers the clinical trial data , and permitted their providing breast implants to the breast augmentation patients for the statistical studies required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . In mid -- 1992 , the FDA approved an adjunct study protocol for silicone - gel filled implants for breast reconstruction patients , and for revision - surgery patients . Also in 1992 , the Dow Corning Corporation , a silicone products and breast implant manufacturer , announced the discontinuation of five implant - grade silicones , but would continue producing 45 other , medical - grade , silicone materials -- three years later , in 1995 , the Dow Corning Corporation went bankrupt when it faced 19,000 breast implant sickness lawsuits . In 1997 , the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) appointed the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) to investigate the potential risks of operative and post-operative complications from the emplacement of silicone breast implants . The IOM 's review of the safety and efficacy of silicone gel - filled breast implants , reported that the `` evidence suggests diseases or conditions , such as connective tissue diseases , cancer , neurological diseases , or other systemic complaints or conditions are no more common in women with breast implants , than in women without implants '' subsequent studies and systemic review found no causal link between silicone breast implants and disease . The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services verifies the scientific , medical , and clinical data of medical devices . In 1998 , the U.S. FDA approved adjunct study protocols for silicone - gel filled implants only for breast reconstruction patients and for revision - surgery patients ; and also approved the Dow Corning Corporation 's Investigational Device Exemption ( IDE ) study for silicone - gel breast implants for a limited number of breast augmentation - , reconstruction - , and revision - surgery patients . In 1999 , the Institute of Medicine published the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants ( 1999 ) study that reported no evidence that saline - filled and silicone - gel filled breast implant devices caused systemic health problems ; that their use posed no new health or safety risks ; and that local complications are `` the primary safety issue with silicone breast implants '' , in distinguishing among routine and local medical complications and systemic health concerns . '' In 2000 , the FDA approved saline breast implant Premarket Approval Applications ( PMA ) containing the type and rate data of the local medical complications experienced by the breast surgery patients . `` Despite complications experienced by some women , the majority of those women still in the Inamed Corporation and Mentor Corporation studies , after three years , reported being satisfied with their implants . '' The premarket approvals were granted for breast augmentation , for women at least 18 years old , and for women requiring breast reconstruction . In 2006 , for the Inamed Corporation and for the Mentor Corporation , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration lifted its restrictions against using silicone - gel breast implants for breast reconstruction and for augmentation mammoplasty . Yet , the approval was conditional upon accepting FDA monitoring , the completion of 10 - year - mark studies of the women who already had the breast implants , and the completion of a second , 10 - year - mark study of the safety of the breast implants in 40,000 other women . The FDA warned the public that breast implants do carry medical risks , and recommended that women who undergo breast augmentation should periodically undergo MRI examinations to screen for signs of either shell rupture or of filler leakage , or both conditions ; and ordered that breast surgery patients be provided with detailed , informational brochures explaining the medical risks of using silicone - gel breast implants . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration established the age ranges for women seeking breast implants ; for breast reconstruction , silicone - gel filled implants and saline - filled implants were approved for women of all ages ; for breast augmentation , saline implants were approved for women 18 years of age and older ; silicone implants were approved for women 22 years of age and older . Because each breast implant device entails different medical risks , the minimum age of the patient for saline breast implants is different from the minimum age of the patient for silicone breast implants -- because of the filler leakage and silent shell - rupture risks ; thus , periodic MRI screening examinations are the recommended post-operative , follow - up therapy for the patient . In other countries , in Europe and Oceania , the national health ministries ' breast implant policies do not endorse periodic MRI screening of asymptomatic patients , but suggest palpation proper -- with or without an ultrasonic screening -- to be sufficient post-operative therapy for most patients . Criticism ( edit ) In the early 1990s , the national health ministries of the listed countries reviewed the pertinent studies for causal links among silicone - gel breast implants and systemic and auto - immune diseases . The collective conclusion is that there is no evidence establishing a causal connection between the implantation of silicone breast implants and either type of disease . The affected women complained of systemic disease manifested as fungal , neurologic , and rheumatologic ailments . The Danish study Long - term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants ( 2004 ) reported that women who had breast implants for an average of 19 years were no more likely to report an excessive number of rheumatic disease symptoms than would the women of the control group . The follow - up study Mortality Rates Among Augmentation Mammoplasty Patients : An Update ( 2006 ) reported a decreased standardized mortality ratio and an increased risk of lung cancer death among breast implant patients , than among patients for other types of plastic surgery ; the mortality rate differences were attributed to tobacco smoking . The study Mortality Among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants ( 2006 ) , about some 25,000 women with breast implants , reported a 43 per cent lower rate of breast cancer among them than among the general populace , and a lower - than - average risk of cancer . Year Country Systemic Review Group Conclusions 1991 -- 93 United Kingdom Independent Expert Advisory Group ( IEAG ) There was no evidence of an increased risk of connective - tissue disease in patients who had undergone silicone - gel breast implant emplacement , and no cause for changing either breast implant practice or policy in the U.K. United States U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) There was `` insufficient evidence for an association of silicone gel - or saline - filled breast implants with defined connective tissue disease . '' France Agence Nationale pour le Developpement de l'Evaluation Medicale ( ANDEM ) ( National Agency for Medical Development and Evaluation ) French original : `` Nous n'avons pas observé de connectivité ni d'autre pathologie auto - immune susceptible d'être directement ou indirectement induite par la présence d'un implant mammaire en particulier en gel de silicone ... '' English translation : `` We did not observe connective tissue diseases to be directly or indirectly associated by the presence of a breast implant , in particular one of silicone gel ... '' Australia Therapeutic Devices Evaluation Committee ( TDEC ) The `` current , high - quality literature suggest that there is no association between breast implants and connective tissue disease - like syndromes ( atypical connective tissue diseases ) . '' 1998 Germany Federal Institute for Medicine and Medical Products Reported that `` silicone breast implants neither cause auto - immune diseases nor rheumatic diseases and have no disadvantageous effects on pregnancy , breast - feeding capability , or the health of children who are breast - fed . There is no scientific evidence for the existence of silicone allergy , silicone poisoning , atypical silicone diseases or a new silicone disease . '' 2000 United States Federal court - ordered review `` No evidence of an association between ... silicone - gel - filled breast implants specifically , and any of the individual CTDs , all definite CTDs combined , or other auto - immune or rheumatic conditions . '' 2000 European Union European Committee on Quality Assurance & Medical Devices in Plastic Surgery ( EQUAM ) `` Additional medical studies have not demonstrated any association between silicone - gel filled breast implants and traditional auto - immune or connective tissue diseases , cancer , nor any other malignant disease ... EQUAM continues to believe that there is no scientific evidence that silicone allergy , silicone intoxication , atypical disease or a ' new silicone disease ' exists . '' 2001 United Kingdom UK Independent Review Group ( UK - IRG ) `` There is no evidence of an association with an abnormal immune response or typical or atypical connective tissue diseases or syndromes . '' 2001 United States Court - appointed National Science Panel review The panel evaluated established and undifferentiated connective tissue diseases ( CTD ) , and concluded there was no causal evidence between breast implants and these CTDs . 2003 Spain Science and Technology Options Assessment ( STOA ) The STOA report to the European Parliament Petitions Committee reported that the current scientific evidence demonstrates no solid , causal evidence linking SBI ( silicone breast implants ) to severe diseases , e.g. breast cancer , connective tissue diseases . 2009 European Union International Committee for Quality Assurance , Medical Technologies & Devices in Plastic Surgery panel ( IQUAM ) The consensus statement of the Transatlantic Innovations conference ( April 2009 ) indicated that additional medical studies demonstrated no association between silicone gel - filled breast implants and carcinoma , or any metabolic , immune , or allergic disorder . 2017 USA Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) Breast implants cause a rare form of cancer called Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ( ALCL ) and is more commonly found with textured silicone and saline breast implants . `` As of February 1 , 2017 , the FDA has received a total of 359 medical device reports of breast - implant - associated ALCL , including 9 deaths . '' The US and European risk is 1 : 30,000 . In Australia and New Zealand the risks are 1 : 1,000 to 1 : 10,000 . See also ( edit ) Breast Breast augmentation ( Augmentation mammoplasty ) Breast enlargement supplements Breast reconstruction Breast reduction plasty Mammoplasty Mastopexy ( breast lift ) Poly Implant Prothèse Polypropylene breast implants Trans - umbilical breast augmentation ( TUBA ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Czerny V ( 1895 ) . `` Plastischer Ersatz der Brusthus durch ein Lipoma '' . Zentralblatt für Chirurgie. 27 : 72 . Jump up ^ Bondurant S , Ernster V , Herdman R ( eds ) ; Committee on the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants ( 1999 ) . Safety of Silicone Breast Implants . Institute of Medicine . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 06532 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson N ( 1997 ) . `` Lawsuit Science : Lessons from the Silicone Breast Implant Controversy '' . 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Plastic Reconstructive Surgery . 114 ( 5 ) : 1258 -- 1262 . doi : 10.1097 / 01.prs.0000136802.91357.cf . PMID 15457046 . Jump up ^ Tebbetts JB ( December 2006 ) . `` Achieving a Zero Percent Reoperation Rate at 3 years in a 50 - consecutive - case Augmentation Mammaplasty Premarket Approval Study '' . Plastic Reconstructive Surgery . 118 ( 6 ) : 1453 -- 7 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. prs. 0000239602.99867. 07 . PMID 17051118 . Jump up ^ Brawer , AE . `` Chronology of systemic disease development in 300 symptomatic recipients of silicone gel - filled breast implants . '' J. Clean Technology , Environmental Toxicology , and Occupational Med 1996 : 5 , # 3 , 223 - 233 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , David . `` Siliconosis : A spectrum of illness . '' Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 1994 : 24 , # 1 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cichon , MJ ; Farrel , DL ; Ganio , SH ; Sadler , GM . `` A case series survey of silicone breast implant patients . '' Journal of Chronic Fatigue System 1999 : 5 , # 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ Maijers , MC ; Blok de , CJM ; Niessen , FB ; Veldt van der , Ritt , MJPF ; Winters , HAH ; Kramer , MHH ; Nanayakkara , PWB . `` Women with silicone breast implants and unexplained systemic symptoms : a descriptive cohort study . '' Netherlands The Journal of Medicine . 2013 : 71 , # 10 . Jump up ^ Patten , BM ; Shoaib , BO ; Calkins , DS . `` Adjuvant breast disease : an evaluation of 100 symptomatic women with breast implants or silicone fluid injections . '' The Keio Journal of Medicine 1994 ; # 2 79 - 87 . Jump up ^ Breast Implant Illness Jump up ^ Maharaj SVM . Platinum concentration in silicone breast implant material and capsular tissue by IVP - MS . Anal Bioanal Chem ( 2004 ) 380 : 84 - 89 Jump up ^ Lykissa , ED ; Maharaj , SVM . Total Platinum Concentration and Platinum Oxidation States in Body Fluids , Tissue , and Explants from Women Exposed to Silicon and Saline Breast Implants by IC - ICP - MS . Analytical Chemistry ( published on - ilne April 1 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Maharaj , SVM ; Lykissa , ED . Total platinum in urine of women exposed to silicone breast implants and in their children conceived after implantation by ICP - MS . Abstract presented to the American Chemical Society Meeting 2005 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm547622.htm Jump up ^ FDA - Medical Device Reports of Breast Implant Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma . ^ Jump up to : Clemens , Mark . `` Breast Implant Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma ( BIA - ALCL ) '' ( 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Clemens , Mark W. ; Horwitz , Steven M. ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) . `` NCCN Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Breast Implant - Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma '' . Aesthetic Surgery Journal . 37 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 289 . doi : 10.1093 / asj / sjw259 . ISSN 1527 - 330X . PMID 28184418 . Jump up ^ `` Breast Implant Associated ALCL : PROFILE Project The Plastic Surgery Foundation '' . www.thepsf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Berlin CM ( 1994 ) . `` Silicone Breast Implants and Breast - feeding '' . Pediatrics. 94 ( 4 Pt 1 ) : 546 -- 549 . PMID 7936870 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Cheston M. , Jr . Silicone Breast Implants and Breastfeeding , Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , Pennsylvania ; from Breastfeeding Abstracts . February 1996 , Volume 15 , Number 3 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Breastfeeding after Breast Surgery , La Leche League , contains references . Jump up ^ Breastfeeding and Breast Implants , Selected Bibliography April 2003 , LLLI Center for Breastfeeding Information ^ Jump up to : Inorganic Milk : Can Kendra Wilkinson breast - feed her baby even though she has implants ? , Christopher Beam , Slate.com , 11 December 2009 Jump up ^ Handel N , Silverstein MJ , Gamagami P , Jensen JA , Collins A ( 1992 ) . `` Factors Affecting Mammographic Visualization of the Breast after Augmentation Mammaplasty '' . JAMA. 268 ( 14 ) : 1913 -- 1917 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 268.14. 1913 . PMID 1404718 . Jump up ^ Clark CP , Peters GN , O'Brien KM ( 1993 ) . `` Cancer in the Augmented Breast : Diagnosis and Prognosis '' . Cancer . 72 ( 7 ) : 2170 -- 4 . doi : 10.1002 / 1097 - 0142 ( 19931001 ) 72 : 7 3.0.CO ; 2 - 1 . PMID 8374874 . Jump up ^ Skinner KA , Silberman H , Dougherty W , Gamagami P , Waisman J , Sposto R , Silverstein MJ ( 2001 ) . `` Breast cancer after augmentation mammoplasty '' . Ann Surg Oncol. 8 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 44 . doi : 10.1007 / s10434 - 001 - 0138 - x . PMID 11258778 . ^ Jump up to : Le GM , O'Malley CD , Glaser SL , Lynch CF , Stanford JL , Keegan TH , West DW ( 2005 ) . `` Breast implants following mastectomy in women with early - stage breast cancer : prevalence and impact on survival '' . Breast Cancer Res. 7 ( 2 ) : R184 -- 93 . doi : 10.1186 / bcr974 . PMC 1064128 . PMID 15743498 . Jump up ^ Handel N , Silverstein MJ ( 2006 ) . `` Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis in augmented women '' . Plastic Reconstructive Surgery . 118 ( 3 ) : 587 -- 93 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. prs. 0000233038.47009. 04 . PMID 16932162 . Jump up ^ Cunningham B ( 2006 ) . `` Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis in augmented women - Discussion '' . Plastic Reconstructive Surgery . 118 ( 3 ) : 594 -- 595 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. prs. 0000233047.87102. 8e . Jump up ^ Schwartz GF , Veronesi U , Clough KB , Dixon JM , Fentiman IS , Heywang - Köbrunner SH , Holland R , Hughes KS , Mansel RE , Margolese R , Mendelson EB , Olivotto IA , Palazzo JP , Solin LJ ( 2006 ) . `` Consensus Conference on Breast Conservation '' . JACAS. 203 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 207 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jamcollsurg. 2006.04. 009 . PMID 16864033 . Jump up ^ Breast Cancer Detection and Survival among Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants : Systematic Review and Meta - analysis of Observational Studies . Lavigne , Holowaty , Pan , Villeneuve , Johnson , Fergusson , Morrison , and Brisson . BMJ ( 2013 ) : n . pag . Web . . Jump up ^ Hwang ES ; et al. ( April 2013 ) . `` Survival after Lumpectomy and Mastectomy for Early stage Invasive Breast Cancer : The Effect of Age and Hormone receptor Status '' . Cancer . 119 : 1402 -- 1411 . doi : 10.1002 / cncr. 27795 . ^ Jump up to : FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004 Archived 2008 - 09 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Safety of Silicone Breast Implants - The National Academies Press '' . nap.edu . Jump up ^ Martha Grigg , Stuart Bondurant , Virginia L. Ernster , and Roger Herdman , Editors . `` Information for Women about the Safety of Silicone Breast Implants - The National Academies Press '' . nap.edu . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ FDA study Archived January 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ FDA approval Jump up ^ FDA approval Jump up ^ `` FDA Approves Silicone Gel - Filled Breast Implants '' . FDA . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Breiting VB , Hölmich LR , Brandt B , Fryzek JP , Wolthers MS , Kjøller K , McLaughlin JK , Wiik A , Friis S ( 2004 ) . `` Long - term Health Status of Danish Women with Silicone Breast Implants '' . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 114 ( 1 ) : 217 -- 226 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. PRS. 0000128823.77637. 8A . PMID 15220596 . Jump up ^ Brinton LA , Lubin JH , Murray MC , Colton T , Hoover RN ( 2006 ) . `` Mortality Rates Among Augmentation Mammoplasty Patients : An Update '' . Epidemiology. 17 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ede. 0000197056.84629. 19 . PMID 16477256 . Jump up ^ Villeneuve PJ , Holowaty EJ , Brisson J , Xie L , Ugnat AM , Latulippe L , Mao Y ( June 2006 ) . `` Mortality Among Canadian Women with Cosmetic Breast Implants '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 164 ( 4 ) : 334 -- 341 . doi : 10.1093 / aje / kwj214 . PMID 16777929 . Jump up ^ Brinton LA , Malone KE , Coates RJ , Schoenberg JB , Swanson CA , Daling JR , Stanford JL ( 1996 ) . `` Breast Enlargement and Reduction : Results from a Breast Cancer Case - control Study '' . Plastic Reconstructive Surgery . 97 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 275 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006534 - 199602000 - 00001 . PMID 8559808 . Jump up ^ Benadiba , Laurent ( 2004 ) . `` Histoire des protheses mammaires '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/breasti4.pdf Jump up ^ `` German Society for Senology , Declaration of Consensus for the Security of Silicone Breast Implants - 24 September 1998 '' . 1998 . Jump up ^ Janowsky EC , Kupper LL , Hulka BS ( 2000 ) . `` Meta - analyses of the Relation between Silicone Breast Implants and the Risk of Connective - tissue Diseases '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 342 ( 11 ) : 781 -- 790 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200003163421105 . PMID 10717013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived June 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tugwell P , Wells G , Peterson J , Welch V , Page J , Davison C , McGowan J , Ramroth D , Shea B ( 2001 ) . `` Do silicone Breast Implants Cause Rheumatologic Disorders ? A Systematic Review for a Court - appointed National Science Panel '' . Arthritis Rheum. 44 ( 11 ) : 2477 -- 84 . doi : 10.1002 / 1529 - 0131 ( 200111 ) 44 : 11 3.0.CO ; 2 - Q. PMID 11710703 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20030829114951/http://www.eucomed.be/docs/STOA-SILICONE%20BREAST%20IMPLANT%20Study%20update-30May03.pdf Jump up ^ Neuhann - Lorenz C , Fedeles J , Eisenman - Klein M , Kinney B , Cunningham BL ( 2001 ) . `` Eighth IQUAM Consensus Position Statement : Transatlantic Innovations , April 2009 '' . Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery . 127 ( 3 ) : 1368 -- 75 . doi : 10.1097 / PRS. 0b013e318206312e . PMID 21364439 . Jump up ^ FDA - Medical Device Reports of Breast Implant Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Breast implants . Basics of implant based breast reconstruction ( E-medicine ) Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) Report on Silicone Implants U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) -- breast implant page U.K. Medicines & Health Care Products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) -- breast implant page Australia 's Department of Health & Aging Therapeutic Goods Administration breast implant page What you need to know about breast implants by the National Center for Health Research ( hide ) Operations / surgeries and other procedures of the breast ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 85 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0H ) Breast surgery Breast - conserving surgery Lumpectomy Mastectomy Radical mastectomy Mammoplasty Breast implant Breast reduction plasty SPAIR Mastopexy Breast reconstruction Breast biopsy Fine - needle aspiration Interventions on the Lactiferous ducts Ductal lavage Ductoscopy Microdochectomy Central duct excision Breast imaging Mammography Positron emission mammography Tomosynthesis Xeromammography Galactography Breast MRI Breast ultrasound Automated whole - breast ultrasound Scintimammography Tactile imaging Other Breast cancer screening Breast self - examination Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breast_implant&oldid=806518001 '' Categories : Breast surgery Implants ( medicine ) Medical controversies Prosthetics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 15 : 14 . 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