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when do the other sailor scouts come in
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List of Sailor Moon Episodes ( season 1 )
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list of sailor moon episodes ( season 1 )
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Sailor Moon , known in Japan as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon ( Japanese : 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン , Hepburn : Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn ) , is the first season of a 1992 anime television series produced by Toei Animation and directed by Junichi Sato based on the manga of the same title by Naoko Takeuchi . It was broadcast from March 7 , 1992 to February 27 , 1993 on TV Asahi . This season adapts the first arc of the series , the `` Dark Kingdom '' arc . A second season , Sailor Moon R , began airing on March 6 , 1993 .
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It follows the adventures of Usagi Tsukino and her friends . After the magical cat Luna reveals Usagi 's true identity as the titular character , Usagi fights to protect the Earth from the Dark Kingdom , who previously destroyed the ancient Moon Kingdom . In the 1993 favorite episode listings for Animage , `` Loved and Chased ! Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' came in first place , with `` Naru 's Cry ! Nephrite Dies for Love '' coming in third place , `` The Sparkling Silver Crystal ! The Moon Princess Appears '' coming in sixth place , `` Memories Return ! Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' coming in ninth place and `` Love for Ami ? ! A Boy Who Can Predict the Future '' coming in eleventh place . The following year , the two - part series finale `` The Sailor Warriors Die ! The Tragic Final Battle '' and `` Usagi 's Everlasting Wish ! A New Reincarnation '' took first and second place respectively . Eight DVD compilations were released in Japan between May 21 and July 21 , 2002 , and the series was later released in a remastered edition in two box - sets from December 11 , 2009 to January 21 , 2010 . In the English language adaptation of the series by former licensee DIC Entertainment , the season was cut down to 40 episodes and also added an ending segment , `` Sailor Says , '' to teach a moral based on the story that had just been shown . The episodes were first broadcast on YTV in Canada from August 28 to October 24 , 1995 , and later had its first - run syndication in the United States from September 11 to November 3 , 1995 . The first season was later released by ADV Films in a subtitle - only DVD box set in 2003 . Eventually , on May 16 , 2014 , the season was re-licensed for an updated English - language release by Viz Media and they released the season in two uncut DVD and Blu - ray compilations on November 11 , 2014 and February 10 , 2015 for parts one and two respectively . Hulu began streaming the series in the United States on May 19 , 2014 , with Tubi TV following suit in Canada on July 15 , 2016 . The score was composed by Takanori Arisawa . Three pieces of theme music are used for the episodes ; one opening theme and two closing themes . The opening theme for the whole season is `` Moonlight Densetsu '' ( ムーン ライト 伝説 , Mūnraito Densetsu , lit . `` Moonlight Legend '' ) performed by the idol group DALI . `` Heart Moving '' , performed by Misae Takamatsu of Sakura Sakura , is used as the ending theme for the first 26 episodes , and `` Princess Moon '' , performed by Ushio Hashimoto , is used for the remainder of the season . DIC Entertainment made an English - language version of the Japanese opening theme for its adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 2 Releases 2.1 Japanese 2.1. 1 VHS 2.1. 2 DVD 2.2 Blu - ray 2.3 English 2.3. 1 VHS 2.3. 1.1 United States 2.3. 1.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 2 DVD 2.3. 2.1 United States 2.3. 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3. 3 Blu - ray + DVD combo 2.3. 3.1 North America 3 References Episode list ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) No . DIC Entertainment title ( s ) Original Japanese and Viz Media titles Episode director ( s ) Writer ( s ) Art director ( s ) Animation director ( s ) Original airdate English airdate ( US ) Orig . DIC `` A Moon Star Is Born '' `` The Crybaby : Usagi 's Beautiful Transformation '' `` Nakimushi Usagi no karei naru henshin '' ( 泣き虫 うさぎ の 華麗 なる 変身 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Hiromi Matsushita March 7 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 As the series begins as a slapstick comedy , a 14 - year - old underachieving sailor - suited schoolgirl Usagi Tsukino saves a cat from being attacked by a group of little boys while on her way to school . After school , she and her friend Naru Osaka visit a local jewelry store owned by her mother . On her way home , Usagi encounters Mamoru Chiba and meets up with Motoki Furuhata . Upon returning to her home , Naru 's mother reveals herself to be the youma Morga and captures her . The cat Usagi encountered earlier reveals herself as Luna and tells Usagi to search for the princess and destroy evil . Usagi transforms into Sailor Moon and , after hearing Naru in distress , confronts Morga , who intends to steal human energy by using the cursed jewelry on the girls . The youma tricks the brainwashed girls into attacking Usagi but a stranger wearing a tuxedo intervenes . Usagi weakens Morga with her screams , allowing her to use the Moon Tiara Action technique on Morga , killing her and restoring the girls to normal . Before departing , the stranger reveals himself to be Tuxedo Mask . -- September 5 , 2014 `` Punishment Awaits : the House of Fortune Is the Monster Mansion '' `` Oshioki yo ! Uranai house wa yōma no yakata '' ( おしおき よ ! 占い ハウス は 妖魔 の 館 ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsuji Matsumoto March 14 , 1992 -- Having failed his previous mission , Jadeite informs Queen Beryl , the leader of the Dark Kingdom , that he is using another plan , this time involving fortune telling . Meanwhile , Usagi 's classmate Umino Gurio is smitten with her . After confessing that he wants to go on a date , Naru has him consult a fortune teller but he decides to go to the House of Fortune . Luna tells Usagi to go to a fortune teller , in an attempt to check that Motoki is an admirer of her but decides to go to the House of Fortune . However , Umino and some of the other students are hypnotized by the tarot cards and cause trouble at school the next day . Realizing that the students were being hypnotized from the House of Fortune , Luna and Usagi infiltrate the house and encounter Balm , a youma disguised as the fortune teller . Balm orders her hypnotized subjects to attack Usagi , but Tuxedo Mask distracts her and , with his encouragement , Usagi kills Balm , returning the customers to normal . `` Talk Radio '' `` The Mysterious Sleeping Sickness : Protect the Girls in Love '' `` Nazo no nemuribyō , mamore otome no koisuru kokoro '' ( 謎 の ねむり 病 , 守れ 乙女 の 恋する 心 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kunihiko Natsume March 21 , 1992 August 29 , 1995 Homeroom teacher Haruna Sakurada and Naru submit love - letters to a late - night radio show . When they fall into a coma - like sleep , Usagi must investigate the radio station undercover . `` Slim City '' `` Learn How to Be Skinny from Usagi '' `` Usagi ga oshiemasu ! Surimu ni naruhō '' ( うさぎ が 教え ます ! スリム に なる 法 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto March 28 , 1992 August 30 , 1995 Usagi gains a couple of pounds and starts to obsess about her weight . Jadeite starts a health club to drain energy out of people . Usagi and her friends sign up after seeing how much weight Ms. Haruna has lost . Usagi discovers tanks in the basement which are sucking the life energy out of her friends . 5 -- `` Scent of a Monster : Chanela Will Steal Your Love '' `` Yōma no kaori ! Shanēra wa ai wo nusume '' ( 妖魔 の 香り ! シャネーラ は 愛 を 盗む ) Yūji Endō Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō April 11 , 1992 -- Usagi wants her family to accept Luna as a `` pet '' , but Shingo is afraid of cats . At a pet shop , he discovers a hypnotic creature called a Chanela and loses all interest in anything else . 6 -- `` Protect the Melody of Love : Usagi Plays Cupid '' `` Mamore koi no merodi ! Usagi wa Kyūpiddo '' ( 守れ 恋 の 曲 ! うさぎ は キューピッド ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano April 18 , 1992 -- Jadeite creates a cassette tape that can drain life energy , but the youma he gives it to promptly loses it . It ends up in the possession of a jazz pianist , and Usagi must disguise herself as an adult to protect him . 7 `` So You Want to Be a Superstar '' `` Usagi Learns Her Lesson : Becoming a Star Is Hard Work '' `` Usagi hansei ! Sutā no michi wa kibishii '' ( うさぎ 反省 ! スター の 道 は きびしい ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Katsuji Matsumoto April 25 , 1992 August 31 , 1995 By making a youma possess a human celebrity , Jadeite draws a huge crowd of would - be superstars . Usagi tries to juggle her duties as Sailor Moon with her desire to be popular and famous . 8 5 `` Computer School Blues '' `` The Girl Genius Is a Monster : The Brainwashing Cram School of Horror '' `` Tensai shōjo wa yōma na no ? Kyōfu no sennōjuku '' ( 天才 少女 は 妖魔 なの ? 恐怖 の 洗脳 塾 ) Junichi Sato Sukehiro Tomita Kenichi Tajiri Kunihiko Natsume May 2 , 1992 September 1 , 1995 Luna senses a strange aura around Usagi 's genius classmate , Ami Mizuno , and thinks she might be a Dark Kingdom spy . Usagi befriends the girl and is not so sure . But she understands later that Ami Mizuno is a Guardian as Sailor Moon and their duties are the same . 9 6 `` Time Bomb '' `` Usagi 's Disaster : Beware of the Clock of Confusion '' `` Usagi no sainan ! Awate tokei ni goyōjin '' ( うさぎ の 災難 ! あわて 時計 に ご 用心 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura May 9 , 1992 September 6 , 1995 Jadeite 's new plan is to make humans work harder to increase their energy output . Usagi 's mom buys a new clock for her that drains her energy ; Ami , now awakened as Sailor Mercury , helps Luna investigate . 10 7 `` An Uncharmed Life '' `` The Cursed Bus : Enter Mars , the Guardian of Fire '' `` Norowareta basu ! Honō no senshi Māzu tōjō '' ( 呪 われ た バス ! 炎 の 戦士 マーズ 登場 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto May 16 , 1992 September 7 , 1995 Loaded buses are disappearing near Hikawa Shrine , and most of Usagi 's peers suspect that Rei Hino , a mysterious shrine miko with strange psychic abilities , has something to do with it . Luna wonders if she might be the moon princess . 11 8 `` Nightmare in Dreamland '' `` Usagi vs. Rei : Nightmare in Dream Land '' `` Usagi to Rei taiketsu ? Yume rando no akumu '' ( うさぎ と レイ 対決 ? 夢 ランド の 悪夢 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando May 23 , 1992 September 8 , 1995 Queen Beryl is increasingly furious with Jadeite for his repeated failures ; he starts up a theme park , but the general public notices the large number of disappearances . Usagi and Rei , who is now Sailor Mars , begin their combative friendship . 12 9 `` Cruise Blues '' `` I Want a Boyfriend : The Luxury Cruise Ship Is a Trap '' `` Watashi datte kare ga hoshii ! Gōkasen no wana '' ( 私 だって 彼 が 欲しい ! 豪華 船 の ワナ ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Kazuko Tadano May 30 , 1992 September 11 , 1995 One of Queen Beryl 's youma offers to help Jadeite with his wicked plans . Rei wins tickets on a luxury cruise ship and , since she has no boyfriend , asks Ami to accompany her . A jealous Usagi sneaks aboard after them . 13 10 `` The Fight to the Finish '' `` Girls Unite : The End of Jadeite '' `` Onna no ko wa danketsu yo ! Jedaito no saigo '' ( 女の子 は 団結 よ ! ジェダイト の 最期 ) Harume Kosaka Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura June 6 , 1992 September 12 , 1995 Usagi continues to be romantically infatuated with both Motoki Furuhata and Tuxedo Mask . Threatened with death should he fail again , Jadeite confronts the Sailor Guardians at an airport . 14 11 `` Match Point for Sailor Moon '' `` A New Enemy Appears : Nephrite 's Evil Crest '' `` Arata naru kyōteki , Nefuraito ma no monshō '' ( 新た なる 強敵 , ネフライト 魔 の 紋章 ) Junichi Sato Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Hisashi Kagawa June 13 , 1992 September 13 , 1995 Nephrite takes over as Beryl 's main energy gatherer . He plans to gather more strength and power from individual humans at their strongest , rather than from groups , and starts by targeting Naru 's childhood friend , a tennis player . 15 12 `` An Unnatural Phenomena '' `` Usagi 's Panic : Rei 's First Date '' `` Usagi aseru ! Rei - chan hatsu dēto '' ( うさぎ アセ る ! レイ ちゃん 初 デート ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto June 20 , 1992 September 14 , 1995 Usagi finally learns Mamoru 's name , and , to her aggravation ( and supposed jealousy ) , Rei decides to date him . Meanwhile , Nephrite targets the caretaker of a park , and Rei suggests a similarity between Mamoru and Tuxedo Mask . 16 13 `` Wedding Day Blues '' `` A Girl 's Dream : Usagi Becomes a Bride '' `` Junpaku doresu no yume ! Usagi hanayome ni naru '' ( 純白 ドレス の 夢 ! うさぎ 花嫁 に なる ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando June 27 , 1992 September 15 , 1995 Usagi 's home economics teacher is getting married , and she and Rei become obsessed with a contest for handmade wedding dresses . Nephrite implants a youma in some fabric purchased by the bride - to - be . 17 14 `` Shutter Bugged '' `` Usagi 's a Model : The Flash of the Monster Camera '' `` Moderu wa Usagi ? Yōma kamera no nessha '' ( モデル は うさぎ ? 妖魔 カメラ の 熱 写 ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano July 4 , 1992 September 18 , 1995 A student from Rei 's school is an expert photographer . She and others try to become models to attract fame and fortune , but the boy and his camera are under the influence of the Dark Kingdom . 18 15 `` Dangerous Dollies '' `` Shingo 's Love : The Grieving Doll '' `` Shingo no junjō ! Kanashimi no Furansu ningyō '' ( 進悟 の 純情 ! 哀しみ の フランス 人形 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō July 11 , 1992 September 19 , 1995 Zoisite suggests that Nephrite needs his help , but the later refuses , angering Queen Beryl . Shingo 's friend is targeted for her ability to make beautiful dolls . Sailor Moon becomes an increasingly popular super-heroine . 19 16 `` Who Is That Masked Man ? '' `` Usagi 's Joy : A Love Letter from Tuxedo Mask '' `` Usagi kangeki ! Takishīdo Kamen no rabu retā '' ( うさぎ 感激 ! タキシード 仮面 の 恋文 ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Akira Nakamura July 25 , 1992 September 20 , 1995 Nephrite takes advantage of Sailor Moon 's romantic attraction to Tuxedo Mask by sending love letters to Usagi and her classmates . Naru falls in love with him in his civilian disguise , allowing him to drain a large amount of her life - force energy . 20 -- `` The Summer , the Beach , Youth and Ghosts '' `` Natsu yo Umi yo Seishun yo ! Omake ni yūrei mo yo ! '' ( 夏 よ 海 よ 青春 よ ! おまけ に 幽霊 も よ ! ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa August 1 , 1992 -- Usagi and her friends go to the beach , where they stay in a hotel run by people who look like film monsters . There , they encounter a ghostly presence and a little girl with psychic powers . 21 17 `` An Animated Mess '' `` Protect the Children 's Dreams : Friendship Through Anime '' `` Kodomotachi no yume mamore ! Anime ni musubu yūjō '' ( 子供 達 の 夢 守れ ! アニメ に 結ぶ 友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hiromi Matsushita Kazuko Tadano August 8 , 1992 September 21 , 1995 Nephrite targets one of the animators of an upcoming Sailor V film , who is driven by jealousy of her best friend . The Guardians investigate , but Usagi and Rei are distracted by the excitement of the anime studio . 22 18 `` Worth a Princess 's Ransom '' `` Romance Under the Moon : Usagi 's First Kiss '' `` Gekka no romansu ! Usagi no hatsu kissu '' ( 月 下 の ロマンス ! うさぎ の 初 キッス ) Yūji Endō Sukehiro Tomita Yoshiyuki Shikano Kiyoshi Matsumoto August 15 , 1992 September 22 , 1995 Luna and Beryl wonder if a visiting princess could be the one the Guardians have been looking for . Mamoru dreams he is Tuxedo Mask and a girl is asking him for the Silver Crystal . At the ball , Usagi accidentally drinks wine and experiences her first kiss by Tuxedo Mask . 23 19 `` Molly 's Folly '' `` Wish Upon a Star : Naru 's First Love '' `` Nagareboshi ni negai wo ! Naru - chan no jun'ai '' ( 流れ星 に 願い を ! なる ちゃん の 純愛 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando August 22 , 1992 September 25 , 1995 Nephrite creates a crystal that will guide him to the Silver Crystal . Usagi tries to tell Naru the man she loves is Nephrite in disguise , but does n't believe her , saying Usagi 's jealous . He convinces her to steal a crystal from her mother and bring it to him . 24 20 `` A Friend in Wolf 's Clothing '' `` Naru 's Tears : Nephrite Dies for Love '' `` Naru - chan gōkyū ! Nefuraito ai no shi '' ( なる ちゃん 号泣 ! ネフライト 愛 の 死 ) Junichi Sato Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Ikuko Itō August 29 , 1992 September 26 , 1995 Nephrite continues to investigate Naru , not understanding that his crystal is sensing her love for him . Zoisite , thinking he must be in love with the girl , kidnaps her in order to trap him . 25 21 `` Jupiter Comes Thundering In '' `` Jupiter , the Powerful Girl in Love '' `` Koisuru kairiki shōjo , Jupitā - chan '' ( 恋する 怪力 少女 , ジュピター ちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Hisashi Kagawa September 5 , 1992 September 27 , 1995 Queen Beryl partially awakens the evil entity Queen Metalia and sends Zoisite and Kunzite to find the Seven Great Youma and their Rainbow Crystals . Meanwhile , the tomboyish Makoto Kino transfers into Usagi 's school and quickly falls for a crane - game whiz at the arcade . 26 22 `` The Power of Friendship '' `` Restore Naru 's Smile : Usagi 's Friendship '' `` Naru - chan ni egao wo ! Usagi no yūjō '' ( なる ちゃん に 笑顔 を ! うさぎ の 友情 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura September 12 , 1992 September 28 , 1995 Naru is still very depressed about Nephrite , so Usagi and Umino take her to Yokohama to have fun . There , a kindly priest is attacked by Zoisite . Mamoru realizes that he is Tuxedo Mask , and drops a locket on the ground , where Usagi finds it . 27 23 `` Mercury 's Mental Match '' `` Crushing on Ami : The Boy Who Can See The Future '' `` Ami - chan e no koi ! ? Mirai yochi no shōnen '' ( 亜美 ちゃん へ の 恋 ! ? 未来 予知 の 少年 ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Masahiro Ando October 10 , 1992 September 29 , 1995 Ami is bested in a school test by Urawa , who can foresee the future and who has a crush on her . He also already knows that he is one of the Rainbow Crystal holders . 28 24 `` An Artful Attack '' `` The Painting of Love : Usagi and Mamoru Get Closer '' `` Koi no irasuto , Usagi to Mamoru ga sekkin ? '' ( 恋 の イラスト , うさぎ と 衛 が 接近 ? ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Kazuko Tadano October 17 , 1992 October 2 , 1995 An artist asks a reluctant Usagi and Mamoru to model for one of her romantic love paintings . They encourage her to be less of a recluse . In battle , Sailor Moon learns that the locket she found belonged to Tuxedo Mask . 29 25 `` Too Many Girlfriends '' `` Total Chaos : The Messy Love Rectangle '' `` Daikonsen ! Guchagucha koi no shikaku kankei '' ( 大 混線 ! グチャグチャ 恋 の 四角 関係 ) Harume Kosaka Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Kiyoshi Matsumoto October 24 , 1992 October 3 , 1995 Makoto , like Usagi , develops a huge romantic crush on Motoki . The two decide to pursue him simultaneously , even after finding out that he has a girlfriend , who , meanwhile , is targeted by Zoisite and Kunzite . 30 26 `` Grandpa 's Follies '' `` Grandpa Loses Control : Rei in Danger '' `` Ojī - chan ranshin , Rei - chan no kiki '' ( お 爺 ちゃん 乱心 , レイ ちゃん の 危機 ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Akira Nakamura October 31 , 1992 October 4 , 1995 Zoisite aggravates the Rainbow Crystal inside Rei 's grandfather , who becomes hyperactive and unstable . A young man , Yūichirō Kumada , wanders into the shrine , falls in love with Rei , and asks to work there . 31 27 `` Kitty Chaos '' `` Love and Chased : Luna 's Worst Day Ever '' `` Koisarete owarete ! Runa no saiaku no hi '' ( 恋 され て 追 われ て ! ルナ の 最悪 の 日 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Ikuko Itō November 7 , 1992 October 5 , 1995 Luna becomes the object of a very fat ordinary cat 's attentions . Both Zoisite and the Sailor Guardians detect traces of the last Rainbow Crystal around the home of this cat 's owner and go to investigate . 32 28 `` Tuxedo Melvin '' `` Umino 's Resolve : I 'll Protect Naru '' `` Umino no kesshin ! Naru - chan wa boku ga mamoru '' ( 海野 の 決心 ! なる ちゃん は 僕 が 守る ) Takao Yoshizawa Shigeru Yanagikawa Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa November 14 , 1992 October 6 , 1995 Luna reveals that she is from the moon , and so is the princess the guardians are looking for . Umino , having been told that Tuxedo Mask is attractive , adopts a similar persona in order to protect , and thereby woo , Naru . 33 29 `` Sailor V Makes the Scene '' `` Enter Venus , the Last Sailor Guardian '' `` Saigo no Sērā Senshi , Vīnasu tōjō '' ( 最後 の セーラー 戦士 , ヴィーナス 登場 ) Yūji Endō Megumi Sugihara Kenichi Tajiri Masahiro Ando November 21 , 1992 October 9 , 1995 Zoisite disguises himself as Sailor Moon in order to lure Tuxedo Mask and the guardians out into the open , where they are attacked by Kunzite . The Dark Kingdom injures Tuxedo Mask 's identity , but they are foiled by the appearance of Sailor Venus . 34 30 `` A Crystal Clear Destiny '' `` The Shining Silver Crystal : The Moon Princess Appears '' `` Hikari kagayaku ginzuishō ! Tsuki no purinsesu tōjō '' ( 光 輝く 銀 水晶 ! 月 の プリンセス 登場 ) Harume Kosaka Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano November 28 , 1992 October 10 , 1995 The new guardian , Sailor Venus , is also schoolgirl Minako Aino . Forbidden by Queen Beryl to kill Tuxedo Mask , Zoisite challenges him to duel for the Rainbow Crystals . Usagi follows him , and they are forced to reveal their identities to each other . 35 31 `` A Reluctant Princess '' `` Returning Memories : Usagi and Mamoru 's Past '' `` Yomigaeru kioku ! Usagi to Mamoru no kako '' ( よみがえる 記憶 ! うさぎ と 衛 の 過去 ) Takuya Igarashi Katsuyuki Sumisawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Akira Nakamura December 5 , 1992 October 11 , 1995 Usagi and Mamoru remember their former lives as Princess Serenity and Prince Endymion . The Dark Kingdom kidnaps the injured Mamoru , but Beryl executes Zoisite for his attempt to kill him . Luna and Artemis tell the Guardians about their tragic past . 36 32 `` Bad Hair Day '' `` Usagi 's Confusion : Is Tuxedo Mask Evil ? '' `` Usagi konran ! Takishīdo Kamen wa aku ? '' ( うさぎ 混乱 ! タキシード 仮面 は 悪 ? ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Kiyoshi Matsumoto December 12 , 1992 October 12 , 1995 Minako takes a depressed Usagi to the hairdresser to cheer her up . There they are attacked by a youma who is convinced that Minako is Sailor Moon . Tuxedo Mask appears , alive and whole , but addresses himself as Endymion , seems to be fighting for the other side . 37 33 `` Little Miss Manners '' `` Let 's Become a Princess : Usagi 's Bizarre Training '' `` Mezase purinsesu ? Usagi no chintokkun '' ( めざせ プリンセス ? うさぎ の 珍 特訓 ) Hiromichi Matano Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō December 19 , 1992 October 13 , 1995 Usagi daydreams of her past and enrolls in a special seminar to become more like a princess . Kunzite and the evil Endymion argue about which is more important : obtaining the Silver Crystal or killing Sailor Moon . 38 34 `` Ski Bunny Blues '' `` The Snow , the Mountains , Friendship and Monsters '' `` Yuki yo Yama yo Yūjō yo ! Yappari yōma mo yo ! '' ( 雪 よ 山 よ 友情 よ ! やっぱり 妖魔 も よ ) Takao Yoshizawa Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kazuyuki Hashimoto Hisashi Kagawa December 26 , 1992 October 16 , 1995 Yūichirō takes the girls to a ski resort , where they enter a `` Moon Princess '' contest . Rei and Usagi , targeted by a youma , take the opportunity to reaffirm their friendship . Tuxedo Mask continues to fight against them . 39 35 `` Ice Princess '' `` Paired with a Monster : Mako , the Ice Skating Queen '' `` Yōma to pea ! ? Hyōjō no joō Mako - chan '' ( 妖魔 と ペア ! ? 氷上 の 女王 まこ ちゃん ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Megumi Sugihara Yoshiyuki Shikano Kazuko Tadano January 9 , 1993 October 17 , 1995 Discovering that the Moon Princess was once known for her graceful ice skating , Kunzite tries to use this information to trap Sailor Moon . The best skater among the girls , however , turns out to be Makoto . Tuxedo Mask appears to help them , but only works against Kunzite because he does n't want to involve bystanders . 40 36 `` Last Resort '' `` The Legendary Lake Yokai : The Bond of Usagi 's Family '' `` Mizuumi no densetsu yōkai ! Usagi kazoku no kizuna '' ( 湖 の 伝説 妖怪 ! うさぎ 家族 の きずな ) Harume Kosaka Megumi Sugihara Minoru Ōkōchi Masahiro Ando January 16 , 1993 October 18 , 1995 Usagi and her family go on vacation at a hot springs , where legend holds that a terrible monster was once defeated . Endymion revives the monster , but regrets his action upon discovering that it is not a youma . 41 37 `` Tuxedo Unmasked '' `` I Wo n't Run Away from Love Anymore : Ami vs. Mamoru '' `` Mō koi kara nigenai ! Ami to Mamoru taiketsu '' ( もう 恋 から 逃げ ない ! 亜美 と 衛 対決 ) Yūji Endō Katsuyuki Sumisawa Kenichi Tajiri Akira Nakamura January 23 , 1993 October 19 , 1995 Queen Beryl orders the seven people gathered who had carried Rainbow Crystals , intending to combine them into one huge youma . Ami is determined to protect Urawa . Sailor Moon tries to heal Endymion . 42 -- `` Sailor Venus ' Past : Minako 's Tragic Love '' `` Sērā Vīnasu no kako , Minako no higeki '' ( S ヴィーナス の 過去 , 美奈子 の 悲劇 ) Takuya Igarashi Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kiyoshi Matsumoto January 30 , 1993 -- The Guardians look for an entrance to the Dark Kingdom , where Metalia will soon be awakened . Kunzite decides to try to get at Sailor V and attacks a woman Minako had been good friends with in England . 43 38 `` Fractious Friends '' `` Usagi Abandoned : The Falling - Out of the Sailor Guardians '' `` Usagi ga koritsu ? Sērā Senshi - tachi no ōgenka '' ( うさぎ が 孤立 ? S 戦士 達 の 大 ゲンカ ) Kazuhisa Takenouchi Shigeru Yanagikawa Yoshiyuki Shikano Katsumi Tamegai February 6 , 1993 October 20 , 1995 The Sailor Guardians stage a breakup , trying to make it look as though Sailor Moon has defected so that she can infiltrate the Dark Kingdom and save Endymion . She and Sailor Mars find it a little too easy to fight . 44 39 `` The Past Returns '' `` Usagi 's Awakening : A Message from the Distant Past '' `` Usagi no kakusei ! Chōkako no messēji '' ( うさぎ の 覚醒 ! 超 過去 の メッセージ ) Takao Yoshizawa Sukehiro Tomita Minoru Ōkōchi Hisashi Kagawa February 13 , 1993 October 23 , 1995 A blast of energy sends the Guardians to the ruined Moon Kingdom , where they meet a hologram of Queen Serenity and learn about their past . Luna and Artemis find the entrance to the Dark Kingdom . Kunzite attacks , but is finally defeated by Sailor Moon . 45 -- `` Death of the Sailor Guardians : The Tragic Final Battle '' `` Sērā Senshi shisu ! Hisō naru saishūsen '' ( セーラー 戦士 死す ! 悲壮 なる 最終 戦 ) Kōnosuke Uda Shigeru Yanagikawa Kenichi Tajiri Ikuko Itō February 20 , 1993 -- The Sailor Guardians travel to D Point to fight Queen Beryl , where they face her toughest youma yet , the DD Girls and the Inner Guardians are killed protecting Sailor Moon . 46 -- `` Usagi 's Eternal Wish : A Brand New Life '' `` Usagi no omoi wa towa ni ! Atarashiki tensei '' ( うさぎ の 想い は 永遠 に ! 新しき 転生 ) Kunihiko Ikuhara Sukehiro Tomita Kazuyuki Hashimoto Kazuko Tadano February 27 , 1993 -- With her friends dead , Sailor Moon is transported inside the Dark Kingdom to face Queen Beryl and the brainwashed Prince Endymion . -- 40 `` Day of Destiny '' -- -- -- -- -- October 24 , 1995 Combines parts of the original episodes 45 and 46 . Releases ( edit ) Japanese ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , VHS ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 1 -- 4 December 18 , 1992 5 -- 8 March 25 , 1993 9 -- 12 July 25 , 1993 13 -- 16 August 25 , 1993 5 17 -- 20 November 25 , 1993 6 21 -- 24 December 17 , 1993 7 25 -- 28 January 25 , 1994 8 29 -- 32 February 25 , 1994 9 33 -- 36 March 21 , 1994 10 37 -- 40 April 21 , 1994 11 41 -- 44 May 21 , 1994 12 45 -- 46 June 21 , 1994 DVD ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , Region 2 DVD ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 1 -- 6 May 21 , 2002 7 -- 12 May 21 , 2002 13 -- 18 May 21 , 2002 19 -- 24 June 21 , 2002 5 25 -- 30 June 21 , 2002 6 30 -- 36 June 21 , 2002 7 37 -- 41 July 21 , 2002 8 42 -- 46 July 21 , 2002 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD COLLECTION 1 -- 24 December 11 , 2009 25 -- 46 January 21 , 2010 Blu - ray ( edit ) Toei Video ( Japan , Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 1 1 -- 23 June 4 , 2017 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 2 24 -- 46 August 9 , 2017 English ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Buena Vista Home Video Volume Episodes Release date Stock Number Ref . Sailor Moon : A Moon Star Is Born 1 , 3 ( 1 -- 2 edited ) March 11 , 1997 6145 Sailor Moon : Scouts Unite ! 8 , 10 ( 5 , 7 edited ) March 11 , 1997 6146 Sailor Moon : Evil Eyes 12 , 17 ( 9 , 14 edited ) March 18 , 1997 6148 Sailor Moon : Jupiter and Venus Arrive ! 25 , 33 ( 21 , 29 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10422 Sailor Moon : Secret Identities 34 -- 35 ( 30 -- 31 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10423 Sailor Moon : Good Queen , Bad Queen 44 -- 46 ( 39 -- 40 edited ) April 30 , 1997 10424 ADV Films Volume Episodes Release date Stock Number Ref . Volume 1 : The Legend Begins 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 ( 1 -- 4 edited ) November 21 , 2000 707303 Volume 2 : The Power of Friendship 8 -- 11 ( 5 -- 8 edited ) November 21 , 2000 707743 Volume 3 : Sailor Mars Joins the Battle 12 -- 15 ( 9 -- 12 edited ) January 9 , 2001 707313 Volume 4 : Mysterious Tuxedo Mask 16 -- 19 ( 13 -- 16 edited ) January 9 , 2001 707753 Volume 5 : Red Hearts & Silver Crystals 21 -- 24 ( 17 -- 20 edited ) February 13 , 2001 707343 Volume 6 : Introducing Sailor Jupiter 25 -- 28 ( 21 -- 24 edited ) February 13 , 2001 707783 Volume 7 : Green Eyed Monsters 29 -- 32 ( 25 -- 28 edited ) May 1 , 2001 707353 Volume 8 : And in This Corner ... Sailor Venus ! 33 -- 36 ( 29 -- 32 edited ) May 1 , 2001 707793 Volume 9 : Field Trips 37 -- 40 ( 33 -- 36 edited ) July 3 , 2001 707363 Volume 10 : Trials And Troubles ! 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 40 edited ) July 3 , 2001 707803 United Kingdom ( edit ) MVM Films Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Episodes 1 And 2 1 , 3 ( 1 -- 2 edited ) November 12 , 2001 Episodes 3 And 4 4 , 7 ( 3 -- 4 edited ) November 12 , 2001 Episodes 5 And 6 8 -- 9 ( 5 -- 6 edited ) December 27 , 2001 Episodes 7 And 8 10 -- 11 ( 7 -- 8 edited ) April 22 , 2002 Episodes 9 And 10 12 -- 13 ( 9 -- 10 edited ) April 22 , 2002 Episodes 11 And 12 14 -- 15 ( 11 -- 12 edited ) March 10 , 2003 Episodes 13 -- 18 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) April 21 , 2003 Episodes 19 -- 24 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) June 2 , 2003 DVD ( edit ) United States ( edit ) ADV Films ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . A Heroine Is Chosen 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 ( 1 -- 6 edited ) April 16 , 2002 Sailor Scouts to the Rescue ! 10 -- 15 ( 7 -- 12 edited ) April 16 , 2002 The Man in the Tuxedo Mask 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) June 11 , 2002 The Secret of the Sailor Scouts 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) June 11 , 2002 Introducing Sailor Venus ! 29 -- 34 ( 25 -- 30 edited ) July 23 , 2002 Adventure Girls ! 35 -- 40 ( 31 -- 36 edited ) July 23 , 2002 Fight to the Finish ! 41 , 43 -- 46 ( 37 -- 42 edited ) September 3 , 2002 Season One , Complete and Uncut 1 -- 46 July 15 , 2003 Viz Media ( Region 1 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 1 Part 1 1 -- 23 November 11 , 2014 Season 1 Part 2 24 -- 46 February 10 , 2015 United Kingdom ( edit ) MVM Films ( Region 2 ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Episodes 1 -- 6 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 ( 1 -- 6 edited ) February 24 , 2003 Episodes 7 -- 12 10 -- 15 ( 7 -- 12 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 13 -- 18 16 -- 19 , 21 -- 22 ( 13 -- 18 edited ) November 8 , 2004 Episodes 19 -- 24 23 -- 28 ( 19 -- 24 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 25 -- 30 29 -- 34 ( 25 -- 30 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 31 -- 36 35 -- 40 ( 31 -- 36 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Episodes 37 -- 42 41 , 43 -- 48 ( 37 -- 42 edited ) October 4 , 2004 Series 1 1 , 3 -- 4 , 7 -- 19 , 21 -- 41 , 43 -- 48 ( 1 -- 42 edited ) October 11 , 2004 Blu - ray + DVD combo ( edit ) North America ( edit ) Viz Media ( Region A ) Volume Episodes Release date Ref . Season 1 Part 1 1 -- 23 November 11 , 2014 Season 1 Part 2 24 -- 46 February 10 , 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' . toei-video.co.jp . Toei Video . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sailormoon Channel ( in Japanese ) Name of story arc given on the official website . Jump up ^ 第 15 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1993 年 5 月 号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ 第 16 回 アニメ グランプリ ( 1994 年 5 月 号 ) ( in Japanese ) . Animage.jp . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 8 ( 完 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン DVD ‐ COLLECTION Vol. 2 ( 完 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Gemma . `` Shôjo Classic - Sailor Moon '' . Neo . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jeff ( August 9 , 1999 ) . `` The First Three '' . The X Bridge . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon ( TV Spotlight ) '' . ChristianAnswers.net . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 泣き虫 うさぎ の 華麗 なる 変身 '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 1 ( in Japanese ) . March 7 , 1992 . TV Asahi . Jump up ^ `` 亜美 ちゃん へ の 恋 ! ? 未来 予知 の 少年 '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 27 ( in Japanese ) . October 10 , 1992 . TV Asahi . Jump up ^ `` A Moon Star is Born '' . Sailor Moon . Episode 1 . August 28 , 1995 . YTV . Jump up ^ YTV at https://web.archive.org . `` YTV - Shows - Sailor Moon '' . Archived from the original on 2002 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official list of Sailor Moon episodes '' . Sailor Moon Memorial Song Box ( CD booklet ) . Nippon Columbia CO. , LTD. 1997 . pp. 100 -- 108 . COCC - 14459 - 64 . Jump up ^ Sailor Moon page at Hulu . `` Watch Sailor Moon online - at Hulu '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 1 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 2 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 3 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 4 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 5 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 6 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 7 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 8 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 9 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 10 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 11 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン 12 ( in Japanese ) . Tower Records . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 3 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Vol. 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Toei Video Online Shop . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 美 少女 戦士 セーラームーン Blu - ray COLLECTION VOL. 2 '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sailor Moon Dub : Merchandise > VHS > Buena Vista Home Video '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Legend Begins ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Power of Friendship ( Vol. 2 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Sailor Mars Joins the Battle ( Vol. 3 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Mysterious Tuxedo Mask ( Vol. 4 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Red Hearts & Silver Crystals ( Vol. 5 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Introducing Sailor Jupiter ( Vol. 6 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Green Eyed Monsters ( Vol. 7 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - In This Corner Sailor Venus ( Vol. 8 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Field Trips ( Vol. 9 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Trials and Troubles ( Vol. 10 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 1 And 2 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 3 And 4 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 5 And 6 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 7 And 8 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 9 And 10 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 11 And 12 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 13 - 18 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 19 - 24 ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Heroine Is Chosen ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Sailor Scouts to the Rescue ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Man in the Tuxedo Mask ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - The Secret of the Sailor Scouts ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Introducing Sailor Venus ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon - Fight to the Finish ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon , Season One , Complete and Uncut ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 1 ( DVD ONLY ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 1 - 6 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 7 - 12 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 13 - 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 19 - 24 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 25 - 30 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 31 - 36 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Episodes 37 - 42 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon : Series 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 1 ( LE Blu - ray / DVD COMBO ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Moon Season 1 Part 2 ( BD Combo ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ( hide ) Sailor Moon by Naoko Takeuchi Media Chapters Codename : Sailor V Sailor Moon episodes Season 1 SuperS Sailor Stars films Super S Sailor Moon Crystal episodes Live - action series Musicals Video games Collectible card game Music Soundtracks `` Moonlight Densetsu '' `` Kaze mo Sora mo Kitto ... '' `` Moon Pride '' Characters Protagonists Sailor Moon Tuxedo Mask Sailor Mercury Sailor Mars Sailor Jupiter Sailor Venus Chibiusa Sailor Pluto Sailor Uranus Sailor Neptune Sailor Saturn Antagonists Dark Kingdom Black Moon Clan Death Busters Dead Moon Circus Shadow Galactica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sailor_Moon_episodes_(season_1)&oldid=817709411 '' Categories : 1992 Japanese television seasons 1993 Japanese television seasons Sailor Moon episode lists Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Italiano Magyar Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 03 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sailor%20Moon%20episodes%20%28season%201%29
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who is the first lady president in the world
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First Lady of the United States
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first lady of the united states
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The First Lady of the United States ( FLOTUS ) is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States , concurrent with the president 's term of office . Although the First Lady 's role has never been codified or officially defined , she figures prominently in the political and social life of the nation . Since the early 20th century , the First Lady has been assisted by official staff , now known as the Office of the First Lady and headquartered in the East Wing of the White House . Melania Trump is the current First Lady of the United States , and wife of 45th President of the United States , Donald Trump .
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While the title was not in general use until much later , Martha Washington , the wife of George Washington , the first U.S. President ( 1789 -- 1797 ) , is considered to be the inaugural First Lady of the United States . During her lifetime , she was often referred to as `` Lady Washington '' . Since the 1790s , the role of First Lady has changed considerably . It has come to include involvement in political campaigns , management of the White House , championship of social causes , and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions . Because first ladies now typically publish their memoirs , which are viewed as potential sources of additional information about their husbands ' administrations , and because the public is interested in these increasingly independent women in their own right , first ladies frequently remain a focus of attention long after their husbands ' terms of office have ended . Additionally , over the years individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors , from fashion to public opinion on policy . Historically , should a president be unmarried , or a widower , the president usually asks a relative or friend to act as White House hostess . There are four living former first ladies : Rosalynn Carter , wife of Jimmy Carter ; Hillary Clinton , wife of Bill Clinton ; Laura Bush , wife of George W. Bush ; and Michelle Obama , wife of Barack Obama . As of 2018 , the only former First Lady who has run for or held public office is Hillary Clinton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the title 1.1 Non-spouses in the role 2 Role 3 Office of the First Lady 4 Exhibitions and collections 5 First Lady and fashion 6 Living First Ladies 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origins of the title ( edit ) Dolley Madison was said to be the first President 's wife to be referred to as `` First Lady '' ( this was at her funeral in 1849 ) . The use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States . In the early days of the republic , there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president . Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed , including the use of such titles as `` Lady , '' `` Mrs. President '' and `` Mrs. Presidentress '' ; Martha Washington was often referred to as `` Lady Washington . '' One of the earliest uses of the term `` First Lady '' was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the St. Johnsbury Caledonian , the author , `` Mrs. Sigourney '' , discussing how Martha Washington had not changed , even after her husband George became president , wrote that `` The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life . Indulging in no indolence , she left the pillow at dawn , and after breakfast , retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion '' . Dolley Madison was reportedly referred to as `` First Lady '' in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President Zachary Taylor ; however , no written record of this eulogy exists , nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title . Sometime after 1849 , the title began being used in Washington , D.C. , social circles . One of the earliest known written examples comes from November 3 , 1863 , diary entry of William Howard Russell , in which he referred to gossip about `` the First Lady in the Land , '' referring to Mary Todd Lincoln . The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877 , when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as `` the First Lady of the Land '' while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes . The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes ' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington . A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger , titled The First Lady in the Land , popularized the title further . By the 1930s , it was in wide use . Use of the title later spread from the United States to other nations . When Edith Wilson took control of her husband 's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke , one Republican senator labeled her `` the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man . '' The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States ( SLOTUS ) , but this title is much less common . Non-spouses in the role ( edit ) Several women ( at least thirteen ) who were not presidents ' wives have served as First Lady , as when the president was a bachelor or widower , or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself . In these cases , the position has been filled by a female relative or friend of the president , such as Martha Jefferson Randolph during Jefferson 's presidency , Emily Donelson and Sarah Yorke Jackson during Jackson 's , Mary Elizabeth ( Taylor ) Bliss during Taylor 's , Mary Harrison McKee during Benjamin Harrison 's presidency , upon her mother 's death , Harriet Lane during Buchanan 's , and Rose Cleveland prior to Cleveland 's marriage . Ivanka Trump temporarily took over the duties of First Lady during the beginning of the presidency of Donald Trump as his wife stayed in New York to finish their son 's school year . Melania Trump took over her role of First Lady in June of 2017 . Role ( edit ) First Lady Barbara Bush , joined by Missouri Governor John Ashcroft , with a `` Parents as Teachers '' group at the Greater St. Louis Ferguson - Florissant School District in October 1991 . Mrs. Bush , who championed literacy as first lady , is reading Brown Bear , Brown Bear to the children . First Ladies Nancy Reagan , Barbara Bush ( standing , left to right ) , Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , Rosalynn Carter , and Betty Ford ( seated , left to right ) at the dedication of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library , November 1991 The position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties . Nonetheless , first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society . The role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries . She is , first and foremost , the hostess of the White House . She organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with , or in place of , the president . Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship : as public woman ( 1900 -- 1929 ) ; as political celebrity ( 1932 -- 1961 ) ; as political activist ( 1964 -- 1977 ) ; and as political interloper ( 1980 -- 2001 ) . Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital ( New York and Philadelphia ) . This socializing became known as `` the Republican Court '' and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role . Both Martha Washington and Abigail Adams were treated as if they were `` ladies '' of the British royal court . Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women , by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage , and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812 . Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s . She traveled widely and spoke to many groups , often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president 's . She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show . Jacqueline Kennedy led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House . Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters . Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president . Over the course of the 20th century , it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote , usually ones that are not politically divisive . It is common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support these activities . Lady Bird Johnson pioneered environmental protection and beautification . Pat Nixon encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad ; Betty Ford supported women 's rights ; Rosalynn Carter aided those with mental disabilities ; Nancy Reagan founded the Just Say No drug awareness campaign ; Barbara Bush promoted literacy ; Hillary Clinton sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S. ; Laura Bush supported women 's rights groups , and encouraged childhood literacy . Michelle Obama became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity ; and Melania Trump has stated that she wants to use her position to help children , including prevention of cyberbullying and supporting children whose lives are affected by drugs . Near the end of her husband 's presidency , Clinton became the first First Lady to run for political office . During the campaign , her daughter , Chelsea , took over much of the First Lady 's role . Victorious , Clinton served as U.S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009 , when she resigned in order to become President Obama 's Secretary of State until 2013 . Clinton was the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 2016 election , but lost to Donald Trump . Office of the First Lady ( edit ) First Ladies ( from left to right ) Nancy Reagan , Lady Bird Johnson , Hillary Clinton , Rosalynn Carter , Betty Ford , and Barbara Bush at the `` National Garden Gala , A Tribute to America 's First Ladies '' , May 11 , 1994 . Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , absent due to illness , died a week after this photograph was taken . Further information : Office of the First Lady of the United States The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the First Lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House , and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House . The First Lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff , press secretary , White House Social Secretary , Chief Floral Designer , etc . The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office , a branch of the Executive Office of the President . When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York , she set aside her duties as first lady and moved to Chappaqua , New York to establish state residency . She resumed her duties as First Lady after winning her senatorial campaign , and retained her duties as both first lady and U.S. Senator for the seventeen - day overlap before Bill Clinton 's term came to an end . Despite the significant responsibilities usually handled by the First Lady , the First Lady does not receive a salary . This has been criticized by both Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama . Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) Established in 1912 , the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the Smithsonian Institution . The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women . Originally focused largely on fashion , the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the presidency and American society . In 2008 , `` First Ladies at the Smithsonian '' opened at the National Museum of American History as part of its reopening year celebration . That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum 's expanded exhibition on first ladies ' history that opened on November 19 , 2011 . `` The First Ladies '' explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation . The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects , ranging from those of Martha Washington to Michelle Obama , and includes White House china , personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian 's unique collection of first ladies ' materials . First Lady and fashion ( edit ) Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style . Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , for instance , became a global fashion icon : her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and imitated by many young women , and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965 . Michelle Obama has also received significant attention for her fashion choices : style writer Robin Givhan praised her in The Daily Beast , arguing that the First Lady 's style has helped to enhance the public image of the office . Living First Ladies ( edit ) As of April 2018 , there are four living former First Ladies , as seen below . Rosalynn Carter served 1977 -- 81 born 1927 ( age 90 ) wife of Jimmy Carter Hillary Clinton served 1993 -- 2001 born 1947 ( age 70 ) wife of Bill Clinton Laura Bush served 2001 -- 09 born 1946 ( age 71 ) wife of George W. Bush Michelle Obama served 2009 -- 17 born 1964 ( age 54 ) wife of Barack Obama The most recent First Lady to die was Barbara Bush , on April 17 , 2018 , at the age of 92 . The greatest number of former First Ladies to be alive at one time was seven , during the period from January 20 , 1993 to June 22 , 1993 , when Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis , Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , Betty Ford , Rosalynn Carter , Nancy Reagan , and Barbara Bush were all alive . See also ( edit ) First Ladies : Influence & Image First Ladies National Historic Site ( Canton , Ohio ) List of current United States first spouses References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Caroli , Betty Boyd . `` First Lady : United States title '' . Britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Figueroa , Acton ( January 1 , 2003 ) . Washington , . World Almanac Library . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5162 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Martha Washington '' . St. Johnsbury Caledonian . August 7 , 1838 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Biography : Dolley Madison '' . National First Ladies ' Library . Jump up ^ Creeden , Sharon ( 1999 ) . In Full Bloom : Tales of Women in Their Prime . August House . p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Carl Sferrazza ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Role of the First Lady '' . America.gov . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burns , Lisa M. ( 2008 ) . First Ladies and the Fourth Estate : Press Framing of Presidential Wives . DeKalb , IL : Northern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0875803913 . Jump up ^ Shields , David S. & Teute , Fredrika J. ( 2015 ) . `` The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women 's Domain in the Public Sphere '' . Journal of the Early Republic . 35 ( 2 ) : 169 -- 183 . doi : 10.1353 / jer. 2015.0033 . Jump up ^ O'Farrell , Brigid ( 2010 ) . She was one of us : Eleanor Roosevelt and the American worker . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . Jump up ^ Troy , Gil ( 2001 ) . `` Jacqueline Kennedy 's White House renovations '' . White House Studies . 1 ( 3 ) : 395 -- 404 . Jump up ^ Gould , Lewis L. ( 1988 ) . Lady Bird Johnson and the environment . University Press of Kansas . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama '' . The White House . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Superville , Darlene ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Melania Trump Filling Out Her Agenda as First Lady '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Office of the President '' . The White House . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton Makes a Historic Move '' . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Clinton to Be Official New Yorker '' . The New York Times . November 24 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The Race Won , the Senator - Elect Resumes Her First Lady Duties at the White House '' . The New York Times . November 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` A Day of Firsts As Mrs. Clinton Takes the Oath '' . The New York Times . January 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Sarina ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Want to Fix Wage Inequality ? Start With the First Lady '' . Money . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The First Ladies '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ VF Staff ( 1965 ) . `` World 's Best Dressed Women '' . The International Hall of Fame : Women . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zilkha , Bettina ( 2004 ) . Ultimate Style : The Best of the Best Dressed List . New York , NY : Assouline . pp. 64 -- 69 , 90 . ISBN 2 - 84323 - 513 - 8 . Jump up ^ Givhan , Robin ( 2012 ) . `` First Lady Fashion Fatigue '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Anthony , Carl Sferrazza ( 1992 ) . First Ladies : The Saga of the Presidents Wives and Their Power 1789 -- 1961 . New York : Quill / William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0688112721 . excerpt and text search Bailey , Tim ( Spring 2013 ) . `` America 's First Ladies on Twentieth - Century Issues : A Common Core Unit '' . History Now . 35 . Curriculum unit based on primary sources . Berkin , Carol , ed . ( Spring 2013 ) . `` America 's First Ladies '' . History Now . 35 . Popular essays by scholars . Böck , Magdalena ( 2009 ) . The Role of First Ladies : A Comparison Between the US and Europe ( eBook ed . ) . Munich : GRIN Verlag . ISBN 9783640421534 . Deppisch , Ludwig M. ( 2015 ) . The Health of the First Ladies : Medical Histories from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama . McFarland . Hummer , Jill Abraham . First Ladies and American Women : In Politics and at Home ( UP of Kansas , 2017 ) ; 269 pages ; Lugo - Lugo , Carmen R. & Bloodsworth - Lugo , Mary K. ( 2011 ) . `` Bare Biceps and American ( In ) Security : Post-9 / 11 Constructions of Safe ( ty ) , Threat , and the First Black First Lady '' . Women 's Studies Quarterly . 39 ( 1 ) : 200 -- 217 . doi : 10.1353 / wsq. 2011.0030 . On media images of Michelle Obama . Pastan , Amy ( 2008 ) . First Ladies . London : DK . ISBN 9780789473981 . Heavily illustrated . Roberts , John B. ( 2004 ) . Rating The First Ladies : The Women Who Influenced the Presidency ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Citadel Press . ISBN 978 - 0806526089 . excerpt and text search Schwartz , Marie Jenkins . Ties That Bound : Founding First Ladies and Slaves ( U of Chicago Press , 2017 ) , 420 pp . Troy , Gil ( 1997 ) . Affairs of State The Rise and Rejection of the Presidential Couple Since World War II . By a leading political historian . Truman , Margaret ( 1996 ) . First Ladies : An Intimate Group Portrait of White House Wives . New York : Facett Columbine . ISBN 978 - 0449223239 . excerpt and text search Watson , Robert P. ( 2003 ) . `` Toward the Study of the First Lady : The State of Scholarship '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 33 ( 2 ) : 423 -- 441 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2003. tb00038. x . External links ( edit ) Alphabetical List of First Ladies of the United States -- Library of Congress website Office of the First Lady -- WhiteHouse.gov First Lady 's Gallery -- WhiteHouse.gov The National First Ladies ' Library The First Ladies at the Smithsonian -- an online exhibition from the National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution First Ladies of the United States Martha Washington Abigail Adams Martha Jefferson Randolph Dolley Madison Elizabeth Monroe Louisa Adams Emily Donelson Sarah Jackson Angelica Van Buren Anna Harrison Jane Harrison Letitia Tyler Priscilla Tyler Julia Tyler Sarah Polk Margaret Taylor Abigail Fillmore Jane Pierce Harriet Lane Mary Todd Lincoln Eliza Johnson Julia Grant Lucy Hayes Lucretia Garfield Mary McElroy Rose Cleveland Frances Cleveland Caroline Harrison Mary Harrison Frances Cleveland Ida McKinley Edith Roosevelt Helen Taft Ellen Wilson Margaret Wilson Edith Wilson Florence Harding Grace Coolidge Lou Hoover Eleanor Roosevelt Bess Truman Mamie Eisenhower Jacqueline Kennedy Lady Bird Johnson Pat Nixon Betty Ford Rosalynn Carter Nancy Reagan Barbara Bush Hillary Clinton Laura Bush Michelle Obama Melania Trump First Lady of the United States National Historic Site First Ladies : Influence & Image First Ladies and Gentlemen by country Afghanistan Albania Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Botswana Brazil Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Chile China Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Djibouti Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Mongolia Moldova Mozambique Namibia New Zealand Nigeria Panama Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Singapore Slovakia South Africa South Korea Sri Lanka Sweden Tanzania Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States list Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe List of spouses of heads of state List of spouses of heads of government Family of Donald Trump Spouses and children Ivana Trump ( first wife ) Donald Trump Jr. ( son ) Ivanka Trump ( daughter ) Eric Trump ( son ) Marla Maples ( second wife ) Tiffany Trump ( daughter ) Melania Trump ( third wife , First Lady ) Barron Trump ( son ) Parents and relatives Fred Trump ( father ) Mary Anne MacLeod Trump ( mother ) Maryanne Trump Barry ( sister ) Frederick Trump ( grandfather ) Elizabeth Christ Trump ( grandmother ) John G. Trump ( uncle ) Jared Kushner ( son - in - law ) Lara Trump ( daughter - in - law ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Lady_of_the_United_States&oldid=837160437 '' Categories : First Ladies of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 02 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what did liverpool have to do with the slave trade
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The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool and completed in 1715 . It was the first commercial enclosed wet dock in the world and was constructed for a capacity of 100 ships . By the close of the 18th century 40 % of the world 's , and 80 % of Britain 's Atlantic slave activity was accounted for by slave ships that voyaged from the docks at Liverpool . Liverpool 's black community dates from the building of the first dock in 1715 and grew rapidly , reaching a population of 10,000 within five years . This growth led to the opening of the Consulate of the United States in Liverpool in 1790 , its first consulate anywhere in the world .
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By the close of the 18th century 40 % of the world 's , and 80 % of Britain 's Atlantic slave activity was accounted for by slave ships that voyaged from the docks at Liverpool
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History of Liverpool
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history of liverpool
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The history of Liverpool can be traced back to 1190 when the place was known as ' Liuerpul ' , possibly meaning a pool or creek with muddy water , though other origins of the name have been suggested . The borough was founded by royal charter in 1207 , but Liverpool remained a small settlement until its trade with Ireland and coastal parts of England and Wales was overtaken by trade with Africa and the West Indies , which included the slave trade . The town 's first wet dock was opened in 1715 and Liverpool 's expansion to become a major city continued over the next two centuries .
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By the start of the nineteenth century , a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool . In 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened . The population grew rapidly , especially with Irish migrants ; by 1851 , one quarter of the city 's population was Irish - born . As growth continued , the city became known as `` the second city of the Empire '' , and was also called `` the New York of Europe '' . During the Second World War , the city was the centre for planning the crucial Battle of the Atlantic , and suffered a blitz second only to London 's . From the mid-twentieth century , Liverpool 's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline , with the advent of containerisation making the city 's docks obsolete . The unemployment rate in Liverpool rose to one of the highest in the UK . Over the same period , starting in the early 1960s , the city became internationally renowned for its culture , particularly as the centre of the `` Merseybeat '' sound which became synonymous with The Beatles . In recent years , Liverpool 's economy has recovered , partly due to tourism as well as substantial investment in regeneration schemes . The city was a European Capital of Culture in 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the name 2 Early history of the area 3 Origins of the town 4 Elizabethan era and the Civil War 5 Transatlantic Trade 6 Slavery 7 Industrial revolution and commercial expansion 8 20th century 8.1 1900 - 1938 8.2 1939 - 1945 : World War II 8.3 1946 - 1979 8.4 1980s 8.5 1990s 9 Recent history 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Origins of the name ( edit ) The name comes from the Old English liver , meaning thick or muddy , and pol , meaning a pool or creek , and is first recorded around 1190 as Liuerpul . According to the Cambridge Dictionary of English Place - Names , `` The original reference was to a pool or tidal creek now filled up into which two streams drained '' . The adjective Liverpudlian is first recorded in 1833 . Early History of the area ( edit ) The ancient neolithic Calder Stones on display in the Harthill Greenhouses In the Iron Age the area around modern - day Liverpool was sparsely populated , though there was a seaport at Meols . The Calderstones are thought to be part of an ancient stone circle and there is archaeological evidence for native Iron Age farmsteads at several sites in Irby , Halewood and Lathom . The region was inhabited by Brythonic tribes , the Setantii as well as nearby Cornovii and Deceangli . It came under Roman influence in about 70 AD , with the northward advance to crush the druid resistance at Anglesey and to end the internal strife between the ruling family of Brigantes . The main Roman presence was at the fortress and settlement at Chester . According to Ptolemy , the Latin hydronym for the Mersey was Seteia Aestuarium , which derives from the Setantii tribe . After the withdrawal of Roman troops , land in the area continued to be farmed by native Britons . The Hen Ogledd ( Old North ) was subject to fighting between four medieval kingdoms : the Anglo - Saxon Kingdom of Mercia eventually defeated its rival Northumbria as well as the Celtic kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys , with the Battle of Brunanburh perhaps taking place at nearby Bromborough . The settlements at Walton ( Wealas tun meaning ' farmstead of the Wealas ' ) , and Wallasey ( Wealas - eg meaning ' island of the Wealas ' ) were named at this time with Wealas being Old English for ' foreigner ' referring to the native Celtic and Romanized inhabitants . The pseudo-historical Fragmentary Annals of Ireland appears to record the Norse settlement of the Wirral in its account of the immigration of Ingimundr near Chester . This Irish source places this settlement in the aftermath of the Vikings ' expulsion from Dublin in 902 , and an unsuccessful attempt to settle on Anglesey soon afterwards . Following these setbacks , Ingimundr is stated to have settled near Chester with the consent of Æthelflæd , co-ruler of Mercia . The Norse settlers eventually joined up with another group of Viking settlers who populated west Lancashire , and for a time had an independent Viking mini-state , with Viking placenames evident all over Merseyside . The Norse colony was governed at assembly places called þing ( pronounced thing ) on each side of the Mersey , at Thingwall in Wirral and also Thingwall of West Derby , and the area eventually became subject to the Danelaw . Origins of the town ( edit ) W. Ferguson Irvine 's conjectural plan of Liverpool 's original 7 streets Although a small motte and bailey castle had earlier been built by the Normans at West Derby , the origins of the city of Liverpool are usually dated from 28 August 1207 , when letters patent were issued by King John advertising the establishment of a new borough , `` Livpul '' , and inviting settlers to come and take up holdings there . It is thought that the King wanted a port in the district that was free from the control of the Earl of Chester . Initially it served as a dispatch point for troops sent to Ireland , soon after the building around 1235 of Liverpool Castle , which was removed in 1726 . St Nicholas Church was built by 1257 , originally as a chapel within the parish of Walton - on - the - Hill . In the 13th Century , Liverpool as an area comprised just seven streets . With the formation of a market on the site of the later Town Hall , Liverpool became established as a small fishing and farming community , administered by burgesses and , slightly later , a mayor . There was probably some coastal trade around the Irish Sea , and there were occasional ferries across the Mersey . However , for several centuries it remained a small and relatively unimportant settlement , with a population of no more than 1,000 in the mid 14th century . By the early fifteenth century a period of economic decline set in , and the county gentry increased their power over the town , the Stanley family fortifying their house on Water Street . The Stanley Tower was also the catalyst for a feud between the Stanley and Molyneux families . The Molyneux family residing at the nearby Liverpool Castle during the early 15th century . The resulting rivalry spilling into a near riot in 1424 . In the middle of the 16th century the population of Liverpool had fallen to around 600 , and the port was regarded as subordinate to Chester until the 1650s . Elizabethan era and the Civil War ( edit ) Liverpool in 1572 . In 1571 the people of Liverpool sent a memorial to Queen Elizabeth , praying relief from a subsidy which they thought themselves unable to bear , wherein they styled themselves `` her majesty 's poor decayed town of Liverpool . '' Some time towards the close of this reign , Henry Stanley , 4th Earl of Derby , on his way to the Isle of Man , stayed at his house , the Tower ; at which the corporation erected a handsome hall or seat for him in the church , where he honoured them several times with his presence . By the end of the sixteenth century , the town began to be able to take advantage of economic revival and the silting of the River Dee to win trade , mainly from Chester , to Ireland , the Isle of Man and elsewhere . In 1626 , King Charles I gave the town a new and improved charter . Liverpool in 1650 . In June 1644 Prince Rupert of the Rhine arrived in Liverpool with 10,000 men in an attempt to capture Liverpool Castle . A sixteen - day siege of Liverpool then took place . To defend the city the Parliament Army created a huge trench across much of the town centre . Prince Rupert eventually took hold of the Castle only to be driven out again to take refuge in the Everton area of the city , hence the name of the tower found on the modern day Everton Football Club badge is known as Prince Rupert 's Tower . Transatlantic trade ( edit ) The first cargo from the Americas was recorded in 1648 . The development of the town accelerated after the Restoration of 1660 , with the growth of trade with America and the West Indies . From that time may be traced the rapid progress of population and commerce , until Liverpool had become the second metropolis of Great Britain . Initially , cloth , coal and salt from Lancashire and Cheshire were exchanged for sugar and tobacco ; the town 's first sugar refinery was established in 1670 . In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish on its own by Act of Parliament , separate from that of Walton - on - the - Hill , with two parish churches . At the same time it gained separate customs authority from Chester . Slavery ( edit ) On 3 October 1699 , the very same year that Liverpool had been granted status as an independent parish , Liverpool 's first ' recorded ' slave ship , named Liverpool Merchant , set sail for Africa , arriving in Barbados with a ' cargo ' of 220 Africans , returning to Liverpool on 18 September 1700 . The following month a second recorded ship , The Blessing , set sail for the Gold Coast . The first wet dock in Britain was built in Liverpool and completed in 1715 . It was the first commercial enclosed wet dock in the world and was constructed for a capacity of 100 ships . By the close of the 18th century 40 % of the world 's , and 80 % of Britain 's Atlantic slave activity was accounted for by slave ships that voyaged from the docks at Liverpool . Liverpool 's black community dates from the building of the first dock in 1715 and grew rapidly , reaching a population of 10,000 within five years . This growth led to the opening of the Consulate of the United States in Liverpool in 1790 , its first consulate anywhere in the world . Vast profits from the slave trade transformed Liverpool into one of Britain 's foremost important cities . Liverpool became a financial centre , rivalled by Bristol , another slaving port , and beaten only by London . In the peak year of 1799 , ships sailing from Liverpool carried over 45,000 slaves from Africa . Many factors led to the demise of slavery including revolts , piracy , social unrest , and the repercussions of corruption such as slave insurance fraud , e.g. the Zong massacre case in 1783 . It was Liverpool born politician William Roscoe who spearheaded the anti-Slavery movement in parliament at the time . Slavery in British colonies was finally abolished in 1833 and slave trading was made illegal in 1807 though some slavery apprenticeships ran until 1838 . However , many merchants managed to ignore the laws and continued to deal in underground slave trafficking , also underhandedly engaging in financial investments for slaving activities in the Americas . Industrial revolution and commercial expansion ( edit ) The dock system in 1832 Albert Dock The international trade of the city grew , based , as well as on slaves , on a wide range of commodities - including , in particular , cotton , for which the city became the leading world market , supplying the textile mills of Manchester and Lancashire . During the eighteenth century the town 's population grew from some 6,000 to 80,000 , and its land and water communications with its hinterland and other northern cities steadily improved . Liverpool was first linked by canal to Manchester in 1721 , the St. Helens coalfield in 1755 , and Leeds in 1816 . In 1830 , Liverpool became home to the world 's first inter-urban rail link to another city , Manchester , through the Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the maiden journey Stephenson 's The Rocket train . Liverpool 's importance was such that it was home to a number of world firsts , including gaining the world 's first fully electrically powered overhead railway , the Liverpool Overhead Railway , which was opened in 1893 and so pre-dated those in both New York City and Chicago . The built - up area grew rapidly from the eighteenth century on . The Bluecoat Hospital for poor children opened in 1718 . With the demolition of the castle in 1726 , only St Nicholas Church and the historic street plan - with Castle Street as the spine of the original settlement , and Paradise Street following the line of the Pool - remained to reflect the town 's mediaeval origins . The Town Hall , with a covered exchange for merchants designed by architect John Wood , was built in 1754 , and the first office buildings including the Corn Exchange were opened in about 1810 . Throughout the 19th century Liverpool 's trade and its population continued to expanded rapidly . Growth in the cotton trade was accompanied by the development of strong trading links with India and the Far East following the ending of the East India Company 's monopoly in 1813 . Over 140 acres ( 0.57 km ) of new docks , with 10 miles ( 16 km ) of quay space , were opened between 1824 and 1858 . Map of Liverpool from 1880 During the 1840s , Irish migrants began arriving by the thousands due to the Great Famine of 1845 - 1849 . Almost 300,000 arrived in the year 1847 alone , and by 1851 approximately 25 % of the city was Irish - born . The Irish influence is reflected in the unique place Liverpool occupies in UK and Irish political history , being the only place outside Ireland to elect a member of parliament from the Irish Parliamentary Party to the British parliament in Westminster . T.P. O'Connor represented the constituency of Liverpool Scotland from 1885 to 1929 . As the town became a leading port of the British Empire , a number of major buildings were constructed , including St. George 's Hall ( 1854 ) , and Lime Street Station . The Grand National steeplechase was first run at Aintree in 1837 . Between 1851 and 1911 , Liverpool attracted at least 20,000 people from Wales in each decade , peaking in the 1880s , and Welsh culture flourished . One of the first Welsh language journals , Yr Amserau , was founded in Liverpool by William Rees ( Gwilym Hiraethog ) , and there were over 50 Welsh chapels in the city . When the American Civil War broke out Liverpool became a hotbed of intrigue . The prevalence of cotton and slave interests in Liverpool ensured that the city was , in the words of the historian Sven Beckert , `` the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy itself . '' The Confederate Navy ship , the CSS Alabama , was built at Birkenhead on the Mersey and the CSS Shenandoah surrendered there ( being the final surrender and end of the war ) . Liverpool was granted city status in 1880 , and the following year its university was established . By 1901 , the city 's population had grown to over 700,000 , and its boundaries had expanded to include Kirkdale , Everton , Walton , West Derby , Toxteth and Garston . 20th century ( edit ) 1900 - 1938 ( edit ) During the first part of the 20th century Liverpool continued to expand , pulling in immigrants from Europe . In 1903 an International Exhibition took place in Edge Lane . In 1904 , the building of the Anglican Cathedral began , and by 1916 the three Pier Head buildings , including the Liver Building , were complete . This period marked the pinnacle of Liverpool 's economic success , when it regarded itself as the `` second city '' of the British Empire . The formerly independent urban districts of Allerton , Childwall , Little Woolton and Much Woolton were added in 1913 , and the parish of Speke added in 1932 , with large housing developments , mostly by the local authority , being built over the next few years . Adolf Hitler 's half - brother Alois and his Irish sister - in - law Bridget Dowling are known to have lived in Upper Stanhope Street in the 1910s . Bridget 's alleged memoirs , which surfaced in the 1970s , said that Adolf stayed with them in 1912 - 13 , although this is much disputed as many believe the memoirs to be a forgery . The maiden voyage of Titanic in April 1912 was originally planned to depart from Liverpool , as Liverpool was its port of registration and the home of owners White Star Line . However , it was changed to depart from Southampton instead . Aside from the large Irish community in Liverpool , there were other pockets of cultural diversity . The area of Gerard , Hunter , Lionel and Whale streets , off Scotland Road , was referred to as Little Italy . Inspired by an old Venetian custom , Liverpool was ' married to the sea ' in September 1928 . Liverpool was also home to a large Welsh population , and was sometimes referred to as the Capital of North Wales . In 1884 , 1900 and 1929 , Eisteddfods were held in Liverpool . The population of the city peaked at over 850,000 in the 1930s . Economic changes began in the first part of the 20th century , as falls in world demand for the North West 's traditional export commodities contributed to stagnation and decline in the city . Unemployment was well above the national average as early as the 1920s , and the city became known nationally for its occasionally violent religious sectarianism . When Everton F.C. won the Football League First Division title in 1928 , their centre - forward Dixie Dean scored a Football League record of 60 goals in the same season . The Great Depression hit Liverpool badly in the early 1930s with thousands of people in the city left unemployed . This was combated by a large amount of housing mostly built by the local council being constructed , creating jobs mostly in the building , plumbing and electrical trades . About 15 per cent of the city 's population were rehoused in the 1920s and 1930s with more than 30,000 new council houses being built to replace the slums in the city . The rising popularity of motor cars led to congestion in the city , and in 1934 the city gained its first direct road link with the Wirral Peninsula , when the first Mersey Tunnel road was opened . The Queensway , as the new tunnel was named , linked Liverpool with Birkenhead at the other side of the Mersey . Many other buildings were built in the city in the 1930s to ease the depression and became local landmarks , with many buildings featuring American inspired architecture . 1939 - 1945 : world War ii ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool Blitz During World War 2 , Liverpool was the control centre for the Battle of the Atlantic . There were eighty air - raids on Merseyside , with an especially concentrated series of raids in May 1941 which interrupted operations at the docks for almost a week . Some 2,500 people were killed , almost half the homes in the metropolitan area sustained some damage and some 11,000 were totally destroyed . Over 70,000 people were made homeless . John Lennon , one of the founding members of The Beatles , was born in Liverpool during an air - raid on 9 October 1940 . All four members of The Beatles were born in the city during the war , rising to fame in the early 1960s . 1946 - 1979 ( edit ) Tree stumps exposed by low water level of reservoir , at Capel Celyn , a Welsh village flooded to provide water for Liverpool . Significant rebuilding followed the war , including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock , the largest dock project in Britain . However , the city has been suffering since the 1950s with the loss of numerous employers . By 1985 the population had fallen to 460,000 . Declines in manufacturing and dock activity struck the city particularly hard . In 1955 , the Labour Party , led locally by Jack and Bessie Braddock , came to power in the City Council for the first time . In 1956 , a private bill sponsored by Liverpool City Council was brought before Parliament to develop a water reservoir from the Tryweryn Valley . The development would include the flooding of Capel Celyn . By obtaining authority via an Act of Parliament , Liverpool City Council would not require planning consent from the relevant Welsh Local Authorities . This , together with the fact that the village was one of the last Welsh - only speaking communities , ensured that the proposals became deeply controversial . Thirty five out of thirty six Welsh Members of Parliament ( MPs ) opposed the bill ( the other did not vote ) , but in 1957 it was passed . The members of the community waged an eight - year effort , ultimately unsuccessful , to prevent the destruction of their homes , which finally occurred in 1965 . The incident led to a massive rise in Welsh nationalism , and a year later , Gwynfor Evans of Plaid Cymru won the party 's first seat in the Carmathen by - election . In the 1960s Liverpool became a centre of youth culture . The city produced the distinctive Merseybeat sound , and , most famously , The Beatles . From the 1970s onwards Liverpool 's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into further sharp decline . The advent of containerisation meant that Liverpool 's docks ceased to be a major local employer . In 1974 , Liverpool became a metropolitan district within the newly created metropolitan county of Merseyside . 1980s ( edit ) The 1980s saw Liverpool 's fortunes sink to their lowest postwar point . Although the 1970s , along with the rest of Britain , had brought economic difficulties and a steady rise in unemployment , the situation in Liverpool went from bad to worse in the early 1980s , with endless factory closures and some of the highest unemployment rates in the UK . An average of 12,000 people each year were leaving the city , and 15 % of its land was vacant or derelict . In July 1981 the infamous Toxteth Riots took place , during which , for the first time in the UK outside Northern Ireland , tear gas was used by police against civilians . In the same year , the Tate and Lyle sugar works , previously a mainstay of the city 's manufacturing economy , closed down . The docks had already declined dramatically by this stage , depriving the city of another major source of employment . By 1985 , unemployment in Liverpool exceeded 20 % , around double the national average . About this time the scourge of heroin , always present in port cities , really began to rise . Liverpool City Council was dominated by the far - left wing Militant group during the 1980s , under the de facto leadership of Derek Hatton ( although Hatton was formally only Deputy Leader ) . The city council sank heavily into debt , as the City Council fought a campaign to prevent central government from reducing funding for local services . Ultimately this led to 49 of the City 's Councillors being removed from office by the District Auditor for refusing to cut the budget , refusing to make good the deficit and forcing the City Council into virtual bankruptcy . The conduct of Hatton and the militant tendency had even come under the scrutiny of Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock , who was keen to remove the militant tendency from the party as part of the attempt to make it electable again . At the same time , the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher was deeply unpopular in Liverpool , with the Conservatives share of the vote in most local council and parliamentary elections being consistently low throughout the 1980s . On 15 April 1989 , 96 Liverpool F.C. fans ( mostly from Merseyside as well as neighbouring parts of Cheshire and Lancashire ) were fatally injured in the Hillsborough disaster at an FA Cup semi-final in Sheffield . This had a traumatic effect on people across the country , particularly in and around the city of Liverpool , and resulted in legally imposed changes in the way in which football fans have since been accommodated , including compulsory all - seater stadiums at all leading English clubs by the mid 1990s . Many clubs removed their perimeter fencing almost immediately after the tragedy , and such measures at football grounds in England have long since been banned . In particular this led to strong feeling in Liverpool because it was widely reported in the media that the Liverpool fans were at fault . The Sun sparked particular controversy for publishing these allegations in an article four days after the disaster . Sales of the newspaper in Liverpool slumped and many newsagents refused to stock it . Three decades later , many people in the city still refuse to buy The Sun and a number of newsagents still refuse to sell it . Other media outlets including the Daily Star and Daily Mail also printed similar stories in which the behaviour of Liverpool fans was alleged to have been a major factor in the tragedy . There was further controversy surrounding the tragedy in March 1991 when a verdict of accidental death was recorded on the 95 people who had died at Hillsborough ( the 96th victim did not die until 1993 ) , much to the dismay of the bereaved families , who had been hoping for a verdict of unlawful killing , or an open verdict , to be recorded ; and for criminal charges to be brought against South Yorkshire Police . This verdict was eventually replaced by one of unlawful killing at fresh inquest 25 years later . It has since become clear that South Yorkshire Police made a range of mistakes at the game , though the senior officer in charge of the event retired soon after . The success of Liverpool FC was some compensation for the city 's economic misfortune during the 1970s and 1980s . The club , formed in 1892 , had won five league titles by 1947 , but enjoyed its first consistent run of success under the management of Bill Shankly between 1959 and 1974 , winning a further three league titles as well as the club 's first two FA Cups and its first European trophy in the shape of the UEFA Cup . Following Shankly 's retirement , the club continued to dominate English football for nearly 20 years afterwards . By 1990 , Liverpool FC had won more major trophies than any other English club - a total of 18 top division league titles , four FA Cups , four Football League Cups , four European Cups and two UEFA Cups . The club 's iconic red shirt had been worn by some of the biggest names in British sport of the 1970s and 1980s , including Kevin Keegan , Kenny Dalglish ( who also served as manager from 1985 to 1991 and again from 2011 to 2012 ) , Phil Neal , Ian Rush , Ian Callaghan and John Barnes . The club has yet to win another league title since , although it has since won a further three FA Cups , three League Cups , a UEFA Cup and a European Cup , and fielded a new wave of stars including Robbie Fowler , Michael Owen , Jamie Carragher and Steven Gerrard . Everton F.C. , the city 's other senior football club , also enjoyed a degree of success during the 1970s and 1980s . The club had enjoyed a consistent run of success during the interwar years and again in the 1960s , but after winning the league title in 1970 went 14 years without winning a major trophy , although they did hold onto the First Division place which had been theirs since 1954 . Then , in 1984 , Everton won the FA Cup under the management of Howard Kendall , who had once been a player at the club . A league title win followed in 1985 , along with the club 's first European trophy - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . By 1986 , the city 's two clubs were firmly established as the leading club sides in England as Liverpool finished league champions and Everton runners - up , and the two sides also met for the FA Cup final , which Liverpool won 3 - 1 . The Everton side of the mid 1980s included some of the highest rated footballers in the English league at the time ; goalkeeper Neville Southall , winger Trevor Steven , forwards Graeme Sharp and Andy Gray , and Gray 's successor Gary Lineker . Everton have enjoyed an unbroken run in the top flight of English football since 1954 , although their only major trophy since the league title in 1987 came in 1995 when they won the FA Cup . Everton added another league title in 1987 , with Liverpool finishing runners - up . Another all - Merseyside FA Cup final 1989 saw Liverpool beat Everton 3 - 2 . This match was played just five weeks after the Hillsborough disaster . 1990s ( edit ) A similar national outpouring of grief and shock to the Hillsborough disaster occurred in February 1993 when James Bulger was killed by two ten - year - old boys , Jon Venables and Robert Thompson . The two boys were found guilty of murder later in the year and sentenced to indefinite detention . The 1990s saw the continued regeneration of the city which had started in the 1980s . Recent History ( edit ) A general economic and civic revival has been underway since the mid-nineties . Liverpool 's economy has grown faster than the national average and its crime levels have remained lower than most other metropolitan areas in England and Wales , with recorded crime per head in Merseyside comparable to the national average -- unusually low for an urban area . In recent years , the city has emphasised its cultural attractions . Tourism has become a significant factor in Liverpool 's economy , capitalising on the popularity of The Beatles and other groups of the Merseybeat era . In June 2003 , Liverpool won the right to be named European Capital of Culture for 2008 , beating other British cities such as Newcastle and Birmingham to the coveted title . The riverfront of the city was also designated as a World Heritage Site in 2004 . In October 2005 , Liverpool City Council passed a public apology for the flooding Capel Celyn in Wales . The full statement reads - `` The Council acknowledges its debt to the many thousands of Welsh people who have made their homes in the City . They have , in so many ways , enriched the life of the City . We know that Liverpool , especially in the fields of medicine and education , has been of real service to the people of Wales . We realise the hurt of forty years ago when the Tryweryn Valley was transformed into a reservoir to help meet the water needs of Liverpool . For any insensitivity by our predecessor Council at that time , we apologise and hope that the historic and sound relationship between Liverpool and Wales can be completely restored . '' In October 2007 , Liverpool and London continued with wildcat strikes after the end of the official CWU strikes that had been ongoing since June in a dispute with the Royal Mail over pay , pensions , and hours . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Liverpool history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanks , Patrick ; Hodges , Flavia ; Mills , David ; Room , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Oxford Names Companion . Oxford : the University Press . p. 1110 . ISBN 0198605617 . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Douglas . `` Liverpool '' . The Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Our ancestors and the Roman invasion '' . Museum of Liverpool . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic kingdoms of the British Isles '' . The History Files . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ekwall , Eilert ( 1936 ) . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place - names . OUP . Jump up ^ `` Wales '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Downham , C ( 2007 ) . Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland : The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 . Edinburgh : Dunedin Academic Press . pp. 27 -- 28 , 83 -- 84 , 206 -- 209 , 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903765 - 89 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Wirral & West Lancashire Viking Research Page '' . The University of Nottingham . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harding , Steve . `` Ingimund 's Saga : Norwegian Wirral '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Belchem , John , ed. ( 2006 ) . Liverpool 800 : Culture , Character & History . ISBN 1 - 84631 - 035 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Text only version of our interactive Liverpool Molyneux Stanley family history page '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Siege of Liverpool '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Slave Trade '' . History of Liverpool . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Local History - American Connections - Slavery Timeline '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KS3 History Railways '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KS3 History Victorian Times '' . History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , John ( 1993 ) . A History of Wales . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028475 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beckert , Sven ( 2014 ) . Empire of Cotton : a Global History . New York : Knopf . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Freddy ( 1990 ) . Liverpool : Our City , Our Heritage . ISBN 0 - 9516188 - 0 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool CB / MB '' . A vision of Britain through time . Archived from the original on 31 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Royden , M.W. `` Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912 - 13 ? '' . Mike Royden 's Local History Pages . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Royden , M W. `` Legacies - Your Story : Adolf Hitler - did he visit Liverpool during 1912 - 13 ? '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitler in Liverpool '' . The History of Liverpool . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Coslett , Paul . `` Creativity in the Great Depression '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Some sources state 4,000 Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Honours List '' . This is Anfield . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Legends '' . Pinterest . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 2002 '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 2002 '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 - 2002 '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 / 87 Season '' . Everton F.C . Archived from the original on 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final memories : 1989 '' . Liverpool FC . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tree stumps exposed by low water level of reservoir , at Capel Celyn , a Welsh village flooded to provide water for Liverpool . Coslett , Paul . `` Where I Live : Liverpool - Flooding Apology '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Belchem , John ( 2007 ) . Irish , Catholic and Scouse : The History of the Liverpool - Irish , 1800 - 1939 . Liverpool : Liverpool University Press . External links ( edit ) The History of Liverpool Various tales from Liverpool 's history Liverpool Slavery Remembrance Initiative British History Online Liverpool John Moores University BBC Local History Local Histories Liverpool and the American Civil War `` Liverpool and the Slave Trade '' , lecture by Anthony Tibbles at Gresham College , 19 March 2007 ( available for download as video or audio files ) Liverpool The Gateway To America Recollections of Old Liverpool , by A Nonagenarian , published 1836 , from Project Gutenberg Ward Lock Guide to Liverpool , excerpts , published 1949 Liverpool Architecture Listed buildings Tallest buildings Companies Council Culture Music Demographics Dialect Districts Economy Education Schools Elections Fire Health Ambulance Hospitals History Timeline Landmarks Maritime Mercantile City Lord Mayor Mayor Media Film and Television Parks People Police Air Support Group Port Tunnels Port Docks Public art Religion Archbishop Bishop Retail Sport Transportation Wards City of Liverpool Merseyside North West England United Kingdom History of England Timeline Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby York England portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liverpool&oldid=815413984 '' Categories : History of Liverpool Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Liverpool
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when did weed become legal for recreational use in colorado
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Cannabis in Colorado refers to cannabis ( legal term marijuana ) use and possession in Colorado , United States . The Colorado Amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . The policy has led to cannabis tourism . There are two sets of policies in Colorado relating to cannabis use : those for medicinal cannabis and for recreational drug use along with a third set of rules governing hemp .
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January 2014
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Cannabis in Colorado
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cannabis in colorado
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Cannabis in Colorado refers to cannabis ( legal term marijuana ) use and possession in Colorado , United States . The Colorado Amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . The policy has led to cannabis tourism . There are two sets of policies in Colorado relating to cannabis use : those for medicinal cannabis and for recreational drug use along with a third set of rules governing hemp .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Prohibition ( 1917 ) 1.2 Decriminalization ( 1975 ) 1.3 Medical marijuana ( 2000 ) 1.4 Recreational marijuana ( 2012 ) 2 Regulation 2.1 Impaired driving 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Prohibition ( 1917 ) ( edit ) Amidst an early 20th century trend of limiting the drug , Colorado first restricted cannabis on March 30 , 1917 . In November 1914 Colorado voters approved the 22nd Amendment to the Colorado Constitution , also known as the Prohibition Amendment , prohibiting alcohol beginning January 1 , 1916 ; and on December 18 , 1917 the Eighteenth Amendment ( establishing Prohibition ) was proposed by Congress . Shortly after the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act went into effect on October 1 , 1937 , the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Denver Police Department arrested Moses Baca for possession and Samuel Caldwell for dealing . Baca and Caldwell 's arrest made them the first marijuana convictions under U.S. federal law for not paying the marijuana tax . Judge Foster Symes sentenced Baca to 18 months and Caldwell to four years in Leavenworth Penitentiary for violating the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act . Decriminalization ( 1975 ) ( edit ) In 1975 , during a decade - long wave of decriminalization in the country , Colorado decriminalized marijuana . A contributing factor was the work on behalf of NORML by Pitkin County Deputy District Attorney Jay Moore , who helped win over the legislature 's Republican leadership with arguments as to money wasted on needless enforcement of marijuana laws . Medical marijuana ( 2000 ) ( edit ) On November 7 , 2000 , 54 % of Colorado voters approved Amendment 20 , which amended the State Constitution to allow the use of marijuana in the state for approved patients with written medical consent . Under this law , patients may possess up to 2 ounces of medical marijuana and may cultivate no more than six marijuana plants ( no more than three of these mature flowering plants at a time ) . Patients who are caught with more than this in their possession may argue `` affirmative defense of medical necessity '' but are not protected under state law with the rights of those who stay within the guidelines set forth by the state . Furthermore , doctors , when making a patient recommendation to the state can recommend the rights to possess additional medicine and grow additional plants , because of the patient 's specific medical needs . Conditions recognized for medical marijuana in Colorado include : cachexia ; cancer ; chronic pain ; chronic nervous system disorders ; epilepsy and other disorders characterized by seizures ; glaucoma ; HIV or AIDS ; multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by muscle spasticity ; and nausea . Additionally , patients may not use medical marijuana in public places or in any place where they are in plain view , or in any manner which may endanger others ( this includes operating a vehicle or machinery after medicating ) . Colorado medical marijuana patients can not fill prescriptions at a pharmacy because under federal law , marijuana is classified as a schedule I drug . Instead , patients may get medicine from a recognized caregiver or a non-state - affiliated club or organization , usually called a dispensary . Dispensaries in Colorado offer a range of marijuana strains with different qualities , as well as various `` edibles '' or food products that contain marijuana extracts . Certain dispensaries also offer patients seeds and `` clones '' for those who want to grow their own medicine . In April 2013 , the Colorado Court of Appeals held in Coats v. Dish Network that since marijuana remains against federal law , employers can use that standard rather than state law as a rationale for banning off - the - job worker use , and are not bound by Colorado 's Lawful Activities Statute : The primary question before us is whether federally prohibited but state - licensed medical marijuana use is `` lawful activity '' under section 24 - 34 - 402.5 , C.R.S. 2012 , Colorado 's Lawful Activities Statute . If it is , employers in Colorado would be effectively prohibited from discharging an employee for off - the - job use of medical marijuana , regardless that such use was in violation of federal law . We conclude , on reasoning different from the trial court 's analysis , that such use is not `` lawful activity . '' On June 10 , 2016 Governor John Hickenlooper signed House Bill 16 - 1359 . This bill stated that the court shall not prohibit the use or possession of medical marijuana as a condition of probation unless the individual is sentenced to probation for a conviction under Article 43.3 of Title 12 , C.R.S. ; or if the court determines based upon any material evidence that such a prohibition is necessary and appropriate to accomplish the goals of sentencing stated in 18 - 1 - 102.5 , C.R.S. Recreational marijuana ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Play media News report from Voice of America about the business of cannabis in Colorado - published March 20 , 2015 Since the enactment of Colorado Amendment 64 in November 2012 , adults aged 21 or older can grow up to six marijuana plants ( with no more than half being mature flowering plants ) privately in a locked space , legally possess all marijuana from the plants they grow ( as long as it stays where it was grown ) , legally possess up to one ounce of marijuana while traveling , and give as a gift up to one ounce to other citizens 21 years of age or older . Any adult in Colorado 's territory may possess up to one ounce of marijuana at any time , regardless of whether they are an in - state resident or an out - of - state visitor , as of 2016 . Retail concentrate / edible limits are as follows : 8g of retail concentrate will be equal to 1oz of flower , and therefore 800mg of THC in the form of retail edibles will be equal to 1oz of retail flower . Consumption is permitted in a manner similar to alcohol , with equivalent offenses prescribed for driving . Consumption in public was recently passed in Denver under Ordinance 300 with a vote of 53 % for legal public consumption , and a 46 % vote against . Within 60 days the new rules will be written and should be similar to current public alcohol consumption rules and regulations . Amendment 64 also provides for licensing of cultivation facilities , product manufacturing facilities , testing facilities , and retail stores . Visitors and tourists in Colorado can use and purchase marijuana , but face prosecution if found in possession in any adjacent state . Denver airport has banned all possession of marijuana but admits it has not charged a single person with possession nor has the airport seized any marijuana since the ban went into effect . Governor Hickenlooper signed several bills into law on May 28 , 2013 implementing the recommendations of the Task Force on the Implementation of Amendment 64 . On September 9 , 2013 , the Colorado Department of Revenue adopted final regulations for recreational marijuana establishments , implementing the Colorado Retail Marijuana Code ( HB 13 - 1317 ) . On September 16 , 2013 , the Denver City Council adopted an ordinance for retail marijuana establishments . The state prepared for an influx of tourists with extra police officers posted in Denver . Safety fears led to officials seeking to limit use of the drug in popular ski resorts . According to a Quinnipiac University poll released July 21 , 2014 , Coloradans continued to support the state 's legalization of marijuana for recreational use by a margin of 54 -- 43 percent . At the same time , the poll indicated 66 percent of voters there think marijuana use should be legal in private homes and in members - only clubs , but should not be legal in bars , clubs or entertainment venues where alcohol is served . Sixty - one percent of respondents also said laws regulating marijuana use should be as strict as laws regulating alcohol use . During 2014 , the first year of implementation of Colorado Amendment 64 , Colorado 's legal marijuana market ( both medical and recreational ) reached total sales of $700 million . In September 2014 , legislation was submitted by Alabama senator Jeff Sessions to ensure that Electronic Benefit Transfer cards could not be used to purchase marijuana , as the United States Department of Health and Human Services stated that their usage in marijuana shops was not prohibited . Regulation ( edit ) General regulations for the legal commercial production and vending of marijuana in the state , which continue to be updated by the General Assembly , are published through the Marijuana Enforcement Division of the Department of Revenue Hemp is defined as any form of the cannabis plant which has less than `` 3 / 10 's of one percent '' delta - 9 - THC . The state department of agriculture regulates hemp production . Impaired driving ( edit ) Like other states , driving while impaired by any drug is illegal in Colorado , though it took the legislature six attempts and three years to pass marijuana intoxication measures . Ultimately the legislators decided on a nanogram limit in the bloodstream , though the number they picked was scoffed at by activists . Today Colorado law states that juries may convict a person of marijuana intoxication if they have five or more nanograms of THC per milliliter of blood , but defendants are allowed to argue that they were not intoxicated despite having such levels of THC in their bloodstream . Results ( edit ) The Colorado amendment 64 , which was passed by voters on November 6 , 2012 , led to legalization in January 2014 . Colorado 's 8 % increase in unemployment rate since 2014 was not as bad as that of other states in the region , like Nevada . Some experts argue that unemployment would have more than doubled without legalization . The Colorado state budget has shown dramatic increases in education , often used to build , upgrade , and increase school safety and funding due to tax revenue from legalization . The number of teenagers sent to emergency rooms more than quadrupled after marijuana was legalized . The state has also seen car crash claim rates increase after legalization , but there has been no increase in fatalities in comparison with other states . Colorado 's youth marijuana use rate dipped after legalisation and is lower than the national average . See also ( edit ) Colorado Amendment 44 ( 2006 ) Colorado Amendment 64 ( 2012 ) Law of Colorado Cannabis Law Reform Prohibition of drugs Washington Initiative 502 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Colo. , a look at life after marijuana legalization Published by the Boston Globe , February 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Jason Blevins The Denver Post ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism , state survey says '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Industrial Hemp '' . Jump up ^ Sarah E. Boslaugh ( 8 December 2015 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Society . SAGE Publications . pp. 1758 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5063 - 4618 - 2 . Jump up ^ Horner , Kylie ( 30 March 2012 ) . `` Marijuana criminalized in Colorado 95 years ago today : Unhappy anniversary ? '' . Westword . Jump up ^ Session Laws of Colorado . 21st Assembly . 1917 . Ch. 39 , p. 120 . OCLC 1564150 . Jump up ^ Kreck , Dick ( 5 July 2009 ) . `` High , dry times as Prohibition era sobered Denver '' . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Robert J. MacCoun ; Peter Reuter ( 27 August 2001 ) . Drug War Heresies : Learning from Other Vices , Times , and Places . Cambridge University Press . pp. 46 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79997 - 3 . Jump up ^ Patrick Anderson ( 17 May 2015 ) . High in America . Garrett County Press . pp. 144 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 939430 - 16 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Law Reform '' . NORML. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ CDPHE Archived May 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ingold , John ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Colorado court upholds firing for off - the - job medical marijuana use '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Marijuana : Paralyzed MMJ patient plans Supreme Court appeal over DISH sacking '' . Westword . Jump up ^ Coats v. Dish Network , 2013 COA 62 ( 25 April 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bill Folder '' ( PDF ) . Colorado General Assembly . Colorado General Assembly . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Laws Colorado '' . Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). b Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). a Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 3 ). a , 64 : ( 3 ). b , and 64 : ( 3 ). c Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 1 ). b - III and 64 : ( 6 ). b Jump up ^ The Denver Post Editorial Board ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` In Colorado , you still ca n't smoke marijuana in public '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Alicia ( 19 October 2013 ) . `` Colorado must carefully define ' public consumption ' of marijuana '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Lee , Kurtis ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Denver to continue tweaks to public pot consumption law '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Amendment 64 : ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Despite ban , no marijuana seized and no citations at Denver airport '' . www.denverpost.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Where to buy legal Marijuana Shops , Maps , Laws '' . North Denver News . 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Six Ways Colorado Will Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol '' . Think Progress . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Signs Marijuana Bills Into Law '' . KKTV . AP . 29 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kall , David M. ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Legislature approves historic marijuana sales and excise taxes in Colorado '' . Jump up ^ HB 13 - 1317 Implement Amendment 64 Majority Recommendation ; HB 13 - 1318 Retail Marijuana Taxes ; SB 13 - 283 Implement Amendment 64 Consensus Recommendations ; HB 13 - 1325 Inferences For Marijuana And Driving Offenses ; SB 13 - 250 Drug Sentencing Changes Jump up ^ Ingold , John ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Colorado first state in country to finalize rules for recreational pot '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Meyer , Jeremy P. ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Denver council passes historic retail marijuana rules and regulations '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ Healy , Jack ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` Colorado Stores Throw Open Their Doors to Pot Buyers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Nick Allen ( 31 December 2013 ) . `` Colorado becomes first US state to sell cannabis '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` July 21 , 2014 - Limit Marijuana To Home , Members - Only Clubs , Colorado Voters Tell Quinnipiac University Poll ; 50 % Back Supreme Court On Contraception '' . quinnipiac.edu . Quinnipiac University . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado 's legal weed market : $700 million in sales last year , $1 billion by 2016 '' . The Washington Post . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , S.A. ( 9 September 2014 ) . `` Welfare recipients can use debit cards for marijuana '' . Washington Times . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Enforcement '' . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana DUI Bill Passes In Colorado Senate , Appears Poised To Become Law '' . The Huffington Post . 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Roberts ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` THC driving limit 's passage means pot critic William Breathes may never drive legally again '' . Westword . Jump up ^ `` Marijuana Laws in Colorado '' . Colorado Pot Guide . Jump up ^ ER Visits for Kids Rise Significantly After Pot Legalized in Colorado - NBC News Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170504083114.ht/ Jump up ^ Study : Colorado sees car crash claim rates increase after legalization of marijuana FOX31 Denver Jump up ^ Colorado 's Teen Marijuana Usage Dips after Legalization - Scientific American External links ( edit ) Cannabis portal Colorado portal Denver Marijuana Info at Colorado.gov Cannabis in Colorado Companies Colorado Compassion Club Openvape Evolab Culture High Profits International Church of Cannabis Stoner Jesus Bible Study Events Cannabis Cup Law Colorado Amendment 64 ( 2012 ) Denver Initiative 300 ( 2016 ) Organizations National Cannabis Industry Association Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation Women Grow People Ricardo Baca Chris Bartkowicz Samuel R. Caldwell Rachel K. Gillette Ken Gorman Mason Tvert Related Cannabis advertising in Denver Legality of cannabis in the United States Legalized Alaska California Colorado District of Columbia Maine Massachusetts Nevada Oregon Vermont Washington Decriminalized Connecticut Delaware Illinois Maryland Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New York North Carolina Ohio Rhode Island U.S. Virgin Islands Medical status Medical cannabis Arizona Arkansas Connecticut Delaware Florida Guam Hawaii Illinois Louisiana Maryland Michigan Minnesota Montana New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island West Virginia CBD oil only Alabama Georgia Indiana Iowa Kentucky Mississippi Missouri North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Illegal American Samoa Idaho Kansas Northern Mariana Islands South Dakota Cases Leary v. United States ( 1969 ) Ravin v. State ( 1975 ) Conant v. McCaffrey ( 2000 ) United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers ' Cooperative ( 2001 ) Gonzales v. Raich ( 2005 ) Moncrieffe v. Holder ( 2013 ) Related topics Legal history Timeline Medical Non-medical Legality by jurisdiction Rescheduling Dispensaries Cannabis on American Indian reservations Congressional Cannabis Caucus Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 Politicians who have admitted use Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_in_Colorado&oldid=824999262 '' Categories : Cannabis in Colorado Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis%20in%20Colorado
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who is the home team in super bowl
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Super Bowl curse
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super bowl curse
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The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase referring to one of three things that occur in the National Football League ( NFL ) : Super Bowl participants that follow up with lower - than - expected performance the following year ; teams that do not repeat as Super Bowl champions ; and host teams of the Super Bowl that have never advanced to the title game on their own home fields .
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The phrase has been used to explain both why losing teams may post below - average winning percentages in the following year and why Super Bowl champions seldom return to the title game the following year . The term has been used since at least 1992 , when The Washington Post commented that `` the Super Bowl Curse has thrown everything it 's got at the Washington Redskins . The Jinx that has bedeviled defending champs for 15 years has never been in better form '' . The phenomenon is attributed by football commentator and former NFL manager Charley Casserly to such elements as `` a shorter offseason , contract problems , ( and ) more demand for your players ' time '' . Casserly also notes that `` once the season starts , you become the biggest game on everybody 's schedule . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 The losers ' curse 1.1 Losing teams mentioned in connection to the curse 1.1. 1 Exceptions 2 The non-repeat curse 3 The home field curse 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External links The losers ' curse ( edit ) While the first five Super Bowl winners of the 2000s posted above average winning percentages the year following their Super Bowl appearance , the losers of the same games posted below average winning percentages in the follow -- up year . Losing teams mentioned in connection to the curse ( edit ) Super Bowl losing teams who went on to poor follow -- up performance include : Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII ) -- 1988 season : 12 -- 4 ; 1989 season : 8 -- 8 . Cincinnati started a long streak of losing with their 1991 season mark and it ended with them making the playoffs in the 2005 season . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XXIV ) -- 1989 season : 11 -- 5 ; 1990 season : 5 -- 11 . The Broncos would rebound to advance to the 1991 AFC Championship Game vs Buffalo . Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII ) -- 1993 season : 12 -- 4 ; 1994 season : 7 -- 9 . The Bills are 1 -- 4 in playoff games since the 1993 season , with their last playoff win coming in 1995 and playoff appearance in 1999 . Atlanta Falcons ( Super Bowl XXXIII ) -- 1998 season : 14 -- 2 ; 1999 season : 5 -- 11 . New York Giants ( Super Bowl XXXV ) -- 2000 season : 12 -- 4 ; 2001 season : 7 -- 9 . St. Louis Rams ( Super Bowl XXXVI ) -- 2001 season : 14 -- 2 ; 2002 season : 7 -- 9 . Oakland Raiders ( Super Bowl XXXVII ) -- 2002 season : 11 -- 5 ; 2003 season : 4 -- 12 The Raiders did not have a winning season from 2002 to 2015 ; their best record has been 8 -- 8 in both 2010 and 2011 and they had not had a record greater than 5 -- 11 every other season until their 7 -- 9 record in 2015 . The streak was broken in 2016 . Carolina Panthers ( Super Bowl XXXVIII ) -- 2003 season : 11 -- 5 ; 2004 season : 7 -- 9 . Philadelphia Eagles ( Super Bowl XXXIX ) -- 2004 season : 13 -- 3 ; 2005 season : 6 -- 10 . Chicago Bears ( Super Bowl XLI ) -- 2006 season : 13 -- 3 ; 2007 season : 7 -- 9 . Carolina Panthers ( Super Bowl 50 ) -- 2015 season : 15 - 1 ; 2016 season : 6 -- 10 . Exceptions ( edit ) Before 1988 , every Super Bowl runner - up posted a winning record the following season , with most winning their division . Only the 1967 Chiefs ( 9 - 5 ) and 1969 Colts ( 8 - 5 - 1 ) missed the playoffs . In 1988 the Denver Broncos , losers of the previous two Super Bowls , went 8 - 8 to miss the playoffs with the first non-winning season by a Super Bowl runner - up . The Cincinnati Bengals did the same the next year . In 1990 the Denver Broncos ( 5 - 11 ) posted the first losing season by a runner - up in the Super Bowl era . That season 's Buffalo Bills lost Super Bowl XXV and lost the next three Super Bowls before missing the playoffs with a 7 - 9 record in 1994 . Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXV ) -- 1990 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 1991 season , they went 13 -- 3 again , and made it to Super Bowl XXVI , where they lost to the Washington Redskins . In the 1992 season , the Bills slipped to 11 -- 5 , but after what came to be known as The Comeback , they won the AFC Championship , and went on to play in Super Bowl XXVII , where they lost to the Dallas Cowboys . The following season -- 1993 -- they improved their record to 12 -- 4 ; and after winning the AFC East division , qualified for their fourth straight Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXVIII , where for the second straight year , they lost to the Dallas Cowboys . San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX ) -- 1994 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1995 season , they went 9 -- 7 ; although they made it to the playoffs , they lost 35 -- 20 to the Indianapolis Colts . They would later go through eight consecutive losing seasons , including a 1 - 15 season in 2000 . They would return to the NFL playoffs in the 2004 season , in which they lost 17 -- 20 to the New York Jets . Ever since , they have struggled in the playoffs , going 4 - 6 , most of which divisional round games , in 13 seasons starting in 2004 . Pittsburgh Steelers ( Super Bowl XXX ) -- 1995 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1996 season , they went 10 -- 6 , and won the AFC Central division . However that was only thanks to a weak division & they ended up losing in a blowout against the New England Patriots 3 -- 28 in the divisional playoffs . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XXXI ) -- 1996 season : 11 -- 5 . In the 1997 season , they went 10 -- 6 , and won the AFC East division . The Patriots ironically lost to the Steelers in the divisional playoffs 6 -- 7 Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowl XXXII ) - 1997 season : 13 - 3 . In the 1998 season , the Packers went 11 - 5 , but lost the division title to the 15 - 1 Vikings , forcing them to settle for the fifth seed in the playoffs . They lost in the wild card to Steve Young and the 49ers on a last - second touchdown to Terrell Owens in what has been dubbed as `` The Catch II , '' a reference to The Catch . Tennessee Titans ( Super Bowl XXXIV ) -- 1999 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2000 season , the Titans went 13 -- 3 again , clinching home -- field advantage . They lost in the divisional playoffs , however , to the Baltimore Ravens 10 -- 24 . ( Interestingly enough , the 2008 Tennessee Titans repeated this as they finished 13 - 3 , clinching home - field advantage , and losing to the Ravens in the divisional round . ) Seattle Seahawks ( Super Bowl XL ) -- 2005 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2006 season , they slipped to 9 -- 7 , but won the NFC West division . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Chicago Bears 24 -- 27 in overtime . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XLII ) -- 2007 season : 16 -- 0 . After having the first perfect season since the NFL went to a 16 -- game schedule in 1978 , the Patriots went 11 -- 5 in the 2008 season and missed the playoffs barely by losing tiebreakers with Miami in their division and Baltimore for the wild card . The `` Super Bowl curse '' took a different road , since their starting quarterback , Tom Brady , suffered a season -- ending injury in the opening game of the season . Arizona Cardinals ( Super Bowl XLIII ) -- 2008 season : 9 -- 7 . In the 2009 season they improved to 10 -- 6 and won the NFC West for the second consecutive season . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the eventual Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints 14 -- 45 . Indianapolis Colts ( Super Bowl XLIV ) -- 2009 season : 14 -- 2 . In the 2010 season they went 10 -- 6 and won the AFC South for the seventh time in eight years ; however it was the first time in 9 years that the Colts had finished a season with less than 12 wins . They lost in the wild card playoffs to the New York Jets 16 -- 17 . The following season , however , without Peyton Manning , they experienced a significant drop . They started the season 0 -- 13 , and finished 2 -- 14 , the first time out of the playoffs since 2001 . Pittsburgh Steelers ( Super Bowl XLV ) -- 2010 season : 12 -- 4 . In the 2011 season , they went 12 -- 4 again , but did not win the AFC North division , due to being swept by the Baltimore Ravens . They lost in the wild card round , in overtime , 23 -- 29 , to the Denver Broncos . New England Patriots ( Super Bowl XLVI ) -- 2011 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2012 season , their record dropped to 12 -- 4 , but they still ended up with the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs . They made it to the AFC Championship Game against the Ravens , but this time they lost , 13 -- 28 . San Francisco 49ers ( Super Bowl XLVII ) -- 2012 season : 11 -- 4 -- 1 . In the 2013 season , they improved to 12 -- 4 , but did not win the NFC West division as the divisional rival Seattle Seahawks had a 13 -- 3 record . They made it to the NFC Championship Game , but lost to the Seahawks , 17 -- 23 . Denver Broncos ( Super Bowl XLVIII ) -- 2013 season : 13 -- 3 . In the 2014 season , they dropped to 12 -- 4 , and were the number 2 seed in the AFC playoffs . They lost in the divisional playoffs to the Indianapolis Colts , 13 -- 24 . Seattle Seahawks : ( Super Bowl XLIX ) -- 2014 season : 12 -- 4 . In the 2015 season , they dropped to 10 -- 6 and lost the NFC West title to the Cardinals , but they entered the 2016 playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed . The Seahawks defeated the Vikings 10 -- 9 ( only due to a missed field goal ) , but lost 24 -- 31 to the Panthers in the Divisional Round . The non-repeat curse ( edit ) Since 1993 , few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl successes with a second Super Bowl appearance ( Denver Broncos , Dallas Cowboys and New England Patriots won ; Green Bay Packers and Seattle Seahawks lost ) , or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season ( Dallas Cowboys , Seattle Seahawks ) . In the Super Bowl era two teams have lost the Super Bowl , then won it the following season . The first was the Dallas Cowboys , who lost Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts , but came back in 1971 and defeated the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . The Dolphins repeated the feat in 1972 when they rallied to go a perfect 17 - 0 , capping the season with a win over the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl VII . Considering the difficulty of winning even one Super Bowl in the 32 - team NFL , some would n't consider this to be a curse but rather a difficult feat . Indeed , only seven teams have won back - to - back Super Bowl championships , and only one of these seven teams have made more than two consecutive appearances in the Super Bowl , the Miami Dolphins who lost Super Bowl VI and then won Super Bowl VII ( as part of a 17 - 0 perfect season ) and defended their title in Super Bowl VIII . The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990 -- 93 . This is in contrast to other North American major professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NHL ) where repeat championships and even `` three - peats '' ( as part of a dynasty ) are not uncommon . Since 2005 , no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title . In fact between 2006 and 2013 every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failed to qualify for the playoffs . The 2014 Seattle Seahawks opened the playoffs with a win over the Carolina Panthers in the Divisional round , becoming the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season . As the two - time defending Super Bowl champions , the 1990 San Francisco 49ers were favored to become first NFL team to win three consecutive Super Bowls . Dating back to 1989 , the 49ers completed a fifteen - game unbeaten streak in the regular season ( 5 victories in the last 5 games of 1989 and 10 victories in the first ten games of 1990 ) , en route to compiling the league 's best regular season record ( 14 -- 2 ) while quarterback Joe Montana was named regular season MVP . Facing the New York Giants in the NFC Championship Game , the 49ers defense was able to hold backup quarterback Jeff Hostetler and the Giants without a touchdown , but the tide of the game changed when Montana was sacked by Leonard Marshall while rolling out of the quarterback pocket ; a play which injured Montana and forced him to leave the game . With only a few minutes left , 49ers running back Roger Craig fumbled while the 49ers were attempting to score the game clinching touchdown , and the ball was recovered by the Giants ' Lawrence Taylor , setting up the drive to kick their fifth field goal of the game with seconds left to win the game 15 -- 13 . The words of Pat Summerall `` There will be no three - peat ! '' haunt 49ers fans to this day . The NFC Championship game also turned out to be Montana 's next - to - last appearance in a 49er uniform , as elbow injuries cost him the entire 1991 season , and despite his recovery he lost his starting position to Steve Young . The Seattle Seahawks were the most recent defending champions to return to the title game the following year , Super Bowl XLIX , where they faced the New England Patriots . The Seahawks built a ten - point lead to end the third quarter 24 - 14 . Previously , no team in Super Bowl history had ever overcome a fourth - quarter deficit of more than seven points . The Patriots , however , rallied with two touchdowns to take a 28 -- 24 lead with roughly two minutes left in the game . Seattle threatened to score in the final moments , driving the ball to New England 's 1 - yard line . With 26 seconds remaining in the game , they decided to pass the ball in a highly scrutinized play that resulted in Patriots rookie Malcolm Butler making a game - saving interception from Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson . However , the game was not decided at this point since New England was backed up against its own end zone , so if Patriots quarterback Tom Brady went too far back before kneeling his team would give up two points and have to kick the ball back to the Seahawks , who would simply need to get into field goal position for a chance to win . However , Seahawks defensive lineman Michael Bennett was drawn across line of scrimmage and flagged for encroachment which penalized Seattle five yards and moved the ball to the New England six - yard line , ending Seattle 's hope of a comeback . The home field curse ( edit ) The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl . From 1966 -- 2011 ( excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team ) , the Super Bowl host team had a record of 249 -- 364 -- 2 . In those 40 seasons , the host teams had 11 winning seasons , four split seasons , and 25 losing seasons . Mathematically , the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance ( assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season ( disregarding . 500 seasons ) ) is 7.69 percent . It should be noted , however , that in contrast to the other major North American professional sports leagues ( Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League ) , whose championship round is co -- hosted by the two competing teams that season ( which gives a higher probability that both teams will have a winning season , to qualify for the playoffs ) , the Super Bowl host is selected several years before it is played , without regard to the teams that play it ( modern stadium amenities and weather are the two most prominent criteria ) . The only other major professional sports league in North America using this format is the Canadian Football League , where the Grey Cup host city is selected ahead of time . However , unlike the NFL , there have been multiple teams who have won the Grey Cup at home ; plus , the CFL has only nine teams , making the odds of such an occurrence greater . So far no team has yet managed to reach the championship game in their home stadium , or even come close . Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home market : the San Francisco 49ers , who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium , rather than Candlestick Park , and the Los Angeles Rams , who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl , rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Besides those two , the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston : the Houston Oilers had played there previously , but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII . The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls , hosting Super Bowl II and III . MetLife Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII , is the home stadium of two NFL teams : the New York Giants and the New York Jets . In a way , not having the home team play in the Super Bowl is actually beneficial to the host city as it would receive more out - of - town visitors than if the host team was playing in the Super Bowl . Combined with the increased costs of airfare and hotel during the event , the economy would see a bigger revenue boost as a larger portion of attendees would be local if the host team participated . The host team ( s ) of a Super Bowl do receive VIP section ( s ) in the stadium during the game ; for instance New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning was in the luxury suite of his team 's home MetLife Stadium during Super Bowl XLVIII , which saw the Denver Broncos ( quarterbacked by his brother Peyton Manning ) lose 43 -- 8 to the Seattle Seahawks . The Atlanta Falcons came off the 1998 season finishing 14 -- 2 season and being losing finalists in Super Bowl XXXIII . Next year , they were the host team of Super Bowl XXXIV but ending up with a 5 -- 11 record and missed the playoffs , in part due to an injury to running back Jamal Anderson who suffered a season -- ending knee injury in second game of the 1999 season . The Indianapolis Colts were in a rare situation at the end of the 2011 season , becoming the fourth host team of a Super Bowl to have the worst record in the NFL for their particular season . This also happened to the 1973 Houston Oilers ( Super Bowl VIII ) , the 1980 New Orleans Saints ( Super Bowl XV ) , and the 1983 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( Super Bowl XVIII ) . The New Orleans Saints , whose home stadium ( the Mercedes - Benz Superdome ) hosted Super Bowl XLVII , were eliminated from post -- season contention in Week 16 and finished 7 -- 9 for the 2012 season . The team had a 13 -- 3 record in the 2009 season following by winning Super Bowl XLIV , a 11 -- 5 record in the 2010 season , and then a 13 -- 3 record in the 2011 season . Some media outlets such as Fox Sports and Sports Illustrated have claimed that the home field curse was in effect in 2012 . However , the Saints were affected heavily by the bounty scandal , which resulted in Commissioner Roger Goodell imposing disciplinary action on the team which included the suspension of several coaches and players for the season , particularly head coach Sean Payton and former Saints defensive coordinator Gregg Williams who were banned for the entire year . The hosts curse had a wider effect on the Los Angeles Chargers when they played in San Diego . Every time San Diego has hosted the Super Bowl , an AFC West rival has represented the AFC : the Broncos in Super Bowl XXII and XXXII -- the Broncos winning the latter -- and the Raiders in XXXVII . Besides San Diego , the other instances where a divisional rival of the host has played in the Super Bowl were : Super Bowl III , which the New York Jets won in the Miami Dolphins ' Orange Bowl ; Super Bowl XXX , which the Dallas Cowboys won in the Arizona Cardinals ' Sun Devil Stadium ; the St. Louis Rams , who won Super Bowl XXXIV in the Atlanta Falcons ' Georgia Dome and lost Super Bowl XXXVI in the New Orleans Saints ' Louisiana Superdome ; and the Seattle Seahawks , who played in Super Bowl XLIX in the Arizona Cardinals ' University of Phoenix Stadium . Super Bowl XLVIII had the distinction of having two host teams : the New York Jets , and the New York Giants , as both play their home games at MetLife Stadium . Although it was conceivably possible to make NFL history as the first ever Super Bowl with two host teams playing against each other on the same turf , both teams were eliminated from postseason contention in week 15 of the 2013 regular season . That season the Giants got off to an 0 -- 6 start . Super Bowl 50 was held at Levi 's Stadium and during the 2015 offseason , the San Francisco 49ers parted ways with highly successful coach Jim Harbaugh as a result of going 8 -- 8 in the 2014 season and a power struggle with general manager Trent Baalke . Under Harbaugh from 2011 -- 14 , the team reached the NFC Championship Game three straight times and narrowly lost Super Bowl XLVII , a dramatic improvement as prior to his hiring the 49ers had not had a winning season nor playoff win since 2002 . CEO Jed York replaced Harbaugh by promoting defensive line coach Jim Tomsula , a highly criticized hiring motivated by York 's desire to have full control of the franchise rather than hiring the best possible candidate for the job . This move subsequently led to many assistant coaches refusing to serve on Tomsula 's coaching staff . Furthermore , the 49ers were also affected by the unexpected retirements of Patrick Willis , Chris Borland , and Anthony Davis , who were all in their prime of their careers , the free agent departures of Frank Gore and Mike Iupati , and the release of Aldon Smith after getting arrested again . With an unprecedented roster turnover , the 49ers would struggle to a 5 -- 11 season with Colin Kaepernick ending the season on injured reserve after being benched . The 49ers would ultimately be eliminated from the postseason in Week 14 of the 2015 regular season and Tomsula would be fired after just one season . The most recent team to qualify to play in the NFL playoffs in the same season it was scheduled to host the Super Bowl is the 2016 Houston Texans ; NRG Stadium , the Texans ' home stadium , hosted Super Bowl LI . The Texans defeated the Oakland Raiders 27 -- 14 in the Wild Card round , but lost 34 -- 16 to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . The Texans are the third Super Bowl host ( and first since the 1998 Miami Dolphins ) to reach the divisional round . Further reading ( edit ) `` Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse '' . The Sacramento Bee . October 25 , 2006 . pp. C3 . Freeman , Mike ( December 12 , 1991 ) . `` Fans cry : Off with Giants ' Head ( Coach ) ! '' . The Washington Post . Green Jr. , Ron ( November 5 , 2004 ) . `` Lost - the - Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers , Raiders '' . The Charlotte Observer . pp. 2C . `` Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . January 30 , 1999 . Penner , Mike ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers '' . Los Angeles Times . pp. D. 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boswell , Thomas ( September 21 , 1992 ) . `` A Curse but not yet a sin '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , Jack ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Champions , for now -- Super Bowl curse could vex Colts , Bears '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Matt ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Seattle out to break Super Bowl curse '' . East Valley Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes : Oakland Raiders 35 Carolina Panthers 32 '' . Oakland Raiders . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Is the Super Bowl curse real ? Just ask Brady , Alexander and others '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Maske , Mark ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Seahawks hope to buck Super Bowl curse '' . Washington Post . Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Sports - related curses Baseball Curse of the Bambino Curse of the Billy Goat Curse of the Black Sox Curse of the Colonel Curse of Coogan 's Bluff Curse of Rocky Colavito Ex-Cubs Factor Football Curse of Bobby Layne Heisman curse Kennett curse The Lombardi Curse Madden Curse Super Bowl curse Ice hockey Curse of 1940 Curse of Muldoon Other sports Andretti curse Crucible curse Curse of LaBonte City - wide curses Cleveland sports curse Curse of Billy Penn Gold Coast sports curse Miscellaneous Sports Illustrated cover jinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_curse&oldid=816117129 '' Categories : American football - related curses History of the Super Bowl Sports - related curses Urban legends Curses Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 11 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Bowl%20curse
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what is the movie tonight she comes about
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Tonight She Comes
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tonight she comes
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`` Tonight She Comes '' is a 1985 song by American rock band The Cars , from their Greatest Hits album . It was released as a single in October 1985 , reaching number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 in January , 1986 . The song reached number one on the Top Rock Tracks charts , where it stayed for three weeks .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release and reception 3 Chart performance 4 References 5 External links Composition ( edit ) It is a straightforward , diatonic pop rock song in F major , with a hard rock - style guitar solo by Cars guitarist , Elliot Easton . The solo was transcribed by Steve Vai in the February 1986 issue of Guitar Player magazine , as the centerpiece to an interview with Easton . In the interview , Easton described the custom - made Kramer guitar used for the solo , and said the reason the solo was `` so dense '' was due to the four weeks spent recording the single , which allowed Easton ample time to compose it . The title of the song is yet another Ric Ocasek double - entendre , although , as Elliot Easton said , `` It does n't actually say that she reaches orgasm . It could mean that tonight she 's coming over to make popcorn . '' Release and reception ( edit ) `` Tonight She Comes '' was The Cars ' fourth Top 10 hit . It was the first of two songs to be released as a single from their Greatest Hits album ; a remixed version of `` I 'm Not the One '' , previously recorded in 1981 for the album Shake It Up , was the second . AllMusic critic Greg Prato , in his review of Greatest Hits described the track as `` playful '' , while Tim Sendra , also of AllMusic , said in his review of The Essentials that the track ( among the others on said album ) , was `` definitely essential '' . Critic Donald Guarisco said that the song `` is one of their most straightforward pop outings and shows just how far they had moved from the acidic mindset of ' Just What I Needed ' and `` Let 's Go ' '' . He went on to say that the track was `` a delightful , pristine pop confection '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 16 Canadian Singles Chart 36 New Zealand Singles Chart 20 UK Singles Chart 79 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Mainstream Rock US Cash Box Top 100 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Jan 11 , 1986 '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Milano , Brett . Just What I Needed : The Cars Anthology . Rhino . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th Edition ) . Billboard Books . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . Jump up ^ Prato , Greg . `` Greatest Hits '' . allmusic.com . Jump up ^ Sendra , Tim . `` The Essentials - The Cars AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Guarisco , Donald . `` Tonight She Comes '' . allmusic.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cars - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic ( Rovi Corporation ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JANUARY 18 , 1986 at the Wayback Machine ( archived 2 October 2012 ) . Cash Box magazine . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Cars Ric Ocasek Elliot Easton Greg Hawkes David Robinson Benjamin Orr Studio albums The Cars Candy - O Panorama Shake It Up Heartbeat City Door to Door Move Like This Compilations Greatest Hits Just What I Needed : The Cars Anthology Shake It Up & Other Hits Complete Greatest Hits The Essentials Classic Tracks The Elektra Years 1978 -- 1987 Singles `` Just What I Needed '' `` My Best Friend 's Girl '' `` Good Times Roll '' `` Let 's Go '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Double Life '' `` Touch and Go '' `` Do n't Tell Me No '' `` Gimme Some Slack '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Since You 're Gone '' `` Victim of Love '' `` Think It Over '' ( UK only ) `` You Might Think '' `` Magic '' `` Drive '' `` Hello Again '' `` Why Ca n't I Have You '' `` Heartbeat City '' ( UK only ) `` Tonight She Comes '' `` I 'm Not the One '' `` You Are the Girl '' `` Strap Me In '' `` Coming Up You '' `` Sad Song '' Other songs `` I 'm in Touch with Your World '' `` Do n't Cha Stop '' `` You 're All I 've Got Tonight '' `` Bye Bye Love '' `` Moving in Stereo '' `` All Mixed Up '' `` Candy - O '' `` Night Spots '' `` Dangerous Type '' `` Panorama '' `` Cruiser '' `` Blue Tip '' Concert tours North American Tour Spring 2011 Related articles Discography Substitution Mass Confusion : A Tribute to The Cars The New Cars Todd Rundgren Kasim Sulton Atom Ellis Prairie Prince It 's Alive ! Utopia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonight_She_Comes&oldid=804021642 '' Categories : The Cars songs 1985 singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Songs written by Ric Ocasek Elektra Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 05 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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celine dion these are the special times full album
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No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` O Holy Night '' Traditional David Foster 5 : 21 2 . `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' Peter Zizzo Ric Wake Celine Dion Wake 4 : 37 3 . `` Blue Christmas '' Jay Johnson Bill Hayes Foster 3 : 48 4 . `` Another Year Has Gone By '' Bryan Adams Eliot Kennedy Adams 3 : 24 5 . `` The Magic of Christmas Day ( God Bless Us Everyone ) '' Dee Snider Wake 4 : 17 6 . `` Ave Maria '' Franz Schubert Foster 4 : 55 7 . `` Adeste Fideles ( O Come All Ye Faithful ) '' Traditional Foster 4 : 43 8 . `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' Mel Tormé Robert Wells Foster 4 : 13 9 . `` The Prayer '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) Carole Bayer Sager Foster Alberto Testa Tony Renis Foster Renis Bayer Sager 4 : 29 10 . `` Brahms ' Lullaby '' Johannes Brahms Foster 3 : 32 11 . `` Christmas Eve '' Maria Christensen Curtis Frasca Wake 4 : 16 12 . `` These Are the Special Times '' Diane Warren Foster 4 : 08 13 . `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' John Lennon Yoko Ono Wake 4 : 14 14 . `` I 'm Your Angel '' ( duet with R. Kelly ) R. Kelly Kelly 5 : 31 15 . `` Feliz Navidad '' José Feliciano Wake Humberto Gatica 3 : 40 16 . `` Les cloches du hameau '' Brahms Wake 3 : 10
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These Are Special Times
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these are special times
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These Are Special Times is the sixth English - language studio album and the first English - language Christmas album by Canadian singer Celine Dion . Released by Sony Music Entertainment on 30 October 1998 , it features cover versions of popular Christmas tunes and original material . Dion worked with David Foster and Ric Wake , who produced most of the tracks for the album . Other producers include R. Kelly and Bryan Adams . Critics praised Dion 's commitment to the recorded material , as well as the production of the songs .
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These Are Special Times was released after two of Dion 's most successful albums , Falling into You ( 1996 ) and Let 's Talk About Love ( 1997 ) . It includes the US number - one single , `` I 'm Your Angel '' ( duet with R. Kelly ) and the Golden Globe winning song , `` The Prayer '' ( also featured in Quest for Camelot ) . The album has sold 5.44 million copies in the United States as of November 2016 , according to Nielsen SoundScan , and has been certified five - times Platinum by the RIAA . In Canada , the album has sold one million copies and been certified Diamond by the CRIA . The album has sold 12 million copies worldwide and is one of the best - selling Christmas albums of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Content 3 Promotion 4 Singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial reception 7 Accolades 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Decade - end charts 10.3 All - time charts 10.4 Year - end charts 11 Certifications and sales 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) Celine Dion released two French - language Christmas albums in her early career : Céline Dion chante Noël ( 1981 ) and Chants et contes de Noël ( 1983 ) . Later , in 1993 , she recorded `` The Christmas Song '' which appears on David Foster 's The Christmas Album . The next year , Dion was featured on Alvin and the Chipmunks ' `` Petit Papa Noël '' which is on their album A Very Merry Chipmunk . In 1996 , she recorded `` Brahms ' Lullaby '' for the compilation For Our Children Too to benefit the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation . `` The Christmas Song '' and `` Brahms ' Lullaby '' were included on These Are Special Times in 1998 . Content ( edit ) `` The Prayer '' A 27 - second sample of `` The Prayer '' , duet with Andrea Bocelli . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Celine Dion worked on These Are Special Times with her longtime partners David Foster and Ric Wake , who produced most of the songs . The album contains seven original compositions : `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' ( co-written by Celine Dion ; covered by Avalon in 2000 and Clay Aiken in 2004 ) , `` Another Year Has Gone By '' ( written and produced by Bryan Adams ) , a solo version of `` The Magic of Christmas Day '' ( recorded in 1999 as a duet with Rosie O'Donnell and included on a charity album , A Rosie Christmas ) , `` The Prayer '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ; each artist sang it solo on the 1998 soundtrack to Quest for Camelot ) , `` Christmas Eve '' , `` These Are the Special Times '' ( written by Diane Warren ; covered by Christina Aguilera in 2000 ) and `` I 'm Your Angel '' ( duet with R. Kelly , written and produced by Kelly ) . Other tracks include inspired arrangements of standards like `` O Holy Night '' , `` Blue Christmas '' ( Diana Krall on acoustic piano ) , `` Adeste Fideles '' , `` Ave Maria '' and new versions of the modern classics `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' and `` Feliz Navidad '' . On the latter track and `` Les cloches du hameau '' , Dion is joined by her family . In October 2007 , the album was re-released as a Collector 's Edition that includes a DVD of Dion 's CBS television special for These Are Special Times . Promotion ( edit ) Celine Dion promoted the album in the United States with a television special which aired on CBS on 25 November 1998 . It included two musical guests : Andrea Bocelli on `` The Prayer '' and Rosie O'Donnell on `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' . Dion also performed album tracks ( `` O Holy Night '' , `` These Are the Special Times '' ) , her number - one hits ( `` The Power of Love '' , `` Because You Loved Me '' , `` My Heart Will Go On '' ) , as well as favorites ( `` Let 's Talk About Love '' , `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' ) . These Are Special Times was a television ratings champion , ranking number - one for the night and drawing an audience of more than sixteen million viewers . The show was nominated for two Emmy Awards . Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli also performed `` The Prayer '' at the 41st Grammy Awards on 24 February 1999 and at the 71st Academy Awards on 21 March 1999 . She also performed `` Blue Christmas '' at `` The Today Show '' and `` Another Year Has Gone By '' at `` The Rosie O'Donnell Show '' and with Bryan Adams at the `` Late Show with David Letterman '' . `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' was performed in 1992 at the TV show `` Good Morning America '' and in 1993 with David Foster on his TV special , `` David Foster 's Christmas Album '' on NBC on 10 December 1993 . `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' and `` The Christmas Song '' were part of Dion 's show A New Day during its winter runs in 2004 and 2007 respectively . In addition , Dion performed `` The Christmas Song '' at The Rockefeller Center on 28 November 2007 whereas one of the performances from Las Vegas was televised during Larry King Show in December 2007 . What 's more , Dion performed `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' and `` Adeste Fideles ( O Come All Ye Faithful ) '' at the 2009 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade , which aired on ABC . Both `` I 'm Your Angel '' and `` The Prayer '' were sung during Taking Chances World Tour and selected shows of Celine . Moreover , Celine performed `` The Prayer '' with Andrea Bocelli during Live At Central Park in New York in 2011 . In December 2015 , as a part of Michael Bublé 's Christmas in Hollywood which aired on NBC , Celine sang `` O Holy Night '' and `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' in a duet version with Bublé . Singles ( edit ) `` I 'm Your Angel '' A 30 - second sample of `` I 'm Your Angel '' , duet with R. Kelly . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I 'm Your Angel '' was released as the first single from the album . It became Dion 's fourth number - one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , topping the chart for six consecutive weeks . On 9 December 1998 , it was certified Platinum by the RIAA for shipment of one million copies in the United States . The song was also successful in Europe , peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . In March 1999 , `` The Prayer '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) was sent to adult contemporary radio stations in the United States and peaked at number twenty - two on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . In February 2008 , Dion recorded a live version of this song in a duet with Josh Groban . Thanks to the digital sales , the track entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number seventy . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Billboard ( favorable ) Entertainment Weekly B − These Are Special Times garnered generally positive reviews from music critics . Paul Verna from Billboard gave it a very positive review , praising Dion 's maturity and the album 's production . He wrote , `` sounding at complete ease and wielding a wildly creative wand , an ever - maturing Dion conjures up surprise on what should be regarded as her next `` big '' album . '' Verna noted that this `` grade - A effort '' is `` no ordinary holiday project . '' He praised `` grandiose versions of standards '' ( `` O Holy Night '' , `` Adeste Fideles '' ) , `` modern classics '' ( `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' , `` Feliz Navidad '' ) and `` thoughtfully produced original compositions '' ( `` Another Year Has Gone By '' , `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' ) . According to him , other highlights include `` The Prayer '' , a `` gorgeous duet '' with Andrea Bocelli , the `` Phil Spector-esque '' `` Christmas Eve '' , and a `` sparkling reading '' of `` Ave Maria '' . Chuck Taylor from Billboard also praised `` I 'm Your Angel '' , a duet with R. Kelly . He wrote that `` this wonderfully restrained ballad delights with the most graceful vocal performances either of these artists has ever offered to radio . '' Taylor commented , `` what raises the roof is the tune 's elegant , epic instrumental base , which includes sweeping strings , a soulful choir , and gentle but determined percussive drive . '' He continued , that `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` sells big at the bridge , where the instrumentation drops and Kelly and Dion harmonize in a gorgeous minor key -- it truly makes the song . '' Chuck Taylor also reviewed `` The Prayer '' , calling it `` a breathtaking , ultra-lush song , and the tour de force combination of Dion and Bocelli ( which ) will send a half - dozen chills up your spine . '' Although he felt that the song is `` an unorthodox track for the radio '' , Taylor called it `` affecting '' , `` heartwarming '' , `` absolutely exquisite '' and `` one of Dion 's most radiant performances ever . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated that `` any fan of Dion , or of ' 90s adult contemporary pop in general , should find this ( album ) very enjoyable . '' Although according to him , `` at times , the production is too slick '' and `` at other times Dion 's vocals are a little mannered , '' overall , These Are Special Times `` is very effective , because the songs are good and she 's committed to the material . '' Erlewine wrote that These Are Special Times is `` an especially successful holiday album since Dion wisely balances '' popular carols ( `` Blue Christmas , '' `` The Christmas Song , '' `` Feliz Navidad '' ) with new songs ( `` I 'm Your Angel , '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas '' ) , hymns ( `` Adeste Fideles , '' `` Ave Maria '' ) , and Christmas songs with a distinct religious theme ( `` The Prayer , '' `` O Holy Night '' ) . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) These Are Special Times debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 , selling 126,000 copies . The next week , it became a greatest gainer , jumping to number three and selling 163,000 units . In its third week , despite selling 210,000 copies , These Are Special Times fell to number five . In the fourth week , thanks to Dion 's CBS television special , the album rose to number three , with a 94 % sales increase ( 409,000 copies ) becoming a greatest gainer again . The next week , it moved to its peak position on the Billboard 200 , number two , with sales of 366,000 units . These Are Special Times tied Amy Grant 's 1992 Home for Christmas as the highest - charting holiday album ever by a female artist . It stayed at number two for the second week , selling 413,000 copies . In the seventh week , These Are Special Times reached its highest weekly sales of 462,000 copies , despite falling to number three . In the last week inside the top ten , the album fell to number five selling another 461,000 copies . On the Top Holiday Albums , it topped the chart for nine consecutive weeks . These Are Special Times became the best - selling holiday album of 1998 in the US with a total of 2,684,000 copies sold . Dion 's album also sold more copies in its first year of release than any other holiday album by a female artist . On 6 December 2005 , the album was certified five - times Platinum by the RIAA for shipment of five million copies in the US . On 16 November 2008 , it also became the first holiday album by a female artist to top the five million mark in Nielsen SoundScan history . These Are Special Times is also the highest selling Christmas album by an artist born outside the US . It is the fourth best - selling Christmas album of the entire Nielsen SoundScan era with US sales of 5.44 million copies . In Canada , These Are Special Times peaked at number one . The album shipped one million copies and was certified Diamond by the CRIA . In Japan , the album reached number four and exceeded sales of more than 500,000 copies . These Are Special Times was also successful in Australasia and Europe , hitting the top ten in most countries and peaking at number one in Switzerland and Norway . It has sold twelve million copies worldwide , and is one of the best - selling Christmas albums of all time . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Celine Dion These Are Special Times received the 1999 Japan Gold Disc Award for International Pop Album of the Year . At the 56th Golden Globe Awards , `` The Prayer '' won the award for Best Original Song . `` I 'm Your Angel '' and `` The Prayer '' were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 41st and 42nd Grammy Awards , respectively . `` The Prayer '' was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 71st Academy Awards . In 2017 , 24 / 7 Wall St. Named These Are Special Times as the 8th best Holiday Album of all time . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` O Holy Night '' Traditional David Foster 5 : 21 2 . `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' Peter Zizzo Ric Wake Celine Dion Wake 4 : 37 3 . `` Blue Christmas '' Jay Johnson Bill Hayes Foster 3 : 48 4 . `` Another Year Has Gone By '' Bryan Adams Eliot Kennedy Adams 3 : 24 5 . `` The Magic of Christmas Day ( God Bless Us Everyone ) '' Dee Snider Wake 4 : 17 6 . `` Ave Maria '' Franz Schubert Foster 4 : 55 7 . `` Adeste Fideles ( O Come All Ye Faithful ) '' Traditional Foster 4 : 43 8 . `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' Mel Tormé Robert Wells Foster 4 : 13 9 . `` The Prayer '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) Carole Bayer Sager Foster Alberto Testa Tony Renis Foster Renis Bayer Sager 4 : 29 10 . `` Brahms ' Lullaby '' Johannes Brahms Foster 3 : 32 11 . `` Christmas Eve '' Maria Christensen Curtis Frasca Wake 4 : 16 12 . `` These Are the Special Times '' Diane Warren Foster 4 : 08 13 . `` Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) '' John Lennon Yoko Ono Wake 4 : 14 14 . `` I 'm Your Angel '' ( duet with R. Kelly ) R. Kelly Kelly 5 : 31 15 . `` Feliz Navidad '' José Feliciano Wake Humberto Gatica 3 : 40 16 . `` Les cloches du hameau '' Brahms Wake 3 : 10 ( show ) Japanese bonus track No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 17 . `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( No Lead Vox ) James Horner Will Jennings Walter Afanasieff Horner 4 : 40 ( show ) 2007 Collector 's Edition bonus DVD No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Power of Love '' Candy DeRouge Gunther Mende Mary Susan Applegate Jennifer Rush 2 . `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' ( duet with Rosie O'Donnell ) Noël Regney Gloria Shayne Baker 3 . `` O Holy Night '' Traditional 4 . `` Because You Loved Me '' Warren 5 . `` Let 's Talk About Love '' Adams Jean - Jacques Goldman Kennedy 6 . `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Ewan MacColl 7 . `` My Heart Will Go On '' Horner Jennings 8 . `` The Prayer '' ( duet with Andrea Bocelli ) Bayer Sager Foster Testa Renis 9 . `` Ave Maria '' ( performed by Andrea Bocelli ) Pietro Mascagni 10 . `` End Credits '' ( featuring `` Feliz Navidad '' and `` These Are the Special Times '' ) Feliciano Warren Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from AllMusic . Bryan Adams -- arranger , bass , composer , guitar , producer , string arrangements Tawatha Agee -- vocals ( background ) Steve Amerson -- vocals ( background ) Morgan Ames -- vocals ( background ) Randy Andos -- trombone Jane Barnett -- vocals ( background ) David Barratt -- production coordination Tony Black -- programming Juan Bohorquez -- assistant engineer , mixing assistant Dick Bolks -- vocals ( background ) Alfred Bosco -- assistant engineer Jeff Bova -- programming Robert Bowker -- vocals ( background ) Jimmy Bralower -- drum programming Troy Bright -- vocals ( background ) Martin Briley -- vocals ( background ) Chris Brooke -- assistant engineer Alexandra Brown -- choir , chorus Bridgette Bryant -- choir , chorus Sharon Bryant -- vocals ( background ) Bob Buckley -- conductor , string arrangements Amick Byram -- vocals ( background ) Bob Cadway -- engineer Richie Cannata -- sax ( tenor ) , saxophone Johnnie Carl -- arranger Elin Carlson -- vocals ( background ) Patrick Carroll -- drum programming , guitar ( bass ) , percussion Carmen Carter -- choir , chorus Lafayette Carthon , Jr. -- conductor , keyboards , vocals ( background ) Sue Ann Carwell -- vocals ( background ) John Chiodini -- guitar , guitar ( electric ) Maria Christensen -- composer , vocals ( background ) Dennis Collins -- vocals ( background ) Crystal Cathedral Choir -- choir Barry Danielian -- trumpet Donna Davidson -- vocals ( background ) Nathan Dean -- mixing assistant Russ DeSalvo -- guitar John Doelp -- executive producer Chuck Domanico -- bass Terence Dover -- engineer Felipe Elgueta -- engineer , programming Gary Falcone -- choir , chorus David Foster -- arranger , composer , keyboards , piano , producer Bob Franceschini -- sax ( alto ) Simon Franglen -- synclavier Roger Freeland -- vocals ( background ) Yvonne Gage -- vocals ( background ) Humberto Gatica -- engineer , mixing Ayuana George -- vocals ( background ) Stephen George -- programming Diva Gray -- vocals ( background ) Nikki Gregoroff -- vocals ( background ) Don Hachey -- mixing assistant Andy Haller -- assistant engineer Jeff Hamilton -- drums Brian Harding -- assistant engineer , mixing assistant Linda Harmon -- vocals ( background ) Bill Harris -- sax ( alto ) Don Harris -- trumpet Dan Hetzel -- engineer Loris Holland -- conductor , keyboards , organ ( Hammond ) , vocal arrangement , vocals ( background ) Jimmy Hoyson -- assistant engineer Ronn Huff -- arranger Nancey Jackson -- vocals ( background ) Bashiri Johnson -- vocals ( background ) Tony Kadleck -- trumpet Shane Keister -- arranger , handbell arrangement , piano , synclavier Khris Kellow -- vocals ( background ) R. Kelly -- arranger , composer , performer , producer Rick Kerr -- engineer Curtis King -- vocals ( background ) Darlene Koldenhoven -- vocals ( background ) Diana Krall -- piano John Kurlander -- engineer Rick Logan -- vocals ( background ) Susie Stevens Logan -- vocals ( background ) Lisa Lougheed -- vocals ( background ) Jeremy Lubbock -- arranger , string arrangements Vito Luprano -- executive producer Johnny Mandel -- orchestral arrangements Ethan Mates -- mixing assistant Rob Mathes -- conductor , orchestral arrangements Paulette McWilliams -- vocals ( background ) Ozzie Melendez -- trombone Chieli Minucci -- guitar Cindy Mizelle -- vocals ( background ) Robert Moe -- vocals ( background ) Jeffrey Morrow -- vocals ( background ) Rob Murphy -- assistant engineer , mixing assistant Jake Ninan -- assistant engineer Rafael Padilla -- percussion Bobbi Page -- choir , chorus Shawn Pelton -- drums Randy Phillips -- choir , chorus Louis Price -- choir , chorus Tom Rainer -- synthesizer Jeffrey Ramsey -- choir , chorus Anthony Ransick -- vocals ( background ) Dave Reitzas -- engineer Cathy Richardson -- vocals ( background ) John `` J.R. '' Robinson -- drums Robin Robinson -- vocals ( background ) Stevie Robinson -- vocals ( background ) Olle Romo -- programming William Ross -- arranger , orchestral arrangements Kamil Rustam -- guitar ( acoustic ) Johnny Rutledge -- vocals ( background ) Larry Salzman -- guitar John Scarpulla -- sax ( baritone ) Al Schmitt -- engineer David Shackney -- engineer Don Shelton -- vocals ( background ) Marc Shulman -- guitar Ira Siegel -- guitar Steve Skinner -- arranger , drum programming , keyboard programming Ramón Stagnaro -- guitar ( acoustic ) Randy Staub -- engineer Aya Takemura -- mixing assistant Chris Taylor -- guitar David Taylor -- trombone ( bass ) Vaneese Thomas -- vocals ( background ) Michael Thompson -- guitar ( electric ) Fonzi Thornton -- vocals ( background ) UB Tirado -- mixing assistant Terry Trotter -- piano Rob Trow -- vocals ( background ) Eric Troyer -- vocals ( background ) Carmen Twillie -- choir , chorus , vocals ( background ) Vancouver Orchestra -- strings Gary Van Pelt -- engineer Jeff Vereb -- mixing assistant Frank Vilardi -- drums Ric Wake -- arranger , composer , producer Joan Walton -- vocals ( background ) Spencer Washington -- vocals ( background ) John West -- vocals ( background ) Phil Western -- engineer , keyboards , programming , string arrangements Brenda White - King -- vocals ( background ) George Whitty -- engineer , keyboard arrangements , synthesizer arrangements Cheryl Wilson -- vocals ( background ) Elisabeth Withers -- vocals ( background ) Steven Wolf -- drums Thomas R. Yezzi -- engineer Peter Zizzo -- arranger , bass programming , composer , drum programming , guitar , keyboard programming Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 6 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 12 Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 6 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) European Albums ( Top 100 ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 23 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 14 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 7 Italian Albums ( Hit Parade ) 13 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) Malaysian Albums ( RIM ) 6 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 31 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) 20 US Billboard 200 US Top Holiday Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 17 US Top Holiday Albums ( Billboard ) 6 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Canadian Artists Albums ( SoundScan ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 45 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 56 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 64 Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 35 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 85 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 91 Italian Albums ( Hit Parade ) 62 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 80 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 35 Norwegian Christmas Period Albums ( VG - lista ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Albums ( OCC ) 60 US Top Holiday Albums ( SoundScan ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Albums / CDs ( RPM ) 68 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 80 US Billboard 200 23 Chart ( 2000 ) Position Finnish Foreign Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 70 US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 24 Chart ( 2002 ) Position US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 32 Chart ( 2003 ) Position US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 36 Chart ( 2004 ) Position US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 45 Chart ( 2008 ) Position Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 98 US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 41 Chart ( 2012 ) Position Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 87 Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Top Catalog Albums ( Billboard ) 48 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 44,678 France 80,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 2 × Platinum 500,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Gold 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,440,000 Summaries Europe ( IFPI ) Platinum 1,000,000 Worldwide 12,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format Catalog Europe 30 October 1998 Columbia CD COL 492730 2 Japan 31 October 1998 Epic ESCA - 7390 United States 3 November 1998 550 , Epic BK 69523 Australia 6 November 1998 Columbia 4926512 Germany 28 September 2007 Sony Music Ihre schönsten Weihnachtslieder CD 82876 86057 2 United States 2 October 2007 Legacy Recordings CD / DVD 88697 15575 2 Europe 2 November 2007 Japan 21 November 2007 EICP - 882 ~ EICP - 883 Australia 8 December 2007 88697 15575 2 See also ( edit ) List of best - selling Christmas / holiday albums in the United States List of Canadian number - one albums of 1998 List of diamond - certified albums in Canada References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gary Trust ( 22 May 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Celine Dion 's Career Sales & Biggest Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Caulfield ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Doobie Brothers Earn Highest Charting Album Since 1980 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Christmas Albums , From Bing To Buble '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 18 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Caulfield ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` What Are the Top - Selling Christmas Albums of All Time ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Searchable Database - Gold & Platinum Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion chante Noël '' . Discogs . Zink Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chants et contes de Noël '' . Discogs . Zink Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Foster -- The Christmas Album '' . Discogs . Zink Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` A Very Merry Chipmunk '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For Our Children Too '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion Takes Stock of Success '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 17 October 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Blodgett - Williams , Dacia A. `` Joy : A Christmas Collection '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Merry Christmas with Love '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` A Rosie Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` My Kind of Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion : These Are Special Times '' . celinedion.com . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Between the Bullets '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 12 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ These Are Special Times : Collector 's Edition CD booklet : `` ( ... ) drawing an audience of more than sixteen million viewers . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews & Previews > Artists & Music > Singles > AC > The Prayer '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 20 March 1999 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion & Andrea Bocelli - The Prayer ( Oscars Academy 1999 ) video '' . NME . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Angels We Have Heard on High '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 5 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Salty ' Is Better Than Spicy At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 9 January 1999 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Top 75 Releases '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion > Chart History > Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion : That 's Just the Woman in Me '' . CBS . Archived from the original on 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion > Chart History > Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` These Are Special Times > Overview '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews & Previews > Artists & Music > Albums > Spotlight > These Are Special Times '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 14 November 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( 4 December 1998 ) . `` Just Say Noel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews & Previews > Artists & Music > Singles > Pop > I 'm Your Angel '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 17 October 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Bullets '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 21 November 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Bullets '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 28 November 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Bullets '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 19 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Bring On Christmas ! '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Between the Bullets '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 2 January 1999 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Between the Bullets '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 9 January 1999 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 On This Week 's Unpublished Charts '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 16 January 1999 . 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Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` These Are Special Times '' . Amazon Italy . Amazon Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` These Are Special Times / スペシャル ・ タイムス '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion > Discography '' . bandit.fm . Sony Music Australia . Archived from the original on 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ihre schönsten Weihnachtslieder '' . Amazon Germany . Amazon Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` These Are Special Times ( W / Dvd ) '' . Amazon United States . Amazon Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` These Are Special Times ( Original Recording Remastered , Doppel - CD ) '' . Amazon Germany . Amazon Inc . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` These Are Special Times ( Legacy Edition ) / スペシャル ・ タイムス ( Legacy Edition ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Sony Music Entertainment Japan . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) These Are Special Times at Discogs ( list of releases ) Celine Dion Albums discography Singles discography Songs Videography Tours and shows Awards and nominations Studio albums French La voix du bon Dieu Céline Dion chante Noël Tellement j'ai d'amour ... Les chemins de ma maison Chants et contes de Noël Mélanie C'est pour toi Incognito Dion chante Plamondon D'eux S'il suffisait d'aimer 1 fille & 4 types D'elles Sans attendre Encore un soir English Unison Celine Dion The Colour of My Love Falling into You Let 's Talk About Love These Are Special Times A New Day Has Come One Heart Miracle Taking Chances Loved Me Back to Life Live albums Céline Dion en concert À l'Olympia Live à Paris Au cœur du stade A New Day ... Live in Las Vegas Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 Compilations French Du soleil au cœur Les plus grands succès de Céline Dion Les oiseaux du bonheur Les chansons en or The Best of Celine Dion Les premières années Gold Vol. 1 Gold Vol. 2 C'est pour vivre The Collection 1982 -- 1988 The Early Singles On ne change pas Un peu de nous English All the Way ... A Decade of Song The Collector 's Series , Volume One Let 's Talk About Love / Falling into You / A New Day Has Come Complete Best Ultimate Box My Love : Essential Collection The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster Videography Unison The Colour of My Love Concert Live à Paris Live in Memphis Au cœur du stade All the Way ... A Decade of Song & Video On ne change pas Live in Las Vegas : A New Day ... Céline sur les Plaines Celine : Through the Eyes of the World Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert Céline une seule fois / Live 2013 Concert tours Céline Dion en concert Incognito tournée Unison Tour Celine Dion in Concert The Colour of My Love Tour D'eux Tour Falling into You : Around the World Let 's Talk About Love World Tour Taking Chances World Tour Tournée Européenne 2013 Asia Tour ( cancelled ) Summer Tour 2016 Celine Dion Live 2017 Celine Dion Live 2018 Concert residencies A New Day ... Celine TV Specials These Are Special Times All the Way ... A Decade of Song A New Day Has Come Celine in Las Vegas , Opening Night Live That 's Just the Woman in Me Related René Angélil ( husband ) Thérèse Dion ( mother ) Nickels Grill & Bar Schwartz 's Celine Dion Parfums Céline Miracle : A Celebration of New Life Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Are_Special_Times&oldid=824829636 '' Categories : 1998 Christmas albums 550 Music albums Albums produced by David Foster Albums produced by Humberto Gatica Albums produced by R. Kelly Albums produced by Ric Wake Celine Dion albums Christmas albums by Canadian artists Pop Christmas albums Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from November 2016 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Europe Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 19 : 14 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These%20Are%20Special%20Times
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how many goals have c ronaldo scored in his career
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Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country .
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over 670 senior career goals
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Cristiano Ronaldo
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cristiano ronaldo
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Portuguese professional footballer
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International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Spain , Ronaldo has won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , four UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , and three FIFA Club World Cups . After joining Real Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . Real Madrid 's all - time leading goalscorer , Ronaldo has scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 league goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . Ronaldo won back - to - back Ballons d'Or for a second time , winning by a record voting margin in 2016 after sealing La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th European title , and winning Euro 2016 , and in 2017 after firing Madrid to the first back - to - back UEFA Champions League victory in history . By winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final , he also became the first player to attain five Champions League titles . Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . With 84 goals in 151 matches for Portugal since debuting at age 18 , Ronaldo is the highest goalscorer for his national team and his country 's most capped player . He was a key player of the Portuguese hosts that reached the Euro 2004 final , where he scored his first international goal . As his country 's captain from July 2008 , he led Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , finishing as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament . One of the most marketable sportsmen , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 07 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 15 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- present : A record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 06 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2006 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory , and World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 Outside football 6 Personal life 7 Controversies 8 Philanthropy 9 Career statistics 9.1 Club 9.2 International 10 Honours and achievements 10.1 Club 10.2 International 10.3 Individual 10.3. 1 Orders 10.4 Records 10.4. 1 World 10.4. 2 Continental 10.4. 3 Spain 10.4. 4 England 10.4. 5 Real Madrid 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life Ronaldo was born in São Pedro , Funchal , and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . He underwent an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the affected area of his heart ; discharged from hospital hours after the procedure , he resumed training only a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within one season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . `` Oh , lads , and one final thing : They have a talented young winger . Look out for him , OK ? He 's strong and agile . He 's quite good . '' -- At the end of his pre match talk , Ferguson briefly warned his players about Ronaldo . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , however , determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently , after Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003 . Initially , United had just planned to sign Ronaldo and then loan him back to Sporting for a year . Having impressed the Manchester United players , however , they urged Ferguson to sign him . After the game , Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £ 12.24 million for what he considered to be `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 07 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' `` There have been a few players described as ' the new George Best ' over the years , but this is the first time it 's been a compliment to me . '' -- Former Manchester United player George Best on the 18 - year - old Ronaldo in 2003 Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . After scoring four goals in United 's run to the FA Cup final , he played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . Ronaldo scored three braces during the next campaign , the 2005 -- 06 season , scoring two goals each against Bolton Wanderers , Fulham , and Portsmouth . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following a training ground fight in January 2006 , the two again fought in May , with Van Nistelrooy telling Ronaldo to `` go crying to your daddy '' , a reference to Ronaldo 's relationship with assistant manager Carlos Queiroz. Van Nistelrooy was left on the substitutes ' bench for the final game of the season against Charlton Athletic -- a 4 -- 0 victory in which Ronaldo scored his ninth league goal . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . His upturn in form was showcased in November when he received a standing ovation from a section of Blackburn Rovers supporters as he was substituted . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , putting them 2 -- 1 up against Watford , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . His first goal of the season came against his former club , Sporting , with a header in the first group match of the Champions League . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him , but still managed to score 13 league goals by the campaign 's midway point . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . `` Ronaldo is better than George Best and Denis Law , who were two brilliant and great players in the history of United . '' -- Dutch player Johan Cruyff on the 23 - year - old Ronaldo , April 2008 . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May , as United claimed a second successive Premier League title . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . Despite him missing a penalty in the first leg against Barcelona , United eventually advanced to the final in Moscow , where they faced Chelsea . His opening goal was negated by an equaliser as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , but although his penalty was saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . Five days later , he received the third red card of his career when he was sent off against Manchester City . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season , and his first since the final against Chelsea , in a 2 -- 0 victory over Inter Milan , sending United into the quarter - finals . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . He scored twice against Arsenal , including a free kick from 39 yards , as United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' -- Ronaldo 's former manager , Alex Ferguson , following his transfer to Real Madrid Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season . Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain . During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 15 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home ground . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign . Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano , and a play off the name of the public service broadcaster . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game in Spain . With all that pace and power and athleticism , he is driving Real Madrid back into dominance both there and in Europe . '' -- Former Manchester United player Bobby Charlton , November 2014 During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season . Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer . Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season , and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . `` The boy lived for the game -- everything else was built to fit around it '' -- Former Real Madrid manager Carlo Ancelotti , on Cristiano Ronaldo in June 2016 Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November , Ronaldo signed a new contract set to keep him with Madrid until 2021 . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- present : a record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or Ronaldo with then President of the Community of Madrid , Cristina Cifuentes , during the title celebrations in Madrid In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his shirt off during his goal celebration , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was issued a five - match suspension following the match . In his 400th game for Real Madrid , Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League , taking his club tally to 411 goals . On 23 October , his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 6 December , he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund . A day later , Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time , receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris . On 3 March 2018 , he scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 home win over Getafe , his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th La Liga appearance , making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Lionel Messi . On 18 March , he reached his 50th career hat - trick , scoring four goals in a 6 -- 3 win against Girona . On 3 April , Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3 -- 0 away win against Juventus in the quarter - finals of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick . The goal , described as a `` PlayStation goal '' by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli , garnered him a standing ovation from the Juventus fans in the stadium , as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers , pundits and coaches . The goal was also his 119th in European competition , more than 465 other clubs which have participated in the competition ; if he were a club , it would be the tenth - highest scorer in Champions League history . He would score his 650th career goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid on 8 April . On 11 April , he scored the goal Real Madrid needed to advance to the semi-final , in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final at home to Juventus , from a 98th - minute injury time penalty in a 3 -- 1 defeat , with an overall 4 -- 3 aggregate win . It was also his tenth goal against Juventus , a Champions League record against a single club . In the final of the tournament , on 26 May , Real Madrid defeated Liverpool 3 -- 1 , winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title as Real Madrid completed their third consecutive Champions League triumph , becoming the first team to do so . He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season , ending the campaign with 15 goals . International career 2001 -- 06 : youth level and early international career A Portuguese international , Ronaldo began his youth career in 2001 . Apart from the under - 15 team , he also represented the under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . He represented his country at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . At age 18 , Ronaldo earned his first senior cap in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the penalty shoot out which sent Portugal into the Semi-Finals . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . 2006 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 . One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic , where he was named man of the match . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances . He redeemed himself in the last group match against the Netherlands , where he scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory , and the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic , scoring a header to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . He was named man of the match against both opponents . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evading club teammate Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equaling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . `` Cristiano is sacrificing himself , he 's working a lot for the team ; he 's not angry . When he does n't score he 's usually angry , but not now . He works a lot , also defending . You can see he 's an authentic leader . '' -- Former Portugal international Paulo Futre before the final In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equaling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with nine goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . After multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory , and World Cup Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory . These goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros . With the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . `` I admire ( Ronaldo ) , if I had to set up a national team he would be my first pick . '' -- Pelé , in an interview with Sportsmail . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition . With his 75th international goal , Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all - time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group stage matches . Ronaldo left the competition early : after Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August 2017 , Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands , which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals . These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski . Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29 , making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2 -- 0 victory . In the build - up to the 2018 World Cup , Portugal hosted friendlies against Tunisia , Belgium and Algeria . Ronaldo featured in the final of the three matches in which he made his 150th international appearance . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo became the oldest player ever to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , helping Portugal secure a 3 -- 3 draw against Spain in their opening match at the World Cup . In doing so , he also became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players to do so in total . His hat - trick also drew him level with Ferenc Puskás as the highest European goalscorer of all - time , with 84 international goals . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , awarded him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Concurrently with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing , where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , participating in build - up plays courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , he continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited , although , not diminished . Initially deployed as a centre forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role , allowing him to drift into the centre at will . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . This style also allowed for him to be used as a ' striking playmaker ' , where he would rely on his vision , passing , footballing intelligence , and dribbling ability to draw out defenders and leave space for teammates . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , instead focusing on short - distance creating and goalscoring . Since 2017 , Ronaldo has adapted his style of play to become more of a free - roaming centre forward . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi . Ronaldo quickly established himself among the world 's best players in his early 20s , featuring as the core component for Manchester United in the mid-to - late 2000s . However , after winning his first Ballon d'Or by a record - high vote count at age 23 , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history . Universally acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer , especially in important and high - pressured situations . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic and dedication to improvement on the training pitch , as well as a natural leader . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring . Ronaldo has at times , however , been criticised for simulating when tackled . In addition to this , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . Throughout in his career , Ronaldo has also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014 . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . Outside Football See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , `` CR7 '' , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum -- front view Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on their list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including e.g. sportswear ( he wears Nike Mercurial Vapor CR7 boots ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics , computer video games , and more . Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and he was heavily involved in the game 's promotion . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name CR7 ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal , in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In September 2015 , Ronaldo -- in a partnership with Eden Parfums -- released his own fragrance , `` Legacy '' . In 2007 , C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol ( Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ) . In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career ; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Ronaldo . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . Neither the bust nor the name change were unanimous , with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by Saturday Night Live 's character Cecilia Giminez portrayed by comedian and actress Kate McKinnon , while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens , who even started a petition against the move , an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque . A year later , sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust . However , this bust was never used ; instead , a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor , shown to the public on 15 June 2018 . Personal life `` In football I do n't have a lot of friends . People I really trust ? Not many . Most of the time I 'm alone . I consider myself an isolated person . '' -- During the filming of his authorized biography , Ronaldo admitted to often preferring solitude while working , attributing it to his autonomous way of living . Ronaldo 's children By an unidentified mother Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Junior ( born 2010 ) Via a surrogate mother Eva Maria ( born 2017 ) Mateo ( born 2017 ) By Georgina Rodriguez Alana Martina ( born 2017 ) Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 , announcing the he had full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of his son 's mother . In January 2015 , Ronaldo announced his five - year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended . In June 2017 , Ronaldo announced he had become the father to twins , a daughter Eva Maria and a son Mateo . Five months later , his girlfriend Georgina Rodríguez gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina . Controversies In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims , labelling them `` journalistic fiction '' , with Ronaldo stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed he was aware of the legal negotiations . According to Der Spiegel , the woman received US $375,000 in the settlement . In July 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim he denies . In May 2018 , Spanish tax authorities rejected Ronaldo 's settlement offer of € 14 million . It was reported on 15 June , just before Spain played Portugal in the 2018 World Cup , Ronaldo had been sentenced to two years in jail ( suspended ) and fined € 18.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities . The sentence can be served under probation , without any jail time , so long as he does not reoffend . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo paid $21.7 million in restitution regarding his past tax frauds in order to avoid jail time . Philanthropy Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career . Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's `` 11 for Health '' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up 11 messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Career Statistics Club As of 26 May 2018 Club statistics Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 Premier League 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 Premier League 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 Premier League 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 58 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 La Liga 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 La Liga 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 La Liga 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 La Liga 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 -- 13 15 44 44 Total 292 311 30 22 -- 101 105 15 12 438 450 Career total 515 398 59 37 12 159 121 18 13 763 573 Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup and Copa del Rey Jump up ^ All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League , unless where noted . Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup , FIFA Club World Cup and Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup International Further information : List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo As of 15 June 2018 National team Year Apps Goals Ratio Portugal 2003 0 0.00 16 7 0.44 2005 11 0.18 2006 14 6 0.43 2007 10 5 0.50 2008 8 0.13 2009 7 0.14 11 0.27 2011 8 7 0.88 2012 13 5 0.38 2013 9 10 1.11 2014 9 5 0.55 2015 5 0.60 2016 13 13 1.00 2017 11 11 1.00 2018 5 1.25 Total 151 84 0.56 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club As of 26 May 2018 Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 , 2017 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top scorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 , 2016 UEFA European Championship top scorer : 2012 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 La Liga Best Player : 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 UEFA La Liga Team of The Season : 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Orders Officer of the Order of Prince Henry Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 7 March 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most World Soccer Player of the Year awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer awards : 4 ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Most FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) trophies : 4 ( shared with Toni Kroos ) Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) : 7 goals ( shared with Pelé ) Most FIFA Club World Cup final goals : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player to have scored at three FIFA Club World Cup tournaments : 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player to score a hat - trick in a FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup final ( in 2016 ; shared with Pelé ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player who has scored in 8 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 editions of the World Cup First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons Only player to score 50 goals or more in six different seasons ( done consecutively ) Only player to score 50 goals or more in 7 consecutive calendar years Only player in history to have scored 60 or more goals in a calendar year four times ( consecutively from 2011 to 2014 ) Continental Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 394 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 152 goals Most goals scored in European competitions ( club football ) : 123 goals ( including UEFA Super Cup and Champions League qualifiers ) Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 120 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 34 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most hat - tricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 34 Most goals scored in Madrid Derby matches : 18 Only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons Most teams scored against in a season ( 2012 -- 13 ) : 19 ( shared with Ronaldo Nazário and Lionel Messi ) Most La Liga hat - tricks in a season : 8 hat - tricks ( shared with Lionel Messi ) England Most Premier League Player of the Season Awards : 2 ( shared with Nemanja Vidić and Thierry Henry ) Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 438 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 301 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 102 goals Most assists in La Liga : 84 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 23 assists Most goals scored in seven consecutive league matches : 15 goals See also Biography portal Association football portal Portugal portal List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals References Notes Jump up ^ Though there was no third place playoff , UEFA decided in the 2012 edition to award the semi-final losers ( Germany and Portugal ) bronze medals for the first time : https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/competitions/euro/91/87/57/918757_download.pdf Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received three Ballon d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ) and two FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Jump up ^ Bayern Munich had previously won three consecutive European Cups , the predecessor of the Champions League . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Paul . `` A future without Messi and Ronaldo '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Staunton , Peter . `` Messi and Ronaldo : Changing the face of football '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Haugstad , Thore ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or , the Messi - Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end '' . Official website of Eurosport . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Danny ( 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the world 's greatest ever goal scorer '' . GiveMeSport . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . `` From a flashy winger to the greatest goal scorer Europe ever produced '' . Sportskeeda. 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Ruthven , Graham ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` ' Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest goalscorer of all time ' '' . Marca English . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Alan ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` We analysed who the better big - game player is , Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi -- and the stats show the winner is clear '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Weiner , David ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Scary proof Ronaldo is the ultimate big game player '' . The Queensland Times . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jones , Robert ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo has become king of the big - game occasion for Real Madrid '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Bradley , Ciaran ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Giles : Ronaldo is a genius and made for big games '' . Off the Ball . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Tom ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Divers in World Football 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Pickup , Oliver ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time , but where does he rank compared to the others ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo `` Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver '' . Sport English . 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Citations Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017 : List of players : Real Madrid CF '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 16 December 2017 . p. 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 June 2018 . p. 23 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebner , David ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` UBC 's star - studded stereotype study : the sociology of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Globe and Mail . Kelowna , British Columbia , Canada . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . ( Ronaldo ) is , some have argued of late , the best to have ever played the game . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` Desporto -- Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , o menino : futebol no baptizado e no Caminho do Lombinho '' ( in Portuguese ) . Mais Futebol. 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca . Spain . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried -- the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro -- Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Tom Oldfield ( 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . p. 1953 . John Blake Publishing ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pilger , Sam ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` ' He Was There to Put on a Show ' : Ronaldo 's Legendary Manchester United Audition '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` United confirm Ronaldo capture '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the president '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` United fork out record £ 12m fee to land teenager '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , David ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best on Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd stroll past Bolton '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 20 January 2005 ) . `` Rooney ends Exeter dream '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 20 February 2005 ) . `` Rooney return proves a distraction as Fortune steals in to seize chance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Amy ( 13 March 2005 ) . `` Coastal breeze for United as Keane blows away resistance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` Ferguson 's men triumph by a one - way street '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 -- 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 1 Bolton '' . BBC . 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 5 February 2006 ) . `` Manchester Utd 4 Fulham 2 : Ronaldo 's double proves decisive as Fulham fume '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portsmouth 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC . 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 9 May 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo jibe left Van Nistelrooy out in cold '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Charlton '' . BBC . 7 May 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rich , Tim ( 8 May 2006 ) . `` United move on without Van Nistelrooy '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney 's dismissal stuns England '' . BBC . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wants transfer to Spain '' . BBC . 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo not for sale '' . World Soccer. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` New Ronaldo earns old - style respect with pride after a fall '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Watford 1 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 20 September 2007 ) . `` Lionised Ronaldo lights up his Lisbon homecoming '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 16 August 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 's Ronaldo sent off at Portsmouth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United go top '' . Sky Sports . 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo rolls over Rovers in drive to the top '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Pearson , James ( 3 December 2007 ) . `` Fulham undone by Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` Ronaldo seizes late gift to light up United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Cross , John ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Johan Cruyff pays Cristiano Ronaldo the ultimate compliment '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo makes Wigan suffer as champions mix business with pleasure '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 24 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo fluffs penalty but United hold firm '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rutledge , Lewis ( 29 April 2008 ) . `` Scholes seals final spot '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Terry 's cruel slip hands Cup to United on unforgettable night '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks silence '' . Sky Sports . 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Real reported over Ronaldo link '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is sent off but United show City who are kings of Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Inter Milan ( agg 2 -- 0 ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Team of the Year '' . Sky Sports . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United closing in on glory '' . Sky Sports . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Bio , Stats , News '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 February 2012 . Quotes : `` I have nothing but praise for the boy . He is easily the best player in the world . He is better than Kaka and better than Messi . He is streets ahead of them all . His contribution as a goal threat is unbelievable . His stats are incredible . Strikes at goal , attempts on goal , raids into the penalty box , headers . It is all there . Absolutely astounding . '' Sir Alex Ferguson , July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo agrees six - year Real deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo welcomed by 80,000 fans at Real Madrid unveiling '' . The Guardian . London . 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul 's No. 7 Shirt at Real Madrid , Benzema Moves To No. 9 , Xabi Alonso Takes No. 14 '' . whoateallthepies.tv. 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 at Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2009 -- 10 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick keeps Real Madrid on Barcelona 's tail '' . The Guardian . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The cristiano ronaldo - higuain duo holds the real madrid 's scoring record '' . 1x2.eu. 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores four in Real Madrid victory '' . BBC . 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo matches Messi 's treble as Real and Barca go goal crazy '' . CNN . 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo hat - trick sees Real past Villarreal '' . Eurosport. 9 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` No redemption for Manuel Pellegrini on a grim return to the Bernabéu '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 -- 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid -- and agent 's fury '' . The Telegraph ( 21 January 2016 ) . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals in One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca . Spain . 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Charlton : `` Cristiano Ronaldo is changing the game '' `` . MARCA.com ( English version ) . 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH Jump up ^ `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 -- 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . 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Real Madrid C.F. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid C.F. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 -- Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . Goal. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . BBC . 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale score as Real Madrid beat Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Borussia Dortmund '' . BBC . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or 2017 : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to win fifth award '' . BBC . 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest to score 300th goal in La Liga '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 3 Girona '' . BBC . 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Morientes ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores overhead kick against Juventus '' . BT Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pat Nevin ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick : Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Watch : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Goal Leaves Sporting World In Awe -- NDTV Sports '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Short , Joe ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Was Ronaldo 's goal better than Zidane 's ? Real Madrid boss REFUSES to concede defeat '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Silva , Jose ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo Has More UCL Goals Than 465 European Teams '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Hits 650th Career Goal as Incredible Scoring Run Continues '' . Goal . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League : Real Madrid 1 - 3 Juventus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo edges Real Madrid past Juventus '' . uefa.com. 11 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Saffer , Paul ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid make more history '' . UEFA . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . uefa.com. 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky rebound gives Portugal narrow win over Kazakhstan '' . China Daily . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Can Get Best Out of Ronaldo '' . 4thegame.com . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( 14 June 2004 ) . `` Greece stuns Portugal 2 -- 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Matches - England - Portugal '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I could leave United '' . Metro . UK . 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scolari delighted with Portugal victory over Brazil '' . Rediff. 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers for Euro 2008 European Qualifying campaign '' . ESPN FC . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Czech Republic - Portugal '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Euro 2008 : German power leaves Portugal in despair '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queiroz appointed Portugal coach '' . FIFA. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Asante , Angela ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` Queiroz 's belief in Ronaldo as captain of Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star player at World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Côte d'Ivoire - Portugal '' . FIFA. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report North Korea - Portugal '' . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Brazil - Portugal '' . FIFA. 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Match Results : Portugal vs North Korea -- FIFA World Cup 2010 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Portugal Beats North Korea in 7 -- 0 Rout '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : David Villa raises the roof as Spain push past Portugal '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Retrieved 28 May 2014 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Who will survive the Group of Death ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Messi chants shake Cristiano Ronaldo further , Portugal ... '' Daily News . New York . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo aims dig at Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo downs a double to join the party spirit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What did Ronaldo REALLY say after scoring for Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semi-finals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Frank ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal vs. Spain Euro 2012 : 5 Most to Blame for Portugal 's Penalty Collapse ( 5 of 7 -- Cristiano Ronaldo ) '' . bleacherreport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal winger Nani suggests that Ronaldo demanded the fifth penalty against Spain to take the glory '' . foxsports.com.au . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship '' ( PDF ) . 3.08 : UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Centurion Ronaldo honoured by UEFA '' . Union of European Football Associations. 17 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid C.F. -- Official Web Site Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Philip ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo showed ' I am here ' after stunning hat - trick for Portugal in World Cup play - off against Sweden '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat - trick fires Portugal past battling Sweden '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records come naturally to me , says Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo suffering from tendinosis before World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal fret over Ronaldo fitness '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 Jump up ^ Krishnan , Joe ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star defies medics who warn playing against USA could end his career '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo film captures giant ego and strange , lonely world of being CR7 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kieran ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo cuts training short and leaves with ice pack on knee ... so will Portugal 's star be fit for World Cup opener ? '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media Limited . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Cristiano Ronaldo limps out of training '' . BBC . 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' 100 percent fit ' for U.S. game '' . ESPN . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo produces last gasp moment of magic to keep hopes alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Ghana '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first Portuguese to score in three final stages '' . Diário de Notícias . Retrieved 26 June 2014 ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo deemed unfit , will miss Portugal Euro 2016 qualifier '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs last - gasp winner as Portugal beat Denmark '' . Eurosport.yahoo.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo adds to impressive record collection '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 15 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Armenia 2 -- 3 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Championship 's all - time top scorers '' . UEFA. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Euro 2016 : What 's wrong with Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes first to score in four European Championships '' . espnfc.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record for all - time EURO appearances '' . UEFA. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Keel , Toby ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Third place at Euro 2016 : How it works , who qualified and last 16 draw '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo has sacrificed himself for the good of the team , says Futre '' . Goal.com. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal beat Croatia with Ricardo Quaresma goal in extra time '' . ESPN FC. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Piotr Koźmiński ; Joseph Walker ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Poland 1 -- 1 Portugal '' . UEFA . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo the first to play in three Euro semi-finals '' . ESPN FC. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 -- 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Trehan , Dev ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets the nod from Pele ahead of Lionel Messi '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' desbloqueia ' e Portugal vence em Andorra '' . Correio da Manhã. 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 3 Algeria 0 : Guedes at the double in Ronaldo 's 150th outing '' . FourFourTwo. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain vs. Portugal final score : Crazy draw as Cristiano Ronaldo becomes oldest to score World Cup hat trick '' . www.cbssports.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo World Cup 2018 goal : Real Madrid man makes history scoring Portugal penalty against Spain '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` 33 years , 84 goals : Ronaldo equals Puskas ; becomes oldest to bag World Cup hat - trick '' . ESPN . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi ! '' . Zeenews.india.com. 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Why are so many wingers playing on the ' wrong ' wings ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio '' . Sport media set . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Portogallo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Mike L. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Grantland . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Named Fittest Man Alive By Men 's Health Magazine '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mechanization of Cristiano Ronaldo : How his style of play has changed '' . O - Posts. 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # EUROfantasy Tipster : Paolo 's team '' . UEFA. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king ; Julio Cesar the best stopper '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why CR7 Could Be World 's Most Underappreciated Star '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo : The Most Underrated Man in Football ? '' . BleacherReport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I 'm no centre forward '' . Football Espana. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo can become great centre - forward , says Gary Neville '' . Sky Sports . 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins illustrious list of players who reinvented themselves in a new position '' . The Telegraph . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago an unknown baby - faced kid from Portugal was signed by Fergie for £ 12.2 m ... and the rest , as they say , is history '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included in the Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . CR7 comes in at No. 7 and for good reason . He has shown little sign that he wo n't continue to be the brightest of stars on a Real Madrid squad filled with world - class players . Once criticized for lacking end product , he has developed into the world 's most effective player , a testament to his relentless desire for self - improvement , which can also be seen in his phenomenal athleticism . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Is Euro 2016 triumph his greatest achievement ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heta , Marco ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Blood , sweat and toil : The foundations for the legacy of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Football Paradise . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN FC. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Madrid , Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca ( Spain ) . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . Time . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN ranks the 100 most famous athletes '' . USA Today . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . Gulf News . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EA Unveil new FIFA 18 trailer and official cover art '' . Goal. 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London '' . Football Shirt Culture . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Fragrances '' . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus '' . CD Nacional . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Maisfutebol.iol.pt . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Tvi24.iol.pt. 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport to be named after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FourFourTwo . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ `` O busto de Ronaldo no aeroporto faz furor '' ( Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by furor ) ( in Portuguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust - SNL '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo statue : Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust '' . BBC News . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias Madeira. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks up with Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estive ao serviço da Seleção Nacional , como sempre acontece , de corpo e alma , mesmo sabendo que os meus dois filhos tinham nascido '' . Facebook . Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Girlfriend Pregnant Weeks After Welcoming Twins Via Surrogate '' . People . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl '' . ESPN . 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . The Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish tax authorities reject Cristiano Ronaldo 's offer '' . As . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jack de Menezes ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' agrees ' two - year suspended jail sentence and € 18.8 m fine over tax evasion case '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo pays $21.7 million to avoid jail time in tax fraud case '' . MSN . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football for Health '' . FIFA . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Madrid : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . The Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fifth Ballon d'Or '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards '' . World Soccer . Time ( UK ) . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Portugal 's player of the year ; Sanches best young player '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . UEFA 's Technical Observers select their 18 - man squad from this season 's UEFA Champions League . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo named # UCL forward of the season '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giggs earns prestigious PFA award '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA team of the season '' . LFP. 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 / 15 Liga BBVA Ideal XI '' . LFP. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Liga BBVA 2015 / 16 Team of the Season '' . Liga de Fútbol Profesional. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atletico dominate UEFA 's La Liga team of the season '' . Marca . Spain . 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Once ideal de LaLiga para UEFA : 4 del Madrid , 3 del Barça ... '' ( UEFA 's LaLiga All - Star XI : 4 from Madrid , 3 from Barça ... ) . Diario AS ( in Spanish ) . 22 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ordem do Infante D. Henrique -- OIH '' . Ordens Honorificas Portuguesas . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Clapham , Peter Wynter Bee ; illustrated by Lucy ( 2008 ) . People of the day 3 . Woking : People of the Day Limited . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9548110 - 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League + European Cup '' All - time Topscorers `` rank 1 -- 50 '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga All time - Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record by scoring 30 league goals in six straight seasons '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Messi 's record - breaking run '' . FC Barcelona. 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` English Premier League Awards 2017 / 18 - Sporteology '' . sporteology.com. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo puts Puskas in the shade '' . Marca ( English ) . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Further Reading Balagué , Guillem ( 2015 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo : The Biography . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1409155041 . External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Real Madrid C.F. -- current squad 1 Navas 2 Carvajal 3 Vallejo 4 Ramos ( c ) 5 Varane 6 Nacho 7 Ronaldo 8 Kroos 9 Benzema 10 Modrić 11 Bale 12 Marcelo 13 Casilla 14 Casemiro 15 Theo 17 Vázquez 18 Llorente 19 Achraf 20 Asensio 21 Mayoral 22 Isco 23 Kovačić 24 Ceballos 30 Luca Head coach : Lopetegui Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 M. Fernandes 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 João Mário 11 B. Silva 12 Lopes 13 Dias 14 William 15 Ricardo 16 B. Fernandes 17 Guedes 18 Gelson 19 Rui 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Awards 2005 -- 06 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Given DF : Chimbonda DF : Terry DF : Carragher DF : Gallas MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Lampard MF : Cole FW : Henry FW : Rooney 2006 -- 07 FA Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Van der Sar DF : Neville DF : Ferdinand DF : Vidić DF : Evra MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Scholes MF : Giggs FW : Drogba FW : Berbatov 2007 -- 08 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : James DF : Sagna DF : Ferdinand DF : Vidić DF : Clichy MF : Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Fàbregas MF : Young FW : Adebayor FW : Torres 2008 -- 09 Premier League PFA Team of the Year GK : Van der Sar DF : Johnson DF : Ferdinand DF : Vidić DF : Evra MF : Cristiano Ronaldo MF : Gerrard MF : Giggs MF : Young FW : Anelka FW : Torres 2013 -- 14 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Courtois RB : Juanfran CB : Laporte CB : Godín LB : F. Luís MF : Iturraspe MF : Koke MF : Gabi MF : Rakitić FW : Ronaldo FW : D. Costa Manager : Simeone 2014 -- 15 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Bravo RB : Dani Alves CB : Piqué CB : Otamendi LB : Alba MF : J. Rodríguez MF : Krychowiak MF : Rakitić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Griezmann Manager : Luis Enrique 2015 -- 16 La Liga Team of the Year GK : Oblak RB : Ramos CB : Piqué CB : Godín LB : Marcelo MF : Iniesta MF : Busquets MF : Modrić FW : Messi FW : Ronaldo FW : Suárez UEFA Euro 2004 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Defenders Ashley Cole Sol Campbell Ricardo Carvalho Traianos Dellas Olof Mellberg Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Midfielders Michael Ballack Luís Figo Frank Lampard Maniche Pavel Nedvěd Theodoros Zagorakis Zinedine Zidane Forwards Milan Baroš Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Jon Dahl Tomasson UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Gianluigi Buffon Iker Casillas Manuel Neuer Defenders Jordi Alba Fábio Coentrão Philipp Lahm Pepe Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Midfielders Xabi Alonso Sergio Busquets Daniele De Rossi Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta Sami Khedira Mesut Özil Andrea Pirlo Xavi Forwards Mario Balotelli Cesc Fàbregas Zlatan Ibrahimović Cristiano Ronaldo David Silva UEFA Euro 2016 Team of the Tournament Goalkeepers Rui Patrício Defenders Joshua Kimmich Jérôme Boateng Pepe Raphaël Guerreiro Midfielders Toni Kroos Joe Allen Antoine Griezmann Aaron Ramsey Dimitri Payet Forward Cristiano Ronaldo Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) FIFA Player of the Year FIFA World Player of the Year 1991 : Matthäus 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Romário 1995 : Weah 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Zidane 2001 : Figo 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Zidane 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi The Best FIFA Men 's Player 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo See also : Ballon d'Or FIFPro Player of the Year awards World Player of the Year 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo Young Player of the Year 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Messi 2007 : Messi 2008 : Messi UEFA European Championship winning captains 1960 : Netto 1964 : Olivella 1968 : Facchetti 1972 : Beckenbauer 1976 : Ondruš 1980 : Dietz 1984 : Platini 1988 : Gullit 1992 : Olsen 1996 : Klinsmann 2000 : Deschamps 2004 : Zagorakis 2008 : Casillas 2012 : Casillas 2016 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year Award UEFA Best Player in Europe 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Iniesta 2012 -- 13 : Ribéry 2013 -- 14 : Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : Ronaldo UEFA Men 's Player of the Year 2016 -- 17 : Ronaldo UEFA Club Footballer of the Year 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Beckham 2000 : Redondo 2001 : Effenberg 2002 : Zidane 2003 : Buffon 2004 : Deco 2005 : Gerrard 2006 : Ronaldinho 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Milito UEFA Club Football Awards Best Goalkeeper 1997 -- 98 : Schmeichel 1998 -- 99 : Kahn 1999 -- 2000 : Kahn 2000 -- 01 : Kahn 2001 -- 02 : Kahn 2002 -- 03 : Buffon 2003 -- 04 : Baía 2004 -- 05 : Čech 2005 -- 06 : Lehmann 2006 -- 07 : Čech 2007 -- 08 : Čech 2008 -- 09 : Van der Sar 2009 -- 10 : Júlio César 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Buffon Best Defender 1997 -- 98 : Hierro 1998 -- 99 : Stam 1999 -- 2000 : Stam 2000 -- 01 : Ayala 2001 -- 02 : Roberto Carlos 2002 -- 03 : Roberto Carlos 2003 -- 04 : Carvalho 2004 -- 05 : Terry 2005 -- 06 : Puyol 2006 -- 07 : Maldini 2007 -- 08 : Terry 2008 -- 09 : Terry 2009 -- 10 : Maicon 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Ramos Best Midfielder 1997 -- 98 : Zidane 1998 -- 99 : Beckham 1999 -- 2000 : Mendieta 2000 -- 01 : Mendieta 2001 -- 02 : Ballack 2002 -- 03 : Nedvěd 2003 -- 04 : Deco 2004 -- 05 : Kaká 2005 -- 06 : Deco 2006 -- 07 : Seedorf 2007 -- 08 : Lampard 2008 -- 09 : Xavi 2009 -- 10 : Sneijder 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : Modrić Best Forward 1997 -- 98 : Ronaldo 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko 1999 -- 2000 : Raúl 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Raúl 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Ronaldinho 2005 -- 06 : Eto'o 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Milito 2010 -- 16 : Not awarded 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo European Golden Shoe L'Équipe award 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Zhekov 1969 -- 70 : Müller 1970 -- 71 : Skoblar 1971 -- 72 : Müller 1972 -- 73 : Eusébio 1973 -- 74 : Yazalde 1974 -- 75 : Georgescu 1975 -- 76 : Kaiafas 1976 -- 77 : Georgescu 1977 -- 78 : Krankl 1978 -- 79 : Kist 1979 -- 80 : Vandenbergh 1980 -- 81 : Slavkov 1981 -- 82 : Kieft 1982 -- 83 : Gomes 1983 -- 84 : Rush 1984 -- 85 : Gomes 1985 -- 86 : Van Basten 1986 -- 87 : Cămătaru / Polster 1987 -- 88 : Çolak 1988 -- 89 : Mateuţ 1989 -- 90 : Sánchez & Stoichkov 1990 -- 91 : Pančev Unofficial 1991 -- 92 : McCoist 1992 -- 93 : McCoist 1993 -- 94 : Taylor 1994 -- 95 : Avetisyan 1995 -- 96 : Endeladze ESM award 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Machlas 1998 -- 99 : Jardel 1999 -- 2000 : Phillips 2000 -- 01 : Larsson 2001 -- 02 : Jardel 2002 -- 03 : Makaay 2003 -- 04 : Henry 2004 -- 05 : Henry & Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Toni 2006 -- 07 : Totti 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Forlán 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : C. Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : Messi 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo & Suárez 2014 -- 15 : C. Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 : Suárez 2016 -- 17 : Messi 2017 -- 18 : Messi FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball 2000 : Edílson 2005 : Rogério Ceni 2006 : Deco 2007 : Kaká 2008 : Rooney 2009 : Messi 2010 : Eto'o 2011 : Messi 2012 : Cássio 2013 : Ribéry 2014 : Ramos 2015 : Suárez 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Modrić Premier League Golden Boot 1993 : Sheringham 1994 : Cole 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Shearer 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Dublin , Owen & Sutton 1999 : Hasselbaink , Owen & Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Hasselbaink 2002 : Henry 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Henry 2006 : Henry 2007 : Drogba 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Anelka 2010 : Drogba 2011 : Berbatov & Tevez 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Agüero 2016 : Kane 2017 : Kane 2018 : Salah La Liga top scorers 1929 : Bienzobas 1930 : Gorostiza 1931 : Bata 1932 : Bata 1933 : Olivares 1934 : Lángara 1935 : Lángara 1936 : Lángara 1940 : Unamuno 1941 : Pruden 1942 : E. Suárez 1943 : Martín 1944 : E. Suárez 1945 : Zarra 1946 : Zarra 1947 : Zarra 1948 : Pahiño 1949 : César 1950 : Zarra 1951 : Zarra 1952 : Pahiño 1953 : Zarra 1954 : Di Stéfano 1955 : Arza 1956 : Di Stéfano 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Badenes , Di Stéfano & Ricardo 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Puskás 1961 : Puskás 1962 : Seminario 1963 : Puskás 1964 : Puskás 1965 : Ré 1966 : Aragonés 1967 : Waldo 1968 : Uriarte 1969 : Amancio & Gárate 1970 : Amancio , Aragonés & Gárate 1971 : Gárate & Rexach 1972 : Porta 1973 : Marianín 1974 : Quini 1975 : Carlos 1976 : Quini 1977 : Kempes 1978 : Kempes 1979 : Krankl 1980 : Quini 1981 : Quini 1982 : Quini 1983 : Rincón 1984 : Da Silva & Juanito 1985 : Sánchez 1986 : Sánchez 1987 : Sánchez 1988 : Sánchez 1989 : Baltazar 1990 : Sánchez 1991 : Butragueño 1992 : Manolo 1993 : Bebeto 1994 : Romário 1995 : Zamorano 1996 : Pizzi 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Vieri 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Salva 2001 : Raúl 2002 : Tristán 2003 : Makaay 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Forlán & Eto'o 2006 : Eto'o 2007 : Van Nistelrooy 2008 : Güiza 2009 : Forlán 2010 : Messi 2011 : C. Ronaldo 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : C. Ronaldo 2016 : L. Suárez 2017 : Messi 2018 : Messi Copa del Rey top scorers 1993 : Urban 1994 : Coca & Gudelj 1995 : Penev 1996 : Pantić 1997 : Klimowicz 1998 : Rivaldo 1999 : C. López 2000 : Arenaza , Barata , Cembranos , Gâlcă , Hasselbaink , Míchel & Yordi 2001 : Salva 2002 : Guti & Raúl 2003 : Portillo 2004 : Raúl 2005 : Huegún , Alejandro & Muñoz 2006 : Ewerthon 2007 : Saviola 2008 : Soler 2009 : Messi & Luis Fabiano 2010 : Maxi 2011 : Messi & C. Ronaldo 2012 : Infante 2013 : Costa 2014 : Messi 2015 : Aspas & Neymar 2016 : Guidetti , Messi , Munir , Negredo & Suárez 2017 : Ben Yedder & Messi 2018 : Curto European Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers European Cup 1955 -- 56 : Milutinović 1956 -- 57 : Viollet 1957 -- 58 : Di Stéfano 1958 -- 59 : Fontaine 1959 -- 60 : Puskás 1960 -- 61 : J. Águas 1961 -- 62 : Di Stéfano , Løfqvist , Puskás , Strehl & Tejada 1962 -- 63 : Altafini 1963 -- 64 : Kovačević , Mazzola & Puskás 1964 -- 65 : Eusébio & Torres 1965 -- 66 : Albert & Eusébio 1966 -- 67 : Piepenburg & Van Himst 1967 -- 68 : Eusébio 1968 -- 69 : Law 1969 -- 70 : Jones 1970 -- 71 : Antoniadis 1971 -- 72 : Dunai , Macari & Takač 1972 -- 73 : Müller 1973 -- 74 : Müller 1974 -- 75 : Müller & Markarov 1975 -- 76 : Heynckes 1976 -- 77 : Cucinotta & Müller 1977 -- 78 : Simonsen 1978 -- 79 : Sulser 1979 -- 80 : Lerby 1980 -- 81 : McDermott , Rummenigge & Souness 1981 -- 82 : Hoeneß 1982 -- 83 : Rossi 1983 -- 84 : Sokol 1984 -- 85 : Nilsson & Platini 1985 -- 86 : Nilsson 1986 -- 87 : Cvetković 1987 -- 88 : R. Águas , Ferreri , Hagi , Madjer , McCoist , Míchel & Novák 1988 -- 89 : Van Basten 1989 -- 90 : Papin & Romário 1990 -- 91 : Pacult & Papin 1991 -- 92 : Papin & Yuran UEFA Champions League 1992 -- 93 : Romário 1993 -- 94 : Koeman & Rufer 1994 -- 95 : Weah 1995 -- 96 : Litmanen 1996 -- 97 : Pantić 1997 -- 98 : Del Piero 1998 -- 99 : Shevchenko & Yorke 1999 -- 2000 : Jardel , Raúl & Rivaldo 2000 -- 01 : Raúl 2001 -- 02 : Van Nistelrooy 2002 -- 03 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 -- 04 : Morientes 2004 -- 05 : Van Nistelrooy 2005 -- 06 : Shevchenko 2006 -- 07 : Kaká 2007 -- 08 : C. Ronaldo 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Neymar , C. Ronaldo & Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : C. Ronaldo 2017 -- 18 : C. Ronaldo UEFA European Championship top scorers 1960 : Galić , Heutte , Ivanov , Jerković & Ponedelnik ( 2 ) 1964 : Bene , Novák & Pereda ( 2 ) 1968 : Džajić ( 2 ) 1972 : G. Müller ( 4 ) 1976 : D. Müller ( 4 ) 1980 : Allofs ( 3 ) 1984 : Platini ( 9 ) 1988 : Van Basten ( 5 ) 1992 : Bergkamp , Brolin , Larsen & Riedle ( 3 ) 1996 : Shearer ( 5 ) 2000 : Kluivert & Milošević ( 5 ) 2004 : Baroš ( 5 ) 2008 : Villa ( 4 ) 2012 : Balotelli , Dzagoev , Gómez , Mandžukić , C. Ronaldo & Torres ( 3 ) 2016 : Griezmann ( 6 ) * : Golden Boot award winner ( when goals scored are tied ) FIFA Puskás Award 2009 : C. Ronaldo 2010 : Altıntop 2011 : Neymar 2012 : Stoch 2013 : Ibrahimović 2014 : J. Rodríguez 2015 : Wendell Lira 2016 : Mohd Faiz 2017 : Giroud EFE Trophy 1990 -- 91 : Fernández 1991 -- 92 : Zalazar 1992 -- 93 : Zamorano 1993 -- 94 : Romário 1994 -- 95 : Zamorano 1995 -- 96 : Simeone 1996 -- 97 : Ronaldo 1997 -- 98 : Roberto Carlos 1998 -- 99 : Rivaldo 1999 -- 2000 : Herrera 2000 -- 01 : Acuña 2001 -- 02 : Saviola 2002 -- 03 : Ronaldo 2003 -- 04 : Ronaldinho 2004 -- 05 : Forlán 2005 -- 06 : Aimar 2006 -- 07 : Messi 2007 -- 08 : Agüero 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : Messi 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : Diego Costa 2014 -- 15 : Suárez 2015 -- 16 : Navas Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera 2018 : De Gea PFA Young Player of the Year 1974 : Beattie 1975 : Day 1976 : Barnes 1977 : Gray 1978 : Woodcock 1979 : Regis 1980 : Hoddle 1981 : Shaw 1982 : Moran 1983 : Rush 1984 : Walsh 1985 : Hughes 1986 : Cottee 1987 : Adams 1988 : Gascoigne 1989 : Merson 1990 : Le Tissier 1991 : Sharpe 1992 : Giggs 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Cole 1995 : Fowler 1996 : Fowler 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Owen 1999 : Anelka 2000 : Kewell 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Bellamy 2003 : Jenas 2004 : Parker 2005 : Rooney 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Fàbregas 2009 : Young 2010 : Milner 2011 : Wilshere 2012 : Walker 2013 : Bale 2014 : Hazard 2015 : Kane 2016 : Alli 2017 : Alli 2018 : Sané PFA Fans ' Player of the Year 2001 : Gerrard 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Meireles 2012 : Van Persie 2015 : Sánchez 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kane 2018 : Salah PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah FWA Footballer of the Year 1948 : Matthews 1949 : Carey 1950 : Mercer 1951 : Johnston 1952 : Wright 1953 : Lofthouse 1954 : Finney 1955 : Revie 1956 : Trautmann 1957 : Finney 1958 : Blanchflower 1959 : Owen 1960 : Slater 1961 : Blanchflower 1962 : Adamson 1963 : Matthews 1964 : Moore 1965 : Collins 1966 : R. Charlton 1967 : J. Charlton 1968 : Best 1969 : Book & Mackay 1970 : Bremner 1971 : McLintock 1972 : Banks 1973 : Jennings 1974 : Callaghan 1975 : Mullery 1976 : Keegan 1977 : Hughes 1978 : Burns 1979 : Dalglish 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Thijssen 1982 : Perryman 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Southall 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Nicol 1990 : Barnes 1991 : Strachan 1992 : Lineker 1993 : Waddle 1994 : Shearer 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Zola 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Pirès 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Gerrard 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Parker 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Premier League Player of the Season 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Schmeichel 1997 : Juninho 1998 : Owen 1999 : Yorke 2000 : Phillips 2001 : Vieira 2002 : Ljungberg 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Henry 2005 : Lampard 2006 : Henry 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Vidić 2012 : Kompany 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Vardy 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano 2007 -- 08 : Raúl 2008 -- 09 : Messi 2009 -- 10 : Messi 2010 -- 11 : Messi 2011 -- 12 : C. Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 : C. Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 : C. Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 : Messi 2015 -- 16 : C. Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 : Messi La Liga Best Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Griezmann La Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards 2009 : Messi 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Messi 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Messi Bravo Award 1978 : Case 1979 : Birtles 1980 : H. Müller 1981 : Wark 1982 : Shaw 1983 : Bonini 1984 : Righetti 1985 : Butragueño 1986 : Butragueño 1987 : van Basten 1988 : Ohana 1989 : Maldini 1990 : Baggio 1991 : Prosinečki 1992 : Guardiola 1993 : Giggs 1994 : Panucci 1995 : Kluivert 1996 : Del Piero 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Ronaldo 1999 : Buffon 2000 : Casillas 2001 : Hargreaves 2002 : Metzelder 2003 : Rooney 2004 : C. Ronaldo 2005 : Robben 2006 : Fàbregas 2007 : Messi 2008 : Benzema 2009 : Busquets 2010 : T. Müller 2011 : Hazard 2012 : Verratti 2013 : Isco 2014 : Pogba 2015 : Berardi World Soccer Player of the Year 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Zico 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Maradona 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Gullit 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Maldini 1995 : Vialli 1996 : Ronaldo 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Ronaldinho 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi 2010 : Xavi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer 1991 : Papin 1992 : Bergkamp 1993 : Al - Owairan 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Klinsmann 1996 : Daei 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Al - Huwaidi 1999 : Raúl 2000 : Rivaldo 2001 : Al - Dhabit 2002 : van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Daei 2005 : Adriano 2006 : Suazo 2007 : Mputu 2008 : Rico 2009 : Okazaki 2010 : Al - Mutawa 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : Ronaldo 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Lewandowski 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Ronaldo Best International Athlete ESPY Award winners 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Federer 2008 : Ochoa 2009 : Bolt 2010 -- 2011 : Award not given 2012 : Messi 2013 : Bolt 2014 : Ronaldo 2015 : Messi 2016 : Ronaldo 2017 : Bolt BIBSYS : 10046491 BNE : XX4898197 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) GND : 140422390 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 LCCN : no2007130960 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 VIAF : 42170021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=846546441 '' Categories : Cristiano Ronaldo 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriates in Spain UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2018 NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with short description Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from August 2016 UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 110 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 12 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano%20Ronaldo
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who identified the authoritarian permissive and authoritative styles
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Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles . Baumrind 's research is known as `` Baumrind 's Parenting Typology '' . In her research , she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting : responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding . Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child 's needs in a supportive and accepting manner . Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial parenting styles : Authoritative parenting , authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting . Maccoby and Martin expanded upon Baumrind 's three original parenting styles by placing parenting styles into two distinct categories : demanding and undemanding . With these distinctions , four new parenting styles were defined :
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Diana Baumrind
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Parenting styles
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parenting styles
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A parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing . The quality of parenting can be more essential than the quantity of time spent with the child . For instance , a parent can spend an entire afternoon with his or her child , yet the parent may be engaging in a different activity and not demonstrating enough interest towards the child . Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond and demand to their children . Parenting practices are specific behaviors , while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices . There are various theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children , as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest .
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Children go through different stages in life , therefore parents create their own parenting styles from a combination of factors that evolve over time as children begin to develop their own personalities . During the stage of infancy , parents try to adjust to a new lifestyle in terms of adapting and bonding with their new infant . For example , the relationship between the parent and child is attachment . In the stage of adolescence , parents encounter new challenges , such as adolescents seeking and desiring freedom . Mother carrying an infant child A child 's temperament and parents ' cultural patterns have an influence on the kind of parenting style a child may receive . The degree to which a child 's education is part of parenting is a further matter of debate . Early research in parenting and child development found that parents who provide their children with proper nurture , independence and firm control , have children who appear to have higher levels of competence and are socially skilled and proficient . Additional developmental skills result from positive parenting styles including : maintaining a close relationship with others , being self - reliant , and independence . During the mid 1980s , researchers began to explore how specific parenting styles influence a child 's later development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distinction with parenting practices 2 Theories of child rearing 2.1 Baumrind 's Parenting Typology 2.1. 1 The three styles 2.1. 1.1 Authoritative 2.1. 1.2 Authoritarian 2.1. 1.3 Indulgent or Permissive 2.1. 2 Effects on children 2.2 Other parenting styles 3 Differences for male and female children 4 See also 5 Citations 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Distinction with parenting practices ( edit ) Father and children reading According to a literature review by Christopher Spera ( 2005 ) , Darling and Steinberg ( 1993 ) suggest that it is important to better understand the differences between parenting styles and parenting practices : `` Parenting practices are defined as specific behaviors that parents use to socialize their children '' , while parenting style is `` the emotional climate in which parents raise their children '' . One study association that has been made is the difference between `` child 's outcome and continuous measures of parental behavior '' . Some of the associations that are listed include the following : support , involvement , warmth , approval , control , monitoring , and harsh punishment . Parenting practices such as parental support , monitoring and firm boundaries appear to be linked to higher school grades , less behavior problems and better mental health . These components have no age limit and can begin early in pre-school leading all the way into college . Theories of child rearing ( edit ) Beginning in the 17th century , two philosophers independently wrote works that have been widely influential in child rearing . John Locke 's 1693 book Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a well known foundation for educational pedagogy from a Puritan standpoint . Locke highlights the importance of experiences to a child 's development , and recommends developing their physical habits first . In 1762 , the French philosopher Jean - Jacques Rousseau published a volume on education , Emile : or , On Education . He proposed that early education should be derived less from books and more from a child 's interactions with the world . Of these , Rousseau is more consistent with slow parenting , and Locke is more for concerted cultivation . Jean Piaget Jean Piaget 's theory of cognitive development describes how children represent and reason about the world . This is a developmental stage theory that consists of a Sensorimotor stage , Preoperational stage , Concrete operational stage , and Formal operational stage . Piaget was a pioneer in the field of child development and continues to influence parents , educators and other theorists . Erik Erikson , a developmental psychologist , proposed eight life stages through which each person must develop . In order to move on to the next stage , the person must work out a `` crisis '' in which a new dilemma must be solved . In each stage , they must understand and balance two conflicting forces , and so parents might choose a series of parenting styles that helps each child as appropriate at each stage . The first five of his eight stages occur in childhood : The virtue of hope requires balancing trust with mistrust , and typically occurs from birth to one year old . Will balances autonomy with shame and doubt around the ages of two to three . Purpose balances initiative with guilt around the ages of four to six years . Competence balances industry against inferiority around ages seven to 12 . Fidelity contrasts identity with role confusion , in ages 13 to 19 . The remaining adult virtues are love , care and wisdom . Rudolf Dreikurs believed that pre-adolescent children 's misbehavior was caused by their unfulfilled wish to be a member of a social group . He argued that they then act out a sequence of four mistaken goals : first they seek attention . If they do not get it , they aim for power , then revenge and finally feel inadequate . This theory is used in education as well as parenting , forming a valuable theory upon which to manage misbehavior . Other parenting techniques should also be used to encourage learning and happiness. He emphasized the significance to establish a democratic family style that adopts a method of periodic democratic family councils and meanwhile avert the punishment . He advances `` logical and natural consequences '' . That teach children to be responsible and understand the natural consequences of proper rules of conduct and improper behavior . Frank Furedi is a sociologist with a particular interest in parenting and families . He believes that the actions of parents are less decisive than others claim . He describes the term infant determinism as the determination of a person 's life prospects by what happens to them during infancy , arguing that there is little or no evidence for its truth . While commercial , governmental and other interests constantly try to guide parents to do more and worry more for their children , he believes that children are capable of developing well in almost any circumstances . Furedi quotes Steve Petersen of Washington University in St. Louis : `` development really wants to happen . It takes very impoverished environments to interfere with development ... ( just ) do n't raise your child in a closet , starve them , or hit them on the head with a frying pan '' . Similarly , the journalist Tim Gill has expressed concern about excessive risk aversion by parents and those responsible for children in his book No Fear . This aversion limits the opportunities for children to develop sufficient adult skills , particularly in dealing with risk , but also in performing adventurous and imaginative activities . In 1998 , independent scholar Judith Rich Harris published The Nurture Assumption , in which she argued that scientific evidence , especially behavioral genetics , showed that all different forms of parenting do not have significant effects on children 's development , short of cases of severe child abuse or child neglect . She proposes two main points for the effects : genetic effects , and social effects involved by the peer groups in which children participate . The purported effects of different forms of parenting are all illusions caused by heredity , the culture at large , and children 's own influence on how their parents treat them . Baumrind 's parenting typology ( edit ) Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of parenting styles . Baumrind 's research is known as `` Baumrind 's Parenting Typology '' . In her research , she found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting : responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding . Parental responsiveness refers to the degree to which the parent responds to the child 's needs in a supportive and accepting manner . Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial parenting styles : Authoritative parenting , authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting . Maccoby and Martin expanded upon Baumrind 's three original parenting styles by placing parenting styles into two distinct categories : demanding and undemanding . With these distinctions , four new parenting styles were defined : Maccoby and Martin 's Four Parenting Styles Baumrind 's Three Parenting Styles Demanding Undemanding Responsive Authoritative / Propagative Indulgent ( Permissive ) Unresponsive Authoritarian / Totalitarian Neglectful Baumrind believed that parents should be neither punitive nor aloof . Rather , they should develop rules for their children and be affectionate with them . These parenting styles are meant to describe normal variations in parenting , not deviant parenting , such as might be observed in abusive homes . In addition , parenting stress can often cause changes in parental behavior such as inconsistency , increased negative communication , decreased monitoring and / or supervision , setting vague rules or limits on behavior , being more reactive and less proactive , and engaging in increasingly harsh disciplinary behaviors . The three styles ( edit ) Authoritative ( edit ) The parent is demanding and responsive . When this style is systematically developed , it grows to fit the descriptions propagative parenting and concerted cultivation . Authoritative parenting is characterized by a child - centered approach that holds high expectations of maturity . Authoritative parents can understand how their children are feeling and teach them how to regulate their feelings . Even with high expectations of maturity , authoritative parents are usually forgiving of any possible shortcomings . They often help their children to find appropriate outlets to solve problems . Authoritative parents encourage children to be independent but still place limits on their actions . Extensive verbal give - and - take is not refused , and parents try to be warm and nurturing toward the child . Authoritative parents are not usually as controlling as authoritarian parents , allowing the child to explore more freely , thus having them make their own decisions based upon their own reasoning . Often , authoritative parents produce children who are more independent and self - reliant . An authoritative parenting style mainly results when there is high parental responsiveness and high parental demands . Authoritative parents will set clear standards for their children , monitor the limits that they set , and also allow children to develop autonomy . They also expect mature , independent , and age - appropriate behavior of children . Punishments for misbehavior are measured and consistent , not arbitrary or violent . Often behaviors are not punished but the natural consequences of the child 's actions are explored and discussed - allowing the child to see that the behavior is inappropriate and not to be repeated , rather than not repeated to merely avoid adverse consequences . Authoritative parents set limits and demand maturity . They also tend to give more positive encouragement at the right places . However , when punishing a child , the parent will explain his or her motive for their punishment . Children are more likely to respond to authoritative parenting punishment because it is reasonable and fair . A child knows why they are being punished because an authoritative parent makes the reasons known . As a result , children of authoritative parents are more likely to be successful , well liked by those around them , generous and capable of self - determination . Authoritarian ( edit ) See also : Strict father model The parent is demanding but not responsive . Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive , punishment - heavy parenting style in which parents make their children follow their directions with little to no explanation or feedback and focus on the child 's and family 's perception and status . Corporal punishment , such as spanking , and shouting are forms of discipline frequently preferred by authoritarian parents . The goal of this style , at least when well - intentioned , is to teach the child to behave , survive , and thrive as an adult in a harsh and unforgiving society by preparing the child for negative responses such as anger and aggression that the child will face if his / her behavior is inappropriate . In addition , advocates of this style often believe that the shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will be less for a child accustomed to enduring both acute and chronic stress imposed by parents . Authoritarian parenting has distinctive effects on children : Children raised using this type of parenting may have less social competence because the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the child to choose by him or herself , making the child appear to excel in the short term but limiting development in ways that are increasingly revealed as supervision and opportunities for direct parental control decline . Children raised by authoritarian parents tend to be conformist , highly obedient , quiet , and not very happy . These children often suffer from depression and self - blame . For some children raised by authoritarian parents , these behaviors continue into adulthood . Children who are resentful of or angry about being raised in an authoritarian environment but have managed to develop high behavioral self - confidence often rebel in adolescence and / or young adulthood . Children who experience anger and resentment coupled with the downsides of both inhibited self - efficacy and high self - blame often retreat into escapist behaviors , including but not limited to substance abuse , and are at heightened risk for suicide . Specific aspects of authoritarian styles prevalent among certain cultures and ethnic groups , most notably aspects of traditional Asian child - rearing practices sometimes described as authoritarian , often continued by Asian American families and sometimes emulated by intensive parents from other cultures , may be associated with more positive median child outcomes than Baumrind 's model predicts , albeit at the risk of exacerbated downside outcomes exemplified by Asian cultural phenomena such as hikikomori and the heightened suicide rates found in South Korea , in India and by international observers of China before 2014 . Indulgent or permissive ( edit ) The parent is responsive but not demanding . Indulgent parenting , also called permissive , non-directive , lenient or libertarian , is characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child . `` Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them '' . Parents are nurturing and accepting , and are responsive to the child 's needs and wishes . Indulgent parents do not require children to regulate themselves or behave appropriately. The children will grow into adulthood not accustomed to aggression in others due to their inappropriate behavior which would be a great shock to them . As adults , they will pay less attention in avoiding behaviors which cause aggression in others . Permissive parents try to be `` friends '' with their child , and do not play a parental role . The expectations of the child are very low , and there is little discipline . Permissive parents also allow children to make their own decisions , giving them advice as a friend would . This type of parenting is very lax , with few punishments or rules . Permissive parents also tend to give their children whatever they want and hope that they are appreciated for their accommodating style . Other permissive parents compensate for what they missed as children , and as a result give their children both the freedom and materials that they lacked in their childhood . Baumrind researched on pre-school children with permissive parents and she came up with a result that children were immature , absence in impulsive control and they were irresponsible because of permissive parenting style . Children of permissive parents may tend to be more impulsive and as adolescents may engage more in misconduct such as drug use , `` Children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way . '' But in the better cases they are emotionally secure , independent and are willing to learn and accept defeat . They mature quickly and are able to live life without the help of someone else . From a recent study , The teens least prone to heavy drinking had parents who scored high on both accountability and warmth . So - called ' indulgent ' parents , those low on accountability and high on warmth , nearly tripled the risk of their teen participating in heavy drinking . ' Strict parents ' or authoritarian parents -- high on accountability and low on warmth -- more than doubled their teen 's risk of heavy drinking . Effects on children ( edit ) Most studies , mainly in Anglophone countries , have shown that children with authoritative parents have the best outcomes in different areas ( behavior , mental and social adjustment ... ) . The case might be different , however , for Asian populations , where the authoritarian style was found as good as the authoritative one . On the other hand , some studies have found a superiority of the indulgent style in Spain , Portugal or Brazil , but the methodology of these studies has been contested . More recently a study has shown that in Spain , while using the same questionnaire used in other countries , the authoritative style continues to be the best one for children . Other parenting styles ( edit ) Attachment parenting A parenting style framed around psychological attachment theory . Attachment in psychology is defined as `` a lasting emotional bond between people '' . There are four main types of attachment : secure , insecure - avoidant , insecure - resistant , and disorganized attachment . Child - centered parenting A parenting style advocated by Blythe and David Daniel , which focuses on the real needs and the unique person - hood of each child . Positive parenting A parenting style overlapping substantially with authoritative parenting and defined by consistent support and guidance through developmental stages . Concerted cultivation A specific form of positive parenting characterized by parents ' attempts to foster their child 's talents through organized extracurricular activities such as music lessons , sports / athletics , and academic enrichment . Narcissistic parenting A narcissistic parent is a parent affected by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder . Typically narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to their children and may be especially envious of , and threatened by , their child 's growing independence . The result may be what has been termed a pattern of narcissistic attachment , with the child considered to exist solely for the parent 's benefit . Nurturant parenting A family model where children are expected to explore their surroundings with protection from their parents . Overparenting Parents who try to involve themselves in every aspect of their child 's life , often attempting to solve all their problems and stifling the child 's ability to act independently or solve his or her own problems . A helicopter parent is a colloquial early 21st - century term for a parent who pays extremely close attention to his or her children 's experiences and problems , and attempts to sweep all obstacles out of their paths , particularly at educational institutions . Helicopter parents are so named because , like helicopters , they hover closely overhead , especially during the late adolescence to early adulthood years during which gradual development of independence and self - sufficiency are essential for future success . Modern communication technology has promoted this style by enabling parents to keep watch over their kids through cell phones , emails , and online monitoring of academic grades . Affectionless control This parental style combines a lack of warmth and caring ( low parental care ) with over-control ( such as parental criticism , intrusiveness ) . This has been linked to children 's anxiety and to dysfunctional attitudes and low self - esteem in the children , although it is not necessarily the cause . There is evidence that parental affectionless control is associated with suicidal behavior . Slow parenting Encourages parents to plan and organize less for their children , instead allowing them to enjoy their childhood and explore the world at their own pace . Electronics are limited , simplistic toys are utilized , and the child is allowed to develop their own interests and to grow into their own person with lots of family time , allowing children to make their own decisions . Idle parenting Toxic parenting Poor parenting , with a toxic relationship between the parent and child . It results in complete disruption of the child 's ability to identify themselves and reduced self - esteem , neglecting the needs of the child . Abuse is sometimes seen in this parenting style . Adults who have suffered from toxic parents are mostly unable to recognize toxic parenting behavior in themselves . Children with toxic parents grow up with damages and pass their damages to their own children . Dolphin parenting A term used by psychiatrist Shimi Kang and happiness researcher Shawn Achor to represent a parenting style seen as similar to the nature of dolphins , being `` playful , social and intelligent '' . It has been contrasted to `` tiger '' parenting . According to Kang , dolphin parenting provides a balance between the strict approach of tiger parenting and the lack of rules and expectations that characterizes what she calls `` jellyfish parents '' . Dolphin parents avoid overscheduling activities for their children , refrain from being overprotective , and take into account the desires and goals of their children when setting expectations for behavior and academic success . Ethnic Minority parenting style This parenting style was coined out of Authoritarian parenting and it is characterized by exceptionally high academic achievements among children from Asian backgrounds . Ethnic Minority style differs from strict authoritarian parenting by being highly responsive towards children 's needs , while also differing from authoritative parenting by maintaining high demands , and not placing children 's needs as a priority . This style promotes high demandingness and high responsiveness together to produce high academic performance in children . Differences for male and female children ( edit ) Mothers and fathers tend to pick up different behaviors of parenting based on the sex of their child . Studies have shown that fathers can affect their daughters ' emotional adjustment more through the style of parenting they demonstrate rather than through using disciplinary approaches , such as punishment . Also , both a father and mother sometimes tend to use an authoritative style towards their daughters , while feeling more comfortable switching over to an authoritarian style for sons . Similarly , mothers may use a more authoritative style when they parent their daughters . Also , mothers spent more time reasoning with their daughters but mothers tended to favor their sons . See also ( edit ) Dysfunctional family Neglect Parenting Resources for Infant Education ( RIE ) Hong Kong children Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spera , Christopher ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices , Parenting Styles , and Adolescent School Achievement '' . Educational Psychology Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 146 . doi : 10.1007 / s10648 - 005 - 3950 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Parenting '' . Encyclopaedic dictionary of psychology . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berger S. , Kathleen ( 18 February 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span ( 8th ed . ) . Worth Publishers . pp. 273 -- 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3203 - 6 . Jump up ^ Campione & Smetana , Nicole & Judith . `` Parenting Styles '' . James J. Ponzetti Jr . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Amato , Paul R. ; Fowler , Frieda ( 2002 ) . `` Parenting Practices , Child Adjustment , and Family Diversity '' . Journal of Marriage and Family . 64 ( 3 ) : 703 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 3737.2002. 00703. x . Jump up ^ Rousseau , Jean - Jacques ( 1762 ) . Émile , ou De l'éducation . Jump up ^ Irvine , P. `` '' Rousseau , Jean j . '' Encyclopedia of special education : A reference for the education of children , adolescents , and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals `` . Credo Reference . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ White , F. , Hayes , B. , & Livesey , D. ( 2005 ) . Developmental Psychology : From Infancy to Adulthood . NSW : Pearson Education Australia . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Piaget , Jean . ( 2005 ) . In Science in the early twentieth century : An encyclopedia '' . Credo Reference . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Constantinople , A.A. ( 1969 ) . An Eriksonian measure of personality development in college student . Developmental Psychology , 1357 - 372 . Jump up ^ `` Erikson , erik Homburger ( 2002 ) '' . Credo Reference . Biographical dictionary of psychology . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wright , Benjamin ( Winter 1957 ) . `` Psychology in the Classroom by Rudolf Dreikurs '' . The School Review . The University of Chicago Press . 65 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 492 . Jump up ^ GODDARD , H. WALLACE ; DENNIS , STEVEN A. ( 2003 ) . `` Parenting Education '' . In James J. Ponzetti Jr . International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family . Gale , Farmington , USA . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY '' . Credo . Elsevier 's dictionary of psychological theories . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jon , Roeckelein . `` '' Developmental Theory `` . In Elsevier 's Dictionary of Psychological Theories '' . Credo . Elsevier Science & Technology , Oxford , United Kingdom . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Furedi , Frank ( 2001 ) . Paranoid Parenting : Why Ignoring the Experts May Be Best for Your Child . Allen Lane . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9488 - 9 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Steve ( January 10 , 2000 ) . `` Baby Steps '' . Jump up ^ Gill , Tim ( 2007 ) . No fear : Growing up in a Risk Averse Society ( PDF ) . Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903080 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gill , Tim ( April 2007 ) . `` Playing it too safe '' . RSA Journal . Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts , Manufactures and Commerce . 154 ( 5528 ) : 46 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Gerstel , Naomi ( Mar 1999 ) . `` The Nurture Assumption : Why Children Turn Out the Way they Do by Judith Rich Harris '' . Contemporary Sociology . American Sociological Association . 28 ( 2 ) : 174 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Smith , P. `` Group socialization theory . In Reader 's guide to the social sciences '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Perkins , Marian ( May 13 , 2000 ) . `` The Nurture Assumption : Why Children Turn Out The Way They Do by Judith Rich Harris '' . British Medical Journal . 320 ( 7245 ) : 1347 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 320.7245. 1347 . Jump up ^ Baumrind , D. ( 1967 ) . Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 75 ( 1 ) , 43 - 88 . Jump up ^ Slater , A. ; Bremner , J.G. ( 2017 ) . An Introduction to Developmental Psychology . Wiley . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 76720 - 7 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Maccoby , E.E. ; Martin , J.A. ( 1983 ) . `` Socialization in the context of the family : Parent - child interaction '' . In Mussen , P.H. ; Hetherington , E.M. Manual of child psychology , Vol. 4 : Social development . New York : John Wiley and Sons . pp. 1 -- 101 . ^ Jump up to : Santrock , J.W. ( 2007 ) . A topical approach to life - span development , third Ed . New York : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Parenting Style and Its Correlates athealth.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 Jump up ^ Strassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . Worth Publishers . p. 273 . Jump up ^ `` All about the authoritative parenting style '' . Pagewise . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parenting Styles '' Jump up ^ Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . Worth Publishing . pp. 273 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Parents in the Development of Peer Group Competence . ERIC Digest '' . Eric Digests . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Lifespan . Worth Publishers . p. 274 . Jump up ^ What 's Your Parenting Style ? Parents . The Anti-Drug . National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Maryann . `` Knowing Yourself and Your Children '' . www.drma.com . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dornbusch , Sanford ; Ritter , Philip ; Leiderman , P ; Robert , Donald ; Fraleigh , Michael ( 1987 ) . `` The Relation of Parenting Style to Adolescent School Performance '' . Child Development . Wiley on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development . 58 ( 5 ) : 1245 . JSTOR 1130618 . doi : 10.2307 / 1130618 . ^ Jump up to : Verzello , Amanda . `` Teens and alcohol study : Parenting style can prevent binge drinking '' . News . Brigham Young University . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Darling , Nancy ( 1999 ) . `` Parenting style and its correlates '' ( PDF ) . ERIC Digest . ED427896 . Jump up ^ Musitu , G. ; García , F. ( 2004 ) . `` Consequences of the family socialization in the Spanish culture '' . Psicothema. 16 ( 2 ) : 288 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Rodrigues , Yara ; Veiga , Feliciano ; Fuentes , María C. ; García , Fernando ( 2013 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Parenting and Adolescents ' Self - esteem : The Portuguese Context / / Parentalidad y autoestima en la adolescencia : El contexto portugués '' . Journal of Psychodidactics. 18 ( 2 ) . ISSN 2254 - 4372 . doi : 10.1387 / RevPsicodidact. 6842 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Martínez , Isabel ; García , José Fernando ; Yubero , Santiago ( 2007 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Parenting Styles and Adolescents ' Self - Esteem in Brazil '' . Psychological Reports . 100 ( 3 ) : 731 -- 745 . ISSN 0033 - 2941 . doi : 10.2466 / pr0. 100.3. 731 - 745 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oliva , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Relaciones familiares y desarrollo adolescente '' . Anuario de Psicología. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Osorio , Alfonso ; González - Cámara , Marta . `` Testing the alleged superiority of the indulgent parenting style among Spanish adolescents '' ( PDF ) . Psicothema. 28 ( 4 ) : 414 -- 420 . doi : 10.7334 / psicothema2015. 314 . Jump up ^ Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Stassen Berger , Kathleen ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span . p. 196 . Jump up ^ wethechildrenfoundation.com Jump up ^ Walton , Stephen . `` The Positive parenting centre '' . www.the-positive-parenting-centre.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Cheadle , Jacob E. ( Jan 2008 ) . `` Educational Investment , Family Context , and Children 's Math and Reading Growth from Kindergarten through the Third Grade '' . Sociology of Education . American Sociological Association . 81 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 31 . JSTOR 20452721 . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Levich , Clone Being ( 2004 ) p. 31 and p. 89 - 91 Jump up ^ David Stafford & Liz Hodgkinson , Codependency ( London 1995 ) p. 41 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.J. ( November 2010 ) . `` Smothering Mothering : ' Helicopter parents ' are landing big in child care cases '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 96 ( 11 ) : 18 -- 19 . JSTOR 20789779 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Larry , and Victoria Kim . 2008 . `` Hovering Parents No Big Deal for Freshmen . '' Los Angeles Times ( January 24 ) B1 . ^ Jump up to : Paul C. McCabe ; Steven R. Shaw ( 23 February 2010 ) . Psychiatric Disorders : Current Topics and Interventions for Educators . Corwin Press . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6876 - 8 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Robbins ( 24 October 2008 ) . Understanding Depression , 2d ed . McFarland . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5263 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goschin S , Briggs J , Blanco - Lutzen S , Cohen LJ , Galynker I ( 2013 ) . `` Parental affectionless control and suicidality '' . Journal of Affective Disorders ( Review ) . 151 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . PMID 23820097 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2013.05. 096 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa . `` What is slow parenting ? '' . www.parenting.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Types of Parenting Styles and Child Discipline Strategies '' . Positive-parenting-ally.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Advise And Deep Insights '' . www.positive-parenting-ally.com . Birgitte Coste . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berl , Rachel Pomerance ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Dolphin Parenting : Raising Kids to Be Smart and Happy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Shimi ( 2014 ) . The Dolphin Way : A Parent 's Guide to Raising Healthy , Happy , and Motivated Kids -- Without Turning into a Tiger . New York : Jeremy P. Tarcher , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 16604 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kang , Shimi . `` What 's a ' Dolphin Parent ' ? Psychiatrist Decodes Parenting Styles '' . Parenting.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , Shimi ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` A Case for Parenting the Dolphin -- Not Tiger -- Mom Way '' . Time . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huang , Grace H.C. , and Mary Gove . `` Asian Parenting Styles and Academic Achievement : Views from Eastern and Western Perspectives . '' Education 135.3 ( 2015 ) : 389 - 397. Academic Search Premier . Web . Jump up ^ Putnam , Jodi ; A , Judith ; Walls , Myers ; Love , Dee . `` Influence on children 's gender development '' . www.extension.purdue.edu . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Ashley . `` GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PARENTING STYLES AND EFFECTS ON THE PARENT CHILD RELATIONSHIP '' ( PDF ) . www.digital.library.txstate.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Article : Parenting and Late Adolescent Emotional Adjustment : Mediating Effects of Discipline and Gender Jump up ^ Fabes , Richard ; Carlo , Gustavo ; Kupanoff , Kristina ; Laible , Deborah . `` Early Adolescence and Prosocial / Moral Behavior I : The Role of Individual Processes '' . www.digitalcommons.unl.edu . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Conrade & Ho , Glenys & Robert ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` Differential parenting styles for fathers and mothers '' . Australian Journal of Psychology . 53 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 35 . doi : 10.1080 / 00049530108255119 . References ( edit ) dangx111 ( 5 Nov 2011 ) . `` The Four Types of Parenting Styles '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Barnhart , C. , Raval , V. , Jansari , A. , Raval , P. ( 2013 ) . Perception of Parenting Style Among College Students in India and the United States . Journal of Child Family Stud , 22 , 684 - 693 . Bornstein , M. & Putnick , D. ( 2012 ) . Cognitive and Socioemotional Caregiving in Developing Countries . Child Development , 83 ( 1 ) , 46 - 61 . Pomeranz , E. & Wang , Q. The Role of Parental Control in Children 's Development in Western and East Asia Countries . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 18 ( 5 ) , 285 - 289 . Further Reading ( edit ) Bower , Bruce ( September 2011 ) . `` Humans : Recession alters parenting style : Mothers with gene variant became more aggressive '' . Science News . 180 ( 7 ) : 9 . ISSN 0036 - 8423 . doi : 10.1002 / scin. 5591800706 . Robert Feldman , PhD at the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Child Development Third Edition Morris , A.S. , Cui , L. , & Steinberg , L. ( 2013 ) . Parenting research and themes : What we have learned and where to go next . In R.E. Larzelere , A.S. Morris , & A.W. Harrist ( Eds . ) , Authoritative parenting : Synthesizing nurturance and discipline for optimal child development ( pp. 35 -- 58 ) . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . Harris . Judith R ... `` The Nurture Assumption : Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do , '' New York Times 1998 . Warash , Bobbie . `` Are Middle Class Parents Authoritative with a Touch of Permissiveness ? . '' Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 74 . 22007 28 - 31 . Chua , Amy . Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior The Wall Street Journal Alizadeh , S. , Abu Talib , M.B. , Abdullah , R. , & Mansor , M. ( 2011 ) . Relationship between Parenting Style and Children 's Behavior Problems . Asian Social Science , 7 ( 12 ) , 195 - 200 . Estep , H.M. , & Olson , J.N. ( 2011 ) . Parenting Style , Academic Dishonesty , and Infidelity in College Students . College Student Journal , 45 ( 4 ) , 830 - 838 . Grobman , K.H. ( 2003 ) . Diana Baumrind 's ( 1966 ) Prototypical Descriptions of 3 Parenting Styles . Retrieved from http://www.devpsy.org/teaching/parent/baumrind_styles.html Kordi , A. , & Baharudin , R. ( 2010 ) . Parenting Attitude and Style and Its Effect on Children 's School Achievements . International Journal Of Psychological Studies , 2 ( 2 ) , 217 - 222 . Rinaldi , C.M. , & Howe , N. ( 2012 ) . Mothers ' and fathers ' parenting styles and associations with toddlers ' externalizing , internalizing , and adaptive behaviors . Early Childhood Research Quarterly , 27 ( 2 ) , 266 - 273 . Rivers , J. , Mullis , A.K. , Fortner , L.A. , & Mullis , R.L. ( 2012 ) . Relationships Between Parenting Styles and the Academic Performance of Adolescents . Journal Of Family Social Work , 15 ( 3 ) , 202 - 216 . Schary , D.P. , Cardinal , B.J. , & Loprinzi , P.D. ( 2012 ) . Parenting style associated with sedentary behaviour in preschool children . Early Child Development & Care , 182 ( 8 ) , 1015 -- 1026 . Williams , K. , Ciarrochi , J. , & Heaven , P. ( 2012 ) . Inflexible Parents , Inflexible Kids : A 6 - Year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents . Journal Of Youth & Adolescence , 41 ( 8 ) , 1053 -- 1066 . Spera , C. ( 2005 ) . A review of the relationship among parenting practices , parenting styles , and adolescent school achievement . Educational Psychology Review , 17 ( 2 ) , 125 - 146 . `` Attachment Parenting : Q&A with Lysa Parker , co-chairman of Attachment Parenting International . '' Bundoo.com . Retrieved from http://www.bundoo.com/interviews/attachment-parenting/ External links ( edit ) Types Of Parenting Styles By Diana Baumrind ( hide ) Parenting Types Adoptive Alloparenting Complex family Coparenting Foster care Kommune 1 Noncustodial Nuclear family Orphaned Shared Single parent Blended family Surrogacy In loco parentis Theories Areas Attachment theory Applied behavior analysis Behaviorism Child development Cognitive development Developmental psychology Human development Love Maternal bond Nature versus nurture Parental investment Paternal bond Pediatrics Social psychology Styles Attachment parenting Concerted cultivation Gatekeeper parent Helicopter parent Nurturant parenting Slow parenting Soccer mom Strict father model Taking Children Seriously Work at home parent Techniques After - school activity Allowance Bedtime Child care Co-sleeping Homeschooling Latchkey kid Parent Management Training Play ( date ) Role model Spoiled child Television Toy ( educational ) Discipline Blanket training Corporal punishment in the home Curfew Grounding Tactical ignoring Time - out Abuse Child abandonment Child abuse Child labour Child neglect Cinderella effect Incest Narcissistic parent Parental abuse by children Parental alienation Legal and social aspects Child support Cost of raising a child Marriage Parental responsibility Deadbeat parent Paternity Disownment Experts T. Berry Brazelton Tanya Byron Bryan Caplan Rudolf Dreikurs David Elkind Jo Frost Haim Ginott Thomas Gordon Alan E. Kazdin Truby King Annette Lareau Penelope Leach Madeline Levine William Sears B.F. Skinner Benjamin Spock Baby and Child Care Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenting_styles&oldid=802187962 '' Categories : Childhood Parenting Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting%20styles
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when did the unbreakable kimmy schmidt come out
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Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American web television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock , starring Ellie Kemper in the title role , that has streamed on Netflix since March 6 , 2015 . Originally set for a 13 - episode first season on NBC for spring 2015 , the show was sold to Netflix and given a two - season order .
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March 6 , 2015
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Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
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unbreakable kimmy schmidt
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Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American web television sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock , starring Ellie Kemper in the title role , that has streamed on Netflix since March 6 , 2015 . Originally set for a 13 - episode first season on NBC for spring 2015 , the show was sold to Netflix and given a two - season order .
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The series follows 29 - year - old Kimmy Schmidt ( Kemper ) as she adjusts to life in New York City after her rescue from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville , Indiana , where she and three other women were held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne ( Jon Hamm ) for 15 years . Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude , Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City , where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper ( Carol Kane ) , finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon ( Tituss Burgess ) , and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholy and out - of - touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees ( Jane Krakowski ) . Since its premiere , the show has received critical acclaim , with critic Scott Meslow calling it `` the first great sitcom of the streaming era '' . The series has been nominated for 18 Primetime Emmy Awards , including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series . On June 13 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth and final season , with the first 6 episodes premiering on May 30 , 2018 . The second half is expected to debut January 25 , 2019 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Guest 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 5.3 Season 3 5.4 Season 4 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Kimmy Schmidt ( Ellie Kemper ) was in eighth grade when kidnapped for 15 years by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne ( Jon Hamm ) . The Reverend held Kimmy and three other women hostage in an underground bunker , and convinced them that doomsday had come , gone , and had left them the sole survivors of humanity . In the first season , the women are rescued , and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City . After the show , Kimmy decides she does not want to return to Indiana , so she starts a new life in New York City . Roaming around the city , Kimmy comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper ( Carol Kane ) . Kaushtupper offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon ( Tituss Burgess ) in her downstairs apartment . However , Kimmy has to find a job in order to get the apartment . Returning a child who has tried to steal candy , Kimmy encounters his mother , Jacqueline Voorhees ( Jane Krakowski ) a Manhattan trophy wife , who mistakes her for a nanny , and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult . Soon after , Jacqueline hires Kimmy to be a nanny for her 10 - year - old son . As Season 1 continues , Kimmy falls in love with a Vietnamese man , Dong ( Ki Hong Lee ) from her G.E.D. class , goes to court to testify against the Reverend , and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was locked up . In the second season , Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and acquires a job at a year - round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver . She tries to get over Dong who enters a green card marriage with another G.E.D. student and eventually is deported . As Kimmy tries to move on , so do Titus and Jacqueline , who both find boyfriends . Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano ( Mike Carlsen ) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder ( David Cross ) . Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Redskins , who her boyfriend 's father happens to own . When Season 2 ends , Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood , while Kimmy makes amends with her mother ( Lisa Kudrow ) after advice from her therapist ( Tina Fey ) before receiving a phone call from The Reverend in prison , telling her that they need to get a divorce . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 March 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) 13 April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) 13 May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 13 6 May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 7 January 25 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 25 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ellie Kemper as Kimberly `` Kimmy '' Cougar Schmidt , the titular character . Armed with only unflagging optimism , a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth - grade education , she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life . Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon ( born Ronald Wilkerson ) , Kimmy 's flamboyantly gay roommate and an aspiring actor and singer . Melodramatic and self - absorbed , Titus nevertheless cares deeply for , and is very protective of Kimmy . Despite his talent and ego , he is plagued by self - doubt after years of rejection in the business . Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper , Kimmy and Titus ' odd landlady . A proud born - and - bred New Yorker with a long , complex criminal history , she fights tooth and nail against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood ( although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology ) . Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck , she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants . Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White ( formerly Voorhees ; née Jackie Lynn White ) , a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny . Despite coming across as arrogant , condescending and out of touch , she is very fond of ( and heavily reliant on ) her new employee , who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage . She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white . As the series progresses , she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture . Recurring ( edit ) Sara Chase as Cyndee Pokorny , Kimmy 's best friend from the cult . Lauren Adams as Gretchen Chalker , a willing member of the cult , who believes everything she was told . Sol Miranda as Donna Maria Nuñez , a cult member who pretends to not speak English during her time in the bunker , and is revealed to be using the `` Mole Woman '' name to advertise products . Dylan Gelula as Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees , the pretty , popular , and bratty stepdaughter of Jacqueline , who is later revealed to be hiding her high achieving , ' good girl ' personality . After her father divorces Jacqueline , she is sent to Connecticut to move back in with her mother , and only appears in one episode in season 2 . She returns in season 3 , attending Columbia University , where Kimmy starts college . Ki Hong Lee ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Dong Nguyen , Kimmy 's GED study buddy and love interest . An undocumented immigrant from Vietnam , he spends much of the show hiding from the authorities under the name `` Richard Pennsylvania '' . He was deported in season 2 of the show . Adam Campbell ( Season 1 ) as Logan Beekman , a wealthy acquaintance of Julian 's , who becomes intrigued by Kimmy after discovering she has no idea he is from one of New York 's richest families . They briefly date before his jealousy over Dong spoils their romance . Mike Britt as Walter Bankston , a witness to the raid on the Bunker , whose remixed interview ( set to music by The Gregory Brothers ) serves as the series ' theme song . Walter Bankston is loosely based on Charles Ramsey , one of the rescuers of the captives of the Ariel Castro kidnappings . Tanner Flood as Buckley Voorhees , Jacqueline 's hyperactive , violent son . Andy Ridings ( Season 1 ) as Charles , Buckley 's tutor , who has a crush on Kimmy . Susanna Guzman as Vera , Jacqueline 's housekeeper in season 1 and thus , Kimmy 's co-worker . She believes Kimmy looks like `` Wendy 's Old Fashioned Hamburgers '' . Tim Blake Nelson ( Season 1 ) as Randy Shipka , Kimmy 's stepfather , a very incompetent state trooper who met Kimmy 's mother while searching for and failing to locate the missing Kimmy . Jon Hamm as Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne , the man who imprisoned Kimmy , Cyndee , Gretchen and Donna Maria in an underground bunker for fifteen years and led them to believe that they had survived the end of the world . Tina Fey and Jerry Minor ( Season 1 ) as Marcia and Chris , incompetent prosecutors in the case against Richard Wayne . They are heavily implied to be Marcia Clark and Christopher Darden , the lead prosecutors in the OJ Simpson murder case . Tina Fey ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Dr. Andrea Bayden , an alcoholic psychiatrist who begins treating Kimmy for her experiences in the bunker . Sheri Foster and Gil Birmingham as Fern and Virgil White , Jacqueline 's Lakota parents . Amy Sedaris as Mimi Kanasis , an acquaintance of Jacqueline 's who is desperate to regain social status after her divorce . Fred Armisen as Robert `` Bobby '' Durst , a former flame of Lillian 's . This character is a humorous representation of accused serial killer Robert Durst . Mike Carlsen as Mikey Politano , a construction worker who started questioning his sexuality after receiving an unexpected answer when he hit on Kimmy in season 1 . In season 2 , he starts dating Titus . In season 4 , Mikey makes another appearance as part of their on - again , off - again relationship . Anna Camp as Deirdre Robespierre , a wealthy , intelligent and dangerously bored trophy wife who becomes Jacqueline 's rival . Chris Northrop as Meth - Head Charlie , Kimmy and Titus ' neighbor . Doug Plaut ( Season 2 ) as Terry , Kimmy 's boss at the year round Christmas Store . Brandon Jones ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Brandon Yeagley , Cyndee 's childhood crush and later ex-fiancée . Julie Tice - Bubolz as Yuko , a humanoid robot . James Monroe Iglehart as Coriolanus Burt , Titus ' rival . Jason Kravits ( Season 1 ) as Gary Dubbin , Jacqueline 's divorce lawyer . David Cross / Billy Magnussen ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Russ Snyder , a pro-bono attorney that Jacqueline pursues . John Ellison Conlee as Rick , a cast member at Professor Dracula 's , a Times Square theme restaurant where Titus works . Suzan Perry ( Seasons 1 & 2 ) as Sonja , an old and unusual student at Kimmy 's GED class . At the end of season 1 , she marries Dong so that he can stay in the United States . Derek Klena ( Season 2 & 3 ) as Doug / DJ Fingablast / Douglas , a dog masseur hired by Jacqueline to become her trophy boyfriend . Daveed Diggs ( Season 3 ) as Perry , a philosophy student whom Kimmy meets and helps her realize that she needs to go on a different path in her life , and later becomes her love interest . Peter Riegert ( Season 3 ) as Artie Goodman , an upscale grocery chain owner who initially engages in a feud with Lillian , before they begin a relationship . He later dies in between seasons 3 and 4 . Kenan Thompson ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Roland Peacock , Lillian 's deceased husband . Josh Charles ( Seasons 2 & 3 ) as Duke Snyder , Russ ' more - favored brother , who tries to seduce Jacqueline . Judah Friedlander ( Season 3 ) as Gordy , a controversial musician that helps produce Titus ' song `` Boobs in California '' . Elise Mestichelli ( Season 4 ) as Cheryl , a humanoid robot and co-worker of Kimmy . Bobby Moynihan ( Season 4 ) as Fran Dodd , a Men 's Rights Activist . Stephanie D'Abruzzo ( Season 4 ) as Jan , Kimmy 's anthropomorphic backpack Guest ( edit ) Matt Lauer as himself , interviewing the Mole Women on the Today Show ( `` Kimmy Goes Outside ! '' ) John McMartin as Grant , a friend of the Voorhees ' and a war veteran ( `` Kimmy Goes on a Date ! '' ) Martin Short as Dr. Grant ( pronounced `` Franff '' ) , Jacqueline 's plastic surgeon ( `` Kimmy Goes to the Doctor ! '' ) . Pat Battle as herself , providing a report on the news , advertising the play Titus wishes to audition for ( `` Kimmy Goes to the Doctor ! '' ) Richard Kind as Mr. Lefkovitz , Kimmy 's GED teacher ( `` Kimmy Goes to School ! '' ) Mark Harelik as Julian Voorhees , Jacqueline 's adulterous husband ( `` Kimmy Goes to a Party ! '' ) Kiernan Shipka as Kymmi , Kimmy 's half - sister ( `` Kimmy Has a Birthday ! '' ) Christine Ebersole as Helene , Xanthippe 's biological mother ( `` Kimmy 's in a Love Triangle ! '' ) Dean Norris as M. Le Loup , a coach who helps Titus pass as a straight man in order to improve his casting chances ( `` Kimmy 's in a Love Triangle ! '' ) Robert Osborne as himself , providing a short ending comment on the showing of a fictitious 1938 musical film ( `` Kimmy 's in a Love Triangle ! '' ) Zosia Mamet and Evan Jonigkeit as Sue and Bob Thompstein , a pair of hipsters from Austin ( `` Kimmy Drives a Car ! '' ) Samuel Page as Keith Habersohl ( `` Kimmy Walks Into a Bar ! '' ) Joshua Jackson as Purvis ( `` Kimmy Goes to a Hotel ! '' ) Billy Eichner as himself ( `` Kimmy Meets a Drunk Lady ! '' ) Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Dave , a talk show host ( `` Kimmy Meets a Celebrity ! '' ) Ice - T as himself ( `` Kimmy Sees a Sunset ! '' ) Judy Gold as Judy ( `` Kimmy Sees a Sunset ! '' ) Lisa Kudrow as Lori - Ann Schmidt , Kimmy 's mother . ( `` Kimmy Finds Her Mom ! '' ) Laura Dern as Wendy Hebert , a woman who wants to marry the Reverend ( `` Kimmy Ca n't Help You ! '' ) Adrienne C. Moore as Black Cindy from Orange Is the New Black , whom Gretchen meets when she is sent off to prison . ( `` Kimmy Steps on a Crack ! '' ) Scott Adsit as Dale Bortz , an impressionist that impersonates Titus for a bladder commercial . ( `` Kimmy Learns About Weather ! '' ) Maya Rudolph as Dionne Warwick ( `` Kimmy Does a Puzzle ! '' ) John Lutz as Ricky Earl , the stage manager of the cruise ship Titus works on . ( `` Kimmy Does a Puzzle ! '' ) Ray Liotta as Paulie Fucillo ( `` Kimmy Pulls off a Heist ! ) Rachel Dratch as Leonora and Dianne ( `` Kimmy Googles the Internet ! '' ) Andrea Martin as Linda P. ( `` Kimmy Googles the Internet ! '' ) Andy Cohen as himself ( `` Kimmy and the Trolley Problem ! '' ) Jim Gaffigan as Officer Krupke ( `` Kimmy Bites an Onion ! '' ) Greg Kinnear as himself ( `` Kimmy Is ... Little Girl , Big City ! '' ) Aidy Bryant as Tabby Bobatti ( `` Party Monster : Scratching the Surface '' ) Marsai Martin as Aisha ( `` Kimmy and the Beest ! '' ) Busy Philipps as Sheba Goodman , Artie 's irresponsible Daughter ( `` Kimmy meets an Old Friend '' ) Production and Development ( edit ) The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper . Fey stated that they found an `` innocence '' about Kemper 's face , but also noted there was a `` strength '' to it . One idea was for the show to center on Kemper 's character waking up from a coma , but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult - survivor storyline . The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken . However , this was later changed to the current title . Eventually NBC sold the series to Netflix . Fey has stated that this was in part due to NBC `` not feeling confident about watching comedies '' . Prior to the network switch , NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements for the remaining roles were held in March 2014 , with Tituss Burgess cast as the role of Kimmy 's roommate , Titus Andromedon . Titus is a talented singer who works odd entertainment jobs such as dressing up like a robot in Times Square or as a singing waiter at a theme restaurant . Also cast was Carol Kane as Kimmy and Titus ' landlord Lillian Kaushtupper . Shortly afterwards , Sara Chase and Lauren Adams joined the series . Chase signed on for the role of Cyndee , Kimmy 's closest friend during their years in the cult ; Adams was cast in the role of Gretchen , a 10 - year member of the cult who believes everything that she is told . Jane Krakowski was later cast in the role of Jacqueline Voorhees , a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny . Megan Dodds was originally cast before she was replaced with Krakowski . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Unbreakable '' , was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond . It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers ' YouTube show Songify the News -- auto - tuned news interviews that became viral videos . Richmond also wrote `` Peeno Noir '' , a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1 , episode 6 of the series . Reception ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics , who have praised the writing and cast . Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has a rating of 95 % , based on 55 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Blessed with originality and a spot - on performance from Ellie Kemper , The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious . '' On Metacritic , the first season has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Scott Meslow of The Week called the series `` the first great sitcom of the streaming era '' , praising its wit , edge , and feminist tone . Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is `` the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings , because the jokes are so packed in you 're sure to miss something while laughing . '' TV Guide named it the `` best new comedy of 2015 '' . IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8.3 out of 10 ' Great ' rating , saying `` Tina Fey and Robert Carlock 's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix 's original series catalog . Not only is it charming and funny , but it 's unabashedly kooky , and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role . '' The series ' first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Jennifer Euston and Meredith Tucker Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Jon Hamm as Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Tina Fey as Marcia Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Jill Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline Voorhees Nominated Some reviewers have criticized the show 's portrayal of Native Americans , with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as `` offensive . '' BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a `` major race problem '' and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot , stating that `` the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters . It 's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations ; it 's the single mainstream representation in years . '' The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race , `` especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character , the show leaves much to be desired . '' In the wake of the controversy , Tina Fey responded : `` I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything , they need to speak for themselves . There 's a real culture of demanding apologies , and I 'm opting out of that . '' Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season holds a 100 % approval rating , based on 24 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Not letting up in season two , Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways , wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 16 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The series ' second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Cindy Tolan Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Ellie Kemper as Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Nominated There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season , `` Kimmy Goes to a Play ! , '' which involved the use of yellow - face and the name of a group of Asian - Americans who were critical of yellow - face . The group is referred to as `` Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment '' , or `` R.A.P.E '' for short . The Asian - Americans shown protesting against yellow - face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons . Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow - face and the R.A.P.E. acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech . Alex Abad - Santos wrote , `` The odd thing about this episode is that it 's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people , specifically Asian women , as crappy characters . ( ... ) The plot feels like a pointed , ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey 's past projects for being lazy and racist . '' Season 3 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the third season holds a 96 % approval rating , based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 8.18 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast , notable guest stars , and a forceful influx of funny . '' On Metacritic , the third season has a score of 78 out of 100 , based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The series ' third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Ellie Kemper as Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Outstanding Music and Lyrics `` Hell No '' Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program Jill Brown Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Nominated Season 4 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the fourth season holds a 100 % approval rating , based on 14 reviews , with an average rating of 8.33 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that 's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent . '' On Metacritic , the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100 , based on 6 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The series ' fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards . Category Nominee ( s ) Result Outstanding Comedy Series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wallenstein , Andrew ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Nabs ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' from NBC '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2014 ) . `` NBC 2014 - 2015 Schedule : ' Parenthood ' Renewed ; ' State of Affairs ' & ' Marry Me ' To Air Post - ' Voice ' ; ' The Blacklist ' Moves Midseason + ' Parks and Recreation ' Final Season Benched '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Has Two Native American Actors . It Needed Three '' . Indian Country Today Media Network . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Is the First Great Sitcom of the Streaming Era '' . The Week . The Week Publications . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2017 - 06 - 13 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Renewed For Season 4 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Will End With Season 4 , With Talks of a Movie '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ H , Hanis ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) . `` ' Netflix 's ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' returns May 30th '' . engadget . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` TVLine Items : Kimmy Schmidt 's Final Episodes , Tangled Renewed and More '' . Jump up ^ Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt , 2015 - 03 - 06 , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' : Inside the Crazier - Than - Ever Comedy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video : Netflix Releases New Trailer for `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt '' `` . The Futon Critic . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maas , Jennifer ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Second Half of ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Season 4 to Premiere Next Year ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' 30 Rock 's Tituss Burgess Joins Tina Fey & Robert Carlock 's NBC Series ' Tooken ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to Premiere Globally in March 2015 the New Tina Fey and Robert Carlock Comedy Series Starring Ellie Kemper '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Kayla ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Jane Krakowski joining Tina Fey 's New NBC Sitcom '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giacomo Gianniotti Joins ABC 's ' Selfie ' ; Andy Ridings & Dylan Gelula In NBC 's ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Creators of Kimmy Schmidt 's Theme on Sending Up the `` Hilarious Black Neighbor '' Meme `` . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' mines comedy out of sexual abuse '' . The Washington Post . Nash Holdings LLC . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tina Fey 's `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt '' starring Ellie Kemper on Netflix March 6th `` . The Laugh Button . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levine , Daniel S ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' recap 9 : ' Kimmy Has A Birthday ! ' '' . The Celebrity Cafe . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Weird Crush Wednesday : Tina Fey 's Idiotic ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Character '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Carlsen '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( 11 May 2018 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Sets Fourth Netflix Season Guest Stars and Teases Storylines '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt 's Tina Fey & Robert Carlock On Netflix And Their Modern Princess Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Picks Up Comedy Series From ' 30 Rock 's Tina Fey & Robert Carlock Starring Ellie Kemper With 13 - Episode Order '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , May 6 -- NBC Gives `` Tooken '' New Moniker of `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt '' `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gray , Ellen ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' an escape - from - cult comedy '' . Philly.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , March 19 '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . April 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Songify This ! . 6 March 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kimmy Schmidt ' composer Jeff Richmond on the show 's viral - friendly songs '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt : Tina Fey 's joyous new creation '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Sunny , Dark Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Is the Best New Comedy This Year '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Unbreakable Kimy Schmidt : Season 1 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- AWARDS & NOMINATIONS '' . Television Academy Foundation . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` What 's Up With the Native American Subplot on Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Anne Helen ; Madison III , Ira ; Alvarez , Alex ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Has A Major Race Problem '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergado , Gabe ( March 9 , 2015 ) . `` The Dong Problem : How ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ' Deals With Race '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tina Fey Dodges ' Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Controversy : ' I 'm Opting Out ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Season 2 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ; Framke , Caroline ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Why does Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt keep choosing race as a hill to die on ? '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Season 3 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt - Season 4 Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt -- Season 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt on IMDb Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt at TV Guide Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services All About the Washingtons Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment The Innocents Ghoul Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Characters Kimmy Schmidt Titus Andromedon Lillian Kaushtupper Jacqueline White See also Episodes Awards and nominations Comedy portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unbreakable_Kimmy_Schmidt&oldid=857016159 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American LGBT comedy television series 2010s American sitcoms American LGBT - related sitcoms Media about cults English - language television programs Fictional cults Netflix original programming Single - camera television sitcoms Sitcoms without laugh tracks Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by Universal Television Television series created by Tina Fey Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in Indiana Television shows set in New York City Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable%20Kimmy%20Schmidt
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what is the largest state in south india in area
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S.No . Name ISO 3166 - 2 code Date of formation Population Area ( km ) Official language ( s ) Capital Population density ( per km ) Sex Ratio Literacy Rate ( % ) % of urban population Andhra Pradesh AP 1 Oct 1953 49,506,799 160,205 Telugu Hyderabad 308 996 67.41 29.4 Karnataka KA 1 Nov 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada Bengaluru 319 973 75.36 34.0 Kerala KL 1 Nov 1956 33,406,061 38,852 Malayalam Thiruvananthapuram 860 1084 94.00 26.0 Tamil Nadu TN 26 Jan 1950 72,147,030 130,060 Tamil Chennai 555 996 80.09 44.0 5 Telangana TS 2 Jun 2014 35,193,978 114,840 Telugu , Urdu Hyderabad 307 988 66.50 38.7
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Karnataka
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South India
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south india
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South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu , goa and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar , Lakshadweep and Puducherry , occupying 19.31 % of India 's area ( 635,780 km or 245,480 sq mi ) . Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau , South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east , the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south . The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges - the Western and Eastern Ghats , bordering the plateau heartland . Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri , Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water . Chennai , Bengaluru , Hyderabad , Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas .
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Majority of the people in South India speak one of the four major Dravidian languages : Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam . During its history , a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history and culture in those regions . Major dynasties that were established in South India include the Cheras , Cholas , Pandyas , Pallavas , Satavahanas , Chalukyas , Rashtrakutas and Vijayanagara . European countries entered India through Kerala and the region was colonised by Britain and other nations . After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after Indian independence , the economies of South Indian states have registered higher than national average growth over the past three decades . While South Indian states have improved in some socio - economic metrics , poverty continues to affect the region much like the rest of the country , although it has considerably decreased over the years . HDI in the southern states is high and the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than most northern states . Literacy rates in the southern states are higher than the national average with approximately 80 % of the population capable of reading and writing . The fertility rate in South India is 1.9 , the lowest of all regions in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Ancient era 2.2 Colonial era 2.3 Post Independence 3 Geography 4 Climate 5 Flora and fauna 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Religion 7 Economy 8 Subdivisions 8.1 States 8.2 Union territories 9 Administration 10 Politics 11 Culture and heritage 11.1 Clothing 11.2 Cuisine 11.3 Arts 11.4 Cinema 11.5 Literature 11.6 Architecture 12 Transport 12.1 Road 12.2 Rail 12.3 Air 12.4 Water 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) South India also known as Peninsular India has been known by several other names . The term `` Deccan '' referring to the area covered by the Deccan Plateau that covers most of peninsular India excluding the coastal areas is an anglicised form of the word Prakrit dakkhin derived from the Sanskrit word dakshina meaning south . Carnatic derived from `` Karnād '' or `` Karunād '' meaning high country has also been associated with South India . History ( edit ) Main article : History of South India Ancient era ( edit ) The Chola Empire during Rajendra Chola I , c. 1030 Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE . Artefacts such as ground stone axes , and minor copper objects have been found in the region . Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE , iron technology spread through the region ; however , there does not appear to be a fully developed Bronze Age preceding the Iron Age in South India . The region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean and East Asia . Trade with Phoenicians , Romans , Greeks , Arabs , Syrians , Jews and Chinese began from the Sangam period ( c. 3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD ) . The region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting the Asian continent in the East and the West . Several dynasties such as the Cheras of Karuvur , the Pandyas of Madurai , the Cholas of Thanjavur , the Satavahanas of Amaravati , the Pallavas of Kanchi , the Kadambas of Banavasi , the Western Gangas of Kolar , the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta , the Chalukyas of Badami , the Hoysalas of Belur and the Kakatiyas of Orugallu ruled over the region from 6th century B.C. to 14th century A.D. The Vijayanagara Empire , founded in 14th century A.D. was the last Indian dynasty that ruled over the region . After repeated invasions from the Sultanate of Delhi and the fall of Vijayanagara empire in 1646 , the region was ruled by Deccan Sultanates , polygars and Nayak governors of Vijayanagara empire who declared independence . Colonial era ( edit ) The Europeans arrived in the 15th century and by the middle of the 18th century , the French and the British were involved in a protracted struggle for military control over the South India . After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Anglo - Mysore War in 1799 and the end of the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 , the British consolidated their power over much of present - day South India with the exception of French Pondichéry . The British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857 . During the British colonial rule , the region was divided into the Madras Presidency , Hyderabad state , Mysore , Travancore , Kochi , Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states . The region played a major role in the Indian independence movement ; of the 72 delegates who participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress at Bombay in December 1885 , 22 hailed from South India . Post independence ( edit ) Map of South India ( 1953 -- 1956 ) before the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 After the independence of India in 1947 , the region was organised into four states : Madras State , Mysore State , Hyderabad State and Travancore - Cochin . The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu . As a result of this Act , Madras State retained its name and Kanyakumari district was added to it from the state of Travancore - Cochin . The state was subsequently renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968 . Andhra Pradesh was created through the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu - speaking districts of the Hyderabad State in 1956 . Kerala emerged from the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of the Madras State with Travancore - Cochin . Mysore State was re-organised with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara ( excluding Kasaragod taluk ) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State , the districts of Belgaum , Bijapur , North Canara and Dharwad from the Bombay State , the Kannada - majority districts of Bidar , Raichur and Gulbarga from the Hyderabad State and the province of Coorg . Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973 . The Union territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichérry , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé . The Laccadive Islands , which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State , were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep . Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 by bifurcating Andhra Pradesh and it comprises ten districts of the erstwhile state of Andhra Pradesh . ^ Taluk is a smaller administrative division than a district Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of South India Satellite image of South India South India is a peninsula in the shape of an inverted triangle bound by the Arabian Sea on the west , by the Bay of Bengal on the east and Vindhya and Satpura ranges on the north . The Narmada river flows westwards in the depression between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges which define the northern spur of the Deccan plateau . The Western Ghats run parallel along the western coast and the narrow strip of land between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea forms the Konkan region . The Western Ghats continue south until Kanyakumari . The Eastern Ghats run parallel along the eastern coast and the strip of land between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal forms the Coromandel region . Both the ranges meet at the Nilgiri mountains . The Nilgiris run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka , encompassing the Palakkad and Wayanad hills and the Sathyamangalam ranges , extending on to the relatively low - lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu -- Andhra Pradesh border forming the Tirupati and Annamalai hills . The low lying coral islands of Lakshadweep are situated off the south - western coast of India . The Andaman and Nicobar islands lie far off the eastern coast of India . The Palk Strait and the chain of low sandbars and islands known as Rama 's Bridge separate the region from Sri Lanka , which lies off the south - eastern coast . The southernmost tip of mainland India is at Kanyakumari where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea . The Deccan plateau is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges . The plateau rises to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) in the north and to more than 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) in the south , forming a raised triangle within the downward - pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent 's coastline . It also slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal . The volcanic basalt beds of the Deccan were laid down in the massive Deccan Traps eruption , which occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous period between 67 and 66 million years ago . Layer after layer was formed by the volcanic activity that lasted 30,000 years and when the volcanoes became extinct , they left a region of highlands with typically vast stretches of flat areas on top like a table . The plateau is watered by east flowing rivers Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri and Vaigai . The major tributaries include Pennar , Tungabhadra , Bhavani and Thamirabarani . Climate ( edit ) Climatic zones South - west monsoon currents The region has a tropical climate and depends on monsoons for rainfall . According to the Köppen climate classification , it has a non-arid climate with minimum mean temperatures of 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . The most humid is the tropical monsoon climate characterised by moderate to high year - round temperatures and seasonal heavy rainfall above 2,000 mm ( 79 in ) per year . The tropical climate is experienced in a strip of south - western lowlands abutting the Malabar Coast , the Western Ghats and the islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar are also subject to this climate . The tropical wet and dry climate , drier than areas with a tropical monsoon climate prevails over most of inland peninsular region except for a semi arid rain shadow east of the Western Ghats . Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) , summer is exceedingly hot with temperatures in low - lying areas exceeding 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) and the rainy season lasts from June to September with annual rainfall averaging between 750 and 1,500 mm ( 30 and 59 in ) across the region . Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September , most precipitation in India falls in Tamil Nadu , leaving other states comparatively dry . The hot semi-arid climate predominates the land east of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills . The region , which includes Karnataka , inland Tamil Nadu and western Andhra Pradesh , gets between 400 and 750 millimetres ( 15.7 and 29.5 in ) of rainfall annually with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20 -- 24 ° C ( 68 -- 75 ° F ) . The months between March and May are hot and dry with mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) , with 320 millimetres ( 13 in ) precipitation and without artificial irrigation , this region is not suitable for agriculture . The south -- west Monsoon from June to September accounts for most of the rainfall in the region . The Arabian Sea branch of the south - west monsoon hits the Western Ghats along the coastal state of Kerala and moves northwards along the Konkan coast with precipitation on coastal areas , west of the Western Ghats . The lofty Western Ghats prevent the winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau - hence the leeward region ( the region that deprived of winds ) receives very little rainfall . The Bay of Bengal branch of south - west monsoon heads toward north east India , picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal . The Coramandel coast does not receive much rainfall from the south - west monsoon due to the shape of the land . Tamil Nadu and southeast Andhra Pradesh receive rains from the north -- east Monsoon . The north - east monsoon take place from November to early March when the surface high - pressure system is strongest . The North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones occur throughout the year in Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea bringing devastating winds and heavy rainfall . Flora and fauna ( edit ) South India has the largest elephant population . Main articles : Wildlife of Karnataka , Wildlife of Tamil Nadu , Wildlife of Kerala , and List of birds of South India There is a wide diversity of plants and animals in South India , resulting from its varied climates and geography . Deciduous forests are found along the Western Ghats while tropical dry forests and scrub lands are common in the interior Deccan plateau . The southern Western Ghats have rainforests located at high altitudes called the South Western Ghats montane rain forests and the Malabar Coast moist forests are found on the coastal plains . The Western Ghats is one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Important ecological regions of South India are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve , located at the conjunction of the borders of Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the Nilgiri Hills and the Anamalai Hills in the Western Ghats . Bird sanctuaries including Vedanthangal , Ranganathittu , Kumarakom , Neelapattu and Pulicat are home to numerous migratory and local birds . Lakshadweep has been declared a bird sanctuary by the Wildlife Institute of India . Other protected ecological sites include the mangrove forests of Pichavaram in Tamil Nadu , the backwaters of Pulicat lake in Tamil Nadu and Vembanad , Ashtamudi , Paravur and Kayamkulam lakes in Kerala . The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km2 of ocean , islands and the adjoining coastline including coral reefs , salt marshes and mangroves . It is home to Endangered aquatic species including dolphins , dugongs , whales and sea cucumbers . The region is home to one of the largest populations of endangered Indian elephant and Bengal Tiger in India . Elephant populations are found in eight fragmented sites in South India ; in northern Karnataka , along the Western Ghats , in Bhadra -- Malnad , in Brahmagiri -- Nilgiris -- Eastern Ghats , in Nilambur -- Silent Valley -- Coimbatore , in Anamalai -- Parambikulam , in Periyar -- Srivilliputhur and Agasthyamalai The region is home to one - third of the tiger population and more than half of the elephant population of India . There are 14 Project Tiger reserves and 11 Project Elephant reserves in the region . Other threatened and endangered species found in the region include grizzled giant squirrel , grey slender loris , sloth bear , nilgiri tahr , nilgiri langur , lion - tailed macaque , and Indian leopard . Symbols of States of South India Name Animal Bird Tree Fruit Flower Andaman and Nicobar Islands Dugong ( Dugong dugon ) Andaman wood pigeon ( Columba palumboides ) Andaman padauk ( Pterocarpus dalbergioides ) Andaman crape myrtle ( Lagerstroemia hypoleuca ) Andhra Pradesh Blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ) Indian roller ( Coracias indica ) Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Mango ( Mangifera indica ) Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) Karnataka Indian Elephant ( Elephas maximus ) Indian roller ( Coracias indica ) Sandalwood ( Santalum album ) Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) Kerala Indian Elephant ( Elephas maximus ) Great hornbill ( Buceros bicornis ) Coconut ( Cocos nucifera ) Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Cana fistula ( Cassia fistula ) Lakshadweep Butterfly fish ( Chaetodon falcula ) Noddy tern ( Anous stolidus ) Bread fruit ( Artocarpus incisa ) Puducherry Indian palm squirrel ( Funambulus palmarum ) Koel ( Eudynamys scolopaceus ) Bael fruit ( Aegle marmelos ) Cannonball ( Couroupita guianensis ) Tamil Nadu Nilgiri tahr ( Nilgiritragus hylocrius ) Emerald dove ( Chalcophaps indica ) Palmyra palm ( Borassus flabellifer ) Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Glory lily ( Gloriosa superba ) Telangana Deer ( Axis axis ) Indian roller ( Coracias indica ) Khejri ( Prosopis cineraria ) Mango ( Mangifera indica ) Tanner 's Cassia ( Senna auriculata ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Dravidian peoples , Tamils , Telugus , Kannadas , and Malayalis Population Pyramid in South India As per the 2011 census of India , the estimated population of South India is 252 million , around one fifth of the total population of India . The region 's total fertility rate ( TFR ) was less than the population replacement level of 2.1 for all states with Kerala and Tamil Nadu having the lowest TFRs in India at 1.7 . As a result , the proportion of the population of South India to India 's total population has declined from 1981 to 2011 . The population density of the region is approximately 463 . Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 18 % of the population of the region . Agriculture is the major employer in the region with 47.5 % of the population is involved in agrarian activities . About 60 % of the population lives in permanent housing structures . 67.8 % of South India has access to tap water with wells and springs forming other major sources of water supply . After experiencing fluctuations in the decades immediately after the independence of India , the economies of South Indian states have registered growth higher than the national average over the past three decades . While South Indian states have improved in some of the socio - economic metrics , poverty continues to affect the region as it does the rest of the country , although it has considerably decreased over the years . Basis the 2011 census , HDI in the southern states is high and the economy has grown at a faster rate than most northern states . As per the 2011 census , the average literacy rate in South India is approximately 80 % , considerably higher than the Indian national average of 74 % with Kerala having the highest literacy rate of 93.91 % . South India has the highest sex ratio with Kerala and Tamil Nadu being the top two states . The South Indian states rank amongst the top 10 in economic freedom , life expectancy , access to drinking water , house ownership and TV ownership . Poverty rate is at 19 % while that in the other Indian states is at 38 % . The per capita income is ₹ 19,531 ( US $300 ) , which is more than double of the other Indian states ( ₹ 8,951 ( US $140 ) ) . Of the three demographic related targets of the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations expected to be achieved by 2015 , Kerala and Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009 . Languages ( edit ) Main article : Dravidian languages Dravidian language tree The largest linguistic group in South India is the Dravidian family of languages , a family of approximately 73 languages The major languages spoken include Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam . Tulu is spoken by about 1.5 million people in coastal Kerala and Karnataka and Konkani , an Indo - Aryan language , is spoken by half a million people in the Konkan coast . English is also widely spoken in urban areas of South India . Urdu is spoken by around 12 million Muslims in southern India . Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Malayalam , Urdu and Konkani are listed amongst the 22 official languages of India as per the Official Languages Act ( 1963 ) . Tamil was the first language to be granted classical language status by the Government of India in 2004 . Other major languages declared classical were Kannada ( in 2008 ) , Telugu ( in 2008 ) and Malayalam ( in 2013 ) S.No . Language Number of speakers Official in States Telugu 74,002,856 Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Yanam ( Puducherry ) Tamil 60,793,814 Tamil Nadu , Puducherry Kannada 37,924,011 Karnataka Malayalam 33,066,392 Kerala , Lakshadweep , Mahé , Puducherry 5 Konkani 2,489,015 Not Official in any South Indian State . Religion ( edit ) Religion Religion Percent ( % ) Hinduism 80 % Islam 11 % Christianity 8 % Other 1 % Hinduism is the major religion with about 80 % of the population adhering to it . About 11 % of the population follow Islam and 8 % follow Christianity . Evidence of prehistoric religion in South India comes from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals in Stone Age sites such as the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka . Hinduism , often regarded as the oldest religion in the world , traces its roots to prehistoric times in India . The main spiritual traditions of South India include both Shaivite and Vaishnavite branches of Hinduism , although Buddhist and Jain philosophies had been influential several centuries earlier . Ayyavazhi is spread significantly across the southern parts of South India . Islam was introduced to South India in the early 7th century by Arab traders in Malabar Coast of Kerala and spread during the rule of Deccan Sultanates from 17th to 18th century and the Muslims in Kerala of Arab descent are called Jonaka Mappila . Christianity was introduced to South India by Thomas the Apostle , who visited Muziris in Kerala in 52 CE and baptised Kerala 's Jewish settlements . Kerala is also home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world who are supposed to have arrived in the Malabar coast during the reign of King Solomon . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of South India Major crop areas The growth of information technology hubs in the region have spurred economic growth . Pictured is Tidel Park in Chennai The economy of South India after the independence of the nation conformed to a socialist framework , with strict governmental control over private sector participation , foreign trade and foreign direct investment . Through 1960 to 1990 , the South Indian economies experienced mixed economic growth . In the 1960s , Kerala achieved above average economic growth while Andhra Pradesh 's economy declined during this period . Kerala experienced an economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka consistently exceeded national average growth rates after 1970 due to reform - oriented economic policies compared to other Indian states . As of 2013 -- 14 , the total Gross domestic product of the region is ₹ 27.1 trillion ( US $420 billion ) . Tamil Nadu has the second highest GDP and is the second most industrialised state in the country after Maharashtra . As of March 2015 , there are 109 operational Special Economic Zones in South India , which is about 60 % of the country 's total . Over 48 % of South India 's population is engaged in agriculture , which is largely dependent on seasonal monsoons . Some of the main crops cultivated in South India include paddy , sorghum , pearl millet , pulses , sugarcane , cotton , chilli and ragi . Areca , coffee , tea , rubber and spices are cultivated on the hilly regions . The staple food is rice ; the delta regions of Godavari , Krishna and Kaveri are amongst the top rice producing areas in the country . Frequent droughts have left farmers debt - ridden , forcing them to sell their livestock and sometimes to commit suicide . The region accounts for 92 % of the total Coffee production in India . South India is also a major producer of cotton , tea , rubber , turmeric , mangoes and spices . Other major agriculture related produce include silk and poultry . Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad , Coimbatore and Thiruvananthapuram are amongst the major IT hubs of India and Bangalore is also known as the Silicon Valley of India . The growth of information technology ( IT ) hubs in the region have spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country . Software exports from South India grossed over ₹ 640 billion ( US $10 billion ) in fiscal 2005 -- 06 . Chennai , known as the `` Detroit of Asia '' , accounts for about 35 % of India 's overall automotive components and automobile output . Coimbatore region supplies two - thirds of India 's requirements of motors and pumps and is one of the largest exporters of jewellery , wet grinders and auto components . The other major industry is textiles with the region being home to nearly 60 % of the fibre textile mills in India . Tourism contributes significantly to the GDP of the region with four states - Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana - among the top 10 states for tourist arrivals and accounting for more than 50 % of domestic tourist visits . ( hide ) Economic and demographic indicators Parameter South India National Gross domestic product ( GDP ) ₹ 27.1 trillion ( US $420 billion ) ₹ 104.7 trillion ( US $1.6 trillion ) Net state domestic product ( SDP ) ₹ 27,027 ( US $420 ) ₹ 23,222 ( US $360 ) Population below poverty line 17.4 % 26.1 % Urban population 32.8 % 27.8 % Households with electricity 89.3 % 67.9 % Literacy rate 80 % 74 % Subdivisions ( edit ) South India consists of the five southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Puducherry , Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar . Puducherry and the five states have an elected state government each , while the Lakshadweep and Andaman islands are centrally administered by the President of India . Each sub-region is further divided into districts . Each state is headed by a Governor , who is a direct appointee of the President of India , while the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the state 's ruling party or coalition . States ( edit ) S.No . Name ISO 3166 - 2 code Date of formation Population Area ( km ) Official language ( s ) Capital Population density ( per km ) Sex Ratio Literacy Rate ( % ) % of urban population Andhra Pradesh AP 1 Oct 1953 49,506,799 160,205 Telugu Hyderabad 308 996 67.41 29.4 Karnataka KA 1 Nov 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada Bengaluru 319 973 75.36 34.0 Kerala KL 1 Nov 1956 33,406,061 38,852 Malayalam Thiruvananthapuram 860 1084 94.00 26.0 Tamil Nadu TN 26 Jan 1950 72,147,030 130,060 Tamil Chennai 555 996 80.09 44.0 5 Telangana TS 2 Jun 2014 35,193,978 114,840 Telugu , Urdu Hyderabad 307 988 66.50 38.7 ^ Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states , Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014 . Hyderabad , located entirely within the borders of Telangana , is to serve as joint capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . Union territories ( edit ) S.No . Name ISO 3166 - 2 code Population Area ( km ) Official language Capital Population density ( per km ) Sex Ratio Literacy Rate ( % ) % of urban population Andaman and Nicobar AN 380,581 8,249 English , Hindi Port Blair 46 876 86.27 32.6 Lakshadweep LD 64,473 30 English , Malayalam Kavaratti 2,013 946 92.28 44.5 Puducherry PY 1,247,953 490 Tamil , Malayalam , Telugu Puducherry 2,598 1037 86.55 66.6 Administration ( edit ) Legislative assemblies of states Fort St. George ( Tamil Nadu ) Vidhan Bhavan ( Telangana ) Vidhan Soudha ( Karnataka ) Niyamasabha Mandiram ( Kerala ) South India elects 132 members to the Lok Sabha accounting for roughly one - fourth of the total strength . The region has an allocation of 58 seats in Rajya Sabha out of the total 245 . Each state is headed by a Governor , who is a direct appointee of the President of India ; the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government and represents the ruling party or coalition . Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Puducherry follow unicameral legislature while Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Telangana follow bicameral legislature . State legislatures elect members for terms of five years . States with bicameral legislatures have an upper house ( Legislative Council ) with members not more than one - third the size of the Assembly . Governors may suspend or dissolve assemblies and can administer when no party is able to form a government . Each state is organised into a number of districts , which are further subdivided into revenue divisions and taluk s ( or tehsils ) for administration . Local bodies govern respective cities , towns and villages with each electing a mayor , municipal chairman and panchayat chairman respectively to head the same . State / UT Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Vidhan Sabha Governor / Lieutenant Governor Chief Minister Andaman and Nicobar N / A N / A A.K. Singh N / A Andhra Pradesh 25 11 175 E.S.L. Narasimhan N. Chandrababu Naidu Karnataka 28 12 224 Vajubhai Vala Siddaramaiah Kerala 20 9 140 P. Sathasivam Pinarayi Vijayan Lakshadweep N / A N / A H. Rajesh Prasad N / A Puducherry 30 Kiran Bedi V. Narayanasamy Tamil Nadu 39 18 234 Vidyasagar Rao Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana 17 7 119 E.S.L. Narasimhan K. Chandrashekar Rao Total 132 58 922 Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics in South India Politics in South India is characterised by a mix of regional and national political parties . Justice Party and Swaraj Party were the two major parties in the erstwhile Madras Presidency . The Justice Party eventually lost the 1937 elections to the Indian National Congress and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari became the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency . During the 1920s and 1930s , the Self - Respect Movement emerged in the Madras Presidency spearheaded by Theagaroya Chetty and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker ( commonly known as Periyar ) . In 1944 Periyar , who had started the Self - Respect Movement transformed the party into a social organisation , renaming the party Dravidar Kazhagam , and withdrew from electoral politics . The initial aim was the secession of Dravida Nadu from the rest of India on independence . After Independence , C.N. Annadurai , a follower of Periyar formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in 1948 . The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties which formed its first government in 1967 in Tamil Nadu . In 1972 , a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam led by M.G. Ramachandran . Dravidian parties continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics ; the national parties usually aligned as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties , AIADMK and DMK . Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of K. Kamaraj , who led the party after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru and ensured the selection of Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi . Congress continues to be a major party in Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Kerala . The party ruled with minimal opposition for 30 years in Andhra Pradesh before the formation of Telugu Desam Party by Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao in 1982 . Two prominent party systems in Kerala are the United Democratic Front , led by the Indian National Congress and the Left Democratic Front , led by the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) . For the past fifty years , these two coalitions have been alternately in power and E.M.S. Namboodiripad , the first elected chief minister of Kerala in 1957 is credited as the leader of the first democratically elected communist government in the world . Bharatiya Janata Party and Janata Dal are significant parties in Karnataka . C. Rajagopalachari , the first Indian Governor General of India post independence , was from South India . The region has produced six Indian Presidents namely Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , V.V. Giri , Neelam Sanjiva Reddy , R. Venkataraman , K.R. Narayanan and APJ Abdul Kalam . Prime Ministers P.V. Narasimha Rao and H.D. Deve Gowda were from the region . Culture and Heritage ( edit ) Main article : South Indian culture Clothing ( edit ) South Indian women traditionally wear a sari , a garment that consists of a drape varying from 5 yards ( 4.6 m ) to 9 yards ( 8.2 m ) in length and 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) to 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist , with one end draped over the shoulder , baring the midriff . Ancient Tamil poetry such as the Silappadhikaram describes women in exquisite drapery or sari . The sari is to be wrapped around the waist , with the loose end of the drape to be worn over the shoulder , baring the midriff as according to Indian philosophy , the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity . Madisar is a typical style worn by Brahmin ladies from Tamil Nadu . Women wear colourful silk sarees on special occasions such as marriages . The men wear a dhoti , a 4.5 metres ( 15 ft ) long , white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes . It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist . A colourful lungi with typical batik patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside . People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing and western dress is popular in urban areas . Western - style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools even in rural areas . A traditional meal served on a banana leaf Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : South Indian cuisine Rice is the staple diet , while fish is an integral component of coastal South Indian meals . Coconut and spices are used extensively in South Indian cuisine . The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes comprising rice , legumes and lentils . Its distinct aroma and flavour is achieved by the blending of flavourings and spices including curry leaves , mustard seeds , coriander , ginger , garlic , chili , pepper , cinnamon , cloves , green cardamom , cumin , nutmeg , coconut and rosewater . The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor , having the food served on a banana leaf and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth . After the meal , the fingers are washed ; the easily degradable banana leaf is discarded or becomes fodder for cattle . Eating on banana leaves is a custom thousands of years old , imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy . Idli , dosa , uthappam , appam , pongal and paniyaram are popular dishes for breakfast . Rice is served with sambar , rasam and poriyal for lunch . Andhra cuisine is characterised by pickles and spicy curries . Chettinad cuisine is famous for non-vegetarian items and Hyderabadi cuisine is popular for its biryani . Arts ( edit ) South Indian dance forms Bharatanatyam ( Tamil Nadu ) Kathakali ( Kerala ) Kuchipudi ( Andhra Pradesh ) Yakshagana ( Karnataka ) The traditional music of South India is known as Carnatic music , which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers like Purandara Dasa , Kanaka Dasa , Tyagayya , Annamacharya , Bhakta Ramadasu , Muthuswami Dikshitar , Shyama Shastri , Kshetrayya , Mysore Vasudevachar and Swathi Thirunal . The main instrument that is used in South Indian Hindu temples is the nadaswaram , a reed instrument played along with thavil , a type of drum instrument to create an ensemble . The motion picture industry has emerged as an important platform in South India over the years , portraying the cultural changes , trends , aspirations and developments experienced by its people . South India is home to several distinct dance forms such as Bharatanatyam , Kathakali , Kerala Natanam , Koodiyattam , Kuchipudi , Margamkali , Mohiniaattam , Oppana , Ottamthullal , Theyyam , Vilasini Natyam and Yakshagana . The dance , clothing and sculptures of South India exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood . Cinema ( edit ) Films in regional languages are prevalent ; this includes Kannada cinema ( Karnataka ) , Malayalam cinema ( Kerala ) , Tamil cinema ( Tamil Nadu ) and Telugu cinema ( Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ) . The first silent film in South India , Keechaka Vadham , was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916 . In South India , the first Tamil talkie , Kalidas , was released on 31 October 1931 , barely seven months after India 's first talking picture Alam Ara Mudaliar also established South India 's first film studio in Madras . Swamikannu Vincent built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore and introduced the concept of `` tent cinema '' , the first of whose kind was established in Madras and was known as `` Edison 's Grand Cinemamegaphone '' . Filmmakers K Balachandar , Balu Mahendra , Bharathiraaja and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema , Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Shaji N. Karun , John Abraham and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema , and K.N.T. Sastry and B. Narsing Rao in Telugu cinema produced realistic parallel cinema throughout the 1970s , Cinema has also exerted its influence on politics ; prominent film personalities like CN Annadurai , MG Ramachandran , M Karunanidhi , N.T. Rama Rao and Jayalalithaa have become Chief Ministers . As of 2014 , South Indian film industry contribute to 53 % of the total films produced in India . Table : Feature films certified by the Central Board of Film Certification ( 2017 ) Language No. of films Telugu 294 Tamil 304 Malayalam 156 Kannada 220 Tulu 9 Konkani 13 Total 996 Literature ( edit ) The large gopuram is a hallmark of Dravidian architecture . South India has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years ago . The first known literature of South India is the poetic Sangam literature , written in Tamil 2500 to 2100 years ago . The literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as Tamil Sangams that were held in the ancient times on a now vanished continent far to the south of India . This literature includes the oldest grammar treatise Tholkappiyam and epics Silappatikaram and Manimekalai written in Tamil . References to Kannada literature appear from fourth century CE . Telugu literature adopted a form of Prakrit which in course of development became the immediate ancestor of Telugu . Distinct Malayalam literature came later in the 13th century . Architecture ( edit ) South India has two distinct styles of rock architecture , the Dravidian style of Tamil Nadu and the Vesara style of Karnataka . The temples considered of porches or mantapas preceding the door leading to the sanctum , gate - pyramids or gopurams , which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples and pillared halls used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples . Besides these , a South Indian temple typically has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni . The gopuram is a monumental tower , usually ornate at the entrance of any temple in Southern India . This forms a prominent feature of koil s , Hindu temples of the Dravidian style . They are topped by the kalasam , a spherical stone finial , and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex . The origins of the gopuram can be traced back to early structures of the Pallavas and by the twelfth century , under the Pandya rulers , these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple 's outer appearance , eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the colossal size of the gopuram . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in South India Map showing highway distribution with population density Road ( edit ) South India has an extensive road network with 20,573 km ( 12,783 mi ) of National Highways and 46,813 km ( 29,088 mi ) of State Highways . The Golden Quadrilateral connects Chennai in the region with Mumbai via Bangalore and Kolkata via Visakhapatnam . Bus services are provided by state run transport corporations namely Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation , Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation , Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation , Telangana State Road Transport Corporation , Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and Puducherry Road Transport Corporation . State National Highway State Highway Motor vehicles per 1000 pop . Andhra Pradesh 7,356 km ( 4,571 mi ) 10,650 km ( 6,620 mi ) 145 Karnataka 6,432 km ( 3,997 mi ) 20,774 km ( 12,908 mi ) 182 Tamil Nadu 5,006 km ( 3,111 mi ) 10,764 km ( 6,688 mi ) 257 Telangana 2,635 km ( 1,637 mi ) 3,152 km ( 1,959 mi ) N / A Kerala 1,811 km ( 1,125 mi ) 4,341 km ( 2,697 mi ) 198 Andaman and Nicobar 330 km ( 210 mi ) 38 km ( 24 mi ) 152 Puducherry 64 km ( 40 mi ) 246 km ( 153 mi ) 521 Total 22,635 km ( 14,065 mi ) 49,965 km ( 31,047 mi ) Rail ( edit ) Indian Railway zonal map The Great Southern India Railway Company was founded in England in 1853 and registered in 1859 . Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80 miles ( 130 km ) link from Trichinopoly to Negapatam was opened in 1861 . The Carnatic Railway Company was founded in 1864 and opened a Madras - Arakkonam - Conjeevaram line in 1865 . The Great Southern India Railway was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company . In 1880 , the Great Indian Peninsula Railway established by the British , built a railway network radiating inward from Madras . In 1879 , the Madras Railway constructed a railway line from Royapuram to Bangalore and the Maharaja of Mysore established Mysore State Railway to carryout extension from Bangalore to Mysore . Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway was founded on 1 January 1908 by merging the Madras Railway and the Southern Mahratta Railway . On 14 April 1951 , the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway , the South Indian Railway and the Mysore State Railway were merged to form the Southern Railway , the first zone of Indian Railways . The South Central zone was created on 2 October 1966 as the ninth zone of Indian Railways and the South Western zone was created on 1 April 2003 . Most of the region is covered by the three zones with small portions of coasts covered by East Coast Railway and Konkan Railway . Metro rail is operated by Namma Metro in Bangalore , Chennai Metro in Chennai , Coimbatore Metro in Coimbatore , Kochi Metro in Kochi and Hyderabad Metro in Hyderabad . Chennai MRTS provides suburban rail services in Chennai and was the first elevated railway line in India . The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a UNESCO World Heritage site . Sl . No Name of the Railway zone Abbr . Route length ( in Km ) Headquarters Founded Divisions Major Stations 1 . Southern SR 5,098 Chennai 14 April 1951 Chennai , Tiruchirappalli , Madurai , Palakkad , Salem , Thiruvananthapuram Chennai Central , Coimbatore Main , Ernakulam , Erode , Katpadi , Kollam , Kozhikode , Madurai , Mangalore Central , Palakkad , Salem , Thiruvananthapuram Central , Thrissur , Tiruchirappalli , Tirunelveli 2 . South Central SCR 5,803 Secunderabad 2 October 1966 Secunderabad , Vijayawada , Hyderabad , Guntakal , Guntur , Nanded Guntur , Nellore , Secunderabad , Tirupati Main , Vijayawada 3 . South Western SWR 3,177 Hubli 1 April 2003 Hubli , Bangalore , Mysore , Gulbarga Bangalore City , Hubli , Mysore 4 . East Coast ECoR 2,572 Bhubaneswar 1 April 2003 Khurda Road , Sambalpur , Waltair Visakhapatnam 5 . Konkan KR 741 Navi Mumbai 26 January 1988 Karwar , Ratnagiri Madgaon Air ( edit ) In March 1930 , a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club which became a pioneer in pilot training South India . On 15 October 1932 , Indian aviator J.R.D. Tata flew a Puss Moth aircraft carrying mail from Karachi to Bombay ( currently Mumbai ) and the aircraft continued to Madras ( currently Chennai ) piloted by Neville Vincent , a former Royal Air Force pilot and friend of Tata . There are 9 international airports , 2 customs airports , 15 domestic airports and 11 air bases in South India . Chennai airport serves as the regional headquarters of the Airports Authority of India for the southern region of India comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Telangana and the union territories of Puducherry and Lakshadweep . Bangalore , Chennai , Hyderabad and Kochi are amongst the top 10 busiest airports in the country . The Southern Air Command of Indian Air Force is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram and the Training Command is headquartered at Bangalore . The Indian Air Force operates eleven air bases in Southern India including two in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . The Indian Navy operates airbases at Kochi , Arakkonam , Uchipuli , Vizag , Campbell Bay and Diglipur in the region . State / UT International Customs Domestic Military Andaman and Nicobar 0 0 Andhra Pradesh Karnataka 0 Kerala 0 0 Lakshadweep 0 0 0 Puducherry 0 0 0 Tamil Nadu 6 Telangana 0 Total 10 14 16 ^ Restricted international airport Rank Name City State IATA Code Total Passengers ( 2015 ) Kempegowda International Airport Bangalore Karnataka BLR 18,971,149 Chennai International Airport Chennai Tamil Nadu MAA 15,218,017 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad Telangana HYD 12,388,159 Cochin International Airport Kochi Kerala COK 7,749,901 5 Thiruvananthapuram International Airport Thiruvananthapuram Kerala TRV 3,470,788 6 Kozhikode International Airport Kozhikode Kerala CCJ 2,305,547 7 Visakhapatnam Airport Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh VTZ 1,804,634 8 Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore Tamil Nadu CJB 1,691,553 9 Mangalore International Airport Mangalore Karnataka IXE 1,674,251 10 Tiruchirappalli International Airport Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu TRZ 1,297,212 11 Madurai International Airport Madurai Tamil Nadu IXM 1,012,212 Water ( edit ) A total of 89 ports are situated along the coast : Tamil Nadu ( 15 ) , Karnataka ( 10 ) , Kerala ( 17 ) , Andhra Pradesh ( 12 ) , Lakshadweep ( 10 ) , Pondicherry ( 2 ) and Andaman & Nicobar ( 23 ) . Major ports include Chennai , Visakhapatnam , Mangalore , Tuticorin , Ennore and Kochi . Name State Cargo Handled ( FY 2014 -- 15 ) ' 000 tonnes % Increase ( over previous FY ) Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 58,004 - 0.85 % ↓ Chennai Tamil Nadu 52,541 2.81 % ↑ Mangalore Karnataka 36,566 - 7.11 % ↓ Tuticorin Tamil Nadu 32,414 13.17 % ↑ Ennore Tamil Nadu 30,251 10.66 % ↑ Kochi Kerala 21,595 3.39 % ↑ The Kerala backwaters are a network of interconnected canals , rivers , lakes and inlets , a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways . In the midst of this landscape , there are a number of towns and cities , which serve as the starting and end points of transportation services and backwater cruises . The Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy are headquartered at Visakhapatnam and Kochi respectively . Indian Navy has its major operational bases in Visakhapatnam , Chennai , Kochi , Karwar and Kavaratti in the region . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20India
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where is the mexican little league team from
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The Perfect Game is a 2009 American drama film directed by William Dear , based on the 2008 book of the same name written by W. William Winokur . The film is based on the events leading to the 1957 Little League World Series , which was won by the first team from outside the United States , the Industrial Little League of Monterrey , Mexico , who defeated the heavily favored U.S. team . Mexican pitcher Ángel Macías threw the first , and so far only , perfect game in championship game history .
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Monterrey , Mexico
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The Perfect Game
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the perfect game
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The Perfect Game is a 2009 American drama film directed by William Dear , based on the 2008 book of the same name written by W. William Winokur . The film is based on the events leading to the 1957 Little League World Series , which was won by the first team from outside the United States , the Industrial Little League of Monterrey , Mexico , who defeated the heavily favored U.S. team . Mexican pitcher Ángel Macías threw the first , and so far only , perfect game in championship game history .
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Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Reception 5 Release 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Plot ( edit ) César Faz ( Clifton Collins , Jr . ) , moves to Monterrey , Mexico , after he is let go by the St. Louis Cardinals from his job as a clubhouse attendant . There he meets local children being led by Padre Esteban ( Cheech Marin ) , enjoying baseball ; he takes pitcher Ángel Macías ( Jake T. Austin ) , under his wing and brags about his own pitching skills and how he used to coach the Cardinals . Ángel convinces César to help recruit and coach Monterrey 's first - ever Little League team . With César 's skills and Padre Esteban 's support , the boys hone themselves into a competitive team worthy of international competition . At the final game of the World Series of Little League , Monterrey defeated the team of West La Mesa , California , 4 -- 0 . Enrique Suárez ( Jansen Panettiere ) , hit a grand slam home run , and Ángel Macías pitched a perfect game , a feat that has not since been repeated in Little League World Series history . When the team arrives in the United States , they are met with racism , a language barrier , and visa troubles . Though the underdogs , the team scores a series of victories that endear them to the media , and new fans . They befriend a sports reporter , Frankie ( Emilie de Ravin ) , and the groundskeeper , Cool Papa Bell ( Louis Gossett Jr . ) , who then assist the boys in reaching the final game . Cast ( edit ) Actor Jake T. Austin in 2008 Clifton Collins , Jr. as César Faz Cheech Marin as Padre Esteban Moisés Arias as Mario Ontiveros Jake T. Austin as Ángel Macías Ryan Ochoa as Norberto Villarreal Carlos Padilla as Baltazar Charles Gabriel Morales as Ricardo Treviño Jansen Panettiere as Enrique Suárez Carlos Gómez as Umberto Macías Alfredo Rodríguez as José Pepe Maiz Emilie de Ravin as Frankie Samantha Boscarino as Gloria Patricia Manterola as María Louis Gossett Jr. as Cool Papa Bell William May as Juan Bruce McGill as Tanner David Koechner as Charlie Frances Fisher as Betty Wyatt Smith as Jarrett Marc Musso as Tommy Tracey Walter as Police Officer Riley Wells as a spectator at the Little League World Series Background ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( August 2012 ) The film is based on a true story about a group of boys from Monterrey , Mexico , who became the first non-U.S. team to win the Little League World Series in 1957 . Their team was Industriales de Monterrey , nicknamed `` Los pequeños gigantes '' ( The little giants ) . Before traveling to the United States , the Little League team of the Industriales de Monterrey Baseball Club , played two seasons on the local 4 team Little League circuit before qualifying , as the second Little League team coming from outside of the United States and Canada ; they participated in the southern area regional tournaments , which qualified them for the Little League World Series , held every August in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . The Industriales won all qualifying tournaments , to many rather unexpectedly , and advanced to the Little League World Series as the first Mexican team . There , they made it to the finals and defeated the highly favored team from La Mesa , California by a score of 4 - 0 . The pitcher from Monterrey , Angel Macías , threw the first and only perfect game in championship history . The Industriales de Monterrey little league team was so dominant that year , that they were able to repeat their success in the following year in the 1958 Little League World Series . The film scenes in Monterrey , which is the leading industrial center , one of the largest Mexican cities for over 100 years and a major center for science and research in Mexico , depicted the city as a two - burro village where the children played ball in the dirt choked streets with pigs and chickens serving as bases . The border between Mexico and Texas was portrayed as an out - in - the - middle - of - nowhere border crossing along a dirt road , instead of a bridge border - crossing over the Rio Grande . The digital work to recreate the separate looks for the United States and Monterrey in 1957 was done by Post Logic Studios . Reception ( edit ) The film has received mixed reviews . Patrick Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times said he felt that `` the film did a nice job of telling the story of the surprise upset when a youth ball team from Monterrey , Mexico , won the 1957 Little League World Series . '' He also commented that , `` although the story seems like a fable , it reflected true events . '' He further expressed concern over Lionsgate 's suspending the original release date . Ben Apatoff of MLB.com felt that the film was a strong family movie that appeals to baseball history buffs or any person who could relate to a child in love with the game . Roger Ebert wrote : `` You sort of know how these underdog sports movies turn out . Does n't matter . The Perfect Game so expertly uses the charisma and personalities of the actors , especially the young ones , that it 's thrilling anyway . '' A.O. Scott of At the Movies said , `` ( From ) the second minute of the movie I knew every single thing that was going to happen and there was not a single surprise . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune wrote , `` The movie feels fraudulent , whether it 's sticking to the historical record or going its own way with the customary composites and revisions and fabrications . '' The film ranking website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54 % of critics have given The Perfect Game positive reviews , based upon a sample of 39 . Release ( edit ) The film screened at the 2009 Guadalajara International Film Festival , with Eva Longoria invited to the preview . Louis Gossett Jr. was also in attendance for the premiere . The film was originally to be released in theaters on August 8 , 2008 , but it was bumped from that date , which Lionsgate said was due to marketing monies another party pledged but did not deliver . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Apatoff , Ben ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Little Leaguers make waves '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Jim ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` The Little League World Series ' Only Perfect Game '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck , Stacy Jenel Smith ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` Clifton Collins Jr. on `` The Perfect Game '' `` . The National Ledger . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Post Logic Studios Completes Digital Intermediate and VFX Work for The Perfect Game '' . postproductionbuyersguide.com . Post Production . July 9 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Patrick ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Lionsgate 's ' Perfect Game ' : Bumped to season 's end ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Robert . suntimes.com , `` The Perfect Game '' . Accessed 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Perfect Game ' : Real - life baseball fable turns into an easy out '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` The Perfect Game - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staff ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Film Festival widens its reach '' . Guadalajara Reporter . pp. paragraph 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Eva Longoria absolument divine ... pour son retour au pays '' . wabayn.com ( in French ) . March 23 , 2009 . pp. paragraph 2 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Gossett attends the Guadalajara Film Festival '' . louisgossett.com . March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jorn , John ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Lionsgate 's novel plan of attack : Blitz ' em '' . The Los Angeles Times . pp. paragraph 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Further reading ( edit ) Morrison , Jim , `` Little League World Series ' Only Perfect Game '' , Smithsonian magazine , April 6 , 2010 `` Golden Anniversary of Little League 's `` Perfect Game '' Celebrated `` , Little League Communications Division , Williamsport , Pennsylvania , October 7 , 2008 Sanchez , Jesse , `` History of baseball in Mexico '' , Major League Baseball ( mlb.com ) , January 7 , 2004 `` Sport : Ambidextrous Angel '' , Time magazine , Monday , Sep. 02 , 1957 External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Official website The Perfect Game on IMDb The Perfect Game at AllMovie The Perfect Game at Box Office Mojo The Perfect Game at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by William Dear Nymph ( 1973 ) Northville Cemetery Massacre ( 1976 ) Elephant Parts ( 1981 ) Timerider : The Adventure of Lyle Swann ( 1982 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) Wild America ( 1997 ) Santa Who ? ( 2000 ) School of Life ( 2005 ) The Foursome ( 2006 ) Simon Says ( 2006 ) The Sandlot : Heading Home ( 2007 ) The Perfect Game ( 2009 ) Free Style ( 2009 ) Mr. Troop Mom ( 2009 ) Politics of Love ( 2011 ) A Mile in His Shoes ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Perfect_Game&oldid=863334710 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films American films American baseball films American drama films Films scored by Bill Conti Films directed by William Dear Films set in Mexico Films set in 1957 Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Film articles using image size parameter Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from August 2012 All articles needing rewrite Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 04 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Perfect%20Game
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who plays penny's boyfriend on big bang theory
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Brian Patrick Wade ( born June 9 , 1978 ) is an American actor and physical trainer , best known for his television roles as Capt . Craig Schwetje in the mini-series Generation Kill , as Kurt , Penny 's former love interest , in The Big Bang Theory , and as the Alpha Werewolf Ennis on Teen Wolf .
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Brian Patrick Wade
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Brian Patrick Wade
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brian patrick wade
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Brian Patrick Wade ( born June 9 , 1978 ) is an American actor and physical trainer , best known for his television roles as Capt . Craig Schwetje in the mini-series Generation Kill , as Kurt , Penny 's former love interest , in The Big Bang Theory , and as the Alpha Werewolf Ennis on Teen Wolf .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Wade made his debut in 2002 as a hunky lap dancer on CSI : Miami . He later appeared in the films Latter Days and The Guardian . He later appeared on television in episodes of Two and a Half Men , Sabrina , the Teenage Witch , NCIS , Las Vegas , Surface , ' Til Death , The Closer , The Game , and Teen Wolf . He appeared in three episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. portraying Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , also known as the Absorbing Man . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role 2002 Sabrina , The Teenage Witch Kim Bring It On Again Fathead 2005 Las Vegas Muscular Guy 2006 Two and a Half Men Sam The Guardian Mitch Lyons 2007 , 2009 The Big Bang Theory Kurt 2008 Generation Kill Cpt . Craig `` Encino Man '' Schwetje 2013 Teen Wolf Ennis 2014 The Mentalist Martin Hagen 2014 -- 16 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D Carl Creel / Absorbing Man References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Profile , tcm.com ; accessed August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Profile , superherohype.com ; accessed August 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Brian Patrick Wade on IMDb VIAF : 120528315 LCCN : no2010057701 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Patrick_Wade&oldid=816650389 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male models American exercise instructors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Patrick%20Wade
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where did the expression yellow belly come from
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Yellowbelly ( Lincolnshire )
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yellowbelly ( lincolnshire )
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A yellowbelly ( or yeller belly ) is a person from Lincolnshire , England . The origin of this nickname is disputed , and many explanations have been offered . These include :
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The officers of the Royal North Lincolnshire Militia used to wear bright yellow waistcoats The uniforms of the old Lincolnshire Regiment were green with yellow facings . The fastenings of the uniform tunic , which were known as frogs , were also yellow . A species of newt , frog or eel ( there is disagreement on this point ) found in the Lincolnshire Fens had yellow undersides . Bacon hung up and stored for a long time turned yellow ( reasty ) . The backs of farm workers who stripped to the waist in hot weather turned dark brown but their bellies turned yellow . It is a derogatory name , implying that the Fen - dwellers creep around in the mud , and so get yellow bellies . Opium extracted from poppy heads , and taken to relieve malaria that was prevalent in the fens in earlier centuries , turned the skin a shade of yellow . Sheep grazing in mustard fields were dusted by pollen from the blossom that turned their undersides yellow . Alternatively , the long under wool of sheep grazing in the Lincolnshire Wolds became discoloured by the yellow clay . ( Neither of these can be considered a unique occurrence in Lincolnshire however ) Women traders on street markets in past times are reputed to have worn a leather apron with two pockets , one for copper and silver and one for gold . At the end of a good day they would say they had ' a yellow belly ' meaning they had taken a large number of gold sovereigns . The expression is based on the old belief that if a person born in Lincolnshire placed a shilling on their abdomen on retiring to bed and slept flat on their back all night , then the next morning the shilling would have turned into a gold sovereign . The stage coaches that operated in Lincolnshire in times past had yellow body work . A folk etymology says that the term originated from Elloe , the name of the rural deanery that serves the fen area of the Lincoln Diocese . This in turn took its name from the Saxon Wapentake which was referred to as þe Elloe Bellie - Elloe meaning out of the morass while bel was the Celtic word for hole or hollow . Less reputable inhabitants of Cleethorpes may have engaged in a form of piracy . They took torches down to the beach on dark nights and used them to trick passing ships into sailing towards the lights believing it to be the harbour . The ships would hit the shallow waters on the Cleethorpes coast and run aground where they would be raided for their cargo . On one occasion the locals are supposed to have believed they had lured a ship whose cargo had great value , but when they found the cargo was actually a vast amount of yellow flannel material . They could not be seen selling or using the cloth they had stolen so in order not to waste it they made undergarments out of it , so many of the locals were soon in possession of flannel vests and became yellow bellies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John R. Ketteringham . A Lincolnshire Hotchpotch . ISBN 978 - 0951273814 External links ( edit ) Lincolnshire people -- BBC page ; offers a number of explanations for the name . Nobbut A Yellerbelly -- Publisher 's page ; gives a short description of this book on the Lincolnshire accent , with examples . By Alan Stennett . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84674 - 005 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowbelly_(Lincolnshire)&oldid=795023502 '' Categories : People from Lincolnshire Regional nicknames History of Lincolnshire Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from June 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 32 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowbelly%20%28Lincolnshire%29
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who played the original tarzan in the tv series
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Tarzan is a series that aired on NBC from 1966 -- 1968 . The series portrayed Tarzan ( played by Ron Ely ) as a well - educated character who had grown tired of civilization , and returned to the jungle where he had been raised . It was filmed in Brazil . The production later relocated to Mexico . This series was set in the newly - independent Africa of the time .
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Ron Ely
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Tarzan ( 1966 TV series )
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tarzan ( 1966 tv series )
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Tarzan is a series that aired on NBC from 1966 -- 1968 . The series portrayed Tarzan ( played by Ron Ely ) as a well - educated character who had grown tired of civilization , and returned to the jungle where he had been raised . It was filmed in Brazil . The production later relocated to Mexico . This series was set in the newly - independent Africa of the time .
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This series retained many of the trappings of the film series , included the `` Tarzan yell '' and Cheeta , but excluded Jane as part of the `` new look '' for the fabled apeman that executive producer Sy Weintraub had introduced in previous motion pictures starring Gordon Scott , Jock Mahoney , and Mike Henry . CBS aired repeat episodes of the program during the summer of 1969 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Recurring Appearances 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 : 1966 -- 67 2.2 Season 2 : 1967 -- 68 3 DVD / syndication 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Tarzan ... Ron Ely Jai ... Manuel Padilla , Jr . Jason Flood ... Alan Caillou Rao ... Rockne Tarkington Recurring appearances ( edit ) Maurice Evans had a recurring guest - starring role as retired Brigadier Sir Basil Bertram , hero of the Battle of the Bulge . Julie Harris had a recurring guest - starring role as missionary Charity Jones . Chips Rafferty had a recurring guest - starring role as Dutch Jensen . Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 : 1966 -- 67 ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date `` Eyes of the Lion '' Charles S. Dubin George F. Slavin September 8 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 08 ) When a blind girl 's seeing eye lion is mistaken for a rogue , Tarzan must prove the beast 's innocence . `` The Ultimate Weapon '' Paul Stanley Don Brinkley , John Hawkins , Ward Hawkins September 16 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 16 ) The vengeful son of an ivory poacher swears revenge on Tarzan . `` Leopard on the Loose '' Paul Stanley Oliver Crawford September 23 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 23 ) A post worker desperate for money kidnaps Jai 's pet leopard . `` A Life for a Life '' Robert Day Don Brinkley September 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 30 ) The Lord of Jungle must race against time when Jai is bitten by a poisonous spider . 5 5 `` The Prisoner '' George Marshall Don Brinkley October 7 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 07 ) After a police officer is injured by a diamond thief , Tarzan must prevent the officer 's tribe from exacting vigilante justice . 6 6 `` The Three Faces of Death '' Earl Bellamy S.J. Loy October 14 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 14 ) Tarzan helps out a woman seeking to retain leadership of her tribe . 7 7 `` The Prodigal Puma '' Paul Stanley Robert Sabaroff October 21 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 21 ) A big game hunter targets a puma Tarzan has captured . 8 8 `` The Deadly Silence : Part 1 '' Robert L. Friend Lee Erwin , Jack H. Robinson October 28 , 1966 ( 1966 - 10 - 28 ) The jungle lord tries to stop a bloodthirsty Colonel from taking over an African village with his soldiers of fortune . However , Tarzan has been rendered temporarily deaf by an exploding hand grenade , effectively limiting one of his keen senses , so he must rely on his near - telepathic ability to communicate with a lion . 9 9 `` The Deadly Silence : Part 2 '' Lawrence Dobkin John Considine , Tim Considine November 4 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 04 ) Rendered deaf by an explosion , the jungle lord still tries to stop a colonel from taking over a village . National General Pictures released this two - parter theatrically in 1970 as Tarzan 's Deadly Silence . 10 10 `` The Figurehead '' Alan Crosland Jr . Samuel Roeca , George F. Slavin November 11 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 11 ) Tarzan and Jai protect a young prince . 11 11 `` Village of Fire '' Hollingsworth Morse Jack Gross , James Leighton , Michael Stein November 18 , 1966 ( 1966 - 11 - 18 ) After Jai is bitten by a leopard , Tarzan must recover a special serum that can save the boy . 12 12 `` The Day of the Golden Lion '' Anton Leader Robert Goodwin December 2 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 02 ) Tarzan joins an athletic championship , but an attempt to steal the prize happens . 13 13 `` Pearls of Tanga '' R.G. Springsteen Sid Saltzman December 9 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 09 ) A criminal known as the Admiral and his crew poison the waters so they can be the only ones to take pearl oysters . 14 14 `` End of the River '' Anton Leader G. Joshua David December 16 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 16 ) Tarzan must save a young girl and battle a criminal . One of the criminal 's two minions ( Robert J. Wilke ) ends up being fatally devoured by a crocodile . 15 15 `` The Ultimate Duel '' Robert L. Friend Cornelius Ballard December 23 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 23 ) A scientist ( Henry Silva ) pits Tarzan against his computer , which can predict Tarzan 's every move . 16 16 `` The Fire People '' Earl Bellamy Wells Root December 30 , 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 30 ) Tarzan and Jai must help a chief rescue his superstitious tribe from a volcano that 's about to erupt . 17 17 `` Track of the Dinosaur '' Lawrence Dobkin Norman Lessing , Samuel Newman January 6 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 06 ) A corrupt government official uses a local legend to his advantage to get people away from a mineral deposit . 18 18 `` The Day the Earth Trembled '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber January 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 13 ) Tarzan reluctantly recruits three escaped convicts to help him get a group of children and their caregiver to safety . 19 19 `` Captain Jai '' Anton Leader James Bonnet , James Leighton January 20 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 20 ) Jai is held hostage by criminals seeking stolen diamonds . 20 20 `` A Pride of Assassins '' Harmon Jones Samuel Newman , Barry Trivers January 27 , 1967 ( 1967 - 01 - 27 ) A smuggler sends assassins after Tarzan and a young woman because they threaten to expose a smuggling scheme . 21 21 `` The Golden Runaway '' Lawrence Dobkin Carey Wilber February 3 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 03 ) Tarzan leads a young woman to a red - headed Irishman who may have a clue to her brother 's disappearance . 22 22 `` Basil of the Bulge '' Alex Nicol Samuel Newman February 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 10 ) A native chief and a corrupt government official capture Sir Basil Bertram before he can arrange tribal treaty . 23 23 `` Mask of Rona '' James Komack S.S. Schweitzer February 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 17 ) Tarzan leads a group on the search for missing artist Rona Swann ; a group member uses the safari as a cover for a gun - running operation . 24 24 `` To Steal the Rising Sun '' William Witney Jackson Gillis February 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 02 - 24 ) An exiled chief plots to steal his tribe 's priceless ruby . A con man 's minion ( Henry Beckman ) ends up being fatally devoured by a crocodile . 25 25 `` Jungle Dragnet '' William Wiard Arnold Belgard March 3 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 03 ) A native revolutionary and a foreign soldier try to prevent a little girl from revealing the location of an oil - rich field . 26 26 `` The Perils of Charity Jones : Part 1 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 10 ) An American midwestern missionary enlists Jai 's aid to fulfill her father 's final wish and deliver an organ to a primitive tribe , but their boat is disabled . 27 27 `` The Perils of Charity Jones : Part 2 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 17 ) Tarzan rescues Charity and Jai from hostile natives , but then the trio are pursued by another tribe who are after the guns that Jai hid from them . 28 28 `` The Circus '' Harmon Jones Lawrence Dobkin March 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 24 ) Jai and Dutch encounter a fugitive who makes an attempt to evade a manhunt by joining the circus . 29 29 `` The Ultimatum '' Robert L. Friend James Menzies March 31 , 1967 ( 1967 - 03 - 31 ) A female criminal and her goons threaten to destroy a native village unless Tarzan submits to being their prisoner . 30 30 `` Algie B for Brave '' Alex Nicol Samuel Newman April 7 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 07 ) Sir Basil Bertram recruits Tarzan and Jai to assist him in order to discover the location of a Communist country 's nuclear detection equipment . 31 31 `` Man Killer '' James Komack Carey Wilber April 14 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 14 ) Tarzan 's search for a murderer is complicated by a village whose natives employ drugs in their ceremonial rituals . Season 2 : 1967 -- 68 ( edit ) No Ep Title Directed by : Written by : Original air date 32 `` Tiger , Tiger ! '' Harmon Jones Jackson Gillis September 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 15 ) An engineer ignores Tarzan 's warning about a tiger on the loose . 33 `` Voice of the Elephant '' Harmon Jones Terence Maples , Al Martin September 22 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 22 ) Jai 's pet elephant is blamed for the death of a commissioner . 34 `` Thief Catcher '' James Komack Edmund Morris September 29 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 29 ) The jungle lord must track and capture two escaped convicts before more people are put in danger . 35 `` The Blue Stone of Heaven : Part 1 '' William Witney Jackson Gillis October 6 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 06 ) The jungle lord leads an archaeological expedition to a burial ground deep in the jungle in defiance of an ancient taboo . 36 5 `` The Blue Stone of Heaven : Part 2 '' William Witney Jackson Gillis October 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 13 ) A power - mad colonel plans to steal the jeweled idol and dynamite the burial ground . 37 6 `` The Maguma Curse '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber October 20 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 20 ) The jungle lord battles to save a young woman from a curse of death implemented by a witch doctor . 38 7 `` The Fanatics '' William Witney Lee Loeb October 27 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 27 ) The jungle lord assists a female journalist expose a rigged tribal election . 39 8 `` The Last of the Supermen '' Gerald Mayer S.S. Schweitzer November 3 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 03 ) A unrepentant Nazi urges Tarzan to assist him in locating a buried fortune left over from the war . 40 9 `` Hotel Hurricane '' Ron Ely Jackson Gillis November 10 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 10 ) A mob makes an attempt to fool Tarzan and Jai into assisting them to recover stolen money after a plane crash . 41 10 `` The Pride of the Lioness '' Barry Shear Jerry Adelman , Gerry Day , William Driskill November 17 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 17 ) A young doctor gets help from Tarzan when he faces to forces opposed to his clinic : a witch doctor who has threatened the young man with death , and the young man 's socialite mother , who wants him to return home . 42 11 `` Mountains of the Moon : Part 1 '' Harmon Jones Jackson Gillis November 24 , 1967 ( 1967 - 11 - 24 ) A widow leads a cult of religious pilgrims on a dangerous journey into forbidden land beset by saboteurs as well as hostile natives . 43 12 `` Mountains of the Moon : Part 2 '' Harmon Jones Jackson Gillis December 1 , 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 01 ) Tarzan aids a religious group on their pilgrimage to an area known as the Mountains of the Moon . 44 13 `` Jai 's Amnesia '' Harmon Jones Jerry Adelman , William Driskill December 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 15 ) Jai suffers a memory loss , but ends up being involved in stealing a sacred ruby . 45 14 `` The Professional '' Alex Nicol Jerry Adelman , William Driskill January 5 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 05 ) A colonel and his heavily armed troops overrun the land of a peace - loving tribe , but he has reckoned without Tarzan . 46 15 `` The Convert '' Harmon Jones Jo Pagano January 12 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 12 ) Three nuns become unwitting pawns in a struggle between the village chief and a scheming land developer . 47 16 `` The Creeping Giant '' Alex Nicol Donn Mullally January 19 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 19 ) Tarzan fights a powerful land owner who has duped an engineer into dynamiting a mountain range , a project that will wipe out several native villages . 48 17 `` King of the Dwsari '' William Witney Esther Shapiro , Richard Alan Shapiro January 26 , 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 26 ) Tarzan is imprisoned when he tries to release the Dwsari tribe which has been tricked by a smooth - talking American . 49 18 `` A Gun for Jai '' E. Darrell Hallenbeck Jackson Gillis February 2 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 02 ) Against the Tarzan 's wishes , Jai is given a rifle by one of the local hunters . The jungle lord searches for Cheeta . 50 19 `` Trek to Terror '' Barry Shear Lee Erwin February 9 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 09 ) The jungle lord is tricked into helping a corrupt police inspector who intends to murder a crusading missionary . 51 20 `` End of a Challenge '' Barry Shear Richard H. Landau February 16 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 16 ) The jungle lord and Chief Bangu must search for the chief 's son and Jai who have been abducted by a gun - toting thief . 52 21 `` Jungle Ransom '' Barry Shear Esther Shapiro , Richard Alan Shapiro February 23 , 1968 ( 1968 - 02 - 23 ) As the jungle lord and a bandit engage in a battle of wits , a young woman tries to use both men in an effort to set free her husband , a hostage in the bandit 's camp . 53 22 `` The Four O'Clock Army : Part 1 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 1 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 01 ) General Basil Bertram and missionary Charity Jones return in this two - part story , and this time must ally with the jungle lord against a band of slavers who have been taking people and destroying villages . 54 23 `` The Four O'Clock Army : Part 2 '' Alex Nicol Carey Wilber March 8 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 08 ) The jungle lord goes after the slave traders whose prisoners include Jai . 55 24 `` Rendezvous for Revenge '' William Witney Richard H. Landau March 15 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 15 ) After a poacher known for his arson escapes from custody , the jungle lord tracks him and his adoring girlfriend to an oceanside cliff , and a fateful encounter . But the poacher 's girlfriend and two minions later track Tarzan down and force him to lead them back to the scene . 56 25 `` Trina '' Harmon Jones Milton S. Gelman March 22 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 22 ) A girl enlists the jungle 's help in finding her long - lost uncle who is believed to be doing humanitarian work . 57 26 `` Alex the Great '' Barry Shear Esther Shapiro , Richard Alan Shapiro March 29 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 29 ) A global judo champion who is also a braggart wants to prove he can best the jungle lord in any physical endeavor ; smugglers yearn to steal a huge golden idol . DVD / syndication ( edit ) On March 13 , 2012 , Warner Bros. released Tarzan : Season 1 , Part 1 & Tarzan : Season 1 , Part 2 on DVD in region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection manufacture - on - demand service . The second season was released on September 17 , 2013 . After being seen intermittently in syndication and on cable in the years after its network run , as of 2016 , the series airs on the Heroes & Icons network Saturday mornings . On June 4 -- 5 , 2016 the Decades TV network ran a marathon of the series . On September 9 , 2016 Decades celebrated Tarzan 's fiftieth anniversary repeating a few choice episodes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tarzan '' . Heroes and Icons TV.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ By Mike Johnson , Black Yodel No. 1 ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Tarzan - Season One : Part One '' . Wbshop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ By Ed the Reviewer . `` Tarzan - Season One : Part Two '' . Wbshop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ By Ed the Movie Reviewer . `` Tarzan : The Complete Second Season ( MOD ) '' . Wbshop.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarzan ( 1966 TV series ) . Tarzan on IMDb Tarzan at TV.com Edgar Rice Burroughs , Inc. : Tarzan on TV Tarzan by Edgar Rice Burroughs Literature Edgar Rice Burroughs 's Official canon Tarzan of the Apes ( 1912 ) The Return of Tarzan ( 1913 ) The Beasts of Tarzan ( 1914 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1915 ) Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar ( 1916 ) Jungle Tales of Tarzan ( 1919 ) Tarzan the Untamed ( 1920 ) Tarzan the Terrible ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1922 / 23 ) Tarzan and the Ant Men ( 1924 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1927 / 28 ) Tarzan and the Lost Empire ( 1928 / 29 ) Tarzan at the Earth 's Core ( 1929 / 30 ) Tarzan the Invincible ( 1930 / 31 ) Tarzan Triumphant ( 1931 / 32 ) Tarzan and the City of Gold ( 1932 ) Tarzan and the Lion Man ( 1933 / 34 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Men ( 1932 / 33 ) Tarzan 's Quest ( 1935 / 36 ) Tarzan and the Forbidden City ( 1938 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1939 ) Tarzan and the Foreign Legion ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Madman ( 1964 ) Tarzan and the Castaways ( 1965 ) Related works The Eternal Lover ( 1925 ) The Mad King ( 1926 ) Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins ( 1963 ) Tarzan : The Lost Adventure ( 1995 ) Licensed works Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) Hadon of Ancient Opar ( 1974 ) Bunduki ( 1975 ) Flight to Opar ( 1976 ) Tarzan : The Epic Adventures ( 1996 ) the Dark Heart of Time ( 1999 ) The Adventures of Tarzan ( 1921 / 2006 ) Tarzan : The Greystoke Legacy ( 2011 ) Tarzan : Return to Pal - ul - don ( 2015 ) Tarzan on the Precipice ( 2016 ) King Kong vs. Tarzan ( 2016 ) Tarzan Trilogy ( 2016 ) Tarzan : The Greystoke Legacy Under Siege ( 2017 ) Films Silent films Tarzan of the Apes ( 1918 ) The Romance of Tarzan ( 1918 ) The Revenge of Tarzan ( 1920 ) The Son of Tarzan ( 1920 ) The Adventures of Tarzan ( 1921 ) Tarzan and the Golden Lion ( 1927 ) Tarzan the Mighty ( 1928 ) Tarzan the Tiger ( 1929 ) Johnny Weissmuller Tarzan the Ape Man ( 1932 ) Tarzan and His Mate ( 1934 ) Tarzan Escapes ( 1936 ) Tarzan Finds a Son ! ( 1939 ) Tarzan 's Secret Treasure ( 1941 ) Tarzan 's New York Adventure ( 1942 ) Tarzan Triumphs ( 1943 ) Tarzan 's Desert Mystery ( 1943 ) Tarzan and the Amazons ( 1945 ) Tarzan and the Leopard Woman ( 1946 ) Tarzan and the Huntress ( 1947 ) Tarzan and the Mermaids ( 1948 ) Lex Barker Tarzan 's Magic Fountain ( 1949 ) Tarzan and the Slave Girl ( 1950 ) Tarzan 's Peril ( 1951 ) Tarzan 's Savage Fury ( 1952 ) Tarzan and the She - Devil ( 1953 ) Gordon Scott Tarzan 's Hidden Jungle ( 1955 ) Tarzan and the Lost Safari ( 1957 ) Tarzan and the Trappers ( 1958 ) Tarzan 's Fight for Life ( 1958 ) Tarzan 's Greatest Adventure ( 1959 ) Tarzan the Magnificent ( 1960 ) Jock Mahoney Tarzan Goes to India ( 1962 ) Tarzan 's Three Challenges ( 1963 ) Mike Henry Tarzan and the Valley of Gold ( 1966 ) Tarzan and the Great River ( 1967 ) Tarzan and the Jungle Boy ( 1968 ) Disney animated films Tarzan ( 1999 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Related documentaries Investigating Tarzan ( 1997 ) Tarzan : Silver Screen King of the Jungle ( 2004 ) Miscellaneous films Tarzan the Fearless ( 1933 ) The New Adventures of Tarzan ( 1935 ) Tarzan and the Green Goddess ( 1938 ) Tarzan 's Revenge ( 1938 ) Vanaraja Karzan ( 1938 ) Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1959 ) Tarzan 's Deadly Silence ( 1970 ) Tarzan and the Brown Prince ( 1972 ) Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1981 ) Greystoke : The Legend of Tarzan ( 1984 ) Adventures of Tarzan ( 1985 ) Tarzan in Manhattan ( 1989 ) Tarzan and the Lost City ( 1998 ) Tarzan of the Apes ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2013 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2016 ) Television Series Tarzan ( 1966 - 1968 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1976 - 1980 ) Tarzán ( 1991 - 1994 ) Tarzan : The Epic Adventures ( 1996 - 1997 ) The Legend of Tarzan ( 2001 - 2003 ) episodes `` Tarzan and the Caged Fury '' Tarzan ( 2003 ) Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 ) Adventure hours The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour Tarzan and the Super 7 Characters Cheeta Jad - bal - ja Kala Kerchak Korak La Mangani Meriem Muviro Nkima Jane Porter Harry Holt Sabor Tantor Tarzan Tublat Waziri William Cecil Clayton Disney version Films Tarzan ( 1999 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Adaptations The Legend of Tarzan ( episodes ) Musical Tarzan 's Treehouse Video games Disney 's Tarzan Disney 's Tarzan : Untamed Disney 's Tarzan : Return to the Jungle Disney 's Tarzan Activity Center Music Music soundtrack `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' `` Strangers Like Me '' `` Son of Man '' `` Two Worlds '' `` Singing to the Song of Life '' Other articles Music `` Gitarzan '' ( 1969 ) `` Jungle Boogie '' ( 1973 ) `` Tarzan Boy '' ( 1985 ) `` Tarzan & Jane '' ( 1998 ) Speech Kreegah bundolo Tarzan yell Radio Tarzan ( radio program ) Games Tarzan : Lord of the Jungle Jungle Lord Comics Tarzan Akim Tarzan vs. Predator : At the Earth 's Core Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Superman / Tarzan : Sons of the Jungle Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes General Edgar Rice Burroughs , Inc . Tarzanesque Tarzan Alive : A Definitive Biography of Lord Greystoke Pellucidar Brothers of the Spear Opar Zone ( play ) Tarzan and Jane ( musical ) Tarzana , Los Angeles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarzan_(1966_TV_series)&oldid=831510745 '' Categories : 1960s American television series Tarzan television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television NBC network shows 1966 American television series debuts 1968 American television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 23 : 24 . About Wikipedia
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where do the bad witches live in the wizard of oz
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At the time of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the lands in the North , South , East and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch . The Witches of the North and South are good , while the Witches of the East and West are wicked . Glinda ( the Good Witch of the South ) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four , although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of the West was so powerful , even Glinda feared her . After Dorothy 's house crushes the Wicked Witch of the East , thereby liberating the Munchkins from bondage , the Good Witch of the North tells Dorothy that she ( the Witch of the North ) is not as powerful as the Wicked Witch of the East had been , or she would have freed the Munchkins herself .
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Land of Oz
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land of oz
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The fictional Land of Oz is a magical country first introduced in the classic children 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) .
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Oz consists of four vast quadrants , the Gillikin Country in the north , Quadling Country in the south , Munchkin Country in the east and Winkie Country in the west . Each province has its own ruler , but the realm itself has always been ruled by a single monarch . After The Marvelous Land of Oz , this monarch is Princess Ozma . Originally , Baum did not intend for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to have any sequels , but it achieved a greater popularity than any of the other fairylands he created , including the land of Merryland in Baum 's children 's novel Dot and Tot in Merryland , written a year later . Due to Oz 's worldwide success , Baum decided to return to it four years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was published . For the next two decades , he described and expanded upon the land in the Oz Books , a series which introduced many fictional characters and creatures . Baum intended to end the series with the sixth Oz book The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) , in which Oz is forever sealed off and made invisible to the outside world , but this did not sit well with fans , and he quickly abandoned the idea , writing eight more successful Oz books , and even naming himself the `` Royal Historian of Oz '' . In all , Baum wrote fourteen best - selling children 's books about Oz and its enchanted inhabitants , as well as a spin off - series of six early readers . After his death in 1919 , author Ruth Plumly Thompson , illustrator John R. Neill ( who had previously collaborated with Baum on his Oz books ) and several other writers and artists continued the series . There are now over 50 novels based upon Baum 's original Oz saga . Baum characterized Oz as a real place , unlike MGM 's 1939 musical movie adaptation , which presents it as a dream of lead character Dorothy Gale . According to the Oz books , it is a hidden fairyland cut off from the rest of the world by a deadly desert . The canonical demonym for Oz is `` Ozite '' . The term appears in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , The Road to Oz , and The Emerald City of Oz . Elsewhere in the canon , `` Ozmie '' is also used . In the animated 1974 semi-sequel to the MGM film , Journey Back to Oz , `` Ozonian '' is used . The term `` Ozian '' appears in the script for the Royal Shakespeare Company 's stage adaptation of the MGM movie and in the non-canonical modern work Wicked . `` Ozmite '' was used in Reilly & Lee marketing in the 1920s , which has suggested to some critics that `` Ozmie '' may have been a typographical error . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Geography 2.1 The Land of Oz 2.2 West and East 2.3 Location 2.4 Inspiration 2.5 Witches and wizards 2.6 Animals 2.7 Other races 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 History through the first six books 4 Economy and politics 5 Defense 6 Characters 7 Other media 7.1 The 1939 MGM film 's Oz 7.2 Gregory Maguire 's revisionist Oz 7.3 Alexander Melentyevich Volkov 's Magic Land 7.4 March Laumer 's Oz 7.5 Philip José Farmer 's Oz 7.6 Robert A. Heinlein 's Oz 7.7 L. Sprague de Camp 's Oz 7.8 Tad Williams ' Otherland Oz 7.9 The Outer Zone ( Tin Man ) 7.10 Emerald City Confidential 7.11 Once Upon a Time 8 Magic 8.1 Silver Shoes / Ruby Slippers 8.2 Powder of Life 8.3 Magic Belt 8.4 Magic Picture 8.5 Great Book of Records 8.6 The Love Magnet 8.7 Magic Fan 8.8 Fountain of Oblivion 8.9 Magic Dinner Bell 9 Miscellaneous 9.1 Death in Oz 9.1. 1 Theories 9.2 Talking animals 9.3 Origin of the name Oz 10 References 11 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Oz is , in the first book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , distinguished from Dorothy 's native Kansas by not being civilized ; this explains why Kansas does not have witches and wizards , while Oz does . In the third book , Ozma of Oz , Oz is described as a `` fairy country '' , new terminology that remained to explain its wonders . Geography ( edit ) The Land of Oz ( edit ) The Land of Oz ; note that the map is a mirror image of `` actual '' locations , but that the compass rose shows east on the right - hand side . Oz is roughly rectangular in shape , and divided along the diagonals into four countries : Munchkin Country ( but commonly referred to as ' Munchkinland ' in adaptations ) in the East , Winkie Country in the West ( sometimes West and East are reversed on maps of Oz , see West and East below ) , Gillikin Country in the North , and Quadling Country in the South . In the center of Oz , where the diagonals cross , is the fabled Emerald City , capital of the land of Oz and seat to the monarch of Oz , Princess Ozma . The regions have a color schema : blue for Munchkins , yellow for Winkies , red for Quadlings , green for the Emerald city , and ( in works after the first ) purple for the Gillikins , which region was also not named in the first book . ( This contrasts with Kansas ; Baum , describing it , used `` gray '' nine times in four paragraphs . ) In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , this is merely the favorite color , used for clothing and other man - made objects , and having some influence on their choice of crops , but the basic colors of the world are natural colors . The effect is less consistent in later works . In The Marvelous Land of Oz , the book states that everything in the land of the Gillikins is purple , including the plants and mud , and a character can see that he is leaving when the grass turns from purple to green , but it also describes pumpkins as orange and corn as green in that land . Baum , indeed , never used the color schema consistently ; in many books , he alluded to the colors to orient the characters and readers to their location , and then did not refer to it again . His most common technique was to depict the man - made articles and flowers as the color of the country , leaving leaves , grass , and fruit their natural colors . Most of these regions are settled with prosperous and contented people . However , this naturally is lacking in scope for plot . Numerous pockets throughout the land of Oz are cut off from the main culture , for geographic or cultural reasons . Many have never heard of Ozma , making it impossible for them to acknowledge her as their rightful queen . These regions are concentrated around the edges of the country , and constitute the main settings for books that are set entirely within Oz . The Lost Princess of Oz , for instance is set entirely in rough country in Winkie Country , between two settled areas . In Glinda of Oz , Ozma speaks of her duty to discover all these stray corners of Oz . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , a yellow brick road leads from the lands of the Munchkins to the Emerald City . Other such roads featured in other works : one from Gillikin Country in The Marvelous Land of Oz , and a second one from Munchkin Land in The Patchwork Girl of Oz . Oz is completely surrounded on all four sides by a desert which insulates the citizens of the Land of Oz from discovery and invasion . In the first two books , this is merely a natural desert , with only its extent making it dangerous to the traveler , but in The Road to Oz it is said to turn anyone who touches it to sand . Indeed , in The Marvelous Land of Oz , Mombi tries to escape through it and Glinda chases her over the sands . Still , it is the dividing land between the magic of Oz and the outside world , and the Winged Monkeys can not obey Dorothy 's command to carry her home because it would take them outside the lands of Oz . In Ozma of Oz , it has become a magical desert called the Deadly Desert with life - destroying sands and noxious fumes , a feature that remained constant through the rest of the series , although no actual destruction is depicted in the Oz books , unlike in the film Return to Oz . The desert has nonetheless been breached numerous times , both by children from our world ( mostly harmless ) , by the Wizard of Oz himself , and by more sinister characters , such as the Nome King , who attempted to conquer Oz . After such an attempt in The Emerald City of Oz , the book ends with Glinda creating a barrier of invisibility around the Land of Oz , for further protection . This was , indeed , an earnest effort on Baum 's part to end the series , but the insistence of readers meant the continuation of the series , and therefore the discovery of many ways for people to pass through this barrier as well as over the sands . Despite this continual evasion , the barrier itself remained ; nowhere in any Oz book did Baum hint that the inhabitants were even considering removing the magical barrier . West and East ( edit ) The first known map of Oz was a glass slide used in Baum 's Fairylogue and Radio - Play traveling show , showing the blue land of the Munchkins in the east and the yellow land of the Winkies in the west . These directions are confirmed by the text of all of Baum 's Oz books , especially the first , in which the Wicked Witch of the East rules over the Munchkins , and the Wicked Witch of the West rules over the Winkies . Like traditional western maps , the Fairylogue and Radio - Play map showed the west on the left , and the east on the right . However , the first map of Oz to appear in an Oz book had those directions reversed , and the compass rose adjusted accordingly . It is believed that this is a result of Baum copying the map from the wrong side of the glass slide , effectively getting a mirror image of his intended map . When he realized he was copying the slide backward , he reversed the compass rose to make the directions correct . However , an editor at Reilly and Lee reversed the compass rose , thinking he was fixing an error , and resulting in further confusion . Most notably , this confused Ruth Plumly Thompson , who frequently reversed directions in her own Oz books as a result . Another speculation stems from the original conception of Oz , which at first appeared to be situated in an American desert . If Baum thought of the country of the Munchkins as the nearest region to him , it would have been in the east while he lived in Chicago , but when he moved to California , it would have been in the west . Modern maps of Oz are almost universally drawn with the Winkies in the west and the Munchkins in the east , although west and east often appear reversed . Many Oz fans believe this is the correct orientation , perhaps as a result of Glinda 's spell , which has the effect of confusing most standard compasses ; perhaps resembling its similarity to the world Alice found through the looking glass in which everything was a mirror image ; or perhaps just reflecting the alien nature of Oz . In Robert A. Heinlein 's book The Number of the Beast he posits that Oz is on a retrograde planet , meaning that it spins in the opposite direction of Earth so that the sun seems to rise on one 's left as one faces north . March Laumer 's The Magic Mirror of Oz attributes the changes to a character named Till Orangespiegel attempting to turn the Land of Oz orange . Location ( edit ) Oz , like all of Baum 's fantasy countries , was presented as existing as part of the real world , albeit protected from civilization by natural barriers . Indeed , in the first books , nothing indicated that it was not hidden in the deserts of the United States . It gradually acquired neighboring magical countries , often from works of Baum 's that had been independent , as Ix from Queen Zixi of Ix , and Mo from The Magical Monarch of Mo . The first of these is Ev , introduced in Ozma of Oz . Oz and surrounding countries , on the map from Tik - Tok of Oz ( The directional indicator in the map 's corner shows North and South correctly , but it flips East to the left , and West to the right ) . In Tik - Tok of Oz , Baum included maps in the endpapers which definitively situated Oz on a continent with its neighboring countries . Oz is the largest country on the continent unofficially known as Nonestica ( this name was proposed by Robert R. Pattrick for the whole of the countries surrounding Oz ; Pattrick proposed `` Ozeria '' for the whole continent , but that name is generally unused in fan discussions ) , which also includes the countries of Ev , Ix , and Mo , which has also been known as Phunniland , among others . Nonestica is , according to the map , in the Nonestic Ocean . A fair amount of evidence in the books point to this continent as being envisioned as somewhere in the southern Pacific Ocean . At the opening of Ozma of Oz , Dorothy Gale is sailing to Australia with her Uncle Henry when she is washed overboard ( in a chicken coop , with Billina the yellow hen ) , and lands on the shore of Ev -- a rare instance in which an outsider reaches the Oz landmass through non-magical ( or apparently non-magical ) means . Palm trees grow outside the Royal Palace in the Emerald City , and horses are not native to Oz , both points of consistency with a South - Pacific location ; illustrations and descriptions of round - shaped and domed Ozite houses suggest a non-Western architecture . Conversely , Oz has technological , architectural , and urban elements typical of Europe and North America around the turn of the twentieth century ; but this may involve cultural input from unusual external sources ( see History below ) . Ruth Plumly Thompson asserts in her first Oz book , The Royal Book of Oz , that the language of Oz is English , which also suggests European or American influence . An argument against the South Pacific is that the seasons in Oz are shown as the same seasons in the United States at the same time . In addition , in The Wishing Horse of Oz , Pigasus follows the North Star when he flies to Thunder Mountain , which could only be done in the Northern Hemisphere . Inspiration ( edit ) Baum 's creation of the Emerald City may have been inspired by the White City of the World Columbian Exposition , which he visited frequently . Its quick building , in less than a year , may have been an element in the quick construction of the Emerald City in the first book . Schematically , Oz is much like the United States , with the Emerald City taking the place of Chicago : to the East , mixed forest and farmland ; to the West , treeless plains and fields of wheat ; to the South , warmth and lush growth , and red earth . Ruth Plumly Thompson took a different direction with her Oz books , introducing European elements such as the title character of The Yellow Knight of Oz , a knight straight out of Arthurian Legend . Witches and wizards ( edit ) The Wicked Witch of the West melts , from the William Wallace Denslow illustration in the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) At the time of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the lands in the North , South , East and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch . The Witches of the North and South are good , while the Witches of the East and West are wicked . Glinda ( the Good Witch of the South ) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four , although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of the West was so powerful , even Glinda feared her . After Dorothy 's house crushes the Wicked Witch of the East , thereby liberating the Munchkins from bondage , the Good Witch of the North tells Dorothy that she ( the Witch of the North ) is not as powerful as the Wicked Witch of the East had been , or she would have freed the Munchkins herself . During the first scene in Oz in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Good Witch of the North ( Locasta or Tattypoo ) explains to Dorothy that Oz still has witches and wizards , not being civilized , and goes on to explain that witches and wizards can be both good and evil , unlike the evil witches that Dorothy had been told of . That book contained only the four witches ( besides the humbug wizard ) , but despite Ozma 's prohibition on magic , many more magicians feature in later works . Baum tended to capitalize the word `` Witch '' when referring to the Witches of the North , South , East or West , but did not do so when referring to witches in general . For example , in the aforementioned first scene of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Locasta ( or Tattypoo ) thanks Dorothy for killing the `` Wicked Witch of the East '' , and introduces herself as `` the Witch of the North '' , with the word `` Witch '' capitalized in both cases . However , when she goes on to tell Dorothy that `` I ( the Witch of the North ) am a good witch , and the people love me '' , the word `` witch '' is not capitalized . White is the traditional color of witches in Oz . The Good Witch of the North wears a pointed white hat and a white gown decorated with stars , while Glinda , the Good Witch of the South ( called a `` sorceress '' in later books ) , wears a pure white dress . Dorothy is taken for a witch not only because she had killed the Wicked Witch of the East , but because her dress is blue and white checked . Ozma , once on the throne , prohibits the use of magic by anyone other than Glinda the Good , the Wizard of Oz , and herself -- as , earlier , the Good Witch of the North had prohibited magic by any other witch in her domains . The illicit use of magic is a frequent feature of villains in later works in the series , appearing in The Scarecrow of Oz , Rinkitink in Oz , The Lost Princess of Oz , The Tin Woodman of Oz , and The Magic of Oz . Animals ( edit ) There are different kinds of animals living in Oz . According to Baum , all animals in Oz have the ability to speak because it is a `` fairy '' kingdom . When asked by his readers why Dorothy 's dog Toto did not speak , Baum insisted that he had the ability to , but did not choose to speak , but he finally does so in Tik - Tok of Oz . Among the many animals in Oz are : A-B - Sea Serpent -- A 200 feet ( 61 m ) long sea serpent that is composed of alphabet blocks . Chiss -- An evil porcupine spirit that can launch his quills . Choggenmugger - Thick , hard scales cover its body . It has wide jaws , sharp teeth . A dragon - eater that ate all dragons , serpents and crocodiles on the Regos Island to extinction . Comfortable Camel -- A camel from outside of Oz , who found his way into Oz , along with the Doubtful Dromedary , and they joined Dorothy Gale 's party to find the Scarecrow . He almost always feels comfortable during his eventful journey . Cowardly Lion -- The Cowardly Lion is one of Dorothy Gale 's friends . Crab -- A crab ended up in an argument with a Zebra to determine if the world had more water , or more land Doubtful Dromedary -- A dromedary from outside of Oz , who found his way into Oz , along with the Comfortable Camel , and they joined Dorothy Gale 's party to find the Scarecrow . He doubts nearly everything that anyone says . Dragons -- Dragons are the toughest creatures in the Land of Oz and its neighboring countries . The ones in Gillikin Country live underground and are allowed to come out once every 100 years in search of food . Field Mice -- The Tin Man once saved the Queen of the Field Mice from a wildcat . Her kind later helps Dorothy and her friends get out of a deadly poppy field . The mice also reappear in the Magical Land of Oz to help the Scarecrow on his quest to reclaim his throne from General Jinjur , by hiding inside his clothes and jumping out to scare Jinjur 's guards . Foolish Owl -- The Foolish Owl lives in Munchkin Country . She and the Wise Donkey are public advisers . Gargoyles -- A bunch of wooden gargoyles live in the Land of Naught ( underground , outside of Oz ) . They once captured Dorothy Gale , Zeb Hugson , and their animal friends when they visited the Land of Naught . Giant Purple Spiders -- A race of spiders in Gillikin Country that catch travelers in their webs and make them their servants . Glass Cat -- A glass sculpture brought to life by the Powder of Life . Gump -- Gumps are common creatures in the Land of Oz . They are elk - like creatures with wide - spreading antlers , caprine whiskers , and a turned - up nose . Hippocampus -- A race of half - horse half - fish aquatic creatures that live in Lake Orizon within Munchkin Country . The lake monster Quiberon once ate them into extinction . After Quiberon was turned to stone by the Wizard of Oz , he used his magic to reconstitute the bones of the Hippocampus causing their species to live once more . Hip - po - gy - raf -- A Hip - po - gy - raf lives in Munchkin Country west of Mount Munch . It appears to be a combination of a hippopotamus and a giraffe . Hungry Tiger -- The Hungry Tiger is the Cowardly Lion 's best friend . Jackdaws -- A bunch of Jackdaws live in Quadling Country . Kabumpo -- The elegant elephant of Pumperdink . Kalidahs -- The Kalidahs have the head and back legs of a tiger and the arms , torso , and feet of a bear . Their claws are known to rip a lion in half . Kangaroo -- A mittens - wearing kangaroo lives near the village of Fuddlecumjig . Lonesome Duck -- The Lonesome Duck is the only duck in the Land of Oz . Orks -- Orks are unusual flying animals that have the blended characteristics of a common ostrich and a parrot . Rak -- A terrible beast with a horrible appetite and a bad disposition . It is said to be bigger than 100 men and can eat any living thing . Rattlesnake -- A rattlesnake serves as a companion of the A-B - Sea Serpent . Squirrel King -- The King of the Squirrels that live in Winkie Country . Stork -- A stork once helped Dorothy and her companions rescue Scarecrow . Unicorns -- A group of unicorns live that at Unicorners within Munchkin Country . Winged Monkeys -- Monkeys with wings . They obey the owner of the Golden Hat that summons them for three times . Wise Donkey -- The Wise Donkey was a former citizen of the Land of Mo who often advised the King of Mo . He now lives in Munchkin Country with the Foolish Owl . Zebra -- A Zebra ended up in an argument with a Crab to determine if there was either more water in the world or more land . Other races ( edit ) There is a multitude of other races living in the land of Oz , many of which only appear once . Among the known races are : The Bun People of Bunbury -- The Bun People are made of baked goods . The Bunnies of Bunnybury -- A race of civilized rabbits . The China People -- A race of beings that are made of china ( porcelain ) that live in Quadling Country . The Cuttenclips -- A race of living paper dolls that live in Quadling Country . The Dicks -- The topsy - turvy inhabitants of Dicksy Land . The Equinots -- A race of centaurs . The Flatheads -- A race of flat - headed humans who carry their brains in cans . The Flutterbudgets -- A race of people who entertain foolish fears and spend time worrying over nothing . The Fuddles -- A race of anthropomorphic jigsaw puzzles that live in Fuddlecumjig . The Hammerheads -- An armless race with extensible necks and hard heads . The Hoopers -- A race of 10 ft. tall humanoids that live in the Purple Forest of Gillikin Country and can roll into hoops by grabbing their toes with their hands . The Hoppers -- A race of one - legged people that live inside a mountain in Quadling Country . The Horners -- A race of strange one - horned people that live inside a mountain in Quadling Country . The Hyups -- A subspecies of Munchkins that live on Mount Munch . The Loons -- A race of living balloon people that live in Loonville . The Magical Mimics -- A race of evil shape - shifting creatures that are a type of Erb that live on Mount Illuso . The Phanfasms -- A magically powerful race of Erb spirits that change their appearance into beasts . The Rigmaroles -- A race of people that make long deliberate speeches which makes use of many words . The Scares -- A race of grotesque beings that reside in Scare City within Quadling Country . The Scooters -- A race of people that live on the waters of the Gillikin River . They have long boat - like feet and have sails growing from their wrists to their ribs . The Skeezers -- A race of anatomically normal humans who are often in conflicts with the Flatheads . The Sticks - in - the - Muds -- A tribe of mud - covered people on stilts that live in Marsh Land within Winkie Country . The Thists -- A race of creatures that has diamond - shaped heads and heart - shaped bodies that live in Thi . The Tottenhots -- A race of small mischievous people who live on the borders of Quadling Country and Winkie Country . The Utensians -- A race of living utensils that live in Utensia in Quadling Country . The Yips -- A small community of people that resemble the Hyups . Outside of them are many other strange races who are often found living in the wilderness of Oz . Despite the overlordship of Ozma , many of the communities live autonomously . Oz has great tolerance for eccentricity and oddness . Many characters in Oz are animated objects . Such figures as the Glass Cat , the Scarecrow , Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and others are common . Entire regions are the homes of such animated beings . The Dainty China Country is entirely filled with creatures made of china , who would freeze into figurines if removed . The China princess lives in fear of breaking , because she would never be as pretty even if repaired . Many other characters are highly individual , even unique members of a species . Many such people from the outer worlds find refuge in Oz , which is highly tolerant of eccentricity . History ( edit ) Prehistory ( edit ) The history of Oz prior to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( often called the prehistory of Oz as it takes place before Baum 's `` histories '' ) is often the subject of dispute , as Baum himself gave conflicting accounts . In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the title character recounts that he was a ventriloquist and a circus balloonist from Omaha , and during one flight the rope for his parachute vent became tangled , preventing him from descending until the next morning , and he awoke to find that he was floating over a strange land . When he landed , the people thought he was a great wizard because of his ability to fly . He did not disabuse them of this notion , and with his new power over them , he had them build a city with a palace in the center of Oz . He also ordered them to wear green glasses so it would appear to be made entirely of emeralds . However , in the later Oz books the city is depicted as actually being made of emerald or other green materials . The Wizard was a young man when he first arrived in Oz , and grew old while he was there . Afraid of the Wicked Witches of the West and the East , who , unlike him , could do real magic , the Wizard hid away in a room of his palace and refused to see visitors . He lived in this way until the arrival of Dorothy in the first book . In The Marvelous Land of Oz the prehistory was changed slightly . Glinda , the Good Witch of the South , reveals that the Wizard usurped the previous king of Oz Pastoria and hid away his daughter Ozma . This was Baum 's reaction to the popular 1903 Broadway extravaganza Baum adapted from his book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , in which the Wizard took the role of the main antagonist and the Wicked Witch of the West was left out . The Wizard , however , had been more popular with his readers than he thought . In Ozma of Oz , he omitted any mention of the Wizard 's having usurped the throne of Ozma 's father , but the largest changes occurred in the next book . In the preface to Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , Baum remarks that the Wizard had turned out to be a popular character with the children who had read the first book and so he brought the Wizard back . During it , the Wizard relates yet another account of his history in Oz , telling Ozma that his birth name was Oscar Zoroaster Phadrig Isaac Norman Henkle Emmanuel Ambroise Diggs , which , being a very long and cumbersome name , and as his other initials spelled out `` PINHEAD , '' he preferred to leave just as O.Z. The balloon part of his story was unchanged , except for the detail added by Ozma , that the people probably saw his initials on his balloon and took them as a message that he was to be their king . She relates that the country was already named Oz ( a word which in their language means `` great and good '' ) , and that it was typical for the rulers to have names that are variations of Oz ( King Pastoria being a notable exception to this rule ) . Ozma elaborates further , saying that there were once four Wicked Witches in Oz , who leagued together to depose the King , but the Wicked Witches of the North and South were defeated by Good Witches before the Wizard arrived in Oz . According to this version , the King at the time was Ozma 's grandfather . This version of prehistory restores the Wizard 's reputation , but adds the awkwardness of both Ozma and her father having been born in captivity . In The Tin Woodman of Oz Baum writes how Oz came to be a fairyland : Oz was not always a fairyland , I am told . Once it was much like other lands , except it was shut in by a dreadful desert of sandy wastes that lay all around it , thus preventing its people from all contact with the rest of the world . Seeing this isolation , the fairy band of Queen Lurline , passing over Oz while on a journey , enchanted the country and so made it a Fairyland . And Queen Lurline left one of her fairies to rule this enchanted Land of Oz , and then passed on and forgot all about it . Thenceforward , no one in Oz would ever age , get sick , or die . After becoming a fairyland , Oz harbored many Witches , Magicians , and Sorcerers until the time when Ozma made magic illegal without a permit . In yet another inconsistency , it is implied that Ozma was the fairy left behind by Queen Lurline to rule the country , contradicting the story where she was Pastoria 's daughter . This is later confirmed in Glinda of Oz : `` If you are really Princess Ozma of Oz , '' the Flathead said , `` you are one of that band of fairies who , under Queen Lurline , made all Oz a Fairyland . I have heard that Lurline left one of her own fairies to rule Oz , and gave the fairy the name of Ozma . '' While this explains why no one dies or ages , and nevertheless there are people of differing ages in Oz , it is completely inconsistent with the earlier versions of the prehistory . Maguire , author of Wicked addresses this inconsistency by saying that the people of Oz believe that Ozma is reincarnated -- that her spirit was left behind by Lurline , but her body is reborn to different mortal queens . In Jack Snow 's The Magical Mimics in Oz , the prehistory story is retold . This version relates that Ozma was given to the king of Oz as an adoptive daughter , for he was old and had no children . In the Magic Land stories of Alexander Melentyevich Volkov , the prehistory is quite different . The land was created 6,000 -- 7,000 years ago by a wizard named Hurricap , who was tired of people coming to him with requests , so he decided to find a place without them annoying him . He found a remote land and separated it from the rest of the world , along with putting the enchantments of eternal spring and talking animals ( Volkov 's version does n't include any forms of immortality ) . However , he failed to notice that the land already contained people ( since he was a giant , already suffering from nearsightedness in his advanced age , and the people in the Magic Land were much shorter than in other places ) , but , upon discovering the fact , decided that removing the enchantments would be unnecessary . Instead , he ordered the people to keep away from his castle . After that , the notable events included a conquest attempt by a sorceress named Arachna ( Gurrikap was still alive , and put her in an enchanted sleep for 5,000 years . Her awakening formed the story for the fifth book in Volkov 's series ) , an unsuccessful coup by a prince named Bofaro to overthrow his father about 1,000 years ago ( He and his accomplices were banished to an underground cave and became the Magic Land 's main source of metal and gems , an analogue to the Nomes ) , and the arrival of the Four Witches ( which only occurred about 500 years ago in this continuity ) . History through the first six books ( edit ) Eventually , Dorothy Gale and her whole house are blown into Oz from Kansas by a tornado . When the house lands , it crushes the Wicked Witch of the East ( in Gregory Maguire 's book , Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , she is given a name , Nessarose ) , ruler of the Munchkins . In an attempt to get back to her home , she journeys to the Emerald City . Along the way , she meets the Tin Woodman , the Cowardly Lion , and the Scarecrow , all of whom accompany her . Once there , they become the first people to gain an audience with the Wizard since he went into seclusion , although he disguises himself because Dorothy now has the Wicked Witch of the East 's magic silver slippers , and he is afraid of her . The Wizard sends Dorothy and her party to destroy the Wicked Witch of the West and in exchange promises to grant her request to be sent home . Surprisingly , Dorothy `` destroys '' the Witch by throwing a pail of water on her , causing her to melt . Defeated , the Wizard reveals to the group that he is in fact not a real wizard and has no magical powers , but he promises to grant Dorothy 's wish and take her home himself in his balloon . He leaves the Scarecrow in his place to rule Oz . Finally , it is discovered that the wizard had given the daughter of the last king of Oz , Princess Ozma , to the old witch Mombi to have her hidden away . Mombi had turned Ozma into a boy named Tip , whom she raised . When all of this is revealed Tip is turned back into Ozma and takes her rightful place as the benevolent ruler of all of Oz . Ozma successfully wards off several attempts by various armies to overthrow her . To prevent any upheaval of her rule over Oz , she outlaws the practice of all magic in Oz except by herself , the returned and reformed wizard , and by Glinda , and she has Glinda make all of Oz invisible to outsiders . Ozma remains the ruler of Oz for the entire series . The Royal flag of Oz , as described in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz Economy and politics ( edit ) Some political analysts have claimed that Oz is a thinly disguised socialist utopia , though some Baum scholars disagree . Advocates of this theory support it using this quotation from The Emerald City of Oz : There were no poor people in the land of Oz , because there was no such thing as money , and all property of every sort belonged to the Ruler . Each person was given freely by his neighbors whatever he required for his use , which is as much as anyone may reasonably desire . Every one worked half the time and played half the time , and the people enjoyed the work as much as they did the play , because it is good to be occupied and to have something to do . There were no cruel overseers set to watch them , and no one to rebuke them or to find fault with them . So each one was proud to do all he could for his friends and neighbors , and was glad when they would accept the things he produced . This is a revision of the original society : in the first two books , the people of Oz lived in a money - based economy . For instance , the people of the Emerald City use `` green pennies '' as coinage . Money was not abolished in the course of the series , but excised from the conception of Oz . Indeed , in The Magic of Oz , a character from Oz gets into trouble when he goes to Ev because he was unaware of the concept of money . This decision to remove money from Oz may reflect Baum 's own financial difficulties in the times when he was writing these books . Since Oz is ruled by a monarch , benevolent though she may be , Oz is closer in nature to an absolute monarchy than a communist or Marxist state . When she was first introduced , Ozma was the monarch specifically of the Emerald City , but in the description of Ozma of Oz , Oz is presented as a federal state , rather like the German Empire , in monarchies rather than republics : having an overall ruler in Ozma , and individual kings and queens of smaller portions . The society grew steadily more utopian , in that its peace and prosperity were organized , but from the first book , it was a stupendously wealthy country , in contrast to Kansas 's crop failures , droughts , and mortgages -- just as it also is colorful to contrast with Kansas 's gray . On the other hand , despite the presence of the Emerald City , Oz is an agrarian country , similar to Kansas ; the story has been interpreted as a populist parable , and certainly contains many populist themes . In The Wonder City of Oz , Princess Ozma ( called `` Queen Ozma '' in this book ) is seen running for election ( `` ozlection '' ) to her office as ruler against Jenny Jump , a half - fairy newcomer from New Jersey . However , this book was not written by Baum , but by John R. Neill , Baum 's second successor . Further , the concept of the `` ozlection '' was not in Neill 's manuscript for the book , but was added by an editor at Reilly and Lee , the publisher . At times the rulers of Oz 's territories have grander titles than would normally be customary , but this is done mostly for the satisfaction of the incumbents . The ruler of the Winkie Country is the Emperor , the Tin Woodman . The ruler of the Quadling Country is Glinda the Good . The Munchkin Country is ruled by a king , later identified as Cheeriobed , who is revealed to be married to the Good Witch of the North , who , a spell broken , abdicates leadership of the Gillikin Country to Joe King and Queen Hyacinth of Up Town . The Royal Flag of Oz is based on the map of the Land of Oz ; the four colors represent the four countries , and the green star represents the Emerald City . Defense ( edit ) Oz is mostly a peaceful land and the idea of subversion is largely unknown to its people . Most military positions are only formal . This has caused many problems , such as in The Marvelous Land of Oz when the Emerald City ( which was only guarded by an elderly doorman and one soldier who was the entire Army of Oz at the time ) was easily conquered by the Army of Revolt led by General Jinjur . This army was in turn overwhelmed by another army of girls led by Glinda . Security of Oz is mostly maintained by magic such as Glinda 's spell making Oz completely invisible . Oz also has a natural barrier in the form of a desert that surrounds the land : anyone who touches the desert turns to sand . The Nome King has tried to conquer Oz on several occasions . A nominal army once existed , but it had an extremely large officers / privates ratio ; other than its commander the Tin Woodman and one private , the portion of it seen in Ozma of Oz was composed entirely of cowardly officers . In the end of the book it was said that there are three privates all in all , and it is unknown how many -- if any -- officers were left at home during Ozma 's travel to Ev . The private seen in the book , named Omby Amby , is later promoted to Captain General . In the book Emerald City of Oz , there are 2 towns called Rigmarole Town and Flutterbudgets that are the defensive settlements of Oz . In the movie Return to Oz , the mechanical man Tik - Tok is the entire Royal Army of Oz . Attempts by outsiders to conquer the Land of Oz are frequent , particularly in the Oz books by Ruth Plumly Thompson . But these attempts are always successfully thwarted in the end , usually by Ozma or by forces sympathetic to her . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Oz characters Recurring characters in the classic Oz series include : Dorothy Gale -- A heroic little orphan girl from Kansas . In later Oz books , she eventually moves to Oz permanently after visiting the land several times and having several adventures there . Dorothy ultimately becomes best friends with Princess Ozma who proclaims her as an official princess of Oz . Toto -- Dorothy 's little black dog whom she loves dearly . Toto is a sidekick companion , loyally following his mistress Dorothy on most of her adventures . It is revealed in `` Tik - Tok of Oz '' that even though Toto is not a fairy dog , he can still talk in Oz , he just chooses not to . Princess Ozma -- The long - lost child Queen and rightful ruler of Oz . She is the only child of Oz 's deceased mortal king , Pastoria who ruled before the Wizard arrived . She is established upon the throne as the true heir roughly five years after The Wonderful Wizard of Oz takes place . Uncle Henry -- Dorothy 's uncle who is a Kansas farmer and the husband of aunt Em . He ultimately moves to Oz with Dorothy and aunt Em when the bank forcloses on his farm . Aunt Em -- Dorothy 's aunt , and the wife of uncle Henry . She ultimately moves to Oz with Dorothy and uncle Henry . The Good Witch of the North -- The elderly ruler of the northern Gillikins . She is known by Locasta Tattypoo and became the ruler of the Gillikin Country after she overthrew Mombi , the Wicked Witch of the North . She was also the first witch Dorothy encountered upon her first arrival in Oz in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The Scarecrow -- A living stuffed man of straw who was made in Oz 's eastern quadrant called Munchkin Country . He is also a good friend of Dorothy . At the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz he became the King of Oz and ruled its imperial capital called Emerald City after the Wizard left . However , he gladly relinquished the title when Ozma was found . The Tin Woodman ( aka Nick Chopper ) -- An enchanted woodsman made entirely out of tin and is a good friend of Dorothy . He was originally a Munchkin but is the current Emperor of the western Winkies and lives in a tin castle . He became the official ruler of the Winkie Country after the Wicked Witch of the West was destroyed by Dorothy in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . The Cowardly Lion -- The talking lion who is a good friend of Dorothy . In the end of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , he became the King of the Beasts and overcame his cowardly ways . In later Oz books he becomes best friends with the Hungry Tiger , together they rule Oz 's Animal Kingdom and are the royal chariot pullers for Princess Ozma . The Wizard ( Oscar Diggs ) -- The former ruler of Oz and the Emerald City before the Scarecrow and Princess Ozma . Originally a skilled circus entertainer and ventriloquist from Omaha , Nebraska , he used his magic tricks to create illusions that made it appear as if he had real powers . Once a humbug , he is now a real wizard after being trained by both Ozma and Glinda who successfully taught him how to perform honest magic . Glinda -- The beautiful and wise Good Witch of the South who rules the southern Quadlings in a ruby palace . She became the benevolent sorceress of the Quadling Country after she vanquished the Wicked Witch of the South ( although the classic MGM musical movie of 1939 incorrectly portrays her as the Good Witch of the North ) . Guardian of the Gates -- The friendly gate keeper responsible for adorning the visitors who wish to enter Oz 's capital with the green tinted spectacles . He is described as being a very jolly and short man who wears fancy green clothing and has green tinted skin . Soldier with the Green Whiskers -- The Captain - General of the Royal Army of Oz who guards the main entrance of the royal palace in the Emerald City . His real name is Omby Amby Wantowin Battles . He is a very tall man who has a very long green beard . Jellia Jamb -- The young maid who works in the Emerald City 's royal palace . She is also known as the `` pretty green girl '' , with pretty green eyes and pretty green hair . Jellia becomes Ozma and Dorothy 's favorite servant out of the city 's staff administration . Jack Pumpkinhead -- An enchanted man made out of wooden branches with a carved jack - o - lantern pumpkin for a head . Jack was brought to life with the magic `` Powder of Life '' potion . The Sawhorse -- An animated sawhorse who becomes a steed of sorts for Princess Ozma and her friends . He was brought to life with the `` Powder of Life '' . H.M. Woggle - Bug , T.E. -- An intelligent insect who was magnified into a human - sized bug . Jinjur -- A former General of the all female Army of Revolt . Billina -- A yellow hen and good friend of Dorothy . Upon arriving to Oz Billina becomes Queen of the chickens . Tik - Tok -- A mechanical and super-intelligent , clockwork robot ( one of the first robots in literature ) . The Hungry Tiger -- The Cowardly Lion 's closest companion besides the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman . The Shaggy Man -- A homeless , but friendly man from `` the real world '' . He ends up living in Oz permanently . Button - Bright -- A lost little boy of only four or five - years - old . He is from a wealthy family in Philadelphia , but has many adventures in Oz and its neighboring kingdoms . Eureka -- Dorothy 's pink and purple kitten . The Patchwork Girl ( a.k.a. `` Scraps '' ) -- A life - size living doll made entirely of a colorful patchwork quilt . She was brought to life with the magic `` Powder of Life '' potion by a young Munchkin boy named Ojo . Scraps also becomes the love interest of the Scarecrow . Ojo -- A young boy of Munchkin descent . Betsy Bobbin -- A girl a year older than Dorothy from Oklahoma who comes to Oz with a talking mule named Hank after being shipwrecked . Polychrome -- A colorful and ethereal sky fairy and the youngest daughter of the Rainbow . Trot -- A girl who comes to Oz by accident and who 's a year younger than Dorothy . Cap'n Bill -- An ex-sailor with a wooden leg who visits Oz and is friends with Trot . Kabumpo -- The Elegant Elephant of Pumperdink . Jenny Jump -- A 15 - year - old girl from New Jersey who became a half - fairy . Pastoria -- The former mortal King of Oz who ruled long before the Wizard came and is the deceased father of Princess Ozma . Mombi -- The former Wicked Witch of the North . Mombi once ruled the northern quadrant of Oz until the Good Witch Locasta Tattypoo overthrew her . She also was partially responsible for the mysterious disappearance of Princess Ozma . The Nome King -- the main villain and antagonist in the Oz books . He is Oz 's most threatening enemy who resides in a neighbouring kingdom separated from Oz by the Deadly Desert . The Nome King is always trying to conquer Oz or thinking of ways to overthrow it throughout most of the entire series . Other media ( edit ) The 1939 MGM film 's Oz ( edit ) The Land of Oz as portrayed in the classic MGM musical movie of 1939 , is quite different from that portrayed in Baum 's books . The most notable difference is that in the film the entire land of Oz appears to be dreamed up by Dorothy Gale ( thus making it a dream world ) , although , Dorothy earnestly corrects the adults at the end that she was indeed there , and an image of Dorothy 's falling farmhouse returning to earth is presented . The apparent message is that one should appreciate one 's home , no matter how dull it may look or uninteresting its surroundings may be , for having a home and a family is not something that should be taken for granted . This contrasts sharply with the books , in which Dorothy and her family are eventually invited to move to Oz due to a bank foreclosure on the farm , showing both that Oz is a real place , and that it is a utopia compared to the prairies of Kansas . There are many other small differences between the books and the movie . For example , when Dorothy arrives in Munchkinland the Munchkins are seen wearing colorful costumes , but in the book Munchkins are said to only wear blue as blue is the official dominant color of the east . The first witch Dorothy meets in Oz in the book is the Good Witch of the North , a minor character that only had one other appearance in Baum 's books but is an important figure of Oz nonetheless . In the movie this character is conflated with that of Glinda , who is the Good Witch of the South and does not make an appearance until the very end of Baum 's story . The character of Glinda in the books dresses in all white silk , as white is the traditional color for good witches , whereas in the film she is seen in pink . It is also worthy of note that the Dorothy of the books is only a little girl who is no older than twelve - years - old . However , she is mature and very resourceful , only crying when faced with ultimate despair , whereas the older Dorothy of the movie ( portrayed as a twelve - year - old by sixteen - year - old Judy Garland ) spends several portions of the film crying and being told by others what to do , however her fear was overshadowed by the Cowardly Lion 's . This is more consistent with Thompson 's portrayal of Dorothy -- Baum is known for his strong and independent female characters . The Wicked Witch of the West also changes significantly between books and movie . In the books no mention is ever made of her skin color , whereas in the movie she is green without explanation , although the Winkies she has enslaved and turned into soldiers are also green . In the book it is implied but not stated that she dresses in yellow , as yellow is the official dominant color of the Winkie Country where she rules , whereas in the movie she dresses entirely in black . In the book she is portrayed as having only one eye , which is so powerful it could see distant objects like a telescope , but in the movie she uses a crystal ball to watch Dorothy and her friends from afar . The 1939 MGM film makes the first reference to The Witches of the East and West being sisters , which was not the case in the book ; none of the Witches in Baum 's Oz are related . The Wizard of Oz does not resort to anywhere near as much trickery in the movie as the book . In the book he entertains each member of Dorothy 's party on a different day , and takes a different form for each ; appearing as a giant green head , a beautiful fairy , a great beast , and a levitating ball of fire . In the movie he takes only one of these forms -- that of the giant green head . The nature of the Emerald City is changed in the film . In the book , the city is not actually all green , but everyone is forced to wear green tinted spectacles ( ostensibly to protect their eyes from the glory and splendor of the luxurious city ) , thus making everything appear green . In the film , the city is actually all green . The architecture of the Emerald City in the movie uses a much more contemporary Art Deco style than Baum could have imagined . In the book , a giant green wall studded in glittering emeralds surrounds the entire city , whereas in the movie there is only a gate opening . The movie replaces the charmed Silver Shoes with pointed toes of the book with Ruby - Red Slippers . This was because full color motion pictures were still a relatively new technology in 1939 , and MGM wanted to show off the visually dazzling process . Shiny red shoes were more impressive in a color motion picture compared to silver ones . Due to the popularity of the movie , the green witch and the Ruby Slippers are more well known to the general public and pop culture than their book counterparts , and are even considered iconic . Gregory Maguire 's revisionist Oz ( edit ) In his revisionist Oz novels Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , Son of a Witch , A Lion Among Men and Out of Oz , Gregory Maguire portrays a very different version of the Land of Oz . Maguire 's Oz is not Baum 's utopia , but a land troubled by political unrest and economic hardship . One political issue in Maguire 's novels is the oppression of the Animals ( Maguire distinguishes speaking Animals from non-speaking animals by the use of initial capital letters ) . There are many religious traditions in Maguire 's Oz , including Lurlinism ( which regards the Fairy Lurline as Oz 's creator ) , Unionism , which worships the Unnamed God , and the pleasure faiths which had swept Oz during the time that the witches were at Shiz . An example of the pleasure faiths were tic - toc ( where creatures were enchanted to tell secrets or the future and run by clockwork ) , and sorcery . Maguire 's presentation of Oz 's geography is also tinged with politics . A large political prison , Southstairs , exists in caverns below the Emerald City . Gillikin , home of Shiz University , has more industrial development than other parts of Oz . Munchkinland is Oz 's breadbasket and at one point declares its independence from the rule of the Emerald City . Quadling Country is largely marshland , inhabited by the artistic and sexually free Quadlings . The Vinkus ( Maguire 's name for Winkie Country ) is largely open grassland , populated by semi-nomadic tribes with brown skin . The musical Wicked , based on Maguire 's first Oz novel , portrays an Oz slightly closer to the version seen in Baum 's novels and the 1939 film . The oppression of the Animals is still a theme , but the geographical and religious divisions portrayed in Maguire 's novel are barely present . In both the book and musical , several characters from the traditional Oz stories are present with different names . Glinda is originally called Galinda , but changes her name . The Wicked Witch of the West is called Elphaba , the Wicked Witch of the East is called Nessarose . In the musical , but not in the book , Boq becomes the Tin Man , and Fiyero becomes the Scarecrow . Alexander Melentyevich Volkov 's magic Land ( edit ) Alexander Melentyevich Volkov was a Russian author best known for his translation of The Wizard of Oz into Russian , and for writing his own original sequels , which were based only loosely on Baum 's . Volkov 's books have been translated into many other languages , and are better known than Baum 's in some countries . The books , while still aimed at children , feature many mature political and ethical elements . They have been retranslated into English by Peter L. Blystone and partially by March Laumer , who used elements of them in his own books . March Laumer 's Oz ( edit ) March Laumer was one of the first authors to continue the Oz series after the Famous Forty . His books were written with the permission of Contemporary Books , who owned Reilly & Lee , the original publisher . His canon includes everything he knew of that was set in the land of Oz , including Volkov 's Russian Oz , the MGM movie , the Disney sequel , and many of Baum 's own books that most fans do not consider canonical . Laumer also made several controversial changes to Oz . He married off several of the major characters , often to unlikely prospects . For example , the intelligent and mature sorceress Glinda was married to Button Bright , who had been a small and dim - witted child throughout Baum 's books . He also aged Dorothy to a teenager to make her a romantic prospect for several characters , made Ozma a lesbian based on her upbringing as a boy , and made the Shaggy Man an ephebophile based on his frequent travels with young girls . Laumer 's books do not portray one consistent version of Oz . Because most of his books were collaborations , he often included elements of other author 's visions of Oz which may have been inconsistent with his own . For example , while he explicitly made Dorothy sixteen in A Fairy Queen in Oz , he had her physically eight in Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz ; and while he portrayed Volkov 's Oz as a parallel universe in Farewell to Oz he also showed Volkov 's characters living in Baum 's Oz in many of his other books , such as Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz . Despite these discrepancies , many of his books are consistent with each other , and characters introduced in some often appear in others . Philip José farmer 's Oz ( edit ) Philip José Farmer portrays a very different Oz in his book A Barnstormer in Oz . The premise is that nothing after the first book occurred -- Dorothy never returned to Oz , and instead grew up , got married , and had a son . Her son , Hank Stover , is the main character , a World War I veteran flier and the titular barnstormer . While flying in his Curtiss JN - 4 biplane he enters a green haze and emerges in the civil war - stricken land of Oz . Farmer portrays the land of Oz as a science fiction author , attempting to explain scientifically many of the `` magical '' elements of Baum 's story . Robert a Heinlein 's Oz ( edit ) Robert A. Heinlein 's book , The Number of the Beast passes through many famous fictional worlds including those of Alice in Wonderland ; Gulliver 's Travels , specifically Lilliput ; E.E. `` Doc '' Smith 's Lensman universe ; Asgard , connected to Heinlein 's own Future History universe by the Rainbow Bridge for one specific reason in one specific location ; and Ringworld ; as well as some of Heinlein 's own works , specifically those set in his Future History through which Lazarus Long moves ; and of course the Land of Oz itself . The Oz portrayed in the book is very close to Baum 's Oz , although Heinlein does make an attempt to explain some things from the standpoint of a science fiction author . He explains that Oz is on a retrograde planet , where the direction of rotation relative to the poles is reversed , resulting in the sun seeming to rise in what would normally be the west . Heinlein also explains that the population remains steady in Oz despite the lack of death because it is impossible for children to be born in Oz . When the population does increase through immigration , Glinda just extends the borders an inch or two in each direction , which makes more than enough space for all additional people . L. Sprague de Camp 's Oz ( edit ) L. Sprague de Camp , like Heinlein , brings his own characters to Oz in his book Sir Harold and the Gnome King , part of the originally collaborative Harold Shea series . Unlike Heinlein , he does not attempt to explain Oz as science fiction , though he does deviate from the original corpus . He follows Thompson 's Oz books , thus using her spelling of `` Gnome '' and her final fate of the character , but he postulates an incident that has removed the Ozites ' immortality , with the result that both Ozma and Dorothy have aged and married by the time his story takes place . Tad Williams ' Otherland Oz ( edit ) In the Otherland series , by Tad Williams , a virtual reality version of Oz exists , wherein real - world antagonists play sadistic versions of the roles of the Tin Man , The Scarecrow , and the Cowardly Lion , in a twisted , martial , and post-apocalyptic version of Oz , populated both by characters from the novels , and a large quantity of male and female humans who go by the names `` Henry '' and `` Em '' respectively . The humans , computer - generated characters based on the lost minds of children drawn into the Otherland program , look forward to a messianic prophecy foretelling the coming of `` The Dorothy , '' where a child would be born among them . The outer Zone ( Tin man ) ( edit ) The 2007 Sci Fi television miniseries Tin Man reinvents Oz as the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) , a parallel universe that was first visited by Dorothy Gale during the latter Victorian Era and is ruled over by her descendants . It is implied , by reference to centuries having elapsed since Dorothy came to the O.Z. , that time has progressed at different rates in the O.Z. and `` the other side '' . The re-imagined Oz is described as a place where `` the paint has peeled , and what was once the goodness of Oz has become the horrible bleakness of the O.Z. '' The scenic design of the O.Z. features elements of steampunk , particularly the `` 1930 's fascist realist '' decor of the evil sorceress 's palace and the computer - generated Central City , analogue of the Emerald City . Emerald City Confidential ( edit ) The 2009 point - and - click adventure video game Emerald City Confidential reinvents Oz in a film noir style , with Dorothy Gale as a femme fatale , the Lion as a corrupt lawyer and some other changes . Once upon a time ( edit ) The Land of Oz appears in the TV series Once Upon a Time and is the focus of the episodes It 's Not Easy Being Green , Kansas , Heart of Gold , Our Decay , Ruby Slippers , and the most recent episode Where Bluebirds Fly . It was also seen briefly in the episode Sisters . Magic ( edit ) Being a fantasy series Oz is rich in magic . In particular , there are many magic items which play an important role in the series . Silver shoes / Ruby Slippers ( edit ) When Dorothy leaves Oz after having several adventures there and befriending many of Oz 's natives , she is magically carried over the Deadly Desert by means of the charmed Silver Shoes she had been given shortly after her unexpected arrival when her farmhouse landed on and killed the previous pair 's owner , the Wicked Witch of the East . After knocking her heels together three times and wishing to return home , Dorothy is lifted into the air and transported to Kansas . The shoes however , slip off of Dorothy 's feet and are lost forever in the desert . Baum states the silver shoes are never recovered . In the 1939 film the shoes are changed to Ruby Slippers . When Dorothy clicks her heels together she closes her eyes and says : `` Theres no place like home '' . She then wakes up in her bedroom in Kansas believing her experience in Oz to be an elaborate dream . The silver shoes and ruby slippers are also used in several other versions including Wicked by Gregory Maguire . Here the shoes are constructed as a gift and have a chameleon effect . They are decorated with thousands of glittering glass beads that change colors according to the lighting . They can also appear to be several different colors all at once . The shoes are also lost when Dorothy is teleported back home just like in Baum 's novel . The Broadway musical based on Maguire 's book further shows that they were all silver , but were changed to ruby red by a spell put upon them by the Witch of the West Elphaba , enabling her sister the Witch of the East Nessarose , who prior had been confined to a wheelchair , to magically walk . A little - known adaptation of the original story made for British television in the mid-90's starring Denise van Outen explained that they had belonged to a visitor from over the rainbow who came to Oz before Dorothy and they were obtained by the Witch when the visitor wished herself home and they fell off her feet on the return trip . Powder of life ( edit ) The Powder of Life is a magic substance from the book series , which first appears in The Marvelous Land of Oz . It is a magical powder that brings inanimate objects to life . The witch Mombi first obtained it from a `` crooked magician . '' Later in the series it is revealed that the substance is made by a Dr. Pipt . In order to make the substance , Dr. Pipt had to stir four large cauldrons for six years . Only a few grains of the powder could be made at a time . It is always described as being carried in a pepper box . In The Marvelous Land of Oz , the Powder of Life was used to bring Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and the Gump to life . In The Patchwork Girl of Oz it brings the title character to life , also the glass cat and a phonograph . Mombi 's shaker also contained three `` wishing pills '' fabricated by Dr. Nikidik . The Powder has been used by Volkov in his series . There , it is produced from a certain plant of such viability that the smallest piece can grow into a plant within a day , on any surface except for solid metal . However , if it is sun dried on such a surface , it turns into the Powder of Life . No incantation is required to make the powder work . The second book of the series is centered around a man who animates an army of wooden soldiers with the Powder and uses them for conquering the Magic Land . In Return to Oz , the magic words to bring the inanimate object to life were `` WEAUGH , TEAUGH , PEAUGH '' . Magic Belt ( edit ) The Magic Belt is first introduced in Ozma of Oz . Originally the belt belonged to the Nome King , but Dorothy Gale stole it and defeated him . When she leaves Oz , she gives it to Ozma for safekeeping . In most Oz books , the Magic Belt grants its wearer the ability to transform anyone into any form , and the ability to transport anyone anywhere , and also makes its wearer impervious to harm . In some books , it also grants limited wishes . In Ozma of Oz , its power is limited : its magic can not affect objects which are made of wood . In non-canonical The Oz Kids animated series , the Magic Belt belonged to Dot . Magic picture ( edit ) In Ozma 's boudoir hangs a picture in a radium frame . This picture usually appears to be of a pleasant countryside , but when anyone wishes for the picture to show a particular person or place , the scene will display what is wished for . Sometimes the onlooker is able to hear sounds from the scene within the Magic Picture and sometimes an additional device is necessary to transmit sound . A similar device is present in Volkov 's series . There , it is given as a present to the Scarecrow by the Good Witch of the South . It is a box of pink wood with a thick frosted glass screen . The device is password activated , and limited in range to the Magic Land ( with the exception of deep underground caverns and certain types of magical interference ) . The box is shown to be virtually indestructible ; it withstood repeated abuse from a villain attempting to use it . Great book of Records ( edit ) `` Great Book of Records '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Guinness World Records . Glinda 's Great Book of Records is introduced in Chapter 29 of The Emerald City of Oz : `` ' It is a record of everything that happens , ' replied the Sorceress . ' As soon as an event takes place , anywhere in the world , it is immediately found printed in my Magic Book . So when I read its pages I am well informed . ' '' The Book proves useful in The Scarecrow of Oz and Glinda of Oz ; and it recurs in many of the stories of Baum 's successors and imitators . It is one of the prime magic devices of Oz ; villains steal it when they can ( as in The Lost Princess of Oz or in Handy Mandy in Oz ) . Since it covers the planet and not merely Oz , the Book 's entries are compressed and sometimes cryptic , and difficult to decipher ( as in Paradox in Oz or Queen Ann in Oz ) . The book is also featured in fantasy series Once Upon a Time . Zelena reads the book ignoring Glinda 's warning and turns green again because she felt betrayed as it was mentioned in the book that Dorothy would save Oz from a great evil ( Zelena thought that evil was her but this was never revealed ) . The love magnet ( edit ) A rusty - looking horseshoe magnet which causes everyone to love its owner . It is closely associated with the Shaggy Man . In The Road to Oz , he finds that being loved by everyone can be inconvenient . In Tik - Tok of Oz he reveals that Ozma has modified its powers so that it only works when it is displayed and affects only the feelings of those who see it . It is an essential plot - element in The Shaggy Man of Oz . Ozma keeps it hanging over the gate into the Emerald City , so that all who enter will come with love , although this does not always seem to happen . Magic fan ( edit ) The Magic Fan is brought to Oz by Dorothy in The Royal Book of Oz . Several subsequent books mention it . It creates a powerful wind , capable of blowing away an invading army . Fountain of oblivion ( edit ) A fountain in the Emerald City , anyone who drinks from it forgets everything he knows , including his own name . It is used against the Nome King in The Emerald City of Oz and again in The Magic of Oz . Magic dinner bell ( edit ) Created by the Red Jinn , it summons a slave named Ginger , who appears bearing a tray full of delicious food when the bell is rung . Besides providing food , the bell also provides a means of escape from danger : anyone who holds onto the slave when he disappears after bringing the food is transported with him to the Red Jinn 's castle . There are actually two magic dinner bells , one in the Emerald City and another which the Red Jinn keeps for himself and uses while traveling . The bell is first introduced in Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz and also appears in The Purple Prince of Oz and The Silver Princess in Oz . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Death in Oz ( edit ) In the later Oz books , no one can die . One of the books assures us that while you are in the Land of Oz , you can not die . Unfortunately , this information comes after characters in the books have been chopped into pieces , beheaded , melted , and so forth and it is mentioned that you could be transformed into an inanimate object , turned into sand , and buried . Even so , you would still be alive and presumably conscious . Baum puts it this way in the third chapter of The Emerald City of Oz : `` No disease of any sort was ever known among the Ozites , and so no one ever died unless he met with an accident that prevented him from living . '' Note also the spell which caused this also prevented aging , and took effect on everyone in Oz at the same time ; this means that any babies in Oz are eternally babies , and that anyone who was at the moment of death is permanently caught there , and so on . Theories ( edit ) Death is treated inconsistently ; in some books it is said that it is impossible to die , in others , people die . Problematically , the plot often depends on something either dying , or not being killable . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz shows an early example of the problem : although the Tin Woodman does not die when his limbs and head are severed , the two wicked witches are killed ( The Wicked Witch of the East could be explained that she was simply crushed and not really dead , but could n't do anything anyway , and in The Oz Odyssey , the Wicked Witch of the West comes back to life . ) One theory brought forth as to why the Tin Woodman does not die is discussed in Edward Einhorn 's book `` Paradox in Oz '' , where King Oz says that the Tin Woodman ( then Nick Chopper ) would have died were it not for his time magic . When the Tin Woodman rescues the Queen of the Field Mice by chopping off the head of a pursuing wildcat , it seems unlikely the cat 's unjoined head and body continue to live independently of each other , although this goes unmentioned . Again , although the Tin Woodman survived losing all his body , prior to that , he had grown up and lost his parents in a manner inconsistent with later descriptions of Oz . Again , in Ozma of Oz , Jack Pumpkinhead was described as `` a little overripe '' , and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , he does not appear at all , although all the other characters do reappear ; the implication is that he spoiled , as he feared from his creation . It is unlikely , however , since , according to the previous book , while a pumpkin which serves as Jack 's head can spoil , it can be replaced , which was done several times without a problem . Both Ozma of Oz and Tik - Tok of Oz describe trees with meat growing on them , so it is possible that no animal was killed for most of the meat eaten in Oz . However , in Tin Woodman of Oz a hungry Jaguar tries to eat a live monkey , suggesting that occasionally ( among non-human animals , at least ) animal flesh is preferred to that of plants . Another of Baum 's attempts to explain death in Oz is the following passage from The Emerald City of Oz . No disease of any sort was ever known among the Ozites , and no one ever died unless he met with an accident that prevented him from living . This passage has been translated by some fans to mean that one ceases to live if one 's body is damaged to the extent that it can not be repaired . However , in Tik - Tok of Oz Baum suggested that Oz people could go on living after being eaten and digested , and also that Nomes would continue to live after being cut into tiny pieces , which disproves the destruction theory . Talking animals ( edit ) In Oz , animals such as the Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger can talk , and all native animals appear to be capable of speech . Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West emphasized the difference between Animals and animals . Animals ( capitalized ) are sentient beings that can talk . Several theories exist as to how animals gained the gift of speech . The treatment of non-native animals was inconsistent . In the first book , the dog Toto never speaks , although brought to Oz ; in The Patchwork Girl of Oz , Dorothy specifies that he can not speak because he is not a fairy dog . However , in Ozma of Oz , the chicken Billina acquires speech merely by being swept to the lands near Oz , and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , the same is true of the kitten Eureka and the cab horse Jim when reaching the land of Mangaboos , a similarly magical land . In Tik - Tok of Oz , Baum restored the continuity : Toto can speak , and always could , but never bothered to , because it was unnecessary . An additional inconsistency is introduced with Tik - Tok of Oz : Hank the Mule can not speak until reaching the Land of Oz , although he lands on the shore of Ev first , where Billina the chicken gained the ability to speak . This might be because Tik - Tok of Oz was originally a stageplay version of Ozma of Oz ; Dorothy was replaced by Betsy because he had sold the stage rights for Dorothy , and Billina was replaced by Hank because a mule could more convincingly be played by two people in a costume . Hank probably could not talk because Baum already had two speaking comedy characters , the Shaggy Man and Tik - Tok . Thus Hank would fill a better niche as a visual comedy character , in the tradition of British pantomime . The part of Hank was also an analog to the part of Dorothy 's cow Imogene , Toto 's replacement on stage in the immensely successful 1903 Broadway version of The Wizard of Oz , a success that Baum sought to duplicate for the rest of his life . There is one small kingdom in Oz where animals are unable to talk : Corumbia . Origin of the name Oz ( edit ) A legend of uncertain validity is that when relating bedtime stories ( the earliest form of the Oz books ) Baum was asked by his niece , Ramona Baxter Bowden , the name of the magical land . He glanced at a nearby filing cabinet , which had three drawers , labeled A -- G , H -- N , and O -- Z . Thus he named the land Oz . This story was first told in 1903 , but his wife always insisted that the part about the filing cabinet was not true . In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , the name is translated as `` great and good '' . It has also been speculated that Oz was named after the abbreviation for ounce , in the theory that Oz is an allegory for the populist struggle against the illusion ( the wizard ) of the gold standard . Others have said that Oz stands for New York , since the letters of the alphabet before O and Z are N and Y respectively . However , this works just as well with Oz standing for Pennsylvania , because the letters following O and Z are P and A ( starting again at the beginning of the alphabet ) . Several of Baum 's fairy stories that take place in the United States were situated on the Ozark Plateau , and the similarity of name may not be a coincidence . Oz is a common vernacular contraction of Australia ( Australia -- Aussie -- Aus -- Oz ) . Australia is a large continent predominated by desert regions , with pockets of intense green tropical , sub-tropical and sub-alpine greenlands and rainforests . It is quite possible that Baum took the popular nickname of Australia as the national name for his fictional world . Also note that many fans place Oz in the South Pacific , see Location above . However , according to the Oxford English dictionary , the first references to Australia by this name were made in 1902 -- after the first book had been published . Nevertheless , spoken references would certainly have been in use before first appearing in print ( as noted by Oxford ) , hence possibly before the writing of the book . It is also possible that it is based on the `` Óg '' in Tír na nÓg . While no direct link between the mythology of Oz and the realm of Irish folklore has been conclusively proven , certain similarities , for instance Ogma and Princess Ozma , are compelling . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Emerald City of Oz , p. 30 Jump up ^ James Thurber , `` The Wizard of Chitenango '' , in Fantasists on Fantasy , edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski , New York , Avon , 1984 ; pp. 64 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 86553 - X . ^ Jump up to : Thurber , `` The Wizard of Chitenango '' , p. 66 . Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , edited by Michael Patrick Hearn , New York , Crown , 1976 ; p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Michael O. Riley , Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum , Lawrence , KS , University Press of Kansas , 1997 ; p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : John Grant and John Clute , The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , New York , St. Martin 's Griffin , 1999 ; `` Oz '' , p. 739 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 19869 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 53 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 223 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 106 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 139 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , `` Oz '' , p. 740 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Eric P. Gjovaag . `` Wizard of Oz -- Frequently Asked Questions -- About the Land of Oz '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 186 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Robert R. Pattrick , `` Oz Geography , '' The Baum Bugle , Vol. 3 No. 1 ( May 1959 ) to Vol. 4 No. 1 ( May 1960 ) . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 57 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 102 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 177 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , When Dreams Came True : Classical Fairy Tales and Their Tradition , London , Routledge , 1998 ; pp. 180 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92151 - 1 . Jump up ^ Zipes , p. 165 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Riley , p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website . ^ Jump up to : The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 220 . Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 139 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Brian Attebery , The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature , Bloomington , IN , Indiana University Press , 1980 ; p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35665 - 2 . Jump up ^ Attebery , pp. 86 -- 7 . Jump up ^ The Giant Horse of Oz . Jump up ^ Brooke Allen ( 2002 - 11 - 17 ) . `` The Man Behind the Curtain '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Eric P. Gjovaag . `` Wizard of Oz -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.starwarstimeline.net/Oz/DeadlyDesert.htm Jump up ^ March Laumer Online Jump up ^ `` A Touch More Evil : Azkadellia 's World '' , SciFi Pulse video ( Atom Films mirror ) -- November 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brick by Brick : Bringing Tin Man to Life '' , SciFi Pulse video ( YouTube mirror ) -- November 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Review of Emerald City Confidential '' , Adventure Gamers -- February 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , pp. 138 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Riley , pp. 146 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Tik - Tok of Oz '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Yellow Knight of Oz Jump up ^ The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Riley , p. 125 . External links ( edit ) Oz portal Hungry Tiger Talk discussion of Oz maps The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_of_Oz&oldid=800660145 '' Categories : The Wizard of Oz locations Oz countries Invisibility in fiction Fantasy worlds Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 32 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20of%20Oz
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by what margin must an amendment be passed in both the house of representatives and the senate
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Article one of the United States Constitution
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article one of the united states constitution
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Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government , the United States Congress . The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Legislative power vested in Congress 2 Section 2 : House of Representatives 2.1 Clause 1 : Composition and election of Members 2.2 Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members 2.3 Clause 3 : Apportionment of Representatives and taxes 2.4 Clause 4 : Vacancies 2.5 Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; Impeachment 3 Section 3 : Senate 3.1 Clause 1 : Composition ; Election of Senators 3.2 Clause 2 : Classification of Senators ; Vacancies 3.3 Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators 3.4 Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate 3.5 Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers 3.6 Clause 6 : Trial of Impeachment 3.7 Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; Punishment on conviction 4 Section 4 : Congressional elections 4.1 Clause 1 : Time , place , and manner of holding 4.2 Clause 2 : Sessions of Congress 5 Section 5 : Procedure 5.1 Clause 1 : Qualifications of Members 5.2 Clause 2 : Rules 5.3 Clause 3 : Record of proceedings 5.4 Clause 4 : Adjournment 6 Section 6 : Compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office 6.1 Clause 1 : Compensation and legal protection 6.2 Clause 2 : Independence from the executive 7 Section 7 : Bills 7.1 Clause 1 : Bills of revenue 7.2 Clause 2 : From bill to law 7.3 Clause 3 : Presidential veto 8 Section 8 : Powers of Congress 8.1 Enumerated powers 8.2 Commerce Clause 8.3 Other powers of Congress 8.4 Necessary and Proper clause 9 Section 9 : Limits on Congress 9.1 Slave trade 9.2 Civil and legal protections 9.3 Apportionment of direct taxes 9.4 Titles of nobility 10 Section 10 : Limits on the States 10.1 Clause 1 : Contracts Clause 10.2 Clause 2 : Import - Export Clause 10.3 Clause 3 : Compact Clause 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Section 1 : legislative power vested in Congress ( edit ) Main article : Vesting Clauses Opening of the 112th Congress , House of Representatives chamber , January 5 , 2011 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress . Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III . The former confers executive power upon the President alone , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . This separation of powers , by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others , is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people . The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress . The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers `` herein granted '' within Article I ( as later limited by the Tenth Amendment ) . It also , by implied extension , prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government , a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an `` intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority . That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch , and may be expressed only by that branch , is central to the theory . The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly , in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have , unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to `` test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do . Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution , Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation . The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate . Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate , it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate . However , it is also limited to inquiries that are `` in aid of the legislative function ; '' Congress may not `` expose for the sake of exposure . '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government , but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial ( see executive privilege ) , although not often litigated . As a practical matter , the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ( `` in aid of '' its legislative powers ) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens ; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government , without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress , must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers . The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers , however . Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate , and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression . Section 2 : House of Representatives ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition and election of members ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year . Since Representatives are to be `` chosen ... by the People , '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives ; instead , the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy . At the time of its creation , the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote . Rather , it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional ( House of Representatives ) elections . Since the Civil War , several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards . Though never enforced , clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color , or previous condition of servitude . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax . The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . Moreover , since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right , the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship , residency , and age are usually questionable . In the 1960s , the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature , Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed . In Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections . Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative , exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and , in fact , is currently impossible , because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435 , several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010 . However , the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected `` by the People '' to mean that , in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives , each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations . Clause 2 : qualifications of members ( edit ) No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years , and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen . The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives : A Representative must be at least 25 years old , must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected , and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years . There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents ; although this is usually the case , there have been occasional exceptions . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to `` judge ... the ... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the `` times , places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives . '' The Supreme Court , as well as other federal courts , have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions , such as imposing term limits on members of Congress , allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections , or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent . A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated . However , the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements , such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be . Clause 3 : apportionment of Representatives and taxes ( edit ) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made , the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse ( sic ) three , Massachusetts eight , Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one , Connecticut five , New - York six , New Jersey four , Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one , Maryland six , Virginia ten , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , and Georgia three . After much debate , the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states . To facilitate this , the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count . As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census , the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats . Originally , the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons , three - fifths the number of all other Persons ( i.e. slaves ) , but excluding non-taxed Native Americans . This Constitutional rule , known as the three - fifths compromise , was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states . It was , according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( writing in 1833 ) , a `` matter of compromise and concession , confessedly unequal in its operation , but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation , which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests , and physical condition , and political institutions '' . Following the completion of each census , Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states ( according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population ) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole , and , based on its calculations , to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population . Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census , and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process . With one exception , the apportionment of 1842 , the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913 . The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population , so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population . With the size of the House still fixed at 435 , the current ratio , as of the 2010 Census , is around 1 Representative : 700,000 Citizens . Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states , the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats . Even so , the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained , as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 . The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population . Due to this restriction , application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say , there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected , because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population . To permit the levying of such an income tax , Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment , which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income `` from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population . Clause 4 : vacancies ( edit ) When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State , the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies . Section two , Clause four , provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives , it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement , but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling . Moreover , the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement , but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy . The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid . Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; impeachment ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall chuse ( sic ) their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers . Though the Constitution does not mandate it , every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives . The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions , choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task . Finally , Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment . Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision , the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the `` sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense . This power , which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury , has been used only rarely . The House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 , and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result , including : two Presidents ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , one Cabinet Secretary ( William W. Belknap ) , one Senator ( William Blount ) , one Supreme Court Associate Justice ( Samuel Chase ) , and fourteen federal judges . The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated . Until the early 20th century , a House member could rise and propose an impeachment , which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation . Presently , it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then , after investigating the allegations , prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration . If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution , the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of `` managers , '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution . These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate ( see Section 3 , Clause 6 below ) . Section 3 : Senate ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition ; election of Senators ( edit ) Gilded Age monopolies could no longer control the U.S. Senate ( left ) by corrupting state legislatures ( right ) . The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , chosen by the Legislature thereof , for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote . The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators , who would be elected by its state legislature ( now by the people of each state ) , serve for staggered six - year terms , and have one vote each . By these provisions , the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states . This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , which , in part , provides as amended , that The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended . It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended . This clause is among them . ( The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9 . ) Article Five provides that `` no State , without its Consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . Thus , no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent . That is to say , an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator ( or three Senators , or any other number ) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states ; however , one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality ( for example , population , wealth , or land area ) , would require the unanimous consent of all the states . Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would , according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ( in Texas v. White ) , destroy the grounding of the Union . This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood . Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states . Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question . Clause 2 : classification of Senators ; vacancies ( edit ) Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation , or otherwise , during the Recess of the Legislature of any State , the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature , which shall then fill such Vacancies . After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress ( 1789 -- 1791 ) , the Senators were divided into three `` classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible , as required by this section . This was done in May 1789 by lot . It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes . Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years ; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years , instead of six . After this , all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms , and as new States have joined the Union , their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes , maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible . In this way , election is staggered ; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years , but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year ( as contrasted with the House , where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years ) . As originally established , Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate . If a senator died , resigned , or was expelled , the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term . If the State Legislature was not in session , its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement . This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , which provided for the Popular Election of Senators , instead of their appointment by the State Legislature . In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate , the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy , but ( unlike in the House ) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held . Note , however , that under the original Constitution , the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments . The current system , under the Seventeenth Amendment , allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so ; otherwise , the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat , as in the case of a vacancy in the House . Clause 3 : qualifications of Senators ( edit ) No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years , and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen . A Senator must be at least 30 years of age , must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected , and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section . 5 . authority to `` Judge ... the ... Qualifications of its own Members , '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section . 4 . authority to prescribe the `` Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , ... '' Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate ( edit ) See also : List of tie - breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided . Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate . Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President , this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution . When serving in this capacity , the Vice President , who is not a member of the Senate , may cast tie - breaking votes . Early in the nation 's history , Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate . In modern times , the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated . Through March 30 , 2017 , a tie - breaking vote has been cast 258 times by 36 different Vice Presidents . Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers ( edit ) Republican Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah , current President pro tempore of the United States Senate The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the Absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States . Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate , a Senator elected to the post by the Senate , to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President . Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary , the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress , as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence . Since World War II , the senior ( longest serving ) member of the majority party has filled this position . As is true of the Speaker of the House , the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator , but by convention , a senator is always chosen . Clause 6 : trial of impeachment ( edit ) The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials . The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial . Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives , eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate . On one occasion the Senate declined to hold a trial . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons . First , they believed Senators would be better educated , more virtuous , and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions . Second , they believed that the Senate , being a numerous body , would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial , in which it , unlike judges and the judiciary system , would `` never be tied down by such strict rules , either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor , or in the construction of it by judges , as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security . '' ( Alexander Hamilton , The Federalist No. 65 ) . There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials . The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion . The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him ( or her ) and the presidency . The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions . Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; punishment on conviction ( edit ) Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . If any officer is convicted on impeachment , he or she is immediately removed from office , and may be barred from holding any public office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . Section 4 : congressional elections ( edit ) Clause 1 : time , place , and manner of holding ( edit ) The Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations , except as to the Places of chusing ( sic ) Senators . The purpose of this clause is twofold . First , it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives . That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress . Second , the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government , not with the executive or judicial . As authorized by this clause , Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections : the Tuesday following the first Monday in November . Presently , as there are no on - point federal regulations , the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held ( registration , primary elections , etc . ) and where elections will be held . As for regulating the `` manner '' of elections , the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean `` matters like notices , registration , supervision of voting , protection of voters , prevention of fraud and corrupt practices , counting of votes , duties of inspectors and canvassers , and making and publication of election returns . '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the `` manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation . One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the `` manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts . Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State , it has not exercised this level of oversight . Congress has , however , required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts . States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme , whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body ( that is to say , Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House , nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative ) . The Supreme Court has interpreted `` by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process , in those state whose constitutions provide it , to create an independent redistricting commission . Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842 , when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts . In subsequent years , Congress expanded on the requirements , successively adding contiguity , compactness , and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements . These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929 . Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory , be `` compact , '' and have equal populations within each State . Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse , but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other `` traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity . In 1866 , Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office . The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected . The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights . Under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , and subsequent laws , false registration , bribery , voting without legal right , making false returns of votes cast , interference in any manner with officers of election , and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses . Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully , to witness the counting of votes , and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets . Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907 , Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing . The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision , Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , which , in the face of a First Amendment challenge , set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation , generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates , but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations . In addition to statutory constraints , Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution ( first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment ) . The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators ; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states . Also , the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex ; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax ; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old . Clause 2 : sessions of Congress ( edit ) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year , and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December , unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day . Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet . By doing so , the Constitution empowers Congress to meet , whether or not the President called it into session . Article II , Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses ( or either of them ) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people . Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary , for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually . Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature , and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date . A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings . Finally , Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department . Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December , the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4 , 1789 . As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4 , that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years . Therefore , every other year , although a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' session convening in the interim . This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment , which states ( in Section 2 ) that , `` The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day '' . This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress . Section 5 : procedure ( edit ) Clause 1 : qualifications of members ( edit ) Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections , Returns and Qualifications of its own Members , and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day , and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members , in such Manner , and under such Penalties as each House may provide . Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business ; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members . In practice , the quorum requirement is all but ignored . A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call , requested by a member , proves otherwise . Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum ; more often , they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic . Sometimes , unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress . For instance , the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton , a twenty - eight - year - old , in 1818 ( the admission was inadvertent , as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time ) . In 1934 , a twenty - nine - year - old , Rush Holt , was elected to the Senate ; he agreed to wait six months , until his thirtieth birthday , to take the oath . The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath , not the date of election . Clause 2 : rules ( edit ) Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , punish its Members for disorderly Behavior , and , with the Concurrence of two thirds , expel a member . Each House can determine its own Rules ( assuming a quorum is present ) , and may punish any of its members . A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member . Section 5 , Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules , leaving details to the respective chambers . Clause 3 : record of proceedings ( edit ) Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings , and from time to time publish the same , excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall , at the desire of one fifth of those present , be entered on the Journal . Each House must keep and publish a Journal , though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret . The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal ; if one - fifth of those present ( assuming a quorum is present ) request it , the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered . Clause 4 : adjournment ( edit ) Neither House , during the Session of Congress , shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days , nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting . Neither House may adjourn , without the consent of the other , for more than three days . Often , a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days ; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement , and not to conduct business . Furthermore , neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses ( the Capitol ) , without the consent of the other House . Section 6 : compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office ( edit ) Clause 1 : compensation and legal Protection ( edit ) Main article : Speech or Debate Clause The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States . They shall in all Cases , except Treason , Felony and Breach of the Peace , be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses , and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . Senators and Representatives set their own compensation . Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment , any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election . Members of both Houses have certain privileges , based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament . Members attending , going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest , except for treason , felony or breach of the peace . One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate , nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution . The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record , which might have otherwise been a criminal offense . This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States , 408 U.S. 606 ( 1972 ) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress , so long as their activities relate to legislative matters . Clause 2 : independence from the executive ( edit ) Main article : Ineligibility Clause See also : Saxbe fix No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office . Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch . This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress . It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament , where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament . Furthermore , Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions ; rather , they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected . If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer , it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position ( known as the Saxbe fix ) . The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937 , when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term . Just prior to the appointment , Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy . It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term , and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice . The response , however , was that Black was fifty - one years old , and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later , long after his Senate term had expired . Section 7 : bills ( edit ) Clause 1 : bills of revenue ( edit ) Main article : Bills of Revenue All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation . Accordingly , any bill may originate in either House of Congress , except for a revenue bill , which may originate only in the House of Representatives . In practice , the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text . Either House may amend any bill , including revenue and appropriation bills . This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states ; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states . Clause 2 : from bill to law ( edit ) Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law . But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law . This clause is known as the Presentment Clause . Before a bill becomes law , it must be presented to the President , who has ten days ( excluding Sundays ) to act upon it . If the President signs the bill , it becomes law . If he disapproves of the bill , he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections . This procedure has become known as the veto , although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One . The bill does not then become law unless both Houses , by two - thirds votes , override the veto . If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit , the bill becomes law , unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime , thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated . In the latter case , the President , by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session , exercises a `` pocket veto '' , which Congress may not override . In the former case , where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned , there is no common name for the practice , but recent scholarship has termed it a `` default enactment . '' What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear . In the Pocket Veto Case ( 1929 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment , such as an adjournment of the first session , but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed . '' Since neither House of Congress was in session , the President could not return the bill to one of them , thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto . In Wright v. United States ( 1938 ) , however , the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto . In such cases , the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill . Clause 3 : presidential veto ( edit ) Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill . In 1996 , Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act , which permitted the President , at the time of the signing of the bill , to rescind certain expenditures . The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds . The President could veto the disapproval , but the Congress , by a two - thirds vote in each House , could override the veto . In the case Clinton v. City of New York , the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause . First , the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President , thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine . Second , the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven , which state , `` if he approve ( the bill ) he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it . '' Thus , the President may sign the bill , veto it , or do nothing , but he may not amend the bill and then sign it . Every bill , order , resolution , or vote that must be passed by both Houses , except on a question of adjournment , must be presented to the President before becoming law . However , to propose a constitutional amendment , two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification , without any consideration by the President , as prescribed in Article V . Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto , while others have not used it at all . Grover Cleveland , for instance , vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office ; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes . Meanwhile , seven Presidents have never used the veto power . There have been 2,560 vetoes , including pocket vetoes . Section 8 : powers of Congress ( edit ) Enumerated powers ( edit ) Newly naturalized citizen , Albert Einstein received his certificate of the United States of America citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman . Main article : Enumerated powers Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight : The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and minting coins . Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly . Most notably , the Taxing and Spending , Interstate Commerce , and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress . Congress may lay and collect taxes for the `` common defense '' or `` general welfare '' of the United States . The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined `` general welfare , '' leaving the political question to Congress . In United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) , the Court for the first time construed the clause . The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat ; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury , but were rather specially earmarked for farmers . The Court struck down the tax , ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to `` matters of national , as distinguished from local , welfare '' . Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause ; for instance , the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause . Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States . In 1871 , when deciding Knox v. Lee , the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts . Whenever Congress borrows money , it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement . However , such agreements are only `` binding on the conscience of the sovereign '' , as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment . The Necessary and Proper Clause , as well as the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses have been interpreted so broadly that to this day , the Federal Government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated by the States in the Federal Government by the Constitution , like the different social programs of the American Welfare State . However , James Madison , who wrote much of the Constitution , disagrees that Congress exercises powers that are not expressly granted in the Constitution ; Madison , when he held the Office of President of the United States , exercised his Veto power against the Federal Public Works Bill of 1817 , calling it Unconstitutional , since to him , the Federal Government does not have the power to build infrastructure . To the House of Representatives of the United States : Having considered the bill this day presented to me entitled `` An act to set apart and pledge certain funds for internal improvements , '' and which sets apart and pledges funds `` for constructing roads and canals , and improving the navigation of water courses , in order to facilitate , promote , and give security to internal commerce among the several States , and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense , '' I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling the bill with the Constitution of the United States to return it with that objection to the House of Representatives , in which it originated . The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified and enumerated in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution , and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers , or that it falls by any just interpretation with the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution those or other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States . `` The power to regulate commerce among the several States '' can not include a power to construct roads and canals , and to improve the navigation of water courses in order to facilitate , promote , and secure such commerce without a latitude of construction departing from the ordinary import of the terms strengthened by the known inconveniences which doubtless led to the grant of this remedial power to Congress . -- James Madison , 4th President of the United States , Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 . Commerce Clause ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause . Main article : Commerce Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes . The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden , decided by a unanimous Court in 1824 . The case involved conflicting federal and state laws : Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River , while the other , Aaron Ogden , had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York . Ogden contended that `` commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation . Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion . Marshall suggested that `` commerce '' included navigation of goods , and that it `` must have been contemplated '' by the Framers . Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce `` is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution '' . The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court . In United States v. E.C. Knight Company ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act , which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy . The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods , even if they were later shipped to other states . Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote , `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . '' The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause . In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , ( 1935 ) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry , declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry , which had `` come to a permanent rest within the State . '' As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it , `` so far as the poultry here in question is concerned , the flow of interstate commerce has ceased . '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s . In 1937 , the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause , when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company , that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( commonly known as the Wagner Act ) was constitutional . The legislation under scrutiny , prevented employers from engaging in `` unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions . In sustaining this act , the Court , signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall , that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce . This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942 . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production ( in this instance , home - grown wheat for private consumption ) that was consumed purely intrastate , because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause . This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers , which lasted into the 1990s . United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause . The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause , the power was limited , and did not extend so far from `` commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns , especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale . In a later case , United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) , the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect . In contrast to these rulings , the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn . In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes . The court held that , as with the agricultural production in the earlier case , home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce . Other powers of Congress ( edit ) Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard . Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy . It may also coin money , regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters . Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures . Furthermore , Congress may establish post offices and post roads ( the roads , however , need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail ) . Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration . Section eight , clause eight of Article One , known as the Copyright Clause , is the only instance of the word `` right '' used in the original constitution ( though the word does appear in several Amendments ) . Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited , the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright ; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for . Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress . Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces . Under the War Powers Clause , only Congress may declare war , but in several cases it has , without declaring war , granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts . Five wars have been declared in United States ' history : the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war . Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal . Congress may establish and support the armed forces , but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years . This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army , beyond civilian control , during peacetime . Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias , but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel . Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces . Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process , the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power ( e.g. Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137 ( 1953 ) ) . Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes : the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice , and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases , known collectively as the Feres Doctrine . Congress has the exclusive right to legislate `` in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital , the District of Columbia . Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia . Nevertheless , Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible , to overturn any legislation by the city government , and technically to revoke the city government at any time . Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings . Necessary and proper Clause ( edit ) Main article : Necessary and Proper Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Finally , Congress has the power to do whatever is `` necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and , crucially , all others vested in it . This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a `` substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however , Thomas Jefferson , in the Kentucky Resolutions , supported by James Madison , maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate , and that the only penal powers were for treason , counterfeiting , piracy and felony on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations . The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly , thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation . The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , which involved the establishment of a national bank . Alexander Hamilton , in advocating the creation of the bank , argued that there was `` a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and `` the powers of collecting taxes , borrowing money , regulating trade between the states , and raising and maintaining fleets and navies '' . Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers `` can all be carried into execution without a national bank . A bank therefore is not necessary , and consequently not authorized by this phrase '' . Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation . Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers `` would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind '' . Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the `` minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress , Marshall `` deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the `` great outlines '' of the general welfare , commerce and other clauses . Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause , Congress has sweepingly broad powers ( known as implied powers ) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution . However , the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers , any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers . Section 9 : limits on Congress ( edit ) The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers : The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it . No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed . No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to , or from , one State , be obliged to enter , clear , or pay Duties in another . No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury , but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time . No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State . Slave trade ( edit ) U.S. brig Perry confronting the slave ship Martha off Ambriz on June 6 , 1850 The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 . Congress could however , levy a per capita duty of up to ten Spanish milled dollars for each slave imported into the country . This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V , where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On March 2 , 1807 , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States , which went into effect January 1 , 1808 , the first day permitted by the Constitution . Civil and legal protections ( edit ) A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention . The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable . The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended `` unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful , but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating . A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial . An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively , punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done . The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters . Apportionment of direct taxes ( edit ) Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations . This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913 , the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause . This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains . Furthermore , no tax may be imposed on exports from any state . Congress may not , by revenue or commerce legislation , give preference to ports of one state over those of another ; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another . All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law . Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money . The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published . Titles of Nobility ( edit ) Main article : Title of Nobility Clause The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility . In addition , it specifies that no civil officer may accept , without the consent of Congress , any gift , payment , office or title from a foreign ruler or state . However , a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service . Section 10 : limits on the States ( edit ) Clause 1 : contracts Clause ( edit ) Further information : Contract Clause and Bills of Credit No State shall enter into any Treaty , Alliance , or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder , ex post facto Law , or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts , or grant any Title of Nobility . States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government : they may not enter into treaties , alliances or confederations , grant letters of marque or reprisal , coin money or issue Bills of credit ( such as currency ) . Furthermore , no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts , which expressly forbids any state government ( but not the federal government ) from `` making a tender '' ( i.e. , authorizing something that may be offered in payment ) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation , unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver ( or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins , as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank ) . Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress . In Federalist no . 44 , Madison explains that `` it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin , prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin . Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin , there might be as many different currencies as States ; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded '' . Moreover , the states may not pass bills of attainder , enact ex post facto laws , impair the obligation of contracts , or grant titles of nobility . The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century . It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810 , when Fletcher v. Peck was decided . The case involved the Yazoo land scandal , in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices . The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature . Following elections , the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators . The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court . In writing for a unanimous court , Chief Justice John Marshall asked , `` What is a contract ? '' His answer was : `` a compact between two or more parties '' . Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature , though fraught with corruption , was a valid `` contract '' . He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land , since doing so would impair the obligations of contract . The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem . In 1819 , the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract . The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College , which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III . The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College . In 1815 , however , New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College . The Court , including Marshall , ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter , which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred `` vested rights '' on the trustees . The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield . The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811 . Later in that year , the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law , under which the debt was later discharged . The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt , and therefore violated the Constitution . In Ogden v. Saunders ( 1827 ) , however , the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law . State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898 . Clause 2 : import - export Clause ( edit ) Main article : Import - Export Clause No State shall , without the Consent of the Congress , lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports , except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's ( sic ) inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts , laid by any State on Imports or Exports , shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul ( sic ) of the Congress . Still more powers are prohibited of the states . States may not , without the consent of Congress , tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws ( which may be revised by Congress ) . The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state , but to the federal Treasury . Clause 3 : Compact Clause ( edit ) No State shall , without the Consent of Congress , lay any Duty of Tonnage , keep Troops , or Ships of War in time of Peace , enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State , or with a foreign Power , or engage in War , unless actually invaded , or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay . Under the Compact Clause , states may not , without the consent of Congress , keep troops or armies during times of peace . They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states , nor engage in war unless invaded . States may , however , organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . ( Article I , Section 8 , enumerated powers of Congress . ) The National Guard , whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311 , fulfill this function , as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109 . The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies . Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval . After the American Revolutionary War , the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or `` any cause whatever '' . The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for `` any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties . There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact . In Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress . ( One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself , it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport . ) According to the Court , the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is `` directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States , which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States '' . The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the hand - written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the British spelling `` defence '' is used in Article One , Section 8 ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Webpages retrieved on 24 October 2009 . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Atkins v. United States , 556 F. 2d 1028 , 1062 ( Ct . Cl. 1977 ) ( `` The purpose of the ( Vesting C ) lause is to locate the central source of legislative authority in Congress , rather than the Executive or the Judiciary . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by INS v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. v. United States , 276 U.S. 394 , 406 ( 1928 ) ( `` Our Federal Constitution ... divide ( s ) the governmental power into three branches . The first is the legislative , the second is the executive , and the third is the judicial , and the rule is that in the actual administration of the government Congress ... should exercise the legislative power , the President ... the executive power , and the courts or the judiciary the judicial power ... '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 592 ( 1995 ) ( `` ( Certain ) comments of Hamilton and others about federal power reflected the well - known truth that the new Government would have only the limited and enumerated powers found in the Constitution ... Even before the passage of the Tenth Amendment , it was apparent that Congress would possess only those powers ' herein granted ' by the rest of the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Touby v. United States , 500 U.S. 160 , 165 ( 1991 ) ( `` From th ( e language of this section of the Constitution ) the Court has derived the nondelegation doctrine : that Congress may not constitutionally delegate its legislative power to another branch of Government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. , 276 U.S. at 409 ( `` If Congress shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to ( administer a statutory scheme ) is directed to conform , such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Douglas H. `` Essays on Article I : Legislative Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Mistretta v. United States , 488 U.S. 361 , 373 n. 7 ( 1989 ) ( nondelegation doctrine takes the form of `` giving narrow constructions to statutory delegations that might otherwise be thought to be unconstitutional '' ) . Jump up ^ UAW v. Occupational Health & Safety Admin. , 938 F. 2d 1310 , 1317 ( D.C. Cir. 1991 ) ( `` In effect ( the nondelegation doctrine as a principle of statutory interpretation is used by the courts to ) require a clear statement by Congress that it intended to test the constitutional waters . '' ) ; cf . Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla . Gulf Coast Bldg . & Constr . Trades Council , 485 U.S. 568 , 575 ( 1988 ) ( `` ( W ) here an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise serious constitutional problems , the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such construction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress ... This approach not only reflects the prudential concern that constitutional issues not be needlessly confronted , but also recognizes that Congress , like this Court , is bound by and swears an oath to uphold the Constitution . The courts will therefore not lightly assume that Congress intended to infringe constitutionally protected liberties or usurp power constitutionally forbidden it . '' ( citing NLRB v. Catholic Bishop , 440 U.S. 490 , 499 -- 501 , 504 ( 1979 ) , and Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden , 112 U.S. 261 ( 1884 ) ) ) ; United States v. Bass , 404 U.S. 336 , 349 ( 1971 ) ( `` ( U ) nless Congress conveys its purpose clearly , it will not be deemed to have significantly changed the federal - state balance . '' ) . Jump up ^ Barenblatt v. United States , 360 U.S. 109 , 111 ( 1959 ) ( `` The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history , over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate ; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse , or whether to appropriate . '' ) ; e.g. , 3 Annals of Congress 490 -- 94 ( 1792 ) ( House committee appointed to investigate the defeat of Gen. St. Clair by Indians empowered to `` call for such persons , papers , and records , as may be necessary to assist their inquiries . '' ) . Jump up ^ See McGrain v. Daugherty , 273 U.S. 135 , 174 -- 75 ( 1927 ) ( `` ( T ) he power of inquiry - with process to enforce it - is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function . It was so regarded and employed in American Legislatures before the Constitution was framed and ratified ... A legislative body can not legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change ; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information - which not infrequently is true - recourse must be had to others who do possess it . Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing , and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete ; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed . All this was true before and when the Constitution was framed and adopted . In that period the power of inquiry , with enforcing process , was regarded and employed as a necessary and appropriate attribute of the power to legislate - indeed , was treated as inhering in it . Thus there is ample warrant for thinking ... that the constitutional provisions which commit the legislative function to the two houses are intended to include this attribute to the end that the function may be effectively exercised . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : See Watkins v. United States , 354 U.S. 178 , 187 ( 1957 ) ( `` The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is inherent in the legislative process . That power is broad . It encompasses inquiries concerning the administration of existing laws as well as proposed or possibly needed statutes . It includes surveys of defects in our social , economic or political system for the purpose of enabling the Congress to remedy them . It comprehends probes into departments of the Federal Government to expose corruption , inefficiency or waste . '' ) ; Barenblatt , 360 U.S. at 111 ( `` The scope of the power of inquiry ... is as penetrating and far - reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kilbourn v. Thompson , 103 U.S. 168 , 189 ( 1881 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins , 354 U.S. at 200 . Jump up ^ See McGrain , 273 U.S. at 170 ( `` ( N ) either house of Congress possesses a ' general power of making inquiry into the private affairs of the citizen ' ; ... the power actually possessed is limited to inquiries relating to matters of which the particular house ' has jurisdiction ' and in respect of which it rightfully may take other action ; ( and ) if the inquiry relates to ' a matter wherein relief or redress could be had only by a judicial proceeding ' it is not within the range of this power , but must be left to the courts , conformably to the constitutional separation of governmental powers ... '' ( quoting Kilbourne , 103 U.S. at 193 ) ) ; see also Sinclair v. United States , 279 U.S. 263 , 295 ( 1929 ) ( `` Congress is without authority to compel disclosures for the purpose of aiding the prosecution of pending suits ... '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. ( 21 Wall . ) 162 , 178 ( 1875 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one ... '' ) . Jump up ^ See Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 561 -- 62 ( 1964 ) ( `` Undoubtedly , the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( Voting ) is regarded as a fundamental political right , because preservative of all rights . '' ) . Jump up ^ See ' Kramer v. Union Free Sch . Dist . No. 15 , 395 U.S. 621 , 626 -- 27 ( 1969 ) ( `` No less rigid an examination ( than close scrutiny ) is applicable to statutes denying the franchise to citizens who are otherwise qualified by residence and age . Statutes granting the franchise to residents on a selective basis always pose the danger of denying some citizens any effective voice in the governmental affairs which substantially affect their lives . '' ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Briffault , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` The Contested Right to Vote '' . Michigan Law Review . 100 : 1521 -- 1522 . Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 612 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Mitchell , 400 U.S. 112 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wesberry v. Sanders , 376 U.S. 1 , 7 -- 9 , 14 ( 1964 ) ( `` ( C ) onstrued in its historical context , the command ... that Representatives be chosen ' by the People of the several States ' means that as nearly as is practicable one man 's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another 's ... The history of the Constitution ... reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that ... it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives ... It would defeat the principle solemnly embodied in the Great Compromise - equal representation in the House for equal numbers of people - for us to hold that , within the States , legislatures may draw the lines of congressional districts in such a way as to give some voters a greater voice in choosing a Congressman than others . '' ) ; e.g. , White v. Weiser , 412 U.S. 783 ( 1973 ) ( striking down Texas districting plan with a population deviation between the largest and smallest district of 4.13 % of the population of an `` ideal '' district ) ; see Kirkpatrick v. Preisler , 394 U.S. 526 , 530 -- 31 ( 1969 ) ( `` ( T ) he State ( must ) make a good - faith effort to achieve precise mathematical equality . Unless population variances among congressional districts are shown to have resulted despite such effort , the State must justify each variance , no matter how small ... We can see no nonarbitrary way to pick a cutoff point at which population variances suddenly become de minimis ... Equal representation for equal numbers of people is a principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to elected representatives . Toleration of even small deviations detracts from these purposes . '' ) ; see also Karcher v. Daggett , 462 U.S. 725 ( 1983 ) ( invalidating a New Jersey congressional districting plan where the deviation between the largest and smallest districts was less than the Census 's margin of error , when the state could offer no acceptable explanation for the differences ) ; Vieth v. Pennsylvania , 195 F. Supp . 2d 672 ( M.D. Pa. 2002 ) ( total deviation of 19 people from largest to smallest district ( 646,380 to 646,361 ) struck down since alternatives with smaller deviations were available ) ; Hastert v. State Bd. of Elections , 777 F. Supp. 634 ( N.D. Ill . 1991 ) ( court selected districting plan where 18 of 20 districts contained 571,530 people and the other two had 571,531 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , 17 Annals of Cong. 870 -- 902 , 904 -- 20 , 927 -- 47 , 949 -- 50 , 1059 -- 61 , 1231 -- 33 , 1234 -- 38 ( 1807 ) ( House seated William McCreery despite him not satisfying Maryland law requiring Representatives to reside in their district ) . ^ Jump up to : See Powell v. McCormack , 395 U.S. 486 , 550 ( 1969 ) ( invalidating House 's decision not to seat a Member accused of misuse of funds ) ( `` ( I ) n judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Exon v. Tiemann , 279 F. Supp. 609 , 613 ( D. Neb . 1968 ) ( `` There being no such requirement in the Constitution itself , a state can not require that a Representative live in the District from which he was nominated . '' ) ; State ex rel . Chavez v. Evans , 446 P. 2d 445 , 448 ( N.M. 1968 ) ( `` ( The New Mexico statute , ) by requiring that each candidate for representative in Congress be a resident of and a qualified elector of the district in which he seeks office , adds additional qualifications to becoming a candidate for that office ... ( W ) e must hold the provisions of the Federal Constitution prevail and that this statute unconstitutionally adds additional qualifications . '' ) ; Hellman v. Collier , 141 A. 2d 908 , 912 ( Md. 1958 ) ( same ) ; cf . U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) ( state may not impose term limits on its congressional delegation ) . ^ Jump up to : See U.S. Term Limits , Inc. , 514 U.S. at 783 ( invalidating provision in the Arkansas Constitution imposing term limits on the State 's congressional delegation ) ( `` Allowing individual States to adopt their own qualifications for congressional service ( , such as term limitations , ) would be inconsistent with the Framers ' vision of a uniform National Legislature representing the people of the United States . If the qualifications set forth in the text of the Constitution are to be changed , that text must be amended . '' ) ; see also Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 ( 2001 ) ( invaliding a Missouri constitutional term providing for labels printed on the election ballot next to the names of candidates who had not pledged to support term limits ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Candidacy , Incarceration , and the Constitution 's Inhabitancy Qualification '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . August 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Story , Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 630 -- 35 , 641 -- 47 , 673 -- 80 '' . The Founder 's Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . 2000 . p. § 677 . Jump up ^ Cf . Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 539 , 619 ( 1842 ) ( dictum ) ( `` ( Congress ) has , on various occasions , exercised powers which were necessary and proper as means to carry into effect rights expressly given , and duties expressly enjoined thereby . The end being required , it has been deemed a just and necessary implication , that the means to accomplish it are given also ; or , in other words , that the power flows as a necessary means to accomplish the end . Thus , for example , although the constitution has declared , that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective federal numbers ; and for this purpose , it has expressly authorized congress , by law , to provide for an enumeration of the population every ten years ; yet the power to apportion representatives , after this enumeration is made , is nowhere found among the express powers given to congress , but it has always been acted upon , as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Whelan v. Cuomo , 415 F. Supp. 251 , 256 ( E.D.N.Y. 1976 ) ( `` The historical record of the Constitutional Convention supports several conclusions ( , ) ... ( including that ) Congress was given considerable flexibility in determining the actual number of representatives so long as the total did not exceed one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See 3 Annals of Cong. 539 ( 1792 ) ( President Washington 's veto of apportionment legislation that would not have exceeded a national average of 1 for every 30,000 inhabitants , but did exceed that ratio for some states ) ; see also U.S. Dep 't of Commerce v. Montana ( Montana II ) , 503 U.S. 442 , 449 -- 50 ( Congress 's response to Washington 's veto was enacting legislation providing for 1 representative per 33,000 of the national population , which avoided exceeding 1 per 30,000 in those states ) . Jump up ^ The United States Code only indirectly provides for a House with 435 members . After each decennial census , the President must submit to Congress a statement `` showing the whole number of Persons in each State '' and , based on this population figure , the number of Representatives the State would have received in the 83rd Congress ( 1951 -- 53 ) . 2 U.S.C. § 2a ( a ) ( 2006 ) . Each State then receives as many representatives in the House as the President 's report provides , until the next decennial census . Id . § 2a ( b ) . The size of the House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress was 435 . Thus , the United States Code currently does not expressly use the number `` 435 , '' but instead ties the current size of the House to the `` then existing number of Representatives '' in the 83rd Congress , which was fixed at 435 by legislation that is now omitted from the United States Code . Compare 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1926 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the third day of March , nineteen hundred and thirteen , the House of Representatives shall be composed of four hundred and thirty - five members . '' ) with 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1934 ) ( section omitted ) . It has been omitted from every subsequent edition of the United States Code , through the present edition ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , modified on rehearing , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , superseded by U.S. Const . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , and overruled on other grounds by South Carolina v. Baker , 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cf. 1 Asher C. Hinds , Hinds ' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 187 , at 113 ( 1907 ) ( `` The Speaker is always a Member of the House ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) ( construing the Senate 's `` sole power '' to `` try all impeachments '' to mean that the Senate 's impeachment procedures are left to its discretion and concluding generally that Congress 's impeachment powers are outside judicial review ) . ^ Jump up to : Presser , Stephen B. `` Essay on Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph . `` Essays on Article I : Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph Rossum . `` Essays on Article V : Prohibition on Amendment : Equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Tie Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Since 1789 , 258 tie - breaking votes have been cast . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office , President Pro Tempore , http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm . Jump up ^ See Nixon , 506 U.S. at 230 -- 31 , 233 -- 36 ( holding that the Senate 's sole power to try impeachments made its judgment conclusive as to what constituted an adequate impeachment trial ) ( `` We think that the word ' sole ' is of considerable significance . Indeed , the word ' sole ' appears only one other time in the Constitution - with respect to the House of Representatives ' `` sole Power of Impeachment . '' The commonsense meaning of the word ' sole ' is that the Senate alone shall have authority to determine whether an individual should be acquitted or convicted . The dictionary definition bears this out ... The history and contemporary understanding of the impeachment provisions support our reading of the constitutional language ... ( T ) he Judiciary , and the Supreme Court in particular , were not chosen to have any role in impeachments ... ( J ) udicial review would be inconsistent with the Framers ' insistence that our system be one of checks and balances ... Judicial involvement in impeachment proceedings , even if only for purposes of judicial review , is counterintuitive because it would eviscerate the ' important constitutional check ' placed on the Judiciary by the Framers . ( It would be an improper reading of the Constitution to ) place final reviewing authority with respect to impeachments in the hands of the same body that the impeachment process is meant to regulate ... In addition to the textual commitment argument , ... the lack of finality and the difficulty of fashioning relief counsel against justiciability ... ( O ) pening the door of judicial review to the procedures used by the Senate in trying impeachments would ' expose the political life of the country to months , or perhaps years , of chaos . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Impeachment History . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Michael J. `` Essay on Trial of Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; Staff of H. Comm . on the Judiciary , 93d Cong. , Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ( citation omitted ) ) , reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , H.R. Doc . No. 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Peacock , Anthony . `` Essays on Article I : Election Regulations '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Foster v. Love , 522 U.S. 67 , 69 , 71 n. 2 ( 1997 ) ( `` The ( Elections ) Clause is a default provision ; it invests the States with responsibility for the mechanics of congressional elections , but only so far as Congress declines to preempt state legislative choices . Thus it is well settled that the Elections Clause grants Congress ' the power to override state regulations ' by establishing uniform rules for federal elections , binding on the States . ' ( T ) he regulations made by Congress are paramount to those made by the State legislature ; and if they conflict therewith , the latter , so far as the conflict extends , ceases to be operative . ' The Clause gives Congress ' comprehensive ' authority to regulate the details of elections , including the power to impose ' the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved . ' Congressional authority extends not only to general elections , but also to any ' primary election which involves a necessary step in the choice of candidates for election as representatives in Congress . ' ) ( citations omitted ) ; United States v. Manning , 215 F. Supp. 272 , 284 ( W.D. La . 1963 ) ( '' ' ( T ) he manner of holding elections ' ... must be read as referring to the entire electoral process , from the first step of registering to the last step , the State 's promulgation of honest returns. `` ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 7 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November '' as the date for electing Representatives ) ; id. § 1 ( elections for Senators to be held on same date as elections for Representatives ) ; see also 3 U.S.C. § 1 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the first Monday in November '' as the date for electing presidential Electors ) . Jump up ^ Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 , 523 -- 24 ( 2001 ) ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Jump up ^ See Vieth v. Jubelirer , 541 U.S. 267 , 275 ( 2004 ) ( plurality opinion ) ( `` Article I , § 4 , while leaving in state legislatures the initial power to draw districts for federal elections , permitted Congress to ' make or alter ' those districts if it wished . '' ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission ( 576 U.S. __ ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 3 ( 1934 ) ( `` In each State entitled under this apportionment to more than one Representative , ... ( such Representatives ) shall be elected by districts composed of a contiguous and compact territory , and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Wood v. Broom , 287 U.S. 1 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Shaw v. Reno , 509 U.S. 630 , 642 ( 1993 ) ( `` ( L ) egislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting , without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification , '' is subject to strict scrutiny . ) . Jump up ^ Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article I : Meetings of Congress Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rushing , J. Taylor ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senate easily passes bailout '' . The Senate 's action was a dramatic and rare move that circumvented a constitutional requirement that tax legislation must originate in the House Jump up ^ Mulligan , John E. ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kennedy 's unintended role in history '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Once the Senate added those provisions to the rescue bill , it qualified as a tax bill , which the upper chamber is constitutionally prohibited from originating . To get around the Constitution , the leaders turned to the time - honored stratagem of finding a live but dormant House bill -- ( Patrick ) Kennedy 's mental - health parity bill -- to use as a shell . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erik and Monaghan , Henry . The Taxing Power : a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 ( 2005 ) ... ISBN 0 - 313 - 31229 - X Jump up ^ See Ross Wilson , A Third Way : The Presidential Non-Signing Statement , http://ssrn.com/abstract=1593862 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Vetoes by President George W. Bush '' . Senate.gov . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Perry v. United States , 294 U.S. 330 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` James Madison - Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ( 1996 ) . The fire of invention , the fuel of interest : On intellectual property . Washington D.C. : The American Enterprise Institute Press . Jump up ^ Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 , 399 - 400 ( 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Juilliard v. Greenman , 110 U.S. 421 , 446 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Definition of tender as noun , in Merriam - Webster . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Any '' financial obligation would de facto include financial obligations owed either by or to the state ; see definition of `` any '' as noun ( 5 ) , in Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ 262 U.S. 649 , 659 ( 1923 ) . See also Gwin v. Breedlove , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 29 , 38 ( 1844 ) ; and Griffin v. Thompson , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 244 ( 1844 ) . Jump up ^ Madison , James Federalist Papers No. 44 Jump up ^ Tribe , Laurence ( 2000 ) . American Constitutional Law . West Publishing Company . pp. 649 -- 51 . ISBN 1 - 56662 - 714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brody , Michael ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` Circumventing the Electoral College : Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause '' . Legislation and Policy Brief . Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law . 5 ( 1 ) : 40ff . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . External links ( edit ) Davis , Z. ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 . '' Kilman , J. & Costello , G. ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . s CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 1 `` Resources Regarding the Origination Clause '' ( from TIFIS ) National Cable Satellite Corporation . ( 2003 ) . `` Capitol Questions . '' ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=815510664 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article One of the United States Constitution Legislative branch of the United States government Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Español فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 07 : 49 . 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the x factor (uk) season 14 episode 25
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The X Factor ( UK series 14 )
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the x factor ( uk series 14 )
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The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The fourteenth series began airing on ITV on 2 September 2017 , presented by Dermot O'Leary . For the first time in seven years , the judging panel will remain the same , with Simon Cowell , Sharon Osbourne , Nicole Scherzinger and Louis Walsh returning . This is the first series not to include companion show The Xtra Factor , after it was cancelled in January 2017 . Its replacement is a programme called Xtra Bites presented by Becca Dudley on the ITV Hub . This is also the first series to be sponsored by Just Eat , with the show having being sponsored by TalkTalk since 2009 , as well as the second time the show has premiered in September , rather than August , since the first series in 2004 . Rak - Su won the competition on 3 December 2017 and they became the second group to win the competition and Simon Cowell became the winning mentor for the fourth time .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Judges and presenters 2 Selection process 2.1 Auditions 2.1. 1 Mobile auditions 2.1. 2 Judges ' auditions 2.2 Bootcamp 2.3 Six - chair challenge 2.4 Judges ' houses 3 Finalists 4 Live shows 4.1 Musical guests 4.2 Results summary 4.3 Live show details 4.3. 1 Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) 4.3. 2 Week 2 ( 4 / 5 November ) 4.3. 3 Week 3 ( 11 / 12 November ) 4.3. 4 Week 4 ( 18 / 19 November ) 4.3. 5 Week 5 : Semi-final ( 25 / 26 November ) 4.3. 6 Week 6 : Final ( 2 / 3 December ) 5 Winner 's single 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Judges and presenters ( edit ) Series 14 judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger In December 2016 , Louis Walsh confirmed he would continue to judge the series through 2018 , stating he had signed through `` the next two years '' . That same month , both Sharon Osbourne and Nicole Scherzinger cast doubt on their return , with Osbourne citing her dual - work on The Talk , and Scherzinger stating : `` I ca n't confirm that I 'm going to ( be back ) but I think if I did return it would have to be with this panel because I 'm really close with this panel . ( ... ) I 've really enjoyed myself and we 're really close . '' On 13 April 2017 , Cowell announced his intentions to retain the same judging panel for the fourteenth series . In June 2017 , it was announced that the judging panel would remain the same as the previous series . Dermot O'Leary will return for his tenth series as presenter . On 23 June 2017 , it was announced that Britain 's Got Talent judge Alesha Dixon would appear as a guest judge for the first day of Manchester auditions , due to Scherzinger having a `` previous diary commitment '' . Five days later , on 28 June , it was announced that Dixon would once again appear as a guest judge , this time for Osbourne , who was unavailable due to a long - standing back injury . Cowell arrived late to 4 July 2017 , auditions in London , due to an illness . On 29 October 2017 , Dixon reappeared as a guest judge on the Sunday live show , this time filling in for Cowell , who was absent recovering from an injury during the weekend . Selection process ( edit ) On 4 July , it was reported that there will be major changes to the show this year . Auditions are taking place in Thorpe Park , bootcamp will take place in front of an audience and there will be six weeks of live shows instead of the usual ten . Additionally , acts will be sent home on both Saturday and Sunday , as `` tedious '' Saturday nights received lower viewing figures than Sunday . Auditions ( edit ) The minimum age to audition this year was 14 after being reduced down from 16 the previous year . Contestants needed a `` yes '' from at least three of the four judges to progress to Bootcamp . Mobile auditions ( edit ) The mobile auditions began on 11 May 2017 , in Belfast and concluded on 23 May 2017 , in Yeovil . Summary of mobile auditions Location Date ( s ) Venue Belfast 11 May 2017 Victoria Square Shopping Centre Bangor 12 May 2017 Deninol Shopping Centre Southampton 13 May 2017 West Quay Shopping Centre Douglas 14 May 2017 The Strand Shopping Centre Swansea Bambuu Nightclub Blackpool 16 May 2017 Houndshill Shopping Centre Bournemouth Obscura Cafe Bristol Cabot Circus Carlisle 17 May 2017 The Lanes Shopping Centre Brighton Churchill Square Shopping Centre Truro The Boat Newport 19 May 2017 Quay Arts Centre Wigan The Grand Arcade Shopping Centre Plymouth Plymouth Pavilions Margate 20 May 2017 Westwood Cross 21 May 2017 Stoke on Trent 22 May 2017 Victoria Hall Exeter Princesshay Centre Thurrock 23 May 2017 Lakeside Shopping Centre Yeovil Quedam Centre Judges ' auditions ( edit ) The auditions began on 20 June 2017 , in Liverpool and concluded on 10 July 2017 , in Surrey . Summary of judges ' auditions City Date ( s ) Venue Changes to judging line - up Liverpool 20 -- 21 June 2017 Titanic Hotel N / A Manchester 24 June 2017 Old Trafford Cricket Ground Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Nicole Scherzinger ) 25 June 2017 N / A Edinburgh 28 June 2017 Assembly Rooms Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Sharon Osbourne ) London 4 -- 6 July 2017 Tobacco Dock N / A Surrey 9 -- 10 July 2017 Thorpe Park Bootcamp ( edit ) Bootcamp was filmed live at The SSE Arena , Wembley in front of a studio audience . Following the filming of bootcamp and prior to the filming of the six - chair challenge , the judges ' categories were revealed . Cowell was given the Groups , Scherzinger was given the Overs , Osbourne was given the Girls and Walsh was given the Boys . There are three different stages to Bootcamp . Six - chair challenge ( edit ) The six - chair challenge took place over the course of two days , from 26 to 28 July 2017 , at The SSE Arena , Wembley . Unlike previous years , where all four judges sat together , each judge was secluded on their own while their respective category performed . The three remaining judges sat together and gave their own critiques of the performance , before allowing the category 's judge to make the final decision . It was broadcast over three episodes ; Osbourne choosing in the first , Cowell and Scherzinger choosing in the second , with later portions of her decisions shown , alongside Walsh 's , in the third . Judges ' houses ( edit ) The judges ' categories were announced in July 2017 , with additional details of the judges ' houses announced in October 2017 . Anthony Russell withdrew after the pre-recorded sections of the show and was replaced by Sam Black who was knocked out of the competition at the Bootcamp stage . Sam Black will be in Walsh 's Boys category . In a statement , Walsh stated , `` Anthony has been fantastic across the series , a great singer and performer who we are really sad to see go . I had to think for a long time who could take the place . Sam had a great reaction from the British public when his Audition aired . So I re-watched it and realised we missed a trick not putting him through at Boot Camp . He has that retro 60s style viewers will love . He 's really likeable and talented and I ca n't wait to hear more . '' At the end of judges ' houses , it was announced that the public could vote for a wildcard from each category bringing the total amount of contestants for the live shows to 16 . Summary of judges ' houses Judge Location Assistants Contestants eliminated Wildcards Cowell Groups Southern France Cheryl Lemonade , New Girl Band Jack and Joel Osbourne Girls San Francisco Jack and Kelly Osbourne Deanna Mussington , Georgina Panton Alisah Bonaobra Scherzinger Overs South Africa Stormzy Slavko Kalezić , Berget Lewis Talia Dean Walsh Boys Istanbul Mika Aidan Martin , Jack Mason Leon Mallett Finalists ( edit ) Main article : List of The X Factor finalists ( UK series 14 ) Key : -- Winner -- Runner - up -- Third place Category ( mentor ) Acts Boys ( Walsh ) Sam Black Lloyd Macey Leon Mallett Spencer Sutherland Girls ( Osbourne ) Alisah Bonaobra Grace Davies Holly Tandy Rai - Elle Williams Overs ( Scherzinger ) Talia Dean Tracyleanne Jefford Matt Linnen Kevin Davy White Groups ( Cowell ) The Cutkelvins Jack and Joel Rak - Su Sean and Conor Price Live shows ( edit ) The finalists for the live shows were announced during the episode broadcast on 22 October 2017 . However , at the end of the episode , it was announced by Dermot O'Leary that there would be a wildcard vote for each category . The winners of the wildcard vote were revealed on 28 October at the start of the first live show . For the first time since series six , a major overhaul of the set layout was made as live shows debuted in a new filming location , LH2 Studios in London . Numerous other changes were introduced for this series ' live shows . This included contestant and musical guest performances on both Saturday and Sunday shows , and the removal of the sing - offs , deadlocks and judges ' votes on the Sunday show . Each show , two of the categories would sing and immediately after the performances , the public vote would open for a short amount of time . At the end of each show , the contestant with the fewest votes is automatically eliminated from the competition . In addition , the contestant with the highest votes for that night would also be announced . The two acts who won their respective public vote would then sing against each other in a new element of the show called the prize fight . After another public vote , the winner of the prize fight would win a special weekly prize . For the first time ever the live final will broadcast from the Excel Centre , London and not Wembley Arena as part of the show 's drastic changes this series . Musical guests ( edit ) Liam Payne performed on the first live show , while Stormzy performed on the second live show . Tokio Myers performed on the third live show , while Rita Ora performed on the fourth . Harry Styles performed on the fifth live show and Paloma Faith performed on the sixth . Matt Terry performed on the seventh live show and Fergie performed on the eighth . James Arthur performed on the first semi final and Ed Sheeran performed on the second . PrettyMuch and Louis Tomlinson performed on Saturday 's final , while P ! NK , Sam Smith , CNCO and Little Mix performed during the Sunday final . Results Summary ( edit ) Colour key -- Contestant received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated -- Contestant received the most public votes Weekly results per contestant Contestant Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Rak - Su N / A 1st 22.2 % 1st 32.3 % N / A 2nd 25.7 % N / A 1st 36.7 % N / A 1st 26.1 % 1st 27.3 % 1st 41.7 % Winner 51.7 % Grace Davies 1st 21.9 % N / A N / A 2nd 18.5 % N / A 2nd 20.1 % N / A 1st 26.1 % 4th 17.2 % 2nd 26.0 % 2nd 35.4 % Runner - up 40.1 % Kevin Davy White N / A 4th 11.1 % N / A 1st 21.9 % 1st 25.8 % N / A N / A 3rd 21.4 % 2nd 19.5 % 3rd 18.9 % 3rd 22.9 % Eliminated ( week 6 ) Lloyd Macey 3rd 15.0 % N / A 3rd 14.4 % N / A N / A 1st 26.4 % 2nd 22.8 % N / A 3rd 19.2 % 4th 18.2 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) The Cutkelvins N / A 2nd 17.3 % 2nd 15.1 % N / A 4th 13.5 % N / A 3rd 18.9 % N / A 5th 10.1 % 5th 9.6 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Matt Linnen N / A 3rd 11.9 % N / A 5th 13.6 % 3rd 14.1 % N / A N / A 2nd 22.5 % 6th 7.9 % Eliminated ( week 5 ) Holly Tandy 2nd 15.9 % N / A N / A 3rd 15.4 % N / A 3rd 19.7 % N / A 4th 16.1 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Rai - Elle Williams 5th 11.5 % N / A N / A 4th 14.3 % N / A 4th 14.4 % N / A 5th 13.9 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Sean and Conor Price N / A 5th 10.6 % 5th 10.6 % N / A 5th 11.2 % N / A 4th 15.4 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Sam Black 7th 8.5 % N / A 4th 12.5 % N / A N / A 5th 11.1 % 5th 6.2 % Eliminated ( week 4 ) Alisah Bonaobra 4th 11.8 % N / A N / A 6th 9.5 % N / A 6th 8.3 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Jack and Joel N / A 7th 9.2 % 6th 8.6 % N / A 6th 9.7 % Eliminated ( week 3 ) Tracyleanne Jefford N / A 6th 10.3 % N / A 7th 6.8 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Leon Mallett 6th 9.3 % N / A 7th 6.5 % Eliminated ( week 2 ) Talia Dean N / A 8th 7.4 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Spencer Sutherland 8th 6.1 % Eliminated ( week 1 ) Prize fight Winner Grace Davies 53.5 % to win Kevin Davy White 53.6 % to win Lloyd Macey 64.3 % to win Rak - Su 61.5 % to win No prize fight Runner - up Rak - Su 46.5 % to win Rak - Su 46.4 % to win Kevin Davy White 35.7 % to win Grace Davies 38.5 % to win Eliminated Spencer Sutherland 6.1 % to save Talia Dean 7.4 % to save Leon Mallett 6.5 % to save Tracyleanne Jefford 6.8 % to save Jack and Joel 9.7 % to save Alisah Bonaobra 8.3 % to save Sam Black 6.2 % to save Rai - Elle Williams 13.9 % to save Matt Linnen 7.9 % to save The Cutkelvins 9.6 % to save Kevin Davy White 22.9 % to win Grace Davies 40.1 % to win Sean and Conor Price 15.4 % to save Holly Tandy 16.1 % to save Lloyd Macey 18.2 % to save Reference ( s ) ^ 1 The voting percentages in week 6 for Sunday do not add up to 100 % , owing to the freezing of votes . Kevin Davy White received 8.2 % of the final vote . Live show details ( edit ) Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) ( edit ) Theme : `` Express Yourself '' Prize : Trip to New York , meet and greet with Pink at Madison Square Garden Musical guests : Saturday : Liam Payne ( `` Bedroom Floor '' ) Sunday : Stormzy & Labrinth ( `` Blinded by Your Grace , Pt. 2 '' ) The wildcards were revealed at the start of Saturday 's show . Cowell missed the Saturday and Sunday show , due to recovery from falling down the stairs the morning before . Alesha Dixon filled in as a guest judge on Sunday . Contestants ' performances on the first and second live shows 28 October Act Order Song Result Rai - Elle Williams `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' / `` Lost Ones '' / `` No '' Safe Spencer Sutherland `` Who You Are '' Eliminated Holly Tandy `` Hollow '' Safe Leon Mallett `` Stay '' Safe Alisah Bonaobra 5 `` This Is My Now '' Safe Sam Black 6 `` Faith '' Safe Grace Davies 7 `` Too Young '' ( original song ) Won public vote Lloyd Macey 8 `` City of Stars '' Safe 29 October The Cutkelvins `` What About Us '' Safe Kevin Davy White `` Stay '' Safe Talia Dean `` What Makes You Beautiful '' Eliminated Jack and Joel `` New Rules '' Safe Matt Linnen 5 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Safe Sean and Conor Price 6 `` Strong '' Safe Tracyleanne Jefford 7 `` Written in the Water '' Safe Rak - Su 8 `` Mamacita '' ( original song ) Won public vote Prize fight details Grace Davies `` Too Young '' Winner Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' Runners - up Week 2 ( 4 / 5 November ) ( edit ) Theme : `` Viva Latino '' Prize : Recording session with a Grammy awarded producer Musical guests : Saturday : Tokio Myers ( `` Angel '' ) Sunday : Rita Ora ( `` Anywhere '' ) Contestants ' performances on the third and fourth live shows 4 November Act Order Song Result Jack and Joel `` Havana '' / `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Safe Leon Mallett `` Get Lucky '' Eliminated Sean and Conor Price `` Cheap Thrills '' Safe Lloyd Macey `` Hero '' Safe The Cutkelvins 5 `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' Safe Rak - Su 6 `` Dimelo '' ( original song ) Won public vote Sam Black 7 `` La Bamba '' / `` Twist and Shout '' Safe 5 November Grace Davies `` Ciao Adios '' Safe Tracyleanne Jefford `` Ai n't Your Mama '' Eliminated Rai - Elle Williams `` Bailando '' Safe Holly Tandy `` Despacito '' Safe Kevin Davy White 5 `` Smooth '' Won public vote Alisah Bonaobra 6 `` Let 's Get Loud '' Safe Matt Linnen 7 `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' Safe Prize fight details Rak - Su `` Dimelo '' Runners - up Kevin Davy White `` Smooth '' Winner Week 3 ( 11 / 12 November ) ( edit ) Theme : `` George Michael '' Prize : Open for Little Mix at Manchester Arena on 21 November 2017 Musical guests : Saturday : Harry Styles ( `` Kiwi '' ) Sunday : Paloma Faith ( `` Guilty '' ) Contestants ' performances on the fifth and sixth live shows 11 November Act Order Song Result Rak - Su `` Faith '' Safe Matt Linnen `` Careless Whisper '' Safe Jack and Joel `` The Edge of Heaven '' Eliminated The Cutkelvins `` Killer / Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' Safe Sean and Conor Price 5 `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' Safe Kevin Davy White 6 `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' Won public vote 12 November Alisah Bonaobra `` Praying for Time '' Eliminated Sam Black `` I 'm Your Man '' Safe Grace Davies `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Safe Rai - Elle Williams `` They Wo n't Go When I Go '' Safe Lloyd Macey 5 `` A Different Corner '' Won public vote Holly Tandy 6 `` One More Try '' Safe Prize fight details Kevin Davy White `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' Runner - up Lloyd Macey `` A Different Corner '' Winner Week 4 ( 18 / 19 November ) ( edit ) Theme : `` Crazy in Love '' Prize : Record own song with Ali Tamposi Musical guests : Saturday : Matt Terry ( `` The Thing About Love '' ) Sunday : Fergie ( `` Save It Til Morning '' ) Contestants ' performances on the seventh and eighth live shows 18 November Act Order Song Result Sam Black `` Oops '' Eliminated Sean and Conor Price `` Issues '' Eliminated The Cutkelvins `` Saved Me From Myself '' ( original song ) Safe Lloyd Macey `` From This Moment On '' Safe Rak - Su 5 `` Mona Lisa '' ( original song ) Won public vote 19 November Rai - Elle Williams `` Mr. Big Stuff '' Eliminated Kevin Davy White `` I Will Always Love You '' Safe Matt Linnen `` Fallin ' '' Safe Holly Tandy `` Love Me Harder '' Eliminated Grace Davies 5 `` Hesitate '' ( original song ) Won public vote Prize fight details Rak - Su `` Mona Lisa '' Winner Grace Davies `` Hesitate '' Runner - up Week 5 : semi-final ( 25 / 26 November ) ( edit ) O'Leary confirmed that there would n't be a Prize fight from this week onwards and all the categories would perform on the same night for first time this series . 25 November Theme : `` Cool Britannia '' ; Musical guest : James Arthur ( `` Naked '' ) Contestants ' performances on the ninth live show Act Order Song Result The Cutkelvins `` Nothing Like You '' ( original song ) Safe Matt Linnen `` Gimme Shelter '' Eliminated Grace Davies `` Life on Mars ? '' Safe Rak - Su `` Flowers '' Safe Lloyd Macey 5 `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' Safe Kevin Davy White 6 `` Come Together '' Safe 26 November Theme : `` Get Me to the Final '' Musical guest : Ed Sheeran ( `` Perfect '' ) Contestants ' performances on the tenth live show Act Order Song Result Lloyd Macey `` Fix You '' Eliminated Rak - Su `` I 'm Feeling You '' ( original song ) Safe The Cutkelvins `` Show Me Love '' Eliminated Kevin Davy White `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Safe Grace Davies 5 `` Wolves '' ( original song ) Safe Week 6 : final ( 2 / 3 December ) ( edit ) It was revealed on 2 December that the winners ' single this year would be the contestants ' duet . 2 December Theme : `` No theme '' ; `` Celebrity duets / Winner 's single '' Musical guests : Pete Tong & Heritage Orchestra featuring Becky Hill ( `` Sing It Back '' / `` You 've Got the Love '' ) ( with Grace Davies , Rak - Su & Kevin Davy White ) , PrettyMuch ( `` No More '' ) and Louis Tomlinson ( `` Miss You '' ) Contestants ' performances on the eleventh live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Kevin Davy White `` Whole Lotta Love '' `` Fastlove , Pt. 1 '' ( with Tokio Myers ) Eliminated Grace Davies `` Live and Let Die '' 5 `` Roots '' ( Original song ) ( with Paloma Faith ) Safe Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' ( Original song ) 6 `` Dimelo '' ( Original song ) ( with Naughty Boy & Wyclef Jean ) Safe Kevin Davy White received the fewest public votes and was automatically eliminated . 3 December Theme : `` Song to win '' , `` Song of the Series '' Musical guests : Little Mix & CNCO ( `` Power '' / `` Reggaetón Lento ( Remix ) '' ) , Pink ( `` Beautiful Trauma '' / `` What About Us '' ) , and Sam Smith ( `` One Last Song '' ) Contestants ' performances on the final live show Act Order First song Order Second song Result Grace Davies `` Nothing But Words '' ( Original song ) `` Too Young '' ( Original song ) Runner - up Rak - Su `` Touché '' ( Original song ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( Original song ) Winner Winner 's single ( edit ) All proceeds from the winner 's single are in aid of children 's hospice charities , Together for Short Lives and Shooting Star Chase . Simco Limited will donate 100 % of its profits from the sale of each download and in respect of all audio streaming of the single , and the Chancellor has also agreed to donate the VAT , in each case to be shared equally by the charities . This donation will be at least 20p plus VAT for each download sold in the UK . FremantleMedia , ITV and all performers featuring on the single have also agreed to forgo any master royalties due to them in connection with downloads and all audio streaming of the single . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Episode Air date Official rating ( millions ) Official rating ( millions inc . HD ) Official rating ( millions inc . HD & + 1 ) Weekly rank Auditions 1 000000002018 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 5.76 7.38 7.92 5 Auditions 2 000000002018 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 5.73 7.46 8.04 Auditions 3 000000002018 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 5.15 6.60 7.23 11 Auditions 4 000000002018 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 5.52 7.10 7.57 6 Auditions 5 000000002018 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 5.78 7.57 7.87 7 Auditions 6 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 5.40 7.07 7.50 10 Auditions 7 000000002018 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 4.53 5.99 6.48 16 Auditions 8 000000002018 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 5.42 7.09 7.39 8 Bootcamp 1 000000002018 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 4.92 6.41 6.83 11 Bootcamp 2 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 4.67 6.11 6.34 16 Bootcamp 3 000000002018 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 4.58 5.83 6.18 16 Six - chair challenge 1 000000002018 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 5.34 6.97 7.36 9 Six - chair challenge 2 000000002018 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 5.10 6.67 7.05 9 Six - chair challenge 3 000000002018 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 4.54 6.27 6.66 15 Judges ' houses 1 000000002018 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 5.29 6.95 7.25 7 Judges ' houses 2 000000002018 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 4.42 5.58 6.26 16 Live show 1 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 4.77 6.45 6.63 12 Live show 2 000000002018 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 3.77 5.27 5.58 15 Live show 3 000000002018 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 4.40 5.83 6.08 14 Live show 4 000000002018 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November 3.37 4.61 5.03 15 Live show 5 000000002018 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 3.96 5.71 5.46 14 Live show 6 000000002018 - 11 - 12 - 0000 12 November 3.68 5.38 4.97 15 Live show 7 000000002018 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 3.97 5.47 5.33 14 Live show 8 000000002018 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 3.83 5.34 5.17 15 Live show 9 000000002018 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 3.60 4.93 5.18 22 Live show 10 000000002018 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 3.66 5.13 5.31 21 Live final 1 000000002018 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 3.61 4.89 5.28 21 Live final 2 000000002018 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 4.17 5.56 5.83 20 ^ 1 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 2 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV , ITV HD and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 3 The ratings over a 28 - day period , including the broadcasts on ITV , ITV HD , ITV + 1 and streaming through ITV Hub . ^ 4 The rank for the combined ITV , ITV HD and ITV + 1 broadcasts , compared with all channels for that week , from Monday to Sunday . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 finals will be held at the Excel centre for the first time '' . 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grant Cumberbatch , Aimée ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell will be making no changes to the X Factor judging line - up '' . London Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` X Factor spin - off Xtra Factor axed with no room for presenters Rylan Clark - Neal and Matt Edmondson as ITV focuses on digital strategy '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Just Eat delivers £ 10m The X Factor sponsorship deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` The X Factor is returning to our screens next month '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Louis Walsh WILL return to The X Factor in 2017 '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Baggage , Rachel ; Gordon , Naomi ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne wants X Factor return but has a dilemma ... '' Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Nicole Scherzinger WILL return to The X Factor ... but only with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell CONFIRMS X Factor 2017 panel '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` BGT 's Alesha Dixon is REPLACING Scherzy on X Factor '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne drops out of latest X Factor auditions round '' . Digital Spy . United States : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Borland , Hollie ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell Forced To Miss The X Factor Auditions Thanks To Mystery Illness '' . Heart . United Kingdom : Global . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor planning major changes for its 2017 series '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Niomi ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` The X Factor LOWERS the audition age limit to 14 years old as part of a huge shake following Liam Payne 's enormous success '' . OK ! . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 to hold bootcamp auditions in front of audience at Wembley '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Darvill , Josh ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 judges ' categories REVEALED - spoilers ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's six chair challenge is BACK - get tickets to watch filming ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 spoiler : New twist added to the Six Chair Challenge '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor Judges ' Houses acts revealed as dramatic Six Chair Challenge ends '' . mirror . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat Entertainment ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Stormzy will be at judges ' houses to help out on X Factor '' . Newsbeat . United Kingdom : BBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Cheryl IS returning to The X Factor this year '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Episode 15 '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Meechan , Lauren ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 : Anthony Russell 's replacement REVEALED after shock exit '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Insider ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Black is BACK for Judges ' Houses ! '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Wildcard vote time ! Here 's all the info you need '' . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( 28 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's Wildcard acts have been confirmed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor live shows will reveal who has the most votes '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Tasha ( 29 October 2017 ) . `` Grace Davies wins the first X Factor prize fight '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 finals will be held at the Excel centre for the first time '' . Metro. 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Payne and Stormzy to perform on the first X Factor Live Shows ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Myers and Rita Ora to perform this weekend ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Styles and Paloma Faith are ready to perform ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Matt Terry and Fergie are ready to perform ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guest Performers : James Arthur and Ed Sheeran are on their way ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 23 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ PRETTYMUCH ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` @ PRETTYMUCH : # NoMore featuring our boy @ FrencHMonTanA is coming on friday 🔥 🔥 🔥 🔥 tune in to @ TheXFactor on saturday to see us perform it live for the first time ever ❌ ❌ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Louis Tomlinson ( @ Louis_Tomlinson ) ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` @ Louis_Tomlinson : New single ' Miss You ' will be out this Friday with a performance on the @ thexfactor final on the Saturday ! Ca n't wait for this one ! # missyou '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` The stars are coming out for The X Factor Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Mix ( @ Little_Mix ) ( 26 November 2017 ) . `` @ LittleMix : We 're sooo excited we can FINALLY reveal that we are performing on @ TheXFactor on next Sunday 's LIVE FINAL with the amazing @ CNCOmusic ! You do n't wan na miss this one ... trust us 😉 we are BUZZING ! ! 🙌 xx the girls xx '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` The 2017 voting stats are in ! See who got your votes '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Sutherland is the first Contestant to leave '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talia Dean is the next Contestant to leave the competition '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's time to say goodbye to Leon Mallett '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 4 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time to wave goodbye to Tracyleanne Jefford '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We wave goodbye to Jack & Joel '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Time for Alisah to wave goodbye to the competition '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double whammy elimination : Goodbye Sam Black and Sean & Conor Price '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double elimination : We wave goodbye to Holly and Rai - Elle '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 19 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We wave goodbye to Matt in the Semi-Finals '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Double - elimination time in the Semi-Finals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Davy White takes third place in The X Factor Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rak - Su take The X Factor Final 2017 crown ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's singing what this weekend ? We 've got ALL the Contestants ' song choices '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet your 2017 Wildcards ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowell ' to miss X Factor 's first live show ' after ' fainting ' at home '' . Sky News . Sky News . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alesha Dixon to return to The X Factor panel tonight ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's what the Contestants are singing for Viva Latino week '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 November 2017 . Retrieved 3 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Michael weekend : Song reveal alert ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` You 'll be Crazy in Love with this weekend 's songs ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor 2017 semi-final will finally see all the acts go head to head '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Britannia : Song reveals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songs to get our Contestants to the Final ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 26 November 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find out all about The X Factor Winner 's Duet ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What will our Finalists be singing ? '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Tong , Becky Hill and The X Factor Finalists open The X Factor '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tonight 's Final song reveals ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Viewing Summary ( see relevant week under ) '' . BARB . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) The X Factor at itv.com The X Factor at stv.tv ( hide ) The X Factor ( UK ) Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Main series Steve Brookstein Shayne Ward Leona Lewis Leon Jackson Alexandra Burke Joe McElderry Matt Cardle Little Mix James Arthur Sam Bailey Ben Haenow Louisa Johnson Matt Terry Rak - Su Celebrity series Lucy Benjamin Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' `` Dimelo '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X_Factor_(UK_series_14)&oldid=828304803 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons 2017 in British music The X Factor ( UK TV series ) The X Factor ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20X%20Factor%20%28UK%20series%2014%29
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how was the pullman strike of 1894 resolved
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Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car . It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states . The Railroad brotherhoods and the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) opposed the boycott , and the General Managers ' Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition . Thirty people were killed in response to riots and sabotage that caused $80 million in damages . The federal government obtained an injunction against the union , Debs , and other boycott leaders , ordering them to stop interfering with trains that carried mail cars . After the strikers refused , President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains . Violence broke out in many cities , and the strike collapsed . Defended by a team including Clarence Darrow , Debs was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison ; the ARU then dissolved .
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Pullman strike
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pullman strike
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Pullman Strike Part of The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Striking American Railway Union members confront Illinois National Guard troops in Chicago during the Pullman Strike Date May 11 , 1894 -- July 20 , 1894 Location Began in Pullman , Chicago ; spread throughout the United States Goals Recognition Methods Strikes , Protest , Demonstrations Resulted in Unsuccessful Parties to the civil conflict American Railway Union ; Railroad workers Pullman Company ; General Managers ' Association ; United States National Guard Lead figures Eugene V. Debs George Pullman ; Grover Cleveland Number 250,000 12,000 Casualties Deaths : 30 Injuries : 57 Arrests : Deaths : Injuries : The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20 , 1894 , and a turning point for US labor law . It pitted the American Railway Union ( ARU ) against the Pullman Company , the main railroads , and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland . The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation 's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit , Michigan . The conflict began in Pullman , Chicago , on May 11 when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages . A total of 30 workers were killed by railroad agents and their allies . Most of the factory workers who built Pullman cars lived in the `` company town '' of Pullman on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois . The industrialist George Pullman had designed it ostensibly as a model community . Pullman had a diverse work force . He wanted to hire African - Americans for certain jobs at the company . Pullman used ads and other campaigns to help bring workers into his company . When his company laid off workers and lowered wages , it did not reduce rents , and the workers called for a strike . Among the reasons for the strike were the absence of democracy within the town of Pullman and its politics , the rigid paternalistic control of the workers by the company , excessive water and gas rates , and a refusal by the company to allow workers to buy and own houses . They had not yet formed a union . Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs , the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers . Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers . When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations , ARU called a strike against the factory , but it showed no sign of success . To win the strike , Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads . The over-the - rail Pullman employees ( such as conductors and porters ) did not go on strike . Debs and the ARU called a massive boycott against all trains that carried a Pullman car . It affected most rail lines west of Detroit and at its peak involved some 250,000 workers in 27 states . The Railroad brotherhoods and the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) opposed the boycott , and the General Managers ' Association of the railroads coordinated the opposition . Thirty people were killed in response to riots and sabotage that caused $80 million in damages . The federal government obtained an injunction against the union , Debs , and other boycott leaders , ordering them to stop interfering with trains that carried mail cars . After the strikers refused , President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains . Violence broke out in many cities , and the strike collapsed . Defended by a team including Clarence Darrow , Debs was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison ; the ARU then dissolved . Contents 1 Background 2 Boycott 3 Federal intervention 4 Local responses 5 Public opinion 6 Aftermath 6.1 Politics 6.2 Labor Day 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) The condition of laboring man at Pullman . The employee is being squeezed by Pullman between high rent and low wages , July 7 , 1894 . During a severe recession ( the Panic of 1893 ) , the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages as demand for new passenger cars plummeted and the company 's revenue dropped . A delegation of workers complained that wages had been cut but not rents at their company housing or other costs in the company town . The company owner , George Pullman , refused to lower rents or go to arbitration . Boycott ( edit ) The American Railway Union escalated the Pullman strike beginning with the blockade of the Grand Crossing in Chicago during the night of June 26 , 1894 . Many of the Pullman factory workers joined the American Railway Union ( ARU ) , led by Eugene V. Debs , which supported their strike by launching a boycott in which ARU members refused to run trains containing Pullman cars . At the time of the strike approximately 35 % of Pullman workers were members of the ARU . The plan was to force the railroads to bring Pullman to compromise . Debs began the boycott on June 26 , 1894 . Within four days , 125,000 workers on twenty - nine railroads had `` walked off '' the job rather than handle Pullman cars . The railroads coordinated their response through the General Managers ' Association , which had been formed in 1886 and included 24 lines linked to Chicago . The railroads began hiring replacement workers ( strikebreakers ) , which increased hostilities . Many blacks were recruited as strikebreakers and crossed picket lines , as they feared that the racism expressed by the American Railway Union would lock them out of another labor market . This added racial tension to the union 's predicament . On June 29 , 1894 , Debs hosted a peaceful meeting to rally support for the strike from railroad workers at Blue Island , Illinois . Afterward , groups within the crowd became enraged and set fire to nearby buildings and derailed a locomotive . Elsewhere in the western states , sympathy strikers prevented transportation of goods by walking off the job , obstructing railroad tracks , or threatening and attacking strikebreakers . This increased national attention and the demand for federal action . Federal intervention ( edit ) Violence erupted on July 7 , 1894 , with hundreds of boxcars and coal cars looted and burned . State and federal troops used force to quell the mob , as this study by Frederic Remington illustrates . Under direction from President Grover Cleveland , the US Attorney General Richard Olney dealt with the strike . Olney had been a railroad attorney , and still received a $10,000 retainer from the Chicago , Burlington and Quincy Railroad , in comparison to his $8,000 salary as Attorney General . Olney obtained an injunction in federal court barring union leaders from supporting the strike and demanding that the strikers cease their activities or face being fired . Debs and other leaders of the ARU ignored the injunction , and federal troops were called up to enforce it . While Debs had been reluctant to start the strike , he threw his energies into organizing it . He called a general strike of all union members in Chicago , but this was opposed by Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL , and other established unions , and it failed . City by city the federal forces broke the ARU efforts to shut down the national transportation system . Thousands of United States Marshals and some 12,000 United States Army troops , commanded by Brigadier General Nelson Miles , took action . President Cleveland wanted the trains moving again , based on his legal , constitutional responsibility for the mails . His lawyers argued that the boycott violated the Sherman Antitrust Act , and represented a threat to public safety . The arrival of the military and the subsequent deaths of workers in violence led to further outbreaks of violence . During the course of the strike , 30 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded . Property damage exceeded $80 million . Local responses ( edit ) Lurid depiction of Illinois National Guardsmen firing into the mob on July 7 , 1894 , the day of greatest looting and violence . The strike affected hundreds of towns and cities across the country . Railroad workers were divided , for the old established Brotherhoods , which included the skilled workers such as engineers , firemen and conductors , did not support the labor action . ARU members did support the action , and often comprised unskilled ground crews . In many areas townspeople and businessmen generally supported the railroads while farmers -- many affiliated with the Populists -- supported the ARU . In Billings , Montana , an important rail center , a local Methodist minister , J.W. Jennings , supported the ARU . In a sermon he compared the Pullman boycott to the Boston Tea Party , and attacked Montana state officials and President Cleveland for abandoning `` the faith of the Jacksonian fathers . '' Rather than defending `` the rights of the people against aggression and oppressive corporations , '' he said party leaders were `` the pliant tools of the codfish monied aristocracy who seek to dominate this country . '' Billings remained quiet but on July 10 , soldiers reached Lockwood , Montana , a small rail center , where the troop train was surrounded by hundreds of angry strikers . Narrowly averting violence , the army opened the lines through Montana . When the strike ended , the railroads fired and blacklisted all the employees who had supported it . In California the boycott was effective in Sacramento , a labor stronghold , but weak in the Bay Area and minimal in Los Angeles . The strike lingered as strikers expressed longstanding grievances over wage reductions , and indicate how unpopular the Southern Pacific Railroad was . Strikers engaged in violence and sabotage ; the companies saw it as civil war while the ARU proclaimed it was a crusade for the rights of unskilled workers . Public opinion ( edit ) American Railway Union President Eugene V. Debs was pilloried in the press for the disruption of food distribution and passenger traffic associated with the 1894 Pullman Strike . Public opinion was mostly opposed to the strike and supported Cleveland 's actions . Republicans and eastern Democrats supported Cleveland ( the leader of the northeastern pro-business wing of the party ) , but southern and western Democrats as well as Populists generally denounced him . Chicago Mayor John Hopkins supported the strikers and stopped the Chicago Police from interfering before the strike turned violent . Governor John Peter Altgeld of Illinois , a Democrat , denounced Cleveland and said he could handle all disturbances in his state without federal intervention . Media coverage was extensive and generally negative . A common trope in news reports and editorials depicted the boycotters as foreigners who contested the patriotism expressed by the militias and troops involved , as numerous recent immigrants worked in the factories and on the railroads . The editors warned of mobs , aliens , anarchy , and defiance of the law . The New York Times called it `` a struggle between the greatest and most important labor organization and the entire railroad capital . '' In Chicago the established church leaders denounced the boycott , but some younger Protestant ministers defended it . Aftermath ( edit ) Debs was arrested on federal charges , including conspiracy to obstruct the mail as well as disobeying an order directed to him by the Supreme Court to stop the obstruction of railways and to dissolve the boycott . He was defended by Clarence Darrow , a prominent attorney , as well as Lyman Trumbull . At the conspiracy trial Darrow argued that it was the railways , not Debs and his union , that met in secret and conspired against their opponents . Sensing that Debs would be acquitted , the prosecution dropped the charge when a juror took ill . Although Darrow also represented Debs at the United States Supreme Court for violating the federal injunction , Debs was sentenced to six months in prison . Early in 1895 General William M. Graham erected a memorial obelisk in the San Francisco National Cemetery at the Presidio , in honor of four soldiers of the 5th Artillery killed in a Sacramento train crash of July 11 , 1894 , during the strike . The train wrecked crossing a trestle bridge purportedly dynamited by union members . Graham 's monument included the inscription , `` Murdered by Strikers '' , a description he hotly defended . The obelisk remains in place . In the aftermath of the Pullman Strike , the state ordered the company to sell off its residential holdings . In the decades after Pullman died ( 1897 ) , Pullman became just another South Side neighborhood . It remained the area 's largest employer before closing in the 1950s . The area is both a National Historic Landmark as well as a Chicago Landmark District . Because of the significance of the strike , many state agencies and non-profit groups are hoping for many revivals of the Pullman neighborhoods starting with Pullman Park , one of the largest projects . It was to be a $350 million mixed used development on the site of an old steel plant . The plan was for 670,000 square feet of new retail space , 125,000 square foot neighborhood recreation center and 1,100 housing units . Politics ( edit ) Harper 's Weekly labeled Eugene Debs and the strike organizers as `` The Vanguard of Anarchy '' , July 21 , 1894 . Following his release from jail in 1895 , ARU President Debs became a committed advocate of socialism , helping in 1897 to launch the Social Democracy of America , a forerunner of the Socialist Party of America . He ran for president in 1900 for the first of five times as head of the Socialist Party ticket . Civil as well as criminal charges were brought against the organizers of the strike and Debs in particular , and the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision , In re Debs , that rejected Debs ' actions . The Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld was incensed at Cleveland for putting the federal government at the service of the employers , and for rejecting Altgeld 's plan to use his state militia rather than federal troops to keep order . Cleveland 's administration appointed a national commission to study the causes of the 1894 strike ; it found George Pullman 's paternalism partly to blame and described the operations of his company town to be `` un-American '' . In 1898 , the Illinois Supreme Court forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town , as its company charter did not authorize such operations , and the land was annexed to Chicago . Much of it is now designated as an historic district , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Labor Day ( edit ) In 1894 , in an effort to conciliate organized labor after the strike , President Grover Cleveland and Congress designated Labor Day as a federal holiday . Legislation for the holiday was pushed through Congress six days after the strike ended . Samuel Gompers , who had sided with the federal government in its effort to end the strike by the American Railway Union , spoke out in favor of the holiday . See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal United States labor law History of rail transport in the United States Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pullman Strike and Boycott , '' Annals of American History . ( Accessed January 24 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Ayres , Tim , and Susan Eleanor Hirsch . `` After the Strike : A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman . '' Labour History , 2003 , 280 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pullman Strike United States history '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Ginger , Eugene V. Debs ( 1962 ) p 170 ^ Jump up to : Papke , David Ray ( 1999 ) . The Pullman Case : The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America . Landmark law cases & American society . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . pp. 35 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0954 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph C. Bigott ( 2001 ) . From Cottage to Bungalow : Houses and the Working Class in Metropolitan Chicago , 1869 -- 1929 . U. of Chicago Press . p. 93 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Schneirov ; Shelton Stromquist ; Nick Salvatore ( 1999 ) . The Pullman Strike and Crisis of 1890s : Essays on Labor and Politics . U. of Illinois Press . p. 137 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wish , `` The Pullman Strike '' Jump up ^ Donald L. McMurry , `` Labor Policies of the General Managers ' Association of Chicago , 1886 -- 1894 , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1953 ) 13 # 2 pp. 160 -- 78 in JSTOR Archived June 21 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David E. Bernstein , Only One Place of Redress ( 2001 ) p. 54 Jump up ^ Harvey Wish , `` The Pullman Strike : A Study in Industrial Warfare , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1939 ) 32 # 3 , pp. 288 -- 312 in JSTOR Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric Arnesen ( 2004 ) . The Human Tradition in American Labor History . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 96 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Debs pp 134 -- 37 Jump up ^ John R. Commons ; et al. ( 1918 ) . History of Labour in the United States vol 2 . Macmillan . p. 502 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brendel , Martina ( December 1994 ) . `` The Pullman Strike '' . Illinois History : 8 -- via Illinois Periodicals Online . ^ Jump up to : Carroll Van West , Capitalism on the Frontier : Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century ( 1993 ) p 200 Jump up ^ Van West , Capitalism on the Frontier : Billings and the Yellowstone Valley in the Nineteenth Century , p 200 Jump up ^ William W. Ray , `` Crusade or Civil War ? The Pullman Strike in California , '' California History ( 1979 ) 58 # 1 pp 20 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Grover Cleveland : A Study in Courage ( 1933 ) pp. 624 -- 27 Jump up ^ Schneirov , Richard . `` The Pullman Strike and Boycott '' . Northern Illinois University Libraries . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2002 ) . The Reckless Decade : America in the 1890s . U. of Chicago Press . p. 153 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Troy Rondinone , `` Guarding the Switch : Cultivating Nationalism during the Pullman Strike , '' Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ( 2009 ) 8 # 1 pp 83 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Donald L. Miller ( 1997 ) . City of the Century : The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America . Simon and Schuster . p. 543 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heath W. Carter , `` Scab Ministers , Striking Saints : Christianity and Class Conflict in 1894 Chicago , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2010 ) 11 # 3 pp 321 -- 349 Jump up ^ John A. Farrell ( 2011 ) . Clarence Darrow : Attorney for the Damned . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 69 -- 72 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leach , Frank A . `` The Great Railroad Strike of 1894 '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Graham Writes of Treason '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Call via Library of Congress . 22 August 1895 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Historical NY Times Jump up ^ `` Eugene V. Debs American social and labour leader '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Peter Zavodnyik ( 2011 ) . The Rise of the Federal Colossus : The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R. ABC - CLIO . pp. 233 -- 34 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennis R. Judd ; Paul Kantor ( 1992 ) . Enduring tensions in urban politics . Macmillan . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Origins of Labor Day -- September 2 , 1996 '' . PBS . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Haywood , The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood , 1929 , p. 78 ppbk . Sources ( edit ) Cleveland , Grover . The Government and the Chicago Strike of 1894 ( 1904 ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 1913 . DeForest , Walter S . The Periodical Press and the Pullman Strike : An Analysis of the Coverage and Interpretation of the Railroad Strike of 1894 by Eight Journals of Opinion and Reportage MA thesis . University of Wisconsin , Madison , 1973 . Ginger , Ray . The Bending Cross : A Biography of Eugene V. Debs . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press , 1949 . Hirsch , Susan Eleanor . After the Strike : A Century of Labor Struggle at Pullman . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2003 . Lindsey , Almont . The Pullman Strike : The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1943 . Lindsey , Almont . `` Paternalism and the Pullman Strike , '' American Historical Review , Vol. 44 , No. 2 ( Jan. , 1939 ) , pp. 272 -- 89 in JSTOR Nevins , Allan Nevins . Grover Cleveland : A Study in Courage. ( 1933 ) pp. 611 -- 28 Papke , David Ray . The Pullman Case : The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , 1999 . Rondinone , Troy . `` Guarding the Switch : Cultivating Nationalism During the Pullman Strike , '' Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2009 8 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 109 27p . Salvatore , Nick . Eugene V. Debs : Citizen and Socialist . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 1984 . Schneirov , Richard , et al. ( eds . ) The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s : Essays on Labor and Politics . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 1999 . Smith , Carl . Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief : The Great Chicago Fire , the Haymarket Bomb , and the Model Town of Pullman . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . Winston , A.P. `` The Significance of the Pullman Strike , '' Journal of Political Economy , vol. 9 , no . 4 ( Sept. 1901 ) , pp. 540 -- 61 . In JSTOR Wish , Harvey . `` The Pullman Strike : A Study in Industrial Warfare , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1939 ) 32 # 3 pp. 288 -- 312 in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) United States Strike Commission , Report on the Chicago Strike of June -- July , 1894 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office , 1895 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pullman Strike . Pullman Strike Timeline Chicago Strike The Pullman Strike , Illinois During the Gilded Age 1866 -- 1894 , Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries Major armed conflicts in American labor union history 19th century Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Rock Springs massacre , 1885 Bay View massacre , 1886 Haymarket affair , 1886 Thibodaux massacre , 1887 Morewood massacre , 1891 Homestead Strike , 1892 Coeur d'Alene , Idaho labor strike of 1892 Pullman Strike , 1894 Streetcar strikes in the United States , 1895 -- 1929 Lattimer massacre , 1897 Illinois coal wars , 1898 -- 1899 20th century Streetcar strikes in the United States , 1895 -- 1929 Colorado Labor Wars , 1903 -- 04 1905 Chicago teamsters ' strike Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910 -- 11 Paint Creek -- Cabin Creek strike of 1912 Colorado Coalfield War , including the Ludlow Massacre , 1913 -- 14 Copper Country strike of 1913 -- 14 1920 Alabama coal strike Battle of Matewan , 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain , 1921 Herrin massacre , 1922 Hanapepe massacre , 1924 Harlan County War , 1931 -- 32 Gulf Coast longshoremen 's strike , 1935 Memorial Day massacre of 1937 Hilo Massacre , 1938 Portal : Organized Labour Riots and civil unrest in Illinois Race riots Pana riot of 1899 Springfield race riot of 1908 East St. Louis riots of 1917 Chicago race riot of 1919 Airport Homes race riots of 1946 Fernwood Park race riot of 1947 Englewood race riots of 1949 Cicero race riot of 1951 Trumbull Park race riots of 1953 Dixmoor race riot of 1964 Cairo racial unrest , 1967 - 1973 Marquette park racial unrest , 1960s - 1980s Other riots and unrest Banditti of the Prairie , 1830s -- 1840s Lager Beer Riot , 1855 Charleston riot , 1864 Haymarket affair , 1886 Pullman Strike , 1894 Battle of Virden , 1898 1905 Chicago Teamsters ' strike Aldermen 's Wars , 1916 -- 1921 Memorial Day massacre of 1937 Division Street riots , 1966 1966 Chicago West Side Riots 1968 Chicago riots Democratic National Convention protest activity , 1968 Days of Rage Weatherman riot , 1969 Humboldt Park riot , 1977 Chicago Bulls riots , 1990s 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pullman_Strike&oldid=864347696 '' Categories : Riots and civil disorder in Illinois 1894 in Illinois 1894 labor disputes and strikes Labor disputes in the United States History of rail transportation in the United States Labor disputes in Illinois Socialism in the United States 1894 riots Rail transport strikes 1894 in rail transport Progressive Era in the United States Pullman Company May 1894 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2018 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 עברית Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 16 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman%20Strike
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when does alex come back in season 2 of oitnb
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Alex Vause
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alex vause
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Alex Pearl Vause is a fictional character played by Laura Prepon on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black . The character is loosely based on the real ex-girlfriend of Piper Kerman , author of Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . Before her arrest , Vause worked for an international drug cartel and was in a relationship with protagonist Piper Chapman , who once transported drug money for her during their travels . Vause is portrayed as the catalyst for Chapman 's indictment . She is reunited with her ex-lover in federal prison , nearly a decade after the events that led to their breakup . Her relationship with Chapman is reignited , as they carry out a tumultuous love affair in prison . Vause is noted for her pragmatism , forthrightness , wit and veiled vulnerability . She is a main character in seasons one , three , four and five and a recurring character in season two .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Storylines 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 3 Critical commentary 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The character of Alex Vause is loosely based on Catherine Cleary Wolters , ex-girlfriend of Piper Kerman , the author of Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison and an executive consultant on the series . In Kerman 's memoir , Wolters is given the pseudonym Nora Jansen , who is a marginal character in the book . In actuality , Kerman and Wolters did not serve their prison sentences together as depicted in the series , however they were reunited in a flight to Chicago , where they were detained for several weeks in a detention facility to testify in the drug trafficking case . Their stint in Chicago is portrayed in the series ' second season , however , the defendant they were to testify against was changed to the cartel 's kingpin , as was the fact that Wolters and Kerman were cell - mates in the prison . Wolters met Kerman in 1991 in Northampton , Massachusetts , becoming friends around the time Kerman graduated from Smith College . Kerman wrote in her memoir that Wolters was part of a `` clique of impossibly stylish and cool lesbians in their mid-30s '' . Wolters said both of them ran in `` the same little Noho lesbian social circle '' , and spent time together when she returned from her travels . Wolters had told Kerman she worked for an African drug lord , moving heroin around internationally , while Kerman was fascinated by her globe - trotting , adventurous lifestyle . Wolters asked Kerman if she wanted to take part in the operation . According to Wolters , she and Kerman became romantically involved after Kerman had gotten involved in the drug ring . In her interview with Vanity Fair , Wolters said that they were not girlfriends but friends with benefits , a notion with which Kerman disagreed , stating that they may have different perspectives about their time together and their relationship was complicated . Kerman traveled with Wolters to exotic places , and made several trips carrying drug - funds for the cartel . Kerman realized she needed to walk away when Wolters asked her to transport heroin instead of money , after which she flew home and started a new life . Years later , Kerman was indicted and plead guilty to a money laundering charge , serving 13 months in a minimum - security prison in Danbury , Connecticut . Wolters was charged with conspiracy to import heroin , serving nearly six years in a Dublin , California prison , and nearly 14 years on parole . In the series , the issue of whether Vause implicated Chapman and the effect on their personal relationship is a major plot line of the first season . When Wolters and others involved in the drug ring were arrested by federal law enforcement , Wolters said that she , like the others , named everyone involved , including Kerman . Wolters also stated that , contrary to Kerman 's implication in her memoir , she was not `` singularly responsible for ( her ) downfall '' , as she was honest about what she did and getting involved was Kerman 's decision . Although Kerman aimed to take responsibility for her actions , she said she still carried some resentment toward Wolters ( for naming her ) , later making peace with her when they were held together in a Chicago facility . Unlike in the series , Wolters and Kerman did not get back together when they were reunited in prison . According to Wolters , `` the only ( physical ) similarity between myself and ( Vause ) is my black glasses . '' In her memoir , Kerman described Wolters as a `` droll '' woman , with a `` drawling , wisecracking husky voice '' and a `` playful , watchful way of drawing a person out '' ; `` when she paid you attention , it felt as if she were about to let you in on a private joke . '' Wolters ' interview to Vanity Fair in April 2014 led to a book deal for her memoir . In 2015 , HarperOne released Out of Orange , Wolters ' memoir covering from the circumstances of her involvement in the drug trafficking ring and her relationship with Kerman , to her arrest , prison experience , and the present . Storylines ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2017 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Vause is introduced in the first episode through flashbacks ; she and Chapman were both involved in crimes involving drug money . At the end of the first episode , the audience sees that Vause and Chapman are both serving their sentences in the same prison , Litchfield Penitentiary . The two begin a romantic and sexual relationship in episode six ; they are also both involved in a dispute with another inmate , Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett ( Taryn Manning ) , who locks Vause in a dryer and then attempts to kill Chapman in the season finale . Vause was raised solely by her mother and , in the ninth episode ' Fucksgiving ' , Vause 's father is seen to be an influence on her being involved in the drug cartel . When Chapman realises that Vause was the one who told authorities about her illegal drug activities , they break off their relationship . Vause then becomes sexually involved with another inmate , Nicky Nichols ( Natasha Lyonne ) . Season 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , Vause promises Chapman that she will lie to protect her in the upcoming trial of her former boss Kubra Balik . She breaks this promise , however , and , after testifying against Balik , Vause manages to secure release from prison while Chapman remains incarcerated . After discovering that Balik was not imprisoned for his crimes , Vause fears for her life ; she is also unable to leave her apartment due to the terms of her parole . She visits Chapman in prison and confides in her that she is scared ; Chapman then gets Bloom to tell Vause 's parole officer that Vause is breaking her parole , which lands her back in prison , where she is safe from Balik 's retribution . Season 3 ( edit ) Vause appears in every episode of the third season . Chapman reports Vause to a parole officer and she is sent back to Litchfield prison ; Chapman does eventually admit to doing this and the two begin frequently having hate sex . Chapman and Vause reconcile and officially resume their relationship , but become more distant again as the season progresses ; Chapman becomes romantically involved with a new inmate , Stella Carlin ( Ruby Rose ) , and this upsets Vause . Vause becomes increasingly concerned that Balik has sent someone into the prison to spy on her and bring her harm ; she suspects that this person is Lolly Whitehill ( Lori Petty ) and attacks her in the toilet . It turns out that Whitehill is completely delusional and thinks that Vause is from the National Security Agency . In the season finale , Vause is confronted by Balik 's henchman Aydin Bayat and her fate is left ambiguous . Critical commentary ( edit ) Matthew Wolfson of Slant Magazine described Vause as intelligent , `` with the instincts of a pragmatist , but without a strategy -- a striking and emotionally direct person who may have closed off too many options for a workable future '' . Dana Poccoli of AfterEllen said that Vause could be considered a villain in the first season as she is the reason Chapman is in prison , but she is also a `` fascinating character that we want to understand and spend time with . '' Writing in The Daily Beast , Victoria Kezra similarly suggested that before the audience meets her , Vause is already a villain , for she is `` responsible for Chapman 's illegal activities '' and named her ex-lover to receive less prison time . What is `` wonderful '' about the character , Kezra added , is that the audience 's `` perception of her changes throughout the show '' , from a villainous figure to a sympathetic individual . She observed that Vause has `` a great sense of humor about the whole situation '' and is `` pretty caring and insightful '' . TV Guide 's Liz Raftery considered Vause a polarizing character , asking `` is she a master manipulator or just misunderstood ? '' . She proposed that Vause `` seems to think of herself as a bad person but maybe she is n't , whereas ( Chapman ) is so convinced that she 's a good person and is totally taken aback whenever anyone challenges that . '' Gerri Mahn of Den of Geek wrote that unlike Chapman , Vause `` does n't harbor any illusions about who she is or what playing by the rules will get her '' . Vause had named Chapman in her trial both to receive a lighter sentence and out of resentment from Chapman breaking her heart years earlier ; she sincerely loves Chapman , Mahn considered , and `` continually came to her defense throughout season one '' , turning her down when she realized Chapman was using her as `` someone to fall back on when Larry does n't come through '' . Tim Surette of TV.com said that Vause 's season one flashbacks fit the character well , and `` instantly gave us a story to be interested in '' , as they provided a more rounded view of the character than Chapman 's purview allowed . J.M Suarez wrote in PopMatters that the character of Vause is `` fearless and intimidating '' as well as street - smart , contrary to Chapman who is `` sheltered '' and `` often afraid and deferential '' , and it is `` in highlighting these differences in prison , that their eventual backstories have even more impact . '' Greco Patti of Vulture complimented Prepon 's `` nuanced '' portrayal , and noted that , notwithstanding Vause 's illicit occupation and her role in Chapman 's imprisonment , she is a woman who `` came from nothing , who loved and lost , and who maybe got used '' , and she seems more loyal and genuine in her love for Chapman . The A.V. Club 's Myles McNutt considered Vause 's relationship with her crimes to be `` complicated '' ; he appreciates when the show does not filter character development solely through Chapman , deeming it `` productive '' when Vause had `` a chance to open up to Nicky ( Nichols ) '' . McNutt also said that Vause 's conflict with Doggett , who saw her as `` coming from privilege '' , is meaningful for Vause as it is a trigger for her `` past struggles with class hierarchies '' . According to McNutt , Vause 's despondency regarding her absent father `` could either gain ( her ) new perspective and put her life on the right track or ( she could ) try to fill the absence as quickly as possible '' , the latter of which she chose . Mahn deliberated that , growing up poor , a free ride was n't a possibility in Vause 's world . Vause `` left her scruples at the door '' when she built her worldly life on an alliance through her father 's drug dealer , Mahn assessed . `` She worked hard , gambled big , and lost everything '' . Autostraddle posited that Vause hates and fears vulnerability , and the scene where she is locked in a dryer and pleads Chapman to stay echoes the past , when Vause pleaded with Chapman before Chapman left following news of Vause 's mother 's death . Additionally , Vause is a complicated character for the writer , primarily because she found her sexual threat to Doggett `` troubling '' , while seeing Vause as a young girl `` who would do anything for the life she was cheated out of '' was something with which she empathized . In Den of Geek , Chris Longo wrote that , as the first season played out , Vause `` was vilified , then the tables turned when she won Piper 's friendship , then they turned upside down during their inevitable hookup . Alex , for all the bad she 's done , seems like a woman who stays true to her word . And now after breaking Alex 's ( and Larry 's ) heart , Piper is the one who 's vilified . '' Longo praised Prepon 's performance , and hoped the series progressed Vause 's storylines . The Guardian 's Tom Meltzer wrote that Prepon plays Chapman 's `` jilted '' former lover `` with subtlety and unabashed smoulder '' . In his review of the first season , Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe described pre-prison Vause as `` icy cool '' , and called Prepon a `` revelation '' in the role . David Hiltbrand wrote in The Philadelphia Inquirer that Prepon plays the character with `` real vigor '' . Maureen Ryan of HuffPost also praised Prepon 's portrayal , commenting that `` underneath the cool - girl exterior is a whole lot of pain and loneliness , and Prepon has done a wonderful job of subtly bringing those notes forward . '' Chris Jancelewicz of The Huffington Post Canada deemed Vause `` charismatic '' , adding that Prepon `` excels as the bad girl influence '' . Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian stated that although Vause would only be present in a few episodes of the second season , she `` turns up to devastating effect early on '' . In a review of the first episode of season two , Horatia Harrod of The Daily Telegraph commented that Vause is dedicated to self - preservation and thought that `` another betrayal '' of Chapman `` reached new depths '' , thus she found it `` puzzling '' that Vause 's bad - girl routine `` seems to have won her a fan following , while ( Chapman ) is reviled . '' Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast noted that there is something about Vause that `` convinces ( Chapman ) to throw her lifelong caution to the wind . '' Kate Zernike of The New York Times said that Vause is `` calculating '' and that `` there 's something black cat - like about ( her ) -- she slips into the frame and you know things are about to go bad , or at least , get interesting . '' Chris Harvey of The Daily Telegraph described Prepon 's turn as `` unforgettable '' and explained that Vause 's wicked attitude and bespectacled look have made the character a `` cult favourite '' . In her review of the season two premiere , The Wall Street Journal 's Candace Jackson wrote that `` much like in Piper Kerman 's real - life experience , ( the Chicago facility ) is where ( Chapman ) runs into Vause '' . Prepon is `` excellent in this role as ever '' , Jackson commended , walking a `` believable line between flirtation and manipulation '' . Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic observed that Vause was `` correct earlier in ( the second season 's premiere ) when she diagnosed how inconsistent Chapman 's worldview is : `` it is so hard to keep up with what is black and white for you '' . '' According to Kornhaber , Vause 's `` return , in letter and in flashback , offers another lesson in moral relativity and personal transformation . We finally see how ( Chapman 's ) cultivated naivety and ( Vause 's ) cultivated knowingness created a passionate , dangerous pairing early on . '' Danielle Henderson remarked in Vulture that Vause `` has balls '' for sending Chapman letters after the incident in the season two premiere . In her review of the second season 's finale , Zernike wrote that although Vause may not be the `` typical re-entering felon '' , her speech to Chapman about needing to violate her probation , flee , and possibly go back to her former felonious life , `` does raise some good points '' regarding issues with the prison system . The Advocate 's Nico Lang described Vause as a notably popular femme fatale character , whom the show brought back after the second season `` despite the fact that the real - life character was barely in ( Kerman 's memoir ) at all '' . Charlotte Richardson Andrews wrote in Sight & Sound that Vause is one of the show 's `` believable and investment - worthy '' queer characters , adding that the `` tangled , romantic dance that ( Vause and Chapman ) do is compelling , nuanced and sexy where , in other hands , it might have felt exploitative '' . In Digital Spy , Emma Dibdin described a `` power shift '' in the third season between Vause and Chapman and how this positively impacts both characters ; `` the power dynamic of ( Chapman ) and ( Vause 's ) relationship is so dramatically shifted that everything about them feels fresh . ( Vause ) is more vulnerable than we 've ever seen her , utterly shattered to find herself back in jail . '' The Observer 's Orly Greenberg said Vause returns to Litchfield `` completely absent of her flashing eyes and snarky confidence , instead relying on ( Chapman ) as an almost maternal figure '' as Chapman leads Vause to believe her return to prison is a product of `` the system '' , rather than Chapman 's own doing . Emily Ambash of CutPrintFilm wrote that Vause is `` emotionally broken '' when she reenters prison ; `` embarrassed and ashamed of her own choices '' and her failure in handling her brief freedom . Vause and Chapman 's dynamic in the third season feels `` fresh '' , different from the first season , as they confront their issues in the present without passive aggressiveness and without a focus on the past , Ambash noted ; `` the characters ( are forced to ) question their faith not just in each other but also in themselves when dealing with each other . '' Michael Hindle of Comingsoon.net observed of Vause and Chapman 's relationship , while `` one has always had power over the other in some form or another now ( Vause and Chapman ) are more or less on an even playing field '' . Joshua Alston of The A.V Club said that Vause 's return to prison `` lands with a surprisingly soft impact '' . The character Stella `` appears right on time to drive a wedge between ( Chapman ) and ( Vause ) just as a functional relationship becomes possible '' , and the show `` manages to make ( the looming love triangle ) feel consequential . '' In her review of the third season , Jessica Kiang of Indiewire wrote that Vause and Chapman `` come spectacularly together but find , again with some insight , that they 're a couple whose fire can burn on hate much easier than on routine . '' Libby Hill argued in her The New York Times review of the season 's second episode , that the Vause and Chapman relationship has become `` toxic '' . The on - off lovers have `` little meaningful interaction '' with other characters while they are entangled in their tempestuous relationship , making them `` emotionally unavailable '' to other characters and to the audience . Hill hopes Vause is more integrated into `` Litchfield 's culture '' and has more humanizing interactions with other characters as she did with Nichols in the first season . In reviewing the season 's second episode , The A.V. Club 's Myles McNutt said that although he understands the attraction of Chapman and Vause and the significance of their intertwined story playing out in prison , their present storyline compels them to exist `` independently of anything around them '' , removing them from ordinary life in the prison community of Litchfield . Perri Nemiroff of Collider felt that it was `` an unexpected and unearned twist '' that Vause would reconnect with Chapman ( through `` hate sex '' ) soon after finding out Chapman was responsible for her being back in prison . Their role play in the prison 's drama class , however , `` balances the palpable hostility with humor and heart , making the scene wildly entertaining , but also ensuring that the moment really means something , too . '' In Entertainment Weekly , Jonathan Dornbush wrote that Vause and Chapman engaging in angry sex after the latter 's hand in taking away her freedom is `` another shift in their power dynamic '' . According to Dornbush , this occurs because Vause is `` taking control after Piper took it away from her '' ; `` She 's still in jail , she 's still lost her life on the outside , and she may be in more danger now than ever '' , Dornbush explained , `` but at least she can control something . '' Ambash said that the drama class improv exercise is necessary as it compels Vause and Chapman `` to consider their real - life situation '' and `` find a sort of reconciliation '' . Keith Nelson Jr. of Digital Trends found Vause 's speech to correctional officer Rogers , on the malleable and interpretive nature of morality , to be frank `` societal commentary '' . Sarah Bredeman of FanSided opined that the commentary Vause made to Rogers is `` one of the best ' we are not your salvation , you ca n't save us , and this ai n't no Dead Poet 's Society kinda situation ' speeches '' , and `` it really hits home a good point . '' Kelly Lawler in USA Today suggested that , as opposed to how Chapman painted her , Vause 's legitimate concerns over the danger she is in makes her one of the most rational individuals on the show . Perri Nemiroff of Collider said that Vause 's season three flashbacks on her witnessing what her drug cartel boss is capable of made her present situation `` far more dynamic and tense '' , giving her anxiety full credibility . Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx felt that Vause 's flashback , like Nichols ' in an earlier episode , was `` covering familiar territory solely to support prominent stories each was getting in the present '' , but at least both flashbacks were `` somber '' enough to make them an `` interesting contrast '' to the concurrent comedic moments at Litchfield . In his review of the eleventh episode of the season , McNutt wrote that Vause 's `` isolation is turned around , and what once felt like a failure of the show 's writing becomes a logical character choice . '' Vause wants no part in what Chapman 's prison business has turned into , knowing first - hand the dangers and the damage such an operation can cause . `` I find myself respecting ( Vause 's ) struggle to embrace her situation -- it may not have served the season to this point , '' McNutt observed , `` but it serves here as a productive counterpoint to ( Chapman ) '' . According to Ambash , Vause ( and Chapman 's ) notable absence from the third season 's final group scenes -- as Vause is trapped with the man who has been sent to kill her , and Chapman is off tattooing herself in the chapel -- symbolizes their heightened distrust in others and the prison system itself . `` For ( Vause ) , unlike ( Chapman ) , this was n't her choice . With safety stripped from her , and ties of trust cut by others , it 's no surprise ( Vause ) is kept away now from the freedom of the lake . '' Ambash noted that Vause 's season three storyline `` highlights real issues regarding prisoners ' safety , especially when no real background checks are performed on new , untrained officers , who end up with easy access to inmates '' . Moreover , `` it serves as a reminder that ( Vause and Chapman ) have basically switched roles '' as Chapman embarked on `` the smuggling business ( and ) showed little regard for ( Vause ) '' , finding a new sense of power and thrill in her illicit enterprise , while Vause wisely avoided it . Lauren Chval of Chicago Tribune remarked that what is great about Vause is `` she knows who she is and what she wants '' , trusts her instincts and has `` never flipped on her feelings for Chapman '' . Chval praised Prepon in the role , and remarked that Vause is `` always more interesting in her scenes without Chapman '' . Perri Nemiroff of Collider said Prepon has been successful `` taking Alex from a strong inmate you do n't want to mess with to someone super vulnerable who 's fearing for her life . '' Rick Porter of The Hollywood Reporter praised Prepon 's performance as Vause , in the season finale , encounters the hitman sent to kill her , writing , `` Prepon sells the heck of out Alex 's disbelief and fear in the scene . '' The aftermath of Vause 's storyline has a sweeping effect throughout the fourth season according to critics . In Harper 's Bazaar , Emma Dibdin wrote that Vause having to kill , dismember , and bury her would - be murderer was `` the beginning of a season that saw almost every one of our beloved inmates go through her darkest hour yet . '' According to Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya of Autostraddle , Vause and Lolly 's `` greenhouse murder '' became one of the `` most suspenseful through lines '' of the season . Isabel Mohan wrote in The Daily Telegraph that Vause 's confidence from previous seasons is gone as she has become `` a nervous wreck '' and `` her scenes are among the most macabre '' of the season . The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber considered Vause 's `` saga '' to be some of series ' `` darkest scenes yet . '' Several themes explored in the season are evoked in Vause 's storyline . Jen Chaney of Vulture noted that the `` murky issues surrounding blame '' are prompted from the outset of the season , as both Vause and Lolly become responsible for the homicide of the hit man , `` yet neither of them are true ' murderers ' in that both were motivated by self - defense . It 's a case of both women doing wrong and neither of them doing wrong . '' Kornhaber of The Atlantic said that Vause 's acknowledgement that her attacker `` was a person '' , echoed `` a mantra that 's surfaced in various forms across the season '' . Myles McNutt of The A.V Club wrote , `` the season has been consumed by the idea of guilt '' and it manifests on Vause and Chapman 's attitudes and behavior ; in a latter episode , they decide `` they are n't willing to do anything that would add to their sense of guilt '' . Vulture 's Kathryn VanArendonk observed the notion that `` regret is real , but time only moves in one direction '' reflected on Vause and Chapman 's conversation about changing the past , and the need to claim selfhood in Vause wanting to acknowledge the humanity of her attacker . Myles McNutt wrote that Vause being compelled to finish killing the man , instead of letting him die by Lolly 's deed , `` makes it more visceral , and creates an internalized event to frame her understanding of her status as a ' criminal ' in the season to follow . '' Hannah Shaw - Williams of Screen Rant regarded Vause taking the life of her attacker as `` one of the premiere 's most emotionally powerful scenes , which reveals that despite her background as a hard - as - nails heroin dealer , Vause has never actually had to kill anyone before . '' In Paste magazine , Matt Brennan commended `` the quiet , tearful moment in which ( Vause ) ... decides to end his life . '' `` Her remorse '' , Brennan noted , `` for this choice , and for all the choices that led to it , is palpable , even if his death amounts to self - defense . '' Emma Dibdin wrote in Digital Spy that while Vause 's on - off lover Chapman `` ( insists ) she 's a force to be reckoned with '' , Vause `` goes through the real moral transformation , pushed to brutal extremes by the hitman sent to kill her . '' Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya of Autostraddle considered the scenes of Vause helping Lolly reconcile her thoughts and emotions `` a cutting and intimate look at self - care and coping mechanisms . '' The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber similarly reviewed Vause 's `` counseling '' of Lolly , finding it a `` succinct and touching glimpse at post-traumatic coping '' . McNutt opined in The A.V Club that the circumstances of Lolly 's paranoia , the lack of evidence that the correctional officer was a hit man , the lack of trust in a broken system , and the difficulty in explaining away Vause and Lolly 's actions in the homicide , meant that Lolly being taken away was `` tragic '' but ultimately `` probably the best case scenario '' when someone would have to be held responsible . Autostraddle 's Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya considered Vause 's decision to not tell Chapman what she has gone through an `` emotionally significant '' moment for the character . Vause is not on good terms with Chapman , but she also does not want Chapman to be implicated by it , Upadhyaya observed . According to Upadhyaya , apart from it being an overarching plot , the homicide has also had `` long - term emotional significance '' for Vause . Ed Power of The Telegraph found it `` wrenching '' to see Vause `` haunted by doubt and guilt '' , praising the show for `` peeling back the layers , showing a new side to a person we thought we already knew '' and the `` disquiet and disbelief that flashed across ( Vause 's ) face '' in response to Chapman in the crack scene . Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx wrote that Vause and Chapman needing to be under the influence of drugs `` to finally be honest with each other about all their recent tragedies seemed about right for a relationship that 's always thrived on a high level of drama . '' In her review of the season 's ninth episode , Pilot Viruet of Decider remarked that it is `` good to see ( Vause and Chapman ) getting along and not plagued by relationship dramatics . '' In his review of the season 's finale , McNutt wrote that he found Vause `` reacting to death by thinking about the hitman 's humanity rang true to her arc '' . Prepon received praised for her performance in the fourth season . Dana Schwartzof of The Observer lauded Prepon in the premiere episode writing that her performance should be up for Emmy consideration . Kayla Kumari Upadhyaya of Autostraddle wrote that Prepon 's `` giving her best performance to date on the show , effectively capturing the turmoil of Alex 's mind and the psychological toll of this secret . '' Prepon won the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film at the 18th Satellite Awards for her performance as Vause . See also ( edit ) List of Orange Is the New Black characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Carswell , Sue ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Alex of Orange Is the New Black Speaks for the First Time : `` I Was Not Piper 's First , and I Certainly Did Not Seduce Her '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Nancy ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Author Hints At New Season , Talks Reform , On Way To STL '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Maureen ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Real - life Alex on ' OITNB ' feared show would ruin her life '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ May , Meredith ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' TV series reflects couple 's reality '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brady , Abigail ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : How the Book Adds to the Show '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeldell , Lynn ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Piper of Orange is the New Black '' . L Style G Style . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind ' The New Black ' : The Real Piper 's Prison Story '' . NPR . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heinzmann , David ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange is New Black ' drug case still open in Chicago federal court '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kerman , Piper ( 2010 ) . Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . Spiegel & Grau . ISBN 978 - 0 - 812 - 98618 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Riese ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Meet The Real Alex Vause : Catherine Cleary Wolters Has Mixed Feelings About `` Orange Is The New Black '' `` . Autostraddle . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truesdell , Jeff ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Real - Life Alex Vause of Orange Is the New Black '' . People . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Cleary Wolters , The Real Alex Vause , Shares Her Story For The First Time '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mejia , Paula ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : The Real - Life Alex Vause Discusses Prison , Memoir ' Out of Orange ' '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hillary ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Real Alex From ' Orange Is the New Black ' Is Getting Her Own Book '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Megan ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 1 Recap : Everything To Know Before The Season 2 Premiere '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Joe ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Your Guide to Catching Up to ' Orange Is the New Black ' in Time for Season Two '' . The Wire . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Danielle ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 1 Finale Recap : I Saw the Light '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ali ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' recap ( 1.13 ) : Ca n't Fix Crazy `` . After Ellen . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piccoli , Dana ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' recap ( 2.1 ) : Thirsty Bird `` . After Ellen . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Danielle ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 2 , Episode 11 Recap : How About I Kill the Bitch ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Recap : ' Go Ahead , Girls , Take a Break From Your Values ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dibdin , Emma ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black season 3 review : Episodes 1 - 3 blend comedy and tragedy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Orange is the New Black Review : `` Mother 's Day '' / `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' `` . Paste . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` A Tittin ' and a Hairin '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steiner , Chelsea ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' recap ( 3.10 ) : A Tittin ' and a Hairin ' `` . After Ellen . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fear , and Other Smells ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' binge recap : It 's not all fun and games '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` 8 Questions ' Orange Is the New Black ' Left Unanswered at the End of Season 3 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfson , Matthew ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : Season One '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piccoli , Dana ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` The Return of the Lesbian Villain '' . AfterEllen . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kezra , Victoria . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : The Daily Beast Staff Debates Who 's the Best Character '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Laura Prepon : `` Piper Is Just as Toxic as Alex '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mahn , Gerri ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : What We Expect in Season Two '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black `` Moscow Mule '' / `` F * cksgiving '' Review : The SHU Does n't Fit `` . TV.com . August 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Suarez , J.M. ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Eases Us All Into Prison Life '' . PopMatters . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` OITNB 's Laura Prepon on Dancing to ' Milkshake , ' Singing Meatloaf , and the Mystery of Real - Life Alex '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNuutt , Myles ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` Lesbian Request Denied '' / `` Imaginary Enemies '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` Fucksgiving '' / `` Bora Bora Bora '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kate ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` '' Orange Is The New Black '' Episode 111 Recap : Ya Dun Goofed `` . Autostraddle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Longo , Chris ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Orange is the New Black : 10 Interesting Character Arcs '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Tom ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The best TV of 2013 : No 6 -- Orange is the New Black ( Netflix ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Yuppie , interrupted '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` A fish out of water in the slammer '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' : The Year 's Best New Show ? '' . HuffPost . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black Review : Time Behind Bars Should n't Be This Fun '' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turnquist , Kristi ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Season 2 : A wised - up Piper , more strong women ( review ) '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black , episode one , review : ' a sparkling return to form ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season Two Is More Bingeworthy Than the First '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Recap : Season 2 Begins in a More Menacing World '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Chris ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black author Piper Kerman : ' People are sexual beings , even if you lock them in a cage ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Candace ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black , ' Season 2 , Episode 1 , ' Thirsty Bird ' : TV Recap '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Orange Is the New Black Binge Review ( Episodes 1 Through 13 ) '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Danielle ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 2 , Episode 6 Recap : Are You the Sun ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zernike , Kate ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Finale : It 's Almost Like ' Thelma and Louise ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Nico ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Op - ed : Orange Is the New Black Proves to Be the Model of Queer TV '' . The Advocate . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson Andrews , Charlotte ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Inside out : Orange Is the New Black '' . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Orly ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Season 3 Premiere Review : Send in the Clowns '' . The Observer . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Flies in the Web : A Look at ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 3 '' . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hindle , Michael ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` '' Orange is the New Black '' Recap & Review : Season 3 , Episodes 2 and 3 `` . Comingsoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black is still hot in its third season , but burns slower than ever '' . The A.V Club . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiang , Jessica ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 3 Review : Hate Sex , Relapses & Mommy Issues '' . Indiewire . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Season 3 , Episode 2 Recap : Bedbugs '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` Bed Bugs and Beyond '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black Recap : `` Bed Bugs And Beyond '' & `` Empathy Is A Boner Killer '' `` . Collider . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathan ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Orange of the New Black recap : Bed Bugs and Beyond '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Review : 3.03 `` Empathy Is a Boner Killer '' / 3.04 `` Finger in the Dyke '' `` . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson Jr. , Keith ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` More Laughs , Less Villainy : Orange Is The New Black Season 3 Review '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeman , Sarah ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' OITNB ' Recap : Ep 3 ' Empathy Is A Boner Killer ' '' . Hidden Remote . FanSided . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' binge recap : ' Fear , and Other Smells ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK Recap : `` Fear , and Other Smells '' & `` Where My Dreidel At '' `` . Collider . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Orange Is the New Black ' -- ' Tongue - Tied / Fear , and Other Smells ' '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 21 , 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : `` We Can Be Heroes '' `` . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Review : 3.11 `` We Can Be Heroes '' / 3.12 `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' / 3.13 `` Trust No Bitch '' `` . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambash , Emily ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Review : 3.07 `` Tongue Tied '' / 3.08 `` Fear and Other Smells '' `` . CutPrintFilm . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chval , Lauren ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' OITNB ' episode 9 recap : The hot Aussie just made everything a lot more confusing '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chval , Lauren ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' OITNB ' episode 13 recap : Let 's just be free for a second '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` ORANGE IS THE NEW BLACK Recap : `` Do n't Make Me Come Back There '' & `` Trust No Bitch '' `` . Collider . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Orange Is The New Black peaks in its brilliant , brutal fourth season '' . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toomer , Jessica ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Are Darker And The Stakes Are Higher In ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season Four '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNutt , Myles ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` OITNB 's search for answers goes too far for the exact wrong person '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` The 18 Best Tv Shows Of 2016 '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kumari Upadhyaya , Kayla ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` '' Orange Is The New Black '' 403 Review : `` ( Do n't ) Say Anything '' `` . Autostraddle . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohan , Isabel ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black , season 4 , spoiler - free review : is this the darkest season yet ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : ' Work That Body for Me ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Challenges Us to Sympathize With Aggressors in Season 4 '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : ' Toast Ca n't Never Be Bread ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` When guards `` freestyle , '' OITNB 's inmates become less free `` . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ VanArendonk , Kathryn ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season Finale Recap : She Was a Person '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` A new season of OITNB begins with `` delusions of gangsta '' `` . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , Hannah ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black Season 4 Premiere Review '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` In the Orange Is the New Black Opener , Piper is Still Dull and the System is Still Broken '' . Paste magazine . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black season 4 review : The darkest season yet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black : ' ( Do n't ) Say Anything ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Power , Ed ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Orange is the New Black , season 4 episode 8 recap : ' Hard to watch ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Reviewing every season 4 episode '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Viruet , Pilot ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Recap , Season 4 Episode 9 : Civil Disobedience '' . Decider . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` In OITNB 's finale , the system wants to ignore what the inmates can never forget '' . The A.V Club . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is The New Black ' Season 4 Review : `` S * it '' Gets Real & Raw In Strong - As - Ever Netflix Prison Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' shows power of the fourth -- season , that is ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer . Advance Digital . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Simmering Tensions Boil Over in Orange Is the New Black 's Outstanding Fourth Season '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Dana ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' Recap : Episode 1 '' . The Observer . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( February 23 , 2014 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Wins Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Alex Vause on IMDb ( hide ) Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa Poussey Washington Seasons `` Lesbian Request Denied '' 5 Related Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Vause&oldid=817634748 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional career criminals Fictional criminals Fictional inmates in American federal prisons Fictional lesbians Fictional American people of English descent Fictional drug dealers Fictional murderers Fictional characters based on real people Fictional LGBT characters in television Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 16 : 53 . About Wikipedia
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who plays professor proton on the big bang theory
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Newhart later went into acting , starring as Chicago psychologist Dr. Robert Hartley in The Bob Newhart Show during the 1970s and then as Vermont innkeeper Dick Loudon on the 1980s series Newhart . He also had two short - lived sitcoms in the 1990s titled Bob and George and Leo . Newhart also appeared in film roles such as Major Major in Catch - 22 and Papa Elf in Elf . He provided the voice of Bernard in the Walt Disney animated films The Rescuers and The Rescuers Down Under . In 2004 , he played the library head Judson in The Librarian , a character which continued in 2014 to the TV series The Librarians . In 2013 , Newhart made his first of five guest appearances on The Big Bang Theory as Professor Proton , for which he received his first Primetime Emmy Award on September 15 , 2013 .
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Bob Newhart
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George Robert Newhart ( born September 5 , 1929 ) is an American stand - up comedian and actor , noted for his deadpan and slightly stammering delivery . Newhart came to prominence in 1960 when his album of comedic monologues , The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart , became a worldwide bestseller and reached number one on the Billboard pop album chart ; it remains the 20th - best selling comedy album in history . The follow - up album , The Button - Down Mind Strikes Back ! , was also a success , and the two albums held the Billboard number one and number two spots simultaneously .
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Newhart later went into acting , starring as Chicago psychologist Dr. Robert Hartley in The Bob Newhart Show during the 1970s and then as Vermont innkeeper Dick Loudon on the 1980s series Newhart . He also had two short - lived sitcoms in the 1990s titled Bob and George and Leo . Newhart also appeared in film roles such as Major Major in Catch - 22 and Papa Elf in Elf . He provided the voice of Bernard in the Walt Disney animated films The Rescuers and The Rescuers Down Under . In 2004 , he played the library head Judson in The Librarian , a character which continued in 2014 to the TV series The Librarians . In 2013 , Newhart made his first of five guest appearances on The Big Bang Theory as Professor Proton , for which he received his first Primetime Emmy Award on September 15 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Comedy career beginnings 2.2 Albums 2.3 Television 2.4 Films 3 Sitcoms 3.1 The Bob Newhart Show 3.2 Newhart 3.3 Other TV series 4 Other TV appearances 5 Personal comedic style 6 Writings 7 Honors 8 Personal life 9 Selected filmography 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life ( edit ) Newhart was born on September 5 , 1929 at West Suburban Hospital in Oak Park , Illinois . His parents were George David Newhart ( 1899 -- 1986 ) , a part - owner of a plumbing and heating - supply business , and Julia Pauline ( née Burns ; 1901 -- 1991 ) , a housewife . His mother was of Irish descent and his father was of English , Irish , and German ancestry . One of his grandmothers was from St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada . Newhart has three sisters : Virginia , Mary Joan ( a nun , who taught at the all - girls Carmel High School in Mundelein , Illinois ) , and Pauline . Newhart was educated at Roman Catholic schools in the Chicago area , including St. Catherine of Siena grammar school in Oak Park , and attended St. Ignatius College Prep ( high school ) , graduating in 1947 . He then enrolled at Loyola University of Chicago from which he graduated in 1952 with a bachelor 's degree in business management . Newhart was drafted into the United States Army and served in the United States during the Korean War as a personnel manager until being discharged in 1954 . Newhart briefly attended Loyola University Chicago School of Law , but did not complete a degree , in part , he says , because he was asked to behave unethically during an internship . Career ( edit ) After the war , Newhart worked for United States Gypsum as an accountant . He later said that his motto , `` That 's close enough '' and his habit of adjusting petty cash imbalances with his own money shows he did not have the temperament to be an accountant . He also said he was a clerk in the unemployment office who made $55 a week , but who quit upon learning unemployment benefits were $45 a week and he `` only had to come in to the office one day a week to collect it . '' Comedy career beginnings ( edit ) In 1958 , Newhart became an advertising copywriter for Fred A. Niles , a major independent film and television producer in Chicago . There , he and a co-worker entertained each other with long telephone calls about absurd scenarios , which they later recorded and sent to radio stations as audition tapes . When his co-worker ended his participation , Newhart continued the recordings alone , developing this type of routine . Dan Sorkin , a disc jockey at a radio station who later became the announcer - sidekick on Newhart 's NBC series , introduced Newhart to the head of talent at Warner Bros. Records . The label signed him in 1959 , only a year after it was formed , based solely on those recordings . Newhart expanded his material into a stand - up routine , which he began to perform at nightclubs . Albums ( edit ) Newhart became famous mostly on the strength of his audio releases , in which he played a solo `` straight man '' . Newhart 's routine was to portray one end of a conversation ( usually a phone call ) , playing the comedic straight man and implying what the other person was saying . His 1960 comedy album , The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart , was the first comedy album to make number one on the Billboard charts . The album received the 1961 Grammy Award for Album of the Year . The album peaked at number two in the UK Albums Chart . Newhart also won Best New Artist . Newhart told a 2005 interviewer for PBS 's American Masters that his favorite stand - up routine is `` Abe Lincoln vs. Madison Avenue '' , which appears on this album . In the routine , a slick promoter has to deal with the reluctance of the eccentric President to agree to efforts to boost his image . The routine was suggested to Newhart by Chicago TV director and future comedian Bill Daily , who was Newhart 's castmate on the 1970s The Bob Newhart Show for CBS . Newhart became known for using an intentional stammer , in service to his unique combination of politeness and disbelief at what he was supposedly hearing . Newhart has used the delivery throughout his career . The follow - up album , The Button - Down Mind Strikes Back , was released six months later and won Best Comedy Performance - Spoken Word that same year . Subsequent comedy albums include Behind the Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) , The Button - Down Mind on TV ( 1962 ) , Bob Newhart Faces Bob Newhart ( 1964 ) , The Windmills Are Weakening ( 1965 ) , This Is It ( 1967 ) , Best of Bob Newhart ( 1971 ) , and Very Funny Bob Newhart ( 1973 ) . Years later , he released Bob Newhart Off the Record ( 1992 ) , The Button - Down Concert ( 1997 ) , and Something Like This ( 2001 ) , an anthology of his 1960s Warner Bros. albums . On December 10 , 2015 , it was revealed by publicist and comedy album collector Jeff Abraham that a `` lost '' Newhart track from 1965 about Paul Revere existed on a one - of - a-kind acetate , which he owns . The track made its world premiere on episode 163 of the Comedy on Vinyl podcast . Television ( edit ) Newhart 's success in stand - up led to his own short - lived NBC variety show in 1961 , The Bob Newhart Show . The show lasted only a single season , but it earned Newhart a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and a Peabody Award . The Peabody Board cited him as : `` a person whose gentle satire and wry and irreverent wit waft a breath of fresh and bracing air through the stale and stuffy electronic corridors . A merry marauder , who looks less like St. George than a choirboy , Newhart has wounded , if not slain , many of the dragons that stalk our society . In a troubled and apprehensive world , Newhart has proved once again that laughter is the best medicine . '' In the mid-1960s , Newhart appeared on The Dean Martin Show 24 times , and on The Ed Sullivan Show eight times . He appeared in a 1963 episode of The Alfred Hitchcock Hour , `` How to Get Rid of Your Wife '' , and on The Judy Garland Show . Newhart guest - hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson 87 times , and hosted Saturday Night Live twice , 15 years apart ( 1980 and 1995 ) . In addition to stand - up comedy , Newhart became a dedicated character actor . This led to other series such as : Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre , Captain Nice , two episodes of Insight , and It 's Garry Shandling 's Show . He reprised his role as Dr. Bob Hartley on Murphy Brown , and appeared as himself on The Simpsons , and as a retired forensic pathologist on NCIS . Newhart guest - starred on three episodes of ER , for which he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award , as well as on Desperate Housewives and a role on NCIS as Ducky 's mentor and predecessor , who was discovered to have Alzheimer 's disease . In 2013 , he also appeared on Committed and appeared in an episode of the sixth season of The Big Bang Theory , for which he was awarded a Primetime Emmy Award , and subsequent episodes of its seventh season . Films ( edit ) Although he is primarily a television star , Newhart has been in a number of popular films , beginning with the 1962 war story Hell Is for Heroes . In 1968 , Newhart played an annoying software specialist in the film Hot Millions . His films have ranged from 1970 's Alan Jay Lerner musical On a Clear Day You Can See Forever , the 1971 Norman Lear comedy Cold Turkey , the Mike Nichols - directed war satire Catch 22 , the Walt Disney animated feature The Rescuers in 1977 and with its 1990 sequel The Rescuers Down Under , and the Will Ferrell holiday comedy Elf ( 2003 ) . Newhart played the President of the United States in the comedy , First Family ( 1980 ) . He appeared as a beleaguered school principal in In & Out ( 1997 ) . He made a cameo appearance as a sadistic but appreciative CEO at the end of the comedy Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) . Sitcoms ( edit ) The Bob Newhart show ( edit ) Standing , from left : Howard Borden , Carol Kester , Jerry Robinson , seated : Newhart and Emily Hartley Newhart 's most notable exposure on television came from two long - running programs that centered on him . In 1972 , soon after Newhart guest - starred on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour , he was approached by his agent and his managers , producer Grant Tinker , and actress Mary Tyler Moore ( the husband / wife team who founded MTM Enterprises ) , to work on a pilot series called The Bob Newhart Show , to be written by Davis and Music . He was very interested in the starring role of dry psychologist Bob Hartley , with Suzanne Pleshette playing his wry , loving wife , Emily , and Bill Daily as neighbor and friend Howard Borden . The Bob Newhart Show faced heavy competition from the beginning , launching at the same time as the popular shows M * A * S * H , Maude , Sanford And Son , and The Waltons . Nevertheless , it was an immediate hit . The show eventually referenced what made Newhart 's name in the first place . Apart from the first few episodes , it used an opening - credits sequence featuring Newhart answering a telephone in his office . According to co-star Marcia Wallace , the entire cast got along well , and Newhart became close friends with both Wallace and co-star Suzanne Pleshette . The cast also included Marcia Wallace as Bob 's wisecracking , man - chasing receptionist , Carol Kester ; Peter Bonerz as amiable orthodontist Dr. Jerry Robinson ; Jack Riley as Elliot Carlin , the most misanthropic of Dr. Hartley 's patients ; character actor and voice artist , John Fiedler as milquetoast Emil Petersen ; and Pat Finley as Bob 's sister , Ellen Hartley , a love interest for Howard Borden . Future Newhart regular Tom Poston had a briefly recurring role as Cliff `` Peeper '' Murdock , veteran stage actor Barnard Hughes appeared as Bob 's father for three episodes spread over two seasons , and Martha Scott appeared in several episodes as Bob 's mother . By 1977 , the show 's ratings were declining and Newhart wanted to end it , but was under contract to do one more season . The show 's writers tried to rework the sitcom by adding a pregnancy , but Newhart objected : `` I told the creators I did n't want any children , because I did n't want it to be a show about ' How stupid Daddy is , but we love him so much , let 's get him out of the trouble he 's gotten himself into ' . '' Nevertheless , the staff wrote an episode that they hoped would change Newhart 's mind . Newhart read the script and he agreed it was very funny . He then asked , `` Who are you going to get to play Bob ? '' Coincidentally , Newhart 's wife gave birth to their daughter Jenny late in the year , which caused him to miss several episodes . In the last episode of the fifth season , not only was Bob 's wife , Emily , pregnant , but his receptionist , Carol , was , too . In the first show of the sixth season , Bob revealed his dream of the pregnancies and that neither Emily nor Carol was really pregnant . Marcia Wallace spoke of Newhart 's amiable nature on set : `` He 's very low key , and he did n't want to cause trouble . I had a dog by the name of Maggie that I used to bring to the set . And whenever there was a line that Bob did n't like -- he did n't want to complain too much -- so , he 'd go over , get down on his hands and knees , and repeat the line to the dog , which invariably yawned ; and he 'd say , ' See , I told you it 's not funny ! ' '' Wallace has also commented on the show 's lack of Emmy recognition : `` People think we were nominated for many an Emmy , people presume we won Emmys , all of us , and certainly Bob , and certainly the show . Nope , never ! '' Newhart discontinued the series in 1978 after six seasons and 142 episodes . Wallace said of its ending , `` It was much crying and sobbing . It was so sad . We really did get along . We really had great times together . '' Of Newhart 's other long - running sitcom , Newhart , Wallace said , `` But some of the other great comedic talents who had a brilliant show , when they tried to do it twice , it did n't always work . And that 's what ... but like Bob , as far as I 'm concerned , Bob is like the Fred Astaire of comics . He just makes it look so easy , and he 's not as in - your - face as some might be . And so , you just kind of take it for granted , how extraordinarily funny and how he wears well . '' She was later reunited with Newhart twice , once in a reprise of her role as Carol on Murphy Brown in 1994 , and on an episode of Newhart 's short - lived sitcom , George & Leo , in 1997 . Newhart ( edit ) Newhart at the 1987 Emmy Awards By 1982 , Newhart was interested in a new sitcom . After he had discussions with Barry Kemp and CBS , the show Newhart was created , in which Newhart played Vermont innkeeper and TV talk show host Dick Loudon . Mary Frann was cast as his wife , Joanna . Jennifer Holmes was originally cast as Leslie Vanderkellen , but left after former daytime soap star and still unfamilar prime - time actress Julia Duffy ( who had been a fan of Newhart 's since she was 21 ) joined the cast as Dick 's inn maid and spoiled rich girl , Stephanie Vanderkellen , while struggling actor Peter Scolari ( who had been a fan of Newhart 's since he was 17 ) was also casted as Dick 's manipulative TV producer , Michael Harris , in six of the eight seasons . Character actor Tom Poston played the role of handyman George Utley , earning three Primetime Emmy Award nominations as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1984 , 1986 , and 1987 . Like The Bob Newhart Show , Newhart was an immediate hit , and again , like the show before it , it was also nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards , but failed to win any . During the time Newhart was working on the show , in 1985 , his smoking habit finally caught up to him , and he was taken to the emergency room for secondary polycythemia . The doctors ordered him to stop smoking . In 1987 , ratings began to drop . Newhart ended in 1990 after eight seasons and 182 episodes . The last episode ended with a scene in which Newhart wakes up in bed with Suzanne Pleshette , who had played Emily , his wife from The Bob Newhart Show . He realizes ( in a satire of a famous plot element in the television series Dallas a few years earlier ) that the entire eight - year Newhart series had been a single nightmare of Dr. Bob Hartley 's , which Emily attributes to eating Japanese food before he went to bed . Recalling Mary Frann 's buxom figure and proclivity for wearing sweaters , Bob closes the segment and the series by telling Emily , `` You really should wear more sweaters '' before the typical closing notes of the old Bob Newhart Show theme played over the fadeout . The twist ending was later chosen by TV Guide as the best finale in television history . Other TV series ( edit ) Circa 1991 , in Norfolk , Virginia In 1992 , Newhart returned to television with a series called Bob , about a cartoonist . An ensemble cast included Lisa Kudrow , but the show did not develop a strong audience and was cancelled shortly after the start of its second season , despite good critical reviews . ( On The Tonight Show following the cancellation , Newhart joked he had now done shows called The Bob Newhart Show , Newhart and Bob so his next show was going to be called The . ) In 1997 , Newhart returned again with George & Leo on CBS with Judd Hirsch and Jason Bateman ; the show was cancelled during its first season . Other TV appearances ( edit ) The Alfred Hitchcock Hour , episode `` How to Get Rid of Your Wife '' ( 1963 ) The Entertainers ( regular performer in 1964 ) Thursday 's Game ( 1974 ) ( made - for - TV film ) Marathon ( 1980 ) Ladies and Gentlemen ... Bob Newhart ( 1980 ) Ladies and Gentlemen ... Bob Newhart Part II ( 1981 ) The Entertainers ( 1991 ) The Simpsons , season 7 : `` Bart the Fink '' ( 1996 ) The Sports Pages ( 2001 ) ( made - for - TV film ) MADtv ( Season 6 , 2001 ) , playing a psychiatrist who yells `` Stop it ! '' in a skit The Librarian : Quest for the Spear ( 2004 ) The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) NCIS , season 8 : `` Recruited '' ( 2011 ) Five , Dr. Roth ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 : `` The Proton Resurgence '' ( 2013 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 7 : `` The Proton Displacement '' ( 2013 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 7 : `` The Proton Transmogrification '' ( 2014 ) The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson , final episode ( 2014 ) Hot in Cleveland , season 6 ( series finale ) : `` Vegas Baby / I Hate Goodbyes '' ( 2015 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 9 : `` The Opening Night Excitation '' ( 2015 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 11 : `` The Proton Regeneration '' ( 2017 ) In 1995 , a 65 - year - old Newhart was approached by the Showtime cable network to appear in the first comedy special in his 35 - year career . His special Off The Record consisted of him performing material from his first and second albums in front of a live audience in Pasadena , California . In 2003 , Newhart guest - starred on three episodes of ER in a rare dramatic role that earned him an Primetime Emmy Award nomination , his first in nearly 20 years . In 2005 , he began a recurring role in Desperate Housewives as Morty , the on - again / off - again boyfriend of Sophie ( Lesley Ann Warren ) , Susan Mayer 's ( Teri Hatcher ) mother . In 2009 , he received another Primetime Emmy nomination for reprising his role as Judson in The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice . On August 27 , 2006 , at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards , hosted by Conan O'Brien , Newhart was placed in a supposedly airtight glass prison that contained three hours of air . If the Emmys went over the time of three hours , he would die . This gag was an acknowledgment of the common frustration that award shows usually run on past their allotted time ( which is usually three hours ) . Newhart `` survived '' his containment to help O'Brien present the award for Outstanding Comedy Series ( which went to The Office ) . During an episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , Newhart made a comedic cameo with members of ABC 's show Lost lampooning an alternate ending to the series finale . In 2011 , Newhart appeared in a small but pivotal role as a doctor in Lifetime 's anthology film on breast cancer Five , and in 2013 , he made a guest appearance on The Big Bang Theory as the aged Professor Proton ( Arthur Jeffries ) , a former science TV show host turned children 's party entertainer , for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . It marked the first Emmy in Newhart 's entire career . At that year 's Emmy ceremony , Newhart appeared as a presenter with Big Bang Theory star Jim Parsons and received an unexpected standing ovation . On December 19 , 2014 , Newhart made a surprise appearance on the final episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson , where he was revealed to be the person inside Secretariat , Ferguson 's on - set pantomime horse . The show then ended with a scene parodying the Newhart series finale , with Ferguson and Drew Carey reprising their roles from The Drew Carey Show . In June 2015 , Newhart appeared on another series finale , the final episode of Hot in Cleveland playing the father - in - law of Joy Scroggs ( Jane Leeves ) . It marked a reunion with one time co-star Betty White who had been a cast member during the second season of Bob 23 years earlier . The finale ends with their characters getting married . Personal comedic style ( edit ) Newhart is known for his deadpan delivery and a slight stammer which he incorporated early on into the persona around which he built a successful career . On his TV shows , although he got his share of funny lines , he worked often in the Jack Benny tradition of being the `` straight man '' while the sometimes rather bizarre cast members surrounding him got the laughs . Newhart , however , has stated that `` I was not influenced by Jack Benny '' in terms of his style or persona , and cites George Gobel and the comedy team of Bob and Ray as his initial writing and performance inspirations . Several of his routines involve hearing one - half of a conversation as he speaks to someone over the phone . In a bit called `` King Kong '' , a rookie security guard at the Empire State Building seeks guidance as to how to deal with an ape that is `` between 18 and 19 stories high , depending on whether there 's a 13th floor or not . '' He assures his boss he has looked in the guards ' manual `` under ' ape ' and ' ape 's toes ' . '' Other famous routines include `` The Driving Instructor '' , `` The Mrs. Grace L. Ferguson Airline ( and Storm Door Company ) '' , `` Introducing Tobacco to Civilization '' , `` Abe Lincoln vs. Madison Avenue '' , `` Defusing a Bomb '' ( in which an uneasy police chief tries to walk a new and nervous patrolman through defusing a live shell discovered on a beach ) , `` The Retirement Party '' , `` Ledge Psychology '' , `` The Krushchev Landing Rehearsal '' , and `` A Friend With a Dog . '' In a 2012 podcast interview with Marc Maron , comedian Shelley Berman accused Newhart of plagiarizing his improvisational telephone routine style . However , in interviews both years before and after Berman 's comments , Newhart has never taken credit for originating the telephone concept , which he has noted was done earlier by Berman and -- predating Berman -- Nichols and May , George Jessel ( in his well - known sketch `` Hello Mama '' ) , and in the 1913 recording `` Cohen on the Telephone '' . The technique would later also be used by Lily Tomlin , Ellen DeGeneres , and many others . Writings ( edit ) On September 20 , 2006 , Hyperion Books released Newhart 's first book , I Should n't Even Be Doing This . The book is primarily a memoir , but features comic bits by Newhart , as well . Transcripts of many of Newhart 's classic routines are woven in with the rest of the text . As actor David Hyde Pierce notes , `` The only difference between Bob Newhart on stage and Bob Newhart offstage -- is that there is no stage . '' Honors ( edit ) In addition to his Peabody Award and several Primetime Emmy Award nominations , Newhart 's recognitions include : Three Grammy awards in 1961 : Best New Artist , Album of the Year for The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart ( the first comedy record to be honored as Album of the Year ) , and Best Comedy Performance ( Spoken Word ) for The Button - Down Mind Strikes Back ! . Newhart won the Golden Globe for Best TV Star - Male in 1961 . In 1993 , Newhart was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame . In 1996 , Newhart was ranked number 17 on TV Guide 's `` 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time '' list . In 1998 , Billboard recognized Newhart 's first album as number 20 on their list of most popular albums of the past 40 years , and the only comedy album on the list . On January 6 , 1999 Newhart received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6381 Hollywood Boulevard for his contribution to television . In 2002 , Newhart won the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor . In 2004 , Newhart was named number 14 on `` Comedy Central Presents : 100 Greatest Stand - Ups of All Time '' . On July 27 , 2004 , American cable television network TV Land unveiled a life - sized statue of Newhart on the Magnificent Mile in his native Chicago , depicting Dr. Robert Hartley from The Bob Newhart Show . The statue depicts Dr. Hartley sitting in his therapy practice chair with a pencil held between his hands , and a patients ' sofa next to him . After an initial temporary installation in front of 430 North Michigan Avenue , the building used for exterior establishing shots of Hartley 's office , the bronze set is now permanently located in the sculpture park in front of Chicago 's Navy Pier entertainment complex . Visitors routinely sit on the couch and pose for photographs as Bob 's patients . On October 17 , 2012 , Loyola University Chicago honored him by naming their new theatre , the Newhart Family Theatre . On September 15 , 2013 , Newhart won his first Primetime Emmy Award , for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series , for his portrayal of Professor Proton ( Arthur Jeffries ) on The Big Bang Theory . On February 20 , 2015 , Newhart was honored with the Publicists of the International Cinematographers Guild Lifetime Achievement Award . Personal life ( edit ) Newhart was introduced by Buddy Hackett to Virginia `` Ginnie '' Quinn , the daughter of character actor Bill Quinn . They were married on January 12 , 1963 . The couple have four children ( Robert , Timothy , Jennifer , and Courtney ) , and ten grandchildren . They are Roman Catholic and raised their children as such . He is a member of the Good Shepherd Parish and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills , California . Newhart 's best friend was comedian Don Rickles , who nicknamed him `` Charlie Everybody '' for his everyman persona . In 1985 , Newhart was rushed to the emergency room , suffering from secondary polycythemia , after years of heavy smoking . He made a recovery , several weeks after , and has since quit smoking . In 1995 , Newhart was one of several investors who bought a radio station in Santa Barbara , California . The station played adult standards and its call letters ended in Newhart 's initials , AM 1290 KZBN . In 2005 , Newhart 's group sold the station . It is now KZSB , the radio voice of The Santa Barbara News - Press . Newhart was an early home - computer hobbyist , purchasing the Commodore PET after its 1977 introduction . He wrote in 2001 , `` Later , I moved up to the 64 KB model and thought that was silly because it was more memory than I would ever possibly need . '' Newhart sold his Wallace Neff - designed Bel Air mansion to Canadian Robert Quigg in May 2016 for $14.5 million . Selected filmography ( edit ) Hell Is for Heroes ( 1962 , a World War II drama with a comedic monologue by Newhart ) - Pvt . Driscoll Hot Millions ( 1968 ) - Willard C. Gnatpole On A Clear Day You Can See Forever ( 1970 ) - Dr. Mason Hume Catch - 22 ( 1970 ) - Maj . Major Major Cold Turkey ( 1971 ) - Merwin Wren The Rescuers ( 1977 ) - Bernard ( voice ) Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) - Regret First Family ( 1980 ) - President Manfred Link The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) - Bernard ( voice ) The Entertainers ( 1991 ) - Todd Wilson In & Out ( 1997 ) - Tom Halliwell Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) - Leonard the Polar Bear ( voice ) Legally Blonde 2 : Red , White & Blonde ( 2003 ) - Sid Post Elf ( 2003 ) - Papa Elf The Librarian : Quest for the Spear ( 2004 ) - Judson The Librarian : Return to King Solomon 's Mines ( 2006 ) - Judson The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) - Judson Horrible Bosses ( 2011 ) - Lou Sherman ( cameo ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2013 -- 2017 , 5 episodes ) - Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton The Librarians ( 2014 ) - Judson Young Sheldon ( 2017 ) - Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The funny world of Bob Newhart '' . latimes . Jump up ^ `` On Stage at the Kennedy Center : The Mark Twain Prize 2002 ( Bob Newhart ) . More About Bob - PBS '' . Jump up ^ The Comedy Couch - Ellen Degeneres Interview Jump up ^ Gillette , Amelie ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Interview with Lewis Black '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ridiculous , Norm Macdonald , 2006 , Comedy Central Records Jump up ^ `` ' Bob Newhart : Unbuttoned ' '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Newhart , Bob ( 2006 ) . I Should n't Even Be Doing This ! . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0246 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` SHECKYmagazine.com Standup Comedy ... Seriously ! Interview : Tom Rhodes ! '' . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Clifford . `` An Interview with Comic Legend , Chris Rush '' . Natural-Humor-Medicine.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2004 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Manilla , Ben . `` ' Button - Down Mind ' Changed Modern Comedy '' , October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Newhart finally gets his Emmy Award '' . Washington Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 28 , 2016 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comedian Bob Newhart tickles Naples ' funnybone '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Herod , Doug ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Misunderstanding Thorold , feeling good about St. Catharines '' . St Catharines Standard . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bob Newhart '' . American Masters . PBS . Jump up ^ Margaret Hicks ; Mick Napier ( May 2 , 2011 ) . Chicago Comedy : A Fairly Serious History . The History Press . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60949 - 211 - 3 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Step With : Bob Newhart '' . Parade Magazine . July 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Bob Newhart Routine Airs Publicly for the First Time '' . The Interrobang . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 6 : Bob Newhart to Play Professor Proton '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bob Newhart Show A Television Heaven Review '' . Televisionheaven.co.uk . September 5 , 1929 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ tavm ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' The Proton Displacement ( TV Episode 2013 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ saratoma08 ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' The Proton Transmogrification ( TV Episode 2014 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ Bob Newhart Television Academy . Emmys.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thorn , Jesse . ( May 16 , 2012 ) Bob Newhart talks about stand - up , sitcoms , and why he stays busy Interview The A.V. Club . Avclub.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 332 - Shelley Berman '' . WTF with Marc Maron Podcast . Jump up ^ Martel , Ned ( April 12 , 2005 ) . `` For Bob Newhart , Dean of Deadpan , the Laughs Go On '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ DeBord , Matthew ( September 19 , 2006 ) . `` Bob Newhart is cool . No punch line '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 188 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saval , Malina ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Publicists Guild Celebrates Life and Career of Bob Newhart '' . variety.com . Variety Media / Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . After 55 years of standup , albums and TV shows , the comedian continues to entertain Jump up ^ `` The religion of Bob Newhart , comedian , sitcom actor '' . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Church of the Good Shepherd . Jump up ^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 1996 page B - 58 - retrieved 5 / 2 / 2018 Jump up ^ Colker , David ( August 9 , 2001 ) . `` Happy Birthday PC ! '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funnyman Bob Newhart exits Bel - Air with $14.5 - million deal , and other top sales '' . LA Times . May 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Newhart , Bob ( 2006 ) . I Should n't Even Be Doing This ! . New York : Hyperion . pp. 256p . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 0246 - 7 . Mayerly , Judine ( 1989 ) . `` The Most Inconspicuous Hit on Television : A Case Study of Newhart '' . Washington , D.C. : Journal of Popular Film and television . Sorenson , Jeff ( 1988 ) . Bob Newhart . New York : St. Martin 's . Reilly , Rick . Who 's Your Caddy : Looping for the Great , Near Great , and Reprobates of Golf . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bob Newhart . Official website Bob Newhart on IMDb Bob Newhart on National Public Radio in 2001 Bob Newhart profile from American Masters Bob Newhart interview video at the Archive of American Television Bob : The Last Interview Bob Newhart four - part interview with Horace J. 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Brooks ( 2015 ) Lily Tomlin ( 2016 ) Ken Burns ( 2017 ) Television Hall of Fame Class of 1992 John Chancellor Dick Clark Phil Donahue Mark Goodson Bob Newhart Agnes Nixon Jack Webb GND : 118866249 ISNI : 0000 0001 1441 2215 LCCN : n87929029 MusicBrainz : 14abda46 - 7ed4 - 4cf6 - b4c6 - f694166cd5f0 SELIBR : 382933 SNAC : w6q54hs3 SUDOC : 168073447 VIAF : 33531923 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Newhart&oldid=843537623 '' Categories : 1929 births 20th - century American comedians 21st - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American stand - up comedians American people of Canadian descent American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American Roman Catholics Copywriters Grammy Award winners Living people Loyola University Chicago alumni Loyola University Chicago School of Law alumni Male actors from Chicago Mark Twain Prize recipients Primetime Emmy Award winners St. Ignatius College Prep alumni United States Army soldiers Warner Bros. 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what is the effect of radiation of mobile
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Mobile phone radiation and health
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mobile phone radiation and health
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A man speaking on a mobile telephone Part of a series on Antennas Common types ( show ) Dipole Fractal Loop Monopole Satellite dish Television Whip Components ( show ) Balun Block upconverter Coaxial cable Counterpoise ( ground system ) Feed Feed line Low - noise block downconverter Passive radiator Receiver Rotator Stub Transmitter Tuner Twin - lead Systems ( show ) Antenna farm Amateur radio Cellular network Hotspot Municipal wireless network Radio Radio masts and towers Wi - Fi Wireless Safety and regulation ( hide ) Mobile phone radiation and health Wireless electronic devices and health International Telecommunication Union ( Radio Regulations ) World Radiocommunication Conference Radiation sources / regions ( show ) Boresight Focal cloud Ground plane Main lobe Near and far field Side lobe Vertical plane Characteristics ( show ) Array gain Directivity Efficiency Electrical length Equivalent radius Factor Friis transmission equation Gain Height Radiation pattern Radiation resistance Radio propagation Radio spectrum Signal - to - noise ratio Spurious emission Techniques ( show ) Beam steering Beam tilt Beamforming Small cell Bell Laboratories Layered Space - Time ( BLAST ) Massive Multiple - input multiple - output ( MIMO ) Reconfiguration Spread spectrum Wideband Space Division Multiple Access ( WSDMA ) The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study worldwide , as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world . As of 2015 , there were 7.4 billion subscriptions worldwide , though the actual number of users is lower as many users own more than one mobile phone . Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range ( 450 -- 3800 MHz and 24 - 80GHz in 5G mobile ) . Other digital wireless systems , such as data communication networks , produce similar radiation . The World Health Organization states that `` A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk . To date , no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use . '' In a 2018 statement , the FDA said that `` the current safety limits are set to include a 50-fold safety margin from observed effects of radiofrequency energy exposure '' . Contents 1 Effects studied 1.1 Blood -- brain barrier 1.2 Cancer 1.3 Male fertility 1.4 Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 1.5 Glucose metabolism 2 Base stations 3 Safety standards and licensing 4 Lawsuits 5 Precautions 5.1 Precautionary principle 5.2 Precautionary measures and health advisories 5.3 Bogus products 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Effects studied ( edit ) See also : Wireless electronic devices and health and Electromagnetic radiation and health Blood -- brain barrier ( edit ) A 2010 review stated that `` The balance of experimental evidence does not support an effect of ' non-thermal ' radiofrequency fields '' on the permeability of the blood - brain barrier , but noted that research on low frequency effects and effects in humans was sparse . A 2012 study of low - frequency radiation on humans found `` no evidence for acute effects of short - term mobile phone radiation on cerebral blood flow '' . Cancer ( edit ) See also : Non-ionizing radiation There is no strong or consistent evidence that mobile phone use increases the risk of getting brain cancer or other head tumors . The United States National Cancer Institute points out that `` Radiofrequency energy , unlike ionizing radiation , does not cause DNA damage that can lead to cancer . Its only consistently observed biological effect in humans is tissue heating . In animal studies , it has not been found to cause cancer or to enhance the cancer - causing effects of known chemical carcinogens . '' The majority of human studies have failed to find a link between cell phone use and cancer . In 2011 a World Health Organization working group classified cell phone use as `` possibly carcinogenic to humans '' . The CDC states that no scientific evidence definitively answers whether cell phone use causes cancer . In a 2018 statement , the FDA said that `` the current safety limits are set to include a 50-fold safety margin from observed effects of radiofrequency energy exposure '' . An analysis of an `` eagerly anticipated '' study using rats and mice by the National Toxicology Program indicates that due such issues as the inconsistent appearances of `` signals for harm '' within and across species and the increased chances of false positives due to the multiplicity of tests , the positive results seen are more likely due to random chance . The full results of the study were released in February 2018 . Male fertility ( edit ) A decline in male sperm quality has been observed over several decades . Studies on the impact of mobile radiation on male fertility are conflicting , and the effects of the radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation ( RF - EMR ) emitted by these devices on the reproductive systems are currently under active debate . A 2012 review concluded that `` together , the results of these studies have shown that RF - EMR decreases sperm count and motility and increases oxidative stress '' . A 2017 study of 153 men that attended an academic fertility clinic in Boston , Massachusetts found that self - reported mobile phone use was not related to semen quality , and that carrying a mobile phone in the pants pocket was not related to semen quality . Electromagnetic hypersensitivity ( edit ) Main article : Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Some users of mobile phones and similar devices have reported feeling various non-specific symptoms during and after use . Studies have failed to link any of these symptoms to electromagnetic exposure . In addition , EHS is not a recognised medical diagnosis . Glucose metabolism ( edit ) According to the National Cancer Institute , two small studies exploring whether and how cell phone radiation affects brain glucose metabolism showed inconsistent results . Base stations ( edit ) Cellular Mobile and UHF Antenna Tower with multiple Antennas Experts consulted by France considered it was mandatory that the main antenna axis should not to be directly in front of a living place at a distance shorter than 100 metres . This recommendation was modified in 2003 to say that antennas located within a 100 - metre radius of primary schools or childcare facilities should be better integrated into the cityscape and was not included in a 2005 expert report . The Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale ( fr ) as of 2009 , says that there is no demonstrated short - term effect of electromagnetic fields on health , but that there are open questions for long - term effects , and that it is easy to reduce exposure via technological improvements . Safety standards and licensing ( edit ) In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets , governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards , which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value . There are many proposed national and international standards , but that of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ( ICNIRP ) is the most respected one , and has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries . For radio stations , ICNIRP proposes two safety levels : one for occupational exposure , another one for the general population . Currently there are efforts underway to harmonise the different standards in existence . Radio base licensing procedures have been established in the majority of urban spaces regulated either at municipal / county , provincial / state or national level . Mobile telephone service providers are , in many regions , required to obtain construction licenses , provide certification of antenna emission levels and assure compliance to ICNIRP standards and / or to other environmental legislation . Many governmental bodies also require that competing telecommunication companies try to achieve sharing of towers so as to decrease environmental and cosmetic impact . This issue is an influential factor of rejection of installation of new antennas and towers in communities . The safety standards in the US are set by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . The FCC has based its standards primarily on those standards established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) , specifically Subcommittee 4 of the `` International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety '' . Switzerland has set safety limits lower than the ICNIRP limits for certain `` sensitive areas '' ( classrooms , for example ) . Lawsuits ( edit ) In the US , a small number of personal injury lawsuits have been filed by individuals against cellphone manufacturers ( including Motorola , NEC , Siemens , and Nokia ) on the basis of allegations of causation of brain cancer and death . In US federal courts , expert testimony relating to science must be first evaluated by a judge , in a Daubert hearing , to be relevant and valid before it is admissible as evidence . In a 2002 case against Motorola , the plaintiffs alleged that the use of wireless handheld telephones could cause brain cancer and that the use of Motorola phones caused one plaintiff 's cancer . The judge ruled that no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation was proffered by the plaintiffs , accepted a motion to exclude the testimony of the plaintiffs ' experts , and denied a motion to exclude the testimony of the defendants ' experts . Two separate cases in Italy , in 2009 and 2017 , resulted in pensions being awarded to plaintiffs who had claimed their benign brain tumors were the result of prolonged mobile phone use in professional tasks , for 5 -- 6 hours a day , which they ruled different from non-professional use . Precautions ( edit ) Precautionary principle ( edit ) In 2000 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) recommended that the precautionary principle could be voluntarily adopted in this case . It follows the recommendations of the European Community for environmental risks . According to the WHO , the `` precautionary principle '' is `` a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty , reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research . '' Other less stringent recommended approaches are prudent avoidance principle and as low as reasonably practicable . Although all of these are problematic in application , due to the widespread use and economic importance of wireless telecommunication systems in modern civilization , there is an increased popularity of such measures in the general public , though also evidence that such approaches may increase concern . They involve recommendations such as the minimization of cellphone usage , the limitation of use by at - risk population ( such as children ) , the adoption of cellphones and microcells with as low as reasonably practicable levels of radiation , the wider use of hands - free and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets , the adoption of maximal standards of exposure , RF field intensity and distance of base stations antennas from human habitations , and so forth . Overall , public information remains a challenge as various health consequences are evoked in the literature and by the media , putting populations under chronic exposure to potentially worrying information . Precautionary measures and health advisories ( edit ) In May 2011 , the World Health Organisation 's International Agency for Research on Cancer announced it was classifying electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and other sources as `` possibly carcinogenic to humans '' and advised the public to adopt safety measures to reduce exposure , like use of hands - free devices or texting . Some national radiation advisory authorities , including those of Austria , France , Germany , and Sweden , have recommended measures to minimize exposure to their citizens . Examples of the recommendations are : Use hands - free to decrease the radiation to the head . Keep the mobile phone away from the body . Do not use telephone in a car without an external antenna . The use of `` hands - free '' was not recommended by the British Consumers ' Association in a statement in November 2000 , as they believed that exposure was increased . However , measurements for the ( then ) UK Department of Trade and Industry and others for the French Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale ( fr ) showed substantial reductions . In 2005 , Professor Lawrie Challis and others said clipping a ferrite bead onto hands - free kits stops the radio waves travelling up the wire and into the head . Several nations have advised moderate use of mobile phones for children . A journal by Gandhi et al. in 2006 states that children receive higher levels of Specific Absorption Rate ( SAR ) . When 5 - and 10 - year olds are compared to adults , they receive about 153 % higher SAR levels . Also , with the permittivity of the brain decreasing as one gets older and the higher relative volume of the exposed growing brain in children , radiation penetrates far beyond the mid-brain . Bogus products ( edit ) Products have been advertised that claim to shield people from EM radiation from cell phones ; in the US the Federal Trade Commission published a warning that `` Scam artists follow the headlines to promote products that play off the news -- and prey on concerned people . According to the FTC , there is no scientific proof that so - called shields significantly reduce exposure from electromagnetic emissions . Products that block only the earpiece -- or another small portion of the phone -- are totally ineffective because the entire phone emits electromagnetic waves . Such shields `` may interfere with the phone 's signal , cause it to draw even more power to communicate with the base station , and possibly emit more radiation . '' The FTC has enforced false advertising claims against companies that sell such products . See also ( edit ) Bioelectromagnetism BioInitiative Report COSMOS cohort study Microwave News Possible health effects of body scanners Radiation biology Wireless electronic devices and health References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2015/mobility-report/ericsson-mobility-report-nov-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetic fields and public health : mobile phones '' . WHO . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grady , Denise ( 2 February 2018 ) . `` Cancer Risk From Cellphone Radiation Is Small , Studies Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Stam R ( 2010 ) . `` Electromagnetic fields and the blood - brain barrier '' . Brain Research Reviews ( Review ) . 65 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresrev. 2010.06. 001 . PMID 20550949 . ^ Jump up to : What has research shown about the possible cancer - causing effects of radiofrequency energy ? , United States National Cancer Institute Jump up ^ Kwon MS , Vorobyev V , Kännälä S ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` No effects of short - term GSM mobile phone radiation on cerebral blood flow measured using positron emission tomography '' . Bioelectromagnetics. 33 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 56 . doi : 10.1002 / bem. 20702 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Repacholi MH , Lerchl A , Röösli M , Sienkiewicz Z , Auvinen A , Breckenkamp J , d'Inzeo G , Elliott P , Frei P , Heinrich S , Lagroye I , Lahkola A , McCormick DL , Thomas S , Vecchia P ( 2012 ) . `` Systematic review of wireless phone use and brain cancer and other head tumors '' . Bioelectromagnetics ( Systematic review ) . 33 ( 3 ) : 187 -- 206 . doi : 10.1002 / bem. 20716 . PMID 22021071 . Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetic fields and public health : mobile phones '' . World Health Organization . October 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Press Announcements - Statement from Jeffrey Shuren , M.D. , J.D. , director of the FDA 's Center for Devices and Radiological Health on the recent National Toxicology Program draft report on radiofrequency energy exposure '' . www.fda.gov . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Labos , Christopher ; Foster , Kenneth ( 2018 ) . `` Cell Phone Radiation and Cancer : New NTP Results Inconsistent ; Random Chance Likely at Play '' . Skeptical Inquirer. 42 ( 4 ) : 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/29/infertility-crisis-sperm-counts-halved Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/25/health/sperm-counts-declining-study/index.html Jump up ^ Sengupta Pallav , Dutta Sulagna , Krajewska - Kulak Elzbieta ( 2016 ) . `` The Disappearing Sperms : Analysis of Reports Published Between 1980 and 2015 '' . American Journal of Men 's Health . 11 : 1279 -- 1304 . doi : 10.1177 / 1557988316643383 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/10343 Jump up ^ De Iuliis Geoffry N ( 2009 ) . `` Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage in Human Spermatozoa In Vitro '' . PLoS ONE . 4 : e6446 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0006446 . Jump up ^ http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1677-55382011000400002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=es Jump up ^ http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/152/6/R263.short Jump up ^ La Vignera S. , Condorelli R.A. , Vicari E. , D'Agata R. , Calogero A.E. ( 2012 ) . `` Effects of the Exposure to Mobile Phones on Male Reproduction : A Review of the Literature '' . Journal of Andrology. 33 ( 3 ) : 350 -- 356 . doi : 10.2164 / jandrol. 111.014373 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://synapse.koreamed.org/DOIx.php?id=10.5534/wjmh.2014.32.1.1 Jump up ^ Lewis Ryan C. , Mínguez - Alarcón Lidia , Meeker John D. , Williams Paige L. , Mezei Gabor , Ford Jennifer B. , Hauser Russ ( 2017 ) . `` Self - reported mobile phone use and semen parameters among men from a fertility clinic '' . Reproductive Toxicology. 67 : 42 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. reprotox. 2016.11. 008 . PMC 5303122 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Röösli , Martin ( June 2008 ) . `` Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and non-specific symptoms of ill health : A systematic review '' . Environmental Research . 107 ( 2 ) : 277 -- 287 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envres. 2008.02. 003 . PMID 18359015 . Jump up ^ http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 page 37 Jump up ^ Téléphonie mobile et santé , Rapport à l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale , 21 March 2003 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 Jump up ^ Téléphonie mobile et santé , Rapport du groupe d'experts , l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale , April 2005 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 Jump up ^ `` Radiofréquences : actualisation de l'expertise ( 2009 ) '' , l'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnementale , April 2005 at http://www.afsset.fr/index.php?pageid=712&parentid=424 Jump up ^ `` International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection home page '' . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anforderungen nach NISV : Mobilfunkanlagen '' ( Specifications of the Regulation on Non-Ionizing Radiation : Mobile Telephone Installations ) ( in German ) . Bundesamt für Umwelt ( Swiss Federal Environment Ministry ) . 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright v. Motorola , Inc. et al. , No95 - L - 04929 Jump up ^ Christopher Newman , et al. v Motorola , Inc. , et al. ( United States District Court for the District of Maryland ) ( `` Because no sufficiently reliable and relevant scientific evidence in support of either general or specific causation has been proffered by the plaintiffs , as explained below , the defendants ' motion will be granted and the plaintiffs ' motion will be denied . '' ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Tumore e telefonini , il testo della sentenza n. 17438 della Cassazione '' ( Tumor and cell phones , the text of the judgment n. 17438 of the Supreme Court ) . www.leggioggi.it ( in Italian ) . 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italy court ruling links mobile phone use to tumour '' . Reuters. 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian court rules mobile phone use caused brain tumour '' . The Guardian . 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 -- via Agence France - Presse . Jump up ^ `` Cancer Linked to Cellphone Use , Italian Court Rules in Landmark Case '' . Newsweek. 21 March 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health : Cautionary Policies '' . World Health Organization Backgrounder . World Health Organization . March 2000 . Retrieved 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Wiedemann ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The Impacts of Precautionary Measures and the Disclosure of Scientific Uncertainty on EMF Risk Perception and Trust '' . Journal of Risk Research . 9 ( 4 ) : 361 -- 372 . doi : 10.1080 / 13669870600802111 . Jump up ^ Poumadère M. ; Perrin A. ( 2013 ) . `` Risk Assessment of Radiofrequencies and Public Information '' . Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response. 3 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . doi : 10.2991 / jrarc. 2013.3. 1.1 . Jump up ^ `` Information : Wie gefährlich sind Handystrahlen wirklich ? '' ( in German ) . Marktgemeinde Pressbaum . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Téléphones mobiles : santé et sécurité '' ( in French ) . Le ministère de la santé , de la jeunesse et des sports . 2 January 2008 . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Lay article in ( in English ) making comment at Gitlin , Jonathan M. ( 3 January 2008 ) . `` France : Beware excessive cell phone use ? : despite lack of data '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Precaution regarding electromagnetic fields '' . Federal Office for Radiation Protection . 7 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exponering '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Radiation Protection Authority . February 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UK consumer group : Hands - free phone kits boost radiation exposure '' . cnn.com . Cable News Network . 2 November 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2006 . Jump up ^ Manning , MI and Gabriel , CHB , SAR tests on mobile phones used with and without personal hands - free kits , SARtest Report 0083 for the DTI , July 2000 ( PDF ) at http://straff-x.com/SAR-Hands-Free-Kits-July-2000.pdf Jump up ^ Téléphonie mobile & santé , Report for l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire environnementale ( Afsse ) , June 2005 at http://www.afsse.fr/index.php?pageid=671&parentid=619# Jump up ^ `` Bead ' slashes mobile radiation ' '' . BBC News . 25 January 2005 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ For example , Finland `` Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority : Children 's mobile phone use should be limited '' . Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority ( STUK ) . 7 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . and France `` Téléphone mobile , DAS et santé '' ( Mobile telephones , SAR and health ) ( PDF ) . Votre enfant et le téléphone mobile ( Your child and mobile telephony ) . Association Française des Opérateurs Mobiles ( AFOM ) ( French Mobile Phone Operators ' Association ) et l'Union Nationale des Associations Familiales ( UNAF ) ( National Federation of Family Associations ) . 31 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Om P. ; Morgan , L. Lloyd ; de Salles , Alvaro Augusto ; Han , Yueh - Ying ; Herberman , Ronald B. ; Davis , Devra Lee ( 14 October 2011 ) . `` Exposure Limits : The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation , especially in children '' . Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine . 31 ( 1 ) : 34 -- 51 . doi : 10.3109 / 15368378.2011. 622827 . ISSN 1536 - 8378 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cell Phone Radiation Scams '' . Federal Trade Commission . September 2011 . Jump up ^ Fair , Lesley ( March 1 , 2008 ) . `` Federal Trade Commission Advertising Enforcement '' ( PDF ) . Federal Trade Commission . pp. 18 -- 19 . External links ( edit ) Summary and full text of `` Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields ( EMF ) on Human Health '' , the 2007 scientific assessment of the European Commission 's SCENIHR ( Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks ) . WHO International EMF Program Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones ( IEGMP ) , UK FDA Cell Phone Facts FCC Radio Frequency Safety Medline Plus , by US National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) GSM Association : Health Public health and electromagnetic fields : Overview of European Commission activities The secret inside your cellphone -- Marketplace ( TV series ) -- YouTube ( 22 : 28 ) Radiation ( physics and health ) Main articles Non-ionizing radiation Acoustic radiation force Infrared Light Starlight Sunlight Microwave Radio waves Ultraviolet Ionizing radiation Soft radiation Hard radiation Radioactive decay Cluster decay Background radiation Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma ray Cosmic ray Neutron radiation Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear reactors Nuclear weapons Particle accelerators Radioactive materials X-ray Earth 's energy budget Electromagnetic radiation Synchrotron radiation Thermal radiation Black - body radiation Particle radiation Gravitational Radiation Cosmic background radiation Cherenkov radiation Askaryan radiation Bremsstrahlung Unruh radiation Dark radiation Radiation and health Radiation syndrome acute chronic Health physics Dosimetry Electromagnetic radiation and health Laser safety Lasers and aviation safety Medical radiography Mobile phone radiation and health Radiation protection Radiation therapy Radioactivity in the life sciences Radioactive contamination Radiobiology Biological dose units and quantities Wireless electronic devices and health Radiation Heat - transfer Related articles Half - life Nuclear physics Radioactive source Radiation hardening List of civilian radiation accidents 1996 Costa Rica accident 1987 Goiânia accident 1984 Moroccan accident 1990 Zaragoza accident See also : the categories Radiation effects , Radioactivity , Radiobiology , and Radiation protection . Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health&oldid=855053958 '' Categories : Public health Radiobiology Mobile telecommunications Wireless Environmental health Medical physics Environmental controversies Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی עברית Қазақша മലയാളം Norsk Polski Русский Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 16 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20phone%20radiation%20and%20health
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when did the civil rights movement gain momentum
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The civil rights movement ( also known as the African - American civil rights movement , American civil rights movement and other terms ) was a decades - long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held . With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century , the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968 . Encompassing strategies , various groups , and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States , the movement , using major nonviolent campaigns , eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans .
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the mid-1950s
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Civil rights movement
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civil rights movement
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The civil rights movement ( also known as the African - American civil rights movement , American civil rights movement and other terms ) was a decades - long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held . With roots starting in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century , the movement resulted in the largest legislative impacts after the direct actions and grassroots protests organized from the mid-1950s until 1968 . Encompassing strategies , various groups , and organized social movements to accomplish the goals of ending legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the United States , the movement , using major nonviolent campaigns , eventually secured new recognition in federal law and federal protection of all Americans .
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After the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the 1860s , the Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution , sought to secure the rights of African Americans . While for a short time , African Americans voted and held political office , they were soon deprived of civil rights , often under Jim Crow laws , and subjected to discrimination and sustained violence . Over the following century , various efforts were made by African Americans to secure their legal rights . Between 1955 and 1968 , acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities . Federal , state , and local governments , businesses , and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations , which highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans . The lynching of Emmett Till and the visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the African - American community nationwide . Forms of protest and / or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott ( 1955 -- 56 ) in Alabama ; `` sit - ins '' such as the influential Greensboro sit - ins ( 1960 ) in North Carolina and successful Nashville sit - ins in Tennessee ; marches , such as the 1963 Birmingham Children 's Crusade and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) in Alabama ; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities . Moderates in the movement worked with Congress to achieve the passage of several significant pieces of federal legislation overturning discriminatory practices . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 expressly banned discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin in employment practices ; ended unequal application of voter registration requirements ; and prohibited racial segregation in schools , at the workplace , and in public accommodations . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities by authorizing federal oversight of registration and elections in areas with a historic under - representation of minorities as voters . The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing . African Americans re-entered politics in the South , and across the country young people were inspired to take action . From 1964 through 1970 , a wave of inner - city riots in black communities undercut support from the white middle class , but increased support from private foundations . The emergence of the Black Power movement , which lasted from about 1965 to 1975 , challenged the established black leadership for its cooperative attitude and its practice of nonviolence , and instead demanding that , in addition to the new laws gained through the nonviolent movement , political and economic self - sufficiency be built in the black community . Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the charismatic leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , who won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the movement . However , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to any one person , organization , or strategy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) 3 History 3.1 Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 3.2 Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 3.3 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott , 1955 -- 1956 3.4 Desegregating Little Rock Central High School , 1957 3.5 The method of Nonviolence and Nonviolence Training 3.6 Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 3.7 Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 3.8 Freedom Rides , 1961 3.9 Voter registration organizing 3.10 Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 3.11 Albany Movement , 1961 -- 62 3.12 Birmingham campaign , 1963 3.13 `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 3.14 March on Washington , 1963 3.15 Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 3.16 St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 3.17 Freedom Summer , 1964 3.18 Civil Rights Act of 1964 3.19 Harlem riot of 1964 3.20 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 3.21 Selma Voting Rights Movement 3.22 Voting Rights Act , 1965 3.23 Watts riot of 1965 3.24 Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 3.25 Nationwide riots of 1967 3.26 Memphis , King assassination and the Poor People 's March 1968 3.27 Civil Rights Act of 1968 4 Movements , politics , and white reactions 4.1 Grassroots leadership 4.2 Black power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 4.3 Black conservatism 4.4 Avoiding the `` Communist '' label 4.5 Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 4.6 American Jewish community and the civil rights movement 4.6. 1 Profile 4.7 White backlash 4.8 African - American women in the movement 4.8. 1 Discrimination 5 Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 6 Prison reform 6.1 Gates v. Collier 7 Cold War 8 In popular culture 9 Activist organizations 10 Individual activists 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography and memory 15.2 Autobiographies and memoirs 16 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era , Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , and Jim Crow laws Before the American Civil War , almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South , only white men of property could vote , and the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only . Following the Civil War , three constitutional amendments were passed , including the 13th Amendment ( 1865 ) that ended slavery ; the 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) that gave African - Americans citizenship , adding their total population of four million to the official population of southern states for Congressional apportionment ; and the 15th Amendment ( 1870 ) that gave African - American males the right to vote ( only males could vote in the U.S. at the time ) . From 1865 to 1877 , the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to establish free labor and civil rights of freedmen in the South after the end of slavery . Many whites resisted the social changes , leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan , whose members attacked black and white Republicans to maintain white supremacy . In 1871 , President Ulysses S. Grant , the U.S. Army , and U.S. Attorney General Amos T. Akerman , initiated a campaign to repress the KKK under the Enforcement Acts . Some states were reluctant to enforce the federal measures of the act ; by the early 1870s , other white supremacist and paramilitary groups arose that violently opposed African - American legal equality and suffrage . However , if the states failed to implement the acts , the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved . Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the Klan for fear of war . After the disputed election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction and federal troops were withdrawn , whites in the South regained political control of the region 's state legislatures by the end of the century , after having intimidated and violently attacked blacks before and during elections . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws to disenfranchise African Americans and many poor whites by creating barriers to voter registration ; voting rolls were dramatically reduced as blacks and poor whites were forced out of electoral politics . After the landmark court case of Smith v. Allwright progress was made in increasing black political participation in the Rim South and Acadiana -- although almost entirely in urban areas and a few rural localities where most blacks worked outside plantations . The status quo ante of excluding African Americans from the political system lasted in the remainder of the South , especially North Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama , until national civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s to provide federal enforcement of constitutional voting rights . For more than sixty years , blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government . Since they could not vote , they could not serve on local juries . The mob - style lynching of Will James , Cairo , Illinois , 1909 During this period , the white - dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South . With whites controlling all the seats representing the total population of the South , they had a powerful voting block in Congress . The Republican Party -- the `` party of Lincoln '' and the party to which most blacks had belonged -- shrank to insignificance as black voter registration was suppressed except in remote Unionist areas of Appalachia and the Ozarks . Until 1965 , the `` Solid South '' was a one - party system under the Democrats , and excepting previously - noted historic Unionist strongholds the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state and local office . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House , making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there . `` The invitation was roundly criticized by southern politicians and newspapers . '' Washington persuaded the president to appoint more blacks to federal posts in the South and to try to boost African - American leadership in state Republican organizations . However , this was resisted by both white Democrats and white Republicans as an unwanted federal intrusion into state politics . Lynching victim Will Brown who was mutilated and burned during the Omaha , Nebraska race riot of 1919 . Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. During the same time as African Americans were being disenfranchised , white Democrats imposed racial segregation by law . Violence against blacks increased , with numerous lynchings through the turn of the century . The system of de jure state - sanctioned racial discrimination and oppression that emerged from the post-Reconstruction South became known as the `` Jim Crow '' system . The United States Supreme Court , made up almost entirely of Northerners , upheld the constitutionality of those state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities in its 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson , legitimizing them through the `` separate but equal '' doctrine . Segregation , which began with slavery , continued with Jim Crow laws , with signs used to show blacks where they could legally walk , talk , drink , rest , or eat . For those places that were racially mixed , non-whites had to wait until all white customers were dealt with . Elected in 1912 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered segregration throughout the federal government . Segregation remained intact into the mid-1950s , when many states began to gradually integrate their schools following the unanimous Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson . The early 20th century is a period often referred to as the `` nadir of American race relations '' . While tensions and civil rights violations were most intense in the South , social discrimination affected African Americans in other regions as well . At the national level , the Southern block controlled important committees in Congress , defeated passage of laws against lynching , and exercised considerable power beyond the number of whites in the South . Characteristics of the post-Reconstruction period : Racial segregation . By law , public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate `` white '' and `` colored '' domains . Characteristically , those for colored were underfunded and of inferior quality . Disenfranchisement . When white Democrats regained power , they passed laws that made voter registration more restrictive , essentially forcing black voters off the voting rolls . The number of African - American voters dropped dramatically , and they were no longer able to elect representatives . From 1890 to 1908 , Southern states of the former Confederacy created constitutions with provisions that disfranchised tens of thousands of African Americans , and U.S. states such as Alabama disenfranchised poor whites as well . Exploitation . Increased economic oppression of blacks through the convict lease system , Latinos , and Asians , denial of economic opportunities , and widespread employment discrimination . Violence . Individual , police , paramilitary , organizational , and mob racial violence against blacks ( and Latinos in the Southwest and Asians in California ) . KKK night rally in Chicago , c. 1920 African Americans and other ethnic minorities rejected this regime . They resisted it in numerous ways and sought better opportunities through lawsuits , new organizations , political redress , and labor organizing ( see the African - American civil rights movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) ) . The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) was founded in 1909 . It fought to end race discrimination through litigation , education , and lobbying efforts . Its crowning achievement was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 when the Court rejected separate white and colored school systems and , by implication , overturned the `` separate but equal '' doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896 . The integration of Southern public libraries involved many of the same characteristics seen in the larger civil rights movement . This includes sit - ins , beatings , and white resistance . For example , in 1963 in the city of Anniston , Alabama , two black ministers were brutally beaten for attempting to integrate the public library . Though there was resistance and violence , the integration of libraries was generally quicker than integration of other public institutions . Colored Sailors room in World War I Black veterans of the military after both World Wars pressed for full civil rights and often led activist movements . In 1948 , they gained integration in the military under President Harry Truman , who issued Executive Order 9981 to accomplish it . The situation for blacks outside the South was somewhat better ( in most states they could vote and have their children educated , though they still faced discrimination in housing and jobs ) . From 1910 to 1970 , African Americans sought better lives by migrating north and west out of the South . Nearly seven million blacks left the South in what was known as the Great Migration . So many people migrated that the demographics of some previously black - majority states changed to white majority ( in combination with other developments ) . The rapid influx of blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities , exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners . The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities , such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Stereotypic schemas of Southern blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas , such as crime and disease , to the presence of African - Americans . Overall , African Americans in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life . Within employment , economic opportunities for blacks were routed to the lowest - status and restrictive in potential mobility . Within the housing market , stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx , resulting in a mix of `` targeted violence , restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering '' . White tenants seeking to prevent blacks from moving into the housing project erected this sign , Detroit , 1942 . Housing segregation was a nationwide problem , persistent well outside the South . Although the federal government had become increasingly involved in mortgage lending and development in the 1930s and 1940s , it did not reject the use of race - restrictive covenants until 1950 . Suburbanization was already connected with white flight by this time , a situation perpetuated by real estate agents ' continuing discrimination . In particular , from the 1930s to the 1960s the National Association of Real Estate Boards ( NAREB ) issued guidelines that specified that a realtor `` should never be instrumental in introducing to a neighborhood a character or property or occupancy , members of any race or nationality , or any individual whose presence will be clearly detrimental to property values in a neighborhood . '' The result was the creation of all - black ghettos in the North as well as South . Invigorated by the victory of Brown and frustrated by the lack of immediate practical effect , private citizens increasingly rejected gradualist , legalistic approaches as the primary tool to bring about desegregation . They were faced with `` massive resistance '' in the South by proponents of racial segregation and voter suppression . In defiance , African - American activists adopted a combined strategy of direct action , nonviolence , nonviolent resistance , and many events described as civil disobedience , giving rise to the civil rights movement of 1954 to 1968 . The beginnings of direct action ( 1950s ) ( edit ) The strategy of public education , legislative lobbying , and litigation that had typified the civil rights movement during the first half of the 20th century broadened after Brown to a strategy that emphasized `` direct action '' : boycotts , sit - ins , Freedom Rides , marches or walks , and similar tactics that relied on mass mobilization , nonviolent resistance , standing in line , and , at times , civil disobedience . Churches , local grassroots organizations , fraternal societies , and black - owned businesses mobilized volunteers to participate in broad - based actions . This was a more direct and potentially more rapid means of creating change than the traditional approach of mounting court challenges used by the NAACP and others . In 1952 , the Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( RCNL ) , led by T.R.M. Howard , a black surgeon , entrepreneur , and planter , organized a successful boycott of gas stations in Mississippi that refused to provide restrooms for blacks . Through the RCNL , Howard led campaigns to expose brutality by the Mississippi state highway patrol and to encourage blacks to make deposits in the black - owned Tri-State Bank of Nashville which , in turn , gave loans to civil rights activists who were victims of a `` credit squeeze '' by the White Citizens ' Councils . Although considered and rejected after Claudette Colvin 's arrest for not giving up her seat on a Montgomery , Alabama , bus in March 1955 , after Rosa Parks ' arrest in December Jo Ann Gibson - Robinson of the Montgomery Women 's Political Council put a long - considered Bus Boycott protest in motion . Late that night , she , John Cannon ( chairman of the Business Department at Alabama State University ) and others mimeographed and distributed thousands of leaflets calling for a boycott . The eventual success of the boycott made its spokesman Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a nationally known figure . It also inspired other bus boycotts , such as the successful Tallahassee , Florida , boycott of 1956 -- 57 . In 1957 , Dr. King and Rev. Ralph Abernathy , the leaders of the Montgomery Improvement Association , joined with other church leaders who had led similar boycott efforts , such as Rev. C.K. Steele of Tallahassee and Rev. T.J. Jemison of Baton Rouge ; and other activists such as Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth , Ella Baker , A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levison , to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) . The SCLC , with its headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia , did not attempt to create a network of chapters as the NAACP did . It offered training and leadership assistance for local efforts to fight segregation . The headquarters organization raised funds , mostly from Northern sources , to support such campaigns . It made nonviolence both its central tenet and its primary method of confronting racism . In 1959 , Septima Clarke , Bernice Robinson , and Esau Jenkins , with the help of Myles Horton 's Highlander Folk School in Tennessee , began the first Citizenship Schools in South Carolina 's Sea Islands . They taught literacy to enable blacks to pass voting tests . The program was an enormous success and tripled the number of black voters on Johns Island . SCLC took over the program and duplicated its results elsewhere . History ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the African - American civil rights movement Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 ( edit ) Main article : Brown v. Board of Education In the spring of 1951 , black students in Virginia protested their unequal status in the state 's segregated educational system . Students at Moton High School protested the overcrowded conditions and failing facility . Some local leaders of the NAACP had tried to persuade the students to back down from their protest against the Jim Crow laws of school segregation . When the students did not budge , the NAACP joined their battle against school segregation . The NAACP proceeded with five cases challenging the school systems ; these were later combined under what is known today as Brown v. Board of Education . On May 17 , 1954 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas , that mandating , or even permitting , public schools to be segregated by race was unconstitutional . The Court stated that the segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law ; for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group . The lawyers from the NAACP had to gather plausible evidence in order to win the case of Brown vs. Board of Education . Their method of addressing the issue of school segregation was to enumerate several arguments . One pertained to having exposure to interracial contact in a school environment . It was argued that interracial contact would , in turn , help prepare children to live with the pressures that society exerts in regards to race and thereby afford them a better chance of living in democracy . In addition , another argument emphasized how `` ' education ' comprehends the entire process of developing and training the mental , physical and moral powers and capabilities of human beings '' . Risa Goluboff wrote that the NAACP 's intention was to show the Courts that African American children were the victims of school segregation and their futures were at risk . The Court ruled that both Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) , which had established the `` separate but equal '' standard in general , and Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) , which had applied that standard to schools , were unconstitutional . The federal government filed a friend of the court brief in the case urging the justices to consider the effect that segregation had on America 's image in the Cold War . Secretary of State Dean Acheson was quoted in the brief stating that `` The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . '' The following year , in the case known as Brown II , the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time , `` with all deliberate speed '' . Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas ( 1954 ) did not overturn Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) . Plessy v. Ferguson was segregation in transportation modes . Brown v. Board of Education dealt with segregation in education . Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of ' separate but equal ' . School integration , Barnard School , Washington , D.C. , 1955 On May 18 , 1954 , Greensboro , North Carolina , became the first city in the South to publicly announce that it would abide by the Supreme Court 's Brown v. Board of Education ruling . `` It is unthinkable , ' remarked School Board Superintendent Benjamin Smith , ' that we will try to ( override ) the laws of the United States . '' This positive reception for Brown , together with the appointment of African American Dr. David Jones to the school board in 1953 , convinced numerous white and black citizens that Greensboro was heading in a progressive direction . Integration in Greensboro occurred rather peacefully compared to the process in Southern states such as Alabama , Arkansas , and Virginia where `` massive resistance '' was practiced by top officials and throughout the states . In Virginia , some counties closed their public schools rather than integrate , and many white Christian private schools were founded to accommodate students who used to go to public schools . Even in Greensboro , much local resistance to desegregation continued , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 . Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , neither a single new school was built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist -- even as the Second Great Migration was causing overcrowding . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Brown helped stimulate activism among New York City parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and state on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) Emmett Till 's murder , 1955 ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Till Emmett Till before and after the lynching on August 28 , 1955 . He was a fourteen - year - old boy in Chicago who went to spend the summer together with his uncle Moses Wright in Money , Mississippi , and was massacred by white men for allegedly whistling at Carolyn Bryant . Emmett Till , a 14 - year old African American from Chicago , visited his relatives in Money , Mississippi , for the summer . He allegedly had an interaction with a white woman , Carolyn Bryant , in a small grocery store that violated the norms of Mississippi culture , and Bryant 's husband Roy and his half - brother J.W. Milam brutally murdered young Emmett Till . They beat and mutilated him before shooting him in the head and sinking his body in the Tallahatchie River . Three days later , Till 's body was discovered and retrieved from the river . Mamie Till , Emmett 's Mother , `` brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket . Tens of thousands filed past Till 's remains , but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in Jet , with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child 's ravaged body , that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism . '' Vann R. Newkirk wrote : `` The trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of white supremacy '' . The state of Mississippi tried two defendants , but they were speedily acquitted by an all - white jury . `` Emmett 's murder , '' historian Tim Tyson writes , `` would never have become a watershed historical moment without Mamie finding the strength to make her private grief a public matter . '' The visceral response to his mother 's decision to have an open - casket funeral mobilized the black community throughout the U.S. `` Young black people such as Julian Bond , Joyce Ladner and others who were born around the same time as Till were galvanized into action by the murder and trial . '' They often see themselves as the `` Emmett Till Generation . '' One hundred days after Emmett Till 's murder , Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama -- indeed , Parks told Mamie Till that `` the photograph of Emmett 's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus . '' Decades later , Bryant disclosed that she had fabricated her story in 1955 . Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott , 1955 -- 1956 ( edit ) Main articles : Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a white person On December 1 , 1955 , nine months after a 15 - year - old high school student , Claudette Colvin , refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a public bus in Montgomery , Alabama , and was arrested , Rosa Parks did the same thing . Parks soon became the symbol of the resulting Montgomery Bus Boycott and received national publicity . She was later hailed as the `` mother of the civil rights movement '' . Parks was secretary of the Montgomery NAACP chapter and had recently returned from a meeting at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee where nonviolence as a strategy was taught by Myles Horton and others . After Parks ' arrest , African Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott to demand a bus system in which passengers would be treated equally . The organization was led by Jo Ann Robinson , a member of the Women 's Political Council who had been waiting for the opportunity to boycott the bus system . Following Rosa Park 's arrest , Jo Ann Robinson mimeographed 52,500 leaflets calling for a boycott . They were distributed around the city and helped gather the attention of civil rights leaders . After the city rejected many of their suggested reforms , the NAACP , led by E.D. Nixon , pushed for full desegregation of public buses . With the support of most of Montgomery 's 50,000 African Americans , the boycott lasted for 381 days , until the local ordinance segregating African Americans and whites on public buses was repealed . Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery partook in the boycotts , which reduced bus revenue significantly , as they comprised the majority of the riders . In November 1956 , the United State Supreme Court upheld a district court ruling in the case of Browder v. Gayle and ordered Montgomery 's buses desegregated , ending the boycott . Local leaders established the Montgomery Improvement Association to focus their efforts . Martin Luther King Jr. was elected President of this organization . The lengthy protest attracted national attention for him and the city . His eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism created a positive impression on people both inside and outside the South . Desegregating Little Rock Central high school , 1957 ( edit ) Main article : Little Rock Nine Troops from the 327th Regiment , 101st Airborne escorting the Little Rock Nine African - American students up the steps of Central High A crisis erupted in Little Rock , Arkansas , when Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus called out the National Guard on September 4 to prevent entry to the nine African - American students who had sued for the right to attend an integrated school , Little Rock Central High School . Under the guidance of Daisy Bates , the nine students had been chosen to attend Central High because of their excellent grades . On the first day of school , 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford was the only one of the nine students who showed up because she did not receive the phone call about the danger of going to school . A photo was taken of Eckford being harassed by white protesters outside the school , and the police had to take her away in a patrol car for her protection . Afterward , the nine students had to carpool to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps . White parents rally against integrating Little Rock 's schools Faubus was not a proclaimed segregationist . The Arkansas Democratic Party , which then controlled politics in the state , put significant pressure on Faubus after he had indicated he would investigate bringing Arkansas into compliance with the Brown decision . Faubus then took his stand against integration and against the Federal court ruling . Faubus ' resistance received the attention of President Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was determined to enforce the orders of the Federal courts . Critics had charged he was lukewarm , at best , on the goal of desegregation of public schools . But , Eisenhower federalized the National Guard in Arkansas and ordered them to return to their barracks . Eisenhower deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students . The students attended high school under harsh conditions . They had to pass through a gauntlet of spitting , jeering whites to arrive at school on their first day , and to put up with harassment from other students for the rest of the year . Although federal troops escorted the students between classes , the students were teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers were not around . One of the Little Rock Nine , Minnijean Brown , was suspended for spilling a bowl of chili on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line . Later , she was expelled for verbally abusing a white female student . Only Ernest Green of the Little Rock Nine graduated from Central High School . After the 1957 -- 58 school year was over , Little Rock closed its public school system completely rather than continue to integrate . Other school systems across the South followed suit . The method of nonviolence and nonviolence training ( edit ) During the time period considered to be the `` African - American civil rights '' era , the predominant use of protest was nonviolent , or peaceful . Often referred to as pacifism , the method of nonviolence is considered to be an attempt to impact society positively . Although acts of racial discrimination have occurred historically throughout the United States , perhaps the most violent regions have been in the former Confederate states . During the 1950s and 1960s , the nonviolent protesting of the civil rights movement caused definite tension , which gained national attention . In order to prepare for protests physically and psychologically , demonstrators received training in nonviolence . According to former civil rights activist Bruce Hartford , there are two main branches of nonviolence training . There is the philosophical method , which involves understanding the method of nonviolence and why it is considered useful , and there is the tactical method , which ultimately teaches demonstrators `` how to be a protestor -- how to sit - in , how to picket , how to defend yourself against attack , giving training on how to remain cool when people are screaming racist insults into your face and pouring stuff on you and hitting you '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . The philosophical method of nonviolence , in the American civil rights movement , was largely inspired by Mahatma Gandhi 's `` non-cooperation '' with the British colonists in India , which was intended to gain attention so that the public would either `` intervene in advance , '' or `` provide public pressure in support of the action to be taken '' ( Erikson , 415 ) . As Hartford explains it , philosophical nonviolence training aims to `` shape the individual person 's attitude and mental response to crises and violence '' ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . Hartford and activists like him , who trained in tactical nonviolence , considered it necessary in order to ensure physical safety , instill discipline , teach demonstrators how to demonstrate , and form mutual confidence among demonstrators ( Civil Rights Movement Veterans ) . For many , the concept of nonviolent protest was a way of life , a culture . However , not everyone agreed with this notion . James Forman , former SNCC ( and later Black Panther ) member and nonviolence trainer , was among those who did not . In his autobiography , The Making of Black Revolutionaries , Forman revealed his perspective on the method of nonviolence as `` strictly a tactic , not a way of life without limitations . '' Similarly , Robert Moses , who was also an active member of SNCC , felt that the method of nonviolence was practical . When interviewed by author Robert Penn Warren , Moses said `` There 's no question that he ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) had a great deal of influence with the masses . But I do n't think it 's in the direction of love . It 's in a practical direction ... '' ( Who Speaks for the Negro ? Warren ) . Robert F. Williams and the debate on nonviolence , 1959 -- 1964 ( edit ) The Jim Crow system employed `` terror as a means of social control , '' with the most organized manifestations being the Ku Klux Klan and their collaborators in local police departments . This violence played a key role in blocking the progress of the civil rights movement in the late 1950s . Some black organizations in the South began practicing armed self - defense . The first to do so openly was the Monroe , North Carolina , chapter of the NAACP led by Robert F. Williams . Williams had rebuilt the chapter after its membership was terrorized out of public life by the Klan . He did so by encouraging a new , more working - class membership to arm itself thoroughly and defend against attack . When Klan nightriders attacked the home of NAACP member Dr. Albert Perry in October 1957 , Williams ' militia exchanged gunfire with the stunned Klansmen , who quickly retreated . The following day , the city council held an emergency session and passed an ordinance banning KKK motorcades . One year later , Lumbee Indians in North Carolina would have a similarly successful armed stand - off with the Klan ( known as the Battle of Hayes Pond ) which resulted in KKK leader James W. `` Catfish '' Cole being convicted of incitement to riot . After the acquittal of several white men charged with sexually assaulting black women in Monroe , Williams announced to United Press International reporters that he would `` meet violence with violence '' as a policy . Williams ' declaration was quoted on the front page of The New York Times , and The Carolina Times considered it `` the biggest civil rights story of 1959 . '' NAACP National chairman Roy Wilkins immediately suspended Williams from his position , but the Monroe organizer won support from numerous NAACP chapters across the country . Ultimately , Wilkins resorted to bribing influential organizer Daisy Bates to campaign against Williams at the NAACP national convention and the suspension was upheld . The convention nonetheless passed a resolution which stated : `` We do not deny , but reaffirm the right of individual and collective self - defense against unlawful assaults . '' Martin Luther King Jr. argued for Williams ' removal , but Ella Baker and WEB Dubois both publicly praised the Monroe leader 's position . Williams -- along with his wife , Mabel Williams -- continued to play a leadership role in the Monroe movement , and to some degree , in the national movement . The Williamses published The Crusader , a nationally circulated newsletter , beginning in 1960 , and the influential book Negroes With Guns in 1962 . Williams did not call for full militarization in this period , but `` flexibility in the freedom struggle . '' Williams was well - versed in legal tactics and publicity , which he had used successfully in the internationally known `` Kissing Case '' of 1958 , as well as nonviolent methods , which he used at lunch counter sit - ins in Monroe -- all with armed self - defense as a complementary tactic . Williams led the Monroe movement in another armed stand - off with white supremacists during an August 1961 Freedom Ride ; he had been invited to participate in the campaign by Ella Baker and James Forman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . The incident ( along with his campaigns for peace with Cuba ) resulted in him being targeted by the FBI and prosecuted for kidnapping ; he was cleared of all charges in 1976 . Meanwhile , armed self - defense continued discreetly in the Southern movement with such figures as SNCC 's Amzie Moore , Hartman Turnbow , and Fannie Lou Hamer all willing to use arms to defend their lives from nightrides . Taking refuge from the FBI in Cuba , the Willamses broadcast the radio show `` Radio Free Dixie '' throughout the eastern United States via Radio Progresso beginning in 1962 . In this period , Williams advocated guerilla warfare against racist institutions , and saw the large ghetto riots of the era as a manifestation of his strategy . University of North Carolina historian Walter Rucker has written that `` the emergence of Robert F Williams contributed to the marked decline in anti-black racial violence in the U.S. ... After centuries of anti-black violence , African Americans across the country began to defend their communities aggressively -- employing overt force when necessary . This in turn evoked in whites real fear of black vengeance ... '' This opened up space for African Americans to use nonviolent demonstration with less fear of deadly reprisal . Of the many civil rights activists who share this view , the most prominent was Rosa Parks . Parks gave the eulogy at Williams ' funeral in 1996 , praising him for `` his courage and for his commitment to freedom , '' and concluding that `` The sacrifices he made , and what he did , should go down in history and never be forgotten . '' Sit - ins , 1958 -- 1960 ( edit ) See also : Greensboro sit - ins , Nashville sit - ins , and Sit - in movement In July 1958 , the NAACP Youth Council sponsored sit - ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita , Kansas . After three weeks , the movement successfully got the store to change its policy of segregated seating , and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated . This movement was quickly followed in the same year by a student sit - in at a Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City led by Clara Luper , which also was successful . Mostly black students from area colleges led a sit - in at a Woolworth 's store in Greensboro , North Carolina . On February 1 , 1960 , four students , Ezell A. Blair Jr. , David Richmond , Joseph McNeil , and Franklin McCain from North Carolina Agricultural & Technical College , an all - black college , sat down at the segregated lunch counter to protest Woolworth 's policy of excluding African Americans from being served food there . The four students purchased small items in other parts of the store and kept their receipts , then sat down at the lunch counter and asked to be served . After being denied service , they produced their receipts and asked why their money was good everywhere else at the store , but not at the lunch counter . The protesters had been encouraged to dress professionally , to sit quietly , and to occupy every other stool so that potential white sympathizers could join in . The Greensboro sit - in was quickly followed by other sit - ins in Richmond , Virginia ; Nashville , Tennessee ; and Atlanta , Georgia . The most immediately effective of these was in Nashville , where hundreds of well organized and highly disciplined college students conducted sit - ins in coordination with a boycott campaign . As students across the south began to `` sit - in '' at the lunch counters of local stores , police and other officials sometimes used brutal force to physically escort the demonstrators from the lunch facilities . The `` sit - in '' technique was not new -- as far back as 1939 , African - American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker organized a sit - in at the then - segregated Alexandria , Virginia , library . In 1960 the technique succeeded in bringing national attention to the movement . On March 9 , 1960 , an Atlanta University Center group of students released An Appeal for Human Rights as a full page advertisement in newspapers , including the Atlanta Constitution , Atlanta Journal , and Atlanta Daily World . Known as the Committee on Appeal for Human Rights ( COAHR ) , the group initiated the Atlanta Student Movement and began to lead sit - ins starting on March 15 , 1960 . By the end of 1960 , the process of sit - ins had spread to every southern and border state , and even to facilities in Nevada , Illinois , and Ohio that discriminated against blacks . Demonstrators focused not only on lunch counters but also on parks , beaches , libraries , theaters , museums , and other public facilities . In April 1960 activists who had led these sit - ins were invited by SCLC activist Ella Baker to hold a conference at Shaw University , a historically black university in Raleigh , North Carolina . This conference led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) . SNCC took these tactics of nonviolent confrontation further , and organized the freedom rides . As the constitution protected interstate commerce , they decided to challenge segregation on interstate buses and in public bus facilities by putting interracial teams on them , to travel from the North through the segregated South . Freedom Rides , 1961 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Rider Freedom Rides were journeys by civil rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia , ( 1960 ) 364 U.S. , which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional for passengers engaged in interstate travel . Organized by CORE , the first Freedom Ride of the 1960s left Washington D.C. on May 4 , 1961 , and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17 . During the first and subsequent Freedom Rides , activists traveled through the Deep South to integrate seating patterns on buses and desegregate bus terminals , including restrooms and water fountains . That proved to be a dangerous mission . In Anniston , Alabama , one bus was firebombed , forcing its passengers to flee for their lives . A mob beats Freedom Riders in Birmingham . This picture was reclaimed by the FBI from a local journalist who also was beaten and whose camera was smashed . In Birmingham , Alabama , an FBI informant reported that Public Safety Commissioner Eugene `` Bull '' Connor gave Ku Klux Klan members fifteen minutes to attack an incoming group of freedom riders before having police `` protect '' them . The riders were severely beaten `` until it looked like a bulldog had got a hold of them . '' James Peck , a white activist , was beaten so badly that he required fifty stitches to his head . In a similar occurrence in Montgomery , Alabama , the Freedom Riders followed in the footsteps of Rosa Parks and rode an integrated Greyhound bus from Birmingham . Although they were protesting interstate bus segregation in peace , they were met with violence in Montgomery as a large , white mob attacked them for their activism . They caused an enormous , 2 - hour long riot which resulted in 22 injuries , five of whom were hospitalized . Mob violence in Anniston and Birmingham temporarily halted the rides . SNCC activists from Nashville brought in new riders to continue the journey from Birmingham to New Orleans . In Montgomery , Alabama , at the Greyhound Bus Station , a mob charged another bus load of riders , knocking John Lewis unconscious with a crate and smashing Life photographer Don Urbrock in the face with his own camera . A dozen men surrounded James Zwerg , a white student from Fisk University , and beat him in the face with a suitcase , knocking out his teeth . On May 24 , 1961 , the freedom riders continued their rides into Jackson , Mississippi , where they were arrested for `` breaching the peace '' by using `` white only '' facilities . New Freedom Rides were organized by many different organizations and continued to flow into the South . As riders arrived in Jackson , they were arrested . By the end of summer , more than 300 had been jailed in Mississippi . ... When the weary Riders arrive in Jackson and attempt to use `` white only '' restrooms and lunch counters they are immediately arrested for Breach of Peace and Refusal to Obey an Officer . Says Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett in defense of segregation : `` The Negro is different because God made him different to punish him . '' From lockup , the Riders announce `` Jail No Bail '' -- they will not pay fines for unconstitutional arrests and illegal convictions -- and by staying in jail they keep the issue alive . Each prisoner will remain in jail for 39 days , the maximum time they can serve without loosing ( sic ) their right to appeal the unconstitutionality of their arrests , trials , and convictions . After 39 days , they file an appeal and post bond ... The jailed freedom riders were treated harshly , crammed into tiny , filthy cells and sporadically beaten . In Jackson , some male prisoners were forced to do hard labor in 100 ° F heat . Others were transferred to the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , where they were treated to harsh conditions . Sometimes the men were suspended by `` wrist breakers '' from the walls . Typically , the windows of their cells were shut tight on hot days , making it hard for them to breathe . Public sympathy and support for the freedom riders led John F. Kennedy 's administration to order the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) to issue a new desegregation order . When the new ICC rule took effect on November 1 , 1961 , passengers were permitted to sit wherever they chose on the bus ; `` white '' and `` colored '' signs came down in the terminals ; separate drinking fountains , toilets , and waiting rooms were consolidated ; and lunch counters began serving people regardless of skin color . The student movement involved such celebrated figures as John Lewis , a single - minded activist ; James Lawson , the revered `` guru '' of nonviolent theory and tactics ; Diane Nash , an articulate and intrepid public champion of justice ; Bob Moses , pioneer of voting registration in Mississippi ; and James Bevel , a fiery preacher and charismatic organizer , strategist , and facilitator . Other prominent student activists included Charles McDew , Bernard Lafayette , Charles Jones , Lonnie King , Julian Bond , Hosea Williams , and Stokely Carmichael . Voter registration organizing ( edit ) After the Freedom Rides , local black leaders in Mississippi such as Amzie Moore , Aaron Henry , Medgar Evers , and others asked SNCC to help register black voters and to build community organizations that could win a share of political power in the state . Since Mississippi ratified its new constitution in 1890 with provisions such as poll taxes , residency requirements , and literacy tests , it made registration more complicated and stripped blacks from voter rolls and voting . In addition , violence at the time of elections had earlier suppressed black voting . By the mid-20th century , preventing blacks from voting had become an essential part of the culture of white supremacy . In the fall of 1961 , SNCC organizer Robert Moses began the first voter registration project in McComb and the surrounding counties in the Southwest corner of the state . Their efforts were met with violent repression from state and local lawmen , the White Citizens ' Council , and the Ku Klux Klan . Activists were beaten , there were hundreds of arrests of local citizens , and the voting activist Herbert Lee was murdered . White opposition to black voter registration was so intense in Mississippi that Freedom Movement activists concluded that all of the state 's civil rights organizations had to unite in a coordinated effort to have any chance of success . In February 1962 , representatives of SNCC , CORE , and the NAACP formed the Council of Federated Organizations ( COFO ) . At a subsequent meeting in August , SCLC became part of COFO . In the Spring of 1962 , with funds from the Voter Education Project , SNCC / COFO began voter registration organizing in the Mississippi Delta area around Greenwood , and the areas surrounding Hattiesburg , Laurel , and Holly Springs . As in McComb , their efforts were met with fierce opposition -- arrests , beatings , shootings , arson , and murder . Registrars used the literacy test to keep blacks off the voting roles by creating standards that even highly educated people could not meet . In addition , employers fired blacks who tried to register , and landlords evicted them from their rental homes . Despite these actions , over the following years , the black voter registration campaign spread across the state . Similar voter registration campaigns -- with similar responses -- were begun by SNCC , CORE , and SCLC in Louisiana , Alabama , southwest Georgia , and South Carolina . By 1963 , voter registration campaigns in the South were as integral to the Freedom Movement as desegregation efforts . After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , protecting and facilitating voter registration despite state barriers became the main effort of the movement . It resulted in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which had provisions to enforce the constitutional right to vote for all citizens . Integration of Mississippi universities , 1956 -- 1965 ( edit ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2010 ) Beginning in 1956 , Clyde Kennard , a black Korean War - veteran , wanted to enroll at Mississippi Southern College ( now the University of Southern Mississippi ) under the G.I. Bill at Hattiesburg . Dr. William David McCain , the college president , used the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , in order to prevent his enrollment by appealing to local black leaders and the segregationist state political establishment . The state - funded organization tried to counter the civil rights movement by positively portraying segregationist policies . More significantly , it collected data on activists , harassed them legally , and used economic boycotts against them by threatening their jobs ( or causing them to lose their jobs ) to try to suppress their work . Kennard was twice arrested on trumped - up charges , and eventually convicted and sentenced to seven years in the state prison . After three years at hard labor , Kennard was paroled by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett . Journalists had investigated his case and publicized the state 's mistreatment of his colon cancer . McCain 's role in Kennard 's arrests and convictions is unknown . While trying to prevent Kennard 's enrollment , McCain made a speech in Chicago , with his travel sponsored by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission . He described the blacks ' seeking to desegregate Southern schools as `` imports '' from the North . ( Kennard was a native and resident of Hattiesburg . ) McCain said : We insist that educationally and socially , we maintain a segregated society ... In all fairness , I admit that we are not encouraging Negro voting ... The Negroes prefer that control of the government remain in the white man 's hands . Note : Mississippi had passed a new constitution in 1890 that effectively disfranchised most blacks by changing electoral and voter registration requirements ; although it deprived them of constitutional rights authorized under post-Civil War amendments , it survived U.S. Supreme Court challenges at the time . It was not until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that most blacks in Mississippi and other southern states gained federal protection to enforce the constitutional right of citizens to vote . James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals In September 1962 , James Meredith won a lawsuit to secure admission to the previously segregated University of Mississippi . He attempted to enter campus on September 20 , on September 25 , and again on September 26 . He was blocked by Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett , who said , `` ( N ) o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor . '' The Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held Barnett and Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Johnson Jr. in contempt , ordering them arrested and fined more than $10,000 for each day they refused to allow Meredith to enroll . U.S. Army trucks loaded with U.S. Marshals on the University of Mississippi campus Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent in a force of U.S. Marshals . On September 30 , 1962 , Meredith entered the campus under their escort . Students and other whites began rioting that evening , throwing rocks and firing on the U.S. Marshals guarding Meredith at Lyceum Hall . Two people , including a French journalist , were killed ; 28 marshals suffered gunshot wounds ; and 160 others were injured . President John F. Kennedy sent regular U.S. Army forces to the campus to quell the riot . Meredith began classes the day after the troops arrived . Kennard and other activists continued to work on public university desegregation . In 1965 Raylawni Branch and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong became the first African - American students to attend the University of Southern Mississippi . By that time , McCain helped ensure they had a peaceful entry . In 2006 , Judge Robert Helfrich ruled that Kennard was factually innocent of all charges for which he had been convicted in the 1950s . Albany movement , 1961 -- 62 ( edit ) Main article : Albany Movement The SCLC , which had been criticized by some student activists for its failure to participate more fully in the freedom rides , committed much of its prestige and resources to a desegregation campaign in Albany , Georgia , in November 1961 . King , who had been criticized personally by some SNCC activists for his distance from the dangers that local organizers faced -- and given the derisive nickname `` De Lawd '' as a result -- intervened personally to assist the campaign led by both SNCC organizers and local leaders . The campaign was a failure because of the canny tactics of Laurie Pritchett , the local police chief , and divisions within the black community . The goals may not have been specific enough . Pritchett contained the marchers without violent attacks on demonstrators that inflamed national opinion . He also arranged for arrested demonstrators to be taken to jails in surrounding communities , allowing plenty of room to remain in his jail . Prichett also foresaw King 's presence as a danger and forced his release to avoid King 's rallying the black community . King left in 1962 without having achieved any dramatic victories . The local movement , however , continued the struggle , and it obtained significant gains in the next few years . Birmingham campaign , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : Birmingham campaign The Albany movement was shown to be an important education for the SCLC , however , when it undertook the Birmingham campaign in 1963 . Executive Director Wyatt Tee Walker carefully planned the early strategy and tactics for the campaign . It focused on one goal -- the desegregation of Birmingham 's downtown merchants , rather than total desegregation , as in Albany . The movement 's efforts were helped by the brutal response of local authorities , in particular Eugene `` Bull '' Connor , the Commissioner of Public Safety . He had long held much political power , but had lost a recent election for mayor to a less rabidly segregationist candidate . Refusing to accept the new mayor 's authority , Connor intended to stay in office . The campaign used a variety of nonviolent methods of confrontation , including sit - ins , kneel - ins at local churches , and a march to the county building to mark the beginning of a drive to register voters . The city , however , obtained an injunction barring all such protests . Convinced that the order was unconstitutional , the campaign defied it and prepared for mass arrests of its supporters . King elected to be among those arrested on April 12 , 1963 . While in jail , King wrote his famous `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' on the margins of a newspaper , since he had not been allowed any writing paper while held in solitary confinement . Supporters appealed to the Kennedy administration , which intervened to obtain King 's release . King was allowed to call his wife , who was recuperating at home after the birth of their fourth child , and was released early on April 19 . The campaign , however , faltered as it ran out of demonstrators willing to risk arrest . James Bevel , SCLC 's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education , then came up with a bold and controversial alternative : to train high school students to take part in the demonstrations . As a result , in what would be called the Children 's Crusade , more than one thousand students skipped school on May 2 to meet at the 16th Street Baptist Church to join the demonstrations . More than six hundred marched out of the church fifty at a time in an attempt to walk to City Hall to speak to Birmingham 's mayor about segregation . They were arrested and put into jail . In this first encounter the police acted with restraint . On the next day , however , another one thousand students gathered at the church . When Bevel started them marching fifty at a time , Bull Connor finally unleashed police dogs on them and then turned the city 's fire hoses water streams on the children . National television networks broadcast the scenes of the dogs attacking demonstrators and the water from the fire hoses knocking down the schoolchildren . Widespread public outrage led the Kennedy administration to intervene more forcefully in negotiations between the white business community and the SCLC . On May 10 , the parties announced an agreement to desegregate the lunch counters and other public accommodations downtown , to create a committee to eliminate discriminatory hiring practices , to arrange for the release of jailed protesters , and to establish regular means of communication between black and white leaders . Not everyone in the black community approved of the agreement -- the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was particularly critical , since he was skeptical about the good faith of Birmingham 's power structure from his experience in dealing with them . Parts of the white community reacted violently . They bombed the Gaston Motel , which housed the SCLC 's unofficial headquarters , and the home of King 's brother , the Reverend A.D. King . In response , thousands of blacks rioted , burning numerous buildings and one of them stabbed and wounded a police officer . Congress of Racial Equality march in Washington D.C. on September 22 , 1963 , in memory of the children killed in the Birmingham bombings Kennedy prepared to federalize the Alabama National Guard if the need arose . Four months later , on September 15 , a conspiracy of Ku Klux Klan members bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , killing four young girls . `` Rising tide of discontent '' and Kennedy 's response , 1963 ( edit ) Main articles : Gloria Richardson , Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Civil Rights Address Birmingham was only one of over a hundred cities rocked by chaotic protest that spring and summer , some of them in the North . During the March on Washington , Martin Luther King would refer to such protests as `` the whirlwinds of revolt . '' In Chicago , blacks rioted through the South Side in late May after a white police officer shot a fourteen - year - old black boy who was fleeing the scene of a robbery . Violent clashes between black activists and white workers took place in both Philadelphia and Harlem in successful efforts to integrate state construction projects . On June 6 , over a thousand whites attacked a sit - in in Lexington , North Carolina ; blacks fought back and one white man was killed . Edwin C. Berry of the National Urban League warned of a complete breakdown in race relations : `` My message from the beer gardens and the barbershops all indicate the fact that the Negro is ready for war . '' In Cambridge , Maryland , a working ‐ class city on the Eastern Shore , Gloria Richardson of SNCC led a movement that pressed for desegregation but also demanded low ‐ rent public housing , job ‐ training , public and private jobs , and an end to police brutality . On June 11 , struggles between blacks and whites escalated into violent rioting , leading Maryland Governor J. Millard Tawes to declare martial law . When negotiations between Richardson and Maryland officials faltered , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy directly intervened to negotiate a desegregation agreement . Richardson felt that the increasing participation of poor and working - class blacks was expanding both the power and parameters of the movement , asserting that `` the people as a whole really do have more intelligence than a few of their leaders. ʺ In their deliberations during this wave of protests , the Kennedy administration privately felt that militant demonstrations were ʺbad for the countryʺ and that `` Negroes are going to push this thing too far . '' On May 24 , Robert Kennedy had a meeting with prominent black intellectuals to discuss the racial situation . The blacks criticized Kennedy harshly for vacillating on civil rights , and said that the African - American community 's thoughts were increasingly turning to violence . The meeting ended with ill will on all sides . Nonetheless , the Kennedys ultimately decided that new legislation for equal public accommodations was essential to drive activists `` into the courts and out of the streets . '' Alabama governor George Wallace stands against desegregation at the University of Alabama and is confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach in 1963 On June 11 , 1963 , George Wallace , Governor of Alabama , tried to block the integration of the University of Alabama . President John F. Kennedy sent a military force to make Governor Wallace step aside , allowing the enrollment of Vivian Malone Jones and James Hood . That evening , President Kennedy addressed the nation on TV and radio with his historic civil rights speech , where he lamented `` a rising tide of discontent that threatens the public safety . '' He called on Congress to pass new civil rights legislation , and urged the country to embrace civil rights as `` a moral issue ... in our daily lives . '' In the early hours of June 12 , Medgar Evers , field secretary of the Mississippi NAACP , was assassinated by a member of the Klan . The next week , as promised , on June 19 , 1963 , President Kennedy submitted his Civil Rights bill to Congress . March on Washington , 1963 ( edit ) Main article : March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Bayard Rustin ( left ) and Cleveland Robinson ( right ) , organizers of the March , on August 7 , 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the National Mall A. Philip Randolph had planned a march on Washington , D.C. , in 1941 to support demands for elimination of employment discrimination in defense industries ; he called off the march when the Roosevelt administration met the demand by issuing Executive Order 8802 barring racial discrimination and creating an agency to oversee compliance with the order . Randolph and Bayard Rustin were the chief planners of the second march , which they proposed in 1962 . In 1963 , the Kennedy administration initially opposed the march out of concern it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation . However , Randolph and King were firm that the march would proceed . With the march going forward , the Kennedys decided it was important to work to ensure its success . Concerned about the turnout , President Kennedy enlisted the aid of white church leaders and Walter Reuther , president of the UAW , to help mobilize white supporters for the march . The march was held on August 28 , 1963 . Unlike the planned 1941 march , for which Randolph included only black - led organizations in the planning , the 1963 march was a collaborative effort of all of the major civil rights organizations , the more progressive wing of the labor movement , and other liberal organizations . The march had six official goals : meaningful civil rights laws a massive federal works program full and fair employment decent housing the right to vote adequate integrated education . Of these , the march 's major focus was on passage of the civil rights law that the Kennedy administration had proposed after the upheavals in Birmingham . Martin Luther King Jr. at a Civil Rights March on Washington , D.C. National media attention also greatly contributed to the march 's national exposure and probable impact . In his section `` The March on Washington and Television News , '' William Thomas notes : `` Over five hundred cameramen , technicians , and correspondents from the major networks were set to cover the event . More cameras would be set up than had filmed the last presidential inauguration . One camera was positioned high in the Washington Monument , to give dramatic vistas of the marchers '' . By carrying the organizers ' speeches and offering their own commentary , television stations framed the way their local audiences saw and understood the event . `` I Have a Dream '' 30 - second sample from `` I Have a Dream '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 , 1963 Problems playing this file ? See media help . The march was a success , although not without controversy . An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 demonstrators gathered in front of the Lincoln Memorial , where King delivered his famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech . While many speakers applauded the Kennedy administration for the efforts it had made toward obtaining new , more effective civil rights legislation protecting the right to vote and outlawing segregation , John Lewis of SNCC took the administration to task for not doing more to protect southern blacks and civil rights workers under attack in the Deep South . After the march , King and other civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House . While the Kennedy administration appeared sincerely committed to passing the bill , it was not clear that it had the votes in Congress to do it . However when President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 , the new President Lyndon Johnson decided to use his influence in Congress to bring about much of Kennedy 's legislative agenda . Malcolm X joins the movement , 1964 -- 1965 ( edit ) Main articles : Malcolm X , Black Nationalism , and The Ballot or the Bullet In March 1964 , Malcolm X ( el - Hajj Malik el - Shabazz ) , national representative of the Nation of Islam , formally broke with that organization , and made a public offer to collaborate with any civil rights organization that accepted the right to self - defense and the philosophy of Black nationalism ( which Malcolm said no longer required Black separatism ) . Gloria Richardson -- head of the Cambridge , Maryland , chapter of SNCC , leader of the Cambridge rebellion and an honored guest at The March on Washington -- immediately embraced Malcolm 's offer . Mrs. Richardson , `` the nation 's most prominent woman ( civil rights ) leader , '' told The Baltimore Afro - American that `` Malcolm is being very practical ... The federal government has moved into conflict situations only when matters approach the level of insurrection . Self - defense may force Washington to intervene sooner . '' Earlier , in May 1963 , James Baldwin had stated publicly that `` the Black Muslim movement is the only one in the country we can call grassroots , I hate to say it ... Malcolm articulates for Negroes , their suffering ... he corroborates their reality ... '' On the local level , Malcolm and the NOI had been allied with the Harlem chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) since at least 1962 . Malcolm X meets with Martin Luther King Jr. , March 26 , 1964 On March 26 , 1964 , as the Civil Rights Act was facing stiff opposition in Congress , Malcolm had a public meeting with Martin Luther King Jr. at the Capitol building . Malcolm had attempted to begin a dialog with Dr. King as early as 1957 , but King had rebuffed him . Malcolm had responded by calling King an `` Uncle Tom '' who turned his back on black militancy in order to appease the white power structure . However , the two men were on good terms at their face - to - face meeting . There is evidence that King was preparing to support Malcolm 's plan to formally bring the U.S. government before the United Nations on charges of human rights violations against African Americans . Malcolm now encouraged Black nationalists to get involved in voter registration drives and other forms of community organizing to redefine and expand the movement . Civil rights activists became increasingly combative in the 1963 to 1964 period , owing to events such as the thwarting of the Albany campaign , police repression and Ku Klux Klan terrorism in Birmingham , and the assassination of Medgar Evers . Mississippi NAACP Field Director Charles Evers -- Medgar Evers ' brother -- told a public NAACP conference on February 15 , 1964 , that `` non-violence wo n't work in Mississippi ... we made up our minds ... that if a white man shoots at a Negro in Mississippi , we will shoot back . '' The repression of sit - ins in Jacksonville , Florida , provoked a riot that saw black youth throwing Molotov cocktails at police on March 24 , 1964 . Malcolm X gave extensive speeches in this period warning that such militant activity would escalate further if African Americans ' rights were not fully recognized . In his landmark April 1964 speech `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' , Malcolm presented an ultimatum to white America : `` There 's new strategy coming in . It 'll be Molotov cocktails this month , hand grenades next month , and something else next month . It 'll be ballots , or it 'll be bullets . '' As noted in Eyes on the Prize , `` Malcolm X had a far reaching effect on the civil rights movement . In the South , there had been a long tradition of self reliance . Malcolm X 's ideas now touched that tradition '' . Self - reliance was becoming paramount in light of the 1964 Democratic National Convention 's decision to refuse seating to the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) and to seat the state delegation elected in violation of the party 's rules through Jim Crow law instead . SNCC moved in an increasingly militant direction and worked with Malcolm X on two Harlem MFDP fundraisers in December 1964 . When Fannie Lou Hamer spoke to Harlemites about the Jim Crow violence that she 'd suffered in Mississippi , she linked it directly to the Northern police brutality against blacks that Malcolm protested against ; When Malcolm asserted that African Americans should emulate the Mau Mau army of Kenya in efforts to gain their independence , many in SNCC applauded . During the Selma campaign for voting rights in 1965 , Malcolm made it known that he 'd heard reports of increased threats of lynching around Selma , and responded in late January with an open telegram to George Lincoln Rockwell , the head of the American Nazi Party , stating : `` if your present racist agitation against our people there in Alabama causes physical harm to Reverend King or any other black Americans ... you and your KKK friends will be met with maximum physical retaliation from those of us who are not handcuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence . '' The following month , the Selma chapter of SNCC invited Malcolm to speak to a mass meeting there . On the day of Malcolm 's appearance , President Johnson made his first public statement in support of the Selma campaign . Paul Ryan Haygood , a co-director of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund , credits Malcolm with a role in stimulating the responsiveness of the federal government . Haygood noted that `` shortly after Malcolm 's visit to Selma , a federal judge , responding to a suit brought by the Department of Justice , required Dallas County , Alabama , registrars to process at least 100 Black applications each day their offices were open . '' St. Augustine , Florida , 1963 -- 64 ( edit ) Main article : St. Augustine movement `` We Cater to White Trade Only '' sign on a restaurant window in Lancaster , Ohio , in 1938 . In 1964 , Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a white - only restaurant in St. Augustine , Florida . St. Augustine was famous as the `` Nation 's Oldest City '' , founded by the Spanish in 1565 . It became the stage for a great drama leading up to the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 . A local movement , led by Dr. Robert B. Hayling , a black dentist and Air Force veteran , and affiliated with the NAACP , had been picketing segregated local institutions since 1963 , as a result of which Dr. Hayling and three companions were brutally beaten at a Ku Klux Klan rally in the fall of that year . Nightriders shot into black homes , and teenagers Audrey Nell Edwards , JoeAnn Anderson , Samuel White , and Willie Carl Singleton ( who came to be known as `` The St. Augustine Four '' ) spent six months in jail and reform school after sitting in at the local Woolworth 's lunch counter . It took a special action of the governor and cabinet of Florida to release them after national protests by the Pittsburgh Courier , Jackie Robinson , and others . In response to the repression , the St. Augustine movement practiced armed self - defense in addition to nonviolent direct action . In June 1963 , Dr. Hayling publicly stated that `` I and the others have armed . We will shoot first and answer questions later . We are not going to die like Medgar Evers . '' The comment made national headlines . When Klan nightriders terrorized black neighborhoods in St. Augustine , Hayling 's NAACP members often drove them off with gunfire , and in October , a Klansman was killed . In 1964 , Dr. Hayling and other activists urged the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to come to St. Augustine . Four prominent Massachusetts women -- Mrs. Mary Parkman Peabody , Mrs. Esther Burgess , Mrs. Hester Campbell ( all of whose husbands were Episcopal bishops ) , and Mrs. Florence Rowe ( whose husband was vice president of John Hancock Insurance Company ) came to lend their support . The arrest of Mrs. Peabody , the 72 - year - old mother of the governor of Massachusetts , for attempting to eat at the segregated Ponce de Leon Motor Lodge in an integrated group , made front page news across the country , and brought the movement in St. Augustine to the attention of the world . Widely publicized activities continued in the ensuing months . When Dr. King was arrested , he sent a `` Letter from the St. Augustine Jail '' to a northern supporter , Rabbi Israel Dresner . This resulted , a week later , in the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history -- while conducting a pray - in at the Monson . A well - known photograph taken in St. Augustine shows the manager of the Monson Motel pouring muriatic acid in the swimming pool while blacks and whites are swimming in it . The horrifying photograph was run on the front page of the Washington newspaper the day the Senate went to vote on passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Freedom Summer , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964 , COFO brought nearly 1,000 activists to Mississippi -- most of them white college students -- to join with local black activists to register voters , teach in `` Freedom Schools , '' and organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) . Many of Mississippi 's white residents deeply resented the outsiders and attempts to change their society . State and local governments , police , the White Citizens ' Council and the Ku Klux Klan used arrests , beatings , arson , murder , spying , firing , evictions , and other forms of intimidation and harassment to oppose the project and prevent blacks from registering to vote or achieving social equality . Missing persons poster created by the FBI in 1964 , shows the photographs of Andrew Goodman , James Chaney , and Michael Schwerner On June 21 , 1964 , three civil rights workers disappeared : James Chaney , a young black Mississippian and plasterer 's apprentice ; and two Jewish activists , Andrew Goodman , a Queens College anthropology student ; and Michael Schwerner , a CORE organizer from Manhattan 's Lower East Side , were found weeks later , murdered by conspirators who turned out to be local members of the Klan , some of them members of the Neshoba County sheriff 's department . This outraged the public , leading the U.S. Justice Department along with the FBI ( the latter which had previously avoided dealing with the issue of segregation and persecution of blacks ) to take action . The outrage over these murders helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act . From June to August , Freedom Summer activists worked in 38 local projects scattered across the state , with the largest number concentrated in the Mississippi Delta region . At least 30 Freedom Schools , with close to 3,500 students were established , and 28 community centers set up . Over the course of the Summer Project , some 17,000 Mississippi blacks attempted to become registered voters in defiance of the red tape and forces of white supremacy arrayed against them -- only 1,600 ( less than 10 % ) succeeded . But more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) , founded as an alternative political organization , showing their desire to vote and participate in politics . Though Freedom Summer failed to register many voters , it had a significant effect on the course of the civil rights movement . It helped break down the decades of people 's isolation and repression that were the foundation of the Jim Crow system . Before Freedom Summer , the national news media had paid little attention to the persecution of black voters in the Deep South and the dangers endured by black civil rights workers . The progression of events throughout the South increased media attention to Mississippi . The deaths of affluent northern white students and threats to other northerners attracted the full attention of the media spotlight to the state . Many black activists became embittered , believing the media valued lives of whites and blacks differently . Perhaps the most significant effect of Freedom Summer was on the volunteers , almost all of whom -- black and white -- still consider it to have been one of the defining periods of their lives . Civil rights Act of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1964 Although President Kennedy had proposed civil rights legislation and it had support from Northern Congressmen and Senators of both parties , Southern Senators blocked the bill by threatening filibusters . After considerable parliamentary maneuvering and 54 days of filibuster on the floor of the United States Senate , President Johnson got a bill through the Congress . Lyndon B. Johnson signs the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 On July 2 , 1964 , Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , that banned discrimination based on `` race , color , religion , sex or national origin '' in employment practices and public accommodations . The bill authorized the Attorney General to file lawsuits to enforce the new law . The law also nullified state and local laws that required such discrimination . Harlem riot of 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Harlem riot of 1964 When police shot an unarmed black teenager in Harlem in July 1964 , tensions escalated out of control . Residents were frustrated with racial inequalities . Rioting broke out , and Bedford - Stuyvesant , a major black neighborhood in Brooklyn erupted next . That summer , rioting also broke out in Philadelphia , for similar reasons . The riots were on a much smaller scale than what would occur in 1965 and later . Washington responded with a pilot program called Project Uplift . Thousands of young people in Harlem were given jobs during the summer of 1965 . The project was inspired by a report generated by HARYOU called Youth in the Ghetto . HARYOU was given a major role in organizing the project , together with the National Urban League and nearly 100 smaller community organizations . Permanent jobs at living wages were still out of reach of many young black men . Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party , 1964 ( edit ) Main article : Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Blacks in Mississippi had been disfranchised by statutory and constitutional changes since the late 19th century . In 1963 COFO held a Freedom Vote in Mississippi to demonstrate the desire of black Mississippians to vote . More than 80,000 people registered and voted in the mock election , which pitted an integrated slate of candidates from the `` Freedom Party '' against the official state Democratic Party candidates . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( center ) meets with civil rights leaders Martin Luther King Jr. , Whitney Young , and James Farmer , January 1964 In 1964 , organizers launched the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) to challenge the all - white official party . When Mississippi voting registrars refused to recognize their candidates , they held their own primary . They selected Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Victoria Gray to run for Congress , and a slate of delegates to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic National Convention . The presence of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in Atlantic City , New Jersey , was inconvenient , however , for the convention organizers . They had planned a triumphant celebration of the Johnson administration 's achievements in civil rights , rather than a fight over racism within the Democratic Party . All - white delegations from other Southern states threatened to walk out if the official slate from Mississippi was not seated . Johnson was worried about the inroads that Republican Barry Goldwater 's campaign was making in what previously had been the white Democratic stronghold of the `` Solid South '' , as well as support that George Wallace had received in the North during the Democratic primaries . Johnson could not , however , prevent the MFDP from taking its case to the Credentials Committee . There Fannie Lou Hamer testified eloquently about the beatings that she and others endured and the threats they faced for trying to register to vote . Turning to the television cameras , Hamer asked , `` Is this America ? '' Johnson offered the MFDP a `` compromise '' under which it would receive two non-voting , at - large seats , while the white delegation sent by the official Democratic Party would retain its seats . The MFDP angrily rejected the `` compromise . '' The MFDP kept up its agitation at the convention , after it was denied official recognition . When all but three of the `` regular '' Mississippi delegates left because they refused to pledge allegiance to the party , the MFDP delegates borrowed passes from sympathetic delegates and took the seats vacated by the official Mississippi delegates . National party organizers removed them . When they returned the next day , they found convention organizers had removed the empty seats that had been there the day before . They stayed and sang `` freedom songs '' . The 1964 Democratic Party convention disillusioned many within the MFDP and the civil rights movement , but it did not destroy the MFDP . The MFDP became more radical after Atlantic City . It invited Malcolm X to speak at one of its conventions and opposed the war in Vietnam . Selma voting rights movement ( edit ) Main articles : Selma to Montgomery marches and Voting Rights Act President Johnson , Martin Luther King Jr. at the signing of the Voting Rights Act on August 6 , 1965 `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' Play media Statement before the United States Congress by Johnson on August 6 , 1965 , about the Voting Rights Act `` Remarks on the Signing of the Voting Rights Act '' audio only Problems playing these files ? See media help . SNCC had undertaken an ambitious voter registration program in Selma , Alabama , in 1963 , but by 1965 had made little headway in the face of opposition from Selma 's sheriff , Jim Clark . After local residents asked the SCLC for assistance , King came to Selma to lead several marches , at which he was arrested along with 250 other demonstrators . The marchers continued to meet violent resistance from police . Jimmie Lee Jackson , a resident of nearby Marion , was killed by police at a later march in February 17 , 1965 . Jackson 's death prompted James Bevel , director of the Selma Movement , to initiate and organize a plan to march from Selma to Montgomery , the state capital . On March 7 , 1965 , acting on Bevel 's plan , Hosea Williams of the SCLC and John Lewis of SNCC led a march of 600 people to walk the 54 miles ( 87 km ) from Selma to the state capital in Montgomery . Only six blocks into the march , at the Edmund Pettus Bridge , state troopers and local law enforcement , some mounted on horseback , attacked the peaceful demonstrators with billy clubs , tear gas , rubber tubes wrapped in barbed wire , and bull whips . They drove the marchers back into Selma . Lewis was knocked unconscious and dragged to safety . At least 16 other marchers were hospitalized . Among those gassed and beaten was Amelia Boynton Robinson , who was at the center of civil rights activity at the time . The national broadcast of the news footage of lawmen attacking unresisting marchers ' seeking to exercise their constitutional right to vote provoked a national response , and hundreds of people from all over the country came for a second march . These marchers were turned around by Dr. King at the last minute so as not to violate a federal injunction . With the support of James Forman and other SNCC leaders , activists throughout the country committed civil disobedience for Selma , particularly in Montgomery and at the White House . The marchers were able to lift the injunction and obtain protection from federal troops , permitting them to make the march across Alabama without incident two weeks later . Police attack non-violent marchers on `` Bloody Sunday '' , the first day of the Selma to Montgomery marches The evening of a second march on March 9 to the site of Bloody Sunday , local whites attacked Rev. James Reeb , a voting rights supporter . He died of his injuries in a Birmingham hospital March 11 . On March 25 , four Klansmen shot and killed Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the successfully completed march to Montgomery . Voting rights Act , 1965 ( edit ) Eight days after the first march , but before the final march , President Johnson delivered a televised address to support the voting rights bill he had sent to Congress . In it he stated : Their cause must be our cause too . Because it is not just Negroes , but really it is all of us , who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice . And we shall overcome . Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on August 6 . The 1965 act suspended literacy tests and other subjective voter registration tests . It authorized Federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used . African Americans who had been barred from registering to vote finally had an alternative to taking suits to local or state courts , which had seldom prosecuted their cases to success . If discrimination in voter registration occurred , the 1965 act authorized the Attorney General of the United States to send Federal examiners to replace local registrars . Within months of its passage , 250,000 new black voters had been registered , one third of them by federal examiners . Within four years , voter registration in the South had more than doubled . In 1965 , Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout at 74 % and led the nation in the number of black public officials elected . In 1969 , Tennessee had a 92.1 % turnout among black voters ; Arkansas , 77.9 % ; and Texas , 73.1 % . Several whites who had opposed the Voting Rights Act paid a quick price . In 1966 Sheriff Jim Clark of Alabama , infamous for using cattle prods against civil rights marchers , was up for reelection . Although he took off the notorious `` Never '' pin on his uniform , he was defeated . At the election , Clark lost as blacks voted to get him out of office . Blacks ' regaining the power to vote changed the political landscape of the South . When Congress passed the Voting Rights Act , only about 100 African Americans held elective office , all in northern states . By 1989 , there were more than 7,200 African Americans in office , including more than 4,800 in the South . Nearly every Black Belt county ( where populations were majority black ) in Alabama had a black sheriff . Southern blacks held top positions in city , county , and state governments . Atlanta elected a black mayor , Andrew Young , as did Jackson , Mississippi , with Harvey Johnson Jr. , and New Orleans , with Ernest Morial . Black politicians on the national level included Barbara Jordan , elected as a Representative from Texas in Congress , and President Jimmy Carter appointed Andrew Young as United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Julian Bond was elected to the Georgia State Legislature in 1965 , although political reaction to his public Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War prevented him from taking his seat until 1967 . John Lewis represents Georgia 's 5th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives , where he has served since 1987 . Watts riot of 1965 ( edit ) Main article : Watts Riots Police arrest a man during the Watts Riots , August 1965 The new Voting Rights Act of 1965 had no immediate effect on living conditions for poor blacks . A few days after the act became law , a riot broke out in the South Central Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts . Like Harlem , Watts was an impoverished neighborhood with very high unemployment . Its residents confronted a largely white police department that had a history of abuse against blacks . While arresting a young man for drunk driving , police officers argued with the suspect 's mother before onlookers . The spark triggered a massive destruction of property through six days of rioting . Thirty - four people were killed and property valued at about $30 million was destroyed , making the Watts Riots among the most expensive in American history . With black militancy on the rise , ghetto residents directed acts of anger at the police . Black residents growing tired of police brutality continued to riot . Some young people joined groups such as the Black Panthers , whose popularity was based in part on their reputation for confronting police officers . Riots among blacks occurred in 1966 and 1967 in cities such as Atlanta , San Francisco , Oakland , Baltimore , Seattle , Tacoma , Cleveland , Cincinnati , Columbus , Newark , Chicago , New York City ( specifically in Brooklyn , Harlem and the Bronx ) , and worst of all in Detroit . Fair housing movements , 1966 -- 1968 ( edit ) The first major blow against housing segregation in the era , the Rumford Fair Housing Act , was passed in California in 1963 . It was overturned by white California voters and real estate lobbyists the following year with Proposition 14 , a move which helped precipitate the Watts Riots . In 1966 , the California Supreme Court invalidated Proposition 14 and reinstated the Fair Housing Act . Working and organizing for fair housing laws became a major project of the movement over the next two years , with Martin Luther King Jr. , James Bevel , and Al Raby leading the Chicago Freedom Movement around the issue in 1966 . In the following year , Father James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council also attracted national attention with a fair housing campaign in Milwaukee . Both movements faced violent resistance from white homeowners and legal opposition from conservative politicians . The Fair Housing Bill was the most contentious civil rights legislation of the era . Senator Walter Mondale , who advocated for the bill , noted that over successive years , it was the most filibustered legislation in U.S. history . It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators , as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards . A proposed `` Civil Rights Act of 1966 '' had collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision . Mondale commented that : A lot of civil rights ( legislation ) was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace , ( but ) this came right to the neighborhoods across the country . This was civil rights getting personal . Nationwide riots of 1967 ( edit ) Main articles : Detroit Riot of 1967 , 1967 Newark riots , 1967 Plainfield riots , and Long Hot Summer of 1967 Over 100 U.S. cities experienced riots in 1967 , including Detroit , Newark , Cincinnati , Cleveland , and Washington D.C. The largest of these was the 1967 Detroit riot . In Detroit , a large black middle class had begun to develop among those African Americans who worked at unionized jobs in the automotive industry ; these workers still complained of racist practices , concerns which the United Auto Workers channeled into bureaucratic and ineffective grievance procedures . Violent white mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s ; . Blacks who were not upwardly mobile were living in substandard conditions , subject to the same problems as African Americans in Watts and Harlem . When white Detroit Police Department ( DPD ) officers shut down an illegal bar and arrested a large group of patrons during the hot summer , furious black residents rioted . Rioters looted and destroyed property while snipers engaged in firefights from rooftops and windows , undermining the DPD 's ability in curtailing the disorder . In response , the Michigan Army National Guard and U.S. Army paratroopers were deployed to reinforce the DPD and protect Detroit Fire Department ( DFD ) firefighters from attacks while putting out fires . Residents reported that police officers and National Guardsmen shot at black civilians and suspects indiscriminately . After five days , 43 people had been killed , hundreds injured , and thousands left homeless . $40 to $45 million worth of damage was caused . State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring . In the aftermath of the turmoil , the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce also launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand `` previously unemployable '' persons , a preponderant number of whom were black . Governor George Romney immediately responded to the riot of 1967 with a special session of the Michigan legislature where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing , but `` important relocation , tenants ' rights and code enforcement legislation . '' Romney had supported such proposals in 1965 , but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition . The laws passed both houses of the legislature . Historian Sidney Fine wrote that : The Michigan Fair Housing Act , which took effect on November 15 , 1968 , was stronger than the federal fair housing law ... It is probably more than a coincidence that the state that had experienced the most severe racial disorder of the 1960s also adopted one of the strongest state fair housing acts . President Johnson created the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders in response to nationwide wave of riots . The commission 's final report called for major reforms in employment and public policy in black communities . It warned that the United States was moving toward separate white and black societies . Memphis , King assassination and the poor people 's March 1968 ( edit ) Main articles : Poor People 's Campaign and Assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' Final 30 seconds of `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' speech by Martin Luther King Jr . These are the final words from his final public speech . Problems playing this file ? See media help . A 3,000 - person shantytown called Resurrection City was established on the National Mall . Rev. James Lawson invited King to Memphis , Tennessee , in March 1968 to support a sanitation workers ' strike . These workers launched a campaign for union representation after two workers were accidentally killed on the job , and King considered their struggle to be a vital part of the Poor People 's Campaign he was planning . A day after delivering his stirring `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' sermon , which has become famous for his vision of American society , King was assassinated on April 4 , 1968 . Riots broke out in black neighborhoods in more than 110 cities across the United States in the days that followed , notably in Chicago , Baltimore , and in Washington , D.C. The day before King 's funeral , April 8 , Coretta Scott King and three of the King children led 20,000 marchers through the streets of Memphis , holding signs that read , `` Honor King : End Racism '' and `` Union Justice Now '' . Armed National Guardsmen lined the streets , sitting on M - 48 tanks , to protect the marchers , and helicopters circled overhead . On April 9 , Mrs. King led another 150,000 people in a funeral procession through the streets of Atlanta . Her dignity revived courage and hope in many of the Movement 's members , cementing her place as the new leader in the struggle for racial equality . Coretta Scott King said , ( Martin Luther King Jr . ) gave his life for the poor of the world , the garbage workers of Memphis and the peasants of Vietnam . The day that Negro people and others in bondage are truly free , on the day want is abolished , on the day wars are no more , on that day I know my husband will rest in a long - deserved peace . Rev. Ralph Abernathy succeeded King as the head of the SCLC and attempted to carry forth King 's plan for a Poor People 's March . It was to unite blacks and whites to campaign for fundamental changes in American society and economic structure . The march went forward under Abernathy 's plainspoken leadership but did not achieve its goals . See also : Orangeburg massacre Civil rights Act of 1968 ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Act of 1968 As 1968 began , the fair housing bill was being filibustered once again , but two developments revived it . The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 ghetto riots was delivered to Congress on March 1 , and it strongly recommended `` a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law '' as a remedy to the civil disturbances . The Senate was moved to end their filibuster that week . As the House of Representatives deliberated the bill in April , Dr. King was assassinated , and the largest wave of unrest since the Civil War swept the country . Senator Charles Mathias wrote that : some Senators and Representatives publicly stated they would not be intimidated or rushed into legislating because of the disturbances . Nevertheless , the news coverage of the riots and the underlying disparities in income , jobs , housing , and education , between White and Black Americans helped educate citizens and Congress about the stark reality of an enormous social problem . Members of Congress knew they had to act to redress these imbalances in American life to fulfill the dream that King had so eloquently preached . The House passed the legislation on April 10 , and President Johnson signed it the next day . The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination concerning the sale , rental , and financing of housing based on race , religion , and national origin . It also made it a federal crime to `` by force or by threat of force , injure , intimidate , or interfere with anyone ... by reason of their race , color , religion , or national origin . '' Movements , Politics , and white reactions ( edit ) Grassroots leadership ( edit ) Fannie Lou Hamer of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( and other Mississippi - based organizations ) is an example of local grassroots leadership in the movement . While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr. , some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person , organization , or strategy . Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that , `` in King 's case , it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement ... but more importantly , there was no singular civil rights movement . The movement was , in fact , a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide , spanning several decades , hundreds of discrete groups , and all manner of strategies and tactics -- legal , illegal , institutional , non-institutional , violent , non-violent . Without discounting King 's importance , it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous , fluid , dispersed movement . '' Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians John Dittmer , Charles Payne , Barbara Ransby , and others . Black Power ( 1966 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Black Power and Black Power movement During the Freedom Summer campaign of 1964 , numerous tensions within the civil rights movement came to the forefront . Many blacks in SNCC developed concerns that white activists from the North were taking over the movement . The massive presence of white students was also not reducing the amount of violence that SNCC suffered , but seemed to be increasing it . Additionally , there was profound disillusionment at Lyndon Johnson 's denial of voting status for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party . Meanwhile , during CORE 's work in Louisiana that summer , that group found the federal government would not respond to requests to enforce the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , or to protect the lives of activists who challenged segregation . For the Louisiana campaign to survive it had to rely on a local African - American militia called the Deacons for Defense and Justice , who used arms to repel white supremacist violence and police repression . CORE 's collaboration with the Deacons was effective against breaking Jim Crow in numerous Louisiana areas . In 1965 , SNCC helped organize an independent political party , the Lowndes County Freedom Organization ( LCFO ) , in the heart of Alabama Klan territory , and permitted its black leaders to openly promote the use of armed self - defense . Meanwhile , the Deacons for Defense and Justice expanded into Mississippi and assisted Charles Evers ' NAACP chapter with a successful campaign in Natchez . The same year , the Watts Rebellion took place in Los Angeles , and seemed to show that many black youth were now committed to the use of violence to protest inequality and oppression . During the March Against Fear in 1966 , SNCC and CORE fully embraced the slogan of `` black power '' to describe these trends towards militancy and self - reliance . In Mississippi , Stokely Carmichael declared , `` I 'm not going to beg the white man for anything that I deserve , I 'm going to take it . We need power . '' Several people engaging in the Black Power movement started to gain more of a sense in black pride and identity as well . In gaining more of a sense of a cultural identity , several blacks demanded that whites no longer refer to them as `` Negroes '' but as `` Afro - Americans . '' Up until the mid-1960s , blacks had dressed similarly to whites and straightened their hair . As a part of gaining a unique identity , blacks started to wear loosely fit dashikis and had started to grow their hair out as a natural afro . The afro , sometimes nicknamed the `` ' fro , '' remained a popular black hairstyle until the late 1970s . Black Power was made most public , however , by the Black Panther Party ( BPP ) , which was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland , California , in 1966 . The group began following the revolutionary pan-Africanism of late - period Malcolm X , using a `` by - any - means necessary '' approach to stopping inequality . They sought to rid African American neighborhoods of police brutality and establish socialist community control in the ghettos . Their tactics varied from armed confrontation with police to setting up free breakfast and healthcare programs for children . Between 1968 and 1971 , the BPP was one of the most important black organizations in the country and had support from the NAACP , SCLC , Peace and Freedom Party , and others . Black Power was taken to another level inside prison walls . In 1966 , George Jackson formed the Black Guerrilla Family in the California San Quentin State Prison . The goal of this group was to overthrow the white - run government in America and the prison system . In 1970 , this group displayed their dedication after a white prison guard was found not guilty of shooting and killing three black prisoners from the prison tower . They retaliated by killing a white prison guard . `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' from Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gold medalist Tommie Smith ( center ) and bronze medalist John Carlos ( right ) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics ; both wear Olympic Project for Human Rights badges . Peter Norman ( silver medalist , left ) from Australia also wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with Smith and Carlos . Numerous popular cultural expressions associated with black power appeared at this time . Released in August 1968 , the number one Rhythm & Blues single for the Billboard Year - End list was James Brown 's `` Say It Loud -- I 'm Black and I 'm Proud '' . In October 1968 , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , while being awarded the gold and bronze medals , respectively , at the 1968 Summer Olympics , donned human rights badges and each raised a black - gloved Black Power salute during their podium ceremony . King was not comfortable with the `` Black Power '' slogan , which sounded too much like black nationalism to him . When King was murdered in 1968 , Stokely Carmichael stated that whites murdered the one person who would prevent rampant rioting and that blacks would burn every major city to the ground . Black conservatism ( edit ) Despite the common notion that the ideas of Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and Black Power only conflicted with each other and were the only ideologies of the civil rights movement , there were other sentiments felt by many blacks . Fearing the events during the movement were occurring too quickly , there were some blacks who felt that leaders should take their activism at a slower pace . Others had reservations on how focused blacks were on the movement and felt that such attention was better spent on reforming issues within the black community . Those who blatantly rejected integration had various rationales for doing so , such as fearing a change in the status quo they had been used to for so long or fearing for their safety if they found themselves in environments where whites were much more present . Some defended segregation for the sake of keeping ties with the white power structure from which many relied on for social and economic mobility above other blacks . Based on her interpretation of a 1966 study made by Donald Matthews and James Prothro detailing the relative percentage of blacks for integration , against it or feeling something else , Lauren Winner asserts that : Black defenders of segregation look , at first blush , very much like black nationalists , especially in their preference for all - black institutions ; but black defenders of segregation differ from nationalists in two key ways . First , while both groups criticize NAACP - style integration , nationalists articulate a third alternative to integration and Jim Crow , while segregationists preferred to stick with the status quo . Second , absent from black defenders of segregation 's political vocabulary was the demand for self - determination . They called for all - black institutions , but not autonomous all - black institutions ; indeed , some defenders of segregation asserted that black people needed white paternalism and oversight in order to thrive . Oftentimes , African - American community leaders would be staunch defenders of segregation . Church ministers , businessmen and educators were among those who wished to keep segregation and segregationist ideals in order to retain the privileges they gained from patronage from whites , such as monetary gains . In addition , they relied on segregation to keep their jobs and economies in their communities thriving . It was feared that if integration became widespread in the South , black - owned businesses and other establishments would lose a large chunk of their customer base to white - owned businesses , and many blacks would lose opportunities for jobs that were presently exclusive to their interests . On the other hand , there were the everyday , average black people who criticized integration as well . For them , they took issue with different parts of the civil rights movement and the potential for blacks to exercise consumerism and economic liberty without hindrance from whites . For Martin Luther King Jr. , Malcolm X and other leading activists and groups during the movement , these opposing viewpoints acted as an obstacle against their ideas . These different views made such leaders ' work much harder to accomplish , but they were nonetheless important in the overall scope of the movement . For the most part , the black individuals who had reservations on various aspects of the movement and ideologies of the activists were not able to make a game - changing dent in their efforts , but the existence of these alternate ideas gave some blacks an outlet to express their concerns about the changing social structure . Avoiding the `` Communist '' label ( edit ) See also : The Communist Party and African - Americans On December 17 , 1951 , the Communist Party -- affiliated Civil Rights Congress delivered the petition We Charge Genocide : `` The Crime of Government Against the Negro People '' , often shortened to We Charge Genocide , to the United Nations in 1951 , arguing that the U.S. federal government , by its failure to act against lynching in the United States , was guilty of genocide under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention . The petition was presented to the United Nations at two separate venues : Paul Robeson , concert singer and activist , to a UN official in New York City , while William L. Patterson , executive director of the CRC , delivered copies of the drafted petition to a UN delegation in Paris . Patterson , the editor of the petition , was a leader in the Communist Party USA and head of the International Labor Defense , a group that offered legal representation to communists , trade unionists , and African Americans in cases involving issues of political or racial persecution . The ILD was known for leading the defense of the Scottsboro boys in Alabama in 1931 , where the Communist Party had considerable influence among African Americans in the 1930s . This had largely declined by the late 1950s , although they could command international attention . As earlier civil rights figures such as Robeson , Du Bois and Patterson became more politically radical ( and therefore targets of Cold War anti-Communism by the U.S. Government ) , they lost favor with both mainstream Black America and the NAACP . In order to secure a place in the mainstream and gain the broadest base , the new generation of civil rights activists believed they had to openly distance themselves from anything and anyone associated with the Communist party . According to Ella Baker , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference adopted `` Christian '' into its name to deter charges of Communism . The FBI under J. Edgar Hoover had been concerned about communism since the early 20th century , and continued to label as `` Communist '' or `` subversive '' some of the civil rights activists , whom it kept under close surveillance . In the early 1960s , the practice of distancing the civil rights movement from `` Reds '' was challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee who adopted a policy of accepting assistance and participation by anyone , regardless of political affiliation , who supported the SNCC program and was willing to `` put their body on the line . '' At times this political openness put SNCC at odds with the NAACP . Kennedy administration , 1961 -- 1963 ( edit ) Attorney General Robert Kennedy speaking before a hostile Civil Rights crowd protesting low minority hiring in his Justice Department June 14 , 1963 For the first two years of the Kennedy administration , civil rights activists had mixed opinions of both the president and attorney general , Robert F. Kennedy . A well of historical skepticism toward liberal politics had left African Americans with a sense of uneasy disdain for any white politician who claimed to share their concerns for freedom , particularly ones connected to the historically pro-segregationist Democratic Party . Still , many were encouraged by the discreet support Kennedy gave to Dr. King , and the administration 's willingness , after dramatic pressure from civil disobedience , to bring forth racially progressive initiatives . Many of the initiatives resulted from Robert Kennedy 's passion . The younger Kennedy gained a rapid education in the realities of racism through events such as the Baldwin - Kennedy meeting . The president came to share his brother 's sense of urgency on the matter , resulting in the landmark Civil Rights Address of June 1963 and the introduction of the first major civil rights act of the decade . Robert Kennedy first became concerned with civil rights in mid-May 1961 during the Freedom Rides , when photographs of the burning bus and savage beatings in Anniston and Birmingham were broadcast around the world . They came at an especially embarrassing time , as President Kennedy was about to have a summit with the Soviet premier in Vienna . The White House was concerned with its image among the populations of newly independent nations in Africa and Asia , and Robert Kennedy responded with an address for Voice of America stating that great progress had been made on the issue of race relations . Meanwhile , behind the scenes , the administration worked to resolve the crisis with a minimum of violence and prevent the Freedom Riders from generating a fresh crop of headlines that might divert attention from the President 's international agenda . The Freedom Riders documentary notes that , `` The back burner issue of civil rights had collided with the urgent demands of Cold War realpolitik . '' On May 21 , when a white mob attacked and burned the First Baptist Church in Montgomery , Alabama , where King was holding out with protesters , Robert Kennedy telephoned King to ask him to stay in the building until the U.S. Marshals and National Guard could secure the area . King proceeded to berate Kennedy for `` allowing the situation to continue '' . King later publicly thanked Kennedy for deploying the force to break up an attack which might otherwise have ended King 's life . With a very small majority in Congress , the president 's ability to press ahead with legislation relied considerably on a balancing game with the Senators and Congressmen of the South . Without the support of Vice-President Johnson , a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and longstanding relations there , many of the Attorney - General 's programs would not have progressed . By late 1962 , frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement 's strong support for legislative initiatives , including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box . From squaring off against Governor George Wallace , to `` tearing into '' Vice-President Johnson ( for failing to desegregate areas of the administration ) , to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment , to desegregating interstate transport , Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement . He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968 . On the night of Governor Wallace 's capitulation to African - American enrollment at the University of Alabama , President Kennedy gave an address to the nation , which marked the changing tide , an address that was to become a landmark for the ensuing change in political policy as to civil rights . In 1966 , Robert Kennedy visited South Africa and voiced his objections to apartheid , the first time a major US politician had done so : At the University of Natal in Durban , I was told the church to which most of the white population belongs teaches apartheid as a moral necessity . A questioner declared that few churches allow black Africans to pray with the white because the Bible says that is the way it should be , because God created Negroes to serve . `` But suppose God is black '' , I replied . `` What if we go to Heaven and we , all our lives , have treated the Negro as an inferior , and God is there , and we look up and He is not white ? What then is our response ? '' There was no answer . Only silence . -- LOOK Magazine Robert Kennedy 's relationship with the movement was not always positive . As attorney general , he was called to account by activists -- who booed him at a June 1963 speech -- for the Justice Department 's own poor record of hiring blacks . He also presided over FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover and his COINTELPRO program . This program ordered FBI agents to `` expose , disrupt , misdirect , discredit , or otherwise neutralize '' the activities of Communist front groups , a category in which the paranoid Hoover included most civil rights organizations . Kennedy personally authorized some of the programs . According to Tim Weiner , `` RFK knew much more about this surveillance than he ever admitted . '' Although Kennedy only gave approval for limited wiretapping of Dr. King 's phones `` on a trial basis , for a month or so . '' Hoover extended the clearance so his men were `` unshackled '' to look for evidence in any areas of the black leader 's life they deemed important ; they then used this information to harass King . Kennedy directly ordered surveillance on James Baldwin after their antagonistic racial summit in 1963 . American Jewish community and the civil rights movement ( edit ) See also : African American -- Jewish relations ; New York City teachers ' strike of 1968 ; and Brownsville , Brooklyn Jewish civil rights activist Joseph L. Rauh Jr. marching with Martin Luther King in 1963 Many in the Jewish community supported the civil rights movement . In fact , statistically Jews were one of the most actively involved non-black groups in the Movement . Many Jewish students worked in concert with African Americans for CORE , SCLC , and SNCC as full - time organizers and summer volunteers during the Civil Rights era . Jews made up roughly half of the white northern volunteers involved in the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer project and approximately half of the civil rights attorneys active in the South during the 1960s . Jewish leaders were arrested while heeding a call from Martin Luther King Jr. in St. Augustine , Florida , in June 1964 , where the largest mass arrest of rabbis in American history took place at the Monson Motor Lodge -- a nationally important civil rights landmark that was demolished in 2003 so that a Hilton Hotel could be built on the site . Abraham Joshua Heschel , a writer , rabbi , and professor of theology at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York , was outspoken on the subject of civil rights . He marched arm - in - arm with Dr. King in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery march . In the 1964 murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner , the two white activists killed , Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner , were both Jewish . Brandeis University , the only nonsectarian Jewish - sponsored college university in the world , created the Transitional Year Program ( TYP ) in 1968 , in part response to Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King 's assassination . The faculty created it to renew the university 's commitment to social justice . Recognizing Brandeis as a university with a commitment to academic excellence , these faculty members created a chance to disadvantaged students to participate in an empowering educational experience . The American Jewish Committee , American Jewish Congress , and Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) actively promoted civil rights . While Jews were very active in the civil rights movement in the South , in the North , many had experienced a more strained relationship with African Americans . In communities experiencing white flight , racial rioting , and urban decay , Jewish Americans were more often the last remaining whites in the communities most affected . It has been argued that with Black militancy and the Black Power movements on the rise , `` Black Anti-Semitism '' increased leading to strained relations between Blacks and Jews in Northern communities . In New York City , most notably , there was a major socio - economic class difference in the perception of African Americans by Jews . Jews from better educated Upper Middle Class backgrounds were often very supportive of African American civil rights activities while the Jews in poorer urban communities that became increasingly minority were often less supportive largely in part due to more negative and violent interactions between the two groups . According to political scientist Michael Rogin , Jewish - Black hostility was a two - way street extending to earlier decades . In the post-World War II era , Jews were granted white privilege and most moved into the middle - class while Blacks were left behind in the ghetto . Urban Jews engaged in the same sort of conflicts with Blacks -- over integration busing , local control of schools , housing , crime , communal identity , and class divides -- that other white ethnics did , leading to Jews participating in white flight . The culmination of this was the 1968 New York City teachers ' strike , pitting largely Jewish schoolteachers against predominantly Black parents in Brownsville , New York . Profile ( edit ) Many Jewish individuals in the Southern states who supported civil rights for African Americans tended to keep a low profile on `` the race issue '' , in order to avoid attracting the attention of the anti-Black and antisemitic Ku Klux Klan . However , Klan groups exploited the issue of African - American integration and Jewish involvement in the struggle to launch acts of violent antisemitism . As an example of this hatred , in one year alone , from November 1957 to October 1958 , temples and other Jewish communal gatherings were bombed and desecrated in Atlanta , Nashville , Jacksonville , and Miami , and dynamite was found under synagogues in Birmingham , Charlotte , and Gastonia , North Carolina . Some rabbis received death threats , but there were no injuries following these outbursts of violence . White backlash ( edit ) King reached the height of popular acclaim during his life in 1964 , when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . His career after that point was filled with frustrating challenges . The liberal coalition that had gained passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 began to fray . King was becoming more estranged from the Johnson administration . In 1965 he broke with it by calling for peace negotiations and a halt to the bombing of Vietnam . He moved further left in the following years , speaking of the need for economic justice and thoroughgoing changes in American society . He believed change was needed beyond the civil rights gained by the movement . King 's attempts to broaden the scope of the civil rights movement were halting and largely unsuccessful , however . King made several efforts in 1965 to take the Movement north to address housing discrimination . SCLC 's campaign in Chicago publicly failed , as Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley marginalized SCLC 's campaign by promising to `` study '' the city 's problems . In 1966 , white demonstrators holding `` white power '' signs in notoriously racist Cicero , a suburb of Chicago , threw stones at marchers demonstrating against housing segregation . Politicians and journalists quickly blamed this white backlash on the movement 's shift towards Black Power in the mid-1960s ; today most scholars view backlash as a phenomenon that was already developing in the mid-1950s , embodied in the `` massive resistance '' movement of the South where even the few moderate white leaders ( including George Wallace , who had once been endorsed by the NAACP ) shifted to openly racist positions . Northern racists opposed the southerners on a regional and cultural basis , but also held segregationist attitudes which became more pronounced as the civil rights movement headed North . For instance , prior to the Watts riot , California whites had already mobilized to repeal the state 's 1963 fair housing law . Even so , the backlash was not sufficient at the time to roll back major civil rights victories or swing the country into reaction . Social historians Matthew Lassiter and Barbara Ehrenreich note that backlash 's primary constituency was suburban and middle - class , but not working - class whites : `` among the white electorate , one half of blue - collar voters ... cast their ballot for ( the liberal presidential candidate ) Hubert Humphrey in 1968 ... only in the South did George Wallace draw substantially more blue - collar than white - collar support . '' African - American Women in the movement ( edit ) Women acted as leaders in the civil rights movement and led organizations that contributed to the cause of civil rights . African - American women stepped into the roles that men had previously held . Women were members of the NAACP because they believed it could help them contribute to the cause of civil rights . Women involved with the Black Panthers would lead meetings , edit the Black Panther newspaper , and advocated for childcare and sexual freedom . Women involved with SNCC helped to organize sit - ins and the Freedom Rides , as well as keeping the organization together . Women also formed church groups , bridge clubs , and professional organizations , such as the National Council of Negro Women , to help achieve freedom for themselves and their race . Some women who participated in these organizations lost their jobs because of their involvement . Discrimination ( edit ) Many women in the movement experienced gender discrimination and sexual harassment within the movement . In the SCLC , Ella Baker 's input was discouraged in spite of her being the oldest and most experienced person on the staff . Within the ministers ' patriarchal hierarchy , age and experience were actually considered detriments for a woman . Her role as an executive was only assigned as a placeholder for a male leader . Women that worked under SNCC did the clerical work and were not consistently given leadership positions . Women who worked in multiple civil rights organizations noted that males tended to become the leaders and women `` faded into the background '' and the men of the movement did not acknowledge the gender discrimination present in the organization . Much of the reasoning for the lesser role that women took in the movement was that it was time for black men to take on a role as a leader now that they had the opportunity . Women got very little recognition for their roles in the civil rights movement despite the fact that they were heavily involved with the participation and planning . Johnson administration : 1963 -- 1968 ( edit ) Further information : Civil Rights Act of 1964 , War on Poverty , and Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon Johnson made civil rights one of his highest priorities , coupling it with a whites war on poverty . However in creasing the shrill opposition to the War in Vietnam , coupled with the cost of the war , undercut support for his domestic programs . Under Kennedy , major civil rights legislation had been stalled in Congress his assassination changed everything . On one hand president Lyndon Johnson was a much more skillful negotiator than Kennedy but he had behind him a powerful national momentum demanding immediate action on moral and emotional grounds . Demands for immediate action originated from unexpected directions , especially white Protestant church groups . The Justice Department , led by Robert Kennedy , moved from a posture of defending Kennedy from the quagmire minefield of racial politics to acting to fulfill his legacy . The violent death and public reaction dramatically moved the moderate Republicans , led by Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen , whose support was the margin of victory for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act immediately ended de jure ( legal ) segregation and the era of Jim Crow . With the civil rights movement at full blast , Lyndon Johnson coupled black entrepreneurship with his war on poverty , setting up special program in the Small Business Administration , the Office of Economic Opportunity , and other agencies . This time there was money for loans designed to boost minority business ownership . Richard Nixon greatly expanded the program , setting up the Office of Minority Business Enterprise ( OMBE ) in the expectation that black entrepreneurs would help defuse racial tensions and possibly support his reelection . Prison reform ( edit ) Gates v. Collier ( edit ) Mississippi State Penitentiary Conditions at the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman , then known as Parchman Farm , became part of the public discussion of civil rights after activists were imprisoned there . In the spring of 1961 , Freedom Riders came to the South to test the desegregation of public facilities . By the end of June 1963 , Freedom Riders had been convicted in Jackson , Mississippi . Many were jailed in Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman . Mississippi employed the trusty system , a hierarchical order of inmates that used some inmates to control and enforce punishment of other inmates . In 1970 the civil rights lawyer Roy Haber began taking statements from inmates . He collected 50 pages of details of murders , rapes , beatings and other abuses suffered by the inmates from 1969 to 1971 at Mississippi State Penitentiary . In a landmark case known as Gates v. Collier ( 1972 ) , four inmates represented by Haber sued the superintendent of Parchman Farm for violating their rights under the United States Constitution . Federal Judge William C. Keady found in favor of the inmates , writing that Parchman Farm violated the civil rights of the inmates by inflicting cruel and unusual punishment . He ordered an immediate end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices . Racial segregation of inmates was abolished , as was the trusty system , which allowed certain inmates to have power and control over others . The prison was renovated in 1972 after the scathing ruling by Judge Keady , who wrote that the prison was an affront to `` modern standards of decency . '' Among other reforms , the accommodations were made fit for human habitation . The system of trusties was abolished . ( The prison had armed lifers with rifles and given them authority to oversee and guard other inmates , which led to many abuses and murders . ) In integrated correctional facilities in northern and western states , blacks represented a disproportionate number of the prisoners , in excess of their proportion of the general population . They were often treated as second - class citizens by white correctional officers . Blacks also represented a disproportionately high number of death row inmates . Eldridge Cleaver 's book Soul on Ice was written from his experiences in the California correctional system ; it contributed to black militancy . Cold War ( edit ) There was an international context for the actions of the U.S. federal government during these years . Soviet media frequently covered racial discrimination in the U.S. Deeming American criticism of Soviet Union human rights abuses as hypocritical the Soviets would respond with `` And you are lynching Negroes '' . In his 1934 book Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , Sherwood Eddy wrote : `` In the most remote villages of Russia today Americans are frequently asked what they are going to do to the Scottsboro Negro boys and why they lynch Negroes . '' In Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy , the historian Mary L. Dudziak wrote that Communists critical of the United States accused the nation for its hypocrisy in portraying itself as the `` leader of the free world , '' when so many of its citizens were subjected to severe racial discrimination and violence ; she argued that this was a major factor in moving the government to support civil rights legislation . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) in popular culture The 1954 to 1968 civil rights movement contributed strong cultural threads to American and international theater , song , film , television , and folk art . Activist organizations ( edit ) National / regional civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Deacons for Defense and Justice Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) Medical Committee for Human Rights ( MCHR ) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Organization of Afro - American Unity Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Southern Conference Educational Fund ( SCEF ) Southern Student Organizing Committee ( SSOC ) National economic empowerment organizations Operation Breadbasket Urban League Local civil rights organizations Albany Movement ( Albany , GA ) Council of Federated Organizations ( Mississippi ) Montgomery Improvement Association ( Montgomery , AL ) Regional Council of Negro Leadership ( Mississippi ) Women 's Political Council ( Montgomery , AL ) Individual activists ( edit ) Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Muhammad Ali Maya Angelou Louis Austin Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Fay Bellamy Powell James Bevel Claude Black Unita Blackwell Julian Bond Amelia Boynton Anne Braden Carl Braden Mary Fair Burks Stokely Carmichael Septima Clark Albert Cleage Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Jonathan Daniels Annie Devine Doris Derby Marian Wright Edelman Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams James L. Farmer Jr . Karl Fleming Sarah Mae Flemming James Forman Frankie Muse Freeman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Lorraine Hansberry Robert Hayling Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Libby Holman Myles Horton T.R.M. Howard Winson Hudson Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Esau Jenkins Gloria Johnson - Powell Clyde Kennard Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Bernard Lafayette W.W. Law James Lawson John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Joseph Lowery Autherine Lucy Clara Luper Thurgood Marshall James Meredith Loren Miller Jack Minnis Anne Moody Harry T. Moore E. Frederic Morrow Robert Parris Moses Bill Moyer Diane Nash Denise Nicholas E.D. Nixon David Nolan James Orange Nan Grogan Orrock Rosa Parks Rutledge Pearson George Raymond Jr . James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson Amelia Boynton Robinson Jackie Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Bayard Rustin Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Nina Simone Charles Kenzie Steele Dempsey Travis C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hosea Williams Robert F. Williams Malcolm X Andrew Young Whitney Young See also ( edit ) Civil rights movement portal African American portal Social movements portal 1950s portal 1960s portal List of civil rights leaders List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era Photographers of the American civil rights movement `` We Shall Overcome '' , unofficial movement anthem History preservation : Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Read 's Drug Store ( Baltimore ) , site of a 1955 desegregation sit - in Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 Post -- civil rights movement : Black Lives Matter Post -- civil rights era in African - American history Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Various other dates have been proposed as the date on which the civil rights movement began or ended . Jump up ^ The social movement has also been called the Second Reconstruction , modern civil rights movement , civil rights revolution , black revolution , Negro movement , black civil rights movement , U.S. civil rights movement , 1960s civil rights movement , Negro revolution , Negro American revolution , Negro revolt , Southern freedom movement , black rights movement , United States civil rights movement , American freedom movement , and Negro freedom movement . The term civil rights struggle can denote this or other social movements that occurred during the same period in the United States . The span of time of the social movement is called the civil rights era . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : II , Vann R. Newkirk . `` How ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' Still Stains America Today '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 -- findUSlaw '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haines , Herbert H. ( 1995 ) . Black Radicals and the Civil Rights Mainstream , 1954 - 1970 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 98 -- 118 . ISBN 9781572332607 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert F. Williams , ' Black Power , ' and the Roots of the African American Freedom Struggle , '' Journal of American History 85 , No. 2 ( September 1998 ) : 540 -- 570 Jump up ^ `` How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans '' . The Guardian . August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leland T. Saito ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . p. 154 . University of Illinois Press Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . pp. 244 -- 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wormser , Richard . `` The Enforcement Acts ( 1870 -- 71 ) '' . PBS : Jim Crow Stories . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Black - American Representatives and Senators by Congress , 1870 -- Present Archived January 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. -- U.S. House of Representatives Jump up ^ Klarman , Michael J. ; ' The White Primary Rulings : A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking ' ; Florida State University Law Review , vol. 29 , issue 55 , pp. 55 - 107 Jump up ^ Walton , Hanes ( junior ) ; Puckett , Sherman and Deskins Donald R. ( junior ) ; The African American Electorate : A Statistical History , p. 539 ISBN 0872895084 Jump up ^ Otis H Stephens , Jr ; John M Scheb , II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . p. 528 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . pp. 199 -- 200 of vol 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill . `` Legacy of Lynching '' . PBS . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Rayford Logan , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson , pp. 97 -- 98 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Leon Litwack , Jim Crow Blues , Magazine of History ( OAH Publications , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kazin , Rebecca Edwards , Adam Rothman ( 2009 ) . `` The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History '' . p. 245 . Princeton University Press Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) , pp. 67 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Birmingham Segregation Laws -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Fultz , M. ( 2006 ) . Black Public Libraries in the South in the Era of De Jure Segregation . Libraries & The Cultural Record , 41 ( 3 ) , 338 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tolnay , Stewart ( 2003 ) . `` The African American ' Great Migration ' and Beyond '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 29 : 218 -- 221 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 29.010202. 100009 . JSTOR 30036966 . ^ Jump up to : Hannah - Jones , Nikole ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Living Apart : How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Fair Housing : How We Got Here '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2009 , pp. 81 , 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Jo Ann Gibson ( 1912 -- 1992 ) '' . The Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute . Stanford University . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press Jump up ^ `` The Tallahassee Bus Boycott -- Fifty Years Later , '' The Tallahassee Democrat , May 21 , 2006 Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education ( Kansas ) '' . The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Risa L. Goluboff , The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 , pp. 249 -- 251 Jump up ^ Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) pp. 65 -- 91 Jump up ^ `` How The Horrific Photograph Of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement '' . 100 Photographs The Most Influential Images of All Time . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitfield , Stephen ( 1991 ) . A Death in the Delta : The story of Emmett Till . pp 41 -- 42 . JHU Press . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Blood of Emmett Till ' remembers a horrific crime '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haas , Jeffrey ( 2011 ) . The Assassination of Fred Hampton . Chicago : Chicago Review Press . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 56976 - 709 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weller , Sheila ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` How Author Timothy Tyson Found the Woman at the Center of the Emmett Till Case '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Tyson , Timothy B. ( 2017 ) . The Blood of Emmett Till . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 1486 - 8 . Carolyn Bryant Donham , interview with the author , Raleigh , NC , September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Minnijean Brown Trickey , America.gov Archived November 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . p. 415 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Movement Veterans '' . Civil Rights Movement Veterans . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Hartford ( full interview ) '' . vimeo . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) , 182 Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) , 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 88 -- 89 Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham , `` January 1958 : The Lumbees face the Klan '' , This Month in North Carolina History Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 149 Jump up ^ Tyson , Radio Free Dixie , 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ `` Williams , Robert Franklin ( 1925 -- 1996 ) '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barbara Ransby , Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) , 213 -- 216 Jump up ^ `` The Black Power Movement , Part 2 : The Papers of Robert F. Williams '' A Guide to the Microfilm Editions of the Black Studies Research Sources ( University Publications of America ) ^ Jump up to : Tyson , Journal of American History ( September 1998 ) Jump up ^ Taylor Branch , Parting the Waters : America in the King Years 1954 -- 1963 ( Simon and Schuster , 1988 ) , 781 Jump up ^ Simon Wendt , The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) , 121 -- 122 ; Mike Marqusee , `` By Any Means Necessary '' The Nation , September 24 , 2004 -- http://www.thenation.com/article/any-means-necessary# Jump up ^ Walter Rucker , `` Crusader in Exile : Robert F. Williams and the International Struggle for Black Freedom in America '' The Black Scholar 36 , No. 2 -- 3 ( Summer -- Fall 2006 ) : 19 -- 33 . URL Jump up ^ Timothy B. Tyson , `` Robert Franklin Williams : A Warrior For Freedom , 1925 -- 1996 '' Archived July 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southern Exposure , Winter 1996 , Investigating U.S. History ( City University of New York ) Jump up ^ `` Kansas Sit - In Gets Its Due at Last '' ; NPR ; October 21 , 2006 Jump up ^ First Southern Sit - in , Greensboro NC -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I , Stations , Community ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Rising Up '' . Southern Spaces. 2008 . doi : 10.18737 / M7HP4M . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Atlanta Sit - ins -- Civil Rights Veterans ^ Jump up to : `` Atlanta Sit - Ins '' , The New Georgia Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nashville Student Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` America 's First Sit - Down Strike : The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit - In '' . City of Alexandria . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Sit - ins '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Students Begin to Lead -- The New Georgia Encyclopedia -- Atlanta Sit - Ins Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Jump up ^ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Founded -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Freedom Rides -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Black Protest ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Hartford , Bruce Hartford . `` Arrests in Jackson MS '' . The Civil Rights Movement Veterans website . Westwind Writers Inc . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Voter Registration & Direct - action in McComb MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Council of Federated Organizations Formed in Mississippi -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi Voter Registration -- Greenwood -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ handeyside , Hugh . `` What Have We Learned from the Spies of Mississippi ? '' . American Civil Liberty Union . ACLU National Security Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrying the burden : the story of Clyde Kennard '' Archived October 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , District 125 , Mississippi , Retrieved November 5 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : William H. Tucker , The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) , pp 165 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction , Edited by Euan Hague , Heidi Beirich , Edward H. Sebesta , University of Texas Press ( 2008 ) pp. 284 -- 85 ^ Jump up to : `` A House Divided `` . Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Brown , Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 , pp. 128 -- 132 Jump up ^ United States v. Barnett , 376 U.S. 681 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ `` James Meredith Integrates Ole Miss '' , Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , University of Southern Mississippi Library Archived September 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Albany GA , Movement -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The Birmingham Campaign -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Letter from a Birmingham Jail ~ King Research & Education Institute at Stanford Univ . Jump up ^ Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Jump up ^ Freedom - Now '' Time , May 17 , 1963 Archived March 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Glenn T. Eskew , But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Andrew Bryant , The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) , pg. 2 Jump up ^ Thomas J Sugrue , `` Affirmative Action from Below : Civil Rights , Building Trades , and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North , 1945 -- 1969 '' The Journal of American History , Vol. 91 , Issue 1 Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission website , `` The Civil Rights Movement '' `` . Jump up ^ T he Daily Capital News ( Missouri ) June 14 , 1963 , pg. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Dispatch -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom -- Maryland State Archives '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas F. Jackson , `` Jobs and Freedom : The Black Revolt of 1963 and the Contested Meanings of the March on Washginton '' Virginia Foundation for the Humanities April 2 , 2008 , pg. 10 -- 14 Jump up ^ Ortega , Tony ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miss Lorraine Hansberry & Bobby Kennedy '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hilty , James ( April 1 , 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1978 ) , pp. 332 -- 333 . Jump up ^ `` Book Reviews - The Bystander by Nicholas A. Bryant '' The Journal of American History ( 2007 ) 93 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Radio and Television Report to the American People on Civil Rights , '' June 11 , 1963 , transcript from the JFK library . Archived February 5 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Archived November 7 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , a worthwhile article , on The Mississippi Writers Page , a website of the University of Mississippi English Department . Jump up ^ Medgar Evers Assassination -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Civil Rights bill submitted , and date of JFK murder , plus graphic events of the March on Washington . Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . This is an Abbeville Press website , a large informative article apparently from the book The Civil Rights Movement ( ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0123 - 2 ) . Jump up ^ Clawson , Laura . `` A. Philip Randolph , the union leader who led the March on Washington '' . Daily Kos . Daily Kos Group . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co. p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . pp. 350 , 351 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Krissah ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) . `` In March on Washington , white activists were largely overlooked but strategically essential '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Television News and the Civil Rights Struggle : The Views in Virginia and Mississippi '' . Southern Spaces . November 3 , 2004 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge , Maryland , activists campaign for desegregation , USA , 1962 -- 1963 '' . Global Nonviolent Action Database . Swarthmore College . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Afro - American -- Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Negro and the American Promise , '' produced by Boston public television station WGBH in 1963 Jump up ^ Harlem CORE , `` Film clip of Harlem CORE chairman Gladys Harrington speaking on Malcolm X '' . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm X '' The King Encyclopedia , eds . Tenisha Armstrong , et al , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute website , Jump up ^ Manning Marable , Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Media , American Public . `` Say it Plain , Say it Loud -- American RadioWorks '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Akinyele Umoja , We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) , p. 126 Jump up ^ Francis Fox Piven and Richard Cloward , Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) , p. 238 ; Abel A. Bartley , Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) , 111 Jump up ^ `` The Ballot or the Bullet '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackside Productions , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Movement 1954 -- 1985 , `` , The Time Has Come '' Public Broadcasting System Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Fannie Lou Hamer , Speech Delivered with Malcolm X at the Williams Institutional CME Church , Harlem , New York , December 20 , 1964 . Jump up ^ George Breitman , ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) , pp. 106 -- 109 Jump up ^ Christopher Strain , Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Juan Williams , et al , Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years 1954 -- 1965 ( Penguin Group , 1988 ) , p. 262 Jump up ^ Paul Ryan Haygood , `` Malcolm 's Contribution to Black Voting Rights '' , The Black Commentator Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' ; `` Hayling , Robert B. ( 1929 -- ) '' , Martin Luther King Jr . Research and Education Institute , Stanford University ; `` Black History : Dr. Robert B. Hayling '' , Augustine.com ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 316 -- 318 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . `` St. Augustine FL , Movement -- 1963 '' ; David J. Garrow , Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) p 317 ; ^ Jump up to : The Mississippi Movement & the MFDP -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Mississippi : Subversion of the Right to Vote -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Jump up ^ Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . ^ Jump up to : Veterans Roll Call -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Reeves 1993 , pp. 521 -- 524 . Jump up ^ Youth in the Ghetto : A Study of the Consequences of Powerlessness , Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited , Inc. , 1964 Jump up ^ Poverty and Politics in Harlem , Alphnso Pinkney and Roger Woock , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Jump up ^ Freedom Ballot in MS -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Spencer Crump , Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Self , Robert O. ( August 8 , 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Reitman , Valerie ; Landsberg , Mitchell ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Watts Riots , 40 Years Later '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` No on Proposition 14 : California Fair Housing Initiative Collection '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Thursday '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Folkart , Burt A. ( November 5 , 1985 ) . `` James Groppi , Ex-Priest , Civil Rights Activist , Dies '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Darren Miles `` Everett Dirksen 's Role in Civil Rights Legislation '' Western Illinois Historical Review , Vol . I Spring 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A Walk Through Newark . History . The Riots -- Thirteen / WNET '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Karen ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` Review of Georgakas , Dan ; Surkin , Marvin , Detroit , I Do Mind Dying : A Study in Urban Revolution '' . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Profiles -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hubert G. Locke , The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , `` Michigan and Housing Discrimination 1949 -- 1969 '' Michigan Historical Review , Fall 1997 Archived May 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Coretta Scott King '' . Spartacus Educational Publishers . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honorable Charles Mathias Jr . `` Fair Housing Legislation : Not an Easy Row To Hoe '' US Department of Housing and Urban Development , Office of Policy Development and Research '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Peter B. Levy , `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Public Law 90 - 284 , Government Printing Office '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Doug McAdam `` Occupy the Future : What Should a Sustained Movement Look Like ? '' Boston Review , June 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` SNCC , the Federal Government & the Road to Black Power '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allen J. Matusow `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) , pp. 367 -- 378 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` By Any Means Necessary '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 -- via The Nation . Jump up ^ Douglas Martin , `` Robert Hicks , Leader in Armed Rights Group , Dies at 81 '' The New York Times , April 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lance Hill , The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) pp. 200 -- 204 Jump up ^ `` Watts Rebellion goes out of control '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Experience. Eyes on the Prize. Transcript -- PBS '' . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rickford , Russell ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) . We Are an African People : Independent Education , Black Power , and the Radical Imagination . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199861484 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Joshua ; Martin , Waldo E. ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) . Black Against Empire : The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party . Univ of California Press . pp. 223 -- 236 . ISBN 9780520293281 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Year - end Singles -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 , pp. 158 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Winner , Doubtless Sincere , 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ We Charge Genocide -- Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ interviewee , Baker , Ella , . `` Oral History Interview with Ella Baker , September 4 , 1974 . Interview G - 0007 . Southern Oral History Program Collection ( # 4007 ) : Electronic Edition . Ella Baker Describes Her Role in the Formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee '' . ^ Jump up to : Risen , Clay ( 2014 ) . The Bill of the Century : The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . p. 76 . ISBN 9781608198245 . Jump up ^ James Hilty , Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector ( Temple University Press , 2000 ) , p. 350 - 361 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr , Robert Kennedy And His Times ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom Riders - The Cold War '' Freedom Riders , American Experience , PBS website Jump up ^ Ripple of Hope in the Land of Apartheid : Robert Kennedy in South Africa , June 1966 Archived March 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` COINTELPRO Revisited - Spying & Disruption - In Black and White : The F.B.I. Papers '' . What Really Happened . Jump up ^ `` A Huey P. Newton Story - Actions - COINTELPRO '' . PBS . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Tim ( 2012 ) . Enemies : A History of the FBI ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6748 - 0 . OCLC 1001918388 Jump up ^ Hersh , Burton ( 2007 ) . Bobby and J. Edgar : The Historic Face - Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1982 - 2 . OCLC 493616276 Jump up ^ James Campbell , `` James Baldwin and the FBI '' , The Threepenny Review 77 , Spring 1999 ; accessed via JStor . Jump up ^ Talia Whyte , `` Baldwin : A literary standard '' , Black History 43 ( 27 ) , February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ From Swastika to Jim Crow -- PBS Documentary Jump up ^ Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Jump up ^ Karen Brodkin ( 2000 ) . How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America . Rutgers University Press . Jump up ^ Rogin , Michael ( 1998 - 05 - 29 ) . Blackface , White Noise : Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot . University of California Press . pp. 262 -- 267 . ISBN 9780520213807 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Howard ( November 2 , 1993 ) . A History of Jews in America . myjewishlearning.com . Vintage Books . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Chapter Seven '' . The Fierce Urgency of Now : Lyndon Johnson , Congress , and the Battle for the Great Society . Penguin . ISBN 9781101605493 . Jump up ^ `` Gillman on Klarman , ' From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality ' H - Law H - Net '' . networks.h-net.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Racism to Redemption '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lassiter , Matthew D. ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . The Silent Majority : Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South . Princeton University Press . pp. 6 -- 7 , 302 -- 304 . ISBN 9781400849420 . Jump up ^ Gyant , LaVerne ( 1996 ) . `` Passing the Torch : African American Women in the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of Black Studies . 26 ( 5 ) : 629 -- 647 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 - 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ Greene , Christina ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Women in the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements '' . doi : 10.1093 / acrefore / 9780199329175.001. 0001 / acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 # acrefore - 9780199329175 - e-212 - div1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Civil Rights Movement - Civil Rights History Project '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` On MLK Day , Honor the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ URBAN , DENNIS J. ( 2002 ) . `` THE WOMEN OF SNCC : STRUGGLE , SEXISM , AND THE EMERGENCE OF FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS , 1960 - 66 '' . International Social Science Review . 77 ( 3 / 4 ) : 185 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Rhoda Lois ( 1990 ) . `` WOMEN IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT : REFORM OR REVOLUTION ? '' . Dialectical Anthropology. 15 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 -- 139 . Jump up ^ David Zarefsky , President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Peter J. Ling , `` What a difference a death makes : JFK , LBJ , and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . '' The Sixties 8 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 121 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Weems Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Douglas Schoen ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Riding On '' . Time . Time Inc . July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved October 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Parchman Prison '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Robert M. Goldman ( April 1997 ) . `` '' Worse Than Slavery `` : Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice -- book review '' . Hnet - online . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Quinn , Allison ( November 27 , 2014 ) , `` Soviet Propaganda Back in Play With Ferguson Coverage '' , The Moscow Times , retrieved December 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ Volodzko , David ( May 12 , 2015 ) , `` The History Behind China 's Response to the Baltimore Riots '' , The Diplomat , archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 , retrieved December 17 , 2016 , Soon Americans who criticized the Soviet Union for its human rights violations were answered with the famous tu quoque argument : ' A u vas negrov linchuyut ' ( and you are lynching Negroes ) . Jump up ^ Eddy , Sherwood ( 1934 ) , Russia Today : What Can We Learn from It ? , New York : Farrar & Rinehar , pp. 73 , 151 , OCLC 1617454 Jump up ^ Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Bibliography ( edit ) Arsenault , Raymond ( 2006 ) . Freedom Riders : 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice . Oxford Press . Back , Adina `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 -- 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) . Bartley , Abel A. Keeping the Faith : Race , Politics and Social Development in Jacksonville , 1940 -- 1970 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2000 ) Bass , S. Jonathan ( 2001 ) Blessed Are The Peacemakers : Martin Luther King Jr. , Eight White Religious Leaders , and the `` Letter from Birmingham Jail '' . Baton Rouge : LSU Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2655 - 1 Beito , David T. and Beito , Linda Royster , Black Maverick : T.R.M. Howard 's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power , University of Illinois Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03420 - 6 Branch , Taylor . Parting the waters : America in the King years , 1954 -- 1963 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1988 Breitman , George ed . Malcolm X Speaks : Selected Speeches and Statements ( Grove Press , 1965 ) Brown , Jennie Medgar Evers , Holloway House Publishing , 1994 Bryant , Nicholas Andrew The Bystander : John F. Kennedy And the Struggle for Black Equality ( Basic Books , 2006 ) Cannato , Vincent `` The Ungovernable City : John Lindsay and his struggle to save New York '' Better Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00843 - 7 Carson , Clayborne ( 1981 ) . In Struggle : SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44727 - 1 . Chafe , William Henry ( 1980 ) . Civilities and civil rights : Greensboro , North Carolina , and the Black struggle for freedom . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502625 - X . Chafe , William Henry ( 2003 ) . The Unfinished Journey : America since World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515049 - 0 . Cleaver , Eldridge ( 1967 ) . Soul on Ice . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . Crump , Spencer Black riot in Los Angeles : the story of the Watts tragedy ( 1966 ) Davis , Townsend ( 1998 ) . Weary Feet , Rested Souls : A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04592 - 7 . Dudziak , M.L. : Cold War Civil Rights : Race and the Image of American Democracy Erikson , Erik ( 1969 ) . Gandhi 's Truth : On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence . New York City : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31034 - 5 . Eskew , Glenn T . But for Birmingham : The Local and National Struggles in the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 1997 ) Fine , Sidney Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 -- 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) Finkelman , Paul , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516779 - 5 . Forman , James ( 1972 ) . The Making of Black Revolutionaries . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 940880 - 10 - 5 . Garrow , David J. Bearing the Cross : Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( Harper Collins , 1987 ) Gershenhorn , Jerry ( 2018 ) . Louis Austin and The Carolina Times : A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . Goluboff , Risa L. The Lost Promise of Civil Rights , Harvard University Press , MA : Cambridge , 2007 . Gregg , Khyree . A Concise Chronicle History of the African - American People Experience in America . Henry Epps . Hague , Euan ; Sebesta , Edward H. ; Beirich , Heidi ( 2008 ) . Neo-Confederacy : A Critical Introduction . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71837 - 1 . Hill , Lance The Deacons for Defense : Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement ( University of North Carolina Press , 2006 ) Hilty , James ( 2000 ) . Robert Kennedy : Brother Protector . Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4399 - 0519 - 7 . Hoose , Phillip ( 2009 ) . Claudette Colvin : Twice Toward Justice . New York : Melanie Kroupa Books / Farrar Straus Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 66105 - 2 . Houston , Benjamin ( 2012 ) . The Nashville Way : Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 4326 - 9 . Jackson , Thomas F. ( July 17 , 2013 ) . From Civil Rights to Human Rights . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0000 - 4 . Klarman , Michael J. , Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement ( electronic resource ) : abridged edition of From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality , Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . Levy , Peter B . `` The Dream Deferred : The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , and the Holy Week Uprisings of 1968 '' in Baltimore ' 68 : Riots and Rebirth in an American city ( Temple University Press , 2011 ) Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Locke , Hubert G . The Detroit riot of 1967 ( Wayne State University Press , 1969 ) Logan , Rayford , The Betrayal of the Negro from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson . New York : Da Capo Press , 1997 . McAdam , Doug ( 1988 ) . Freedom Summer . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504367 - 7 . Marable , Manning Malcolm X : A Life of Reinvention ( Penguin Books , 2011 ) Matusow , Allen J. `` From Civil Rights to Black Power : The Case of SNCC '' in Twentieth Century America : Recent Interpretations ( Harcourt Press , 1972 ) Pinkney , Alphnso and Woock , Roger Poverty and Politics in Harlem , College & University Press Services , Inc. , 1970 Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Regulating the Poor ( Random House 1971 ) Piven , Francis Fox and Cloward , Richard Poor People 's Movements : How They Succeed , How They Fail ( Random House , 1977 ) Ransby , Barbara Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement : A Radical Democratic Vision ( University of North Carolina Press , 2003 ) . Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) . President Kennedy : Profile of Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64879 - 4 . Robinson , Jo Ann & Garrow , David J. ( forward by Coretta Scott King ) The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 394 - 75623 - 1 Knoxville , University of Tennessee Press . Rosenberg , Jonathan ; Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) . Kennedy , Johnson , and the Quest for Justice : The Civil Rights Tapes . WW Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05122 - 6 . Saito , Leland T. ( 1998 ) . Race and Politics : Asian Americans , Latinos , and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb . University of Illinois Press . Schultz , Jeffrey D. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics : African Americans and Asian Americans . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 148 - 8 . Schlesinger Jr. , Arthur M. ( 2002 ) ( 1978 ) . Robert Kennedy and His Times . Houghton Mifflin Books . ISBN 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Schoen , Douglas ( 2015 ) . The Nixon Effect : How His Presidency Has Changed American Politics . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 800 - 6 . Self , Robert O. ( 2005 ) . American Babylon : Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4417 - 3 . Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1701 - 9 . Stephens , Otis H. Jr. ; Scheb , John M. II ( 2007 ) . American Constitutional Law : Civil Rights and Liberties . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09705 - 5 . Strain , Christopher Pure Fire : Self - Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era ( University of Georgia Press , 2005 ) Tucker , William H. The Funding of Scientific Racism : Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund , University of Illinois Press ( May 30 , 2007 ) Tyson , Timothy B. Radio Free Dixie : Robert F. Williams and the Roots of `` Black Power '' ( University of North Carolina Press , 1999 ) Umoja , Akinyele We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement ( NYU Press , 2013 ) Weems , Robert E. Jr. , Business in Black and White : American Presidents and Black Entrepreneurs ( 2009 ) Weiner , Melissa F. ( 2010 ) . Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4772 - 5 . Wendt , Simon The Spirit and the Shotgun : Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights ( University of Florida Press , 2007 ) . Williams , Juan . Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 -- 1965 . Penguin Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 009653 - 1 . Winner , Lauren F. `` Doubtless Sincere : New Characters in the Civil Rights Cast . '' In The Role of Ideas in the Civil Rights South , edited by Ted Ownby. Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 2002 Woodward , C. Vann The Strange Career of Jim Crow , 3rd rev . ed . ( Oxford University Press , 1974 ) . Young , Coleman Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young ( 1994 ) Zarefsky , David President Johnson 's war on poverty : Rhetoric and history ( 2005 ) Further reading ( edit ) Abel , Elizabeth . Signs of the Times : The Visual Politics of Jim Crow . ( U of California Press , 2010 ) . Barnes , Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow : The Desegregation of Southern Transit ( Columbia UP , 1983 ) . Berger , Martin A. Seeing through Race : A Reinterpretation of Civil Rights Photography . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2011 . Branch , Taylor . Pillar of fire : America in the King years , 1963 -- 1965 . ( 1998 ) Branch , Taylor . At Canaan 's Edge : America In the King Years , 1965 -- 1968 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85712 - X Chandra , Siddharth and Angela Williams - Foster . `` The ' Revolution of Rising Expectations , ' Relative Deprivation , and the Urban Social Disorders of the 1960s : Evidence from State - Level Data . '' Social Science History , ( 2005 ) 29 # 2 pp : 299 -- 332 , in JSTOR Ellis , Sylvia . Freedom 's Pragmatist : Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights ( U Press of Florida , 2013 ) . Fairclough , Adam . To Redeem the Soul of America : The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King . The University of Georgia Press , 1987 . Garrow , David J. The FBI and Martin Luther King . New York : W.W. Norton . 1981 . Viking Press Reprint edition . 1983 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 006486 - 9 . Yale University Press ; Revised and Expanded edition . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08731 - 4 . Greene , Christina . Our Separate Ways : Women and the Black Freedom Movement in Durham . North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2005 . Hine , Darlene Clark , ed . Black Women in America ( 3 Vol . 2nd ed. 2005 ; several multivolume editions ) . Short biographies by scholars . Horne , Gerald . The Fire This Time : The Watts Uprising and the 1960s . Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia . 1995 . Da Capo Press ; 1st Da Capo Press ed edition . October 1 , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80792 - 0 Jones , Jacqueline . Labor of love , labor of sorrow : Black women , work , and the family , from slavery to the present ( 2009 ) . Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kirk , John A. Redefining the Color Line : Black Activism in Little Rock , Arkansas , 1940 -- 1970 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2496 - X Kirk , John A. Martin Luther King Jr . London : Longman , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 41431 - 8 . Kousser , J. Morgan , `` The Supreme Court And The Undoing of the Second Reconstruction , '' National Forum , ( Spring 2000 ) . Kryn , Randall L. `` James L. Bevel , The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement '' , 1984 paper with 1988 addendum , printed in We Shall Overcome , Volume II edited by David Garrow , New York : Carlson Publishing Co. , 1989 . Lowery , Charles D. Encyclopedia of African - American civil rights : from emancipation to the present ( Greenwood , 1992 ) . online Marable , Manning . Race , Reform and Rebellion : The Second Reconstruction in Black America , 1945 -- 1982 . 249 pages . University Press of Mississippi , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 225 - 9 . McAdam , Doug . Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency , 1930 -- 1970 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . 1982 . McAdam , Doug , ' The US Civil Rights Movement : Power from Below and Above , 1945 -- 70 ' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955201 - 6 . Minchin , Timothy J. Hiring the Black Worker : The Racial Integration of the Southern Textile Industry , 1960 -- 1980 . University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2470 - 4 . Morris , Aldon D . The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement : Black Communities Organizing for Change . New York : The Free Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 922130 - 7 Ogletree , Charles J. Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05897 - 0 . Payne , Charles M. I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . U of California Press , 1995 . Patterson , James T. Brown v. Board of Education , a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . Oxford University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Raiford , Leigh . Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare : Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle . ( U of North Carolina Press , 2011 ) . Richardson , Christopher M. ; Ralph E. Luker , eds. ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement ( 2nd ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8037 - 5 . Sitkoff , Howard . The Struggle for Black Equality ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) Smith , Jessie Carney , ed . Encyclopedia of African American Business ( 2 vol . Greenwood 2006 ) . excerpt Sokol , Jason . There Goes My Everything : White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights , 1945 -- 1975 . ( Knopf , 2006 ) . Tsesis , Alexander . We Shall Overcome : A History of Civil Rights and the Law . ( Yale University Press , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11837 - 7 Tuck , Stephen . We Ai n't What We Ought to Be : The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama ( 2011 ) . Historiography and memory ( edit ) Armstrong , Julie Buckner , ed. ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge Companion to American Civil Rights Literature . Cambridge University Press . pp. xxiv , 209 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 24038 - 0 . Catsam , Derek ( January 2008 ) . `` The Civil Rights Movement and the Presidency in the Hot Years of the Cold War : A Historical and Historiographical Assessment '' . History Compass. 6 ( 1 ) : 314 -- 344 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00486. x . Cha - Jua , Sundiata Keita ; Lang , Clarence ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The `` Long Movement '' as Vampire : Temporal and Spatial Fallacies in Recent Black Freedom Studies `` . The Journal of African American History . 92 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 288 . Eagles , Charles W. ( November 2000 ) . `` Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era '' . The Journal of Southern History . 66 ( 4 ) : 815 -- 848 . doi : 10.2307 / 2588012 . JSTOR 2588012 . Fairclough , Adam ( December 1990 ) . `` Historians and the Civil Rights Movement '' . Journal of American Studies . 24 ( 3 ) : 387 -- 398 . Frost , Jennifer ( May 2012 ) . `` Using ' Master Narratives ' to Teach History : The Case of the Civil Rights Movement '' ( PDF ) . History Teacher. 45 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 446 . Hall , Jacquelyn Dowd ( March 2005 ) . `` The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 91 ( 4 ) : 1233 -- 1263 . doi : 10.2307 / 3660172 . JSTOR 3660172 . Lawson , Steven F. ( April 1991 ) . `` Freedom Then , Freedom Now : The Historiography of the Civil Rights Movement '' . The American Historical Review . 96 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 471 . doi : 10.2307 / 2163219 . JSTOR 2163219 . Lawson , Steven F. ; Payne , Charles M. ( 1998 ) . Debating the Civil Rights Movement , 1945 -- 1968 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9053 - 4 . Lawson , Steven F. ( 2003 ) . Civil Rights Crossroads : Nation , Community , and the Black Freedom Struggle . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2693 - 7 . Payne , Charles M. ( 2007 ) . `` Bibliographic Essay : The Social Construction of History '' . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California Press . pp. 413 -- 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25176 - 2 . Robinson , Armstead L. ; Sullivan , Patricia , eds. ( 1991 ) . New Directions in Civil Rights Studies . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1319 - 3 . Sandage , Scott A. ( June 1993 ) . `` A Marble House Divided : The Lincoln Memorial , the Civil Rights Movement , and the Politics of Memory , 1939 -- 1963 '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 80 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 167 . doi : 10.2307 / 2079700 . JSTOR 2079700 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Strickland , Arvarh E. ; Weems , Robert E. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The African American Experience : An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29838 - 7 . Zamalin , Alex ( 2015 ) . African American Political Thought and American Culture : The Nation 's Struggle for Racial Justice . Springer . pp. xii , 192 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 52810 - 0 . Autobiographies and memoirs ( edit ) Carson , Clayborne ; Garrow , David J. ; Kovach , Bill ; Polsgrove , Carol , eds . Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1941 -- 1963 and Reporting Civil Rights : American Journalism 1963 -- 1973 . New York : Library of America , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 931082 - 28 - 6 and ISBN 1 - 931082 - 29 - 4 . Dann , Jim . Challenging the Mississippi Firebombers , Memories of Mississippi 1964 -- 65 . Baraka Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 926824 - 87 - 1 . Holsaert , Faith et al. Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC . University of Illinois Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03557 - 9 . Malcolm X ( with the assistance of Alex Haley ) . The Autobiography of Malcolm X . New York : Random House , 1965 . Paperback ISBN 0 - 345 - 35068 - 5 . Hardcover ISBN 0 - 345 - 37975 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of civil rights in the United States . Civil Rights Digital Library -- Provided by the Digital Library of Georgia . Civil Rights Movement Veterans ~ Provides movement history , personal stories , documents , and photos . Hosted by Tougaloo College . Civil Rights in America -- Provided by The National Archives of the United Kingdom . Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950 -- 1970 -- Provided by the University of Virginia . Provided by the Library of Congress : The Civil Rights Era -- Part of The African American Odyssey : A Quest for Full Citizenship presentation . Voices of Civil Rights -- A project with the collaboration of AARP and the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ( LCCR ) . We Shall Overcome : Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement -- Provided by the National Park Service . Provided by Southern Poverty Law Center : `` Teaching the Movement : The State Standards We Deserve '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on September 19 , 2011 . `` Teaching Tolerance Publishes Guide for Teaching the Civil Rights Movement '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published on March 26 , 2014 . `` Teaching the Movement 2014 : The State of Civil Rights Education in the United States '' -- Part of `` Teaching Tolerance '' project published in 2014 . Civil Rights Teaching -- Provided by Teaching for Change , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization . ( hide ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Links to related articles Protests of 1968 Movements 1968 movement in Italy Civil rights movement Anti-nuclear movement Black Consciousness Movement Black Power movement Black Power Revolution Chicano Movement Cultural Revolution Gay liberation German student movement Hippie movement Human rights movement in the Soviet Union May 1968 events in France Mexico 68 Northern Ireland civil rights movement Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Prague Spring Red Power movement Sexual revolution The Troubles Women 's liberation movement Events 1968 Polish political crisis 1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity 1968 Miami riot 1968 Red Square demonstration Båstad riots Battle of Valle Giulia Ceaușescu 's speech of 21 August 1968 Central Park be-ins Columbia University protests of 1968 East L.A. walkouts King assassination riots March of the One Hundred Thousand Memphis sanitation strike Movement of 22 March Occupation of the Old Student House Occupation of the Student Union Building Poor People 's Campaign Presidio mutiny Rodney riots Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968 Tlatelolco massacre Related Anti-capitalism Black Power Counterculture of the 1960s Desegregation Flower power Free love Hippie Antisemitism in Poland New Left Racism in the United States School discipline Second - wave feminism Segregation in Northern Ireland Student activism Vietnam War Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia African American topics History Atlantic slave trade Maafa Slavery in the United States Partus sequitur ventrem Free negro Reconstruction era Military history of African Americans Jim Crow laws Nadir of American race relations Redlining Great Migration Civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 68 Black Power movement Second Great Migration Afrocentrism New Great Migration Post -- civil rights era Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 Black Lives Matter Culture Art African - American names Afrofuturism Black mecca Dance Film Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Music Musical theater Neighborhoods Sexual orientation Soul food Education , science and technology Black schools Black colleges and universities Museums African - American studies Inventors and scientists Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Black church Black theology Doctrine of Father Divine American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Black Hebrew Israelites Political movements Pan-Africanism Self - determination Nationalism Black Power Black fist Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Populism Leftism Garveyism Back - to - Africa movement Civic and economic groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) Black Panther Party National Urban League ( NUL ) Rights organizations Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football African Americans in the Canadian Football League Black players in ice hockey Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions Black Indians Gullah Fula Igbo Louisiana Creole ( of color ) Melungeon Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas Black Belt Languages English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French By state / city Alabama Florida Georgia ( Atlanta ) Illinois ( Chicago ) Iowa ( Davenport ) Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts ( Boston ) Michigan ( Detroit ) Mississippi Nebraska ( Omaha ) New York New York City Pennsylvania ( Philadelphia ) Puerto Rico Tennessee Texas ( Houston ) Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Back - to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Category Portal Civil Rights Memorial In memoriam Louis Allen Willie Brewster Benjamin Brown Johnnie Mae Chappell James Chaney Addie Mae Collins Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Henry Hezekiah Dee Roman Ducksworth Jr . Willie Edwards Medgar Evers Andrew Goodman Paul Guihard Samuel Hammond Jr . Jimmie Lee Jackson Wharlest Jackson Martin Luther King Jr . Bruce W. Klunder George W. Lee Herbert Lee Viola Liuzzo Carol Denise McNair Delano Herman Middleton Charles Eddie Moore Oneal Moore William Lewis Moore Mack Charles Parker Lemuel Penn James Reeb John Earl Reese Carole Robertson Michael Schwerner Henry Ezekial Smith Lamar Smith Emmett Till Clarence Triggs Virgil Lamar Ware Cynthia Wesley Ben Chester White Sammy Younge Jr . Contributors Southern Poverty Law Center Maya Lin Related Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore Civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr . ( hide ) Speeches , movements , and protests Speeches `` Give Us the Ballot '' ( 1957 ) `` I Have a Dream '' ( 1963 ) `` How Long , Not Long '' ( 1965 ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' ( 1967 ) `` I 've Been to the Mountaintop '' ( 1968 ) Writings Stride Toward Freedom : The Montgomery Story ( 1958 ) The Measure of a Man ( 1959 ) `` What Is Man ? '' `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Strength to Love ( 1963 ) Letter from Birmingham Jail ( 1963 ) Why We Ca n't Wait ( 1964 ) Conscience for Change ( 1967 ) Where Do We Go from Here : Chaos or Community ? ( 1967 ) Movements and protests Montgomery bus boycott ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom ( 1957 ) Albany Movement ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Birmingham campaign ( 1963 ) March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ( 1963 ) St. Augustine movement ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Selma to Montgomery marches ( 1965 ) Chicago Freedom Movement ( 1966 ) Mississippi March Against Fear ( 1966 ) Anti-Vietnam War movement ( 1967 ) Memphis sanitation strike ( 1968 ) Poor People 's Campaign ( 1968 ) People Family Coretta Scott King ( wife ) Yolanda King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King III ( son ) Dexter Scott King ( son ) Bernice King ( daughter ) Martin Luther King Sr. ( father ) Alberta Williams King ( mother ) Christine King Farris ( sister ) A.D. King ( brother ) Alveda King ( niece ) Other leaders Ralph Abernathy ( mentor and friend ) Ella Baker ( colleague ) James Bevel ( strategist / colleague ) Dorothy Cotton ( colleague ) Jesse Jackson ( protégé ) Bernard Lafayette ( colleague ) James Lawson ( colleague ) John Lewis ( colleague ) Joseph Lowery ( colleague ) Benjamin Mays ( mentor ) Diane Nash ( colleague ) James Orange ( colleague ) Bayard Rustin ( advisor ) Fred Shuttlesworth ( colleague ) C.T. Vivian ( colleague ) Wyatt Walker ( colleague ) Hosea Williams ( colleague ) Andrew Young ( colleague ) Assassination James Earl Ray Lorraine Motel ( now National Civil Rights Museum ) Funeral MLK Records Act Riots Loyd Jowers trial United States House Select Committee on Assassinations Media Film King : A Filmed Record ... Montgomery to Memphis ( 1970 documentary ) Our Friend , Martin ( 1999 animated ) Boycott ( 2001 film ) The Witness : From the Balcony of Room 306 ( 2008 documentary ) Alpha Man : The Brotherhood of MLK ( 2011 documentary ) Selma ( 2014 film ) All the Way ( 2016 film ) Television King ( 1978 miniseries ) `` The First Store '' ( The Jeffersons episode , 1980 ) `` Great X-Pectations '' ( A Different World episode , 1993 ) `` The Promised Land '' ( New York Undercover episode , 1997 ) `` Return of the King '' ( The Boondocks episode , 2006 ) Plays The Meeting ( 1987 ) The Mountaintop ( 2009 ) I Dream ( 2010 ) All the Way ( 2012 ) Illustrated Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story ( 1957 comic book ) Music `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( Dion ) `` March ! For Martin Luther King '' ( John Fahey ) `` Martin Luther King 's Dream '' ( Strawbs ) `` Happy Birthday '' ( Stevie Wonder ) `` Pride ( In the Name of Love ) '' ( U2 ) `` MLK '' ( U2 ) `` King Holiday '' ( King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew ) `` By The Time I Get To Arizona '' ( Public Enemy ) `` Shed a Little Light '' ( James Taylor ) `` Up to the Mountain '' ( Patti Griffin ) `` Never Alone Martin '' ( Jason Upton ) `` Symphony Of Brotherhood '' ( Miri Ben - Ari ) Joseph Schwantner : New Morning for the World ; Nicolas Flagello : The Passion of Martin Luther King ( 1995 album ) `` A Dream '' ( Common featuring Will.i.am ) `` Glory '' ( Common and John Legend ) Related topics Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial National Historical Park King Center for Nonviolent Social Change Dexter Avenue Baptist Church National Civil Rights Museum Authorship issues Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity Season for Nonviolence U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture Oval Office bust Homage to King sculpture , Atlanta Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sculpture , Houston Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial , San Francisco Landmark for Peace Memorial , Indianapolis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. statue , Milwaukee The Dream sculpture , Portland , Oregon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr . Library Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr . Eponymous streets America in the King Years Civil rights movement in popular culture Lee -- Jackson -- King Day Martin Luther King High School ( disambiguation ) Lycée Martin Luther King ( disambiguation ) United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20rights%20movement
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llandudno is a town in the north of wales on the c
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Llandudno
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llandudno
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Llandudno ( Welsh pronunciation : ( ɬanˈdɪdnɔ ) ) is a seaside resort , town and community in Conwy County Borough , Wales , located on the Creuddyn peninsula , which protrudes into the Irish Sea . In the 2011 UK census , the community , which includes Penrhyn Bay and Penrhynside , had a population of 20,701 . The town 's name is derived from its patron saint , Saint Tudno .
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Llandudno , `` Queen of the Welsh Resorts '' , a title first applied as early as 1864 , is now the largest seaside resort in Wales . Historically a part of Caernarfonshire , Llandudno was formerly in the district of Aberconwy within Gwynedd . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Great Orme 1.2 Development 2 Transport 3 Trams 3.1 Present 3.2 Former 4 Present day 5 Attractions 5.1 Llandudno Bay and the North Shore 5.2 Llandudno Pier 5.3 Happy Valley 5.4 Marine Drive 5.5 West Shore 5.6 Mostyn Street 5.7 Victorian Extravaganza 5.8 Venue Cymru 6 Llandudno Lifeboat 7 Places of worship 8 Links with Wormhout and Mametz 9 Cultural connections 10 Notable people 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links History ( edit ) The town of Llandudno developed from Stone Age , Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements over many hundreds of years on the slopes of the limestone headland , known to seafarers as the Great Orme and to landsmen as the Creuddyn Peninsula . The origins in recorded history are with the Manor of Gogarth conveyed by King Edward I to Annan , Bishop of Bangor in 1284 . The manor comprised three townships , Y Gogarth in the south - west , Y Cyngreawdr in the north ( with the parish church of St Tudno ) and Yr Wyddfid in the south - east . Great Orme ( edit ) Main article : Great Orme Mostly owned by Mostyn Estates , Great Orme is home to several large herds of wild Kashmiri goats originally descended from several goats given by Queen Victoria to Lord Mostyn . The summit of the Great Orme stands at 679 feet ( 207 m ) . The Summit Hotel , now a tourist attraction , was once the home of world middleweight champion boxer Randolph Turpin . A haven for flora and fauna with some rare species such as peregrine falcons and a species of wild cotoneaster ( cambricus ) which can only be found on the Great Orme . The sheer limestone cliffs of the Great Orme provide ideal nesting conditions for a wide variety of sea birds , including cormorants , shags , guillemots , razorbills , puffins , kittiwakes , fulmars and numerous gulls . This great limestone headland has many attractions including the Great Orme Tramway and the Llandudno Cable Car that takes tourists effortlessly to the summit . Development ( edit ) By 1847 the town had grown to a thousand people , served by the new church of St George , built in 1840 . The great majority of the men worked in the copper mines , with others employed in fishing and subsistence agriculture . In 1848 , Owen Williams , an architect and surveyor from Liverpool , presented Lord Mostyn with plans to develop the marshlands behind Llandudno Bay as a holiday resort . These were enthusiastically pursued by Lord Mostyn . The influence of the Mostyn Estate and its agents over the years was paramount in the development of Llandudno , especially after the appointment of George Felton as surveyor and architect in 1857 . Between 1857 and 1877 much of central Llandudno was developed under Felton 's supervision . Felton also undertook architectural design work , including the design and execution of Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street . Transport ( edit ) The town is just off the North Wales Coast railway line which was opened as the Chester and Holyhead Railway in 1848 . It became part of the London and North Western Railway in 1859 , and part of the London , Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 . Llandudno was specifically built as a mid-Victorian era holiday destination and is served by a branch railway line opened in 1858 from Llandudno Junction with stations at Deganwy and Llandudno . Trams ( edit ) Present ( edit ) Great Orme Tramway Former ( edit ) The Llandudno and Colwyn Bay Electric Railway operated an electric tramway service between Llandudno and Rhos - on - Sea from 1907 and extended to Colwyn Bay in 1908 . The service closed in 1956 . Present day ( edit ) Modern Llandudno takes its name from the ancient parish of Saint Tudno but also encompasses several neighbouring townships and districts including Craig - y - Don , Llanrhos and Penrhyn Bay . Also nearby is the small town and marina of Deganwy and these last four are in the traditional parish of Llanrhos . The ancient geographical boundaries of the Llandudno area are complex . Although they are on the eastern side of the River Conwy ( the natural boundary between north - west and north - east Wales ) , the ancient parishes of Llandudno , Llanrhos and Llangystennin ( which includes Llandudno Junction ) were in the medieval commote of Creuddyn in the Kingdom of Gwynedd , and afterwards part of Caernarfonshire . Today , Deganwy and Llandudno Junction are part of the town community of Conwy even though they are across the river and only linked to Conwy by a causeway and bridge . Attractions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Llandudno Bay and the North Shore ( edit ) A beach of sand , shingle and rock curves two miles between the headlands of the Great Orme and the Little Orme . For most of the length of Llandudno 's North Shore there is a wide curving Victorian promenade . The road , collectively known as The Parade , has a different name for each block and it is on these parades and crescents that many of Llandudno 's hotels are built . Near the centre of the bay is the Venue Cymru . The Llandudno Sailing Club and a roundabout mark the end of this section of The Parade and beyond are more hotels and guest houses but they are in the township of Craig - y - Don . At Nant - y - Gamar Road , the Parade becomes Colwyn Road with the fields of Bodafon Hall Farm on the landward side but with the promenade continuing until it ends in a large paddling pool for children and finally at Craigside on the lower slopes of the Little Orme . Llandudno pier ( edit ) Main article : Llandudno Pier Llandudno Pier viewed from the Happy Valley gardens Llandudno pier from Marine Drive The award - winning pier is on the North Shore . Built in 1878 , it is a Grade II listed building . The pier was extended in 1884 in a landward direction along the side of what was the Baths Hotel ( where the Grand Hotel now stands ) to provide a new entrance with the Llandudno Pier Pavilion Theatre , thus increasing the pier 's length to 2,295 feet ( 700 m ) : it is the longest pier in Wales . Attractions on the pier include a bar , a cafe , amusement arcades , children 's fairground rides and an assortment of shops & kiosks . In the summer , Professor Codman 's Punch and Judy show ( established in 1860 ) can be found on the promenade near the entrance to the pier . Happy Valley ( edit ) The Happy Valley , a former quarry , was the gift of Lord Mostyn to the town in celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887 . The area was landscaped and developed as gardens , two miniature golf courses , a putting green , a popular open - air theatre and extensive lawns . The ceremonies connected with the Welsh National Eisteddfod were held there in 1896 and again in 1963 . In June 1969 , the Great Orme Cabin Lift , a modern alternative to the tramway , was opened with its base station adjacent to the open - air theatre . The distance to the summit is just over one mile ( 1.6 km ) and the four - seater cabins travel at 6 mph on a continuous steel cable over two miles ( 3 km ) long . It is the longest single - stage cabin lift in Britain , and the longest span between pylons is over 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) . The popularity of the ' Happy Valley Entertainers ' open - air theatre having declined , the theatre closed in 1985 and likewise the two miniature golf courses closed and were converted in 1987 to create a 280 - metre ( 920 ft ) artificial ski slope and toboggan run . The gardens were extensively restored as part of the resort 's millennium celebrations and remain a major attraction . Marine Drive ( edit ) The first route round the perimeter of the Great Orme was a footpath constructed in 1858 by Reginald Cust , a trustee of the Mostyn Estate . In 1872 the Great Ormes Head Marine Drive Co. Ltd. was formed to turn the path into a carriage road . Following bankruptcy , a second company completed the road in 1878 . The contractors for the scheme were Messrs Hughes , Morris , Davies , a consortium led by Richard Hughes of Madoc Street , Llandudno . The road was bought by Llandudno Urban District Council in 1897 . The 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) one way drive starts at the foot of the Happy Valley . After about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) a side road leads to St. Tudno 's Church , the Great Orme Bronze Age Copper Mine and the summit of the Great Orme . Continuing on the Marine Drive one passes the Great Orme Lighthouse ( now a small hotel ) and , shortly afterwards on the right , the Rest and Be Thankful Cafe and information centre . Below the Marine Drive at its western end is the site of the wartime Coast Artillery School ( 1940 -- 1945 ) now a scheduled ancient monument . West Shore ( edit ) The West Shore is the quiet beach on the estuary of the River Conwy . It was here at Pen Morfa that Alice Liddell ( of Alice in Wonderland fame ) spent the long summer holidays of her childhood from 1862 to 1871 . There are a few hotels and quiet residential streets . The West Shore is linked to the North Shore by Gloddaeth Avenue and Gloddaeth Street , a wide dual carriageway . Mostyn Street ( edit ) Running behind the promenade is Mostyn Street leading to Mostyn Broadway and then Mostyn Avenue . These are the main shopping streets of Llandudno and Craig - y - Don . Mostyn Street accommodates the high street shops , the major high street banks and building societies , two churches , amusement arcades and the town 's public library . The last is the starting point for the Town Trail , a carefully planned walk that facilitates viewing Llandudno in a historical perspective . Victorian extravaganza ( edit ) Every year in May bank holiday weekend , Llandudno has a three - day Victorian Carnival and Mostyn Street becomes a funfair . Madoc Street and Gloddaeth Street and the Promenade become part of the route each day of a mid-day carnival parade . The Bodafon Farm fields become the location of a Festival of Transport for the weekend . Venue Cymru ( edit ) Main article : Venue Cymru The North Wales Theatre , Arena and Conference Centre , built in 1994 , extended in 2006 and renamed `` Venue Cymru '' is located near the centre of the promenade on Penrhyn Crescent . It is noted for its productions of opera , orchestral concerts , ballet , musical theatre , drama , circus , ice shows and pantomimes . Llandudno Lifeboat ( edit ) Main article : Llandudno Lifeboat Station The Llandudno Lifeboat on the promenade Llandudno is unique within the United Kingdom in that its lifeboat station is located inland , allowing it to launch with equal facility from either the West Shore or the North Shore as needed . Llandudno 's active volunteer crews are called out more than ever with the rapidly increasing numbers of small pleasure craft sailing in coastal waters . The Llandudno Lifeboat is normally on display on the promenade every Sunday and bank holiday Monday from May until October . In 2014 a planning application was submitted for a new Lifeboat station , with a larger boat , to be built close to the paddling pool on North Shore . Places of worship ( edit ) The ancient parish church dedicated to Saint Tudno stands in a hollow near the northern point of the Great Orme and two miles ( 3 km ) from the present town . It was established as an oratory by Tudno , a 6th - century monk , but the present church dates from the 12th century and it is still used on summer Sunday mornings . It was the Anglican parish church of Llandudno until that status was transferred first to St George 's ( now closed ) and later to Holy Trinity Church in Mostyn Street . The principal Christian Churches of Llandudno are members of Cytûn ( churches together ) and include the Church in Wales ( Holy Trinity and also Saint Paul 's at Craig - y - Don ) , the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady Star of the Sea , Saint John 's Methodist Church , Gloddaeth United Church ( Presbyterian ) , Assemblies of God ( Pentecostal ) , Llandudno Baptist Church , St. David 's Methodist Church at Craig - y - Don , the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Mary and Saint Abasikhiron , and Eglwys Unedig Gymraeg Llandudno ( the United Welsh Church of Llandudno ) . A member of the local Methodist community is the Revd Roger Roberts , now Lord Roberts of Llandudno , Liberal Democrat Spokesman for International Development in the House of Lords . Llandudno is home to a Jewish centre in Church Walks , which serves the local Jewish population -- one of few in North Wales . There is also a Buddhist centre , Kalpa Bhadra , on Mostyn Avenue in Craig - y - Don . Links with Wormhout and Mametz ( edit ) The town council 's coat of arms Llandudno is twinned with the Flemish town of Wormhout 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Dunkirk . It was there that many members of the Llandudno - based 69th Territorial Regiment were ambushed and taken prisoner . Later , at nearby Esquelbecq on 28 May 1940 , the prisoners were shot . The 1st ( North Wales ) Brigade was headquartered in Llandudno in December 1914 and included a battalion of the Royal Welch Fusiliers , which had been raised and trained in Llandudno . During the 1914 -- 18 war this Brigade , a major part of the 38th Welsh Division , took part in the Battle of the Somme and the Brigade was ordered to take Mametz Wood . Two days of fighting brought about the total destruction of Mametz village by shelling . After the war , the people of Llandudno ( including returning survivors from the 38th Welsh Division ) contributed generously to the fund for the reconstruction of the village of Mametz . Cultural connections ( edit ) Carmen Sylva , pseudonym of Queen Elisabeth of Romania in Llandudno Llandudno hosted the Welsh National Eisteddfod in 1864 , 1896 and 1963 , and in 2008 welcomed the Urdd National Eisteddfod to Gloddaeth Isaf Farm , Penrhyn Bay . The town also hosted the Liverpool Olympic Festival in 1865 and 1866 . Matthew Arnold gives a vivid and lengthy description of 1860s Llandudno -- and of the ancient tales of Taliesin and Maelgwn Gwynedd that are associated with the local landscape -- in the first sections of the preface to On the Study of Celtic Literature ( 1867 ) . It is also used as a location for dramatic scenes in the stage play and film Hindle Wakes by Stanley Houghton , and the 1911 novel , The Card , by Arnold Bennett , and its subsequent film version . Elisabeth of Wied , the Queen Consort of Romania and also known as writer Carmen Sylva , stayed in Llandudno for five weeks in 1890 . On leaving , she described Wales as `` a beautiful haven of peace '' . Translated into Welsh as `` hardd , hafan , hedd '' , it became the town 's official motto . Other famous people with links to Llandudno include the Victorian statesman John Bright and multi-capped Welsh international footballers Neville Southall , Neil Eardley , Chris Maxwell and Joey Jones . Australian ex-Prime Minister Billy Hughes attended school in Llandudno . Gordon Borrie QC ( Baron Borrie ) , Director General of the Office of Fair Trading from 1976 to 1992 , was educated at the town 's John Bright Grammar School when he lived there as a wartime evacuee . The international art gallery , Oriel Mostyn , is in Vaughan Street next to the post office . It was built in 1901 to house the art collection of Lady Augusta Mostyn . It was requisitioned in 1914 for use as an army drill hall and later became a warehouse , before being returned to use as an art gallery in 1979 . Following a major revamp the gallery was renamed simply ' Mostyn ' in 2010 . Llandudno has its own mini arts festival ' LLAWN ' ( Llandudno Arts Weekend ) which has been running for the past three years ( LLAWN01 − 2013 , LLAWN02 -- 2014 , LLAWN03 -- 2015 ) . LLAWN is a mini festival that rediscovers and celebrates Llandudno 's past in rather a unique way ; via art , architecture , artefact , sound , performance , and participation . The festival takes place over three days of the weekend in late September , originally conceived as a way to promote what those in the hospitality sector refer to as the ' shoulder season ' , which means a lull in the tourist calendar . The festival is supported by Arts Council Wales , Mostyn Estates , Conwy County Borough Council , MOSTYN and Llandudno Town Council . In January 1984 Brookside character Petra Taylor ( Alexandra Pigg ) committed suicide in Llandudno . In 1997 , the English cookery programme `` Two Fat Ladies '' with Jennifer Patterson and Clarissa Dickson Wright shot an episode in Llandudno . Notable people ( edit ) See Category : People from Llandudno References ( edit ) Llandudno 's North Shore with the Great Orme behind Jump up ^ Neighbourhood Statistics ( 28 April 2004 ) . `` View or Download Data : view full dataset '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts ( chapter 3 page 19 ) referring to the Liverpool Mercury Jump up ^ The Golden Age of Tramways . Published by Taylor and Francis . Jump up ^ Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts ( chapter 17 page 121 ) Jump up ^ Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts ( chapter 10 page 70 ) Jump up ^ `` Llandudno 's Great Orme gun sites get Cadw protection '' . bbc.co.uk. 10 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Noel Walley . `` The Town Trail -- Llandudno North Wales UK '' . Greatorme.org.uk . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ victorian-extravaganza.com : Welcome to Llandudno Victorian Extravaganza Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilkins ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` Llandudno Transport Festival Page '' . Llantransfest.co.uk . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts ( chapter 13 pages 95 -- 99 ) Jump up ^ Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts ( chapter 20 pages 138 -- 140 ) Jump up ^ `` On the Study of Celtic Literature : Preface '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts ( chapter 6 page 40 ) Jump up ^ `` LLAWN - Llandudno Arts Weekend '' . www.llawn.org . Bibliography ( edit ) Ivor Wynne Jones . Llandudno Queen of Welsh Resorts Landmark , Ashbourne Derbyshire 2002 ISBN 1 - 84306 - 048 - 5 Philip C. Evans . `` Llandudno Coast Artillery School '' Llandudno Town Council 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Llandudno . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Llandudno . A Vision of Britain Through Time British Listed Buildings Genuki Geograph Office for National Statistics ( hide ) Conwy County Borough Principal settlements Abergele Colwyn Bay Conwy Deganwy Kinmel Bay Llandudno Llandudno Junction Llanfairfechan Llanrwst Old Colwyn Penmaenmawr Penrhyn Bay Towns and villages Betws yn Rhos Betws - y - Coed Bylchau Caerhun Capel Curig Capel Garmon Cerrigydrudion Dinmael Dolgarrog Dolwyddelan Eglwysbach Glan Conwy Henryd Kinmel Bay Llanbedr - y - Cennin Llanddoged Llanddulas Llanfair Talhaiarn Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr Llangernyw Llangwm Llannefydd Llanrhychwyn Llansannan Llysfaen Maenan Melin - y - Coed Mochdre Old Colwyn Pandy Tudur Penmachno Pentrefoelas Rhos - on - Sea Rowen Tal - y - bont Tal - y - Cafn Trefriw Towyn Ysbyty Ifan Community councils Abergele Betws - y - Coed Betws - yn - Rhos Bro Garmon Bro Machno Caerhun Capel Curig Cerrigydrudion Colwyn Bay Conwy Dolgarrog Dolwyddelan Eglwysbach Henryd Kinmel Bay and Towyn Llanddoged and Maenan Llanddulas and Rhyd - y - foel Llandudno Llanfair Talhaiarn Llanfairfechan Llanfihangel Glyn Myfyr Llangernyw Llangwm Llannefydd Llanrwst Llansanffraid Glan Conwy Llansannan Llysfaen Mochdre Old Colwyn Penmaenmawr Pentrefoelas Rhos on Sea Trefriw Ysbyty Ifan Rivers River Conwy River Crafnant River Geirionydd River Lledr River Llugwy River Machno Afon Ddu Afon Ddu ( Drum ) Afon Dulyn Afon Eigiau Afon Lloer Afon Melynllyn Afon Porth - llwyd Afon Roe Afon Tafolog Castles and forts Canovium Conwy Castle Deganwy Castle Dolwyddelan Castle Gwrych Castle Gwydir Castle Pen y Gaer Headlands Great Orme Little Orme Penmaenmawr Topics Parliamentary constituencies Places Schools Country houses SSSIs Scheduled Monuments Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llandudno&oldid=818181217 '' Categories : Llandudno Towns in Conwy County Borough Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Brezhoneg Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Euskara Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig 한국어 Italiano Kernowek Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the function of the memory controller chip (mcc)
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The memory controller is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from the computer 's main memory . A memory controller can be a separate chip or integrated into another chip , such as being placed on the same die or as an integral part of a microprocessor ; in the latter case , it is usually called an integrated memory controller ( IMC ) . A memory controller is sometimes also called a memory chip controller ( MCC ) or a memory controller unit ( MCU ) .
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Memory controller
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memory controller
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The memory controller is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from the computer 's main memory . A memory controller can be a separate chip or integrated into another chip , such as being placed on the same die or as an integral part of a microprocessor ; in the latter case , it is usually called an integrated memory controller ( IMC ) . A memory controller is sometimes also called a memory chip controller ( MCC ) or a memory controller unit ( MCU ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose 3 Variants 3.1 Double data rate memory 3.2 Dual - channel memory 3.3 Fully buffered memory 3.4 Flash memory controller 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Most modern desktop or workstation microprocessors use an integrated memory controller ( IMC ) , including microprocessors from Intel , AMD , and those built around the ARM architecture . Prior to Nehalem ( circa 2008 ) , Intel microprocessors had a memory controller implemented on their motherboard 's northbridge . In Nehalem and later , Intel employed an integrated memory controller . Other examples of microprocessors that use integrated memory controllers include AMD 's Athlon 64 and Opteron processors , IBM 's POWER5 , and Sun Microsystems 's UltraSPARC T1 . While an integrated memory controller has the potential to increase the system 's performance , such as by reducing memory latency , it locks the microprocessor to a specific type ( or types ) of memory , forcing a redesign in order to support newer memory technologies . When DDR2 SDRAM was introduced , AMD released new Athlon 64 CPUs . These new models , with a DDR2 controller , use a different physical socket ( known as Socket AM2 ) , so that they will only fit in motherboards designed for the new type of RAM . When the memory controller is not on - die , the same CPU may be installed on a new motherboard , with an updated northbridge . Some microprocessors in the 1990s , such as the DEC Alpha 21066 and HP PA - 7300LC , had integrated memory controllers ; however , rather than for performance gains , this was implemented to reduce the cost of systems by eliminating the need for an external memory controller . Some CPUs are designed to have their memory controllers as dedicated external components that are not part of the chipset . An example is IBM POWER8 , which uses external Centaur chips that are mounted onto DIMM modules and act as memory buffers , L4 cache chips , and as the actual memory controllers . The first version of the Centaur chip used DDR3 memory but an updated version was later released which can use DDR4 . Purpose ( edit ) Memory controllers contain the logic necessary to read and write to DRAM , and to `` refresh '' the DRAM . Without constant refreshes , DRAM will lose the data written to it as the capacitors leak their charge within a fraction of a second ( not more than 64 milliseconds according to JEDEC standards ) . Reading and writing to DRAM is performed by selecting the row and column data addresses of the DRAM as the inputs to the multiplexer circuit , where the demultiplexer on the DRAM uses the converted inputs to select the correct memory location and return the data , which is then passed back through a multiplexer to consolidate the data in order to reduce the required bus width for the operation . Bus width is the number of parallel lines available to communicate with the memory cell . Memory controllers ' bus widths range from 8 - bit in earlier systems , to 512 - bit in more complicated systems and video cards ( typically implemented as four 64 - bit simultaneous memory controllers operating in parallel , though some are designed to operate in `` gang mode '' where two 64 - bit memory controllers can be used to access a 128 - bit memory device ) . Some memory controllers , such as the one integrated into PowerQUICC II processors , can be connected to different kinds of devices at the same time , including SDRAM , SRAM , ROM , and memory - mapped I / O ; each kind of these devices requires a slightly different control bus , while the memory controller presents a common system bus / front - side bus to the processor . Some memory controllers , such as the one integrated into PowerQUICC II processors , include error detection and correction hardware . A few experimental memory controllers contain a second level of address translation , in addition to the first level of address translation performed by the memory management unit . Memory controllers integrated into certain Intel Core processors also provide memory scrambling as a feature that turns user data written to the main memory into pseudo-random patterns . As such , memory scrambling prevents forensic and reverse - engineering analysis based on DRAM data remanence , by effectively rendering various types of cold boot attacks ineffective . However , this feature has been designed to address DRAM - related electrical problems , not to prevent security issues , so it may not be rigorously cryptographically secure . Variants ( edit ) Double data rate memory ( edit ) Double data rate ( DDR ) memory controllers are used to drive DDR SDRAM , where data is transferred on both rising and falling edges of the system 's memory clock . DDR memory controllers are significantly more complicated when compared to single data rate controllers , but they allow for twice the data to be transferred without increasing the memory cell 's clock rate or bus width . Dual - channel memory ( edit ) Dual Channel memory controllers are memory controllers where the DRAM devices are separated on to two different buses to allow two memory controllers to access them in parallel . This doubles the theoretical amount of bandwidth of the bus . In theory , more channels can be built ( a channel for every DRAM cell would be the ideal solution ) , but due to wire count , line capacitance , and the need for parallel access lines to have identical lengths , more channels are very difficult to add . Fully buffered memory ( edit ) Main article : Fully Buffered DIMM Fully buffered memory systems place a memory buffer device on every memory module ( called an FB - DIMM when Fully Buffered RAM is used ) , which unlike traditional memory controller devices , use a serial data link to the memory controller instead of the parallel link used in previous RAM designs . This decreases the number of the wires necessary to place the memory devices on a motherboard ( allowing for a smaller number of layers to be used , meaning more memory devices can be placed on a single board ) , at the expense of increasing latency ( the time necessary to access a memory location ) . This increase is due to the time required to convert the parallel information read from the DRAM cell to the serial format used by the FB - DIMM controller , and back to a parallel form in the memory controller on the motherboard . In theory , the FB - DIMM 's memory buffer device could be built to access any DRAM cells , allowing for memory cell agnostic memory controller design , but this has not been demonstrated , as the technology is in its infancy . Flash memory controller ( edit ) Main article : Flash memory controller Many flash memory devices , such as USB memory sticks , include a flash memory controller on chip . Flash memory is inherently slower to access than RAM and often becomes unusable after a few million write cycles , which generally makes it unsuitable for RAM applications . See also ( edit ) Memory scrubbing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Comptia A+ Certification Exam Guide , Seventh Edition , by Mike Meyers , in the glossary , bottom of page 1278 : `` Chip that handles memory requests from the CPU . '' Jump up ^ `` Maximizing Performance and Scalability with IBM WebSphere '' . google.com . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Torres , Gabriel ( 2008 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Inside Intel Nehalem Microarchitecture '' . Hardware Secrets . p. 2 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Prickett Morgan , Timothy ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) . `` IBM Brings DDR4 Memory To Bear On Power Systems '' ( HTML ) . IT Jungle . p. 1 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Memory Controller '' Jump up ^ John Carter , Wilson Hsieh , Leigh Stoller , Mark Swansony , Lixin Zhang , et al. `` Impulse : Building a Smarter Memory Controller '' . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Desktop , Intel Pentium Processor Family Desktop , and Intel Celeron Processor Family Desktop '' ( PDF ) . June 2013 . p. 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Generation Intel Core Processor Family Mobile and Intel Celeron Processor Family Mobile '' ( PDF ) . September 2012 . p. 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Igor Skochinsky ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Secret of Intel Management Engine '' . SlideShare . pp. 26 -- 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Infineon / Kingston ( a memory vendor ) Dual Channel DDR Memory Whitepaper -- explains dual channel memory controllers , and how to use them ( hide ) CPU technologies Architecture Turing machine Post -- Turing machine Universal Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Belt machine Stack machine Register machine Counter machine Pointer machine Random access machine Random access stored program machine Finite - state machine Queue automaton Von Neumann Harvard ( modified ) Dataflow TTA Cellular Artificial neural network Machine learning Deep learning Neural processing unit ( NPU ) Convolutional neural network Load / store architecture Register memory architecture Register register architecture Endianness FIFO Zero - copy NUMA HUMA HSA Mobile computing Surface computing Wearable computing Heterogeneous computing Parallel computing Concurrent computing Distributed computing Cloud computing Amorphous computing Ubiquitous computing Fabric computing Reconfigurable computing Cognitive computing DNA computing Peptide computing Chemical computing Organic computing Wetware computing Quantum computing Neuromorphic computing Optical computing Reversible computing Unconventional computing Hypercomputation Ternary computer Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) Asymmetric multiprocessing ( AMP ) Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy ISA types ASIP CISC RISC EDGE ( TRIPS ) VLIW ( EPIC ) MISC OISC NISC ZISC Comparison ISAs x86 z / Architecture ARM MIPS Power Architecture ( PowerPC ) SPARC VISC Mill Itanium ( IA - 64 ) Alpha Prism SuperH Clipper VAX Unicore PA - RISC MicroBlaze Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 9 - bit 10 - bit 12 - bit 15 - bit 16 - bit 18 - bit 22 - bit 24 - bit 25 - bit 26 - bit 27 - bit 31 - bit 32 - bit 33 - bit 34 - bit 36 - bit 39 - bit 40 - bit 48 - bit 50 - bit 60 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit Variable Execution Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out - of - order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards Parallel level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) ( Hyper - threading ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD ( SWAR ) SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Addressing mode CPU performance Instructions per second ( IPS ) Instructions per clock ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic Updates Per Second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt Orders of magnitude ( computing ) Cache performance measurement and metric Core count Single - core processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) GPGPU AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Vector processor Barrel processor Stream processor Digital signal processor ( DSP ) I / O processor / DMA controller Network processor Baseband processor Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Coprocessor Secure cryptoprocessor ASIC FPGA FPOA CPLD Microcontroller Microprocessor Mobile processor Notebook processor Ultra-low - voltage processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Tile processor Multi-chip module ( MCM ) Chip stack multi-chip modules System on a chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor system - on - chip ( MPSoC ) Programmable System - on - Chip ( PSoC ) Network on a chip ( NoC ) Components Execution unit ( EU ) Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Load - store unit ( LSU ) Fixed - point unit ( FXU ) Vector unit ( VU ) Branch predictor Branch execution unit ( BEU ) Instruction Decoder Instruction Scheduler Instruction Fetch Unit Instruction Dispatch Unit Instruction Sequencing Unit Unified Reservation Station Barrel shifter Uncore Sum addressed decoder ( SAD ) Front - side bus Back - side bus Northbridge ( computing ) Southbridge ( computing ) Adder ( electronics ) Binary multiplier Binary decoder Address decoder Multiplexer Demultiplexer Registers Cache Memory management unit ( MMU ) Input -- output memory management unit ( IOMMU ) Integrated Memory Controller ( IMC ) Power Management Unit ( PMU ) Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Stack engine Register file Processor register Hardware register Memory buffer register ( MBR ) Program counter Microcode ROM Datapath Control unit Instruction unit Re-order buffer Data buffer Write buffer Coprocessor Electronic switch Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Three - dimensional integrated circuit Boolean circuit Digital circuit Analog circuit Mixed - signal integrated circuit Power management integrated circuit Quantum circuit Logic gate Combinational logic Sequential logic Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) Transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) Glue logic Quantum gate Gate array Counter ( digital ) Bus ( computing ) Semiconductor device Clock rate CPU multiplier Vision chip Memristor Power management APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Hardware security Non-executable memory ( NX bit ) Memory Protection Extensions ( Intel MPX ) Intel Secure Key Hardware restriction ( firmware ) Software Guard Extensions ( Intel SGX ) Trusted Execution Technology OmniShield Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) Secure cryptoprocessor Hardware security module Hengzhi chip Related History of general - purpose CPUs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memory_controller&oldid=804912911 '' Categories : Computer memory Integrated circuits Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2006 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with obsolete information from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar 日本 語 Română Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 21 : 52 . 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when was the last time cleveland browns went to playoffs
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Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last earned appearance in post-season Seasons Buffalo Bills ^ 1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 14 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2004 NFC Divisional Playoffs 12 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Divisional Playoffs 9 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 Tennessee Titans † 2008 AFC Divisional Playoffs 8 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 6 Philadelphia Eagles 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Minnesota Vikings 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl L Carolina Panthers Super Bowl L 2016 Playoff Teams Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Championship Game -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LI -- Atlanta Falcons Super Bowl LI --
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2002
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List of NFL franchise postseason droughts
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list of nfl franchise postseason droughts
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This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system .
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As of the 2016 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 15 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons were enfranchised the season the Super Bowls began . The eight ( 8 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Eagles , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl and to have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , and that the Baltimore Ravens are a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.2 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.3 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 - 17 post season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last earned appearance in post-season Seasons Buffalo Bills ^ 1999 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 14 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2004 NFC Divisional Playoffs 12 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Divisional Playoffs 9 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 Tennessee Titans † 2008 AFC Divisional Playoffs 8 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 6 Philadelphia Eagles 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Minnesota Vikings 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl L Carolina Panthers Super Bowl L 2016 Playoff Teams Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Championship Game -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LI -- Atlanta Falcons Super Bowl LI -- At 17 seasons , the Bills ' playoff drought is also the longest in major North American professional sports . Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 26 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 25 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 21 4 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee Cleveland Browns ^ 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 19 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 16 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 14 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 14 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Tennessee Titans 2003 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 3 ¤ 2003 Divisional - New England 2007 Wild Card - San Diego 2008 Divisional - Baltimore Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 2004 Divisional - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 11 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 9 2007 Divisional - New England Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Divisional Playoffs 8 2008 NFC Championship - Arizona 2009 Wild Card - Dallas 2010 Wild Card - Green Bay 2013 Wild Card - New Orleans Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2009 NFC Championship - New Orleans 2012 Wild Card - Green Bay 2015 Wild Card - Seattle New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 6 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 6 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 5 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Seattle San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 game win streak 2016 Playoff 0 Winners Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 AFC Championship - New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Championship * -- 2016 Super Bowl - New England New England Patriots Super Bowl LI * -- 0 3 game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Afc / nfc championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 25 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 25 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 24 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 24 * * Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 23 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 23 Kansas City Chiefs † 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 21 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 17 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 1999 AFC Lost vs. Tennessee 15 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never * y -- 15 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 14 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 14 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 9 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Lost vs. Arizona 7 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Lost vs. New Orleans 6 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 6 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 5 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona . 75 Z2016 Conference Finalists 2015 z -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England . 5 -- New England Patriots 2016 AFC Won vs. Pittsburgh -- Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta -- Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay ( * ) : Franchise first played in 2002 season ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Super Bowl or NFL championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 59 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 48 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 47 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 44 * Cleveland Browns * 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 40 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 32 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 28 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 25 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 23 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 22 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) Y -- 22 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 21 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 17 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 15 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) Y -- 15 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 14 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 12 Philadelphia Eagles 7003200400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIX Lost vs. New England 10 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 8 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 7 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 6 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 6 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 5 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina 0 Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England 0 New England Patriots 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Won vs. Atlanta ( * ) : Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) where the franchise was dormant . ( † ) : Team was based in St. Louis . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 51 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 69 51 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 59 51 Philadelphia Eagles Never -- 1960 NFL Championship 56 51 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 55 51 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 53 51 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 51 48 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 49 51 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 47 51 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 49 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 48 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 47 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 43 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 33 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 31 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 25 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 22 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 22 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 22 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 21 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 17 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 15 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 10 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 8 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 7 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 6 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 5 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 0 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 98 ) when the franchise was dormant . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 10 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 7 NFC North XLV -- Packers 6 NFC East XLVI -- Giants 5 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only Last city to leave list - Seattle , 2013 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 51 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game Philadelphia 51 1980 , 2004 Philadelphia Eagles ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX Buffalo 51 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII Atlanta 51 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI Minneapolis -- St. Paul 51 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI Cincinnati 49 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII Cleveland 48 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games Houston 46 None Includes 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 15 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games Phoenix 29 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII Jacksonville 22 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- ) Played in the 1996 and 1999 AFC Championship Games Charlotte 22 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 Nashville 20 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2016 season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 24 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 23 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 21 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ AFC Central 1999 17 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 14 New York Jets AFC East 2002 14 Los Angeles Rams † NFC West 2003 13 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 9 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 8 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 8 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 7 Chicago Bears NFC North 6 New York Giants NFC East 2011 5 New Orleans Saints NFC South 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2013 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 2016 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2016 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2016 -- Houston Texans AFC South 2016 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2016 -- Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 -- Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 -- Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 -- Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 ^ Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2016 12 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2016 2015 tie , 2016 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 ^ Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2016 6 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 ^ Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ^ Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets C ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ^ New York Jets D ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2016 2014 , 2016 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 ^ Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2016 2014 -- 2016 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2016 regular season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 4.3 ! 4 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans ^ 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens TBD Washington Redskins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win These three streaks occurred when the team was known as the Houston Oilers . Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Updated through the 2016 season . Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills ^ 2000 -- 2016 ^ 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2016 ^ 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2005 -- 2016 ^ 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2016 ^ 26 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2016 ^ 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2016 ^ 19 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2016 ^ 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2016 ^ 14 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodak , Mike ( September 26 , 2015 ) . `` Bills now have longest playoff drought among major sports '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=807204588 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NFL%20franchise%20post-season%20droughts
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what is the theme of the poem the addressing of cats
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Old Deuteronomy
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old deuteronomy
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Old Deuteronomy is a character in T.S. Eliot 's Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats and its musical adaptation , Cats .
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In Eliot 's original poem , Old Deuteronomy is described as an ancient , wise cat who has `` lived many lives in succession '' and is respected by the other cats and humans ( and perhaps even dogs ) in his environment . His name derives from Deuteronomy , the fifth book of the Old Testament of the Bible , which shares the central element of law with the character ( who is a magistrate ) . Well , of all things Can it be really ? Yes ! No ! Ho ! Hi ! Oh , my eye ! My mind may be wandering , but I confess I believe it is Old Deuteronomy ! Cats expands on the theme of wisdom by depicting Deuteronomy as the leader of the show 's Jellicle tribe , providing comfort and guidance to the other characters . Deuteronomy also has the task of making the `` Jellicle Choice '' and choosing the cat who can ascend to the Heaviside Layer ( Also spelled `` Heavyside '' ) . Much of Cats ' plot is fueled by this ; several characters perform and try to convince Deuteronomy to choose them . At the end of the show , Deuteronomy is kidnapped by Macavity and restored by Mr. Mistoffelees . He then persuades the other cats to listen to Grizabella , selects her to be reborn , and escorts her to the Heaviside Layer . More has been revealed about Old Deuteronomy 's past than most of the other Jellicle cats , although how much of it is true is debatable . He is alleged to have been alive long before Queen Victoria was crowned and has been mated numerous times ( supposedly , anywhere between nine and ninety - nine ) . Unfortunately , Old Deuteronomy has outlived his partners , but has had numerous kittens . Although anyone who pays enough attention to the film will notice that in the song about him Rum Tum Tugger alludes to all of the Jellicle cats being his progenies which would explain their almost god - like reverence of him . Old Deuteronomy has three songs in Cats , including the final number , `` The Ad - dressing of cats . '' He is traditionally played by strong lyric baritone performers . In the 1998 video version of the musical , Old Deuteronomy is portrayed by Ken Page , who also created the role on Broadway . In the original West End production , and accompanying album , he was played by Brian Blessed , who was also Bustopher Jones . Old Deuteronomy was also played by Jeff Leyton in the West End production of ' Cats ' . Old Deuteronomy in the world - wide tour is being played by Nathan Morgan , an American - born actor , who lives in New Jersey . The role was played by Jobin Andrews in the 2015 Bahrain production . Currently the role is being played by Quentin Earl Darrington in the 2016 Broadway Revival . Sources ( edit ) Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats , T.S. Eliot , Harcourt , 1982 , ISBN 0 - 15 - 168656 - 4 A Cat 's Diary : How the Broadway Production of Cats was born , Stephen Hanan , Smith & Kraus , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 57525 - 281 - 3 Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot 's Cats Characters Alonzo Bombalurina Carbucketty Cat Morgan Demeter Electra Etcetera Griddlebone Grizabella Jellylorum Jemima Jennyanydots Macavity Mr. Mistoffelees Mungojerrie Munkustrap Old Deuteronomy Pouncival Rum Tum Tugger Rumpleteazer Rumpus Cat Skimbleshanks Victoria the White Cat Inspiration Old Possum 's Book of Practical Cats `` The Awefull Battle of the Pekes and the Pollicles '' `` Bustopher Jones '' `` Growltiger 's Last Stand '' `` Gus : The Theatre Cat '' `` The Naming of Cats '' Adaptations Cats ( film ) Songs `` Memory '' Albums CATS Other Jellicle cats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Deuteronomy&oldid=811703498 '' Categories : Characters in Cats ( musical ) Fictional characters introduced in 1939 Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 10 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Deuteronomy
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who is the winner of sa re ga ma pa little champ
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For the first time in L'il Champs , they have incorporated the format created for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 . There is a 30 - member Grand Jury which grades the contestants and the average percentage of their scores is displayed . Himesh Reshammiya , Neha Kakkar and Javed Ali are the mentors in the show , whereas Aditya Narayan is the host . The show went off air on 29 October 2017 following the Great Grand Finale in Jaipur . Shreyan Bhattacharya and Anjali Gaikwad were announced as the winners .
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Shreyan Bhattacharya|Anjali Gaikwad
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Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017
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sa re ga ma pa l'il champs 2017
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Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 2017 सुरों का दंगल Suron Ka Dangal Created by Zee TV , Gajendra Singh Presented by Aditya Narayan Judges Himesh Reshammiya Javed Ali Neha Kakkar Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of episodes 69 Production Producer ( s ) Essel Vision Productions Running time 60 - 120 minutes Release Original network Zee TV Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release February 25 , 2017 -- 29 October 2017 Chronology Preceded by Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Related shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs External links Website Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 ( stylised as Saregamapa Li'l Champs ) is a singing competition television series , which premiered on February 25 , 2017 on Zee TV . The series airs every Saturday and Sunday nights at 9 pm . In a ' Back to School ' format that lends itself to a spirited atmosphere of camaraderie and fun , the L'il Champs will represent their schools . For the first time in L'il Champs , they have incorporated the format created for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 . There is a 30 - member Grand Jury which grades the contestants and the average percentage of their scores is displayed . Himesh Reshammiya , Neha Kakkar and Javed Ali are the mentors in the show , whereas Aditya Narayan is the host . The show went off air on 29 October 2017 following the Great Grand Finale in Jaipur . Shreyan Bhattacharya and Anjali Gaikwad were announced as the winners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Grand Jury 3 Top 15 Contestants 4 References Format Children aged 5 - 14 years participate in a singing competition . In the auditions round , they have 100 seconds to impress the three judges and the 30 - members of the grand jury . If two of the three judges say YES and they secure at least 50 per cent of the support of the Grand Jury , then the contestant progresses to the next round . In the Gala round , the judges select the ' Student of the Week ' who is the best performer according to them . The contestant gets to sit on a ' flying sofa ' , which indicates that the contestant is safe from next week 's elimination . The audience vote will come in later in the competition . The contestant with the highest votes in the final round will win the competition . Grand jury The show has a panel of 30 jury members who are experts from the music industry . They closely assess the contestants from the audition stage wherein they help the mentors in the selection process and are present in the show during the studio rounds too . Some of them are : Pandit Ajay Pohankar ( Classical maestro ) Ami Mishra ( singer , composer ) Amit Mishra ( singer ) Aneek Dhar ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Arpita Mukherjee ( singer ) , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa : Golden Voice Hunt ) Arvinder Singh ( singer ) Asees Kaur ( singer ) Bhavya Pandit ( singer ) Chintu Singh ( guitarist ) Debojit Saha ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 ) Earl Edgar URL ( rapper , singer ) Eric Pillai ( mixing engineer & music producer ) Ghanshyam Vaswani ( singer ) Hamsika Iyer ( singer ) Hrishikesh Chury ( singer ) Jalees Sherwani ( lyricist ) Jasraj Jayant Joshi ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2012 ) Jolly Mukherjee ( singer ) Kamal Khan ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar ) Kiran Kamath ( music producer , DJ ) Manasi Scott ( singer , songwriter ) Murtaza Khan ( singer ) Nandini Srikar ( singer ) Nikhil Paul George ( singer , record producer & composer ) Padma Wadkar ( singer , winner of the first series of Sa Re Ga Ma in 1995 ) DJ Paroma ( celebrity DJ ) Pavni Pandey ( singer ) Prashant Ingole ( lyricist ) Raja Hasan ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Ram Shankar ( singer & composer ) Raman Mahadevan ( singer ) Ranjeet Rajwada ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar ) Ronu Majumdar ( flautist ) Sachin Kumar Valmiki ( singer ) Sandeep Batraa ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 and Fame Gurukul ) Sarfraz Ahmed Khan ( Sufi maestro ) Shabbir Ahmed ( lyricist ) Shamsher Singh ( composer , brother of Daler Mehndi and Mika Singh ) Shashi Suman ( singer & composer ) Shibani Kashyap ( singer ) Shriram Iyer ( singer ) Sumedha Karmahe ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 ) Suzanne D'Mello ( singer ) Vaishali Made ( singer , winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 ) Dr. Vinod Hasal ( Kathak exponent ) Vipin Aneja ( singer ) Yashita Yashpal Sharma ( singer , contestant on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 ) Top 15 Contestants Contestant Age ( in years ) From hide Result Adnan Hussain Sabri 12 Mumbai Maharashtra Eliminated Dhroon Tickoo 11 Amritsar Punjab Runner - up Jasu Khan Mir 13 Rajasthan Eliminated Rajashree Bag 14 Kolkata West Bengal Eliminated Riya Biswas 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Saimann Sewa 13 Siliguri Eliminated Satyajeet Jena 12 Bhubaneshwar Odisha Quits on June 24 , 2017 Shaktiswaroopa Panda 9 Odisha Eliminated Shanmukhapriya 14 Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh Runner - up Shreyan Bhattacharya 11 Midnapur West Bengal Winner Sonakshi Kar 13 Kolkata West Bengal Runner - up Tanya Tiwari 13 Varanasi Uttar Pradesh Eliminated Utkarsh Wankhede 11 Nagpur Maharashtra Eliminated Yumna Ajin 11 Kerala Runner - up Jayas Kumar Delhi Runner - up Anjali Gaikwad 11 Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Winner References Jump up ^ Zee TV - Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs 2017 : Anjali Gaikwad and Shreyan Bhattacharya are the winners of the show '' . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs winners : Shreyan Bhattacharya , Anjali Gaikwad jointly lift the trophy '' . The Indian Express . 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - Format Jump up ^ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 - Grand Jury Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Ek Main Aur Ek Tu Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014 Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2017 Regional shows Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge USA 2008 Zee Tamil Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2009 Challenge Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV Soap operas Aap Ke Aa Jane Se Bhootu Kaliren Kumkum Bhagya Kundali Bhagya Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey Piyaa Albela Woh Apna Sa Zindagi Ki Mahek Ishq Subhan Allah Reality shows Dance India Dance Weekend shows Fear Files Reality television shows in India Adventure Fear Factor India ( Fear Factor : Khatron Ke Khiladi ) Survivor India Roadies Comedy Comedy Circus Comedy Nights Bachao Comedy Nights Live Comedy Nights with Kapil Majaa Talkies Comedy Superstars Laugh India Laugh Lunars Comedy Express Mirakkel The Great Indian Laughter Challenge The Kapil Sharma Show Dance D 4 Dance Dance Bangla Dance Dance India Dance Dance Plus Dance Champions Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Jodi Number One Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) Just Dance Nach Baliye Dating MTV Splitsvilla Power Couple Food Dhe Chef Foodistan MasterChef India Kitchen Champion Game 10 Ka Dum Deal Ya No Deal India Poochega Sabse Shaana Kaun ? Kaiyil Oru Kodi - Are You Ready ? Kannadada Kotyadhipati Kaun Banega Crorepati Minute To Win It Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Music Antakshari Intercollegiate Championship Bol Baby Bol Asianet Super Voice Quiz Bournvita Quiz Contest Dadagiri Unlimited Disney Q Family Mastermind Jabab Kinte Chai Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain ? Quizzing in India Sell Me the Answer Thatt Antha Heli Singing Airtel Super Singer Airtel Super Singer Junior Fame Gurukul Idea Star Singer Indian Idol Sa Re Ga Ma Pa ( Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs ) Voice of India Lip Sing Battle Sports Box Cricket League BCL Punjab Zee 20 Cricket League Others Bigg Boss Bigg Boss Bangla Bigg Boss Tamil Bigg Boss Kannada Bigg Boss Malayalam Bigg Boss Telugu Biggest Loser Jeetega India 's Got Talent Lead India Malayalee House National Bingo Night Nayika Nayakan Sacch Ka Saamna Defunct Ad Mad Show Antakshari -- The Great Challenge Baazi Kiski Biggest Loser Jeetega Boogie Woogie Champions of the World Dance Premier League Deal Ya No Deal Fame X India 's Magic Star Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star Junoon Lead India Mastermind India Perfect Bride National Bingo Night Sawaal Dus Crore Ka Swayamwar Titan Antakshari Zee Cinestars Zor Ka Jhatka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa_Re_Ga_Ma_Pa_L%27il_Champs_2017&oldid=841236171 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series Hindi - language television programs Music competitions in India Singing talent shows Television shows set in Mumbai Zee TV television series Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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where did quantity food service get its start
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Convenience food
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convenience food
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Convenience food , or tertiary processed food , is food that is commercially prepared ( often through processing ) to optimise ease of consumption . Such food is usually ready to eat without further preparation . It may also be easily portable , have a long shelf life , or offer a combination of such convenient traits . Although restaurant meals meet this definition , the term is seldom applied to them . Convenience foods include ready - to - eat dry products , frozen foods such as TV dinners , shelf - stable foods , prepared mixes such as cake mix , and snack foods .
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Bread , cheese , salted food and other prepared foods have been sold for thousands of years . Other kinds were developed with improvements in food technology . Types of convenience foods can vary by country and geographic region . Some convenience foods have received criticism due to concerns about nutritional content and how their packaging may increase solid waste in landfills . Various methods are used to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity . Convenience food is commercially prepared for ease of consumption . Products designated as convenience food are often sold as hot , ready - to - eat dishes ; as room - temperature , shelf - stable products ; or as refrigerated or frozen food products that require minimal preparation ( typically just heating ) Convenience foods have also been described as foods that have been created to `` make them more appealing to the consumer . '' Convenience foods and restaurants are similar in that they save time . They differ in that restaurant food is ready to eat , whilst convenience food usually requires rudimentary preparation . Both typically cost more money and less time compared to home cooking from scratch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 2.1 Packaged mixes 2.2 By country 2.3 By region 3 Retail 4 Environmental and health concerns 5 Labeling , mitigation , and regulation 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Throughout history , people have bought food from bakeries , creameries , butcher shops and other commercial processors to save time and effort . The Aztec people of Central Mexico utilized several convenience foods that required only adding water for preparation , which were used by travelers . Cornmeal that was ground and dried , referred to as pinolli , was used by travelers as a convenience food in this manner . Canned food was developed in the 19th century , primarily for military use , and became more popular during World War I . The expansion of canning depended significantly upon the development of a machine for producing large quantities of cans very cheaply . Before the 1850s , making a can for food required a skilled tinsmith ; afterwards , an unskilled laborer , operating a can - making machine , could produce 15 times as many cans each day . One of the earliest industrial - scale processed foods was meatpacking . After the invention of a system of refrigerator cars in 1878 , meat could be raised , slaughtered , and butchered hundreds ( later thousands ) of miles or kilometers away from the consumer . Experience in World War II contributed to the development of frozen foods and the frozen food industry . Modern convenience food saw its beginnings in the United States during the period that began after World War II . Many of these products had their origins in military - developed foods designed for storage longevity and ease of preparation in the battle field . Following the war , several commercial food companies had leftover manufacturing facilities , and some of these companies created new freeze - dried and canned foods for home use . Like many product introductions , not all were successful -- convenience food staples such as fish sticks and canned peaches were counterbalanced by failures such as ham sticks and cheeseburgers - in - a-can . As of the 2010s due to increased preference for fresh , `` natural '' , whole , and organic food and health concerns the acceptability of processed food to consumers in the United States was dropping and the reputation of major packaged food brands had been damaged . Firms responded by offering `` healthier '' formulations and acquisition of brands with better reputations . Types ( edit ) Convenience foods can include products such as candy ; beverages such as soft drinks , juices and milk ; fast food ; nuts , fruits and vegetables in fresh or preserved states ; processed meats and cheeses ; and canned products such as soups and pasta dishes . Additional convenience foods include frozen pizza , chips such as potato chips , pretzels , and cookies . These products are often sold in portion - controlled , single - serving packaging designed for portability . Packaged mixes ( edit ) A cake mix Gristmills have produced flour for baking for thousands of years . In more recent times flour has been sold with other ingredients mixed in , as have other products ready to cook . Packaged mixes are convenience foods which typically require some preparation and cooking either in the oven or on the stove top . Packaged baked goods mixes typically use chemical leaveners ( commonly referred to as baking powder ) , for a quick , reliable result , avoiding the requirement for time - consuming skilled labor and the climate control needed for traditional yeast breads . These packaged mixes produce a type of quickbread . Examples include cake mixes , macaroni and cheese , brownie mixes , and gravy mixes . Some packaged mixes may have a high saturated fat content . By country ( edit ) Onigiri at a convenience store in Kamakura , Japan In 2007 it was noted in the book Australia 's food & nutrition 2012 that a distinct increase in convenience food consumption had been occurring in Australia . In Japan , onigiri ( rice balls ) are a popular convenience food that dates for millennia -- by the Heian period these were established enough to be mentioned in literature . Additional Japanese convenience foods include prepared tofu ( bean curd ) , prepared packages of seafood and instant ramen noodles . Canned tuna packed in oil is a convenience food in the Solomon Islands . In Russia , frozen pelmeni , a type of meat dumplings , adopted from the Finno - Ugric Uralian peoples such as Komi , Mansi and Udmurts , are known from at least the 18th century , and industrially produced and prepacked pelmeni are a staple of the supermarket freezer sections . By region ( edit ) In Western Africa , processed cassava flour that has been grated and dried is a popular convenience food . Retail ( edit ) In some instances , retail sales of convenience foods may provide higher profit margins for food retailers compared to the profits attained from sales of the individual ingredients that are present in the convenience foods . A survey in 1984 attributed over one - third of funds spent by consumers for food in Great Britain to be for convenience food purchases . Environmental and health concerns ( edit ) Several groups have cited the environmental harm of single serve packaging due to the increased usage of plastics that contributes to solid waste in landfills . Due to concerns about obesity and other health problems , some health organizations have criticized the high fat , sugar , salt , food preservatives and food additives that are present in some convenience foods . Frozen dinner , to be heated in microwave oven In most developed countries , 80 % of consumed salt comes from industry - prepared food ( 5 % come from natural salt ; 15 % comes from salt added during cooking or eating ) . Health effects of salt concentrate on sodium and depend in part on how much is consumed . A single serving of many convenience foods contains a significant portion of the recommended daily allowance of sodium . Manufacturers are concerned that if the taste of their product is not optimized with salt , it will not sell as well as competing products . Tests have shown that some popular packaged foods depend on significant amounts of salt for their palatability . Labeling , mitigation , and regulation ( edit ) In response to the issues surrounding the healthfulness of convenience and restaurant foods , an initiative in the United States , spearheaded by first lady Michelle Obama and her Let 's Move ! campaign , to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity , was unveiled by the White House in February 2010 . Mrs. Obama has pushed the industry to cut back on sugars and salts found in many convenience foods , encouraging self - regulation over government intervention through laws and regulations . Despite Mrs. Obama 's stated preference on self - regulation , the Food and Drug Administration announced that it was looking into quantifying the guidelines into law while other groups and municipalities are seeking to add other preventative measures such as target taxes and levies onto these products . In response to the attention , in April 2010 a coalition of sixteen manufactures all agreed to reduce salt levels in foods sold in the United States under a program based on a similar effort in the United Kingdom . However , the initiative has met with resistance from some manufacturers , who claim that processed foods require the current high levels of salt to remain appetizing and to mask undesirable effects of food processing such as `` warmed - over flavor '' . The coalition expanded its mission in May 2010 by announcing that it intends to reduce the amount of calories in foods . By introducing lower calorie foods , changing product recipes and reducing portion sizes , the coalition stated that it expected to reduce the caloric content of foods by more than 1.5 trillion calories in total by 2012 . See also ( edit ) Food portal Drink portal Comfort food Food desert Food packaging Food preservation Food processing Junk food List of foods Snack food Fast food Types Convenience food Junk food Snack food Street food Take - out Points of sale Fast food restaurant Food booth Food cart Food court Food truck Select dishes Bacon Breakfast sandwich Breakfast sausage Buffalo wings Cheeseburger Chicken fingers / Chicken nuggets Cookie French fries French toast Fried chicken Grilled cheese Gyro Hamburger Hot dog Hot pretzel Ice cream Kebab Macaroni and cheese Onion rings Pancakes Pasta PB&J Pizza Salad Sausage Spaghetti Taco Waffles Issues Criticism of fast food References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean Anderson ; Barbara Deskins ( October 1995 ) . The Nutrition Bible ( 1st ed . ) . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11619 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Convenience Foods '' . Swiss Association for Nutrition . Health and Age Center . 2003 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fatty Acids in Foods and their Health Implications , Third Edition '' . p. 376 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ensminger 1994 , p. 463 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World : 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations - Emory Dean Keoke , Kay Marie Porterfield '' . p. 138 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kawash , Samira ( 2013 ) . Candy : A Century of Panic and Pleasure . Faber and Faber . pp. 46 -- 48 . ISBN 9780865477568 . Jump up ^ Ensminger 1994 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ `` The World the Sixties Made : Politics and Culture in Recent America '' . p. 150 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Diversity in European Marketing : Text and Cases '' . p. 180 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Laura ( March 29 , 2005 ) . Something from the Oven : Reinventing Dinner in 1950s America . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303491 - X . Jump up ^ Hans Taparia and Pamela Koch ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A Seismic Shift in How People Eat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . The food movement over the past couple of decades has substantially altered consumer behavior and reshaped the competitive landscape . ^ Jump up to : `` Eating Properly - Jonathan Rees '' . 2005 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diversity in European Marketing : Text and Cases '' . p. 181 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Food , People and Society : A European Perspective of Consumers ' Food Choices '' . 2001 - 09 - 21 . p. 333 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dimensions of Food , Fifth Edition - Vickie A. Vaclavik , Ph. D. , Marcia H. Pimentel , M.S. , Marjorie M. Devine , Ph. D '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ John Brodie , John Godber `` Bakery Processes , Chemical Leavening Agents '' in Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 2001 , John Wiley & Sons . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.0308051303082114. a01. pub2 Jump up ^ `` Food bites ( electronic resource ) : the science of the foods we eat - Richard W. Hartel , AnnaKate Hartel '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Destination Mexico : Planning a Cruise to Mexico - Carolyn Mehaffy , Bob Mehaffy '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Prevention Magazine 's Nutrition Advisor : The Ultimate Guide to the Health - Boosting and Health - Harming Factors in Your Diet '' . 1994 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Anti-Inflammation Diet - Christopher Cannon , Elizabeth Vierck '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's food & nutrition 2012 '' . p. 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Slow Food : The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ikeda , Kikan ; Shinji Kishigami ; Ken Akiyama ( 1958 ) . Koten Bungaku Taikei 19 : Makura no Sōshi , Murasaki Shikibu Nikki . Tōkyō : Iwanami Shoten . p. 455 . ISBN 4 - 00 - 060019 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Masaharu ; Yūichirō Imanishi ( 1989 ) . Shin Koten Bungaku Taikei 24 : Tosa Nikki , Kagerō Nikki , Murasaki Shikibu Nikki , Sarashina Nikki . Tōkyō : Iwanami Shoten . p. 266 . ISBN 4 - 00 - 240024 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Essence of Japanese Cuisine : An Essay on Food and Culture - Michael Ashkenazi , Jeanne Jacob '' . p. 55 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Tuna Fishing Industry : A Setting Sun Or New Dawn ? - Anthony Bergin , Marcus G. Haward '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ramen to the Rescue Cookbook : 120 Creative Recipes for Easy Meals Using Everyone 's Favorite Pack of Noodles - Jessica Harlan '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A Japanese Joint Venture in the Pacific : Foreign bodies in tinned tuna - Kate Barclay '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dal Dictionary on - line derives the etymology of pel'men ' from pel ' = ear and nan ' = bread in Komi and Mansi ( Vogul ) languages . This may be why pelmeni are called uszka ( `` ears '' ) in Poland . Jump up ^ `` Food Culture in Sub-Saharan Africa - Fran Osseo - Asare '' . p. 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Food : The History of Taste '' . p. 350 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Challenge of Affluence : Self - Control and Well - Being in the United States and Britain Since 1950 - Avner Offer '' . p. 145 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Talking about waste prevention '' . Waste Watch UK . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Food packaging waste a concern '' . Reuters. 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Wasteful food packaging is among the fastest - growing environmental concerns for shoppers worldwide with New Zealanders most willing to cut back , a poll showed on Thursday . Jump up ^ `` Should we eat less salt ? '' . Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases . 106 : 324 -- 332 . doi : 10.1016 / j. acvd. 2013.01. 003 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Moss ( 29 May 2010 ) . `` The hard sell on salt '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sweet , Lynn ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` Michelle Obama Unveils Anti-Childhood Obesity Action Plan '' . Politics Daily . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 16 Food Companies Agree to Reduce Salt '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jalonick , Mary Clare ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` Food companies agree to remove 15 trillion calories from foods to reduce childhood obesity '' . Business News . Associated Pres . Retrieved 29 May 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ensminger , Audrey H. ( 1994 ) . Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia : A-H. 1 . CRC Press . Pages 463 - 476 ISBN 0849389801 Further reading ( edit ) Lawrence , Geoffrey ; Lyons , Kristen ; Wallington , Tabatha ( 2012 ) . Food Security , Nutrition and Sustainability . Routledge . Chapter 8 , pages ( unlisted ) . ISBN 1136545654 Obenauf , Carl F. ( 2004 ) . The Building of an Industry : The History of the Convenience Food Industry . C.F. Obenauf . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Convenience food . Look up convenience food in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . American Women and the Making of Modern Consumer Culture US Food Facts & History Fast culture Consumerism Convenience food Exponential population growth Fast fashion Fast food Instant gratification Overconsumption Planned obsolescence Take - out Throw - away society Fast food Types Convenience food Junk food Snack food Street food Take - out Points of sale Fast food restaurant Food booth Food cart Food court Food truck Select dishes Bacon Breakfast sandwich Breakfast sausage Buffalo wings Cheeseburger Chicken fingers / Chicken nuggets Cookie French fries French toast Fried chicken Grilled cheese Gyro Hamburger Hot dog Hot pretzel Ice cream Kebab Macaroni and cheese Onion rings Pancakes Pasta PB&J Pizza Salad Sausage Spaghetti Taco Waffles Issues Criticism of fast food Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convenience_food&oldid=806112286 '' Categories : Convenience foods Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 19 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenience%20food
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who sang the theme song for the tv show good times
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Good Times Genre Sitcom Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans Developed by Norman Lear Directed by Gerren Keith Herbert Kenwith Bob LaHendro Donald McKayle Perry Rosemond Starring Esther Rolle ( Seasons 1 - 4 , 6 ) John Amos ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Jimmie Walker Ja'net Dubois Bern Nadette Stanis Ralph Carter Johnny Brown ( Seasons 2 - 6 ) Janet Jackson ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Ben Powers ( Season 6 ) Theme music composer Dave Grusin Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Opening theme `` Good Times '' performed by Jim Gilstrap and Blinky Williams Composer ( s ) Dave Grusin Alan and Marilyn Bergman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 133 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norman Lear ( 1974 -- 75 ) Allan Manings ( 1974 -- 77 ) Austin and Irma Kalish ( 1976 -- 78 ) Norman Paul ( 1975 -- 79 ) Producer ( s ) Allan Manings Jack Elinson ( 1975 -- 76 ) Norman Paul Austin and Irma Kalish Lloyd Turner ( 1977 -- 78 ) Gordon Mitchell ( 1977 -- 78 ) Sid Dorfman ( 1978 -- 79 ) Production location ( s ) CBS Television City , Hollywood , California ( 1974 -- 75 ) Metromedia Square , Hollywood , California ( 1975 -- 79 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Productions Distributor PITS Films ( 1979 -- 1984 ) Embassy Telecommunications ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 -- 1995 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1995 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Original release February 8 , 1974 ( 1974 - 02 - 08 ) -- August 1 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Preceded by All in the Family Maude Related shows Checking In The Jeffersons Archie Bunker 's Place Gloria 704 Hauser
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Jim Gilstrap|Blinky Williams
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Good Times
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good times
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Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8 , 1974 , to August 1 , 1979 . Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans , and developed by Norman Lear , the series ' primary executive producer , it was television 's first African American two - parent family sitcom . Good Times was billed as a spin - off of Maude , which was itself a spin - off of All in the Family .
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Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Cast conflicts 1.2 Final seasons 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Minor characters 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Production notes 3.1 Theme song and opening sequence 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 Awards and nominations 7 Syndication 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) John Amos and Esther Rolle , 1974 Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 North Gilbert Avenue , apartment 17C , in a housing project in a poor , black neighborhood in inner - city Chicago . The project is unnamed on the show , but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini -- Green projects , shown in the opening and closing credits . Florida and James have three children : James Jr. , also known as `` J.J. '' ; Thelma ; and Michael , called `` the militant midget '' by his father due to his passionate activism . When the series begins , J.J. is seventeen years old , Thelma is sixteen , and Michael is eleven . Their exuberant neighbor , and Florida 's best friend , is Willona Woods , a recent divorcée who works at a boutique . Their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , who James , Willona and later J.J. refer to as `` Buffalo Butt '' , or , even more derisively , `` Booger '' . Jimmie Walker and Esther Rolle , 1974 The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans , with Florida employed as Maude Findlay 's housekeeper in Tuckahoe , New York , and Henry employed as a New York City firefighter . When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show , they changed the characters ' history to fit a new series that was well into development rather than start from scratch to create a consistent starring vehicle . Henry 's name became James , he worked various odd jobs , there was no mention of Maude , and the couple lived in Chicago . Episodes of Good Times deal with the characters ' attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago . James Evans often works at least two jobs , mostly manual labor such as dishwasher , construction laborer , etc . Often he is unemployed , but he is a proud man who will not accept charity . When he has to , he hustles money playing pool , although Florida disapproves of this . Cast conflicts ( edit ) Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos . Both expected the show to deal with serious topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with . However , Jimmie Walker 's character of J.J. was an immediate hit with audiences and became the breakout character of the series . J.J. 's frequent use of the expression `` Dy - no - mite ! '' ( often in the phrase `` Kid Dy - no - mite ! '' ) , credited to director John Rich , became a popular catchphrase ( later included in TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases special ) . Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode . Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea , but the phrase and the J.J. Evans character caught on with the audience . As a result of the character 's popularity , the writers focused more on J.J. 's comedic antics instead of serious issues . Through seasons two and three , Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J.J. 's antics and stereotypically buffoonish behavior . Rolle was vocal about her hate of his character . In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated : He 's 18 and he does n't work . He ca n't read or write . He does n't think . The show did n't start out to be that ... Little by little -- with the help of the artist , I suppose , because they could n't do that to me -- they have made J.J. more stupid and enlarged the role . Negative images have been slipped in on us through the character of the oldest child . Although doing so less publicly , Amos also was outspoken about his dissatisfaction with the J.J. character . Amos stated : The writers would prefer to put a chicken hat on J.J. and have him prance around saying `` DY - NO - MITE '' , and that way they could waste a few minutes and not have to write meaningful dialogue . While Amos was less public with his dissatisfaction , he was ultimately fired after season three due to disagreements with Norman Lear . Amos ' departure was initially attributed to his desire to focus on a film career , but he admitted in a 1976 interview that Lear called him and told him that his contract option with the show was not being renewed . Amos stated , `` That 's the same thing as being fired . '' The producers decided not to recast the character of James Evans , instead opting to kill off the character in the two - part season four episode , `` The Big Move '' . Final seasons ( edit ) By the end of season four , Esther Rolle had also become dissatisfied with the show 's direction and decided to leave the series . In the final two episodes of the season , `` Love Has a Spot On His Lung '' , Rolle 's character gets engaged to Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) , a man she began dating toward the end of season four . In the season five premiere episode , it is revealed that Florida and Carl married off screen and moved to Arizona for the sake of Carl 's health . With Amos and Rolle gone , Ja'net Dubois took over as the lead character , as Willona checked in on the Evans children since they were now living alone . In season five Janet Jackson joined the cast , playing Penny Gordon Woods , an abused girl who is abandoned by her mother and eventually adopted by Willona . Before taping of season six began , CBS and the show 's producers decided that they had to do `` something drastic '' to increase viewership . According to then - vice president of CBS programming Steve Mills , `` We had lost the essence of the show . Without parental guidance the show slipped . Everything told us that : our mail , our phone calls , our research . We felt we had to go back to basics . '' Producers approached Esther Rolle with an offer to appear in a guest role on the series . Rolle was initially hesitant but when producers agreed to a number of her demands ( including an increased salary and higher quality scripts ) , she agreed to return to the series on a full - time basis . Rolle also wanted producers to make the character of J.J. more responsible , as she felt the character was a poor role model for black American youths . She also requested that producers write out the character of Carl Dixon ; Rolle reportedly disliked the storyline surrounding the Carl Dixon character , as she believed Florida would not have moved on so quickly after James ' death or leave her children . Rolle also thought the writers had disregarded Florida 's devout Christian beliefs by having her fall for and marry Carl , who was an atheist . In the season six premiere episode `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 1 '' , Florida returns from Arizona without Carl to attend Thelma 's upcoming wedding to professional football player Keith Anderson ( Ben Powers , who joined the cast for the final season ) . In a rare uncut version of `` Florida 's Homecoming : Part 2 '' , after Florida arrives home from Arizona , Willona briefly pulls her aside and mentions Carl , to which Florida sadly smiles and shakes her head implying that Carl had died from cancer . Florida later mentions Carl one last time when she tells Michael about a book they 'd both bought him . Despite changes in the series at Esther Rolle 's request and her return , ratings did not improve and CBS canceled the series during the 1978 -- 79 season . In the series finale , `` The End of the Rainbow '' , each character finally gets a `` happy ending . '' J.J. gets his big break as an artist for a comic book company with his newly created character , DynoWoman , which is based on Thelma ( much to her surprise and delight ) , and is moving into an apartment with some lady friends . Michael attends college and moves into an on - campus dorm . Keith 's bad knee heals due to his exercise and own physical therapy , leading to the Chicago Bears offering him a contract to play football . Keith announces that he and Thelma are moving into a luxury apartment in the city 's upscale Gold Coast district . Thelma also announces that she is pregnant with the couple 's first child . Keith offers Florida the chance to move in with them so she can help Thelma with the new baby . Willona becomes the head buyer of the boutique she works in and announces that she and Penny are also moving out of the projects . Willona then reveals that her new apartment is in the same apartment building that Keith , Thelma and Florida are moving to ; once again , she and Penny become the Evans ' downstairs neighbors . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Esther Rolle Florida Evans Main Main John Amos James Evans Main Ja'net Dubois Willona Woods Main Jimmie Walker James `` J.J. '' Evans Jr . Main Ralph Carter Michael Evans Main Bern Nadette Stanis Thelma Evans Anderson Main Johnny Brown Nathan Bookman Recurring Main Janet Jackson Millicent `` Penny '' Gordon Woods Main Ben Powers Keith Anderson Main Bern Nadette Stanis was credited as `` Bern Nadette '' during early episodes of season one , and later as `` Bernnadette Stanis . '' Minor characters ( edit ) Johnny Brown as superintendent Nathan ( `` Buffalo Butt '' ) Bookman Ned the Wino ( Raymond Allen ) is the local drunk who frequents the neighborhood and the apartment building where the Evans family reside . In the season one episode `` Black Jesus '' , J.J. uses Ned the Wino as the model for a portrait of Jesus . Another episode is centered on Michael 's plan to `` clean up '' Ned and get him off the booze by letting him stay at the Evans ' house . Carl Dixon ( Moses Gunn ) is an atheist shop owner who Michael briefly works for . Despite their religious differences , Carl and Florida begin dating and become engaged in the final episode of season four . Carl breaks off the engagement after he is diagnosed with lung cancer . After a talk from Bookman , Carl again asks Florida for her hand in marriage . The two marry off - screen and move to Arizona . Florida returns at the beginning of season six , without Carl , for Thelma 's wedding . Carl is referenced briefly in episode two of season six , but he is never mentioned again ( Florida continues to use the surname Evans instead of Dixon ) . ( Esther Rolle decided to come back to the show if the character was written out . ) Florida then revealed he died from his battle of lung cancer . Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( Theodore Wilson ) is a menacing neighborhood numbers runner and pimp , who has a reputation for wearing flashy clothing and jewelry . He is usually accompanied by bodyguards ( one portrayed by Bubba Smith , the other by series painter Ernie Barnes ) and comes across as cool and threatening , but has shown a soft heart on occasion , particularly when he decided not to take an antique locket ( to settle a debt ) that Florida had given to Thelma because it had reminded him of his late mother . ( Wilson also plays a club owner named Stanley in the season four episode , `` The Comedian and the Loan Sharks '' ) . Alderman Fred C. Davis ( Albert Reed , Jr . ) is a local politician with a slightly shady disposition whom the Evans generally despise . Spoofing President Richard M. Nixon , he would state in a speech `` I am not a crook . '' He frequently relies on the support of the Evans family ( his `` favorite project family '' ) for reelection or support and resorts to threats of eviction to secure their support . In a running joke , Alderman Davis frequently forgets Willona 's name and calls her another similar - sounding name that began with a `` W '' ( such as Wilhemina , Winnifrieda , Winsomnium , Wyomia and even Waldorf - Astoria ) , thus earning him her everlasting ire as well as the nickname `` Baldy '' . Lenny ( Dap ' Sugar ' Willie ) is a neighborhood hustler and peddler who tries to sell presumably stolen items that are usually attached to the lining of his fur coat . He usually approaches people with a laid - back rap and a rhyme ( `` my name is Len - nay , if I ai n't got it , there ai n't an - nay '' ) . He is typically rebuffed by the people he approaches and responds by saying `` that 's cold '' or uses a small brush to `` brush off '' the negativity . `` Grandpa '' Henry Evans ( Richard Ward ) is James ' long lost father . He abandoned the family years before because he was ashamed that he could not do more to provide for them . This hurt James deeply , who disregarded his father 's existence , telling everyone he was dead . Thelma learns about her grandfather while doing some family research . She meets him and invites him to the Evans ' home to surprise James for his birthday , not knowing that James was well aware of his whereabouts but chose to stay out of his life . After Henry arrives at the Evans home and meets the rest of the family , he realizes that James would not welcome him in the home and decides to leave . Florida convinces him to stay and talk to James and explains that there may never be another chance to do so . Henry and James have a heart - to - heart talk , with Henry being remorseful and apologetic . James ultimately forgives his father . After James ' death , the Evans family embraces Henry into the family , alongside his common law ( and eventually legal ) wife Lena in later episodes . Wanda ( Helen Martin ) is another resident in the apartment building where the Evans reside . Earlier episodes show her at a women 's support group , and the tenants rallying around her by giving her a rent party . Later episodes show her appearing and crying at several funerals , whether she knew the person or not , thus earning her the nickname `` Weeping Wanda '' from J.J. and Willona . Lynnetta Gordon ( Chip Fields ) is Penny 's abusive biological mother . Her first appearance is in the four part Fifth season opening episode , `` The Evans Get Involved '' . Lynnetta 's father abandoned her when she became pregnant at 16 . As a result , she takes her anger and frustrations out on Penny , including burning her with a hot iron . After the abuse is finally brought to light , she tells the Evans family that she , herself , was abused as a child . She gets into a fighting match with Willona and Thelma , and they plead for her to seek therapy . Just before she disappears , she expresses regret for hurting her child , telling Willona that Penny deserves better than her . This clears the way for Willona to adopt Penny . She reappears more than a year later , in the sixth - season episode , `` A Matter of Mothers '' , having gotten married , and reveals that her new husband is from a very wealthy family . She uses her husband 's wealth to send Penny anonymous gifts , and in an effort to regain custody of Penny , she also attempts to frame Willona as an unfit adoptive mother who throws wild parties with less than wholesome attendees . However , her scheme is exposed by being recorded on tape admitting that the scheme was a set up to get Penny back . After trying to get the tape from Penny and threatening to hurt her again , which is stopped by Willona , Penny tells her birth mother that no matter what anyone says , she will always consider Willona her mother . Devastated , she agrees to drop the charges against Willona and leaves Penny with her , never to be seen again . Cleatus ( Jack Baker ) is a cousin of J.J. Evans , Thelma Evans Anderson , and Michael Evans and nephew of Florida Evans and James Evans . He made one appearance in the episode `` Cousin Cleatus '' . Violet Bookman ( Marilyn Coleman ) is the wife of Bookman ( episodes : `` Bye , Bye Bookman '' and `` Willona , the Other Woman '' in season 5 ) . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Louis Gossett , Jr. as Florida 's brother , Wilbert J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles , friend of Willona Woods ( Ja'net Dubois ) ( 1976 ) Debbie Allen as J.J. 's heroin - addicted fiancée , Diana in `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' ( season 3 ) Matthew `` Stymie '' Beard ( former Our Gang child actor ) in five episodes , including four appearances as James ' friend Monty Sorrell Booke as Mr. Galbraith , J.J. 's boss at the ad agency ( season 5 , episode 17 ) Roscoe Lee Browne as a shady televangelist Reverend Sam `` the Happiness Man '' , who befriended James in the military ( season 1 , episode 4 ) T.K. Carter as J.J. 's friend `` Head '' ( part of the `` Awesome Foursome '' , later the `` Gleesome Threesome '' , the `` Gruesome Twosome '' and the `` Lonesome Onesome '' , as stated in the episode `` The New Car '' Rosalind Cash as Thelma 's teacher , Jessica Bishop , who becomes romantically involved with a much younger J.J. ( season 4 , episode 3 ) Judith Cohen as herself in the episode `` The Judy Cohen Story '' ( season 4 , episode 12 ) Gary Coleman as Gary , a sharp - tongued classmate of Penny 's in two season five episodes Conchata Ferrell as Miss Johnson , Willona 's supervisor at her short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Kim Fields ( real - life daughter of Chip Fields ) as Penny 's friend , Kim , who has a tendency to add the suffix `` - ness '' to emphasize her anxiety such as `` hopelessnessness '' ( 2 season 6 episodes ) Carl Franklin as Larry , Thelma 's fiancé ' , ultimately breaking up when Larry is offered a job on the West Coast and Thelma is not ready to accompany him ( 2 episodes ) Alice Ghostley as Ms Dobbs , a social worker who is working on Penny being adopted by Willona ( 3 episodes ) Ron Glass as Michael 's elementary school principal ( 2.4 ) ; also made an appearance as a blind encyclopedia salesman who tries to swindle the Evans family ( 2.8 ) Louis Gossett , Jr. , in season two as Thelma 's older boyfriend ( Florida and James object to their relationship because of the age difference ) ( 2.6 ) ; also appears as Uncle Wilbert ( Florida 's brother ) , who comes from Detroit to look in on the family while James is away ( 3.8 ) Robert Guillaume as Fishbone the wino in the episode `` Requiem for a Wino '' ( season 5 , episode 11 ) Phillip Baker Hall as Motel Owner in the episode `` J.J. 's Fiancee ( Part 2 ) '' ( season 3 , episode 18 ) Shirley Hemphill as `` Roz '' , the dimwitted sister of Edna , who was being tutored by Thelma ( season 4 , episode 10 ) Gordon Jump as Mr. Rogers , the head of security at Willona 's short - lived second job as security in a department store ( season 5 , episode 6 ) Paula Kelly as Dr. Kelly in the episode `` Where Have All The Doctors Gone '' ( season 6 , episode 17 ) Jay Leno as `` Young Man '' in the season three 's `` J.J. in Trouble '' , which was one of the first times that the subject of `` VD '' ( STD ) was addressed on a primetime series Calvin Lockhart as Florida 's cousin Raymond , who earned his riches by betting on horses ( season 6 , episode 23 ) Don Marshall as FBI Agent Lloyd in the episode `` The Investigation '' ( season 3 , episode 20 ) . Paul Mooney as `` The Second Guy '' in the episode `` J.J. and T.C. '' ( season 6 ) Debbi Morgan as Samantha , a date of J.J. 's ( 3.23 ) ; and as Ellen ( 4.18 ) J.A. Preston as Walter Ingles in the episode `` Wilona 's Dilemma '' ( season 3 , episode 10 ) Charlotte Rae as a hiring manager for a sales job that Florida stole from James ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Vanessa in the episode `` J.J. and The Plumber 's Helper '' ( season 6 , episode 9 ) Bubba Smith as Claude , a bodyguard / thug working for Marion `` Sweet Daddy '' Williams ( 4 season 6 episodes ) Thalmus Rasulala as Ernie Harris , a childhood friend of James with a gambling problem ( season 3 , episode 20 ) Philip Michael Thomas as Eddie , Thelma 's college - age boyfriend ( season 1 , episode 6 ) Adam Wade as successful businessman Frank Mason , Willona 's boyfriend ( 2 season 5 episodes ) Vernee Watson - Johnson as Thelma 's friend and college mate Valerie , in the episode `` Thelma 's African Romance ( Part 1 ) '' ( season 4 ) Carl Weathers as Calvin Brooks , husband of the ' nude ' model for J.J. 's painting ( season 2 , episode 16 ) Hal Williams as one of the movers in a season one episode ; James ' friend , Willie Washington ( season 2 ) ; and Mr. Mitchell , the father of Earl Mitchell , who is an art student of J.J. 's ( season 6 ) John Witherspoon as Officer Lawson in the episode `` A Matter of Mothers '' ( season 6 , episode 20 ) Production notes ( edit ) Co-creator Mike Evans ( 1975 ) Good Times was created by Eric Monte and actor Mike Evans . The series also features a character named `` Michael Evans '' , after co-creator Mike Evans who portrayed Lionel Jefferson on the Norman Lear - produced series All in the Family and The Jeffersons . Theme song and opening sequence ( edit ) The gospel - styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman . It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals . The lyrics to the theme song are notorious for being hard to discern , notably the line `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' / `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' '' ( depending on the source used ) . Dave Chappelle used this part of the lyrics as a quiz in his `` I Know Black People '' skit on Chappelle 's Show in which the former was claimed as the answer . The insert for the Season One DVD box set has the lyric as `` Hangin ' in a chow line '' . However , the Bergmans confirmed that the lyric is actually `` Hangin ' in and jivin ' . '' Slightly different lyrics were used for the closing credits , with the song beginning on a verse instead of the chorus . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Good Times episodes Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) L -- R : Ralph Carter , Bern Nadette Stanis , Jimmie Walker , Esther Rolle and John Amos The program premiered in February 1974 ; high ratings led CBS to renew the program for the 1974 -- 75 season , as it was the seventeenth - highest - rated program that year . During its first full season on the air , 1974 -- 75 , the show was the seventh - highest - rated program in the Nielsen ratings , with more than 25 % of all American households tuning into an episode each week . Three of the top ten highest - rated programs on American TV that season centered on the lives of African - Americans : Sanford and Son , The Jeffersons , and Good Times . The Nielsen ratings for the series declined over time , partly because of its many time slot changes and the departure of John Amos . The ratings went down considerably when the show entered its final two seasons : Season TV Season No. of Episodes Time slot ( ET ) Nielsen ratings Rank Rating 1973 -- 1974 13 Friday at 8 : 30 pm 17 21.4 ( Tied with Barnaby Jones ) 1974 -- 1975 24 Tuesday at 8 : 00 pm 7 25.8 1975 -- 1976 24 24 21.0 1976 -- 1977 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 - 15 , 17 - 24 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 16 ) 26 20.5 5 1977 -- 1978 24 Wednesday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 16 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Monday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 17 - 24 ) 53 N / A 6 1978 -- 1979 22 Saturday at 8 : 00 pm ( Episode 1 ) Saturday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 2 - 10 ) Wednesday at 8 : 30 pm ( Episodes 11 - 22 ) 83 14.4 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) / work Result Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Best TV Actress -- Musical / Comedy Esther Rolle Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Television Jimmie Walker Nominated Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category John Baskin and Roger Shulman / episode : `` The Lunch Money Ripoff '' Nominated 30 Minute Category Bob Peete / episode : `` My Girl Henrietta '' Nominated 2006 TV Land Awards Impact Award John Amos , Ralph Carter , Ja'net DuBois , Esther Rolle ( posthumously ) , BernNadette Stanis , and Jimmie Walker Won Syndication ( edit ) Cable network TV One aired reruns of the show since its launch on January 19 , 2004 , with the exception of a period from 2002 until June 2013 . Good Times had also aired at various times on TV Land and on the Canadian specialty cable channel DejaView . Minisodes of the show are available for free on Crackle . Additionally , digital multicast network Antenna TV also aired episodes of the show until January 1 , 2018 , when GetTV , operated by Sony ( which distributes the show ) began airing the program . Good Times airs on GetTV with a TV - PG rating . Also , most episodes run on TV One with a TV - G rating , with the exception being the Season 3 episode `` J.J. in Trouble '' , in which J.J. fears he may have contracted an STD ; this episode airs on TV One with a TV - 14 rating , as well as the `` parental guidance is suggested '' slide that preceded the episode when it was originally broadcast on CBS . In the past , it aired on TV Land with a TV - PG rating . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 between February 2003 and August 2006 , with a complete box set following the separate seasons on October 28 , 2008 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 27 , 2006 . On August 27 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Good Times . They have subsequently re-released the first four seasons on DVD . On September 1 , 2015 , Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Good Times - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 13 February 4 , 2003 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Second Season 24 February 3 , 2004 January 21 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Third Season 24 August 10 , 2004 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fourth Season 24 February 15 , 2005 May 20 , 2014 ( re-release ) The Complete Fifth Season 24 August 23 , 2005 The Complete Sixth and Final Season 24 August 1 , 2006 The Complete Series 133 October 28 , 2008 September 1 , 2015 ( re-release ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cabrini - Green Set For Demolition '' . cbslocal.com . December 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simms , Gregory ( September 8 , 1977 ) . `` Ja'Net DuBois Tells Diet And ' Good Times ' Secrets During Swing Through Chi '' . Jet . Vol. 52 no . 25 . Johnson Publishing Company . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 869 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Jimmie ' J.J. ' Walker lights ' Dy - no - mite ' on gay marriage , Leno and dating '' . CNN . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . 49 . Scarecrow Press . p. 169 . ISBN 0 - 810 - 86348 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Louie ( September 1975 ) . `` Bad Times On the ' Good Times ' Set '' . Ebony . Vol. 30 no . 11 . Johnson Publishing Company . p. 35 . ISSN 0012 - 9011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , John L. ( April 14 , 2006 ) . `` Plotting His Next Big Break '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Was Fired , ' Reveals Good Times ' John Amos '' . Jet . Vol. 50 no . 10 . Johnson Publishing Company . May 27 , 1976 . p. 57 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( January 17 , 1994 ) . `` Lear , Amos paired up again '' . Herald - Journal . p . C3 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Random House Digital , Inc . November 9 , 2011 . p. 125 . ISBN 0 - 307 - 79950 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marguiles , Lee ( June 10 , 1978 ) . `` Esther Rolle Returning To ' Good Times ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 11B . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ( September 23 , 1977 ) . `` It 's ' good times ' for Ja'net Dubois '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 14D . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( October 17 , 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present ( 9 ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 552 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Newcomb 2004 p. 1012 ^ Jump up to : Bodroghkozy , Aniko ( January 1 , 2012 ) . Equal Time : Television and the Civil Rights Movement . University of Illinois Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 09378 - X . Jump up ^ J.J. 's Fiancee with guest star Debbie Allen at IMDb Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( February 19 , 1974 ) . `` Good Times Is Maude Spinoff '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p. 15 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstage with ... Alan and Marilyn Bergman '' . timeout.com . Time Out New York . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times In Trouble ; Jeffersons Holding Own '' . Jet . Vol. 55 no . 13 . Johnson Publishing Company . December 14 , 1978 . p. 64 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1687 -- 1688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.revealshot.com/good-times-movie-is-bad-idea-but-could-be-cathartic-for-series-co-creator-eric-monte/ Jump up ^ Lacey , Gord ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mill Creek Entertainment Signs Deals With Sony Pictures Home Entertainment To Expand Their Distribution Partnership '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Dyn - O - Mite ! Mill Creek Brings the First Two Seasons Back to DVD Soon ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Good Times - We 've Got Mill Creek 's Box Art Now for Their 3rd and 4th Season Re-Releases ! '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Good Times DVD news : Announcement for Good Times - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Good Times . Good Times on IMDb Good Times at TV.com Good Times at TVLand.com Good Times at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Maude Characters Maude Findlay Episodes `` Maude '' ( pilot ) Spin - offs Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) Episodes Mr. Dugan ( 1979 ; unaired ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Related All in the Family ( 1971 -- 1979 ) Episodes `` And Then There 's Maude '' ( theme song ) All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Times&oldid=855812085 '' Categories : 1974 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings 1970s American black sitcoms American television spin - offs CBS network shows English - language television programs Media portrayals of the working class Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Chicago Television series about families Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Articles using Template : The Interviews title Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Italiano Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 00 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Times
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who plays rob in so awkward season 3
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Samuel Small as Rob Edwards
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Samuel Small
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So Awkward
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so awkward
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Producer ( s ) Sally Martin Editor ( s ) Justin James Lindsey Dillon - Massey Running time 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Channel X Release Original network CBBC Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) -- Present External links www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/shows/so-awkward So Awkward is a sitcom series on CBBC . It stars Cleo Demetriou as Lily Hampton , Ameerah Falzon - Ojo as Jas ( Jasmine ) Salford , and Sophia Dall'aglio as Martha Fitzgerald . The thirteen - episode first series began on May 21 , 2015 , and finished on August 6 , 2015 . Another thirteen - episode series began on August 25 , 2016 and ended on November 17 , 2016 , followed by a thirteen - episode third series - which began on August 31 , 2017 , and will end on December 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Episodes 3.1 Series 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Series 3 ( 2017 ) 4 References 5 External links Plot Filmed in Manchester , So Awkward is a TV series with three socially awkward 13 year old girls , Lily Hampton , Jas Salford and Martha Fitzgerald , trying to fit in at school and deal with day - to - day life at school , boys and parental dramas . Cast Cleo Demetriou as Lily Hampton Ameerah Falzon - Ojo as Jasmine Salford Sophia Dall'aglio as Martha Fitzgerald Samuel Small as Rob Edwards Archie Lyndhurst as Ollie Coulton Jamie Flatters as Matt Furnish Susan Earl as Mrs Griggs Kay Purcell as Mrs Rennison Alex Carter as Mr Jeff Malone Laura Aikman as Miss Vicky Parfitt Clive Rowe as Mr Salford Carla Mendonça as Mrs Fitzgerald Vicky Hall as Mrs Hampton Flynn Horne as Jason Hampton Episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) August 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) 13 August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) 15 August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) Series 1 ( 2015 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Parentology '' Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) Martha feels abandoned by her workaholic mother , so she tries to get into trouble at school to be noticed , with the help of Jas . Unfortunately , this is not as easy as it seems . When her mum realises that Martha is feeling abandoned she tries to fix it , but Martha realises that she would rather have her workaholic mother the way she was before . Meanwhile , Lily is tired of her mother knitting her embarrassing jumpers and asking her if she has a boyfriend . She gives up and pretends that Ollie is her boyfriend , with disastrous results `` Friendundancy '' Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 21 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) Mufti Day is arriving , and Lily does n't want to wear one of Jas ' quirky and weird outfits again . She runs into Natasha Jones , and accidentally suggests they all wear yellow , and ends up trying to change between Jas ' and Natasha 's outfits . She finally gives up when she forgets that Jas had transferred into her Art class the week before . Lily embraces Jas ' zombie idea , and they end up setting a cool trend . Meanwhile Martha turns into a Goth , and Ollie decides that due to his fear of clothes he ca n't take the girls talking about clothes any more . Ollie gives the girls a ' friendundancy ' form to sign . `` A Minus '' Jordan Hogg Bede Blake 28 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 28 ) Martha is mortified when she gets an A - on her test , so she revises so much that she begins to faint all over the place . Mrs. Griggs gets worried about her , so she decides to make Matt her ' fun ' tutor . At first Martha is annoyed , but she soon learns that she can have fun , and she helps get Matt 's grades up . Lily is jealous that Martha is spending so much with Matt , and Ollie is jealous that Martha is always with Matt , so Jas comes up with a plan to put them together . `` The Nox Factor '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 4 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 04 ) Martha 's mum buys three tickets to a science talk hosted by a famous scientist , Dr. Nox . Lily and Jas both fancy him , so they compete at being a better friend so Martha will take them . In the end , Martha goes to ask Mrs. Griggs who she should pick . After failing to convince Martha to take her , Mrs. Griggs confiscates the tickets , but accidentally leaves them in a book which she later returns to the library . Meanwhile , Ollie wants to prove to everyone else that he is better than Dr. Nox , with Matt 's help . 5 5 `` Mr. Sicky Bear '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 11 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) Jas really wants to be Juliet in the play in assembly , but catches a cold . She accidentally passes the cold on to Martha and they both have to take a few days off . Martha stays at Jas ' house . When she gets there though , she discovers Jas ' house is a mess and spends ages cleaning . She also washes a teddy that Jas ' dad uses to cheer up Jas when she is sick , which deeply upsets Jas and her dad . Meanwhile , because Jas is sick , Ollie really wants Lily to be Juliet in the play . However , she does n't want to betray Jas even though Romeo is Matt Furnish , her crush . 6 6 `` Love Machine '' Jordan Hogg Bede Blake 18 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) Lily is worried that she and Matt might not be compatible , so Jas adapts some plant compatibility software , which tells you how compatible you are with someone , or who your perfect match is from the entire school database . When Lily finds out that she and Matt are 97 % compatible , she becomes worried and tries to figure out what the 3 percent is . When Jas enters Mrs. Griggs into the software , she is horrified to find out that the perfect match is her own father ! She becomes worried when Mrs. Griggs gives her a letter to give to her dad , and hides it thinking that it was a date offer . However , when Lily has the same envelope , Jas finds out that it was just a request to help out at the school fair . 7 7 `` Library vs. Tree '' Rebecca Ryworth Mark Oswin 25 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) Martha is campaigning to get a new library built , but when campaigning works , they find out that Jas ' favourite tree would have to be cut down . A fierce battle between Martha and Jas and their parents ensues . When it is all over they find that plans for the library have been cancelled , but then find out that the tree will still be cut down for a new sports centre . 8 8 `` Space Over '' Rebecca Ryworth Julie Bower 2 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) When Lily finds out that Matt is going out with a girl called Greta Masters , she becomes very upset . Jas organises a sleepover to cheer her up , but Martha is upset because a rare comet sighting is on the same night . She attempts to sneak Ollie into the attic of Lily 's house so that they can see the comet . 9 9 `` Fitzgerald vs Fitzgerald '' Jordan Hogg Matt Brito 9 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 09 ) When the Careers advisor suggests that Martha can not become a human rights lawyer and that she should aim lower , she campaigns against her mother to bring back the schools vending machine because Jas can not focus without the chocolate from it . She is nearly beaten , but proves that her mother did n't sign it . Because Martha 's mother used her signature stamp , it was n't a legal document . 10 10 `` Rox My World '' Rebbeca Rycroft Bede Blake 16 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 16 ) The girls have teamed up to enter a National Young Inventors competition . Lily and Martha fall out when Lily leaves the team to join Matt 's team , and Martha replaces Lily with super-geek Roxanne Bunce . Roxanne has recently returned from a science exchange programme in France , and during that time she has undergone a major transformation - the super-geek has become super-cool , now calling herself Roxy . Matt Furnish falls head - over-heels for Roxy and comes to Lily for advice on how to impress her . Lily ends up giving the boy she likes lessons in how to chat up another girl . Meanwhile , Lily does n't realise Jas in turn has been advising Roxy on how to secure Matt as a boyfriend . 11 11 `` Good Girls '' Rebecca Rycroft Mark Oswin 30 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 30 ) When Lily loses her tie , she is encouraged unwittingly to ' steal ' a tie by an older pupil whom she helped earlier . Meanwhile , Martha is called a snitch and denies this . 12 12 `` Everyone Loves Clementine '' Rebecca Rycroft Matt Brito 30 July 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 30 ) Lily borrows books from the library and leaves them on top of a car while she ties her shoe laces but the trouble starts when the car drives off with them . The books were due back that day and as Lily does n't want to get banned from the library she makes up Clementine to say that Clementine lost the books so Jas tries to make Clementine as convincing as possible , but even more trouble is about to happen when she get carried away . 13 13 `` Pouncing Tigers '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 6 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) Series 2 ( 2016 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 14 `` Dinner Date '' Ian Curtis Anthony McMurray 25 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) Lily invites Matt round for dinner , but things do n't go as planned . Meanwhile Martha 's obsession with emulating her idol makes Ollie jealous . 15 `` PSHE Hee Hee '' Ian Curtis Anthony McMurray 1 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) Martha fears Mr Malone is not teaching PHSE well enough , so is worried that she will fail , while Lily is worried that she ca n't make Matt laugh . 16 `` Locustium Insectium '' Ian Curtis Julie Bower 8 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) Jas looks after the school locusts and becomes devoted to them ; Lily 's attempts to cover up the locusts ' escape from her rapidly get out of hand . Meanwhile , Martha and Ollie get preoccupied by their competing phone apps . 17 `` The Kiss '' Ian Curtis Lucy Guy 15 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) Lily is determined to kiss Matt to prove they really are boyfriend and girlfriend , Martha and Ollie do a project on the transfer of germs , and Mr Malone suspects Mrs Griggs is flirting with him . 18 5 `` Slang Gang '' Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 22 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) Martha and Ollie build a slang generator machine to help them come up with a cool slogan for the school graffiti wall . Meanwhile , Jas tries to track down the inventor of a new slang word going round the school and Lily wonders what 's in Matt 's diary . 19 6 `` Girls & Boys '' Ian Curtis Adam G Goodwin and Jonathan Parkyn 29 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) The girls are mistaken for boys when dressing up for drama , and Lily keeps up the pretense in order to get closer to Matt . Ollie , without his contact lenses and trying to avoid wearing his old glasses , strikes up a friendship with Lily 's alter ego ' Liam ' . 20 7 `` BFF '' Ian Curtis Matt Brito 6 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) When Mrs Hampton volunteers to help out at the upcoming food festival at school Lily worries that her mother is going to embarrass her , but when Jas tries to help it only leads to jealousy . Meanwhile , Martha becomes an accidental rebel and risks her place on the chess team . 21 8 `` Race To The Bottom '' Jordan Hogg Mark Oswin 13 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 22 9 `` Party Clause '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 20 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) 23 10 `` What Would Emmeline Do '' Jordan Hogg Lucy Guy 27 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 24 11 `` The Salford Curse '' Jordan Hogg Jonathan Parkyn and Adam G Goodwin 3 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) Ollie and Martha feel that Cassie and Maxwell are trying to replace them as they are copying what Ollie and Martha do but better so they feel as they have to stop Cassie and Maxwell by sabotaging their lemonade stand , meanwhile Keith Salford is coaching the school hockey team and is relying on Jas to not get distracted and stop the other team from scoring but gets nervous when she believes she is under a curse . Lily is not apart of any of these things and feels as if she has just lost her friends so she tries to get them to notice how great friends they were and how it would be great if they were still friends . 25 12 `` Eye Contact '' Jordan Hogg Holly Phillips 10 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) 26 13 `` Totes Emosh '' Jordan Hogg Julie Bower 17 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) Martha is troubled when she 's the only one who has n't cried in assembly meaning she has to find a way to get the different feelings which make her cry if she wants to change the world , meanwhile Matt wants to audition for a school band with another popular girl which makes lily jealous . Matt does n't get the place in the band but still wants to perform so he decides to perform in front of the school but when he loses his voice he needs Lily 's help . Lily ends up singing the song which leads into Matt and Lily becoming a couple . Series 3 ( 2017 ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date 27 `` The Two Mrs. Hamptons '' Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Lily realises she 's turning out to be just like her mum . When she discovers her mum 's school grades suddenly dropped from straight As to Cs and Ds the year she got her first boyfriend , Lily is desperate to avoid the same thing happening to her now she 's officially going out with Rob . She tries different strategies - hanging out with younger kids Cassie and Maxwell to keep herself young and planning an educational Saturday afternoon out with Rob rather than going trainer shopping . None of her strategies work . Meanwhile Rufus , who has a big crush on Martha , is helping her with her conversational Spanish . When Rufus asks Martha out and she says no he figures she must already have a boyfriend and guesses it 's Ollie . Uncomfortable with the situation , yet anxious still to keep Rufus as her tutor , Martha decides to pretend she is actually going out with Ollie . 28 `` Ms Perfect '' Ian Curtis Anthony MacMurray 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) History teacher Mr Malone is jealous when new geography teacher Ms Parfitt arrives on the scene and all the pupils are excited about how brilliant a teacher she is . When it 's announced there is not enough money to fund both a geography and history field trip and the most popular trip will be the one that gets the funding , both teachers go head to head in a fierce competition to get their field trip chosen . Dirty tactics are employed by Mr Malone - he steals Ms Parfitt 's coffee supply , so she 's super-sleepy and unable to teach and tries to find out how she produces real smoke from her model volcano in class - almost getting himself blown up in the process . Meanwhile , Lily is complaining Rob is too ' boy ' - she finds his boisterousness and burping gross and decides to give him a dose of his own medicine . It backfires - she eats disgustingly in his presence intending to shock him , but he does n't even notice . By contrast , Ollie is sick of being treated by the others as one of the girls and Rob agrees to teach Ollie to be more ' boy ' . 29 `` Science Chic '' TBA TBA 14 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) A business studies competition is announced at school , and both Lily and Martha desperately want to be project manager . Lily thinks she would be the best candidate because the task is to organise a fashion show and she is more creative . Martha wants to be project manager so she gets to meet her business hero Sir Adam Salt . It is decided the role will go to the one who can come up with the best outfit design . Lily is confident she will win , but against the odds Martha wins with her ' lab coat ' design . Martha gets carried away and turns into a true fashionista . Lily is upset that Martha has taken over her natural role , and Martha in turn is jealous when she discovers Lily and Ollie happily working on the spreadsheet . To add insult to injury , Martha 's mother tries to muscle in and redesign the collection. Meanwhile , when Jas accidentally wrecks the shelves in Mrs Rennison 's office , Mr Salford is roped into repairing them . Jas mistakenly thinks her dad is a DIY expert - he is actually hopeless but has never had the heart to tell Jas . 30 `` A Room of Her Own '' TBA TBA 21 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Lily decides her bedroom is babyish and needs a makeover to reflect the fact she is now a sophisticated teen . So Lily and her mum decide to donate all her old toys to the upcoming school charity auction . Jas and Lily 's mum secretly plan to redecorate her room as a surprise when Lily is out . Meanwhile in Life Lessons class Martha and Ollie volunteer to be parents to a new ' baby app ' , thinking it 'll be an easy task . Utterly defeated by the baby app 's constant crying and demands they palm ' baby ' off on Cassie and Maxwell , who in turn are soon at their wits ' end . 31 5 `` Never the Bridsemaid , Never the Bride '' TBA TBA 28 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Jas is asked to be a bridesmaid and is worried about being too clumsy to pull it off . Lily suggests staging a mock wedding so Jas can have a rehearsal - with herself and Rob as the bride and groom ! Lily goes all Bridezilla . As she plans the big day she gets so carried away that she actually has no time for Rob and snubs him , just when he 's ready to take their relationship to the next level and ask Lily on a romantic meal out . Meanwhile , Mr Salford has been asked to make a presentation to become the area youth hockey rep . Terrified of public speaking , he gets Mrs Griggs to help him . Mrs Griggs declares he must make a speech at the fake wedding . 32 6 `` Fly Me to the Moon '' TBA TBA 5 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) No - one wants to be Jas ' partner for Experiment Friday , as her science projects are always too crazy and ambitious - meaning she gets really low marks . However , first Rufus is roped in to ' Team Jas ' and then Ollie and Rob . Jas calls Ollie and Rob to the art room and when they get there it 's all in darkness , until the lights suddenly come on and Jas and Rufus announce from the control room next door ' You 're going to the moon ! ' . She has transformed the art room into a spaceship to conduct an experiment into how teenage boys deal with being cooped up together on a long space voyage . Meanwhile , Lily and Martha have been paired with Cassie and Maxwell for Experiment Friday . Lily is fretting that she and Rob are obviously incompatible as he hates her favourite naturalist Steve Batchelor and Cassie and Maxwell decide to ' study ' Lily as part of their science project , researching teen relationship issues . 33 7 `` Hormone Horror '' TBA TBA 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) Martha starts acting oddly , getting emotional and over-reacting to things . She 's horrified to realise that her hormones are kicking in . Lily sympathises - she feels the same . Jas is n't feeling any effects from her hormones but , not wanting to feel left out , decides to fake it . Faced with two seemingly hormonal teenagers , Mrs Fitzgerald and Mr Salford join forces to address their problem . Deciding that exercise is a great antidote , they try to encourage Jas and Martha to join the new street dance class Ms Parfitt is running . Meanwhile , Mrs Griggs wants to be best friends with Ms Parfitt and thinks Ms Parfitt 's street dance class is the perfect opportunity to impress her . 34 8 TBA TBA TBA 19 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) Martha and Ollie throw Cassie and Maxwell off the maths team , desperate not to be outshone as they were last year by the lightning - fast buzzer technique of the younger pair . Outraged , Cassie and Maxwell vow to fight for their rightful places on the team . After what he considers a near - death experience stranded up a ladder , Alfie is determined to compile and complete a ' bucket list ' before it 's too late . Jas thinks she 's helping him by encouraging him to do the scariest things she can think of , but poor Alfie becomes increasingly traumatised . Jas realises that she really needs to help him achieve his own personal goal - spending time with Martha ! Meanwhile , Rob has to attend a History Catch - Up Club run by Mr Malone . Lily is frustrated , as she 's hardly getting to see Rob at all and Ms Parfitt is jealous of the club 's popularity . 35 9 TBA TBA TBA 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 36 10 TBA TBA TBA 2 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 37 11 TBA TBA TBA 9 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 38 12 TBA TBA TBA 16 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 39 13 TBA TBA TBA 23 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) 40 14 TBA TBA TBA 30 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 41 15 TBA TBA TBA 7 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Forecast students to star in new CBBC Sitcom '' . Forecast Academy . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Step -- Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Dinner Date Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 1 . Dinner Date '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 PSHE Hee Hee Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 2 . PSHE Hee Hee '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Locustium Insectium Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 3 . Locustium Insectium '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 The Kiss Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 4 . The Kiss '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Slang Gang Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 5 . Slang Gang '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 Girls & Boys Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 6 . Girls & Boys '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Series 2 BFF Credits '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` So Awkward Series 2 : 7 . BFF '' . BBC . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . External links So Awkward - CBBC Online So Awkward on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_Awkward&oldid=806607396 '' Categories : 2015 British television programme debuts 2010s British children 's television series BBC high definition programmes BBC children 's television programmes Children 's television sitcoms British teen sitcoms English - language television programs Television shows set in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from May 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 02 : 13 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%20Awkward
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names of public secondary schools in lagos state
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List of schools in Lagos
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list of schools in lagos
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This is a list of secondary schools in Lagos , Nigeria .
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This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents : Top A B C D E F G H I K L M Q R S U V American International School of Lagos Anwar ul - Islam Girls High School , Ifako / Ijaye , Ojokoro Lagos Apata Memorial High School , Ireakari Estate , Isolo Atlantic Hall , Poka Epe Avi - Cenna International School Babington Macaulay Junior Seminary Baptist Academy , Obanikoro British International School Lagos Chrisland Schools CMS Grammar School , Lagos Caleb British International School , Lekki Delightsome Land School , 229 A&B Muri Okunola street , Victoria Island , Lagos . D - Ivy College , Ikeja Dowen College Ebun Pro Veritas International School Eko Boys ' High School Federal Government College Lagos First Island School , Lekki German School Lagos Good Shepherd Schools Government College Ikorodu Grace Schools Grange School , Ikeja Greenspring School Holy Child College Igbobi College , Yaba Ikenna Stars Academy Indian Language School Institute for Industrial Technology International School Lagos Isolog schools Italian International School `` Enrico Mattei '' King 's College , Lagos Kingsfield College Lagoon Secondary School , Lekki Lagos Preparatory School Lagos State Junior Model College Badore Lagos State Junior Model College Kankon Lagos State Model College Badore Lagos State Model College Igbonla Lagos State Model College Kankon Lebanese Community School Lekki British School Logic Group of Schools Lycée Français Louis Pasteur de Lagos Makoko Floating School Methodist Boys ' High School , Victoria Island Methodist Girls ' High School , Yaba Lagos Mictec Schools Q ( edit ) Queen 's College , Lagos , Yaba Redeemer 's International Secondary School St Gregory 's College , Lagos , South - west Ikoyi St. Francis Catholic Secondary School , Nigeria State High School V ( edit ) Vivian Fowler Memorial College for Girls See also ( edit ) Lagos portal Lists portal Schools portal Education in Nigeria List of schools in Nigeria References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) `` Education '' , Lagos State Government Lists relating to Lagos Radio Hospitals Hotels Markets Schools Restaurants Timeline Obas Governors Ministries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_schools_in_Lagos&oldid=849935909 '' Categories : Lagos - related lists Lists of schools in Nigeria Schools in Lagos Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Incomplete lists from December 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 12 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20in%20Lagos
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gonadal differentiation begins at approximately what point after conception
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As the zygote divides , it first becomes the embryo ( which means ' growing within ' ) , typically between zero and eight weeks , then from the eighth week until birth , it is considered the fetus ( which means ' unborn offspring ' ) . The internal genitalia are all the accessory glands and ducts that connect the gonads to the outside environment . The external genitalia consist of all the external reproductive structures . The sex of an early embryo can not be determined because the reproductive structures do not differentiate until the seventh week . Prior to this , the child is considered bipotential because it can not be identified as male or female .
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Sexual differentiation in humans
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sexual differentiation in humans
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Sexual differentiation in humans is the process of development of sex differences in humans . It is defined as the development of phenotypic structures consequent to the action of hormones produced following gonadal determination . Sexual differentiation includes development of different genitalia and the internal genital tracts , breasts , body hair , and plays a role in gender identification .
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The development of sexual differences begins with the XY sex - determination system that is present in humans , and complex mechanisms are responsible for the development of the phenotypic differences between male and female humans from an undifferentiated zygote . Females have two X chromosomes , and males have a Y chromosome and an X chromosome . At an early stage in embryonic development , both sexes possess equivalent internal structures . These are the mesonephric ducts and paramesonephric ducts . The presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the development of the testes in males , and the subsequent release of hormones which cause the paramesonephric ducts to regress . In females , the mesonephric ducts regress . Divergent sexual development , also known as intersexuality , can be a result of genetic and hormonal factors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sex determination 2 Reproductive system 2.1 Internal genital differentiation 2.2 External genital differentiation 3 Secondary sexual characteristics 3.1 Breast 4 Psychological and behavioral differentiation 5 Intersex conditions 6 Timeline 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 References Sex determination ( edit ) Main article : XY sex - determination system This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A baby 's sex is determined at the time of conception . When the baby is conceived , a chromosome from the sperm cell , either X or Y , fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell , determining whether the baby will be female ( XX ) or male ( XY ) . To be female , one needs to be ( XX ) , whereas to be a male , ( XY ) is needed . It is the Y chromosome that is essential for the development of the male reproductive organs , and with no Y chromosome , an embryo will develop into a female . This is because of the presence of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome , also known as the SRY gene . A fetus does n't develop its external sexual organs until the second month of pregnancy -- seven weeks after conception . The fetus appears to be sexually indifferent , looking neither like a male or a female . Over the next five weeks , the fetus begins producing hormones that cause its sex organs to grow into either male or female organs . This process is called sexual differentiation . The precursor of the internal female sex organs is called the Müllerian system . Reproductive system ( edit ) Main article : Development of the reproductive system By 7 weeks , a fetus has a genital tubercle , urogenital groove and sinus , and labioscrotal folds . In females , without excess androgens , these become the clitoris , urethra and vagina , and labia Differentiation between the sexes of the sex organs occurs throughout embryological , fetal and later life . This includes both internal and external genital differentiation . In both males and females , the sex organs consist of three structures : the gonads , the internal genitalia , and the external genitalia . In males , the gonads are the testes and in females they are the ovaries . These are the organs that produce gametes ( egg and sperm ) , the reproductive cells that will eventually meet to form the fertilized egg ( zygote ) . As the zygote divides , it first becomes the embryo ( which means ' growing within ' ) , typically between zero and eight weeks , then from the eighth week until birth , it is considered the fetus ( which means ' unborn offspring ' ) . The internal genitalia are all the accessory glands and ducts that connect the gonads to the outside environment . The external genitalia consist of all the external reproductive structures . The sex of an early embryo can not be determined because the reproductive structures do not differentiate until the seventh week . Prior to this , the child is considered bipotential because it can not be identified as male or female . Internal genital differentiation ( edit ) The internal genitalia consist of two accessory ducts : mesonephric ducts ( male ) and paramesonephric ducts ( female ) . The mesonephric system is the precursor to the male genitalia and the paramesonephric to the female reproductive system . As development proceeds , one of the pairs of ducts develops while the other regresses . This depends on the presence or absence of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome , also known as the SRY gene . In the presence of a functional SRY gene , the bipotential gonads develop into testes . Gonads are histologically distinguishable by 6 -- 8 weeks of gestation . Subsequent development of one set and degeneration of the other depends on the presence or absence of two testicular hormones : testosterone and anti-müllerian hormone ( AMH ) . Disruption of typical development may result in the development of both , or neither , duct system , which may produce morphologically intersex individuals . Males : The SRY gene when transcribed and processed produces SRY protein that binds to DNA and directs the development of the gonad into testes . Male development can only occur when the fetal testis secretes key hormones at a critical period in early gestation . The testes begin to secrete three hormones that influence the male internal and external genitalia : they secrete anti-müllerian hormone ( AMH ) , testosterone , and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Anti-müllerian hormone causes the paramesonephric ducts to regress . Testosterone converts the mesonephric ducts into male accessory structures , including the epididymis , vas deferens , and seminal vesicle . Testosterone will also control the descending of the testes from the abdomen into the scrotum . Many other genes found on other autosomes , includingWT - 1 , SOX9 , SF - 1 also play a role in gonadal development . Females : Without testosterone and AMH , the mesonephric ducts degenerate and disappear . The paramesonephric ducts develop into a uterus , fallopian tubes , and upper vagina . There still remains a broad lack of information about the genetic controls of female development , and much remains unknown about the female embryonic process . External genital differentiation ( edit ) Photograph of an adult female human , with an adult male for comparison . Note that both models have partially shaved body hair . Males become externally distinct between 8 and 12 weeks , as androgens enlarge the phallus and cause the urogenital groove and sinus to fuse in the midline , producing an unambiguous penis with a phallic urethra , and a thinned , rugated scrotum . Dihydrotestosterone will differentiate the remaining male characteristics of the external genitalia . A sufficient amount of any androgen can cause external masculinization . The most potent is dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , generated from testosterone in skin and genital tissue by the action of 5α - reductase . A male fetus may be incompletely masculinized if this enzyme is deficient . In some diseases and circumstances , other androgens may be present in high enough concentrations to cause partial or ( rarely ) complete masculinization of the external genitalia of a genetically female fetus . The testes begin to secrete three hormones that influence the male internal and external genitalia . They secrete anti-müllerian hormone , testosterone , and Dihydrotestosterone . anti-Müllerian hormone ( AMH ) causes the paramesonephric ducts to regress . Testosterone , which is secreted and converts the mesonephric ducts into male accessory structures , such as epididymis , vas deferens and seminal vesicle . Testosterone will also control the descending of the testes from the abdomen into the scrotom . Dihydrotestosterone , also known as ( DHT ) will differentiate the remaining male characteristics of the external genitalia . Further sex differentiation of the external genitalia occurs at puberty , when androgen levels again become disparate . Male levels of testosterone directly induce growth of the penis , and indirectly ( via DHT ) the prostate . Alfred Jost observed that while testosterone was required for mesonephric duct development , the regression of the paramesonephric duct was due to another substance . This was later determined to be paramesonephric inhibiting substance ( MIS ) , a 140 kD dimeric glycoprotein that is produced by sertoli cells . MIS blocks the development of paramesonephric ducts , promoting their regression . Secondary sexual characteristics ( edit ) Breast ( edit ) Visible differentiation occurs at puberty , when estradiol and other hormones cause breasts to develop in typical females . Psychological and behavioral differentiation ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Human adults and children show many psychological and behavioral sex differences . Some ( e.g. , dress ) are learned and obviously cultural . Others are demonstrable across cultures and have both biological and learned determinants . For example , some studies claim girls are , on average , more verbally fluent than boys , but boys are , on average , better at spatial calculation . Some have observed that this may be due to two different patterns in parental communication with infants , noting that parents are more likely to talk to girls and more likely to engage in physical play with boys . Because people can not explore hormonal influences on human behavior experimentally , the relative contributions of biological factors and learning to human psychological and behavioral sex differences ( especially gender identity , role , and sexual orientation ) are controversial ( and hotly contested ) . Current theories on mechanisms of sexual differentiation of brains and behavior in humans are based primarily on three sources of evidence : animal research involving manipulation of hormones in early life , observation of outcomes of small numbers of individuals with disorders of sexual development ( intersex conditions or cases of early sex reassignment ) , and statistical distribution of traits in populations ( e.g. , rates of homosexuality in twins ) . Many of these cases suggest some genetic or hormonal effect on sex differentiation of behavior and mental traits this has been disputed as poor interpretation of scientific methodology . Intersex conditions ( edit ) Main article : Intersex The following variations are associated with atypical determination and differentiation process : A zygote with only X chromosome ( XO ) results in Turner syndrome and will develop with female characteristics . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Inability of adrenal to produce sufficient cortisol , leading to increased production of testosterone resulting in severe masculinization of 46 XX females . Persistent müllerian duct syndrome - A rare type of pseudohermaphroditism that occurs in 46 XY males , caused by either a mutation in the Müllerian inhibiting substance ( MIS ) gene , on 19p13 , or its type II receptor , 12q13 . Results in a retention of Müllerian ducts ( persistence of rudimentary uterus and fallopian tubes in otherwise normally virilized males ) , unilateral or bilateral undescended testes and sometimes causes infertility . XY differences of sex development - Atypical androgen production or inadequate androgen response , which can cause incomplete masculinization in XY males . Varies from mild failure of masculinization with undescended testes to complete sex reversal and female phenotype ( Androgen insensitivity syndrome ) Swyer syndrome . A form of complete gonadal dysgenesis , mostly due to mutations in the first step of sex determination ; the SRY genes . A 5 - alpha - reductase deficiency results in atypical development characterized by female phenotype or undervirilized male phenotype with development of the epididymis , vas deferens , seminal vesicle , and ejaculatory duct , but also a pseudovagina . This is because testosterone is converted to the more potent DHT by 5 - alpha reductase . DHT is necessary to exert androgenic effects farther from the site of testosterone production , where the concentrations of testosterone are too low to have any potency . Timeline ( edit ) Human prenatal sexual differentiation Fetal age ( weeks ) Crown - rump length ( mm ) Sex differentiating events blastocyst Inactivation of one X chromosome 2 - 3 Development of wolffian ducts 5 7 Migration of primordial germ cells in the undifferentiated gonad 6 10 - 15 Development of müllerian ducts 7 13 - 20 Differentiation of seminiferous tubules 8 30 Regression of müllerian ducts in male fetus 8 32 - 35 Appearance of Leydig cells . First synthesis of testosterone 9 43 Total regression of müllerian ducts . Loss of sensitivity of müllerian ducts in the female fetus 9 43 First meiotic prophase in oogonia 10 43 - 45 Beginning of masculinization of external genitalia 10 50 Beginning of regression of wolffian ducts in the female fetus 12 70 Fetal testis is in the internal inguinal ring 12 - 14 70 - 90 Male penile urethra is completed 14 90 Appearance of first spermatogonia 16 100 Appearance of first ovarian follicles 17 120 Numerous Leydig cells . Peak of testosterone secretion 20 150 Regression of Leydig cells . Diminished testosterone secretion 24 200 First multilayered ovarian follicles . Canalisation of the vagina 28 230 Cessation of oogonia multiplication 28 230 Descent of testis See also ( edit ) Heteronormativity Gender essentialism Neuroscience of sex differences Sex differences in humans Further reading ( edit ) Josso , Nathalie . ( May 10 , 2008 ) . Sex Determination . Differences of Sex Determination . June 26 , 2012 . De Felici , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Germ stem cells in the mammalian adult ovary : Considerations by a fan of the primordial germ cells '' . Molecular Human Reproduction. 16 ( 9 ) : 632 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / molehr / gaq006 . PMID 20086005 . Rodolfo Rey . ( November 10 , 2009 ) . Externalgenitalia . Endotext . June 26 , 2012 . Sharman , GB ; Hughes , RL ; Cooper , DW ( 1989 ) . `` The Chromosomal Basis of Sex - Differentiation in Marsupials '' . Australian Journal of Zoology. 37 ( 3 ) : 451 . doi : 10.1071 / ZO9890451 . Watson , CM ; Margan , SH ; Johnston , PG ( 1998 ) . `` Sex - chromosome elimination in the bandicoot Isoodon macrourus using Y - linked markers '' . Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics . 81 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 9 . doi : 10.1159 / 000015008 . PMID 9691176 . Minireview : Sex Differentiation . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Ieuan A. ( 1 August 2001 ) . `` Minireview : Sex Differentiation '' . Endocrinology. 142 ( 8 ) : 3281 -- 3287 . doi : 10.1210 / endo. 142.8. 8406 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 -- via endo.endojournals.org . Jump up ^ `` Human sexual differentiation '' . Gfmer.ch . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Asit B. ; Parsa , Nasser Z. ( 1990 ) . `` Determination of sex chromosomal constitution and chromosomal origin of drumsticks , drumstick - like structures , and other nuclear bodies in human blood cells at interphase by fluorescence in situ hybridization '' . Chromosoma. 99 ( 6 ) : 432 -- 5 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01726695 . PMID 2176962 . Jump up ^ Kučinskas , Laimutis ; Just , Walter ( 2005 ) . `` Human male sex determination and sexual differentiation : Pathways , molecular interactions and genetic disorders '' . Medicina. 41 ( 8 ) : 633 -- 40 . PMID 16160410 . ^ Jump up to : Fauci , Anthony S. ; Harrison , T.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Harrison 's principles of internal medicine ( 17th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 2339 -- 2346 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147693 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Silverthorn , Dee , U ... ( 2010 ) . Reproduction and Development . In : Human Physiology : an integrated approach . 5th ed. san francisco : Pearson education . p828 - 831 . Jump up ^ `` Learning Objectives '' . Albany.edu . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fausto - Sterling , Anne ( 1992 ) . Myths of Gender , Revised Edition . Perseus Books ( HarperCollins ) , 81 - 82 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ieuan A ... ( June 12 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Jost , A. ; Price , D. ; Edwards , R.G. ( 1970 ) . `` Hormonal Factors in the Sex Differentiation of the Mammalian Foetus ( and Discussion ) '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 259 ( 828 ) : 119 -- 31 . Bibcode : 1970RSPTB. 259 ... 119J . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1970.0052 . JSTOR 2417046 . Jump up ^ Halpern , Diane F. ( 2011 ) . Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities : 4th Edition . NY : Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Geary , David C. ( 2009 ) . Male , Female : The Evolution of Human Sex Differences ( 2nd Ed . ) Washington , D.C. : American Psychological Association . ^ Jump up to : 1963 - , Jordan - Young , Rebecca M. , . Brain storm : the flaws in the science of sex differences ( First Harvard University Press paperback ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts . ISBN 9780674063518 . OCLC 733913684 . ^ Jump up to : Cordelia. , Fine , ( 2011 ) . Delusions of Gender : The Real Science Behind Sex Differences . London : Icon Books . ISBN 9781848312203 . OCLC 707442506 . Jump up ^ Pinker , Steven ( 2002 ) . The Blank Slate . New York : Penguin . pp. 346 -- 350 . Jump up ^ MacLaughlin , David T. ; Donahoe , Patricia K. ( 2004 ) . `` Sex Determination and Differentiation '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 350 ( 4 ) : 367 -- 78 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra022784 . PMID 14736929 . Jump up ^ PC Sizonenko in Pediatric Endocrinology , edited by J. Bertrand , R. Rappaport , and PC Sizonenko , ( Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins , 1993 ) , pp. 88 -- 99 Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found - HHMI BioInteractive '' ( PDF ) . Hhmi.org . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Sex differences in humans Physiology Medicine Sexual differentiation Autism Narcissism Schizophrenia Stroke care Neuroscience Memory Eyewitness memory Cognition Intelligence Emotional intelligence Psychology Gender psychology Sociology Crime Education Leadership Social capital Suicide ( hide ) Sex determination and differentiation Overview Sexual differentiation humans Development of the reproductive system gonads Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Genetic basis Sex - determination system XY X0 ZW Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor See also Hermaphrodite Intersex Disorders of sex development Development of the reproductive system Precursors Mesoderm intermediate lateral plate Endoderm Cloaca Urogenital sinus Ectoderm Cloacal membrane Internal Development of the gonads Gonadal ridge Pronephric duct Mesonephric duct Paramesonephric duct Vaginal plate Definitive urogenital sinus External Genital tubercle Labioscrotal swelling Primordial phallus Gubernaculum Peritoneum Vaginal process Canal of Nuck See also List of related male and female reproductive organs Prenatal development Embryogenesis Sex Biological terms Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex - determination system XY ZW XO Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex Sexual reproduction Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Copulation Human reproduction Sexuality Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity Sex portal Biology portal Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_differentiation_in_humans&oldid=820180099 '' Categories : Sex - determination systems Epigenetics Human reproduction Physiology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Accuracy disputes from December 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 14 : 08 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20differentiation%20in%20humans
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what is the ultimate hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy
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Published in 1997 , this 832 - page leatherbound final omnibus edition contains five Hitchhiker series novels and one short story :
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832 - page leatherbound final omnibus edition
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The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy
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the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy
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The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( sometimes referred to as HG2G , HHGTTG or H2G2 ) is a comedy science fiction series created by Douglas Adams . Originally a radio comedy broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1978 , it was later adapted to other formats , including stage shows , novels , comic books , a 1981 TV series , a 1984 video game , and 2005 feature film .
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A prominent series in British popular culture , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy has become an international multi-media phenomenon ; the novels are the most widely distributed , having been translated into more than 30 languages by 2005 . In 2017 , BBC Radio 4 announced a 40th - anniversary celebration with Dirk Maggs , one of the original producers , in charge . This sixth series of the sci - fi spoof has been based on Eoin Colfer 's book And Another Thing , with additional unpublished material by Douglas Adams . The first of six new episodes was broadcast on 8 March 2018 . The broad narrative of Hitchhiker follows the misadventures of the last surviving man , Arthur Dent , following the demolition of the planet Earth by a Vogon constructor fleet to make way for a hyperspace bypass . Dent is rescued from Earth 's destruction by Ford Prefect , a human - like alien writer for the eccentric , electronic travel guide The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , by hitchhiking onto a passing Vogon spacecraft . Following his rescue , Dent explores the galaxy with Prefect and encounters Trillian , another human that had been taken from Earth prior to its destruction by the President of the Galaxy , the two - headed Zaphod Beeblebrox , and the depressed Marvin , the Paranoid Android . Certain narrative details were changed between the various adaptations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Background 3 Original radio series 4 Novels 4.1 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 4.2 The Restaurant at the End of the Universe 4.3 Life , the Universe and Everything 4.4 So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish 4.5 Mostly Harmless 4.6 And Another Thing ... 5 Omnibus editions 5.1 The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide 5.2 The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide 6 Other Hitchhiker 's - related books and stories 6.1 Related stories 6.2 Published radio scripts 7 Television series 7.1 Other television appearances 8 Radio series three to five 9 Radio series six 10 Film 11 Stage shows 12 Live radio adaptation 13 LP album adaptations 14 Audiobook adaptations 15 Interactive fiction and video games 16 Comic books 17 `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' 18 International phenomenon 19 Spelling 20 See also 21 References 22 External links 22.1 Official sites 22.2 Other links Plot ( edit ) The various versions follow the same basic plot but they are in many places mutually contradictory , as Adams rewrote the story substantially for each new adaptation . Throughout all versions , the series follows the adventures of Arthur Dent , a hapless Englishman , following the destruction of the Earth by the Vogons , a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens , to make way for an intergalactic bypass . Dent 's adventures intersect with several other characters : Ford Prefect ( who named himself after the Ford Prefect car to blend in with what was assumed to be the dominant life form , automobiles ) , an alien from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse and a researcher for the eponymous guidebook , who rescues Dent from Earth 's destruction ; Zaphod Beeblebrox , Ford 's eccentric semi-cousin and the Galactic President ; the depressed robot Marvin the Paranoid Android ; and Trillian , formerly known as Tricia McMillan , a woman Arthur once met at a party in Islington and the only other human survivor of Earth 's destruction thanks to Beeblebrox ' intervention . Background ( edit ) The first radio series comes from a proposal called `` The Ends of the Earth '' : six self - contained episodes , all ending with Earth 's being destroyed in a different way . While writing the first episode , Adams realized that he needed someone on the planet who was an alien to provide some context , and that this alien needed a reason to be there . Adams finally settled on making the alien a roving researcher for a `` wholly remarkable book '' named The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . As the first radio episode 's writing progressed , the Guide became the centre of his story , and he decided to focus the series on it , with the destruction of Earth being the only hold - over . Adams claimed that the title came from a 1971 incident while he was hitchhiking around Europe as a young man with a copy of the Hitch - hiker 's Guide to Europe book : while lying drunk in a field near Innsbruck with a copy of the book and looking up at the stars , he thought it would be a good idea for someone to write a hitchhiker 's guide to the galaxy as well . However , he later claimed that he had told this story so many times that he had forgotten the incident itself , and only remembered himself telling the story . His friends are quoted as saying that Adams mentioned the idea of `` hitch - hiking around the galaxy '' to them while on holiday in Greece in 1973 . Adams 's fictional Guide is an electronic guidebook to the entire universe , originally published by Megadodo Publications , one of the great publishing houses of Ursa Minor Beta . The narrative of the various versions of the story are frequently punctuated with excerpts from the Guide . The voice of the Guide ( Peter Jones in the first two radio series and TV versions , later William Franklyn in the third , fourth and fifth radio series , and Stephen Fry in the movie version ) , also provides general narration . Original radio series ( edit ) See also : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) and The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Primary and Secondary Phases The first radio series of six episodes ( called `` Fits '' after the names of the sections of Lewis Carroll 's nonsense poem `` The Hunting of the Snark '' ) was broadcast in 1978 on BBC Radio 4 . Despite a low - key launch of the series ( the first episode was broadcast at 10 : 30 pm on Wednesday , 8 March 1978 ) , it received generally good reviews and a tremendous audience reaction for radio . A one - off episode ( a `` Christmas special '' ) was broadcast later in the year . The BBC had a practice at the time of commissioning `` Christmas Special '' episodes for popular radio series , and while an early draft of this episode of The Hitchhiker 's Guide had a Christmas - related plotline , it was decided to be `` in slightly poor taste '' and the episode as transmitted served as a bridge between the two series . This episode was released as part of the second radio series and , later , The Secondary Phase on cassettes and CDs . The Primary and Secondary Phases were aired , in a slightly edited version , in the United States on NPR Playhouse . The first series was repeated twice in 1978 alone and many more times in the next few years . This led to an LP re-recording , produced independently of the BBC for sale , and a further adaptation of the series as a book . A second radio series , which consisted of a further six episodes , and bringing the total number of episodes to 12 , was broadcast in 1980 . The radio series ( and the LP and TV versions ) greatly benefited from the narration of noted comedy actor Peter Jones as The Book . He was cast after it was decided that a `` Peter Jonesy '' sort of voice was required . This led to a three - month search for an actor who sounded exactly like Peter Jones , which was unsuccessful . The producers then hired Peter Jones as exactly the `` Peter Jonesy '' voice they were looking for . The series was also notable for its use of sound , being the first comedy series to be produced in stereo . Adams said that he wanted the programme 's production to be comparable to that of a modern rock album . Much of the programme 's budget was spent on sound effects , which were largely the work of Paddy Kingsland ( for the pilot episode and the complete second series ) at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop and Dick Mills and Harry Parker ( for the remaining episodes ( 2 -- 6 ) of the first series ) . The fact that they were at the forefront of modern radio production in 1978 and 1980 was reflected when the three new series of Hitchhiker 's became some of the first radio shows to be mixed into four - channel Dolby Surround . This mix was also featured on DVD releases of the third radio series . The theme tune used for the radio , television , LP and film versions is `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' , an instrumental piece composed by Bernie Leadon and recorded by The Eagles on their album One of These Nights . Only the transmitted radio series used the original recording ; a sound - alike cover by Tim Souster was used for the LP and TV series , another arrangement by Joby Talbot was used for the 2005 film , and still another arrangement , this time by Philip Pope , was recorded to be released with the CDs of the last three radio series . Apparently , Adams chose this song for its futuristic - sounding nature , but also for the fact that it had a banjo in it , which , as Geoffrey Perkins recalls , Adams said would give an `` on the road , hitch - hiking feel '' to it . The twelve episodes were released ( in a slightly edited form , removing the Pink Floyd music and two other tunes `` hummed '' by Marvin when the team land on Magrathea ) on CD and cassette in 1988 , becoming the first CD release in the BBC Radio Collection . They were re-released in 1992 , and at this time Adams suggested that they could retitle Fits the First to Sixth as `` The Primary Phase '' and Fits the Seventh to Twelfth as `` The Secondary Phase '' instead of just `` the first series '' and `` the second series '' . It was at about this time that a `` Tertiary Phase '' was first discussed with Dirk Maggs , adapting Life , the Universe and Everything , but this series would not be recorded for another ten years . Main cast : Simon Jones as Arthur Dent Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect Susan Sheridan as Trillian Mark Wing - Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox Stephen Moore as Marvin , the Paranoid Android Richard Vernon as Slartibartfast Peter Jones as The Book Novels ( edit ) The novels are described as `` a trilogy in five parts '' , having been described as a trilogy on the release of the third book , and then a `` trilogy in four parts '' on the release of the fourth book . The US edition of the fifth book was originally released with the legend `` The fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker 's Trilogy '' on the cover . Subsequent re-releases of the other novels bore the legend `` The ( first , second , third , fourth ) book in the increasingly inaccurately named Hitchhiker 's Trilogy '' . In addition , the blurb on the fifth book describes it as `` the book that gives a whole new meaning to the word ' trilogy ' '' . The plots of the television and radio series are more or less the same as that of the first two novels , though some of the events occur in a different order and many of the details are changed . Much of parts five and six of the radio series were written by John Lloyd , but his material did not make it into the other versions of the story and is not included here . Many consider the books ' version of events to be definitive because they are the most readily accessible and widely distributed version of the story . However , they are not the final version that Adams produced . Before his death from a heart attack on 11 May 2001 , Adams was considering writing a sixth novel in the Hitchhiker 's series . He was working on a third Dirk Gently novel , under the working title The Salmon of Doubt , but felt that the book was not working and abandoned it . In an interview , he said some of the ideas in the book might fit better in the Hitchhiker 's series , and suggested he might rework those ideas into a sixth book in that series . He described Mostly Harmless as `` a very bleak book '' and said he `` would love to finish Hitchhiker on a slightly more upbeat note '' . Adams also remarked that if he were to write a sixth instalment , he would at least start with all the characters in the same place . Eoin Colfer , who wrote the sixth book in the Hitchhiker 's series in 2008 -- 09 , used this latter concept but none of the plot ideas from The Salmon of Doubt . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( novel ) In The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( published in 1979 ) , the characters visit the legendary planet Magrathea , home to the now - collapsed planet - building industry , and meet Slartibartfast , a planetary coastline designer who was responsible for the fjords of Norway . Through archival recordings , he relates the story of a race of hyper - intelligent pan-dimensional beings who built a computer named Deep Thought to calculate the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life , the Universe , and Everything . When the answer was revealed to be 42 , Deep Thought explained that the answer was incomprehensible because the beings did n't know what they were asking . It went on to predict that another computer , more powerful than itself would be made and designed by it to calculate the question for the answer . ( Later on , referencing this , Adams would create the 42 Puzzle , a puzzle which could be approached in multiple ways , all yielding the answer 42 . ) The computer , often mistaken for a planet ( because of its size and use of biological components ) , was the Earth , and was destroyed by Vogons to make way for a hyperspatial express route five minutes before the conclusion of its 10 - million - year program . Two members of the race of hyper - intelligent pan-dimensional beings who commissioned the Earth in the first place disguise themselves as Trillian 's mice , and want to dissect Arthur 's brain to help reconstruct the question , since he was part of the Earth 's matrix moments before it was destroyed , and so he is likely to have part of the question buried in his brain . Trillian is also human but had left Earth six months previously with Zaphod Beeblebrox , President of the Galaxy . The protagonists escape , setting the course for `` The Restaurant at the End of the Universe '' . The mice , in Arthur 's absence , create a phony question since it is too troublesome for them to wait 10 million years again just to cash in on a lucrative deal . The book was adapted from the first four radio episodes . It was first published in 1979 , initially in paperback , by Pan Books , after BBC Publishing had turned down the offer of publishing a novelization , an action they would later regret . The book reached number one on the book charts in only its second week , and sold over 250,000 copies within three months of its release . A hardback edition was published by Harmony Books , a division of Random House in the United States in October 1980 , and the 1981 US paperback edition was promoted by the give - away of 3,000 free copies in the magazine Rolling Stone to build word of mouth . In 2005 , Del Rey Books rereleased the Hitchhiker series with new covers for the release of the 2005 movie . To date , it has sold over 14 million copies . A photo - illustrated edition of the first novel appeared in 1994 . The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( edit ) Main article : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( published in 1980 ) , Zaphod is separated from the others and finds he is part of a conspiracy to uncover who really runs the Universe . Zaphod meets Zarniwoop , a conspirator and editor for The Guide , who knows where to find the secret ruler . Zaphod becomes briefly reunited with the others for a trip to Milliways , the restaurant of the title . Zaphod and Ford decide to steal a ship from there , which turns out to be a stunt ship pre-programmed to plunge into a star as a special effect in a stage show . Unable to change course , the main characters get Marvin to run the teleporter they find in the ship , which is working other than having no automatic control ( someone must remain behind to operate it ) , and Marvin seemingly sacrifices himself . Zaphod and Trillian discover that the Universe is in the safe hands of a simple man living on a remote planet in a wooden shack with his cat . Ford and Arthur , meanwhile , end up on a spacecraft full of the outcasts of the Golgafrinchan civilization . The ship crashes on prehistoric Earth ; Ford and Arthur are stranded , and it becomes clear that the inept Golgafrinchans are the ancestors of modern humans , having displaced the Earth 's indigenous hominids . This has disrupted the Earth 's programming so that when Ford and Arthur manage to extract the final readout from Arthur 's subconscious mind by pulling lettered tiles from a Scrabble set , it is `` What do you get if you multiply six by nine ? '' Arthur then comments , `` I 've always said there was something fundamentally wrong with the universe . '' The book was adapted from the remaining material in the radio series -- covering from the fifth episode to the twelfth episode , although the ordering was greatly changed ( in particular , the events of Fit the Sixth , with Ford and Arthur being stranded on pre-historic Earth , end the book , and their rescue in Fit the Seventh is deleted ) , and most of the Brontitall incident was omitted , instead of the Haggunenon sequence , co-written by John Loyd , the Disaster Area stunt ship was substituted -- this having first been introduced in the LP version . Adams himself considered Restaurant to be his best novel of the five . Life , the Universe and Everything ( edit ) Main article : Life , the Universe and Everything In Life , the Universe and Everything ( published in 1982 ) , Ford and Arthur travel through the space - time continuum from prehistoric Earth to Lord 's Cricket Ground . There they run into Slartibartfast , who enlists their aid in preventing galactic war . Long ago , the people of Krikkit attempted to wipe out all life in the Universe , but they were stopped and imprisoned on their home planet ; now they are poised to escape . With the help of Marvin , Zaphod , and Trillian , our heroes prevent the destruction of life in the Universe and go their separate ways . This was the first Hitchhiker 's book originally written as a book and not adapted from radio . Its story was based on a treatment Adams had written for a Doctor Who theatrical release , with the Doctor role being split between Slartibartfast ( to begin with ) , and later Trillian and Arthur . The front cover of The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , a collection of the five books in the series written before Adams 's death , a leatherbound volume published in the United States by Portland House , a division of Random House , in 1997 In 2004 it was adapted for radio as the Tertiary Phase of the radio series . So Long , and Thanks for all the Fish ( edit ) Main article : So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( published in 1984 ) , Arthur returns home to Earth , rather surprisingly since it was destroyed when he left . He meets and falls in love with a girl named Fenchurch , and discovers this Earth is a replacement provided by the dolphins in their Save the Humans campaign . Eventually , he rejoins Ford , who claims to have saved the Universe in the meantime , to hitch - hike one last time and see God 's Final Message to His Creation . Along the way , they are joined by Marvin , the Paranoid Android , who , although 37 times older than the universe itself ( what with time travel and all ) , has just enough power left in his failing body to read the message and feel better about it all before expiring . This was the first Hitchhiker 's novel which was not an adaptation of any previously written story or script . In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quandary Phase of the radio series . Mostly Harmless ( edit ) Main article : Mostly Harmless Finally , in Mostly Harmless ( published in 1992 ) , Vogons take over The Hitchhiker 's Guide ( under the name of InfiniDim Enterprises ) , to finish , once and for all , the task of obliterating the Earth . After abruptly losing Fenchurch and traveling around the galaxy despondently , Arthur 's spaceship crashes on the planet Lamuella , where he settles in happily as the official sandwich - maker for a small village of simple , peaceful people . Meanwhile , Ford Prefect breaks into The Guide 's offices , gets himself an infinite expense account from the computer system , and then meets The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , Mark II , an artificially intelligent , multi-dimensional guide with vast power and a hidden purpose . After he declines this dangerously powerful machine 's aid ( which he receives anyway ) , he sends it to Arthur Dent for safety ( `` Oh yes , whose ? '' -- Arthur ) . Trillian uses DNA that Arthur donated for traveling money to have a daughter , and when she goes to cover a war , she leaves her daughter Random Frequent Flyer Dent with Arthur . Random , a more than typically troubled teenager , steals The Guide Mark II and uses it to get to Earth . Arthur , Ford , Trillian , and Tricia McMillan ( Trillian in this alternate universe ) follow her to a crowded club , where an anguished Random becomes startled by a noise and inadvertently fires her gun at Arthur . The shot misses Arthur and kills a man ( the ever - unfortunate Agrajag ) . Immediately afterwards , The Guide Mark II causes the removal of all possible Earths from probability . All of the main characters , save Zaphod , were on Earth at the time and are apparently killed , bringing a good deal of satisfaction to the Vogons . In 2005 it was adapted for radio as the Quintessential Phase of the radio series , with the final episode first transmitted on 21 June 2005 . And another Thing ... ( edit ) Main article : And Another Thing ... ( novel ) It was announced in September 2008 that Eoin Colfer , author of Artemis Fowl , had been commissioned to write the sixth instalment entitled And Another Thing ... with the support of Jane Belson , Adams 's widow . The book was published by Penguin Books in the UK and Hyperion in the US in October 2009 . The story begins as death rays bear down on Earth , and the characters awaken from a virtual reality . Zaphod picks them up shortly before they are killed , but completely fails to escape the death beams . They are then saved by Bowerick Wowbagger , the Infinitely Prolonged , whom they agree to help kill . Zaphod travels to Asgard to get Thor 's help . In the meantime , the Vogons are heading to destroy a colony of people who also escaped Earth 's destruction , on the planet Nano . Arthur , Wowbagger , Trillian and Random head to Nano to try to stop the Vogons , and on the journey , Wowbagger and Trillian fall in love , making Wowbagger question whether or not he wants to be killed . Zaphod arrives with Thor , who then signs up to be the planet 's God . With Random 's help , Thor almost kills Wowbagger . Wowbagger , who merely loses his immortality , then marries Trillian . Thor then stops the first Vogon attack and apparently dies . Meanwhile , Constant Mown , son of Prostetnic Jeltz , convinces his father that the people on the planet are not citizens of Earth , but are , in fact , citizens of Nano , which means that it would be illegal to kill them . As the book draws to a close , Arthur is on his way to check out a possible university for Random , when , during a hyperspace jump , he is flung across alternate universes , has a brief encounter with Fenchurch , and ends up exactly where he would want to be . And then the Vogons turn up again . In 2017 it was adapted for radio as the Hexagonal Phase of the radio series , with its premiere episode first transmitted on 8 March 2018 ( exactly forty years , to the day , from the first episode of the first series , the Primary Phase ) . Omnibus editions ( edit ) Two omnibus editions were created by Douglas Adams to combine the Hitchhiker series novels and to `` set the record straight '' . The stories came in so many different formats that Adams stated that every time he told it he would contradict himself . Therefore , he stated in the introduction of The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide that `` anything I put down wrong here is , as far as I 'm concerned , wrong for good . '' The two omnibus editions were The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide , Complete and Unabridged ( published in 1987 ) and The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , Complete and Unabridged ( published in 1997 ) . The more than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide ( edit ) Published in 1987 , this 624 - page leatherbound omnibus edition contains `` wrong for good '' versions of the four Hitchhiker series novels at the time , and also includes one short story : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish `` Young Zaphod Plays it Safe '' The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide ( edit ) Published in 1997 , this 832 - page leatherbound final omnibus edition contains five Hitchhiker series novels and one short story : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless `` Young Zaphod Plays it Safe '' Also appearing in The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide , at the end of Adams 's introduction , is a list of instructions on `` How to Leave the Planet '' , providing a humorous explanation of how one might replicate Arthur and Ford 's feat at the beginning of Hitchhiker 's . Other Hitchhiker 's - related Books and stories ( edit ) Related stories ( edit ) A short story by Adams , `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' , first appeared in The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book , a special large - print compilation of different stories and pictures that raised money for the then - new Comic Relief charity in the UK . The story also appears in some of the omnibus editions of the trilogy , and in The Salmon of Doubt . There are two versions of this story , one of which is slightly more explicit in its political commentary . A novel , Douglas Adams ' Starship Titanic : A Novel , written by Terry Jones , is based on Adams 's computer game of the same name , Douglas Adams 's Starship Titanic , which in turn is based on an idea from Life , the Universe and Everything . The idea concerns a luxury passenger starship that suffers `` sudden and gratuitous total existence failure '' on its maiden voyage . Wowbagger the Infinitely Prolonged , a character from Life , the Universe and Everything , also appears in a short story by Adams titled `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' which appears in some early editions of The Salmon of Doubt . Published radio Scripts ( edit ) Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins collaborated on The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts , first published in the United Kingdom and United States in 1985 . A tenth - anniversary ( of the script book publication ) edition was printed in 1995 , and a twenty - fifth - anniversary ( of the first radio series broadcast ) edition was printed in 2003 . The 2004 series was produced by Above The Title Productions and the scripts were published in July 2005 , with production notes for each episode . This second radio script book is entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Douglas Adams gets the primary writer 's credit ( as he wrote the original novels ) , and there is a foreword by Simon Jones , introductions by the producer and the director , and other introductory notes from other members of the cast . Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) The popularity of the radio series gave rise to a six - episode television series , directed and produced by Alan J.W. Bell , which first aired on BBC 2 in January and February 1981 . It employed many of the actors from the radio series and was based mainly on the radio versions of Fits the First to Sixth . A second series was at one point planned , with a storyline , according to Alan Bell and Mark Wing - Davey that would have come from Adams 's abandoned Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen project ( instead of simply making a TV version of the second radio series ) . However , Adams got into disputes with the BBC ( accounts differ : problems with budget , scripts , and having Alan Bell involved are all offered as causes ) , and the second series was never made . Elements of Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen were instead used in the third novel , Life , the Universe and Everything . The main cast was the same as the original radio series , except for David Dixon as Ford Prefect instead of McGivern , and Sandra Dickinson as Trillian instead of Sheridan . Interview with Sandra Dickinson on 1st June 2018 , where she talks about The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Other television appearances ( edit ) Segments of several of the books were adapted as part of the BBC 's The Big Read survey and programme , broadcast in late 2003 . The film , directed by Deep Sehgal , starred Sanjeev Bhaskar as Arthur Dent , alongside Spencer Brown as Ford Prefect , Nigel Planer as the voice of Marvin , Stephen Hawking as the voice of Deep Thought , Patrick Moore as the voice of the Guide , Roger Lloyd - Pack as Slartibartfast , and Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish as Loonquawl and Phouchg . Radio series three to five ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Tertiary to Quintessential Phases On 21 June 2004 , the BBC announced in a press release that a new series of Hitchhiker 's based on the third novel would be broadcast as part of its autumn schedule , produced by Above the Title Productions Ltd . The episodes were recorded in late 2003 , but actual transmission was delayed while an agreement was reached with The Walt Disney Company over Internet re-broadcasts , as Disney had begun pre-production on the film . This was followed by news that further series would be produced based on the fourth and fifth novels . These were broadcast in September and October 2004 and May and June 2005 . CD releases accompanied the transmission of the final episode in each series . The adaptation of the third novel followed the book very closely , which caused major structural issues in meshing with the preceding radio series in comparison to the second novel . Because many events from the radio series were omitted from the second novel , and those that did occur happened in a different order , the two series split in completely different directions . The last two adaptations vary somewhat -- some events in Mostly Harmless are now foreshadowed in the adaptation of So Long and Thanks For All The Fish , while both include some additional material that builds on incidents in the third series to tie all five ( and their divergent plotlines ) together , most especially including the character Zaphod more prominently in the final chapters and addressing his altered reality to include the events of the Secondary Phase . While Mostly Harmless originally contained a rather bleak ending , Dirk Maggs created a different ending for the transmitted radio version , ending it on a much more upbeat note , reuniting the cast one last time . The core cast for the third to fifth radio series remained the same , except for the replacement of Peter Jones by William Franklyn as the Book , and Richard Vernon by Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast , since both had died . ( Homage to Jones ' iconic portrayal of the Book was paid twice : the gradual shift of voices to a `` new '' version in episode 13 , launching the new productions , and a blend of Jones and Franklyn 's voices at the end of the final episode , the first part of Maggs ' alternative ending . ) Sandra Dickinson , who played Trillian in the TV series , here played Tricia McMillan , an English - born , American - accented alternate - universe version of Trillian , while David Dixon , the television series ' Ford Prefect , made a cameo appearance as the `` Ecological Man '' . Jane Horrocks appeared in the new semi-regular role of Fenchurch , Arthur 's girlfriend , and Samantha Béart joined in the final series as Arthur and Trillian 's daughter , Random Dent . Also reprising their roles from the original radio series were Jonathan Pryce as Zarniwoop ( here blended with a character from the final novel to become Zarniwoop Vann Harl ) , Rula Lenska as Lintilla and her clones ( and also as the Voice of the Bird ) , and Roy Hudd as Milliways compere Max Quordlepleen , as well as the original radio series ' announcer , John Marsh . The series also featured guest appearances by such noted personalities as Joanna Lumley as the Sydney Opera House Woman , Jackie Mason as the East River Creature , Miriam Margolyes as the Smelly Photocopier Woman , BBC Radio cricket legends Henry Blofeld and Fred Trueman as themselves , June Whitfield as the Raffle Woman , Leslie Phillips as Hactar , Saeed Jaffrey as the Man on the Pole , Sir Patrick Moore as himself , and Christian Slater as Wonko the Sane . Finally , Adams himself played the role of Agrajag , a performance adapted from his book - on - tape reading of the third novel , and edited into the series created some time after the author 's death . Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phase Main cast : Simon Jones as Arthur Dent Geoffrey McGivern as Ford Prefect Susan Sheridan as Trillian Mark Wing - Davey as Zaphod Beeblebrox Stephen Moore as Marvin , the Paranoid Android Richard Griffiths as Slartibartfast Sandra Dickinson as Tricia McMillan Jane Horrocks as Fenchurch Rula Lenska as the Voice of the Bird Samantha Béart as Random William Franklyn as The Book Radio series six ( edit ) The first of six episodes in a sixth series , the Hexagonal Phase , was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 8 March 2018 and featured Professor Stephen Hawking introducing himself as the voice of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Mk II by saying : `` I have been quite popular in my time . Some even read my books . '' Film ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) After several years of setbacks and renewed efforts to start production and a quarter of a century after the first book was published , the big - screen adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy was finally shot . Pre-production began in 2003 , filming began on 19 April 2004 and post-production began in early September 2004 . After a London premiere on 20 April 2005 , it was released on 28 April in the UK and Australia , 29 April in the United States and Canada , and 29 July in South Africa . ( A full list of release dates is available at the IMDb . ) The movie stars Martin Freeman as Arthur , Mos Def as Ford , Sam Rockwell as President of the Galaxy Zaphod Beeblebrox and Zooey Deschanel as Trillian , with Alan Rickman providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android ( and Warwick Davis acting in Marvin 's costume ) , and Stephen Fry as the voice of the Guide / Narrator . The plot of the film adaptation of Hitchhiker 's Guide differs widely from that of the radio show , book and television series . The romantic triangle between Arthur , Zaphod , and Trillian is more prominent in the film ; and visits to Vogsphere , the homeworld of the Vogons ( which , in the books , was already abandoned ) , and Viltvodle VI are inserted . The film covers roughly events in the first four radio episodes , and ends with the characters en route to the Restaurant at the End of the Universe , leaving the opportunity for a sequel open . A unique appearance is made by the Point - of - View Gun , a device specifically created by Adams himself for the movie . Commercially the film was a modest success , taking $21 million in its opening weekend in the United States , and nearly £ 3.3 million in its opening weekend in the United Kingdom . The film was released on DVD ( Region 2 , PAL ) in the UK on 5 September 2005 . Both a standard double - disc edition and a UK - exclusive numbered limited edition `` Giftpack '' were released on this date . The `` Giftpack '' edition includes a copy of the novel with a `` movie tie - in '' cover , and collectible prints from the film , packaged in a replica of the film 's version of the Hitchhiker 's Guide prop . A single - disc widescreen or full - screen edition ( Region 1 , NTSC ) were made available in the United States and Canada on 13 September 2005 . Single - disc releases in the Blu - ray format and UMD format for the PlayStation Portable were also released on the respective dates in these three countries . Stage shows ( edit ) Flyer for the 1979 stage production at the ICA of The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy . Adam Pope playing Zaphod in an amateur production of HHGTTG by Prudhoe 's Really Youthful Theatre Company There have been multiple professional and amateur stage adaptations of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . There were three early professional productions , which were staged in 1979 and 1980 . The first of these was performed at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London , between 1 and 19 May 1979 , starring Chris Langham as Arthur Dent ( Langham later returned to Hitchhiker 's as Prak in the final episode of 2004 's Tertiary Phase ) and Richard Hope as Ford Prefect . This show was adapted from the first series ' scripts and was directed by Ken Campbell , who went on to perform a character in the final episode of the second radio series . The show ran 90 minutes , but had an audience limited to eighty people per night . Actors performed on a variety of ledges and platforms , and the audience was pushed around in a hovercar , 1 / 2000th of an inch above the floor . This was the first time that Zaphod was represented by having two actors in one large costume . The narration of `` The Book '' was split between two usherettes , an adaptation that has appeared in no other version of H2G2 . One of these usherettes , Cindy Oswin , went on to voice Trillian for the LP adaptation . The second stage show was performed throughout Wales between 15 January and 23 February 1980 . This was a production of Clwyd Theatr Cymru , and was directed by Jonathan Petherbridge . The company performed adaptations of complete radio episodes , at times doing two episodes in a night , and at other times doing all six episodes of the first series in single three - hour sessions . This adaptation was performed again at the Oxford Playhouse in December 1981 , the Bristol Hippodrome , Plymouth 's Theatre Royal in May -- June 1982 , and also at the Belgrade Theatre , Coventry , in July 1983 . The third and least successful stage show was held at the Rainbow Theatre in London , in July 1980 . This was the second production directed by Ken Campbell . The Rainbow Theatre had been adapted for stagings of rock operas in the 1970s , and both reference books mentioned in footnotes indicate that this , coupled with incidental music throughout the performance , caused some reviewers to label it as a `` musical '' . This was the first adaptation for which Adams wrote the `` Dish of the Day '' sequence . The production ran for over three hours , and was widely panned for this , as well as for the music , laser effects , and the acting . Despite attempts to shorten the script , and make other changes , it closed three or four weeks early ( accounts differ ) , and lost a lot of money . Despite the bad reviews , there were at least two stand - out performances : Michael Cule and David Learner both went on from this production to appearances in the TV adaptation . In December 2011 a new stage production was announced to begin touring in June 2012 . This included members of the original radio and TV casts such as Simon Jones , Geoff McGivern , Susan Sheridan , Mark Wing - Davey and Stephen Moore with VIP guests playing the role of the Book . It was produced in the form of a radio show which could be downloaded when the tour was completed . This production was based on the first four Fits in the first act , with the second act covering material from the rest of the series . The show also featured a band , who performed the songs `` Share and Enjoy '' , the Krikkit song `` Under the Ink Black Sky '' , Marvin 's song `` How I Hate The Night '' , and `` Marvin '' , which was a minor hit in 1981 . The production featured a series of `` VIP guests '' as the voice of The Book including Billy Boyd , Phill Jupitus , Rory McGrath , Roger McGough , Jon Culshaw , Christopher Timothy , Andrew Sachs , John Challis , Hugh Dennis , John Lloyd , Terry Jones and Neil Gaiman . The tour started on 8 June 2012 at the Theatre Royal , Glasgow and continued through the summer until 21 July when the final performance was at Playhouse Theatre , Edinburgh . The production started touring again in September 2013 , but the remaining dates of the tour were cancelled due to poor ticket sales . Live radio adaptation ( edit ) On Saturday 29 March 2014 , Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation in front of a live audience , featuring many members of the original cast including Stephen Moore , Susan Sheridan , Mark Wing - Davey , Simon Jones and Geoff McGivern , with John Lloyd as the book . The adaptation was adapted by Dirk Maggs primarily from Fit the First , including material from the books and later radio Fits as well as some new jokes . It formed part of Radio 4 's Character Invasion series . LP album adaptations ( edit ) The first four radio episodes were adapted for a new double LP , also entitled The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( appended with `` Part One '' for the subsequent Canadian release ) , first by mail - order only , and later into stores . The double LP and its sequel were originally released by Original Records in the United Kingdom in 1979 and 1980 , with the catalogue numbers ORA042 and ORA054 respectively . They were first released by Hannibal Records in 1982 ( as HNBL 2301 and HNBL 1307 , respectively ) in the United States and Canada , and later re-released in a slightly abridged edition by Simon & Schuster 's Audioworks in the mid-1980s . Both were produced by Geoffrey Perkins and featured cover artwork by Hipgnosis . The script in the first double LP very closely follows the first four radio episodes , although further cuts had to be made for reasons of timing . Despite this , other lines of dialogue that were indicated as having been cut when the original scripts from the radio series were eventually published can be heard in the LP version . The Simon & Schuster cassettes omit the Veet Voojagig narration , the cheerleader 's speech as Deep Thought concludes its seven - and - one - half - million - year programme , and a few other lines from both sides of the second LP of the set . Hitchhiker 's theme , Journey of the Sorcerer , Original Records version excerpt Problems playing this file ? See media help . Most of the original cast returned , except for Susan Sheridan , who was recording a voice for the character of Princess Eilonwy in The Black Cauldron for Walt Disney Pictures . Cindy Oswin voiced Trillian on all three LPs in her place . Other casting changes in the first double LP included Stephen Moore taking on the additional role of the barman , and Valentine Dyall as the voice of Deep Thought . Adams 's voice can be heard making the public address announcements on Magrathea . Because of copyright issues , the music used during the first radio series was either replaced , or in the case of the title it was re-recorded in a new arrangement . Composer Tim Souster did both duties ( with Paddy Kingsland contributing music as well ) , and Souster 's version of the theme was the version also used for the eventual television series . The sequel LP was released , singly , as The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Part Two : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the UK , and simply as The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in the USA . The script here mostly follows Fit the Fifth and Fit the Sixth , but includes a song by the backup band in the restaurant ( `` Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo '' ) , and changes the Haggunenon sequence to `` Disaster Area '' . Reg Nullify and his Cataclysmic Combo excerpt Problems playing this file ? See media help . As the result of a misunderstanding , the second record was released before being cut down in a final edit that Douglas Adams and Geoffrey Perkins had both intended to make . Perkins has said , `` ( I ) t is far too long on each side . It 's just a rough cut . ( ... ) I felt it was flabby , and I wanted to speed it up . '' The Simon & Schuster Audioworks re-release of this LP was also abridged slightly from its original release . The scene with Ford Prefect and Hotblack Desiato 's bodyguard is omitted . Sales for the first double - LP release were primarily through mail order . Total sales reached over 60,000 units , with half of those being mail order , and the other half through retail outlets . This is in spite of the facts that Original Records ' warehouse ordered and stocked more copies than they were actually selling for quite some time , and that Paul Neil Milne Johnstone complained about his name and then - current address being included in the recording . This was corrected for a later pressing of the double - LP by `` cut ( ting ) up that part of the master tape and reassembl ( ing ) it in the wrong order '' . The second LP release ( `` Part Two '' ) also only sold a total of 60,000 units in the UK . The distribution deals for the United States and Canada with Hannibal Records and Simon and Schuster were later negotiated by Douglas Adams and his agent , Ed Victor , after gaining full rights to the recordings from Original Records , which went bankrupt . Audiobook adaptations ( edit ) There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel . The first was an abridged edition ( ISBN 0 - 671 - 62964 - 6 ) , recorded in the mid-1980s for the EMI label Music For Pleasure by Stephen Moore , best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series and in the TV series . In 1990 , Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition for Dove Audiobooks ( ISBN 1 - 55800 - 273 - 1 ) , later re-released by New Millennium Audio ( ISBN 1 - 59007 - 257 - X ) in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom . Also by arrangement with Dove , ISIS Publishing Ltd produced a numbered exclusive edition signed by Douglas Adams ( ISBN 1 - 85695 - 028 - X ) in 1994 . To tie - in with the 2005 film , actor Stephen Fry , the film 's voice of the Guide , recorded a second unabridged edition ( ISBN 0 - 7393 - 2220 - 6 ) . In addition , unabridged versions of books 2 - 5 of the series were recorded by Martin Freeman for Random House Audio . Freeman plays Arthur in the 2005 film adaptation . Audiobooks 2 - 5 follow in order and include : The Restaurant at the End of the Universe ( ISBN 9780739332085 ) ; Life , the Universe , and Everything ( ISBN 9780739332108 ) ; So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish ( ISBN 9780739332122 ) ; and Mostly Harmless ( ISBN 9780739332146 ) . Interactive fiction and video games ( edit ) Main article : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( video game ) Sometime between 1982 and 1984 ( accounts differ ) , the British company Supersoft published a text - based adventure game based on the book , which was released in versions for the Commodore PET and Commodore 64 . One account states that there was a dispute as to whether valid permission for publication had been granted , and following legal action the game was withdrawn and all remaining copies were destroyed . Another account states that the programmer , Bob Chappell , rewrote the game to remove all Hitchhiker 's references , and republished it as `` Cosmic Capers '' . Officially , the TV series was followed in 1984 by a best - selling `` interactive fiction '' , or text - based adventure game , distributed by Infocom . It was designed by Adams and Infocom regular Steve Meretzky and was one of Infocom 's most successful games . As with many Infocom games , the box contained a number of `` feelies '' including a `` Do n't panic '' badge , some `` pocket fluff '' , a pair of peril - sensitive sunglasses ( made of cardboard ) , an order for the destruction of the Earth , a small , clear plastic bag containing `` a microscopic battle fleet '' and an order for the destruction of Arthur Dent 's house ( signed by Adams and Meretzky ) . In September 2004 , it was revived by the BBC on the Hitchhiker 's section of the Radio 4 website for the initial broadcast of the Tertiary Phase , and is still available to play online . This new version uses an original Infocom datafile with a custom - written interpreter , by Sean Sollé , and Flash programming by Shimon Young , both of whom used to work at The Digital Village ( TDV ) . The new version includes illustrations by Rod Lord , who was head of Pearce Animation Studios in 1980 , which produced the guide graphics for the TV series . On 2 March 2005 it won the Interactive BAFTA in the `` best online entertainment '' category . A sequel to the original Infocom game was never made . An all - new , fully graphical game was designed and developed by a joint venture between The Digital Village and PAN Interactive ( no connection to Pan Books / Pan Mcmillan ) . This new game was planned and developed between 1998 and 2002 , but like the sequel to the Infocom game , it also never materialised . In April 2005 , Starwave Mobile released two mobile games to accompany the release of the film adaptation . The first , developed by Atatio , was called `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Vogon Planet Destructor '' . It was a typical top - down shooter and except for the title had little to do with the actual story . The second game , developed by TKO Software , was a graphical adventure game named `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Adventure Game '' . Despite its name , the newly designed puzzles by TKO Software 's Ireland studio were different from the Infocom ones , and the game followed the movie 's script closely and included the new characters and places . The `` Adventure Game '' won the IGN 's `` Editors ' Choice Award '' in May 2005 . On 25 May 2011 , Hothead Games announced they were working on a new edition of The Guide . Along with the announcement , Hothead Games launched a teaser web site made to look like an announcement from Megadodo Publications that The Guide will soon be available on Earth . It has since been revealed that they are developing an iOS app in the style of the fictional Guide . Comic Books ( edit ) The front cover of the DC Comics adaptation of the first book In 1993 , DC Comics , in conjunction with Byron Preiss Visual Publications , published a three - part comic book adaptation of the novelisation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . This was followed up with three - part adaptations of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe in 1994 , and Life , the Universe and Everything in 1996 . There was also a series of collectors ' cards with art from and inspired by the comic adaptations of the first book , and a graphic novelisation ( or `` collected edition '' ) combining the three individual comic books from 1993 , itself released in May 1997 . Douglas Adams was deeply opposed to the use of American English spellings and idioms in what he felt was a very British story , and had to be talked into it by the American publishers , although he remained very unhappy with the compromise . The adaptations were scripted by John Carnell . Steve Leialoha provided the art for Hitchhiker 's and the layouts for Restaurant . Shepherd Hendrix did the finished art for Restaurant . Neil Vokes and John Nyberg did the finished artwork for Life , based on breakdowns by Paris Cullins ( Book 1 ) and Christopher Schenck ( Books 2 -- 3 ) . The miniseries were edited by Howard Zimmerman and Ken Grobe . `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' ( edit ) Do n't Panic towel Many merchandising and spin - off items ( or `` Hitch - Hikeriana '' ) were produced in the early 1980s , including towels in different colours , all bearing the Guide entry for towels . Later runs of towels include those made for promotions by Pan Books , Touchstone Pictures / Disney for the 2005 movie , and different towels made for ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha , the official Hitchhiker 's Appreciation society . Other items that first appeared in the mid-1980s were T - shirts , including those made for Infocom ( such as one bearing the legend `` I got the Babel Fish '' for successfully completing one of that game 's most difficult puzzles ) , and a Disaster Area tour T - shirt . Other official items have included `` Beeblebears '' ( teddy bears with an extra head and arm , named after Hitchhiker 's character Zaphod Beeblebrox , sold by the official Appreciation Society ) , an assortment of pin - on buttons and a number of novelty singles . Many of the above items are displayed throughout the 2004 `` 25th Anniversary Illustrated Edition '' of the novel , which used items from the personal collections of fans of the series . Stephen Moore recorded two novelty singles in character as Marvin , the Paranoid Android : `` Marvin '' / `` Metal Man '' and `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' / `` Marvin I Love You '' . The last song has appeared on a Dr. Demento compilation . Another single featured the re-recorded `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' ( arranged by Tim Souster ) backed with `` Reg Nullify In Concert '' by Reg Nullify , and `` Only the End of the World Again '' by Disaster Area ( including Douglas Adams on bass guitar ) listen ( help info ) . These discs have since become collector 's items . The 2005 movie also added quite a few collectibles , mostly through the National Entertainment Collectibles Association . These included three prop replicas of objects seen on the Vogon ship and homeworld ( a mug , a pen and a stapler ) , sets of `` action figures '' with a height of either 3 or 6 inches ( 76 or 150 mm ) , a gun -- based on a prop used by Marvin , the Paranoid Android , that shoots foam darts -- a crystal cube , shot glasses , a ten - inch ( 254 mm ) high version of Marvin with eyes that light up green , and `` yarn doll '' versions of Arthur Dent , Ford Prefect , Trillian , Marvin and Zaphod Beeblebrox . Also , various audio tracks were released to coincide with the movie , notably re-recordings of `` Marvin '' and `` Reasons To Be Miserable '' , sung by Stephen Fry , along with some of the `` Guide Entries '' , newly written material read in - character by Fry . SpaceX CEO Elon Musk launched his Tesla Roadster into an elliptical heliocentric orbit as part of the initial test launch of the Falcon Heavy . On the car 's dashboard , the phrase `` Do n't Panic ! '' appears , as a nod to the Hitchhiker 's Guide . International phenomenon ( edit ) Many science fiction fans and radio listeners outside the United Kingdom were first exposed to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy in one of two ways : shortwave radio broadcasts of the original radio series , or by Douglas Adams being `` Guest of Honour '' at the 1979 World Science Fiction Convention , Seacon , held in Brighton , England . It was there that the radio series was nominated for a Hugo Award ( the first radio series to receive a nomination ) but lost to Superman . A convention exclusively for H2G2 , Hitchercon I , was held in Glasgow , Scotland , in September 1980 , the year that the official fan club , ZZ9 Plural Z Alpha , was organised . In the early 1980s , versions of H2G2 became available in the United States , Canada , Germany ( Per Anhalter durch die Galaxis ) , Denmark ( Håndbog for vakse galakseblaffere ) , the Netherlands ( Transgalactisch Liftershandboek ) , Sweden ( Liftarens guide till galaxen ) , Finland ( Linnunradan Käsikirja Liftareille ) and also Israel ( מדריך הטרמפיסט לגלקסיה ) . In the meantime the book has been translated into more than thirty languages , such as Bulgarian ( Пътеводител на галактическия стопаджия ) , Czech ( Stopařův průvodce Galaxií ) , Farsi / Persian ( راهنمای مسافران مجانی کهکشان ) , French ( Le routard galactique ) , Greek ( Γυρίστε το Γαλαξία με Ωτο - στόπ ) , Hungarian ( Galaxis Útikalauz stopposoknak ) , Italian ( Guida galattica per gli autostoppisti ) , Japanese ( 銀河 ヒッチハイク ・ ガイド ) , Korean ( 은하수 를 여행 하는 히치하이커 를 위한 안내서 ) , Latvian ( Galaktikas ceļvedis stopētājiem ) , Norwegian ( Haikerens guide til Galaksen , first published as På tommeltotten til melkeveien ) , Brazilian Portuguese ( Guia do Mochileiro das Galáxias ) , Portuguese ( À Boleia Pela Galáxia ) , Polish ( Autostopem przez galaktykę ) , Romanian ( Ghidul autostopistului galactic ) , Russian ( Автостопом по Галактике ) , Serbian ( Autostoperski vodič kroz galaksiju ) , Slovenian ( Štoparski vodnik po Galaksiji ) , Spanish ( Guía del autoestopista galáctico ) , Slovak ( Stopárov sprievodca galaxiou ) , Czech ( Stopařův průvodce galaxií ) and Turkish ( Otostopçunun Galaksi Rehberi ) . Spelling ( edit ) The different versions of the series spell the title differently − thus Hitch - Hiker 's Guide , Hitch Hiker 's Guide and Hitchhiker 's Guide are used in different editions ( US or UK ) , formats ( audio or print ) and compilations of the book , with some omitting the apostrophe . Some editions used different spellings on the spine and title page . The h2g2 's English Usage in Approved Entries claims that Hitchhiker 's Guide is the spelling Adams preferred . At least two reference works make note of the inconsistency in the titles . Both , however , repeat the statement that Adams decided in 2000 that `` everyone should spell it the same way ( one word , no hyphen ) from then on . '' See also ( edit ) Hitchhiking List of minor characters from The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Places in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Phrases from The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Technology in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Races and species in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy cast lists `` The Last Question '' , a story written by Isaac Asimov that inspired Deep Thought Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Towel Day References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide has varied in different editions . For consistency this article always spells it this way . See Spelling of Hitchhiker 's Guide . Jump up ^ `` Jo Kent saves cult hg2g game from scrapheap '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Douglasadams.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Titan Books . pp. 144 -- 145 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Reference Guide to British Popular Culture '' . Oxford Royale. 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy to land back on Radio 4 '' . BBC mediacentre , 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Hexagonal Phase '' . BBC online , 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ See for example `` Introduction : A Guide to the Guide - some unhelpful remarks by the author '' by Adams p. vi - xi in the compilation `` The Ultimate Hitchhiker 's Guide '' ISBN 0 - 517 - 14925 - 7 Jump up ^ Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 340 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Online definition of ' fit ' . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 33 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 147 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Geoffrey Perkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 447 - 20488 - 6 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins ( ed . ) , additional Material by M.J. Simpson. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . p. 253 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Dirk Maggs , dramatisations and editor. , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Scripts : The Tertiary , Quandary and Quintessential Phases . Pan Books . xiv . ISBN 0 - 330 - 43510 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2002 ) . Peter Guzzardi , ed . The Salmon of Doubt : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time ( First UK ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 76657 - 1 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 131 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Review of Neil Gaiman 's Do n't Panic Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil : Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion , Chapter 14 . Titan Books Ltd. 1987 -- 1993 Jump up ^ Gaiman , Appendix V : Doctor Who and the Krikkitmen ^ Jump up to : `` New Hitchhiker 's author announced '' . Entertainment / Arts . BBC News . 16 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide series to ride again '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Eoin Colfer to write sixth Hitchhiker 's Guide book '' . Culture -- Books . UK . Retrieved 17 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05l1s3f Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03v379k Jump up ^ https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2018/03/the-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy-returns-with-the-original-cast/ ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction : A Guide to the Guide - Some unhelpful remarks from the author '' by Adams p. vi - xi in the omnibus edition `` The More Than Complete Hitchhiker 's Guide '' ISBN 0 - 681 - 40322 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sandra Dickinson and Jonathan Chambers '' . LondonTheatre1.com . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Press Office release , announcing a new series ( the third ) to be transmitted on BBC Radio 4 beginning in September 2004 . Jump up ^ Webb , page 324 . Jump up ^ ( https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09vm093 BBC Radio 4 schedule Jump up ^ Stamp , Robbie , editor ( 2005 ) . The Making of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Filming of the Douglas Adams Classic . Boxtree . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2585 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb page for the release dates of the movie adaptation of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Jump up ^ Box office data page , including opening weekends for the US and UK releases of the 2005 movie . Jump up ^ Gaiman , page 61 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . pp. 48 -- 57 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy set for stage return '' . BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Original cast confirmed for Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy stage play '' . BBC . 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Golder ( 2 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Live Tour : Simon Jones Interview '' . SFX . Future Publishing . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Marmion ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy Radio Show gets a big thumbs up '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Robin Duke ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Boldly going where few us understood anyway '' . Blackpool Gazette . Johnston Press . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Glaxy , Royal Concert Hall '' . Nottingham Post . Northcliffe Newspapers Group . 23 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nikki Jarvis ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy radio show comes to The Churchill Theatre , Bromley '' . Bromley News Shopper . Newsquest . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Vale ( 29 June 2012 ) . `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide To The Galaxy Radio Show Live ! '' . The Stage . The Stage Newspaper Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Show LIVE ! '' . Hitchhiker 's Live Website . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Radio Show LIVE ! Tour Dates '' . Hitchhiker 's Live Website . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Dirk Maggs '' . AudioGO BBC Audiobooks website . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhikers Guide tour cancelled '' . chortle.co.uk. 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily , Western ( 29 March 2014 ) . `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy cast reunite ahead of Radio 4 broadcast '' . Western Daily Press . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , MJ , Hitchhiker , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaiman , Pages 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 145 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 144 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( First US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co. p. 148 . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . Jump up ^ Design Manual for the Interactive Fiction language Inform . Accessed 2 August 2006 . See also their works cited under `` Hitchhiker - 64 '' . Jump up ^ `` Hitchhiker 's Guide '' . infocom-if.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitch Hiker 's Guide to the Galaxy -- The Adventure Game '' . douglasadams.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . mobygames.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 's Hitchhiker 's Guide homepage . Jump up ^ New online version of the 1984 Hitchhiker 's Guide computer game , by Steve Meretzky and Douglas Adams . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Official Awards Database '' . Bafta.org . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` reports interactive Bafta wins '' . BBC News . 2 March 2005 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ In late 2000 the TDV / Pan venture was spun off as a separate company , Phase 3 Studios Jump up ^ `` 1999 TDV Press Release about the graphical ' Hitchhiker 's Guide ' game '' . Tdv.com. 20 September 1999 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Internet Archive Wayback Machine copy of information about the aborted Hitchhiker 's Guide graphical PC game , originally posted on MJ Simpson 's PlanetMagrathea.com site Jump up ^ Webpage about the `` Vogon Planet Destructor '' Archived 1 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine . game hosted at ign.com . Jump up ^ Webpage about The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : Adventure Game Archived 1 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine . hosted at ign.com . Jump up ^ `` DON 'T PANIC ! '' . Hothead Games . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Thenewhitchhikersguide.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Blum , Matt ( 4 August 2011 ) . `` Simon Jones , the Original Arthur Dent , Discusses the Upcoming Hitchhiker 's iOS App ! '' . Wired . Jump up ^ A wiki devoted to the history of H2G2 themed towels . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/spacex-starman-1.4524624 Jump up ^ Style page at h2g2 , with their own justification for using Hitchhiker 's Guide . Jump up ^ Simpson , M.J. ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( Second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Jump up ^ Adams , Douglas ( 2003 ) . Geoffrey Perkins , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts . Additional Material by M.J. Simpson ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Bibliography Adams , Douglas ( 2002 ) . Guzzardi , Peter , ed . The Salmon of Doubt : Hitchhiking the Galaxy One Last Time ( first UK ed . ) . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 76657 - 1 . -- -- -- -- ( 2003 ) . Perkins , Geoffrey , ed . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts . MJ Simpson , add . mater ( 25th Anniversary ed . ) . Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 41957 - 9 . Gaiman , Neil ( 2003 ) . Do n't Panic : Douglas Adams and the `` Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 742 - 2 . Simpson , M.J. ( 2003 ) . Hitchhiker : A Biography of Douglas Adams ( first US ed . ) . Justin Charles & Co . ISBN 1 - 932112 - 17 - 0 . -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ( 2005 ) . The Pocket Essential Hitchhiker 's Guide ( second ed . ) . Pocket Essentials . ISBN 1 - 904048 - 46 - 3 . Stamp , Robbie , editor ( 2005 ) . The Making of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Filming of the Douglas Adams Classic . Boxtree . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 2585 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Webb , Nick ( 2005 ) . Wish You Were Here : The Official Biography of Douglas Adams ( first US hardcover ed . ) . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 47650 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy '' dated 2008 - 05 - 17 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official sites ( edit ) `` The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) '' ( Cult ) . UK : The BBC ( includes information , links and downloads ) . `` 2004 -- 2005 series '' ( Radio 4 ) . UK : The BBC . `` Movies : The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy '' ( official site ) . Go . Archived from the original on 28 May 2004 . The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 movie ) on IMDb The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy ( 1981 TV series ) on IMDb `` Guide '' . h2g2 . UK . `` The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy '' . Encyclopedia of Television . Museum.TV . `` Screen Online The Hitchhikers ' Guide to the Galaxy TV series '' . British Film Institute . `` Graphic novels : H2G2 '' . DC Comics . Other links ( edit ) Grime , James ; Adesso , Gerardo ; Moriarty , Phil . `` 42 and Douglas Adams '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . hide Douglas Adams ' The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Books Main series The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Mostly Harmless Related works `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' Douglas Adams ' Starship Titanic : A Novel The Salmon of Doubt by Eoin Colfer And Another Thing ... Media Radio series Phases 1 & 2 Phases 3 , 4 , 5 & 6 The Original Radio Scripts TV series Film Timeline of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy versions Cast lists Games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion media Do n't Panic : The Official Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Companion Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Characters Arthur Dent Ford Prefect Zaphod Beeblebrox Marvin the Paranoid Android Trillian Slartibartfast The Guide Minor characters Races and species Vogons Miscellanea Phrases Places Technology Somebody else 's problem Encyclopedia Galactica In culture h2g2 Hitchcon Towel Day `` Journey of the Sorcerer '' 18610 Arthurdent 25924 Douglasadams Bidenichthys beeblebroxi Erechthias beeblebroxi Portal hide Works by Douglas Adams Novels The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Restaurant at the End of the Universe Life , the Universe and Everything So Long , and Thanks for All the Fish Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The Long Dark Tea - Time of the Soul Mostly Harmless Short stories `` The Private Life of Genghis Khan '' `` Young Zaphod Plays It Safe '' Books The Meaning of Liff The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy : The Original Radio Scripts Last Chance to See The Deeper Meaning of Liff Douglas Adams 's Guide to The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy The Salmon of Doubt Screenplays Monty Python 's Flying Circus `` Patient Abuse '' Out of the Trees Doctor Who The Pirate Planet City of Death Shada The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( TV series ) Hyperland The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( film ) Video games The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Bureaucracy Starship Titanic See also The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( series ) Douglas Adams at the BBC The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Future ( BBC radio series ) The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book BNF : cb13173759h ( data ) LCCN : no2010139811 VIAF : 182157875 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy&oldid=844155902 '' Categories : The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy 42 1978 radio programme debuts BBC Radio comedy programmes British radio dramas Comic science fiction Novel series Novels by Douglas Adams The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( radio series ) Time travel novels Hitchhiking in fiction Radio programs adapted into comics Radio programs adapted into novels Radio programs adapted into plays Radio programs adapted into video games Radio programs adapted into television programs Post-apocalyptic fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Spoken articles Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use dmy dates from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 00 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hitchhiker%2527s%20Guide%20to%20the%20Galaxy
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who wrote the book caste in indian politics
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One of the great political thinkers of the 20th - century , amongst his noted works include Politics in India ( 1970 ) , Caste in Indian Politics ( 1973 ) , and Rethinking Democracy ( 2005 ) . In 1985 , Lokayan was awarded the Right Livelihood Award .
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Rajni Kothari
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rajni kothari
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Rajni Kothari ( 16 August 1928 -- 19 January 2015 ) was an Indian political scientist , political theorist , academic and writer . He was the founder of Centre for the Study of Developing Societies ( CSDS ) in 1963 , a social sciences and humanities research institute , based in Delhi and Lokayan ( Dialogue of the People ) , started in 1980 as a forum for interaction between activists and intellectuals . He was also associated with Indian Council of Social Science Research , International Foundation for Development Alternatives , and People 's Union for Civil Liberties .
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One of the great political thinkers of the 20th - century , amongst his noted works include Politics in India ( 1970 ) , Caste in Indian Politics ( 1973 ) , and Rethinking Democracy ( 2005 ) . In 1985 , Lokayan was awarded the Right Livelihood Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and background 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Works 6 References 7 External links Early Life and background ( edit ) Kothari was an only son of his father , a Jain trader . His mother died early in life . Career ( edit ) Kothari started his career as a lecturer at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda ( Baroda University ) . While working here he first received recognition in 1961 , when his essays series , `` Form and Substance in Indian Politics '' were published in the Economic and Political Weekly ( then Economic Weekly ) over six issues . He had also started writing for Seminar , the journal published by Romesh Thapar . Thereafter he was invited by Professor Shyama Charan Dubey to become the Assistant Director of the National Institute of Community Development , Mussoorie . In 1963 , he moved to Delhi , where using a personal grant of Rs. 70,000 given by Professor Richard L. Park , head of Asia Foundation 's India chapter , he started the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies ( CSDS ) , in the premises of the Indian Adult Education Association at Indraprastha Estate , Delhi , before moving to its present location in Civil Lines , Delhi . Here working along with Ashis Nandy , D.L. Sheth , Ramashray Roy , Bashiruddin Ahmed and others , pioneering works in social sciences were published over next two decades . In 1970 he published Politics in India , which first theorized Indian National Congress as a system rather than a party . Thereafter he published noted works like Caste in Indian Politics ( 1973 ) and Footsteps into the Future ( 1975 ) . During the early 1970s , he was associated with Congress - leader Indira Gandhi , and negotiated with the Congress - led central government for Navnirman movement , a socio - political movement of 1974 against corruption in Gujarat , which ultimately led to the dissolution of the state government . However , with the entry of Sanjay Gandhi , he distanced himself from Congress , and came close to Jaya Prakash Narayan and the Janata Party instead . After the Emergency of 1975 , he moved away from political parties , and started his career as an activist . This phase culminated with the foundation of Lokayan - Dialogue of the People in 1980 , a forum for interaction between activists , thinkers and intellectuals to talked about positive changes in the fields of religion , agriculture , health , politics , and education . He soon became associated with Citizens for Democracy , and People 's Union for Civil Liberties , a human rights body established in 1976 , where he remained General Secretary from 1982 to 1984 , and subsequently its President . He served as the chairman of Indian Council of Social Science Research and remained a member of the Planning Commission . Besides scholarly articles he also wrote newspaper columns , and in 2002 published his memoirs titled , Memoirs : Uneasy is the Life of the Mind . CSDS where he was an honorary fellow , in 2004 established The Rajni Kothari Chair in Democracy in his honour , funded by Ford Foundation and the Sir Ratan Tata Trust . On 27 November 2012 , CSDS celebrated its 50th anniversary , presided over by Kothari . Personal Life ( edit ) He married in 1947 , and his wife Hansa died in 1999 . In his final years , Rajni Kothari was a lonely man broken by the death of son Smithu in 2009 . Smitu , trained in physics , communications and sociology , was involved in ecological , cultural and human rights issues . He had been a visiting professor at Cornell and Princeton Universities . Death ( edit ) He died on 19 January 2015 at his residence at Patparganj in East Delhi following urinary tract infection and other age related ailments . Works ( edit ) Rajni Kothari ; Centre for the Study of Developing Societies ( 1969 ) . Context of electoral change in India : general elections , 1967 . Academic Books . Rajni Kothari ( 1970 ) . Politics in India . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 0072 - 3 . Rajni Kothari ( 1971 ) . Political economy of development . Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics . Rajni Kothari ( 1975 ) . Footsteps Into the Future : Diagnosis of the Present World and a Design for an Alternative . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 917580 - 4 . Rajni Kothari ; Centre for the Study of Developing Societies ( 1976 ) . State and nation building . Allied Publishers . Rajni Kothari ( 1976 ) . Democracy and the Representative System in India . Citizens for Democracy . Rajni Kothari ( 1976 ) . Democratic Polity and Social Change in India : Crisis and Opportunities . Allied Pub . Rajni Kothari ( 1980 ) . Towards a Just World . Institute for World Order . Rajni Kothari ; Gobinda Mukhoty ( 1984 ) . Who are the guilty ? ( PDF ) . People 's Union for Democratic Rights ; People 's Union for Civil Liberties . Rajni Kothari ( 1989 ) . State against democracy : in search of humane governance . New Horizons Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945257 - 16 - 5 . Rajni Kothari ( 1989 ) . Towards a liberating peace . United Nations University . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85296 - 00 - 5 . Rajni Kothari ( 1989 ) . Rethinking development : in search of humane alternatives . New Horizons Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945257 - 18 - 9 . Rajni Kothari ( 1989 ) . Transformation & Survival : In Search of Humane World Order . New Horizon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945257 - 17 - 2 . Rajni Kothari ( 1989 ) . Politics and the people : in search of a humane India . New Horizons Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945257 - 20 - 2 . Rajni Kothari ( 1995 ) . Poverty : Human Consciousness and the Amnesia of Development . Zed Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85649 - 361 - 1 . Rajni Kothari ; D.L. Sheth ; Ashis Nandy ( 1996 ) . The Multiverse of Democracy : Essays in Honour of Rajni Kothari . SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7036 - 523 - 5 . Deepak Nayyar ; Rajni Kothari ; Arjun Sengupta ( 1998 ) . Economic development and political democracy : the interaction of economics and politics in independent India . National Council of Applied Economic Research . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85877 - 53 - 2 . Rajni Kothari ( 1998 ) . Communalism in Indian Politics . Rainbow Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 86962 - 00 - 8 . Rajni Kothari ( 2005 ) . Rethinking Democracy . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2894 - 9 . Rajni Kothari ( 2002 ) . Memoirs : Uneasy is the Life of the Mind . Rupa & Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7167 - 813 - 6 . Rajni Kothari ( 2009 ) . The Writings Of Rajni Kothari . Orient BlackSwan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 3755 - 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Articles by Rajni Kothari '' . Economic and Political Weekly portal . ^ Jump up to : `` Honorary Fellows : Rajni Kothari '' . Centre for the Study of Developing Societies ( CSDS ) portal . ^ Jump up to : `` Right Livelihood Award Laureates : 1985 - Lokayan '' . Right Livelihood Award Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Short history of PUCL '' . PUCL . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Print Pick '' . The Hindu . 16 November 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : G.V. Gupta . `` Journey of a political thinker '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Sethi , Harsh ( 3 June 2002 ) . `` Book review : ' Memoirs ' by Rajni Kothari : Books '' . India Today . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Rajni Kothari , The Centre and Indian reality '' . India - seminar. 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajni Kothari , Personally speaking '' . Seminar. 1999 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` PUCL National Council office bearers : Former Presidents '' . People 's Union for Civil Liberties ( PUCL ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Rajni Kothari Chair in Democracy at CSDS '' . CSDS . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ananya Vajpeyi ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` After the party : In celebration of mavericks , visionaries , loners and outliers '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Visvanathan , Shiv ( 21 January 2015 ) . `` A prophet abandoned by his own community '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Smitu Kothari : India loses a leading activist and ecologist Jump up ^ `` Eminent Scholar , Political Scientist Rajni Kothari Dies at 86 '' . NDTV. 20 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Plan panel member Rajni Kothari dies at 86 '' . Indian Express . 20 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) Centre for the Study of Developing Societies , Official Website Lokayan - Dialogue of the people , website `` Interview Rajni Kothari , The Centre and Indian reality ( 2012 ) '' . Seminar . `` Rajni Kothari articles '' . Economic and Political Weekly . `` Rajni Kothari reflects on India 's past and future '' . Rediff . September 2002 . BNF : cb12179555w ( data ) GND : 10428840X ISNI : 0000 0001 0862 7578 LCCN : n50042602 NDL : 00730388 NLA : 35280790 SUDOC : 030365627 VIAF : 2514971 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajni_Kothari&oldid=831770414 '' Categories : 1928 births 2015 deaths Indian political scientists Indian founders Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda faculty Indian political theorists Right Livelihood Award laureates Members of the Planning Commission of India 20th - century Indian educators Indian political writers Indian male writers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2018 Use Indian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 03 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajni%20Kothari
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what happened to rachel from the x factor
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Rachel Kelly Crow ( born January 23 , 1998 ) is an American singer , comedian , and actress . Born in Mead , Colorado , she participated in the first season of the American version of The X Factor in 2011 , where she finished in fifth place . Following her elimination , she contacted Walt Disney for possible roles in future Disney productions . This resulted in her starring in multiple television shows and movies , including BrainSurge , Inside Edition , Big Time Rush , Figure It Out , The Wendy Williams Show and Fred : The Show . Crow released her first and eponymous extended play ( EP ) in June 2012 .
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Rachel Crow
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rachel crow
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Rachel Kelly Crow ( born January 23 , 1998 ) is an American singer , comedian , and actress . Born in Mead , Colorado , she participated in the first season of the American version of The X Factor in 2011 , where she finished in fifth place . Following her elimination , she contacted Walt Disney for possible roles in future Disney productions . This resulted in her starring in multiple television shows and movies , including BrainSurge , Inside Edition , Big Time Rush , Figure It Out , The Wendy Williams Show and Fred : The Show . Crow released her first and eponymous extended play ( EP ) in June 2012 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 2011 : The X Factor 1.2 2012 - present : Music debut 2 Television and acting career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 Discography 4.1 Extended plays 4.2 Singles 5 References 6 External links Career ( edit ) 2011 : the X Factor ( edit ) Crow auditioned for the first first season of the US version of The X Factor in 2011 with the song `` Mercy '' ( 2008 ) by Duffy . She reached the live shows and finished in fifth place overall . ( show ) The X Factor performances and results Episode Theme Order Song Original artist Result Audition Auditioner 's Choice N / A `` Mercy '' Duffy Through to Bootcamp Bootcamp 1 Group Performance 1 `` Who You Are '' Jessie J Advanced Bootcamp 2 Group Performance 2 `` I Have Nothing '' Whitney Houston Advanced Bootcamp 3 Solo Performance `` If I Were a Boy '' Beyoncé Through to Judges ' Houses Judges ' houses Free Choice `` I Want It That Way '' Backstreet Boys Through to Live Shows Week 1 14 `` Baby '' / `` Where Did Our Love Go '' Justin Bieber / The Supremes Saved by Simon Cowell Week 2 Judge 's Choice `` Walking on Sunshine '' Katrina and the Waves Safe ( 2nd ) Week 3 Songs from movies 11 `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' Etta James Safe ( 1st ) Week 4 Rock `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' The Rolling Stones Safe ( 1st ) Week 5 Giving Thanks `` I Believe '' Yolanda Adams Safe ( 3rd ) Week 6 Songs by Michael Jackson `` Can You Feel It '' The Jacksons Safe ( 2nd ) Week 7 Dance music hits `` Nothin ' on You '' B.o.B / Bruno Mars Bottom two Save me songs 8 `` Music and Me '' Michael Jackson Final Showdown ( Week 7 ) Free Choice `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' Etta James Eliminated by Deadlock ( 5th ) 2012 - present : music debut ( edit ) In February 2012 , it was announced that Crow signed a music deal with Columbia Records and a television deal with Nickelodeon for her own show . She was also featured on Big Time Rush 's Summer Tour 2012 along with Cody Simpson , and starred on a two - part episode of Fred : The Show . In June , 2012 , Crow announced via Twitter that she would be releasing a five - song EP , featuring one song co-written by Crow herself . She later announced via her website that it would be released on June 26 , 2012 and would be self - titled . The lead single is `` Mean Girls , '' which Crow co-wrote with Toby Gad . Gad also produced the song . The four other songs are `` Rock With You '' featuring rapper Mann , `` Lemonade , '' `` My Kind of Wonderful '' and `` What A Song Can Do . '' She has also worked with producer Jonas Jeberg , who has worked with singers such as The Wanted . In his review of ' Mean Girls ' , The Re-View complimented Crow 's `` intelligence and aspirations '' and finished his article saying of the singer : `` I do n't doubt that her vocal ability to out - diva some of the best singers will lead to even greater things in the future . '' In September 2017 , she was picked as Elvis Duran 's Artist of the Month and was featured on NBC 's Today show and broadcast nationally where she performed live her single `` Dime '' . Television and acting Career ( edit ) Rachel Crow appeared on a few Nickelodeon shows such as Fred : The Show , Figure It Out , and Big Time Rush , she even signed a deal with Nickelodeon for her own Musical - Comedy . `` We are in the early stages now , '' Crow told The New York Post . `` I want it to be definitely very ' Rachel . ' Something that shows who I am and who I want to be . '' she continued , in the aforementioned interview . Crow said that , if she could have any guest star on her show , it would be Eminem ; she also said she has also always wanted to duet with him . Crow had a recurring role as Starr on the Nickelodeon series Fred : The Show . Crow voiced Carla in the film Rio 2 , which was released in 2014 . Crow also provides the voice of Gratuity `` Tip '' Tucci on the Netflix cartoon , Home : Adventures of Tip and Oh . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2014 Rio 2 Carla Voice 2015 Invisible Sister Nikki 2017 Deidra & Laney Rob a Train Laney Netflix movie 2018 Bumblebee Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 Three Wise Guys Girl Uncredited 2006 In from the Night Little Girl in Doctors Office Uncredited Pizza & Karaoke Darla TV Movie 2011 BrainSurge Herself Contestant The X Factor USA Contestant 2012 Arthur Ashe Kids ' Day 2012 Big Time Rush Winnie Episode : `` Bel Air Rush '' Fred : The Show Starr Recurring role ; 8 episodes 2013 The Office Gabriella Episode : `` A.A.R.M. '' Figure It Out Herself 6 episodes 2016 -- present Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Tip ( voice ) 26 episodes Discography ( edit ) Extended plays ( edit ) Title Details Peak chart positions US Heat Rachel Crow Release date : June 26 , 2012 Label : Syco Music / Columbia Records Formats : Digital download 14 Singles ( edit ) `` Mean Girls '' ( 2012 ) `` Dime '' ( 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twitter / iamrachelcrow : @ CassidyCrow kelly '' . En.twitter.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Crow '' . Buddy TV December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Benson , Kirstin ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Rachel Crow Is ' Perfect ' For Disney -- Casting Director & Talent Manager Agree '' . hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silberman , Lindsay ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` X Factor Finalist Rachel Crow Lands Nickelodeon Series '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Sarah ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Touchy subject ? X Factor USA judge Paula Abdul storms off Jimmy Kimmel after being grilled over her role in Rachel Crow 's elimination '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Crow Talks Up ' Amazing ' Post - ' X Factor ' Career '' . MTV . February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Crow : EP In June `` Dream Magazine '' . Thedreamagazine.com. 2012 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` RACHEL CROW TO RELEASE SELF - TITLED EP ON COLUMBIA RECORDS / SYCO AVAILABLE JUNE 26 The Official Rachel Crow Site '' . Rachelcrowofficial.com. 2012 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Crow debuts official music video for ' Mean Girls ' '' . ^ Jump up to : 03 / 09 / 2012 21 : 21 : 12 ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Rachel Crow Wants Eminem On Her Nickelodeon Show - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Crow to Star on Nickelodeon Series '' . The Hollywood Gossip. 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/1493299/rachel-crow/chart External links ( edit ) Rachel Crow on X Factor Rachel Crow on IMDb Rachel Crow Discography ( in Polish ) Rachel Crow Rachel Crow ( in English ) Notable contestants of The X Factor ( U.S. ) Season 1 Melanie Amaro Josh Krajcik Chris Rene Marcus Canty Rachel Crow Astro LeRoy Bell Hayley Orrantia Stacy Francis Simone Battle Christa Collins Season 2 Tate Stevens Carly Rose Sonenclar Fifth Harmony Emblem3 Diamond White Beatrice Miller Season 3 Alex & Sierra Jeff Gutt Carlito Olivero Ellona Santiago Josh Levi Lillie McCloud Rachel Potter Forever in Your Mind Jamie Pineda Syco Syco Music People Simon Cowell Sir Philip Green SYCOtv American Inventor Celebrity Duets Food Glorious Food Got Talent Red or Black ? The X Factor VIAF : 308181089 LCCN : no2014011646 MusicBrainz : c2dc6936 - 5d1d - 4884 - 90c7 - 0c6ccc3058f0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Crow&oldid=807090567 '' Categories : 1998 births Actresses from Colorado American voice actresses African - American comedians American comedians African - American female singers American adoptees 21st - century American singers 21st - century American actresses American child singers American television actresses American women comedians Child pop musicians Living people Singers from Colorado People from Weld County , Colorado The X Factor ( U.S. TV series ) contestants African - American actresses American actresses American child actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from April 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Articles with Polish - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Português Română Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel%20Crow
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who is the mother of kevin's son in coronation street
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On 6 September 2010 , Molly gives birth to her son , Jack . She suddenly goes into labour in her home and it is left to Sally to deliver the baby as Tyrone is out on a breakdown call - out . After Kevin agrees to himself and Sally being godparents , Molly is furious and tells Kevin that she wants him to play no part in Jack 's life . Kevin then asks Molly for a DNA test to prove he is the father , but she refuses , and chooses to believe that Tyrone is Jack 's father . Kevin steals Jack 's dummy in the Rovers following his christening and sends it away for testing . On 5 November 2010 , Kevin receives the DNA test results , proving that he is the father . He shows the results to Molly and she is distraught and furious with Kevin for going behind her back .
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Molly
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Molly Dobbs
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molly dobbs
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Molly Dobbs Coronation Street character Portrayed by Vicky Binns Duration 2005 -- 2010 First appearance Episode 6108 5 September 2005 Last appearance Episode 7487 9 December 2010 Created by Tony Wood Book appearances Coronation Street : The Complete Saga Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Molly Compton Occupation Shop assistant show Family Father Diggory Compton Husband Tyrone Dobbs ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Sons Jack Webster Aunts Pam Hobsworth Molly Cosette Dobbs ( also Compton ) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street . Portrayed by Vicky Binns , the character first appeared on - screen during the episode airing on 5 September 2005 . On 7 May 2010 , Binns announced she was quitting the soap . The character was killed - off on 9 December 2010 in a live episode celebrating the show 's 50th anniversary , when she died from injuries sustained when a tram crashed into the corner shop . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Creation 2.1 Background 2.2 Casting 3 Development 3.1 Personality and identity 3.2 Relationships 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Storylines ( edit ) Molly is introduced as the daughter of local baker , Diggory Compton . When she first arrives , it becomes clear that she was a victim of bullying at school , with one of the bullies being Fiz Brown . Molly starts to work for Fiz 's boyfriend Kirk Sutherland ( Andrew Whyment ) , whom she flirts with to get revenge on Fiz and wind her up . After briefly working in her father 's shop and at Kirk 's kennels , Molly then starts working for Dev Alahan at D&S Alahans Corner shop . Molly begins dating Tyrone Dobbs and lives with him and his foster parents Jack ( William Tarmey ) and Vera Duckworth ( Liz Dawn ) . Molly forms a close bond and friendship with Vera and asks her for advice about her relationship with Tyrone . Molly is devastated when Vera dies in January 2008 . After Vera 's death , Molly and Tyrone buy the Duckworths ' house and live there with Jack , and also keep Jack and Vera 's grandson Paul Clayton ( Tom Hudson ) in as lodger until he leaves in May 2008 . In May 2008 , Molly decides to make her mark on the Duckworths ' house by removing the stone cladding that Vera had put on the front of the house in 1989 . Jack agrees with this move but Tyrone is not happy as he sees the cladding as a memory of Vera . Eventually as the builders proceed to remove the cladding they inform Molly that the job would be much more expensive as the cladding is ruining the brick work as it is being removed . The cheapest option was for the cladding to remain on the house and Molly agrees , much to Tyrone 's delight . In July 2008 , Tyrone is advised by Jack to propose marriage to Molly at an upmarket restaurant . Tyrone , however , chooses not to propose at that moment . Molly later plans a surprise proposal to Tyrone and the two get engaged , with the help of Molly 's aunt Pam Hobsworth , who arrives in Weatherfield around the same time . In August 2008 , Tyrone decides that Molly should meet his mother Jackie ( Margi Clarke ) . Everything goes to plan , until Molly and Tyrone discover that Jackie is £ 1,000 in debt to an old friend of Tyrone 's father and needs the money to pay this off , much to Molly 's despair . Tyrone agrees to help her and the couple use their wedding savings to pay the man off . This puts their plans on hold for Molly to afford her dream wedding dress . Molly and Tyrone marry ( 2009 ) . In December 2008 , Molly becomes suspicious of Tyrone 's behaviour . He has secretly been selling illegal merchandise with Pam , to help pay for their wedding . Molly mistakenly thinks that Tyrone is having an affair with Minnie Chandra ( Poppy Jhakra ) , after she spots the pair flirting , when in reality Minnie was buying perfume and T - shirts from Tyrone . When Tyrone confesses that he has been selling illegal stock with Pam , Molly is furious and leaves him , saying that she can no longer trust him . She later forgives him , and the couple get married on 12 January 2009 . In Mid 2009 , Molly strikes up a friendship with Tyrone 's workmate Kevin Webster . The pair , along with Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ) , train together for the local fun run . Although Kevin jealously accuses Jason of sleeping with Molly , Molly laughs it off and they remain friends . Kevin is the only person to support Molly at the local fun run and , the same night , Kevin looks longingly at photos of Molly at the fun run on his mobile phone . In June 2009 , Molly confronts Kevin to why he is acting so strangely around her ; Kevin reluctantly admits that he is in love with her . Molly slaps him and leaves , but outside the garage she smiles to herself . They later begin an affair which is nearly exposed at Kevin 's wife Sally 's 42nd birthday party in July 2009 , however Molly smooths things over between the couple . Molly ends her affair with Kevin and goes on holiday with Tyrone , however , when she returns in August 2009 she does the fun run again with Kevin and they celebrate by having sex at a nearby hotel . Some weeks later Pam spots Molly kissing Kevin . When Pam confronts Molly about her affair , Molly declares that she is in love with Kevin . However , Pam disapproves and gives her an ultimatum , either she confesses to Tyrone or she ends her relationship with Kevin . As a result , Molly has no choice but to pretend to end her affair with Kevin . However , when she has a conversation with Tyrone about Kevin and Sally 's marriage , Molly discovers that she is not the only liaison of Kevin 's as Tyrone mentions that he has had previous affairs in the past , which she feels insulted by . Molly and Kevin soon confess their love for each other , and pledge to leave their respective spouses and start a new life together . However , Sally had a secret of her own - she had breast cancer . On Christmas Day , just as Kevin is about to tell Sally that he is leaving her , she breaks the news of her illness . Kevin then hurries over to the Dobbs 's house , on the pretence of needing stuffing for the turkey , after seeing Molly sitting Tyrone down . When Tyrone leaves the house to go to the Rovers , Kevin tells Molly about Sally 's breast cancer . Selfishly , Molly tearfully says how unfair it was , not for Sally , but for them . Kevin gets angry and tells her that their relationship is over , as she was the least of his worries , and that he would support Sally through her illness . In January 2010 , Molly promises to be a better wife to Tyrone on their first wedding anniversary . However , on the second anniversary of Vera 's death , Molly tells Tyrone that she is leaving him because she no longer loves him , and he begs her to stay . She denies that she has been seeing someone else and moves into the flat above Dev 's shop . In March 2010 , Molly is shocked to discover that she is four months pregnant , with the possibility of the father either being Kevin or Tyrone . When she informs Kevin of her pregnancy , he refuses to have anything to do with her and he coldly burns the baby scan picture in front of her . With nowhere left to turn , she tells Tyrone about the pregnancy and they reconcile and agree to give their marriage another chance . In April , Molly and Tyrone find out Molly is expecting a baby boy . Kevin is furious and demands Molly has an abortion and to pass it off as a miscarriage . On 19 April 2010 , Tyrone asks Kevin to check up on his car . Whilst fixing it , Kevin is distracted by his daughter Sophie ( Brooke Vincent ) who is upset . Thinking that the car is ready , Tyrone takes it and drives through the countryside with Molly to tell her father Diggory the news about her pregnancy . Kevin realises that the car is missing before he has finished his work on the brakes and frantically calls Molly and Tyrone . Molly tells Tyrone not to answer as she wants to have a peaceful trip . Tyrone loses control of the car when the brakes fail and it leaves the road and somersaults into a field . Molly and Tyrone are both left unconscious . As Tyrone regains consciousness he finds Molly , still unconscious , next to him . Tyrone flags down a passing motorist who calls 999 and Kevin arrives after following an ambulance to the scene . Kevin and Tyrone both watch as Molly is cut from the wreckage . She is rushed to hospital where she has a scan whilst she is still unconscious and the doctors discover there is still a heartbeat from the baby . Tyrone is told , as long as Molly 's life is in the balance , so is the baby 's . Tyrone is horrified of the condition of his wife and the unborn child and turns to Kevin for support . When she regains consciousness Molly asks Pam , who is visiting her , what happened and she reveals that Kevin did not fix the brakes . Kevin feels guilty and arrives at the hospital . Molly accuses him of trying to kill her and the baby . Kevin apologises but a furious Molly tells him to save his story for the police . Kevin panics but with Tyrone by Molly 's side she changes her mind about her decision . Kevin returns to the hospital to thank Molly but says she did n't do it for him she did it for Tyone . Molly then tries to persuade Tyrone to move away from Weatherfield for a fresh start as she did not think it was fair on Tyrone or the baby to be around Kevin . In July 2010 , Molly is thrilled when her neighbour Eileen Grimshaw ( Sue Cleaver ) expresses an interest in buying their house , much to Tyrone 's despair . However , whilst Eileen and Owen Armstrong ( Ian Puleston - Davies ) are examining the house , Molly has a health scare and nearly collapses . At the hospital the doctors tell her that her collapse was caused by stress . Molly changes her mind about moving and decides to remain in Weatherfield . On 6 September 2010 , Molly gives birth to her son , Jack . She suddenly goes into labour in her home and it is left to Sally to deliver the baby as Tyrone is out on a breakdown call - out . After Kevin agrees to himself and Sally being godparents , Molly is furious and tells Kevin that she wants him to play no part in Jack 's life . Kevin then asks Molly for a DNA test to prove he is the father , but she refuses , and chooses to believe that Tyrone is Jack 's father . Kevin steals Jack 's dummy in the Rovers following his christening and sends it away for testing . On 5 November 2010 , Kevin receives the DNA test results , proving that he is the father . He shows the results to Molly and she is distraught and furious with Kevin for going behind her back . Not long afterwards at Jack Duckworth 's wake , Molly tells Kevin that she is still in love with him . However , Kevin tells her that he loves Sally and wants to be with her . Realising that Kevin no longer has feelings for her , Molly is left heart - broken . On 6 December 2010 , Molly leaves Tyrone , telling him that he is not Jack 's father , but she does n't tell him who the father is despite his demands to know . She sets out to leave with Jack , intending to go and stay at her father 's . She goes to the corner shop to say goodbye to her former employer , Sunita Alahan ( Shobna Gulati ) . Kevin comes into the shop to buy some milk and says goodbye to Molly and Jack after she tells him that he will never see his son again . Shortly after Kevin leaves the shop , there is an explosion in ' The Joinery ' bar which throws Molly and Jack to the floor . A tram is then derailed and crashes into the shop and Molly and Jack are buried by rubble . Molly tries to comfort Jack and loses consciousness . She comes round when firefighters arrive , and Jack is removed from the wreckage and taken to hospital . Molly is trapped under a beam and has to be released by heavy lifting gear and cutting equipment . Sally enters the wreckage and sits by Molly 's side to comfort her and keep her conscious . Molly 's condition deteriorates and , when she realises that she is dying , she confesses her affair with Kevin and apologises to Sally , saying that Kevin chose Sally because she was beautiful inside and out and that he loved Sally and their daughters more than herself and Jack . Explaining that Kevin is Jack 's father , Molly asks Sally to look after him and says that Jack is the only thing from the affair she does not regret . After Molly admits this , Sally lets go of her hand . As Molly pleads for Sally not to leave her , her hand goes limp and she dies , with a shocked and devastated Sally by her side . Shortly afterwards Tyrone returns from the hospital and is devastated when Sally emerges from the rubble and informs him of Molly 's death . Creation ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The character of Molly was introduced as the daughter of local baker Diggory Compton ( Eric Potts ) in 2005 . She was a former class mate of character Fiz Brown ( Jennie McAlpine ) ; Molly was very resentful against Fiz , who had bullied her at school . She worked in the bakery until her father 's departure and worked briefly as a kennel - maid before becoming an assistant to Dev Alahan ( Jimmi Harkishin ) at the Corner Shop . Casting ( edit ) Vicky Binns was selected to join Coronation Street as a rival for at - the - time already established character Fiz Brown . In real life , Binns is the best friend of actress Jennie McAlpine who plays Fiz . She told the Manchester Evening News : `` They brought me in to play her rival , which is ridiculous . It really requires some acting . '' . In April 2010 Binns announced that she had quit the show and will leave at the end of her contract which she did when she was killed off in the 50th anniversary when a tram crashed of the viaduct and destroyed the corner shop which Molly was in at the time . Development ( edit ) Personality and identity ( edit ) The Coronation Street official website described Molly as a bubbly , optimistic , friendly and outgoing character . She first arrived in Weatherfield after her father bought the bakery in May 2005 . There were rumours that she would leave along with her father in July 2006 , but she stayed on . Binns says she is grateful that her character appears to be `` un-trendy '' . Molly 's look changed a little at the beginning of 2008 after Binns went on a strict weight loss regime . However , the producer of Coronation Street was supportive of Binns and did not mind changing Molly 's appearance slightly . Binns stated in another interview that Molly is stubborn and that honesty is the element of a relationship she wants most , which was why she was reluctant to forgive Tyrone for his deception . Another focal point of the character 's style is the rucksack which she carried frequently . Binns once stated that she did n't think her character would ever stop wearing it . Gareth McLean of the Radio times even joked that when Molly and Kevin Webster consummated their relationship , he doubted Molly would remove her rucksack . Relationships ( edit ) Molly 's relationship with Tyrone Dobbs ( Alan Halsall ) began in 2006 . Their relationship has been long - term and appeared perfect to begin with . After Molly moves into number 9 to be with Tyrone permanently she wants to take her relationship to the next level and forms a close bond with Vera Duckworth ( Elizabeth Dawn ) who Tyrone regarded as his mother . She even turns to her for advice on furthering her relationship with Tyrone , in scenes which Binns said were really funny . The media called the pairing the next ' Jack and Vera ' with the show 's bosses even stating their potential . Actress Vicky Binns stated in an interview that she was flattered but did n't think they could ever replace the couple adding that : `` You ca n't really replace anyone like that . The show progresses and changes so much with new characters you do n't even know if they 'll keep Molly and Tyrone together . But I suppose Molly is quite bossy and , like Vera , will keep Tyrone under her thumb . '' The characters go on to buy their own home together and eventually get engaged . They hit one of their first difficulties when Molly finds out that Tyrone has been selling illegal goods with her Aunt , Pam Hobsworth ( Kate Anthony ) . Vicky Binns also revealed that she and Alan Halsall , who plays Tyrone , work so well together and hope that they had many more scenes to come and she also stated that in real life , fans approach her in the street to ask where Tyrone is . Tyrone 's best friend and colleague , Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) , begins a sexual affair with Molly in 2009 , but on Christmas Day that year , he ends the affair after discovering his wife , Sally ( Sally Dynevor ) , has breast cancer . Reception ( edit ) Ian Wylie of The Manchester Evening News praised the character and actress for scenes which aired during the highly publicised death of long - term character Vera Duckworth , stating : `` readers will know how impressed I was by the acting of Vicky Binns in scenes immediately following the death of Vera Duckworth '' . The affair between Molly and Kevin received some negative attention , and criticism for changes in Molly 's character , described by the author and TV critic Grace Dent as transforming her into a `` sex fuelled dick - daft strumpet . '' Vicky Binns , however , was surprised at positive reaction : `` I love playing a minx . Women give me a nudge and a wink when I 'm in the supermarket and say , ' You go girl ! ' '' Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture criticised her affair storyline stating : `` Like the rest of the world , we 've hated the Kevin / Molly storyline . We hate it even more for it turning Molly , previously somewhat likeable , into an out - and - out bitch . Let 's just hope it 's one of those storylines that will be swept under the carpet soon and never mentioned again ... '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Molly Compton '' . ITV.com. 21 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Characters Molly Dobbs and dustman Trevor Dean both axed from Coronation Street '' . The Sun . London . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Corrie Anniversary Death Confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Molly helps out Maria '' . Digital Spy. 5 September 2005 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Lunn , Emma ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` Money '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vera 's stone cladding is to be removed '' . Digital Spy. 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrone does n't fiance proposal '' . The Sun . London . 16 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 25 July 2008 ) . `` Proposal full of hitches '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrone 's scrambled proposal '' . Metro. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Car flips and spins through the air in horror Corrie car crash scene '' . The Sun . London . 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street preview - Thursday April 22 , 8.30 pm '' . STV. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street preview - Friday April 23 , 7.30 pm '' . STV. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street preview - Friday April 23 , 8.30 pm '' . STV. 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Molly faces labour with the Websters '' . Digital Spy. 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : http://danielmeyer.co.uk/second-corrie-50th-week-death-confirmed/ Jump up ^ `` Corrie is driving me barking ! '' . Manchest Evening News . 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vicky Binns happy to be untrendy '' . Digital Spy. 28 July 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Life of Wylie : Coronation street : Vicky Binns '' . Manchester Evening News . 7 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : I 've turned into brideszilla after getting ready for Coronation Street wedding '' . Daily Record . 11 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fame editor ( 29 July 2008 ) . `` Corrie star glad to be ' untrendy ' - Metro.co.uk '' . Metro . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gareth McLean ( 19 June 2009 ) . `` The week in soapland - Blogs - Radio Times '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jack & Vera : The Joy of Sex '' . Sunday Mail . 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vicky Binns ' co-star praise '' . My Park Magazine . 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coronation Street : Vicky And Vera '' . Manchester Evening News . 4 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grace Dent 's World of Lather '' . London : The Guardian . 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Vicky Binns Turns Off Coronation Street '' . STV Entertainment . 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Deller , Ruth ( 31 October 2009 ) . `` Soapstar Superstars -- September / October '' . Lowculture . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) Profile at ITV.com Profile at What 's On TV Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Nick Tilsley Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Sarah Platt Jim McDonald Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Roy Cropper Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Michelle Connor Ryan Connor Carla Connor Gary Windass Mary Taylor Lewis Archer Izzy Armstrong Faye Windass Beth Tinker Tim Metcalfe Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Todd Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Pat Phelan Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Eva Price Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Anna Windass Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Original characters David Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Ken Barlow Minnie Caldwell Ivan Cheveski Linda Cheveski Christine Appleby May Hardman Esther Hayes Harry Hewitt Lucille Hewitt Florrie Lindley Martha Longhurst Emily Bishop Concepta Riley Ena Sharples Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Annie Walker Jack Walker Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molly_Dobbs&oldid=847632265 '' Categories : Coronation Street characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional shopkeepers Fictional bakers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from March 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 18 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%20Dobbs
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who was the architect of the woolworth building what was the final cost of the building
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The Woolworth Building was designed in the neo-Gothic style by the architect Cass Gilbert , whom Frank Woolworth commissioned in 1910 to design a 20 - story office building as the F.W. Woolworth Company 's new corporate headquarters on Broadway , between Park Place and Barclay Street in Lower Manhattan , opposite City Hall . Originally designed to be 420 feet ( 130 m ) high , the building was eventually elevated to 792 feet ( 241 m ) . At its opening , the Woolworth Building was 60 stories tall and had over 5,000 windows . The construction cost was US $13.5 million . With Irving National Exchange Bank Woolworth set up the Broadway - Park Place Company to finance the building , but by May 1914 , had purchased all of the shares from the bank , thus owning the building outright . On completion , the Woolworth building topped the record set by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower as the world 's tallest building .
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Woolworth building
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woolworth building
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The Woolworth Building , at 233 Broadway , Manhattan , New York City , designed by architect Cass Gilbert and constructed between 1910 and 1912 , is an early US skyscraper . The original site for the building was purchased by F.W. Woolworth and his real estate agent Edward J. Hogan by April 15 , 1910 , from the Trenor Luther Park Estate and other owners for $1.65 million . By January 18 , 1911 , Woolworth and Hogan had acquired the final site for the project , totaling $4.5 million . More than a century after its construction , it remains , at 792 feet ( 241 m ) , one of the 100 tallest buildings in the United States as well as one of the 30 tallest buildings in New York City . It has been a National Historic Landmark since 1966 , and a New York City landmark since 1983 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 2 History 3 Tenants 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Architecture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Woolworth Building was designed in the neo-Gothic style by the architect Cass Gilbert , whom Frank Woolworth commissioned in 1910 to design a 20 - story office building as the F.W. Woolworth Company 's new corporate headquarters on Broadway , between Park Place and Barclay Street in Lower Manhattan , opposite City Hall . Originally designed to be 420 feet ( 130 m ) high , the building was eventually elevated to 792 feet ( 241 m ) . At its opening , the Woolworth Building was 60 stories tall and had over 5,000 windows . The construction cost was US $13.5 million . With Irving National Exchange Bank Woolworth set up the Broadway - Park Place Company to finance the building , but by May 1914 , had purchased all of the shares from the bank , thus owning the building outright . On completion , the Woolworth building topped the record set by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower as the world 's tallest building . Under construction Construction was completed in 1912 and the building opened on April 24 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson turned the lights on by way of a button in Washington , D.C. that evening . Given its resemblance to European Gothic cathedrals , the structure was called `` The Cathedral of Commerce '' by the Reverend S. Parkes Cadman in a booklet of the same title published in 1916 . It remained the tallest building in the world until the construction of 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building , also in New York City , in 1930 ; an observation deck on the 57th floor attracted visitors until 1941 . The building 's tower , flush with the main frontage on Broadway , joins an office block base with a narrow interior court for light . The exterior decoration was cast in limestone - colored , glazed architectural terra - cotta panels . Strongly articulated piers , carried -- without interrupting cornices -- right to the pyramidal cap , give the building its upward thrust . The Gothic detailing concentrated at the highly visible crown is over scaled , able to be read from the street level several hundred feet below . Engineers Gunvald Aus and Kort Berle designed the steel frame , supported on massive caissons that penetrate to the bedrock . The high - speed elevators were innovative , and the building 's high office - to - elevator ratio made the structure profitable . The building 's crown The ornate , cruciform lobby , is `` one of the most spectacular of the early 20th century in New York City '' . It is covered in Skyros veined marble , has a vaulted ceiling , mosaics , a stained - glass ceiling light and bronze fittings . Over the balconies of the mezzanine are the murals Labor and Commerce . Corbel sculptures include Gilbert with a model of the building , Aus taking a girder 's measurements , and Woolworth counting nickels . Woolworth 's private office , revetted in marble in the French Empire style , has been preserved . The building 's façade was restored between 1977 and 1981 by the Ehrenkrantz Group , during which much of the terra - cotta was replaced with concrete and Gothic ornament was removed . History ( edit ) Woolworth Building c. 1913 The building was owned by the Woolworth company for 85 years until 1998 , when the Venator Group ( formerly the F.W. Woolworth Company ) sold it to the Witkoff Group for $155 million . Until recently , that company kept a presence in the building through a Foot Locker store ( Foot Locker is the successor to the Woolworth Company ) . Prior to the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , the World Trade Center was often photographed in such a way that the Woolworth Building could be seen between 1 and 2 World Trade Center . After the attacks , which occurred only a few blocks away , the building was without electricity , water and telephone service for a few weeks and had broken windows and the top turret was damaged by falling rubble . Increased post-attack security restricted access to most of the ornate lobby , previously a tourist attraction , although the lobby was reopened to public tours in 2014 . The structure has a long association with higher education , housing a number of Fordham University schools in the early 20th century . Today , the building houses , among other tenants , TTA Inc. , Control Group Inc. , AIGA , and the New York University School of Continuing and Professional Studies ' Center for Global Affairs . In August 2012 , The New York Times reported that an investment group led by Alchemy Properties , a New York developer , bought the top 30 floors of the landmark on July 31 for $68 million from the Witkoff Group and Cammeby 's International . The firm plans to renovate the space into luxury apartments and convert the penthouse into a five - level living space . The lower 28 floors are still owned by the Witkoff Group and Cammeby International , who plan to lease them as office space . The project will cost approximately $150 million , according to the article , including its $68 million purchase price . In August 2014 , the New York Attorney General 's office approved Alchemy 's offering plan for condos at the newly branded Woolworth Tower Residences . The $110 million price tag for the building 's penthouse unit is the highest asking price ever for an apartment in downtown Manhattan . Tenants ( edit ) Part of the lobby At the building 's completion , the F.W. Woolworth Company occupied only one and a half floors of the building , but , as the owner , profited from renting space out to others , including the Irving National Exchange Bank and Columbia Records . Columbia Records moved into the building in 1913 and housed a recording studio in it . In 1917 , Columbia made what are considered the first jazz recordings , by the Original Dixieland Jass Band , in this studio . During the Second World War , the Kellex Corporation , part of the Manhattan Project to develop nuclear weapons , was based here . In popular culture ( edit ) Architecture The Lincoln American Tower in Memphis , Tennessee , built in 1924 , is a small replica of the building , standing at one - third its height . Film In film , the building has been referenced several times . In Applause ( 1929 ) , April ( Joan Peers ) and her sailor boyfriend Tony ( Henry Wadsworth ) , are sightseeing on top of a high building . April : `` Look , there 's the Woolworth building '' . Tony : `` that 's some sight is n't it '' , April : `` it 's wonderful '' . Tony : `` you 're wonderful '' . The film Five and Ten ( 1931 ) is loosely based on Woolworth heiress Barbara Hutton and has many references to `` the tower '' that is being built . The main characters , played by Marion Davies and Leslie Howard , get stranded overnight atop the skyscraper . In Winner Take All ( 1932 ) , Jimmy ( James Cagney ) sends Peggy ( Marian Nixon ) a post card with the picture of the Woolworth building on it . In On the Town ( 1949 ) , in which one of the sailors on leave in Manhattan ( Frank Sinatra ) is using an out - of - date guidebook , there 's a reference to the Woolworth Tower 's being the tallest building in the world . In Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , which is set in 1927 , Don Lockwood ( Gene Kelly ) laments the colossal failure of his latest film , `` The Dueling Cavalier '' by saying that after its release , nobody would come to see him jump off the Woolworth Building into a damp rag . In Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) , Peter Parker ( Tobey Maguire ) delivers a number of pizzas to a receptionist ( Emily Deschanel ) at the building In the Disney film Enchanted ( 2007 ) , the building is the site of the film 's grand climax . In the opening scenes of Cloverfield ( 2008 ) , the building is depicted collapsing after Clover critically damages it . In Baz Luhrmann 's film adaptation of The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , Nick Carraway works in the building as a stock broker for Chase . In an opening scene , a spectacular tilt down from the top of the building is shown . In the movie Fantastic Beasts And Where To Find Them ( 2016 ) , the Magical Congress of the United States of America is concealed from No - Maj view inside the building itself . Video games The `` Woodworld Building '' in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV ( 2008 ) mimics the Woolworth Building in its name , architectural style , and street address number . The building also appears in Grand Theft Auto : Chinatown Wars , but only its bottom floors are rendered due to the game 's top - down angle . Literature In the novel Peak ( 2007 ) , the protagonist is arrested for climbing the building . In Langston Hughes ' poem `` Negro '' the narrator has made mortar for the building . Television The building is shown as the headquarters of Meade Publications in the 2006 television series , Ugly Betty . Exterior shots of the building were used to establish the headquarters of fictional cable television channel `` The Explorer 's Channel '' which employed Paul Buchman in season four of the 1990s sitcom Mad About You . See also ( edit ) Architecture portal New York City portal List of tallest buildings in the world References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Woolworth Building '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . Jump up ^ Woolworth Building at Emporis Jump up ^ `` Woolworth Building '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Woolworth Building at Structurae Jump up ^ `` Woolworth Building '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patricia Heintzelman and Cecil McKithan ( January 6 , 1978 ) . `` The Woolworth Building '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` The Woolworth Building -- Accompanying 3 photos , exterior , from 1975 '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . January 6 , 1978 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission ; Dolkart , Andrew S. ( text ) ; Postal , Matthew A. ( text ) ( 2009 ) , Postal , Matthew A. , ed. , Guide to New York City Landmarks ( 4th ed . ) , New York : John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 28963 - 1 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Study for Woolworth Building , New York '' . World Digital Library . 1910 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Philip . `` The Woolworth Building : The Cathedral of Commerce '' . Blogs . New York Public Library . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ recordonline.com - The Times Herald - Record , serving New York 's Hudson Valley and the Catskills Archived June 1 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Woolworth Building Turns 100 '' . Wall Street Journal . 23 April 2013 . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Picture 11 of 19 : The World Trade Center , shown under construction in 1970 , and other modern skyscrapers eventually dwarfed the Woolworth Building , visible here at the center between the Trade Center 's two towers . Jump up ^ Fendrich , Laurie ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` American Architectural Wonder : Keep Out '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Woolworth Building 's Grand Arcade Is Once Again a Sight All Can See '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYU Center for Global Affairs to Open in Woolworth Building ; Lower Manhattan Location To House Academic Programs and Host Public Events '' . www.businesswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Michelle ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Luxury Living in Old Temple of the 5 and Dime '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polsky , Sara ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Woolworth Building 's Top Floors Will Become Luxury Condos '' . Curbed . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Samtani , Hiten ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Revealed : Floor plans for $110 M Woolworth penthouse : PHOTOS '' . The Real Deal . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perlberg , Heather ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` NYC Woolworth Tower Condo Priced at Record $110 Million '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Frank , Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound , New York & London : Routledge , 1993 & 2005 , Volume 1 . Cf . p. 212 , article on `` Columbia ( Label ) '' . Jump up ^ Cogan , Jim ; Clark , William , Temples of sound : inside the great recording studios , San Francisco : Chronicle Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3394 - 1 . Cf . chapter on Columbia Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Woolworth Building '' , NYC Architecture Jump up ^ `` Corporate Partners '' . Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Andy ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Lincoln American lands first tenants '' . Memphis Business Journal . Memphis , Tennessee . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Soll , Lindsay ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` The Deep Dive : Made in NYC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' : 5 secrets in our photo you might have missed EW.com '' . www.ew.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Bibliography Fenske , Gail . The Skyscraper and the City : The Woolworth Building and the Making of Modern New York . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 24141 - 8 . Heintzleman , Patricia ; Cecil McKithan ( January 23 , 1978 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination : The Woolworth Building '' . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . `` Big Town Big Picture : The Woolworth Building '' . Daily News . March 11 , 2009 . p. 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Woolworth Building . Official lobby tours website The Woolworth Tower Residences official website `` Designation List 164 : The Woolworth Building '' , New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission , April 12 , 1983 `` Pride and Humility in the Woolworth Building and in Ourselves '' by John Stern , from beautyofnyc.org The Woolworth Building from GreatBuildings.com A Rare Glimpse Inside as the Woolworth Building Turns 100 at NY Curbed Medieval New York website from Fordham University , with construction details and photo images of the Woolworth Building Margaret Herman , Gilbert 's Woolworth Building , Smarthistory Records Preceded by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower Tallest building in the world 1913 -- 1930 Succeeded by 40 Wall Street Tallest building in the United States 1913 -- 1930 Structures on Broadway in Manhattan 1 - 599 ( Battery Pl . - W. Houston St . ) 1 Broadway 2 Broadway Bowling Green 26 Broadway ( previously occupied by Lautman 's Dairy ) Cunard Building 52 Broadway Adams Express Building 65 Broadway 1 Wall Street AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company Trinity Church Equitable Building Equitable Life Building Marine Midland Building Zuccotti Park One Liberty Plaza Fulton Center Corbin Building American Surety Building 195 Broadway Astor House Woolworth Building City Hall Park New York City Hall Broadway -- Chambers Building 280 Broadway 287 Broadway Ted Weiss Federal Building 291 Broadway Mutual Reserve Building 319 Broadway Appleton Building 359 Broadway 361 Broadway ( James S. White Building ) 462 Broadway Mechanics ' Hall E.V. Haughwout Building New Era Building Scholastic Building Singer Building 600 - 1499 ( W. Houston St. - Times Sq . ) Cable Building Canterbury Hall Grace Church Church of the Messiah Grand Central Hotel 770 Broadway Strand Bookstore Tisch School of the Arts Grace Church Union Square Flatiron Building Madison Square Baudouine Building Gilsey House Grand Hotel Radisson Hotel Martinique Hotel McAlpin Herald Square Haier Building Knickerbocker Theatre Marbridge Building Metropolitan Opera House ( former ) Rialto Theatre Times Square One Times Square ( previously occupied by Pabst Hotel ) Condé Nast Building The Knickerbocker Hotel 1500 - 1800 ( Times Sq . - Columbus Cir . ) 1500 Broadway ( previously occupied by Hotel Claridge ) 1501 Broadway One Astor Plaza Astor Theatre Minskoff Theatre New York Marriott Marquis Morgan Stanley Building Palace Theatre Brill Building Winter Garden Theatre Central Theatre Capitol Theatre Ellen 's Stardust Diner Paramount Plaza Studebaker Building Broadway Theatre Ed Sullivan Theater 1717 Broadway 1740 Broadway Random House Tower Columbus Circle North of Columbus Cir . Museum of Biblical Art Dauphin Hotel Beacon Theatre The Apthorp Bretton Hall Goddard Institute for Space Studies Barnard College Audubon Ballroom United Palace Dyckman House Church of the Good Shepherd Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church ( c. 1643 ) Trinity Church ( 85 m ) ( 1846 ) New York World Building ( 94 m ) ( 1890 ) Manhattan Life Insurance Building ( 100 m ) ( 1894 ) Park Row Building ( 119 m ) ( 1899 ) Singer Building ( 187 m ) ( 1908 ) Metropolitan Life Tower ( 213 m ) ( 1909 ) Woolworth Building ( 241 m ) ( 1913 ) 40 Wall Street ( 283 m ) ( 1930 ) Chrysler Building ( 320 m ) ( 1930 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 1931 ) World Trade Center ( 526 m ) ( 1973 ) Empire State Building ( 443 m ) ( 2001 ) One World Trade Center ( 541 m ) ( 2014 ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places F.W. Woolworth Company -- Foot Locker Company F.W. Woolworth Company Champs Sports Eastbay Foot Locker Kinney Shoes Woolco Other divisions and namesakes Buildings List of Woolworth buildings Woolworth Building Lexington Store St. Louis Office Shadow Lawn Watertown Store Wilmington Store Winfield Hall Winfield House Culture `` Love at the Five and Dime '' Seafoam salad Woolworth v. Contemporary Arts Events Foot Locker Cross Country Civil rights Greensboro sit - ins Ezell Blair Jr . Franklin McCain Joseph McNeil David Richmond International Civil Rights Center and Museum February One Clarence Harris Lexington Woolworths Nashville sit - ins Family Frank Winfield Woolworth Barbara Hutton Poor Little Rich Girl Lance Reventlow VIAF : 197062985 GND : 7627213 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woolworth_Building&oldid=835157595 '' Categories : 1913 establishments in New York ( state ) Broadway ( Manhattan ) Cass Gilbert buildings Civic Center , Manhattan F.W. Woolworth Company buildings and structures Buildings at Fordham University Former world 's tallest buildings Gothic Revival architecture in New York City Gothic Revival skyscrapers National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan Office buildings completed in 1913 Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Retail company headquarters in the United States Terracotta Columbia Records Hidden categories : Skyscraper Center ID same as Wikidata Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia page with obscure country or subdivision Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 22 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolworth%20Building
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what is the structure of a connective tissue
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Connective tissue ( CT ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with epithelial tissue , muscle tissue , and nervous tissue . It develops from the mesoderm . Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body , including the nervous system . In the central nervous system , the three outer membranes ( the meninges ) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue . They support and protect the body . All connective tissue consists of three main components : fibers ( elastic and collagenous fibers ) , ground substance and cells . Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component . All are immersed in the body water .
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Connective tissue
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connective tissue
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Connective tissue ( CT ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with epithelial tissue , muscle tissue , and nervous tissue . It develops from the mesoderm . Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body , including the nervous system . In the central nervous system , the three outer membranes ( the meninges ) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue . They support and protect the body . All connective tissue consists of three main components : fibers ( elastic and collagenous fibers ) , ground substance and cells . Not all authorities include blood or lymph as connective tissue because they lack the fiber component . All are immersed in the body water .
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The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts , adipocytes , macrophages , mast cells and leucocytes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Characteristics 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Staining of connective tissue 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper , and special connective tissue . Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue ( which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues . ) Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue , adipose tissue , cartilage , bone , and blood . Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous , elastic , and lymphoid connective tissues . New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue . Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT . Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue , and makes up about 25 % of the total protein content of the mammalian body . Characteristics ( edit ) Characteristics of CT : Cells are spread through an extracellular fluid . Ground substance - A clear , colorless , and viscous fluid containing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to fix the body water and the collagen fibers in the intercellular spaces . Ground substance slows the spread of pathogens . Fibers . Not all types of CT are fibrous . Examples of non-fibrous CT include adipose tissue and blood . Adipose tissue gives `` mechanical cushioning '' to the body , among other functions . Although there is no dense collagen network in adipose tissue , groups of adipose cells are kept together by collagen fibers and collagen sheets in order to keep fat tissue under compression in place ( for example , the sole of the foot ) . The matrix of blood is plasma . Both the ground substance and proteins ( fibers ) create the matrix for CT . Connective tissues are derived from the mesenchyme . Types of fibers : Tissue Purpose Components Location Collagenous fibers Bind bones and other tissues to each other Alpha polypeptide chains tendon , ligament , skin , cornea , cartilage , bone , blood vessels , gut , and intervertebral disc . Elastic fibers Allow organs like arteries and lungs to recoil Elastic microfibril and elastin extracellular matrix Reticular fibers Form a scaffolding for other cells Type III collagen liver , bone marrow , and lymphatic organs Function ( edit ) Connective tissue has a wide variety of functions that depend on the types of cells and the different classes of fibers involved . Loose and dense irregular connective tissue , formed mainly by fibroblasts and collagen fibers , have an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells , and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation . They also allow organs to resist stretching and tearing forces . Dense regular connective tissue , which forms organized structures , is a major functional component of tendons , ligaments and aponeuroses , and is also found in highly specialized organs such as the cornea . Elastic fibers , made from elastin and fibrillin , also provide resistance to stretch forces . They are found in the walls of large blood vessels and in certain ligaments , particularly in the ligamenta flava . In hematopoietic and lymphatic tissues , reticular fibers made by reticular cells provide the stroma -- or structural support -- for the parenchyma -- or functional part -- of the organ . Mesenchyme is a type of connective tissue found in developing organs of embryos that is capable of differentiation into all types of mature connective tissue . Another type of relatively undifferentiated connective tissue is mucous connective tissue , found inside the umbilical cord . Various types of specialized tissues and cells are classified under the spectrum of connective tissue , and are as diverse as brown and white adipose tissue , blood , cartilage and bone . Cells of the immune system , such as macrophages , mast cells , plasma cells and eosinophils are found scattered in loose connective tissue , providing the ground for starting inflammatory and immune responses upon the detection of antigens . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main articles : Connective tissue disease and Connective tissue neoplasm It is estimated that 1 in 10 people have a connective tissue disorder . Diseases of connective tissue include : Connective tissue neoplasms including sarcomas such as hemangiopericytoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in nervous tissue . Congenital diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome . Myxomatous degeneration -- a pathological weakening of connective tissue . Mixed connective tissue disease -- a disease of the autoimmune system , also undifferentiated connective tissue disease . Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) -- a major autoimmune disease of connective tissue Scurvy , caused by a deficiency of vitamin C which is necessary for the synthesis of collagen . Staining of connective tissue ( edit ) For microscopic viewing , most of the connective tissue staining - techniques , colour tissue fibers in contrasting shades . Collagen may be differentially stained by any of the following : Van Gieson 's stain Masson 's trichrome stain Mallory 's trichrome stain Aniline blue stain Eosin Reticulin stain See also ( edit ) Connective tissue in skeletal muscle Endometrium Fascia Parametrium Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Connective Tissue Study Guide '' . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorland , W.A. Newman ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 1931 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shostak , Stanley . `` Connective Tissues '' . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Carol Mattson Porth ; Glenn Matfin ( 1 October 2010 ) . Essentials of Pathophysiology : Concepts of Altered Health States . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 24 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58255 - 724 - 3 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Potter , Hugh . `` The Connective Tissues '' . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Caceci , Thomas . `` Connective Tisues '' . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ King , David . `` Histology Intro '' . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Granulation Tissue Definition '' . Memidex . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Di Lullo ; G.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Mapping the Ligand - binding Sites and Disease - associated Mutations on the Most Abundant Protein in the Human , Type I Collagen '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 277 ( 6 ) : 4223 -- 31 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110709200 . PMID 11704682 . Jump up ^ Xu , H. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Monitoring Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging '' . Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 106 ( 6 ) : 515 -- 527 . doi : 10.1263 / jbb. 106.515 . PMID 19134545 . Jump up ^ Laclaustra , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Metabolic syndrome pathophysiology : The role of adiposetissue '' . Nutrition , Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases . 17 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 139 . doi : 10.1016 / j. numecd. 2006.10. 005 . PMID 17270403 . ^ Jump up to : Ross M , Pawlina W ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 158 -- 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 . Jump up ^ Young B , Woodford P , O'Dowd G ( 2013 ) . Wheater 's Functional Histology : A Text and Colour Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0702047473 . Jump up ^ EDS Awareness.com ( 2012 ) . `` EDS Awareness Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome . '' Acquired by ( EDSawareness.com ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connective tissues . Encyclopædia Britannica , Connective Tissue Overview at kumc.edu UIUC Histology Subject 230 Connective tissue atlas at uiowa.edu Questions and Answers about Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Connective Tissue Photomicrographs Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue Epidermis : Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm : Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue Phloem : Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem : Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue Parenchyma : Chlorenchyma Aerenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma : Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue Primary : Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary : Cork cambium Vascular cambium Connective tissue Physiology Soft tissue Fibrosis Scarring Composition Cells Resident Fibroblast Fibrocyte Reticular cell Tendon cell Adipocyte Melanocyte Wandering cells Mast cell Macrophage Extracellular matrix Ground substance Tissue fluid Fibers Collagen fibers Reticular fibers COL3A1 Elastic fibers Elastin Fibrillin FBN1 FBN2 FBN3 EMILIN1 Elaunin Classification Proper Loose Reticular Adipose Brown White Dense Dense irregular connective tissue Submucosa Dermis Dense regular connective tissue Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis Embryonic Mucoid Mesenchymal Specialized Cartilage Bone Biology portal Medicine portal Neuroscience portal GND : 4006725 - 7 NDL : 00565679 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connective_tissue&oldid=813889207 '' Categories : Connective tissue Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective%20tissue
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criteria for inclusion in the new testament canon
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Development of the New Testament canon
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development of the new testament canon
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Outline of Bible - related topics
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Bible book Bible portal The canon of the New Testament is the set of books Christians regard as divinely inspired and constituting the New Testament of the Christian Bible . For most , it is an agreed - upon list of twenty - seven books that includes the Canonical Gospels , Acts , letters of the Apostles , and Revelation . The books of the canon of the New Testament were written before 120 AD . For the Orthodox , the recognition of these writings as authoritative was formalized in the Second Council of Trullan of 692 . The Catholic Church made dogmatic definition upon its Biblical canon in 382 at the Council of Rome as well as at the Council of Trent of 1545 , reaffirming the Canons of Florence of 1442 and North African Councils ( Hippo and Carthage ) of 393 -- 419 . For the Church of England , it was made dogmatic on the Thirty - Nine Articles of 1563 ; for Calvinism , on the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647 . Contents 1 Early collections 1.1 Comparison between earliest biblical canons 2 Early Christianity ( c. 30 -- 325 ) 2.1 Clement of Rome 2.2 2 Peter 2.3 Marcion of Sinope 2.4 Justin Martyr 2.5 Tatian 2.6 Irenaeus 2.7 Early proto - Orthodox definition attempts 2.8 Muratorian fragment 2.9 Clement of Alexandria 2.10 Alogi 3 Period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils ( 325 -- 787 ) 3.1 Eusebius 3.2 Codex Claromontanus 3.3 Constantine the Great 3.4 Cyril of Jerusalem 3.5 Council of Laodicea 3.6 Athanasius 3.7 Cheltenham / Mommsen List 3.8 Epiphanius 3.9 Apostolic Canon # 85 3.10 Amphilochius of Iconium 3.11 Pope Damasus I 3.12 Jerome 3.13 Augustine and the North African councils 3.14 Pope Innocent I 3.15 Eastern canons 4 Outside the Empire 4.1 Syriac Canon 4.2 Armenian canon 4.3 Coptic and Ethiopian canons 5 Protestant developments ( from c. 1517 ) 5.1 Martin Luther 5.2 Protestant confessions 5.3 Evangelical canons 6 Catholic developments ( from c. 1546 ) 6.1 Council of Trent 6.2 Later developments 7 Orthodox developments ( from c. 1672 ) 7.1 Synod of Jerusalem 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 10.1 Sources 10.2 Studies 11 External links Early collections ( edit ) Writings attributed to the Apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities . The Pauline epistles were circulating , perhaps in collected forms , by the end of the 1st century AD . Justin Martyr , in the mid 2nd century , mentions `` memoirs of the apostles '' as being read on `` the day called that of the sun '' ( Sunday ) alongside the `` writings of the prophets . '' A defined set of four gospels ( the Tetramorph ) was asserted by Irenaeus , c. 180 , who refers to it directly . By the early 3rd century , Origen may have been using the same twenty - seven books as in the present New Testament canon , though there were still disputes over the acceptance of the Letter to the Hebrews , James , II Peter , II John , III John , Jude and Revelation , known as the Antilegomena . Likewise , the Muratorian fragment is evidence that , perhaps as early as 200 , there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to the twenty - seven - book NT canon , which included four gospels and argued against objections to them . Thus , while there was a good measure of debate in the Early Church over the New Testament canon , the major writings are claimed to have been accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the 3rd century . In his Easter letter of 367 , Athanasius , Bishop of Alexandria , gave a list of the books that would become the twenty - seven - book NT canon , and he used the word `` canonized '' ( Greek : κανονιζόμενα kanonizomena ) in regards to them . The first council that accepted the present canon of the New Testament may have been the Synod of Hippo Regius in North Africa ( 393 ) . A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Councils of Carthage in 397 and 419 . These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine , who regarded the canon as already closed . Pope Damasus I 's Council of Rome in 382 , if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it , issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above , or , if not , the list is at least a 6th - century compilation . Likewise , Damasus ' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible , c. 383 , was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West . In c. 405 , Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop , Exsuperius of Toulouse . Christian scholars assert that , when these bishops and councils spoke on the matter , however , they were not defining something new but instead `` were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church . '' Thus , some claim that , from the 4th century , there existed unanimity in the West concerning the New Testament canon , and that , by the 5th century , the Eastern Church , with a few exceptions , had come to accept the Book of Revelation and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon . Nonetheless , full dogmatic articulations of the canon were not made until the Canon of Trent of 1546 for Roman Catholicism , the Gallic Confession of Faith of 1559 for Calvinism , the Thirty - Nine Articles of 1563 for the Church of England , and the Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 for the Greek Orthodox . Comparison between earliest biblical canons ( edit ) Books Marcionite canon Muratorian fragment Peshitta Codex Vaticanus Codex Sinaiticus Codex Alexandrinus Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus Composition date c. 130 -- 140 c. 170 ? c. 300 -- 325 c. 330 -- 360 c. 400 -- 440 c. 450 Matthew No Probably Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mark No Probably Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Luke Marcion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes John No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Acts No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Romans Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Corinthians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Corinthians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Galatians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ephesians Laodiceans Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Philippians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Colossians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Thessalonians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Thessalonians Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe 1 Timothy No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 2 Timothy No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Titus No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Philemon Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Hebrews No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes James No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Peter No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Peter No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 John No Probably Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 John No Maybe No Yes Yes Yes Maybe 3 John No Maybe No Yes Yes Yes Yes Jude No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Revelation No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 1 Clement No No No No No Yes No 2 Clement No No No No No Yes No Shepherd of Hermas No No No No Yes No No Epistle of Barnabas No No No No Yes No No Apocalypse of Peter No Yes No No No No No Book of Wisdom No Yes No No No No No Early Christianity ( c. 30 -- 325 ) ( edit ) See also : Early Christianity and History of Early Christianity In the one - hundred - year period extending roughly from 50 to 150 , a number of documents began to circulate among the churches , including epistles , gospels , memoirs , apocalypses , homilies , and collections of teachings . While some of these documents were apostolic in origin , others drew upon the tradition the apostles and ministers of the word had utilized in their individual missions . Still others represented a summation of the teaching entrusted to a particular church center . Several of these writings sought to extend , interpret , and apply apostolic teaching to meet the needs of Christians in a given locality . Clement of Rome ( edit ) By the end of the 1st century , some letters of Paul were known to Clement of Rome ( fl. 96 ) , together with some form of the `` words of Jesus '' ; but while Clement valued these highly , he did not regard them as `` Scripture '' ( `` graphe '' ) , a term he reserved for the Septuagint . Metzger 1987 draws the following conclusion about Clement : Clement ... makes occasional reference to certain words of Jesus ; though they are authoritative for him , he does not appear to enquire how their authenticity is ensured . In two of the three instances that he speaks of remembering ' the words ' of Christ or of the Lord Jesus , it seems that he has a written record in mind , but he does not call it a ' gospel ' . He knows several of Paul 's epistles , and values them highly for their content ; the same can be said of the Epistle to the Hebrews , with which he is well acquainted . Although these writings obviously possess for Clement considerable significance , he never refers to them as authoritative ' Scripture ' . -- page 43 2 Peter ( edit ) Main article : Second Epistle of Peter Within the New Testament itself , there is reference to at least some of the works of Paul as Scripture. 2 Peter 3 : 16 says : He ( Paul ) writes the same way in all his letters , speaking in them of these matters . His letters contain some things that are hard to understand , which ignorant and unstable people distort , as they do the other Scriptures , to their own destruction . The reference to , presumably the Septuagint , as the `` other '' Scripture denotes that the author of 2 Peter regarded , at least , the works of Paul that had been written by his time as Scripture . It is difficult to determine the date of composition ; commentaries and reference books have placed 2 Peter in almost every decade from AD 60 to 160 . Marcion of Sinope ( edit ) Main article : Marcion of Sinope Marcion of Sinope , a bishop of Asia Minor who went to Rome and was later excommunicated for his views , was the first of record to propose a definitive , exclusive , unique list of Christian scriptures , compiled sometime between 130 -- 140 AD . ( Though Ignatius did address Christian scripture , before Marcion , against the perceived heresies of the Judaizers and Docetists , he did not define a list of scriptures . ) In his book Origin of the New Testament Adolf von Harnack argued that Marcion viewed the church at this time as largely an Old Testament church ( one that `` follows the Testament of the Creator - God '' ) without a firmly established New Testament canon , and that the church gradually formulated its New Testament canon in response to the challenge posed by Marcion . Marcion rejected the theology of the Old Testament entirely and regarded the God depicted there as an inferior being . In the Antithesis , he claimed the theology of the Old Testament was incompatible with the teaching of Jesus regarding God and morality . Marcion believed that Jesus had come to liberate mankind from the authority of the God of the Old Testament , and to reveal the superior God of goodness and mercy , whom he called the Father . Paul and Luke were the only Christian authors to find favour with Marcion , though his versions of these differed from those later accepted by mainstream Christianity ( also termed Proto - orthodox Christianity ) . Marcion created a definite group of books which he regarded as fully authoritative , displacing all others . These comprised ten of the Pauline epistles ( without the Pastorals ) and a gospel similar to that of Luke . It is uncertain whether he edited these books , purging them of what did not accord with his views , or that his versions represented a separate textual tradition . Marcion 's gospel , called simply the Gospel of the Lord , differed from the Gospel of Luke by lacking any passages that connected Jesus with the Old Testament . He believed that the god of Israel , who gave the Torah to the Israelites , was an entirely different god from the Supreme God who sent Jesus and inspired the New Testament . Marcion termed his collection of Pauline epistles the Apostolikon . These also differed from the versions accepted by later Christian Orthodoxy . Marcionite canon ( c. 130 -- 140 ) Modern canon ( c. 4th century ) Section Books Section Books Evangelikon Gospel of Marcion ( close resemblance to Gospel of Luke ) Gospels ( Euangelia ) Gospel of Matthew Gospel of Mark Gospel of Luke Gospel of John ( nonexistent ) ( none ) Acts Acts of the Apostles Apostolikon Galatians 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Romans 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians Laodiceans Colossians Philippians Philemon Pauline epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews ( nonexistent ) ( none ) Catholic epistles James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude ( nonexistent ) ( none ) Apocalypses Apocalypse of John 1 . Contents unknown ; some scholars equate it with Ephesians . Marcion 's list and theology were rejected as heretical by the early church ; however , he forced other Christians to consider which texts were canonical and why . He spread his beliefs widely ; they became known as Marcionism . In the introduction to his book `` Early Christian Writings '' , Henry Wace stated : A modern divine ... could not refuse to discuss the question raised by Marcion , whether there is such opposition between different parts of what he regards as the word of God , that all can not come from the same author . Ferguson 2002 quotes Tertullian 's De praescriptione haereticorum 30 : Since Marcion separated the New Testament from the Old , he is necessarily subsequent to that which he separated , inasmuch as it was only in his power to separate what was previously united . Having been united previous to its separation , the fact of its subsequent separation proves the subsequence also of the man who effected the separation . Note 61 of page 308 adds : ( Wolfram ) Kinzig suggests that it was Marcion who usually called his Bible testamentum ( Latin for testament ) . Other scholars propose that it was Melito of Sardis who originally coined the phrase Old Testament , which is associated with Supersessionism . Robert M. Price argues that the evidence that the early church fathers , such as Clement , Ignatius , and Polycarp , knew of the Pauline epistles is unclear , and concludes that Marcion was the first person to collect Paul 's writings to various churches and to treat ten Pauline letters , some of them Marcion 's own compositions , together with an earlier version of Luke ( not the Gospel of Luke as now known ) : But the first collector of the Pauline Epistles had been Marcion . No one else we know of would be a good candidate , certainly not the essentially fictive Luke , Timothy , and Onesimus . And Marcion , as Burkitt and Bauer show , fills the bill perfectly . Justin Martyr ( edit ) In the mid-2nd century , Justin Martyr ( whose writings span the period from c. 145 to 163 ) mentions the `` memoirs of the apostles '' , which Christians called `` gospels '' and which were regarded as on par with the Old Testament . Scholars are divided on whether there is any evidence that Justin included the Gospel of John among the `` memoirs of the apostles '' , or whether , on the contrary , he based his doctrine of the Logos on it . Justin quotes the letters of Paul , 1 Peter , and Acts in his writings . In Justin 's works , distinct references are found to Romans , 1 Corinthians , Galatians , Ephesians , Colossians , and 2 Thessalonians , and possible ones to Philippians , Titus , and 1 Timothy . In addition , he refers to an account from an unnamed source of the baptism of Jesus which differs from that provided by the synoptic gospels : When Jesus went down in the water , fire was kindled in the Jordan ; and when he came up from the water , the Holy Spirit came upon him . The apostles of our Christ wrote this . Tatian ( edit ) Main article : Diatessaron See also : Gospel harmony Tatian was converted to Christianity by Justin Martyr on a visit to Rome around 150 and , after much instruction , returned to Syria in 172 to reform the church there . At some point ( it is suggested c. 160 ) he composed a single harmonized `` Gospel '' by weaving the contents of the gospels of Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John together along with events present in none of these texts . The narrative mainly follows the chronology of John . This is called the Diatessaron ( `` ( Harmony ) Through Four '' ) and it became the official Gospel text of the Syraic church , centered in Edessa . Irenaeus ( edit ) See also : Canonical gospels Irenaeus of Lyons referred directly to a defined set of four gospels ( the Tetramorph ) , c. 180 . In his central work , Adversus Haereses Irenaeus denounced various early Christian groups that used only one gospel , such as Marcionism which used only Marcion 's version of Luke , or the Ebionites which seem to have used an Aramaic version of Matthew , as well as groups that used more than four gospels , such as the Valentinians ( A.H. 1.11 ) . Irenaeus declared that the four he espoused were the four `` Pillars of the Church '' : `` it is not possible that there can be either more or fewer than four '' he stated , presenting as logic the analogy of the four corners of the earth and the four winds ( 3.11. 8 ) . His image , taken from Ezekiel 1 , or Revelation 4 : 6 -- 10 , of God 's throne borne by four creatures with four faces -- `` the four had the face of a man , and the face of a lion , on the right side : and the four had the face of an ox on the left side ; they four also had the face of an eagle '' -- equivalent to the `` four - formed '' gospel , is the origin of the conventional symbols of the Evangelists : lion ( Mark ) , ox ( Luke ) , eagle ( John ) , man ( Matthew ) . Irenaeus was ultimately successful in declaring that the four gospels collectively , and exclusively these four , contained the truth . By reading each gospel in light of the others , Irenaeus made of John a lens through which to read Matthew , Mark and Luke . Based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels , some interpreters deduce that the fourfold Gospel must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus 's time . Against Heresies 3.11. 7 acknowledges that many heterodox Christians use only one gospel while 3.11. 9 acknowledges that some use more than four . The success of Tatian 's Diatessaron in about the same time period is `` ... a powerful indication that the fourfold Gospel contemporaneously sponsored by Irenaeus was not broadly , let alone universally , recognized . '' Irenaeus apparently quotes from 21 of the New Testament books and names the author he thought wrote the text . He mentions the four gospels , Acts , the Pauline epistles with the exception of Hebrews and Philemon , as well as the first epistle of Peter , and the first and second epistles of John , and the book of Revelation . Irenaeus argued that it was illogical to reject Acts of the Apostles but accept the Gospel of Luke , as both were from the same author ; in Against Heresies 3.12. 12 he ridiculed those who think they are wiser than the Apostles because the Apostles were still under Jewish influence . He may also refer to Hebrews ( Book 2 , Chapter 30 ) and James ( Book 4 , Chapter 16 ) and maybe even 2 Peter ( Book 5 , Chapter 28 ) but does not cite Philemon , 3 John or Jude . He does think that the letter to the Corinthians , known now as 1 Clement , was of great worth but does not seem to believe that Clement of Rome was the one author ( Book 3 , Chapter 3 , Verse 3 ) and seems to have the same lower status as Polycarp 's Epistle ( Book 3 , Chapter 3 , Verse 3 ) . He does refer to a passage in the Shepherd of Hermas as scripture ( Mandate 1 or First Commandment ) , but this has some consistency problems on his part . Hermas taught that Jesus was not himself a divine being , but a virtuous man who was subsequently filled with the Holy Spirit and adopted as the Son ( a doctrine called adoptionism ) . But Irenaeus 's own work , including his citing of the Gospel of John ( Jn. 1 : 1 ) , indicates that he himself believed that Jesus was always God . Early Proto - Orthodox definition attempts ( edit ) See also : Christian heresy In the late 4th century Epiphanius of Salamis ( died 402 ) Panarion 29 says the Nazarenes had rejected the Pauline epistles and Irenaeus Against Heresies 26.2 says the Ebionites rejected him . Acts 21 : 21 records a rumor that Paul aimed to subvert the Old Testament ( against this rumor see Romans 3 : 8 , 3 : 31 ) . 2 Peter 3 : 16 says his letters have been abused by heretics who twist them around `` as they do with the other scriptures . '' In the 2nd and 3rd centuries Eusebius 's Ecclesiastical History 6.38 says the Elchasai `` made use of texts from every part of the Old Testament and the Gospels ; it rejects the Apostle ( Paul ) entirely '' ; 4.29. 5 says Tatian the Assyrian rejected Paul 's Letters and Acts of the Apostles ; 6.25 says Origen accepted 22 canonical books of the Hebrews plus Maccabees plus the four Gospels but Paul `` did not so much as write to all the churches that he taught ; and even to those to which he wrote he sent but a few lines . '' Between 140 and 220 , both internal and external forces caused Proto - orthodox Christianity to begin to systematize both its doctrines and its view of revelation . Much of the systemization came about as a defense against the diverse Early Christian viewpoints that competed with emerging Proto - Orthodoxy . The early years of this period witnessed the rise of several strong movements of faith later deemed heretical by the church in Rome : Marcionism , Gnosticism and Montanism . Marcion may have been the first to have a clearly defined list of New Testament books , though this question of who came first is still debated . The compilation of this list could have been a challenge and incentive to emerging Proto - orthodoxy ; if they wished to deny that Marcion 's list was the true one , it was incumbent on them to define what the true one was . The expansion phase of the New Testament canon thus could have begun in response to Marcion 's proposed limited canon . Muratorian fragment ( edit ) Main article : Muratorian fragment The Muratorian fragment is the earliest known example of a defined list of mostly New Testament books . It survives , damaged and thus incomplete , as a bad Latin translation of an original , no longer extant , Greek text that is usually dated in the late 2nd century , although a few scholars have preferred a 4th - century date . This is an excerpt from Metzger 's translation : The third book of the Gospel is that according to Luke ... The fourth ... is that of John ... the acts of all the apostles ... As for the Epistles of Paul ... To the Corinthians first , to the Ephesians second , to the Philippians third , to the Colossians fourth , to the Galatians fifth , to the Thessalonians sixth , to the Romans seventh ... once more to the Corinthians and to the Thessalonians ... one to Philemon , one to Titus , and two to Timothy ... to the Laodiceans , ( and ) another to the Alexandrians , ( both ) forged in Paul 's name to ( further ) the heresy of Marcion ... the epistle of Jude and two of the above - mentioned ( or , bearing the name of ) John ... and ( the book of ) Wisdom ... We receive only the apocalypses of John and Peter , though some of us are not willing that the latter be read in church . But Hermas wrote the Shepherd very recently ... And therefore it ought indeed to be read ; but it can not be read publicly to the people in church . This is evidence that , perhaps as early as 200 , there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the 27 - book NT , which included four gospels and argued against objections to them . Clement of Alexandria ( edit ) Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 -- c. 215 ) made use of an open canon . He seemed `` practically unconcerned about canonicity . To him , inspiration is what mattered . '' In addition to books that did not make it into the final 27 - book NT but which had local acceptance ( Barnabas , Didache , I Clement , Revelation of Peter , the Shepherd , the Gospel according to the Hebrews ) , he also used the Gospel of the Egyptians , Preaching of Peter , Traditions of Matthias , Sibylline Oracles , and the Oral Gospel . He did , however , prefer the four church gospels to all others , although he supplemented them freely with apocryphal gospels . He was the first to treat non-Pauline letters of the apostles ( other than II Peter ) as scripture - he accepted I Peter , I and II John , and Jude as scripture . Alogi ( edit ) Main article : Alogi There were those who rejected the Gospel of John ( and possibly also Revelation and the Epistles of John ) as either not apostolic or as written by the Gnostic Cerinthus or as not compatible with the Synoptic Gospels . Epiphanius of Salamis called these people the Alogi , because they rejected the Logos doctrine of John and because he claimed they were illogical . There may have also been a dispute over the doctrine of the Paraclete . Gaius or Caius , presbyter of Rome ( early 3rd century ) , was apparently associated with this movement . Period of the seven Ecumenical councils ( 325 -- 787 ) ( edit ) See also : First seven Ecumenical Councils Eusebius ( edit ) Eusebius , in his Church History ( c. 330 ) , mentioned the books of New Testament according to him : 1 . ( ... ) it is proper to sum up the writings of the New Testament which have been already mentioned . First then must be put the holy quaternion of the Gospels ; following them the Acts of the Apostles ... the epistles of Paul ... the epistle of John ... the epistle of Peter ... After them is to be placed , if it really seem proper , the Apocalypse of John , concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time . These then belong among the accepted writings ( Homologoumena ) . 3 . Among the disputed writings ( Antilegomena ) , which are nevertheless recognized by many , are extant the so - called epistle of James and that of Jude , also the second epistle of Peter , and those that are called the second and third of John , whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name . 4 . Among the rejected ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` not genuine '' ) writings must be reckoned also the Acts of Paul , and the so - called Shepherd , and the Apocalypse of Peter , and in addition to these the extant epistle of Barnabas , and the so - called Teachings of the Apostles ; and besides , as I said , the Apocalypse of John , if it seem proper , which some , as I said , reject , but which others class with the accepted books . 5 . And among these some have placed also the Gospel according to the Hebrews ... And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books ... such books as the Gospels of Peter , of Thomas , of Matthias , or of any others besides them , and the Acts of Andrew and John and the other apostles ... they clearly show themselves to be the fictions of heretics . Wherefore they are not to be placed even among the rejected writings , but are all of them to be cast aside as absurd and impious . The Apocalypse of John , also called Revelation , is counted as both accepted ( Kirsopp . Lake translation : `` Recognized '' ) and disputed , which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so . The disputation perhaps attributed to Origen ( see also Pamphili c. 330 , 3.24. 17 -- 18 ) . Pamphili c. 330 , 3.3. 5 adds further detail on Paul : `` Paul 's fourteen epistles are well known and undisputed . It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews , saying that it is disputed by the Church of Rome , on the ground that it was not written by Paul . '' Pamphili c. 330 , 4.29. 6 mentions the Diatessaron : `` But their original founder , Tatian , formed a certain combination and collection of the Gospels , I know not how , to which he gave the title Diatessaron , and which is still in the hands of some . But they say that he ventured to paraphrase certain words of the apostle ( Paul ) , in order to improve their style . '' Codex Claromontanus ( edit ) Main article : Codex Claromontanus The Codex Claromontanus , c. 303 -- 67 , a page found inserted into a 6th - century copy of the Epistles of Paul and Hebrews , has the Old Testament , including Tobit , Judith , Wisdom , Sirach , 1 -- 2 , 4 Maccabees , and the New Testament , plus Acts of Paul , Apocalypse of Peter , Barnabas , and Hermas , but missing Philippians , 1 -- 2 Thessalonians , and Hebrews . Zahn and Harnack were of the opinion that the list had been drawn up originally in Greek at Alexandria or its neighborhood ~ 300 AD . According to Jülicher the list belongs to the 4th century and is probably of western origin . Constantine the great ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Bibles of Constantine In 331 , Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius ( Apol . Const. 4 ) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known , though there is plenty of speculation . For example , it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus may be examples of these Bibles . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . Cyril of Jerusalem ( edit ) McDonald & Sanders 2002 , Appendix D - 2 , notes the following list of New Testament books from Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 350 ) from his Catechetical Lectures 4.36 : Gospels ( 4 ) , Acts , James , 1 -- 2 Peter , 1 -- 3 John , Jude , Paul 's epistles ( 14 ) , and Gospel of Thomas listed as pseudepigrapha . Council of Laodicea ( edit ) Main article : Council of Laodicea The Council of Laodicea , c. 363 , was one of the first councils that set out to judge which books were to be read aloud in churches . The decrees issued by the thirty or so clerics attending were called canons . Canon 59 decreed that only canonical books should be read , but no list was appended in the Latin and Syriac manuscripts recording the decrees . The list of canonical books , Canon 60 , sometimes attributed to the Council of Laodicea is a later addition according to most scholars and has a 22 - book OT and 26 - book NT ( excludes Revelation ) . Athanasius ( edit ) In his Easter letter of 367 , Athanasius , Bishop of Alexandria , gave a list of exactly the same books as what would become the 27 - book NT canon , and he used the word `` canonized '' ( kanonizomena ) in regards to them . Cheltenham / Mommsen list ( edit ) The Cheltenham List , c. 365 -- 90 , is a Latin list discovered by the German classical scholar Theodor Mommsen ( published 1886 ) in a 10th - century manuscript ( chiefly patristic ) belonging to the library of Thomas Phillips at Cheltenham , England . The list probably originated in North Africa soon after the middle of the 4th century . It has a 24 - book Old Testament and 24 - book New Testament which provides syllable and line counts but omits Jude and James , and perhaps Hebrews , and seems to question the epistles of John and Peter beyond the first . Epiphanius ( edit ) McDonald & Sanders 2002 , Appendix D - 2 , writes the following list for Epiphanius of Salamis ( c. 374 -- 77 ) , from his Panarion 76.5 : Gospels ( 4 ) , Paul 's epistles ( 13 ) , Acts , James , Peter , 1 -- 3 John , Jude , Rev , Wisdom , Sirach Apostolic canon # 85 ( edit ) In c. 380 , the redactor of the Apostolic Constitutions attributed a canon to the Twelve Apostles themselves as the 85th of his list of such apostolic decrees : Canon 85 . Let the following books be esteemed venerable and holy by all of you , both clergy and laity . ( A list of books of the Old Testament ... ) And our sacred books , that is , of the New Testament , are the four Gospels , of Matthew , Mark , Luke , John ; the fourteen Epistles of Paul ; two Epistles of Peter ; three of John ; one of James ; one of Jude ; two Epistles of Clement ; and the Constitutions dedicated to you , the bishops , by me , Clement , in eight books , which is not appropriate to make public before all , because of the mysteries contained in them ; and the Acts of us , the Apostles. -- ( From the Latin version . ) It is said that the Coptic translation and some Arabic version include Revelation . Amphilochius of Iconium ( edit ) Bishop Amphilochius of Iconium , in his poem Iambics for Seleucus written some time after 394 , discusses debate over the inclusion of a number of books that should be received , and seems uncertain about the later Epistles of Peter and John , Jude , and Revelation . Pope Damasus I ( edit ) Pope Damasus 's commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible to Jerome , c. 383 , was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West . Pope Damasus I is often considered to be the father of the Catholic canon , since what is thought as his list corresponds to the current Catholic canon . Purporting to date from a `` Council of Rome '' under Pope Damasus I in 382 , the so - called `` Damasian list '' which some attributed to the Decretum Gelasianum gives a list identical to what would be the Canon of Trent , and , though the text may in fact not be Damasian , it is at least a valuable 6th century compilation . This list , given below , was purportedly endorsed by Pope Damasus I : ( A list of books of the Old Testament ... ) , and in the New Testament : 4 books of Gospels , 1 book of Acts of the Apostles , 13 letters of the Apostle Paul , 1 of him to the Hebrews , 2 of Peter , 3 of John , 1 of James , 1 of Jude , and the Apocalypse of John . The so - called Decretum Gelasianum de libris recipiendis et non recipiendis , is traditionally attributed to Pope Gelasius I , bishop of Rome 492 -- 496 AD . However , upon the whole it is probably of South Gallic origin ( 6th century ) , but several parts can be traced back to Pope Damasus and reflect Roman tradition . The 2nd part is a canon catalogue , and the 5th part is a catalogue of apocryphal writings which are to be rejected . The canon catalogue gives all 27 books of the Catholic New Testament . Jerome ( edit ) McDonald & Sanders 2002 , Appendix D - 2 , lists the following New Testament books according to Jerome , ( c. 394 ) , from his Epistle 53 : `` Lord 's Four '' : Matt , Mark , Luke , John , Paul 's Epistles ( 14 ) , 1 -- 2 Peter , 1 -- 3 John , Jude , James , Acts , Rev . Augustine and the North African councils ( edit ) Augustine of Hippo declared that one is to `` prefer those that are received by all Catholic Churches to those which some of them do not receive . Among those , again , which are not received by all , he will prefer such as have the sanction of the greater number and those of greater authority , to such as are held by the smaller number and those of less authority . '' ( On Christian Doctrines 2.12 , chapter 8 ) . Augustine effectively forced his opinion on the Church by commanding three synods on canonicity : the Synod of Hippo in 393 , the Synod of Carthage ( 397 ) , and another in Carthage in 419 AD ( M 237 - 8 ) . Each of these reiterated the same Church law : `` nothing shall be read in church under the name of the divine scriptures '' except the Old Testament ( including the Deuterocanonicals ) and the 27 canonical books of the New Testament . It seems these decrees also declared by fiat that Epistle to the Hebrews was written by Paul , for a time ending all debate on the subject . The first council that accepted the present canon of the books of the New Testament may have been the Synod of Hippo in North Africa ( 393 ) . A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Synod of Carthage ( 397 ) and Council of Carthage ( 419 ) . These councils were convened under the authority of St. Augustine , who regarded the canon as already closed . This North African canon reaffirmed at the Council of Trent of 1546 . Pope Innocent I ( edit ) In c. 405 , Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop , Exsuperius of Toulouse , identical with that of Trent . It states `` fourteen '' Epistles of Paul , but F.F. Bruce prefers `` thirteen '' excluding the Hebrews . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , by the turn of the 5th century , the Western Church under Pope Innocent I recognized a biblical canon including the four gospels of Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John , which was previously established at a number of regional Synods , namely the Council of Rome ( 382 ) , the Synod of Hippo ( 393 ) , and two Councils of Carthage ( 397 and 419 ) . Eastern canons ( edit ) See also : Eastern Christianity The Eastern Churches had , in general , a weaker feeling than those in the West for the necessity of making a sharp delineation with regard to the canon . They were more conscious of the gradation of spiritual quality among the books that they accepted ( e.g. the classification of Eusebius , see also Antilegomena ) and were less often disposed to assert that the books which they rejected possessed no spiritual quality at all . Similarly , the New Testament canons of the Syriac , Armenian , Georgian , Egyptian Coptic and Ethiopian Churches all have minor differences . The Revelation of John is one of the most uncertain books ; in the East , chiliasm and Montanism brought it under suspicion ; it was not translated into Georgian until the 10th century , and it has never been included in the official lectionary of the Eastern Orthodox Church , whether in Byzantine or modern times . However , its canonical status is recognized . Outside the Empire ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Syriac canon ( edit ) Main article : Peshitta In the 4th century , the Doctrine of Addai lists a 17 - book NT canon using the Diatessaron and Acts and 15 Pauline epistles ( including 3rd Corinthians ) . The Syriac Doctrine of Addai ( c. 400 ) claims to record the oldest traditions of the Syriac Christianity , and among these is the establishment of a canon : members of the church are to read only the Gospel ( meaning the Diatessaron of Tatian ) , the Epistles of Paul ( which are said to have been sent by Peter , from Rome ) , and the Book of Acts ( which is said to have been sent by John the son of Zebedee , from Ephesus ) , and nothing else . For centuries the Diatessaron , along with Acts and the Pauline Epistles ( except Philemon ) , comprised the only accepted books of the Syriac Christianity , meaning that Tatian 's stricter views , resulting in the rejection in 1 Timothy , did not win out . Moreover , after the pronouncements of the 4th century on the proper content of the Bible , Tatian was declared a heretic and in the early 4th century Bishop Theodoretus of Cyrrhus and Bishop Rabbula of Edessa ( both in Syria ) rooted out all copies they could find of the Diatessaron and replaced them with the four canonical Gospels ( M 215 ) . As a result , no early copies of the Diatessaron survive -- although a very early fragment suggests it would have been crucial evidence for the true state of the early Gospels ( see IX ) . By the 5th century , the Syriac Bible , called the Peshitta , was formalized , accepting Philemon , along with James , 1 Peter and 1 John , but excluding 2 John , 3 John , 2 Peter , Jude and Revelation . After the Council of Ephesus , the Church of the East became separated , and retained this canon of only 22 - books ( the Peshitta ) up to the present day . The Syriac Orthodox Church uses this text as well ( known in the West Syriac dialect as the Peshitto ) , but with the addition of the other books normally present in the New Testament canon . See also : Aramaic primacy The late - 5th or early - 6th century Peshitta of the Syriac Orthodox Church includes a 22 - book NT , excluding II Peter , II John , III John , Jude , and Revelation . The Lee Peshitta of 1823 follows the Protestant canon . McDonald & Sanders 2002 , lists the following Syrian catalogue of St. Catherine 's , c. 400 : Gospels ( 4 ) : Matt , Mark , Luke , John , Acts , Gal , Rom , Heb , Col , Eph , Phil , 1 -- 2 Thess , 1 -- 2 Tim , Titus , Phlm . The Syriac Peshitta , used by all the various Syriac Churches , originally did not include 2 Peter , 2 John , 3 John , Jude and Revelation ( and this canon of 22 - books is the one cited by John Chrysostom ( ~ 347 -- 407 ) and Theodoret ( 393 -- 466 ) from the School of Antioch ) . It also includes Psalm 151 and Psalm 152 -- 155 and 2 Baruch . Western Syrians have added the remaining 5 books to their NT canons in modern times ( such as the Lee Peshitta of 1823 ) . Today , the official lectionaries followed by the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church , with headquarters at Kottayam ( India ) , and the Chaldean Syrian Church , also known as the Church of the East ( Nestorian ) , with headquarters at Trichur ( India ) , still present lessons from only the 22 - books of the original Peshitta . Armenian canon ( edit ) The Armenian Bible introduces one addition : a third letter to the Corinthians , also found in the Acts of Paul , which became canonized in the Armenian Church , but is not part of the Armenian Bible today . Revelation , however , was not accepted into the Armenian Bible until c. 1200 , when Archbishop Nerses arranged an Armenian Synod at Constantinople to introduce the text . Still , there were unsuccessful attempts even as late as 1290 to include in the Armenian canon several apocryphal books : Advice of the Mother of God to the Apostles , the Books of Criapos , and the ever - popular Epistle of Barnabas . The Armenian Apostolic church at times has included the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in its Old Testament and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians , but does not always list it with the other 27 canonical New Testament books . Coptic and Ethiopian canons ( edit ) The Coptic Bible ( adopted by the Egyptian Church ) includes the two Epistles of Clement , and the Ethiopic Bible includes books nowhere else found : the Sinodos ( a collection of prayers and instructions supposedly written by Clement of Rome ) , the Octateuch ( a book supposedly written by Peter to Clement of Rome ) , the Book of the Covenant ( in two parts , the first details rules of church order , the second relates instructions from Jesus to the disciples given between the resurrection and the ascension ) , and the Didascalia ( with more rules of church order , similar to the Apostolic Constitutions ) . The New Testament of the Coptic Bible , adopted by the Egyptian Church , includes the two Epistles of Clement . The canon of the Tewahedo Churches is somewhat looser than for other traditional Christian groups , and the order , naming , and chapter / verse division of some of the books is also slightly different . The `` broader '' Ethiopian New Testament canon includes four books of `` Sinodos '' ( church practices ) , two `` Books of Covenant '' , `` Ethiopic Clement '' , and `` Ethiopic Didascalia '' ( Apostolic Church - Ordinances ) . However , these books have never been printed or widely studied . This `` broader '' canon is also sometimes said to include , with the Old Testament , an eight - part history of the Jews based on the writings of Flavius Josephus , and known as `` Pseudo-Josephus '' or `` Joseph ben Gurion '' ( Yosēf walda Koryon ) . Protestant developments ( from c. 1517 ) ( edit ) See also : Protestant Reformation The Encyclopedia of Theology says that the 27 books which make up the New Testament canon of Scripture are not based on a Scriptural list that authenticates them to be inspired , thus their legitimacy is considered impossible to be distinguished with certainty without appealing to another infallible source , such as the Magisterium of the Catholic Church which first assembled and authenticated this list at the Council of Rome . Catholicism considers the Magisterium , i.e. the teaching authority , has equal position and linked together with Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture , each acts in its own way for the goodness of the Church . Rejecting these , Protestant reformers focused on the doctrine of sola scriptura , i.e. the supreme authority of Scripture alone . Sola scriptura is one of the five solas , considered by some Protestant groups to be the theological pillars of the Protestant Reformation . Martin Luther ( edit ) Main article : Luther 's canon Martin Luther was troubled by four books , referred to as Luther 's Antilegomena : Jude , James , Hebrews , and Revelation ; and though he placed them in a secondary position relative to the rest , he did not exclude them . He did propose removing them from the canon , echoing the consensus of several Catholics such as Cardinal Cajetan and Erasmus , and partially because they were perceived to go against certain Protestant doctrines such as sola gratia and sola fide , but this was not generally accepted among his followers . However , these books are ordered last in the German - language Luther Bible to this day . Protestant confessions ( edit ) Among confessions of faith drawn up by Protestants , several identify by name the 27 - books of the New Testament canon , including the French Confession of Faith ( 1559 ) , the Belgic Confession ( 1561 ) , and the Westminster Confession of Faith ( 1647 ) during the English Civil War . The Thirty - Nine Articles , issued by the Church of England in 1563 , names the books of the Old Testament , but not the New Testament . None of the Confessional statements issued by any Lutheran church includes an explicit list of canonical books . Evangelical canons ( edit ) See also : Sola scriptura This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many Evangelical Christian groups ( which have their origin in c. 1730 England ) do not accept the theory that the Christian Bible was not known until various local and Ecumenical Councils , which they deem to be `` Roman - dominated '' , made their official declarations . These groups believe that the New Testament supports that Paul ( 2 Timothy 4 : 11 -- 13 ) , Peter ( 2 Peter 3 : 15 -- 16 ) , and ultimately John ( Revelation 22 : 18 -- 19 ) finalized the canon of the New Testament . Some note that Peter , John , and Paul wrote 20 ( or 21 ) of the 27 - books of the NT and personally knew all the other NT writers . ( Books not attributed to these three are : Matthew , Mark , Luke , Acts , James , and Jude . The authorship of Hebrews has long been disputed . ) Many modern Protestants point to four `` Criteria for Canonicity '' to justify the books that have been included in the Old and New Testament , which are judged to have satisfied the following : Apostolic Origin -- attributed to and based on the preaching / teaching of the first - generation apostles ( or their close companions ) . Universal Acceptance -- acknowledged by all major Christian communities in the ancient world ( by the end of the 4th century ) . Liturgical Use -- read publicly when early Christian communities gathered for the Lord 's Supper ( their weekly worship services ) . Consistent Message -- containing a theological outlook similar or complementary to other accepted Christian writings . The basic factor for recognizing a book 's canonicity for the New Testament was divine inspiration , and the chief test for this was apostolicity . The term apostolic as used for the test of canonicity does not necessarily mean apostolic authorship or derivation , but rather apostolic authority . Apostolic authority is never detached from the authority of the Lord . See Apostolic succession . It is sometimes difficult to apply these criteria to all books in the accepted canon , however , and some point to books that Protestants hold as apocryphal which would fulfill these requirements . In practice , Protestants hold to the Jewish canon for the Old Testament and the Catholic canon for the New Testament . Catholic developments ( from c. 1546 ) ( edit ) See also : Catholic Reformation Council of Trent ( edit ) Main article : Canon of Trent The Council of Trent on April 8 , 1546 , approved the enforcement of the present Roman Catholic Bible Canon including the Deuterocanonical Books as an article of faith ( the contents of the canon itself having already been reaffirmed unanimously ) , and the decision was confirmed by an anathema by vote ( 24 yea , 15 nay , 16 abstain ) . This is said to be the same list as produced at the Council of Florence ( Session 11 , 4 February 1442 ) , Augustine 's 397 - 419 Councils of Carthage , and probably Damasus ' 382 Council of Rome . Because of its placement , the list was not considered binding for the Catholic Church , and in light of Martin Luther 's demands , the Catholic Church examined the question of the Canon again at the Council of Trent , which reaffirmed the canon of previous councils and added the anathema against attempts to change the contents of the canon . Later developments ( edit ) Vatican I on April 24 , 1870 approved the additions to Mark ( v. 16 : 9 -- 20 ) , Luke ( 22 : 19b -- 20 , 43 -- 44 ) , and John ( 7 : 53 -- 8 : 11 ) , which are not present in early manuscripts but are contained in the Vulgate edition . Pope Pius XI on June 2 , 1927 decreed the Comma Johanneum was open to dispute . Pope Pius XII on 3 September 1943 issued the encyclical Divino afflante Spiritu , which allowed translations based on texts other than the Latin Vulgate . Orthodox developments ( from c. 1672 ) ( edit ) Synod of Jerusalem ( edit ) Main article : Synod of Jerusalem See also : Development of the Old Testament canon § Eastern Orthodox Canon The Synod of Jerusalem in 1672 decreed the Greek Orthodox Canon which is similar as the one decided by the Council of Trent . They `` call ( ed ) Sacred Scripture all those ( books ) which Cyril collected from the Synod of Laodicea , and enumerated , adding to Scripture those which he foolishly and ignorantly , or rather maliciously , called Apocrypha ; specifically , ( List of deuterocanonical books ... ) . '' But it is to be noted that this was simply an affirmation of tradition , not a new canonization . As the Confession goes on to state , `` ancient custom , or rather the Catholic Church , which has delivered to us as genuine the Sacred Gospels and the other Books of Scripture , has undoubtedly delivered these ( deuterocanonical books ) also as parts of Scripture ... And if , perhaps , it seems that not always have all of these been considered on the same level as the others , yet nevertheless these also have been counted and reckoned with the rest of Scripture , both by Synods and by many of the most ancient and eminent Theologians of the Catholic Church . All of these we also judge to be Canonical Books , and confess them to be Sacred Scripture ... '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Three forms are postulated , from Gamble , Harry Y , `` 18 '' , The Canon Debate , p. 300 , note 21 , ( 1 ) Marcion 's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon ; ( 2 ) Papyrus 46 , dated about 200 , that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians ; and ( 3 ) the letters to seven churches , treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length , so that Corinthians is first and Colossians ( perhaps including Philemon ) is last . Jump up ^ John Knox ( the modern writer , not to be confused with John Knox the Protestant Reformer ) was the first to propose that Marcion 's Gospel may have preceded Luke 's Gospel and Acts , although still maintaining that Marcion edited the sources available to him . Jump up ^ * Matthew ( Book 3 , Chapter 16 ) : Mark ( Book 3 , Chapter 10 ) Luke ( Book 3 , Chapter 14 ) John ( Book 3 , Chapter 11 ) Acts of the Apostles ( Book 3 , Chapter 14 ) Romans ( Book 3 , Chapter 16 ) 1 Corinthians ( Book 1 , Chapter 3 ) 2 Corinthians ( Book 3 , Chapter 7 ) Galatians ( Book 3 , Chapter 22 ) Ephesians ( Book 5 , Chapter 2 ) Philippians ( Book 4 , Chapter 18 ) Colossians ( Book 1 , Chapter 3 ) 1 Thessalonians ( Book 5 , Chapter 6 ) 2 Thessalonians ( Book 5 , Chapter 25 ) 1 Timothy ( Book 1 , Preface ) 2 Timothy ( Book 3 , Chapter 14 ) Titus ( Book 3 , Chapter 3 ) 1 Peter ( Book 4 , Chapter 9 ) 1 John ( Book 3 , Chapter 16 ) 2 John ( Book 1 , Chapter 16 ) Revelation to John ( Book 4 , Chapter 20 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bart D. Ehrman ( 1997 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508481 - 8 . The New Testament contains twenty - seven books , written in Greek , by fifteen or sixteen different authors , who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 C.E. ( see box 1.4 ) . As we will see , it is difficult to know whether any of these books was written by Jesus ' own disciples . Jump up ^ Saint Justin Martyr , Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Canon of the New Testament '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Jump up to : Philip Schaff , `` Chapter IX . Theological Controversies , and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy '' , History of the Christian Church , CCEL ^ Jump up to : Martyr , Justin , First Apology , 67.3 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson 2002 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Adversus Haereses , 3.11. 8 . Jump up ^ Noll 1997 , pp. 36 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : de Jonge 2003 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd & Evans 1970 , p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : Lindberg 2006 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Brakke 1994 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald & Sanders 2002 , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 : ' Revelation was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage . ' ^ Jump up to : Ferguson 2002 , p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce 1988 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Augustine , 22.8 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1988 , p. 234 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce 1988 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1987 , pp. 237 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1988 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1988 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd & Evans 1970 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Adrian Cozad . `` Marcionite Bible '' . Marcionite Research Library . Melissa Cutler . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Metzger ( translator ) . `` The Muratorian fragment '' . EarlyChristianWritings.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aland , Kurt ; Barbara Aland ( 1995 ) . The Text of the New Testament : An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism , trans . Erroll F. Rhodes . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4098 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Content '' . The Codex Sinaiticus Project . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Codex Alexandrinus Table of Contents '' . Chapel of St. Maximos the Confessor . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : It is not known whether 2 Thessalonians and 2 John were excluded on purpose , or that not a single fragment of either epistle happened to survive . McDonald , Lee Martin ( 2017 ) . The Formation of the Biblical Canon : Volume 2 : The New Testament : Its Authority and Canonicity . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 244 . ISBN 9780567668851 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : The beginning of the Muratorian Canon is lost ; the fragment that has survived , starts by naming Luke the third gospel and John the fourth . Historians therefore assume that the first two gospels would have been Matthew and Mark , although this remains uncertain . Jump up ^ The Gospel of Marcion bears a close resemblance to the Gospel of Luke . Most scholars think the former is an edited version of the latter , while a minority of scholars claim the Gospel of Luke must be an edited version of the Gospel of Marcion . Jump up ^ The contents of this Marcionite Epistle to the Laodiceans are unknown . Some scholars equate it with the Epistle to the Ephesians , because the latter originally did not contain the words ' in Ephesus ' , and because it is the only non-pastoral Pauline epistle missing from the Marcionite canon , suggesting Laodiceans was simply Ephesians under another name . ^ Jump up to : The Muratorian fragment mentions two letters by John , but gives little clues as to which ones . Therefore , it is not known which of the three was excluded that would later be considered canonical . Bruce Metzger concluded that the Muratorian fragment cites 1 John 1 : 1 - 3 when it says : `` What marvel is it then , if John so consistently mentions these particular points also in his Epistles , saying about himself , ' What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears and our hands have handled , these things we have written to you ? ' '' . Jump up ^ Peter , II Letter ( NIV ed . ) , Bible Gateway Jump up ^ Bauckham , RJ ( 1983 ) , Word Bible Commentary , Vol. 50 , Jude - 2 Peter , Waco Jump up ^ Jason BeDuhn , `` Marcion , Forgotten Church Father and Inventor of the New Testament '' , The Fourth R , Vol. 27 No 5 , Sep -- Oct 2014 . pp. 3 - 6 , 23 - 24 . Jump up ^ Marcion , Early Christian writings . Jump up ^ Ignatius , NT Canon . Jump up ^ von Harnack , Adolf ( 1914 ) . Origin of the New Testament . Jump up ^ Knox , John , Marcion and the New Testament : An Essay in the Early History of the Canon , ISBN 0 - 404 - 16183 - 9 Jump up ^ Marcion , On truth . Jump up ^ Marcion , Christian origins . Jump up ^ Wace , Henry ( 1911 ) . `` Marcion '' . Early Christian Writings . Jump up ^ Kessler , Edward ; Wenborn , Neil ( 2005 - 12 - 08 ) , A Dictionary of Jewish - Christian Relations , p. 316 , ISBN 9781139447508 . Jump up ^ Price . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2002 , pp. 302 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , First Apology 67.3 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2002 , pp. 302 -- 03 note 32 . Jump up ^ Craig D. Allert , Revelation , Truth , Canon , and Interpretation ( BRILL 2002 ISBN 978 - 9 - 00412619 - 0 ) , p. 178 Jump up ^ Saint Justin Martyr , Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr , Dialogue , 88 : 3 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Adversus Haereses 3.11. 8 . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders 2002 , p. 277 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald & Sanders 2002 , pp. 280 , 310 , summarizing 3.11. 7 : the Ebionites use Matthew 's Gospel , Marcion mutilates Luke 's , the Docetists use Mark 's , the Valentinians use John 's . Jump up ^ Streeter , Tom ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . The Church and Western Culture . Bloomington , IN : AuthorHouse . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42595349 - 2 . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders 2002 , p. 288 , claims Acts was first `` clearly and extensively '' used by Irenaeus , though it seems to have been known by Justin ( 1 Apol . 50.12 , cf. 2 Apol . 10.6 ) . Jump up ^ Irinæus , Adversus Hæreses . Jump up ^ Wallace , J. Warner ( 2013 ) . `` How the Ante - Nicene Church Fathers Preserved the Eyewitness Gospel Accounts '' . Cold Case Christianity . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Dillon , John J. ( 1991 ) . St. Irenaeus of Lyons Against the Heresies . Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80910454 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Holy Pre-existent Spirit . Which created the whole creation , God made to dwell in flesh that he desired . This flesh , therefore , in which the Holy Spirit dwelt , was subject unto the Spirit , walking honorably in holiness and purity , without in any way defiling the Spirit . When then it had lived honorably in chastity , and had labored with the Spirit , and had cooperated with it in everything , behaving itself boldly and bravely , he chose it as a partner with the Holy Spirit ; for the career of this flesh pleased ( the Lord ) , seeing that , as possessing the Holy Spirit , it was not defiled upon the earth . He therefore took the son as adviser and the glorious angels also , that this flesh too , having served the Spirit unblamably , might have some place of sojourn , and might not seem to have lost the reward for its service ; for all flesh , which is found undefiled and unspotted , wherein the Holy Spirit dwelt , shall receive a reward . '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Hermas never mentions Jesus Christ , or the Word , but only the Son of God , who is the highest angel . As holy spirit the Son dwells in the flesh ; this human nature is God 's adopted son '' in , Patrick W. Carey , Joseph T. Lienhard ( editors ) , Biographical Dictionary of Christian Theologians , p. 241 ( Greenwood Press , 2008 ) . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29649 - 9 Jump up ^ Lightfoot , Joseph Barber , Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians , At this point ( Gal 6 : 11 ) the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis , and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand . From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2 Thess 2 : 2 ; 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting , as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph , summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse , eager , disjointed sentences . He writes it , too , in large , bold characters ( Gr . pelikois grammasin ) , that his hand - writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul . Jump up ^ Metzger 1997 , p. 98 : `` The question whether the Church 's canon preceded or followed Marcion 's canon continues to be debated ... Harnack ... John Knox ... '' Jump up ^ The Muratorian Canon , Early Christian writings , retrieved April 10 , 2007 Jump up ^ Bauckham 2006 , pp. 425 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , E ( 1982 ) , `` Canon Muratori : Date and Provenance '' , Studia Patristica , 17 : 677 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , E ( 1993 ) , `` The Muragorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon '' , Journal of Theological Studies , 44 : 696 . Jump up ^ Bruce , FF ( 1983 ) , `` Some Thoughts on the Beginning of the New Testament Canon '' , Bulletin of the John Rylands Library , 65 : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1987 , pp. 193 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Henne , P ( 1993 ) , `` La datation du Canon de Muratori '' ( The dating of the Muratorian canon ) , Revue Biblique ( in French ) , 100 : 54 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Horbury , W ( 1994 ) , `` The Wisdom of Solomon in the Muratorian Fragment '' , Journal of Theological Studies , 45 : 146 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hill , CE ( 1995 ) , `` The Debate over the Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon '' , Westminster Theological Journal , 57 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 2006 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Hahneman , GM ( 1992 ) , The Muratorian Fragment and the Development of the Canon , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders 2002 , p. 595 , note 17 : `` The Muratorian Fragment . While many scholars contend that this was a late second - century C.E. fragment originating in or around Rome , a growing number hold that it was produced around the middle of the fourth century ( c. 350 -- 375 ) and that it originated somewhere in the eastern part of the Roman Empire , possibly in Syria . '' Jump up ^ The Muratorian Fragment , Bible Research Jump up ^ Lieuwen , Daniel F , NT canon emergence , Orthodox info . Jump up ^ Metzger 1987 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Montanists '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Montanism in the West : `` The old notion that the Alogi were an Asiatic sect ( see ALOGI ) is no longer tenable ; they were the Roman Gaius and his followers , if he had any . '' Jump up ^ Pamphili c. 330 , Book 3 , chapter XXV : The Divine Scriptures that are accepted and those that are not . Jump up ^ Kalin , Everett R . `` The New Testament Canon of Eusebius '' . In McDonald & Sanders ( 2002 ) , pp. 403 -- 04 . `` Eusebius divides the writings he has been discussing into three categories , the homologoumena ( the universally acknowledged writings ) , the antilegomena ( the writings that have been spoken against and are thus disputed -- or , in a certain sense , rejected , even though in wide use ) and the heretical writings . Only the twenty - one or twenty - two books in the first category are in the church 's New Testament ( are canonical ) . It is the ancient church 's tradition of what the apostles wrote and handed down that is the criterion for evaluating these writings from the apostolic era , and only these twenty - one or twenty - two pass the test . In important recent contributions on this passage both Robbins and Baum agree that for Eusebius the church 's canon consists of these twenty - one or twenty - two books ... Given what we see in Eusebius in the early fourth century it is virtually impossible to imagine that the church had settled upon a twenty - seven book collection , or even one that approximated that , in the late second century . Moreover , whatever the merits of David Trobisch 's intriguing and important proposal that a twenty - seven book edition of the New Testament was produced in the second century , that notion seems hard to reconcile with what we have found in Eusebius regarding the church 's acceptance of apostolic writings in earlier centuries . '' Jump up ^ Kalin , ER ( 1990 ) , `` Re-examining New Testament Canon History : 1 . The Canon of Origen '' , Currents in Theology and Mission , 17 : 274 -- 82 Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders 2002 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Codex Claromontanus , Bible Researcher . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders 2002 , pp. 584 . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders 2002 , pp. 414 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Cyril of Jerusalem on the Canon , Bible Research Jump up ^ Schaff ( ed . ) , Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers , XIV , The Christian classics ethereal library . Jump up ^ Council of Laodicea , Bible Research Jump up ^ Athanasius ( 367 ) , Schaff , ed. , Easter letter , The Christian classic ethereal library . Jump up ^ Brakke , David ( 1994 ) , `` Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth Century Egypt : Athanasius of Alexandria 's Thirty Ninth Festal Letter '' , Harvard Theological Review , 87 : 395 -- 419 . Jump up ^ `` The Cheltenham List '' . Bible Research . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Cheltenham Canon '' . NT canon . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 . ; ( also known as Mommsen 's ) Jump up ^ From Cheltenham , Bible researcher which references Metzger : 1 . Genesis , 2 . Exodus , 3 . Numbers , 4 . Leviticus , 5 . Deuteronomy , 6 . Joshua , 7 . Judges , 8 . Ruth , 9 . I Kingdoms , 10 . II Kingdoms , 11 . III Kingdoms , 12 . IV Kingdoms , 13 . Chronicles I , 14 . Chronicles II , 15 . Maccabees I , 16 . Maccabees II , 17 . Job , 18 . Tobit , 19 . Esther , 20 . Judith , 21 . Psalms , 22 . Solomon ( probably to include the Wisdom of Solomon ) , 23 . Major prophets , 24 . Twelve Prophets ^ Jump up to : Apostolic Canons , NT canon . Jump up ^ Michael D. Marlowe . `` The `` Apostolic Canons '' ( about A.D. 380 ) `` . Bible Research . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Canon of Amphilochius of Iconium ( after 394 CE ) '' . Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , p. 400 , note 78 , translation attributed to Metzger 's Canon of the NT page 314 ( `` / '' indicates newline ) : `` And again the Revelation of John , / Some approve , but the most / Say it is spurious . '' and `` Paul ... ( wrote ) / Twice seven epistles : ... But some say the one to the Hebrews is spurious , not saying well , for the grace is genuine . '' and on the Catholic Epistles : `` Some say we must receive seven , but others say / Only three ( James , 1 Peter , 1 John ) should be received ... '' Jump up ^ Decretum Gelasianum , Tertulian . Jump up ^ Bruce 1988 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Turner , CH , ed. ( 1900 ) , `` Damasian Canon '' , JTS , 1 : 554 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Augustine , Aurelius , On Christian Doctrine , Book II , Georgetown . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter of Innocent I on the Canon of Scripture '' . Jump up ^ Ramage , Matthew J. ( 2013 ) . Dark Passages of the Bible . CUA Press . p. 67 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 81322156 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lee Martin McDonald , Formation of the Bible ( Hendrickson Publishers 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856838 - 7 ) , p. 149 Jump up ^ John L. Mckenzie , The Dictionary of the Bible ( Simon and Schuster 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 68481913 - 6 ) , p. 119 Jump up ^ Metzger 1987 . Jump up ^ Eugenia Scarvelis Constantinou ( editor ) Commentary on the Apocalypse by Andrew of Caesarea ( CUA Press 2011 ISBN 978 - 0 - 81320123 - 8 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox , Catholic , Eastern Church Pravoslavieto.com '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Peshitta '' . The Development of the Canon of the New Testament . NT canon . ^ Jump up to : `` Reliability '' . Theological Perspectives . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ethiopian Canon , Islamic Awareness . Jump up ^ `` Fathers '' . Christian Classics Ethereal Library ( CCEL ) . Jump up ^ Karl Rahner , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Theology : A Concise Sacramentum Mundi . Burns & Oates . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0860120063 . Jump up ^ Dei verbum , n . 10 . Jump up ^ Michael Horton ( March -- April 1994 ) . `` Reformation Essentials '' . Modern Reformation . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther '' . WELS . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Luther 's Treatment of the ' Disputed Books ' of the New Testament '' . Jump up ^ `` Gedruckte Ausgaben der Lutherbibel von 1545 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 19 . note order : ... Hebräer , Jakobus , Judas , Offenbarung Jump up ^ `` German Bible Versions '' . Bible researcher . Jump up ^ Metzger 1997 , p. 246 : `` Finally on 8 April 1546 , by a vote of 24 to 15 , with 16 abstensions , the Council issued a decree ( De Canonicis Scripturis ) in which , for the first time in the history of the Church , the question of the contents of the Bible was made an absolute article of faith and confirmed by an anathema . '' Jump up ^ `` Council of Basel 1431 - 45 A '' . Papalencyclicals.net . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ F.L. Cross , E.A. Livingstone , ed. ( 1983 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 232 Jump up ^ `` 2 '' , Session 3 , Daily Catholic , Item 6 , The complete books of the old and the new Testament with all their parts , as they are listed in the decree of the said council and as they are found in the old Latin Vulgate edition , are to be received as sacred and canonical . In the context , the `` decree of the said Council '' is the decree of the Council of Trent defining the canon of the Scriptures . Jump up ^ Dennis Bratcher ( ed . ) , The Confession of Dositheus ( Eastern Orthodox , 1672 ) , Question 3 , CRI / Voice , Institute Bibliography ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) Augustine , Aurelius , De Civitate Dei ( On the City of God ) ( in Latin ) Pamphili , Eusebius , Schaff , Philip , ed. , Ecclesiastical History , The Christian classics ethereal library . Studies ( edit ) Ackroyd , PR ; Evans , CF , eds. ( 1970 ) , The Cambridge History of the Bible , 1 , Cambridge University Press . Bauckham , Richard ( 2006 ) , Jesus and the Eyewitnesses , Cambridge : Eerdmans . BeDuhn , Jason ( 2013 ) , The First New Testament . Marcion 's Scriptural Canon , Polebridge Press . Bourgel , Jonathan , `` Do the Synoptic Narratives of the Passion Contain a Stratum Composed in Judea on the Eve of the Great Revolt ? '' , NTS 58 ( 2012 ) , 503 -- 21 , ( French ) . Brakke , David ( 1994 ) , `` Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth Century Egypt : Athanasius of Alexandria 's Thirty Ninth Festal Letter '' , Harvard Theological Review , 87 : 395 -- 419 . Bruce , FF ( 1988 ) , The Canon of Scripture , Intervarsity Press . de Jonge , HJ ( 2003 ) , `` The New Testament Canon '' , in de Jonge , HJ ; Auwers , JM , The Biblical Canons , Leuven University Press Ferguson , Everett ( 2002 ) , `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon '' , in McDonald , LM ; Sanders , JA , The Canon Debate , Hendrickson . Gamble , Harry ( 1985 ) , The New Testament Canon . Its Making and Meaning , Fortress Press . Kruger , Michael ( 2012 ) , Canon Revisited . Establishing the Origins and Authority of the New Testament Books , Crossway . Kruger , Michael ( 2013 ) , The Question of Canon . Challenging the Status Quo in the New Testament Debate , InterVarsity Press . Lindberg , Carter ( 2006 ) , A Brief History of Christianity , Blackwell , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1078 - 3 . McDonald , LM ; Sanders , JA , eds. ( 2002 ) , The Canon Debate , Hendrickson . Metzger , Bruce ( 1987 ) , The Canon of the New Testament : Its Origins , Development , and Significance , Oxford : Clarendon . Noll , Mark A ( 1997 ) , Turning Points. Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity , Baker Academic . External links ( edit ) The Development of the Canon of the New Testament -- includes very detailed charts and direct links to ancient witnesses . Price , Robert , The Evolution of the Pauline Canon . Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book History of Christianity Centuries : 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Ministry of Jesus and Apostolic Age Jesus Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Holy Spirit Leadership Apostles Seventy disciples Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Great Commission New Testament Background Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante - Nicene Period Judaism split Justin Martyr Ignatius Persecution Fathers Irenaeus Marcionism Canon Tertullian Montanism Origen Late ancient Constantine Monasticism Councils : Nicaea I Creed Athanasius Arianism Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon ' Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus ' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Bogomils Bosnian Church Cathars Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Scholasticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Catholicism Primacy development Papacy Timeline Lateran IV Trent Counter-Reformation Thomas More Leo X Guadalupe Jesuits Jansenists Xavier Monastery dissolution Wars Teresa Vatican I Vatican II Modernism Reformation Protestantism Erasmus Five solae Eucharist Calvinist -- Arminian debate Arminianism Dort Wars Lutheranism Martin Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Melanchthon Orthodoxy Eucharist Book of Concord Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Settlement 39 Articles Common Prayer Puritans Civil War Anabaptism Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs ' Synod Menno Simons Smyth 1640 -- 1789 Revivalism English denominations Baptists Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Neo - and Old Lutherans 1789 -- present Camp meeting Holiness movement Independent Catholic denominations Second Great Awakening Restoration Movement Jehovah 's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh - day Adventist Adventism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Fundamentalism Ecumenism Evangelicalism Jesus movement Mainline Protestant Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Christian right Christian left Genocide by ISIL Timeline Missions Timeline Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon&oldid=855341873 '' Categories : Development of the Christian biblical canon Early Christianity New Testament Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles that may contain original research from January 2016 All articles that may contain original research All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 Articles that may contain original research from December 2015 CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 16 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20the%20New%20Testament%20canon
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when do they figure out katherine is in elenas body
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Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house 's basement . Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings , one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution . Damon points to Stefan that `` Elena '' provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him . Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that , he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is . The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and `` Elena '' and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her . From Matt 's text , who used `` K '' and not `` E '' , they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena 's body .
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No Exit ( the Vampire Diaries )
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no exit ( the vampire diaries )
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`` No Exit '' is the 14th episode of the fifth season of the American series The Vampire Diaries and the series ' 103rd episode overall . `` No Exit '' was originally aired on February 27 , 2014 , on The CW . The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Michael Allowitz .
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Contents 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Enzo ( Michael Malarkey ) and Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) turn people to vampires so that Damon can feed on them since now , after Wes ' ( Rick Cosnett ) injection , he craves vampire blood and not human . The two of them try to leave the last victim 's house when Wes appears with travelers who spell the house so vampires will not be able to get out . Wes informs them that he wants to make one last test ; how long can Damon last before he attacks his friends to feed on . Katherine ( Nina Dobrev ) , still pretending to be Elena , tries to get closer to Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) so they can be back together . When Caroline ( Candice Accola ) arrives and tells them about Damon , Stefan wants to find him and Katherine offers to go with him . Caroline warns him that it is weird for him to be so close to `` Elena '' after everything that happened but he reassures her that they are just friends . Before Stefan and Katherine go , Caroline gets a phone call from Tyler ( Michael Trevino ) who tells her that he worries about Matt ( Zach Roerig ) , who has vanished for two days , and that Nadia ( Olga Fonda ) was compelling him . Katherine hears Caroline 's conversation with Tyler and she calls Nadia to ask if everything is fine . When Nadia tells her that Matt found out that she is not Elena , Katherine asks her to kill him . Caroline leaves to go to Tyler 's while Katherine and Stefan leave to find Damon . Caroline gets to Tyler 's and they try to find out why Nadia would compel Matt and what she wants from him . The two of them feel awkward because of what happened between Caroline and Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) . At the same time , Matt tries to convince Nadia that she does not have to kill him and all he has to do is convince his friends that he is fine . Matt returns home with Nadia and acts like everything is fine . He tells Tyler and Caroline that Nadia is not compelling him and that they just have fun together but Caroline is not really supportive of that . They both depart , leaving Matt and Nadia alone . Katherine and Stefan are on the road in search of Damon and Katherine tries to seduce Stefan . She breaks the car so they can stay at a hotel she had seen till the car is ready . While there , Enzo calls Stefan to inform him about the situation he and Damon are in but Katherine answers who asks him to text her the address . Stefan goes to get the car and Katherine calls Nadia to tell her that she plans to lead Stefan on killing Damon to save her . Stefan gets back and before they leave the hotel , Katherine gets closer to him and kisses him . He kisses her back but he stops because `` Elena '' has just broken up with Damon and it is not right . Enzo chains Damon on a chair in an attempt to prevent him of attacking him . Wes shoots Enzo to make him bleed , so Damon will not be able to resist . Damon breaks the chains and attacks Enzo who tries to tell him to stop . Damon chokes at Enzo 's blood and Wes appears to tell him that it is because he had travelers put a spell on it . He offers for Enzo to go with him so he will not be killed by Damon since the spell will not last forever . Enzo does not want to go but Damon convinces him to do it because if he stays he will kill him . Enzo leaves with Wes and Damon stays alone , trapped in the house . Nadia checks that finally the vervain is out of Matt 's system so she can compel him again but before she makes him forget , Matt tries to warn Caroline about Katherine taking over Elena 's body . He kisses Nadia who kisses him back and while they are kissing , he tries to text Caroline . He manages to write `` Help K '' and send it to Caroline before Nadia sees him and stops him . She is hurt by his behavior and trying to fool her , so she compels him and starts to exit the house . Caroline , who got the text , meets Nadia at the door and asks her what is she planning and they start fighting . Tyler gets there in time to stop Nadia from killing Caroline and he fights Nadia who runs away . Katherine and Stefan arrive at the house where Damon is but Damon warns them to not get into the house because they will not be able to get out and he will attack them . They tell him that they are not afraid of him and they both enter the house . Katherine , to help Damon fight his urge , cuts her hand with a glass and provokes him with her blood telling him that he can fight it . Damon starts feeding on her , Stefan tells him to stop and Katherine kicks a stake towards Stefan telling him that Damon is going to kill her . Stefan , instead of taking the stake , he takes a piece of glass and cuts himself to distract Damon . Damon leaves Katherine and Stefan snaps his neck . Katherine and Stefan bring Damon back to Mystic Falls and Katherine arranges immediately to meet Nadia . Katherine is happy because , despite her plan to kill Damon not working , she had a moment with Stefan . She stops smiling when Nadia tells her that she was bitten by Tyler Lockwood . Damon wakes up chained on the Salvatore house 's basement . Stefan is there and Damon tries to warn him that because of his cravings , one day he will kill him but Stefan tells him that they will find a solution . Damon points to Stefan that `` Elena '' provoked him to feed on her and then she kicked a stake towards him so he will kill him . Stefan does not believe that Elena would want that , he locks Damon up and gets upstairs where Caroline is . The two of them discuss what happened between Stefan and `` Elena '' and Caroline also tells him about Nadia and Matt and the text he sent to her . From Matt 's text , who used `` K '' and not `` E '' , they put the pieces together and they realize that Katherine is in Elena 's body . Feature Music ( edit ) In the `` No Exit '' episode we can hear the songs : `` Radioactive '' by Imagine Dragons `` You Belong Here '' by Leagues `` Fleur Blanche '' by Örsten `` Poisonous Spider '' by Company Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` No Exit '' was watched by 2.03 million ; down by 0.13 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` No Exit '' received mixed to negative reviews with many hoping that now that Katherine 's secret was revealed , the show will `` kick in '' . Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave a B rate to the episode saying that it was a filler episode : `` this path to realization ( finding out that Katherine is in Elena 's body ) basically creates a filler episode , a way to move the story to the place it needs to be for the inevitable big confrontation in the future ( ... ) Katherine taking over Elena 's life was an incredibly inspired storyline , and watching it unfold has been delightful , but sooner or later , someone had to figure out what was going on . To spend an episode almost solely focused on making that happen is a good thing . '' Alyse Wax of Fearnet writes : `` I miss the bad - assery this show used to have . Julie Plec took it all with her and stuffed it into The Originals . ( ... ) All of the awesome , violent , supernatural drama has been replaced with standard who 's - sleeping - with - who nonsense , ever since the original vampires got their own show . I guess Klaus really took the bad - assery with him . Well , now everyone knows that `` Elena '' is really Katherine , so hopefully the crazy shit will kick in . '' Caroline Preece from Den of Geek gave a negative review saying that season five of the show has been the worst by far . `` ( The show ) stopped being a fast - paced , well - written vampire show and became a long - running soap that happened to have mythical creatures in it . That 's not what any of us signed up for but , with the Katherine storyline presumably on its way out now that Stefan and Caroline have figured out the deceit and Nadia has a dreaded werewolf bite to contend with , maybe the next half - arsed arc will be better ? Let 's hope so because , since we all know how fantastically entertaining this show can be at its best , there is always a glimmer of hope that it can return to form . '' Stephanie Hall from K Site TV said that overall the episode left her a feeling that this was an off week of the show . `` '' No Exit '' was an uncharacteristically odd episode of The Vampire Diaries that primarily served to stall the impending solutions of this run of episodes ' two most pressing issues : Katherine and Damon . While it did bring our heroes a step closer to solving both of these problems , the ways in which it did so were not delivered with as much metaphoric bang as could be hoped . '' Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic rated the episode with only 1.3 / 5 saying that it was one boring hour of television and that the writers recycles scenes and stories from previous episodes / seasons . `` We knew from the moment Katherine inhabited Elena 's body that she would eventually be found out . What other alternative possibly existed ? So we 've been waiting and waiting and waiting for that moment for weeks and that 's exactly what tonight 's episode felt like . '' Notes ( edit ) The episode was dedicated to Sarah Jones , who lost her life on February 20 , 2014 on a train accident while being on set . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Music : Songs From Season 5 , Episode 14 -- `` No Exit '' `` . Wet Paint . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` No Exit '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` TV Recap : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Episode 514 - ' No Exit ' '' . Fearnet . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preece , Caroline ( March 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries season 5 episode 14 review : No Exit '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hall , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries # 5.14 `` No Exit '' Recap & Review `` . K Site TV . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richenthal , Matt ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : Starving for Suspense '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Somerhalder , Ian ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Tonights episode of the Vampire Diaries is dedicated in loving memory of our Cosmic Sister Sarah Jones whom we lost last week - pls watch2nite '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Crew Member , Sarah Jones , Dies In ' Midnight Rider ' Train Accident '' . IBTimes . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb Afterbuzz 's discussion about `` No Exit '' on YouTube The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_Exit_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=839317790 '' Categories : 2014 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 5 ) episodes Hidden categories : Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Exit%20%28The%20Vampire%20Diaries%29
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nicknames for the president of the united states
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List of nicknames of Presidents of the United States
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list of nicknames of presidents of the united states
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This is a list of nicknames of Presidents of the United States that were in common usage at the time they were in office or shortly thereafter .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Presidential nicknames 1.1 George Washington 1.2 John Adams 1.3 Thomas Jefferson 1.4 James Madison 1.5 James Monroe 1.6 John Quincy Adams 1.7 Andrew Jackson 1.8 Martin Van Buren 1.9 William Henry Harrison 1.10 John Tyler 1.11 James K. Polk 1.12 Zachary Taylor 1.13 Millard Fillmore 1.14 Franklin Pierce 1.15 James Buchanan 1.16 Abraham Lincoln 1.17 Andrew Johnson 1.18 Ulysses S. Grant 1.19 Rutherford B. Hayes 1.20 James Garfield 1.21 Chester A. Arthur 1.22 Grover Cleveland 1.23 Benjamin Harrison 1.24 William McKinley 1.25 Theodore Roosevelt 1.26 William Howard Taft 1.27 Woodrow Wilson 1.28 Warren G. Harding 1.29 Calvin Coolidge 1.30 Herbert Hoover 1.31 Franklin D. Roosevelt 1.32 Harry S. Truman 1.33 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1.34 John F. Kennedy 1.35 Lyndon B. Johnson 1.36 Richard Nixon 1.37 Gerald Ford 1.38 Jimmy Carter 1.39 Ronald Reagan 1.40 George H.W. Bush 1.41 Bill Clinton 1.42 George W. Bush 1.43 Barack Obama 1.44 Donald Trump 2 See also 3 References Presidential nicknames ( edit ) George Washington ( edit ) Full name : George Washington The American Cincinnatus Like the famous Roman , he won a war , then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward . He became the first President General of the Society of the Cincinnati , formed by Revolutionary War officers who also `` declined offers of power and position to return to his home and plough '' . The American Fabius for his Fabian military strategy during the Revolutionary War The Father of His Country John Adams ( edit ) Full name : John Adams The Colossus of Independence for his leadership in Congress in 1776 Old Sink or Swim for the speech in which he vowed `` to sink or swim ; to live or die ; survive or perish with my country '' His Rotundity Thomas Jefferson ( edit ) Full name : Thomas Jefferson The Apostle of Democracy The Man of the People The Sage of Monticello James Madison ( edit ) Full name : James Madison Little Jemmy or His Little Majesty , at only 5 feet 4 inches ( 163 cm ) , the shortest U.S. president Father of the Constitution James monroe ( edit ) Full name : James Monroe The Era of Good Feelings President for `` The Era of Good Feelings '' , the period following the War of 1812 , during which America became less divided politically , to the extent that the only opponents of the ruling Democratic Republicans , the Federalist Party , went out of existence . It was not until resistance to Andrew Jackson 's policies produced the Whig Party that oppositional politics resumed in the United States . The Last Cocked Hat because he was the last U.S. President to wear a tricorne hat according to the old - fashioned style of the 18th century John quincy Adams ( edit ) Full name : John Quincy Adams Old Man Eloquent or The Abolitionist famed for routinely bringing up the slavery issue against Congressional rules , and for his role later on in the Amistad case . He is the only American President to be elected to the House of Representatives after his Presidency . The nickname gained currency as a result of his campaign against slavery waged as a Congressman , and as the attorney in the Amistad case . Andrew Jackson ( edit ) Full name : Andrew Jackson The Hero of New Orleans for his military victory in the Battle of New Orleans Old Hickory , allegedly given to him by his soldiers for being as `` tough as old hickory '' King Mob Martin Van Buren ( edit ) Full name : Martin Van Buren The American Talleyrand The Careful Dutchman Van Buren 's first language was Dutch . The Enchanter The Great Manager The Master Spirit Martin Van Ruin Matty Van from `` Tippecanoe Songs of 1840 '' The Mistletoe Politician , so called by Joseph Peyton of Tennessee , a Whig opponent , who charged that `` Martin Van Buren was a mere political parasite , a branch of mistletoe , that owed its elevation , its growth -- nay , its very existence , to the tall trunk of an aged hickory '' ( i.e. Andrew Jackson ) . Old Kinderhook ( OK ) , a reference to his hometown Red Fox of Kinderhook , a reference to his hometown , Kinderhook , New York The Little Magician given to him during his time in the state of New York , because of his smooth politics and short stature William Henry Harrison ( edit ) Full name : William Henry Harrison General Mum , as in the expression , `` keep it mum '' . Because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign Tippecanoe or also Old Tippecanoe , a reference to Harrison 's victory at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe ; used in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler Too during the 1840 Presidential election Washington of the West , a reference to Harrison 's victories at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe and 1813 Battle of the Thames John Tyler ( edit ) Full name : John Tyler , Jr . His Accidency , a nickname given by his opponents ; the first president to be elevated to the presidency by the death of his predecessor , William Henry Harrison James K. Polk ( edit ) Full name : James Knox Polk Napoleon of the Stump for his potent oratory during his campaign for the Tennessee state legislature Young Hickory because he was a particular protégé of `` Old Hickory '' , Andrew Jackson Zachary Taylor ( edit ) Full name : Zachary Taylor Old Rough and Ready Millard Fillmore ( edit ) Full name : Millard Fillmore The American Louis Philippe Franklin Pierce ( edit ) Full name : Franklin Pierce Young Hickory of the Granite Hills `` Young Hickory '' compared his military deeds ( in the Mexican -- American War ) with those of Andrew Jackson . `` The Granite Hills '' were his home state of New Hampshire Handsome Frank James Buchanan ( edit ) Full name : James Buchanan , Jr . Old Public Functionary , used by Buchanan in his December 1859 State of the Union address and adopted by newspapers ' Old Buck , from a shortening of his last name , used later in life Bachelor President , per his unmarried status Ten - Cent Jimmy , derogatory , as a reaction to Buchanan 's campaign statement that ten cents a day was decent pay for a worker Abraham Lincoln ( edit ) Full name : Abraham Lincoln The Ancient One , a nickname favored by White House insiders because of his `` ancient wisdom '' The Great Emancipator and The Liberator for the emancipation of the slaves Honest Abe The Rail - Splitter The Tycoon for the energetic and ambitious conduct of his Civil War administration Uncle Abe for his avuncularity in his later years Andrew Johnson ( edit ) Full name : Andrew Johnson The Tennessee Tailor for his career as a tailor before going into politics Ulysses S. Grant ( edit ) Full name : Ulysses S. Grant -- born Hiram Ulysses Grant but enrolled at West Point as Ulysses S. Grant through a clerical error Unconditional Surrender Grant , for his uncompromising demand for unconditional surrender during the Battle of Fort Donelson in 1862 , which made him a hero Rutherford B. Hayes ( edit ) Full name : Rutherford Birchard Hayes Rutherfraud or His Fraudulency , because after the disputed results of the 1876 Election , many Democrats did not consider him legitimately to be president James Garfield ( edit ) Full name : James Abram Garfield Boatman Jim , referencing his work on the Ohio canals in his youth Chester A. Arthur ( edit ) Full name : Chester Alan Arthur Chet , shortened version of his name used by publications of that era Gentleman Boss , as the dapper leader of New York State 's Republican party Prince Arthur and The Dude President for his fancy attire and indulgence in extravagant luxury Grover Cleveland ( edit ) Full name : Stephen Grover Cleveland His Obstinacy ; he vetoed more bills than the first 21 presidents combined Uncle Jumbo Grover the Good for his honesty and public integrity Benjamin Harrison ( edit ) Full name : Benjamin Harrison The Front Porch Campaigner ; during the 1888 election , he gave nearly ninety speeches from his front porch to crowds gathered in the yard of his Indianapolis home ; this nickname has been widely but erroneously attributed to William McKinley The Human Iceberg , although he could warmly engage a crowd with his speeches , he was cold and detached when speaking with people on an individual basis Little Ben , given to him by Democrats of his era because of his stature ; this could also be a reference to his being the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison , who had served fifty years before William McKinley ( edit ) Full name : William McKinley , Jr . The Napoleon of Protection , referring to high tariffs such as the one he wrote in 1890 Theodore Roosevelt ( edit ) Full name : Theodore Roosevelt The Hero of San Juan Hill for leading his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba in 1898 The Lion Teddy in The New York Times at least as early as 1900 , even though he hated the nickname TR for signing communications this way ; the first president to be known by his initials The Trust Buster , so called as a pioneer of busting business trusts William Howard Taft ( edit ) Full name : William Howard Taft Big Chief Big Lub , boyhood nickname Woodrow Wilson ( edit ) Full name : Thomas Woodrow Wilson The Phrasemaker : as an acclaimed historian , Wilson had no need of speech - writers to supply his oratorical eloquence The Schoolmaster : a bespectacled academic who lectured his visitors Warren G. Harding ( edit ) Full name : Warren Gamaliel Harding Wobbly Warren Calvin Coolidge ( edit ) Full name : John Calvin Coolidge , Jr . Cautious Cal Cool Cal His reelection campaign used the slogan , `` Keep It Cool With Coolidge '' Silent Cal Herbert Hoover ( edit ) Full name : Herbert Clark Hoover The Great Engineer and The Great Humanitarian He was a civil engineer of some distinction and when the Mississippi burst its banks in 1927 , engulfing thousands of acres of agricultural land , he volunteered his services and did extensive flood control work . The latter nickname would later be used facetiously in reference to his perceived indifference to the hardships faced by his constituents during the Great Depression . However , the nickname dates back to 1921 , when the ARA under Hoover saved millions of Russians suffering from famine . `` It was such considerations that Walter Lippmann took into account when he wrote of Hoover 's Russian undertaking in the New York World in May 1922 : ' probably no other living man could have done nearly so much . ' '' The Chief , a nickname picked up at 23 as a geologist surveying in the Australian Outback , that stuck for the rest of his life Franklin D. Roosevelt ( edit ) Full name : Franklin Delano Roosevelt FDR That Man in the White House Harry S. Truman ( edit ) Full name : Harry S. Truman Give ' Em Hell Harry ( also a campaign slogan ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( edit ) Full name : Dwight David Eisenhower ( born David Dwight Eisenhower ) Ike , known for being in his campaign slogan `` I like Ike '' John F. Kennedy ( edit ) Full name : John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jack , Kennedy was usually referred to as either `` John F. Kennedy '' or `` Jack Kennedy '' JFK , most prominent nickname and abbreviation of his full name Lyndon B. Johnson ( edit ) Full name : Lyndon Baines Johnson Bullshit Johnson ( Bull Johnson in public ) for his reputation for boasting at Southwest Texas State Teachers College Landslide Lyndon , sarcastic reference to the hotly disputed 87 - vote win that took him to the Senate in 1949 , which became more appropriate following his landslide victory in the 1964 presidential election Light - Bulb Lyndon , because he hated wasting electricity , and would often storm around the White House shutting off unnecessary lights LBJ ; he liked to be known by this abbreviation , which was used in the slogan , `` All the way with LBJ '' Richard Nixon ( edit ) Full name : Richard Milhous Nixon Tricky Dick , from a Democratic Party ad leading up to the 1950 U.S. Senate election in California saying `` Look at ' Tricky Dick ' Nixon 's Republican Record '' Gerald Ford ( edit ) Full name : Gerald Rudolph Ford , Jr. ( born Leslie Lynch King , Jr . ) Jerry Mr. Nice Guy for his clean - cut and non-partisan image Jimmy Carter ( edit ) Full name : James Earl Carter , Jr . Jimmy , the first President to use his nickname in an official capacity The Peanut Farmer , he owned a peanut farm and fostered this image in his early campaigns , as a contrast to elite Washington insiders Ronald Reagan ( edit ) Full name : Ronald Wilson Reagan Dutch , shortly after his birth , his father said he looked like a `` fat little Dutchman '' ; reinforced when he wore a Dutch boy haircut ( see pageboy ) as a youngster The Great Communicator for his ability to communicate The Gipper , after his role as George `` The Gipper '' Gipp in the film Knute Rockne , All American . Gipp 's exhorted his teammates to `` Win one for the Gipper '' . The Teflon President , coined by Rep. Patricia Schroeder because nothing negative `` stuck to '' him ( like a Teflon skillet ) ; he remained blame - free in the eyes of the American people George H.W. Bush ( edit ) Full name : George Herbert Walker Bush 41 , Papa Bush , Bush 41 , Bush Senior , Senior , and similar names that were used after his son George Walker Bush became the 43rd president , to differentiate between the two Poppy , a nickname used from childhood on Bill Clinton ( edit ) Full name : William Jefferson Clinton ( born William Jefferson Blythe III ) Bubba , common nickname for males in the Southern U.S. Slick Willie , often used in the pejorative to refer to his alleged sexual misconduct with Monica Lewinsky and other prominent female accusers The Comeback Kid , coined by press after strong second place showing in 1992 New Hampshire primary , following polling slump The First Black President , used by Toni Morrison in reference to the African - American tropes surrounding Clinton 's candidacy The Big Dog , used by several media outlets in regard to his post-presidential popularity George W. Bush ( edit ) Full name : George Walker Bush 43 , Bush Jr. , Junior , Bush 43 , and similar names , used to differentiate him from his father Dubya , based on a Texas pronunciation of `` W '' Barack Obama ( edit ) Full name : Barack Hussein Obama II No drama Obama , for his cautious and meticulous presidential campaign in 2007 -- 08 and for his patient , relaxed demeanor Donald Trump ( edit ) Full name : Donald John Trump The Donald since his first wife Ivana Trump referred to him as such in a 1989 Spy magazine cover story See also ( edit ) United States portal Lists portal Secret Service codename § Presidents of the United States and their families List of nicknames of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ' Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus : The Perfect Leader ? ' Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . at parconresearch.com . Accessed 211 - 10 - 04 . `` It 's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as `` the American Cincinnatus '' . Washington too did great things then went back to his farm `` . Jump up ^ `` Anderson House History '' . Societyofthecincinnati.org . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ford , Paul L. ( 1896 ) The True George Washington quotes Timothy Pickering as writing , `` His great caution in respect to the enemy , acquired him the name of the American Fabius '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ He has gained fame around the world as a quintessential example of a benevolent national founder . Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies -- an act that stunned aristocratic Europe . Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) , pp. 105 -- 6 ; Edmund Morgan , The Genius of George Washington ( 1980 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 ; Sarah J. Purcell , Sealed With Blood : War , Sacrifice , and Memory in Revolutionary America ( 2002 ) p. 97 ; Don Higginbotham , George Washington ( 2004 ) ; Ellis , 2004 . The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac ( Lancaster : Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey ) . Jump up ^ Rediscovering George Washington . PBS . Jump up ^ Bergh edition of the Jefferson papers , v 13 p. xxiv Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names Nicknames and Surnames of Persons Places and Things . London : George Routledge & Sons LTD . p. 63 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . A surname given to John Adams ... in allusion to his earnest and persevering efforts towards colonial independence in the Continental Congress . Sometimes also called the Colossus of the Revolution . Jump up ^ Freeman , A ( 1828 ) . The Principles and Acts of Mr. Adams ' Administration . Concord , New Hampshire : New Hampshire Journal Office . p. 5 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Yes , John Adams , whom Jefferson pronounced the ' Colossus of Independence , ' and who died with the motto ' Independence forever ! ' on his lips , ' probably desired independence . ' So say William Badger and Francis N. Fisk . Shall we believe them ? We will -- not withstanding the doubt which their expression implies . Jump up ^ `` Biography of John Adams '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . In describing a bust of Adams made by Daniel Chester French , `` ... the folds of material at the bottom of the vest suggest the girth that led Adams to be dubbed ' His Rotundity . ' '' Jump up ^ Green , Thomas Marshall ( 1889 ) . Historic Families of Kentucky . Cincinnati : Robert Clarke & Co. p. 73 . Jump up ^ Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia , Academic Programs , American President : An Online Resource Jump up ^ Dumas Malone ( 1981 ) . The Sage of Monticello . Jefferson and His Time . 6 . Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 54463 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` The enemies of the fourth President of the U.S. called him `` little Jemmy , '' or `` his little majesty , '' or `` withered little apple - John . '' '' Time Magazine Online , November 3 , 1961 , ' Mr. Madison 's War ' Jump up ^ Kane , Joseph ( 1994 ) . Facts about the Presidents : A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information . New York : H.W. Wilson . pp. 344 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : Who 's the Father of the Constitution ? '' . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison : Father of the Constitution '' . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia , Academic Programs , American President : An Online Resource -- In - depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration , has full biographical information on Monroe including , his nicknames of the `` Era - of - Good - Feelings President '' Jump up ^ `` Presidents of the United States ( POTUS ) '' . Ipl.org . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ After the White House : former presidents as private citizens Max J. Skidmore , Macmillan , 2004 195 pages , page 39 Jump up ^ Boller , Jr. , Paul F. ( 1984 ) . Presidential Campaigns . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503420 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things , p. 220 . G. Routledge & Sons , Ltd. , Jump up ^ Gordon , John Steele ( 2009 - 01 - 20 ) . `` An Inauguration for the People '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Boller , Jr. , Paul F. Presidential Diversions . p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Widmer , Ted ; Widmer , Edward L. ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren : The American Presidents Series . Macmillan . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Norton , The Great Revolution of 1840 , 1888 page 74 Jump up ^ Warshauer , Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law , p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the word ' OK ' ? '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/mava/historyculture/upload/Lindenwald%20Servants.pdf Jump up ^ `` C - Span : Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' . May 3 , 1999 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : December 5 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ ' Historynet.com : From the World 's Largest History Magazine Publisher ' , American History : 1840 U.S. Presidential Campaign by David Johnson says , `` While the Democrats adopted a platform denouncing federal assumption of state debts , opposing internal improvements , and calling for separation of public money from banking institutions , Weed decided to keep Harrison quiet and emphasize his war - hero record and humble character . The Democrats took aim at Harrison 's silence , calling him ' General Mum ' . '' Jump up ^ `` John Tyler The White House '' . Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia , Academic Programs , American President : An Online Resource -- In - depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration , has full biographical information on Polk , including , `` Nickname : `` Young Hickory '' '' Jump up ^ Thornton , An American Glossary , Lippincott 1912 v. 2 page 627 Jump up ^ This was used in the title of Roy Nichols ' biography , Franklin Pierce : Young Hickory of the Granite Hills ( American Political Biography Press , August 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 945707 - 06 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 06 - 6 ) Jump up ^ Ayres , Thomas ( January 1 , 2004 ) . That 's Not in My American History Book : A Compilation of Little Known Events and Forgotten Heroes . Taylor Trade Publications . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rethinking the Old Public Functionary , By Russell McClintock , December 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Malcolm ( 1910 ) . Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students . Lothrop , Lee & Shepard Company . p. 340 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` James Buchanan '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Association of Lincoln Presenters , Lincoln Quotes , `` LINCOLN had many nicknames such as Honest Abe , the Railsplitter , the Liberator , the Emancipator , the Ancient One , the Martyr '' . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Wilber Fisk ( March 8 , 1912 ) . `` The Internet Archive '' . The Defender . American Economist . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Fench , Charles Wallace . `` Abraham Lincoln : The Liberator '' . New York Funk & Wagnalls . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Dr. Paul Boyer , Dr. Sterling Stuckey ( 2005 ) . American Nation : In the Modern Era . Holt , Rinehart , & Winston . Jump up ^ http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/lincoln/section12.rhtml SparkNotes : Today 's Most Popular Study Guides , Abraham Lincoln Study Guide , 1862 - 1864 -- Part 2 `` During a time of war , the executive always plays a stronger role than usual , and Lincoln was no exception to this rule . His uncompromising style as commander - in - chief , coupled with his ambitious domestic program to preserve and further the Union , earned him the nickname of `` the tycoon '' . '' Jump up ^ Library of Congress Presents ' America 's Story from America 's Library ' , U.S. Presidents , Abraham Lincoln , refers to a song about Lincoln called , `` Hey ! Uncle Abe , are you joking yet ? '' Jump up ^ Tennessee Tales the Textbooks Do n't Tell : Jennie Ivey , Calvin Dickinson , Lisa Rand , The Overmountain Press , 2002 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57072 - 235 - 6 pages page 50 Jump up ^ Ulysses S. Grant , byLovell Coombs , Kessinger Publishing , 2004 268 pages page 22 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 10 : The Civil War , 1862 '' . American Military History . Army Historical Series . United States Army Center of Military History . 1989 . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Harry ( 1954 ) . Rutherford Hayes and his America . Newtown , Connecticut : American Political Biography Press . pp. 402 -- 403 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 05 - 9 . Jump up ^ Boller , Jr. , Paul F. ( 1984 ) . Presidential Campaigns . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503420 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves , Thomas C. ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46095 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Chester A. Arthur Quick Facts '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 25 . Chester Arthur was fond of fine clothes and entertainment , earning him the nicknames ' Dude President , ' ' Elegant Arthur , ' and ' Prince Arthur ' . Jump up ^ ' Tall , Slim and Erect : Grover Cleveland ' by Alex Forman Jump up ^ P.O. Box 400406 . `` American President : An Online Reference Resource '' . Millercenter.org . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walters , Ryan S . The Last Jeffersonian : Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic . WestBow Press . ISBN 9781449740498 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Robert North ; Hammond , Scott J. ; Sulfaro , Valerie A. Presidential Campaigns , Slogans , Issues , and Platforms : The Complete Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313380921 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Harrison : centennial president Anne Chieko Moore , Hester Anne Hale ; Nova Publishers , 2006 178 pages page 69 Jump up ^ http://fs6.depauw.edu:50080/~jkochanczyk/president/harrison.html `` He was known as the `` Human Iceberg '' because he was stiff and formal when dealing with people `` . Jump up ^ `` The White House '' . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northeast Ohio Journal of History ( spring 2005 ) online Archived November 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Amazon.com review of `` Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan : The Making of a President '' by Peggy and Harold Samuels ( Texas a & M University Military History Series , September 1997 ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 771 - 3 ) by Peggy and Harold Samuels , says that `` The authors reexamine the `` Hero of San Juan Hill '' to find that the heroic legend was manufactured '' Jump up ^ Non-Fiction Book Page have a review by Harry Merritt of The Lion 's Pride : Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War by Edward J. Renehan , Jr . ( Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 512719 - 6 ) , which says `` Within six months , Roosevelt , `` the Lion '' was dead `` . Jump up ^ `` Tammany Denounces Gov. Roosevelt ; Col. Gardiner 's Removal Called `` Infamous '' and `` Cowardly . '' Ex-District Attorney Weeps ; The General Committee Organizes for the Next Campaign by Electing Permanent Officers '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1900 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience / TR 's Legacy / Environment '' . PBS . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt : Icon of the American Century '' . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Renstrom , Peter G . The Taft Court . p. 186 . Jump up ^ `` William Howard Taft '' . Hoover.archives.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : William Safire , Safire 's Political Dictionary ( 2008 ) p. 409 Jump up ^ compare to Italian Prime Minister ( and former President of the European Commission ) Romano Prodi 's nickname Il Professore ( the professor / schoolteacher ) . Jump up ^ Rubel , David ( 1994 ) . Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Presidents and Their Times . New York : Scholastic Inc. p. 133 . Jump up ^ Baily , Thomas A. ; & Kennedy , David M. ( 1994 ) . The American Pageant ( 10th ed . ) . D.C. Heath and Company . ISBN 0 - 669 - 33892 - 3 . Jump up ^ ' Rebirth of Cool Cal ' , December 1998 , Reason Magazine , review of two books on Coolidge 's presidency by John Miller Jump up ^ Review of Calvin Coolidge ( David Greenberg ) . H.W. Brands , The Washington Post , January 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ ' Silent Cal ' Revisited . Library of Congress , October 30 , 1995 Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of the Interior 's site for the Bureau of Reclamation , Lower Colorado Region says that Hoover , `` known early in his career as `` The Great Engineer '' , was now popularized as `` The Great Humanitarian '' for his `` relief efforts in America 's stricken heartland '' . Jump up ^ Patenaude , Bertrand ( 2002 ) . `` The Big Show in Bololand '' . Stanford Program on International and Cross-cultural Education . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum '' . Hoover.archives.gov . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia , Academic Programs , American President : An Online Resource -- In - depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration , has full biographical information on Polk , including , `` Nickname : `` FDR '' '' Jump up ^ `` '' That One '' & `` That Man '' `` . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Robert J ( 1996 ) . Conflict & Crisis : The Presidency of Harry S Truman 1945 - 1948 ( Reprint ed . ) . University of Missouri Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1066 - 1 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry S Truman '' . The Independent . London . January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nevius , C.W. ( January 22 , 2004 ) . `` Just ask Chelsea , Jenna and Barbara : Escaping the glare of the spotlight is n't easy for kids whose dads work in the Oval Office '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Libraries : History Uncovered '' . C - Span . August 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth R. Snoke ( 1990 ) . `` Dwight D. Eisenhower : a centennial biography '' . Command and General Staff College , United States Army . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia , Academic Programs , American President : An Online Resource -- In - depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration , has full biographical information on Polk , including , Nicknames : JFK , Jack Jump up ^ Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia , Academic Programs , American President : An Online Resource -- In - depth information reviewed by prominent scholars on each president and administration , has full biographical information on Polk , including , Nicknames : `` FK , Jack Jump up ^ Caro , Robert A. ( 1990 ) . The Years of Lyndon Johnson : The Path to Power . Vintage Books . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 72945 - 7 . Jump up ^ ' Lyndon Johnson : Ruthless Senate Leader ' by John Grizzi , November 4 , 2002 ( 1 ) Findarticles.com 2002 Jump up ^ `` Presidency project at ucsb '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu. 1964 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael . `` Lady Bird Johnson : Documentary Transcript -- Part Two '' . PBS . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Three years later , came Luci Baines . Now there were 4 LBJs . The Johnson dog was named Little Beagle Johnson But there was no doubt who the most important LBJ was in that household . Jump up ^ `` Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Character Above All : Gerald Ford Essay '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ In `` The Stranger : Seattle 's Only Newspaper '' ( December 27 , 2006 ) , Paul Constant Jump up ^ `` MR . Nice Guy '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Richmond , Virginia . December 3 , 2003 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Sidey , Hugh ( 1977 - 12 - 12 ) . `` The Question Now : Who Carter ? '' . Time . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andy Rooney ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Andy Rooney on Presidential Nicknames '' . 60 Minutes . Jump up ^ `` The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library '' . Reagan.utexas.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan , 1911 -- 2004 . ' Small Town to Tinseltown ' '' . CNN . 1911 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Photo of young `` Dutch '' Reagan at Wikimedia Commons . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) CNN obituary ^ Jump up to : Schroeder , Patricia ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` Nothing stuck to ' Teflon President ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald `` How Reagan got his Gipper nickname '' . Jump up ^ David E. Rosenbaum . `` Working Mother '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` American Experience George H.W. Bush PBS '' . PBS . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Johanna ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Bush to Obama : A private letter '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Berke , Richard ( May 23 , 1988 ) . `` Million - Dollar Team Keeping Bush Campaign in the Money '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brown , Patricia ( December 11 , 1988 ) . `` The First Lady - Elect : What She Is and Is n't '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hurt , Charles ; Campanile , Carl ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Rudy Bops Bubba '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Rupert ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Slick Willie ' : Clinton 's untold story Recordings shed new light on the Lewinsky scandal , Boris Yeltsin 's antics and Al Gore 's failed presidency bid '' . The Independent . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amy Herstek ( January 11 , 2001 ) . `` Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the ' Comeback Kid ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Julian Borger ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Thinner and frailer , the Comeback Kid puts heart into Kerry 's campaign '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Toni ( 1998 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Clinton as the First Black President '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Hiaasen , Carl ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Why they call Bill Clinton ' Big Dog ' ( Opinion ) '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stirewalt , Chris ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Bubba Stumps - Has The Big Dog Lost His Bite ? '' . Fox News . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldoni , John ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Bill Clinton : The Big Dog Owns the Big Stage '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Michael ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Dog as Attack Dog : What to Expect From Bill Clinton 's Convention Speech '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sorenson , Adam ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Who Should Be TIME 's Person of the Year 2012 ? '' . Time . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grimes , David ( February 1 , 2001 ) . `` Dubya 's nickname could be worse '' . The Journal Record . Oklahoma City . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weisberg , Jacob ( October 2008 ) . The Bush tragedy . New York : Random House . p. 6 . ISBN 9781400066780 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thanks to no - drama Obama , American leadership is gone '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hail to the Chief : A Statistical Portrait of the Obama Presidency '' . The Observer . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's vetting could chase away candidates '' . CNN . 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ AM , Tom Shone On 12 / 16 / 16 at 7 : 53 ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In the new Netflix biopic , ' Barry , ' the real Obama remains hidden '' . Newsweek . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Argetsinger , Amy ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Why does everyone call Donald Trump ' The Donald ' ? It 's an interesting story . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleischer , Matt ( January 25 , 1999 ) . `` Trump vs Trump in Battle of the Exes '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Paleta , Lu Ann , and Fred Worth . The World Almanac of Presidential Facts . Pharos Books , 1993 . DeGregario , William A . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents . Barricade Books , 1991 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20nicknames%20of%20Presidents%20of%20the%20United%20States
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who has the record for most home runs in the home run derby
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Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 ) -- 61 Aaron Judge ( 2017 ) -- 47 Todd Frazier ( 2016 ) -- 42 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 ) -- 41 Joc Pederson ( 2015 ) , Todd Frazier ( 2015 ) -- 39 Josh Hamilton ( 2008 ) -- 35 David Ortiz ( 2010 ) , Robinson Canó ( 2011 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2013 ) , Miguel Sanó ( 2017 ) -- 32 Adrian Gonzalez ( 2011 ) -- 31 Mark Trumbo ( 2016 ) -- 30 Prince Fielder ( 2012 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2014 ) -- 28
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Giancarlo Stanton
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Home Run Derby ( Major league Baseball )
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home run derby ( major league baseball )
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The Home Run Derby is an annual home run hitting contest in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) customarily held the day before the MLB All - Star Game , which places the contest on a Monday in July . Since the inaugural derby in 1985 , the event has seen several rule changes , evolving from a short outs - based competition , to multiple rounds , and eventually a bracket - style timed event . It is currently sponsored by MLB 's wireless sponsor , T - Mobile .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Overview 2.1 Format 2.1. 1 1985 -- 1990 2.1. 2 1991 -- 2005 2.1. 3 2006 -- 2013 2.1. 4 2014 2.1. 5 Since 2015 2.2 Gold balls 3 Television and radio coverage 3.1 Most watched Home Run Derbys 4 Winners 5 Records 5.1 Most home runs in a single round 5.2 Most single - derby home runs 5.3 Most all - time home runs 5.4 Wins by team 6 Complete scoreboard 6.1 1980s 6.1. 1 1985 6.1. 2 1986 6.1. 3 1987 6.1. 4 1988 6.1. 5 1989 6.2 1990s 6.2. 1 1990 6.2. 2 1991 6.2. 3 1992 6.2. 4 1993 6.2. 5 1994 6.2. 6 1995 6.2. 7 1996 6.2. 8 1997 6.2. 9 1998 6.2. 10 1999 6.3 2000s 6.3. 1 2000 6.3. 2 2001 6.3. 3 2002 6.3. 4 2003 6.3. 5 2004 6.3. 6 2005 6.3. 7 2006 6.3. 8 2007 6.3. 9 2008 6.3. 10 2009 6.4 The 2010s 6.4. 1 2010 6.4. 2 2011 6.4. 3 2012 6.4. 4 2013 6.4. 5 2014 6.4. 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) 6.4. 7 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) 6.4. 8 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 2008 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby The event has grown significantly from its roots in the 1980s , when it was not televised . Prior to 1991 , the Home Run Derby was structured as a two - inning event with each player receiving five outs per inning , allowing for the possibility of ties . It is now one of the most - watched events broadcast on ESPN . In 2000 , a `` match play '' - style format was instituted for the second round . The player with the most home runs in the first round faced the player with the least among the four qualifying players , as did the players with the second - and third-most totals . The contestant who won each matchup advanced to the finals . This format was discontinued after the 2003 competition . The field of players selected currently consists of four American League players and four National League players . The first Derby in 1985 featured five from each league , and the 1986 and 1987 events featured three and two players from each league , respectively . In 1996 , the field was again expanded to ten players , five from each league ( though in 1997 , the AL had six contestants to the NL 's four ) . In 2000 , the field reverted to the current four - player - per - league format . The only exception was 2005 , when Major League Baseball changed the selection criteria with eight players representing their home countries rather than their respective leagues . The change was believed to be in promotion of the inaugural World Baseball Classic , played in March 2006 . In 2006 , the selection of four players from each league resumed . In 2011 , the format was revised so that team captains selected the individual sides . Some notable performances in the Derby include Bobby Abreu in 2005 , who won the Derby with a then - record 41 homers , including a then - record 24 in the first round . The first - round record was broken in 2008 by Josh Hamilton , who hit 28 home runs . Though Hamilton 's performance was notable for the length of his home runs , he ultimately lost to Justin Morneau in a brief final round . The overall record was broken in 2016 by Giancarlo Stanton , who finished with a total of 61 home runs , defeating Todd Frazier in the final round . Only two participants , Yoenis Céspedes and Giancarlo Stanton , have won the Home Run Derby without being selected to the All - Star game itself . Overview ( edit ) Format ( edit ) The format has varied since the Home Run Derby started in 1985 . 1985 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the early years of the Home Run Derby , 4 - 10 players from both the AL and NL were selected to participate . Each player was given 2 `` innings '' to hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 5 outs . For the derby , an out is defined as any swing that is not a home run . The winner of the contest was the player with the most total home runs in the two innings . 1991 -- 2005 ( edit ) Beginning in 1991 , the format changed to a 3 - round contest . From 1991 -- 2006 , 8 - 10 players were selected and hit as many home runs as possible before reaching 10 outs in each round . The tally reset for each round , with the top four advancing to the second round , and the top two advancing to the final . In honor of the World Baseball Classic , the 2005 contest featured eight players from different countries . The format remained the same . 2006 -- 2013 ( edit ) The format changed slightly in 2006 . Instead of the tally resetting for each round , it was only reset before the final round . Therefore , the players with the four highest totals after Round 1 advanced to Round 2 , and the players with the two highest sum of Round 1 and 2 advanced to the finals . 2014 ( edit ) The Home Run Derby format was changed significantly in 2014 , as MLB sought to speed - up the contest and increase the drama . In the new bracket format , 5 players from each league faced the other players in their league in Round 1 , with each players having 7 `` outs . '' The player in each league with the highest Round 1 total received a second - round bye , and the players with the second - and third - highest Round 1 totals from each league faced off . The Round 2 winner from each league faced the Round 1 winner , and the Round 3 winner crowned the league winner . The final featured the winner of each league . Each round stands alone , with the score reset for each round . Ties in any round are broken by a 3 - swing swing - off . If the players remain tied , the players engage in a sudden - death swing - off until one player homers . Since 2015 ( edit ) The format was changed once again in 2015 . The most significant change was the elimination of `` outs '' , which was replaced by a time limit . Eight players are seeded based on their season home run totals and are given 5 minutes to hit as many home runs as possible . The winner of each head - to - head matchup advances , until a final winner is determined . If a tie occurs in any match - up , three sets of tiebreakers are employed : first , a 90 - second swing - off decides the winner ; second , best - of - 3 - swing swing - off ; thereafter , sudden - death swingoffs until a winner is determined . Further , a player can get `` bonus time '' in the last minute of each round . During that time , the clock stops for each home run , and does n't restart until a swing does not result in a home run . Additional bonus time could be earned for distance . Players who hit at least two home runs measuring at least 420 feet ( 128.0 m ) are given an extra minute of bonus time . An additional 30 seconds of bonus time is granted if at least one home run measures over 475 feet ( 144.8 m ) . Weather concerns in 2015 lead to a reduction in time from 5 minutes per round to 4 minutes . The clock was not stopped in the final minute , and bonus time was only granted for hitting 2 home runs of over 425 feet ( 129.5 m ) . The format was tweaked slightly in 2016 . The four - minute round length returned , while the minute of bonus time was changed to 30 seconds and required two home runs of 440 feet ( 134.1 m ) or longer . The additional time was removed , while the swing - off ( which was not required ) was reduced to 1 minute . Each batter is allowed one time - out during each round , and two in the finals . By 2017 the first tie - breaker was restored back to 90 seconds . Gold balls ( edit ) From 2005 -- 2013 , a gold ball has been used once a player reaches nine outs ( in 2014 when the T - Mobile Ball came into play , six ; since 2015 , during the final minute ) . If a batter hit a home run using the golden ball , Century 21 Real Estate and Major League Baseball would donate $21,000 ( a reference to the `` 21 '' in `` Century 21 '' ) per home run to charity ( MLB donated to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America , and Century 21 donated to Easter Seals ) . In both 2005 and 2006 , $294,000 was raised for the charities , equaling fourteen golden ball home runs per year . State Farm continued this in 2007 as they designated $17,000 per home run ( one dollar for each of State Farm 's agencies ) , to the Boys and Girls Clubs of America . In the 2007 event , fifteen golden balls were hit for a donation of $255,000 , and ten ( $170,000 ) were hit in the 2008 event . For 2009 , State Farm added $5,000 for all non-Gold Ball homers , and $517,000 was collected . For 2010 , the non-Gold Ball homer was reduced to $3,000 per home run and a total of $453,000 was collected . Since 2014 any homer hit off a T - Mobile Ball resulted in a $10,000 donation to charity by T - Mobile and MLB , to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . Television and radio coverage ( edit ) On July 11 , 1988 , the day before the Major League Baseball All - Star Game from Cincinnati , TBS televised the annual All - Star Gala from the Cincinnati Zoo . Larry King hosted the broadcast with Craig Sager and Pete Van Wieren handling interviews . The broadcast 's big draw would 've been the Home Run Derby , which TBS intended on taping during the afternoon , and later airing it in prime time during the Gala coverage . Unfortunately , the derby and a skills competition were canceled due to rain . The derby was first nationally televised by ESPN in 1993 on a same - day delayed basis , with the first live telecast in 1998 . Although two hours are scheduled in programming listings for the telecast , it has rarely ever been contained to the timeslot and consistently runs three to four hours . Chris Berman has gained notoriety for his annual hosting duties on ESPN , including his catchphrase , `` Back back back ... Gone ! '' . Berman starts this phrase when the ball is hit , and does not say `` Gone ! '' until the ball lands . The 2008 Derby was the year 's most highly rated basic cable program . Because of the game 's TV popularity , invited players have felt pressure to participate . Notably , Ken Griffey Jr. initially quietly declined to take part in 1998 , partly due to ESPN scheduling the Mariners in their late Sunday game the night before . After a discussion with ESPN 's Joe Morgan and another with Hall of Famer Frank Robinson , Griffey changed his mind , and then won the Derby at Coors Field . In Spanish , the event is televised on Spanish language network ESPN Deportes . ESPN Radio also carries the event annually . Most watched Home Run Derbys ( edit ) Rank Year Winner Ballpark Viewers ( millions ) 2008 Justin Morneau Yankee Stadium 9.1 2017 Aaron Judge Marlins Park 8.6 2009 Prince Fielder Busch Stadium 8.3 Miguel Tejada Minute Maid Park 7.7 5 2002 Jason Giambi Miller Park 7.7 6 2015 Todd Frazier Great American Ballpark 7.1 7 2012 Prince Fielder Kauffman Stadium 6.9 8 2007 Vladimir Guerrero AT&T Park 6.8 9 2006 Ryan Howard PNC Park 6.8 10 2013 Yoenis Céspedes Citi Field 6.7 Winners ( edit ) Prince Fielder accepting his second trophy in 2012 Key Indicates multiple winners in the same year Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Year Winner Team League Stadium 1985 Parker , Dave Dave Parker Cincinnati Reds NL Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( MIN ) 1986 ^ Joyner , Wally Wally Joyner California Angels AL Astrodome ( HOU ) Strawberry , Darryl Darryl Strawberry New York Mets NL Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Chicago Cubs NL Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum ( OAK ) 1988 Cancelled due to rain 1989 Davis , Eric Eric Davis Cincinnati Reds NL Anaheim Stadium ( CAL ) 1990 Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs NL Wrigley Field ( CHC ) 1991 Ripken Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore Orioles AL SkyDome ( TOR ) 1992 McGwire , Mark Mark McGwire Oakland Athletics AL Jack Murphy Stadium ( SD ) 1993 González , Juan Juan González Texas Rangers AL Oriole Park at Camden Yards ( BAL ) 1994 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 1 ) Seattle Mariners AL Three Rivers Stadium ( PIT ) 1995 Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas Chicago White Sox AL The Ballpark in Arlington ( TEX ) Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants NL Veterans Stadium ( PHI ) 1997 Martinez , Tino Tino Martinez New York Yankees AL Jacobs Field ( CLE ) 1998 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 2 ) Seattle Mariners AL Coors Field ( COL ) 1999 Griffey Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey Jr. ( 3 ) Seattle Mariners AL Fenway Park ( BOS ) 2000 Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs NL Turner Field ( ATL ) 2001 Gonzalez , Luis Luis Gonzalez Arizona Diamondbacks NL Safeco Field ( SEA ) 2002 Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi New York Yankees AL Miller Park ( MIL ) 2003 Anderson , Garret Garret Anderson Anaheim Angels AL U.S. Cellular Field ( CHW ) Tejada , Miguel Miguel Tejada Baltimore Orioles AL Minute Maid Park ( HOU ) 2005 Abreu , Bobby Bobby Abreu Philadelphia Phillies NL Comerica Park ( DET ) 2006 Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies NL PNC Park ( PIT ) 2007 Guerrero , Vladimir Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim AL AT&T Park ( SF ) 2008 Morneau , Justin Justin Morneau Minnesota Twins AL Yankee Stadium ( NYY ) 2009 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder ( 1 ) Milwaukee Brewers NL Busch Stadium ( STL ) Ortiz , David David Ortiz Boston Red Sox AL Angel Stadium of Anaheim ( LAA ) 2011 Canó , Robinson Robinson Canó New York Yankees AL Chase Field ( ARI ) 2012 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers AL Kauffman Stadium ( KC ) 2013 Céspedes , Yoenis Yoenis Céspedes ( 1 ) Oakland Athletics AL Citi Field ( NYM ) 2014 Céspedes , Yoenis Yoenis Céspedes ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics AL Target Field ( MIN ) 2015 Frazier , Todd Todd Frazier Cincinnati Reds NL Great American Ball Park ( CIN ) 2016 Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins NL Petco Park ( SD ) 2017 Judge , Aaron Aaron Judge New York Yankees AL Marlins Park ( MIA ) Records ( edit ) Most home runs in a single round ( edit ) Josh Hamilton ( 2008 First Round ) -- 28 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 First Round ) , Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 First Round ) -- 24 Aaron Judge ( 2017 First Round ) - 23 Justin Bour ( 2017 First Round ) - 22 Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 Final Round ) -- 20 Most single - derby home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Giancarlo Stanton ( 2016 ) -- 61 Aaron Judge ( 2017 ) -- 47 Todd Frazier ( 2016 ) -- 42 Bobby Abreu ( 2005 ) -- 41 Joc Pederson ( 2015 ) , Todd Frazier ( 2015 ) -- 39 Josh Hamilton ( 2008 ) -- 35 David Ortiz ( 2010 ) , Robinson Canó ( 2011 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2013 ) , Miguel Sanó ( 2017 ) -- 32 Adrian Gonzalez ( 2011 ) -- 31 Mark Trumbo ( 2016 ) -- 30 Prince Fielder ( 2012 ) , Yoenis Céspedes ( 2014 ) -- 28 Most all - time home runs ( edit ) Note : these numbers exclude swingoffs . Todd Frazier -- 91 Giancarlo Stanton - 83 Prince Fielder -- 81 David Ortiz - 77 Albert Pujols -- 71 Ken Griffey Jr. -- 70 Jason Giambi -- 67 Sammy Sosa -- 65 Yoenis Céspedes -- 60 Mark McGwire -- 56 Wins by team ( edit ) Rank Team Wins Years New York Yankees 1997 , 2002 , 2011 , 2017 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1986 * , 2003 , 2007 Oakland Athletics 1992 , 2013 , 2014 Chicago Cubs 1987 , 1990 , 2000 Seattle Mariners 1994 , 1998 , 1999 Cincinnati Reds 1985 , 1989 , 2015 Baltimore Orioles 1991 , 2004 Philadelphia Phillies 2005 , 2006 New York Mets 1986 * Texas Rangers 1993 Chicago White Sox 1995 San Francisco Giants Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 Minnesota Twins 2008 Milwaukee Brewers 2009 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 2012 Miami Marlins 2016 5 Tampa Bay Rays 0 Toronto Blue Jays 0 Cleveland Indians 0 Kansas City Royals 0 Houston Astros 0 Atlanta Braves 0 Washington Nationals 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 St. Louis Cardinals 0 Colorado Rockies 0 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 San Diego Padres 0 * In 1986 , Wally Joyner of the California Angels and Darryl Strawberry of the New York Mets were declared co-champions . Complete scoreboard ( edit ) 1980s ( edit ) 1985 ( edit ) The Metrodome , Minneapolis -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 16 Player Team Home runs American League Jim Rice Boston Eddie Murray Baltimore Carlton Fisk Chicago Tom Brunansky Minnesota Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore National League Dave Parker Cincinnati 6 Dale Murphy Atlanta Steve Garvey San Diego Ryne Sandberg Chicago Jack Clark St. Louis 1986 ( edit ) Astrodome , Houston -- N.L. 8 , A.L. 7 Player Team Home runs American League Wally Joyner California Jesse Barfield Toronto Jose Canseco Oakland National League Darryl Strawberry New York Dave Parker Cincinnati Hubie Brooks Montreal Oakland Coliseum , Oakland -- N.L. 6 , A.L. 2 Player Team Home runs American League George Bell Toronto Mark McGwire Oakland National League Andre Dawson Chicago Ozzie Virgil Jr . Atlanta 1988 ( edit ) Home Run Derby canceled due to rain . 1989 ( edit ) Anaheim Stadium , Anaheim -- N.L. 9 , A.L. 5 Player Team Home runs American League Rubén Sierra Texas Mickey Tettleton Baltimore Bo Jackson Kansas City Gary Gaetti Minnesota 0 National League Eric Davis Cincinnati Glenn Davis Houston Howard Johnson New York Kevin Mitchell San Francisco 1990s ( edit ) 1990 ( edit ) Wrigley Field , Chicago -- N.L. 4 , A.L. 1 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 0 Jose Canseco Oakland 0 Cecil Fielder Detroit 0 National League Ryne Sandberg Chicago Matt Williams San Francisco Bobby Bonilla Pittsburgh 0 Darryl Strawberry New York 0 1991 ( edit ) SkyDome , Toronto -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 7 Player Team Home runs American League Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore 12 Cecil Fielder Detroit Joe Carter Toronto Danny Tartabull Kansas City National League Paul O'Neill Cincinnati 5 George Bell Chicago Chris Sabo Cincinnati 0 Howard Johnson New York 0 1992 ( edit ) Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego -- A.L. 27 , N.L. 13 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland 12 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Joe Carter Toronto Cal Ripken Jr . Baltimore National League Larry Walker Montreal Gary Sheffield San Diego Fred McGriff San Diego Barry Bonds Pittsburgh 1993 ( edit ) Camden Yards , Baltimore -- A.L. 20 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs American League Juan González Texas 7 Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 * Cecil Fielder Detroit Albert Belle Cleveland National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 5 Bobby Bonilla New York 5 David Justice Atlanta Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 * Lost in playoff to Gonzalez 1994 ( edit ) Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh -- A.L. 17 , N.L. 11 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 7 Rubén Sierra Oakland Frank Thomas Chicago Albert Belle Cleveland National League Fred McGriff Atlanta 5 Jeff Bagwell Houston Dante Bichette Colorado Mike Piazza Los Angeles 0 1995 ( edit ) The Ballpark in Arlington , Arlington -- A.L. 40 , N.L. 12 Player Team Home runs American League Frank Thomas Chicago 15 * Albert Belle Cleveland 16 Mo Vaughn Boston 6 Manny Ramirez Cleveland National League Ron Gant Cincinnati Sammy Sosa Chicago Reggie Sanders Cincinnati Raúl Mondesí Los Angeles * Beat Belle in finals Veterans Stadium , Philadelphia -- A.L. 36 , N.L. 23 Player Team Home runs American League Mark McGwire Oakland 15 Brady Anderson Baltimore 11 Jay Buhner Seattle 8 Joe Carter Toronto Greg Vaughn Milwaukee 0 National League Barry Bonds San Francisco 17 Henry Rodríguez Montreal Jeff Bagwell Houston Ellis Burks Colorado Gary Sheffield Florida 0 1997 ( edit ) Jacobs Field , Cleveland -- A.L. 32 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs American League Tino Martinez New York 16 * Mark McGwire Oakland 7 Brady Anderson Baltimore Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle Nomar Garciaparra Boston 0 Jim Thome Cleveland 0 National League Larry Walker Colorado 19 Jeff Bagwell Houston 5 Chipper Jones Atlanta Ray Lankford St. Louis * Beat Walker in finals 1998 ( edit ) Coors Field , Denver -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 29 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 19 Rafael Palmeiro Baltimore 10 Jim Thome Cleveland 17 Alex Rodriguez Seattle 5 Damion Easley Detroit National League Vinny Castilla Colorado 12 Moisés Alou Houston 7 Javy López Atlanta 5 Mark McGwire St. Louis Chipper Jones Atlanta 1999 ( edit ) Fenway Park , Boston -- N.L. 39 , A.L. 23 Player Team Home runs American League Ken Griffey Jr . Seattle 16 Nomar Garciaparra Boston B.J. Surhoff Baltimore Shawn Green Toronto John Jaha Oakland National League Jeromy Burnitz Milwaukee 14 Mark McGwire St. Louis 16 * Jeff Bagwell Houston 6 Larry Walker Colorado Sammy Sosa Chicago * Lost to Burnitz in round 2 2000s ( edit ) 2000 ( edit ) Turner Field , Atlanta -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Sammy Sosa Cubs 6 11 9 26 Ken Griffey Jr . Reds 6 11 Carl Everett Red Sox 6 6 -- 12 Carlos Delgado Blue Jays 5 -- 6 Edgar Martínez Mariners -- -- Chipper Jones Braves -- -- Vladimir Guerrero Expos -- -- Iván Rodríguez Rangers -- -- Semifinals Finals Ken Griffey Jr . Carlos Delgado Ken Griffey Jr . Sammy Sosa 9 Carl Everett 6 Sammy Sosa 11 2001 ( edit ) Safeco Field , Seattle -- N.L. 41 , A.L. 25 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Luis Gonzalez Diamondbacks 5 5 6 16 Sammy Sosa Cubs 8 13 Jason Giambi Athletics 14 6 -- 20 Barry Bonds Giants 7 -- 10 Bret Boone Mariners -- -- Todd Helton Rockies -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Troy Glaus Angels 0 -- -- 0 Semifinals Finals Jason Giambi 6 Sammy Sosa 8 Sammy Sosa Luis Gonzalez 6 Barry Bonds Luis Gonzalez 5 2002 ( edit ) Miller Park , Milwaukee -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Jason Giambi Yankees 11 6 7 24 Sammy Sosa Cubs 12 5 18 Paul Konerko White Sox 6 6 -- 12 Richie Sexson Brewers 6 -- 10 Torii Hunter Twins -- -- Barry Bonds Giants -- -- Alex Rodriguez Rangers -- -- Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Semifinals Finals Sammy Sosa 5 Richie Sexson Jason Giambi 7 Sammy Sosa Jason Giambi 7 Paul Konerko 6 * Giambi defeated Konerko in a swing off 2003 ( edit ) U.S. Cellular Field , Chicago -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Garret Anderson Angels 7 6 9 22 Albert Pujols Cardinals 14 8 26 Jason Giambi Yankees 12 11 -- 23 Jim Edmonds Cardinals -- 8 Gary Sheffield Braves -- -- Carlos Delgado Blue Jays -- -- Richie Sexson Brewers -- -- Bret Boone Mariners 0 -- -- 0 Semifinals Finals Jason Giambi 11 Albert Pujols 14 Albert Pujols 8 Garret Anderson 9 Garret Anderson 6 Jim Edmonds Minute Maid Park , Houston -- A.L. 47 , N.L. 41 Player Team Round 1 Semis Finals Total Miguel Tejada Orioles 7 15 5 27 Lance Berkman Astros 7 10 21 Rafael Palmeiro Orioles 9 5 -- 14 Barry Bonds Giants 8 -- 11 Sammy Sosa Cubs 5 -- -- 5 Jim Thome Phillies -- -- Hank Blalock Rangers -- -- David Ortiz Red Sox -- -- 2005 ( edit ) Comerica Park , Detroit -- N.L. 66 , A.L. 42 Player Home Country Team Round 1 Semis Finals Totals Bobby Abreu Venezuela Phillies 24 6 11 41 Iván Rodríguez Puerto Rico Tigers 7 8 5 20 David Ortiz Dominican Republic Red Sox 17 -- 20 Carlos Lee Panama Brewers 11 -- 15 Hee - seop Choi South Korea Dodgers 5 -- -- 5 Andruw Jones Netherlands Braves 5 -- -- 5 Mark Teixeira USA Rangers -- -- Jason Bay Canada Pirates 0 -- -- 0 * Total rounds record . 2006 ( edit ) PNC Park , Pittsburgh -- N.L. 62 , A.L. 24 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Ryan Howard Phillies 8 10 18 5 23 David Wright Mets 16 18 22 Miguel Cabrera Marlins 9 6 15 -- 15 David Ortiz Red Sox 10 13 -- 13 Jermaine Dye White Sox 7 -- 7 -- 7 Lance Berkman Astros -- -- Miguel Tejada Orioles -- -- Troy Glaus Blue Jays -- -- 2007 ( edit ) AT&T Park , San Francisco -- A.L. 42 , N.L. 32 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Vladimir Guerrero Angels 5 9 14 17 Alex Ríos Blue Jays 5 12 17 19 Matt Holliday Rockies 5 8 13 -- 13 Albert Pujols Cardinals 4 ( 2 ) 9 13 -- 13 Justin Morneau Twins 4 ( 1 ) -- -- Prince Fielder Brewers -- -- Ryan Howard Phillies -- -- Magglio Ordóñez Tigers -- -- Notes : ^ a Recorded only seven of ten outs before hitting winning home run . Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2008 ( edit ) Yankee Stadium , New York -- A.L. 66 , N.L. 39 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Justin Morneau Twins 8 9 17 5 22 Josh Hamilton Rangers 28 32 35 Lance Berkman Astros 8 6 14 -- 14 Ryan Braun Brewers 7 7 14 -- 14 Dan Uggla Marlins 6 -- 6 -- 6 Grady Sizemore Indians 6 -- 6 -- 6 Chase Utley Phillies 5 -- 5 -- 5 Evan Longoria Rays -- -- Notes : ^ a New single round record . ^ b Voluntarily ended round with four outs . 2009 ( edit ) Busch Stadium , St. Louis -- N.L. 51 , A.L. 31 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Brewers 11 6 17 6 23 Nelson Cruz Rangers 11 5 16 5 21 Ryan Howard Phillies 7 8 15 -- 15 Albert Pujols Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) 6 11 -- 11 Carlos Peña Rays 5 ( 1 ) -- 5 -- 5 Joe Mauer Twins 5 ( 0 ) -- 5 -- 5 Adrian Gonzalez Padres -- -- Brandon Inge Tigers 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . The 2010s ( edit ) Angel Stadium of Anaheim , Anaheim -- A.L. 50 , N.L. 45 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total David Ortiz Red Sox 8 13 21 11 32 Hanley Ramírez Marlins 9 12 21 5 26 Corey Hart Brewers 13 0 13 -- 13 Miguel Cabrera Tigers 7 5 12 -- 12 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 -- 5 -- 5 Nick Swisher Yankees -- -- Vernon Wells Blue Jays -- -- Chris Young Diamondbacks -- -- 2011 ( edit ) Chase Field , Phoenix -- A.L. 76 , N.L. 19 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Robinson Canó Yankees 8 12 20 12 32 Adrian Gonzalez Red Sox 9 11 20 11 31 Prince Fielder Brewers 5 ( 5 ) 9 -- 9 David Ortiz Red Sox 5 ( 4 ) 9 -- 9 Matt Holliday Cardinals 5 ( 2 ) -- 5 -- 5 José Bautista Blue Jays -- -- Rickie Weeks Jr . Brewers -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2012 ( edit ) Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City -- A.L. 61 , N.L. 21 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Prince Fielder Tigers 5 11 16 12 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 11 13 ( 2 ) 7 20 Mark Trumbo Angels 7 6 13 ( 1 ) -- 13 Carlos Beltrán Cardinals 7 5 12 -- 12 Carlos González Rockies -- -- Andrew McCutchen Pirates -- -- Matt Kemp Dodgers -- -- Robinson Canó Yankees 0 -- 0 -- 0 Notes : Italicized numbers denote swing - offs . 2013 ( edit ) Citi Field , New York -- A.L. 53 , N.L. 50 Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Subtotal Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 17 6 23 9 32 Bryce Harper Nationals 8 8 16 8 24 Michael Cuddyer Rockies 7 8 15 -- 15 Chris Davis Orioles 8 12 -- 12 Pedro Álvarez Pirates 6 -- 6 -- 6 Prince Fielder Tigers 5 -- 5 -- 5 David Wright Mets 5 -- 5 -- 5 Robinson Canó Yankees -- -- Note : ^ a Recorded only five of ten outs before hitting winning home run . 2014 ( edit ) Target Field , Minneapolis -- A.L. 54 , N.L. 24 American League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Yoenis Céspedes Athletics 3 ( 2 ) 9 7 9 28 José Bautista Blue Jays 10 * − 14 Adam Jones Orioles − − 7 Josh Donaldson Athletics 3 ( 1 ) − − − Brian Dozier Twins − − − National League Player Team Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Finals Total Todd Frazier Reds 2 ( 1 ) 6 10 Giancarlo Stanton Marlins 6 * 0 − 6 Troy Tulowitzki Rockies − − 6 Justin Morneau Rockies 2 ( 0 ) − − − Yasiel Puig Dodgers 0 − − − 0 * designates bye round . ( designates swing off home runs ) . Round 2 Round 3 ( Semifinals ) Finals American League José Bautista Adam Jones Yoenis Céspedes 7 Yoenis Céspedes 9 Yoenis Céspedes 9 Todd Frazier National League Giancarlo Stanton 0 Troy Tulowitzki Todd Frazier Todd Frazier 6 2015 Great American Ball Park ( Cincinnati ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Albert Pujols ( LAA ) 10 8 Kris Bryant ( CHC ) 9 Albert Pujols 11 Joc Pederson 12 Joc Pederson ( LAD ) 13 5 Manny Machado ( BAL ) 12 Joc Pederson 14 Todd Frazier 15 Josh Donaldson ( TOR ) 9 6 Anthony Rizzo ( CHC ) 8 Josh Donaldson 9 Todd Frazier 10 Todd Frazier ( CIN ) 14 7 Prince Fielder ( TEX ) 13 2016 Petco Park ( San Diego ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Mark Trumbo ( BAL ) 16 8 Corey Seager ( LAD ) 15 Mark Trumbo 14 5 Giancarlo Stanton 17 Robinson Canó ( SEA ) 7 5 Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 24 5 Giancarlo Stanton 20 Todd Frazier 13 Adam Duvall ( CIN ) 11 6 Wil Myers ( SD ) 10 Adam Duvall 15 Todd Frazier 16 Todd Frazier ( CWS ) 13 7 Carlos González ( COL ) 12 2017 Marlins Park ( Miami ) ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Giancarlo Stanton ( MIA ) 16 8 Gary Sánchez ( NYY ) 17 8 Gary Sánchez 10 5 Miguel Sanó 11 Mike Moustakas ( KC ) 10 5 Miguel Sanó ( MIN ) 11 5 Miguel Sanó 10 Aaron Judge 11 Cody Bellinger ( LAD ) 15 6 Charlie Blackmon ( COL ) 14 Cody Bellinger 12 Aaron Judge 13 Aaron Judge ( NYY ) 23 7 Justin Bour ( MIA ) 22 See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball All - Star Game winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baker , Jim ( Jul 7 , 1999 ) . `` Baseball ; ESPN rift with MLB a real derby ; Dispute heats up over credentials '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby on ESPN is No. 1 on cable TV '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . July 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hiestand , Michael ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` ESPN adds new graphics for Home Run Derby coverage '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Monday 's Home Run Derby -- often cable TV 's highest - rated summer event Jump up ^ Castrovince , Anthony ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cespedes beats Harper to claim Derby title '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Derby to feature bracketed play as part of new format Jump up ^ Keeney , Tim . `` HR Derby Gets New Format , Rules '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby to introduce new format '' . Major League Baseball . Jump up ^ Corcoran , Cliff . `` Home Run Derby Five - Minute Guide : Everything you need to know '' . www.si.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Steve . `` Home Run Derby 2016 : Participants , Breakdown of New Rules for All - Star Showcase '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The last time Cincinnati hosted the MLB All - Star Game , things got weird '' . The Sporting News . Jump up ^ `` Home Run Derby 2010 : Most Memorable Derby Moments '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Multichannel.com Jump up ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Gillette Home Run Derby Presented By Head & Shoulders Exclusively on ESPN '' . ESPNMediazone.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MLB.com ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Home Run Derby press conference '' . MLB Advanced Media , LP . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relatively speaking , viewers still love the Home Run Derby ( 2002 - 2016 viewership ) '' . sportstvratings.com . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) MLB.com : Home Run Derby History Baseball-Almanac.com : Home Run Derby Results and Analysis Baseball Research Journal , SABR , `` Home Run Derby Curse , Fact or Fiction ? '' by Joseph McCollum and Marcus Jaiclin Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Major League Baseball Home Run Derbies 1985 1986 1988 * 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 * The 1988 Home Run Derby was canceled due to rain Home Run Derby champions 1985 : Parker 1986 : Joyner , Strawberry 1987 : Dawson 1988 : ( canceled due to rain ) 1989 : Davis 1990 : Sandberg 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : McGwire 1993 : J. González 1994 : Griffey Jr . 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Bonds 1997 : Martinez 1998 : Griffey Jr . 1999 : Griffey Jr . 2000 : Sosa 2001 : L. Gonzalez 2002 : Giambi 2003 : Anderson 2004 : Tejada 2005 : Abreu 2006 : Howard 2007 : Guerrero 2008 : Morneau 2009 : Fielder 2010 : Ortiz 2011 : Canó 2012 : Fielder 2013 : Céspedes 2014 : Céspedes 2015 : Frazier 2016 : Stanton 2017 : Judge ESPN Major League Baseball Related programs Baseball Tonight ( 1990 -- present ) Sunday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Monday Night Baseball ( 2002 -- present ) Wednesday Night Baseball ( 1990 -- present ) Thursday Night Baseball ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Radio Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio ( 1998 -- present ) The Baseball Show ( 2005 -- present ) Non-ESPN programming Major League Baseball on ABC ( broadcasters ) Major League Baseball on TSN ( 1984 -- present ) Non-MLB programming College World Series on ESPN Little League World Series ( broadcasters ) Related articles Major League Baseball on cable television ESPN Baseball Tonight ( video game ) Television contracts Home Run Derby ( 1993 -- present ) Commentators Radio Baseball Tonight ALDS NLDS Key figures Dave Barnett Chris Berman Bob Carpenter Pedro Gomez Jim Hughson Sean McDonough Tom Mees Joel Meyers Jon Miller Dave O'Brien Steve Physioc Karl Ravech John Sanders Jon Sciambi Dan Shulman Dave Sims Dewayne Staats Charley Steiner Gary Thorne Steve Zabriskie Color commentators Aaron Boone Dallas Braden Jeff Brantley Dave Campbell Terry Francona Nomar Garciaparra Tony Gwynn Orel Hershiser Norm Hitzges Tommy Hutton Reggie Jackson David Justice Eric Karros Kevin Kennedy Ray Knight Mike Lupica Fred Lynn Buck Martinez Jessica Mendoza Joe Morgan Mark Mulder Jim Palmer Steve Phillips Eduardo Pérez Kirby Puckett Jerry Reuss Jim Rooker Chris Singleton Steve Stone Rick Sutcliffe Bobby Valentine Field reporters Erin Andrews Bonnie Bernstein Duke Castiglione Peter Gammons Tim Kurkjian Gary Miller Wendi Nix Buster Olney Sam Ryan Lore 2,131 ( 1995 ) Chasing Maris ( 1998 ) Civil Rights Game ( 2007 ) Death of Osama bin Laden ( 2011 ) Wild Card Wednesday ( 2011 ) Braves -- Marlins game at Fort Bragg ( 2016 ) Tie - breaker games 1995 AL West Playoff 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff New York Yankees Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Postseason Baseball 's longest postseason game ( 2005 ) AL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 NL Division Series 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 ( coverage aired on ABC Family ) 2003 2005 2006 AL Wild Card Game 2015 2017 2019 2021 NL Wild Card Game 2014 2016 2018 2020 Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio Play - by - play Charley Steiner ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Jon Miller ( 1998 -- 2010 ) Dan Shulman ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Gary Thorne ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Jon Sciambi ( 2010 -- present ) Analysts Kevin Kennedy ( 1998 ) Dave Campbell ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Chris Singleton ( 2011 -- present ) Studio hosts Joe D'Ambrosio ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Marc Kestecher ( 2008 -- present ) AL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Championship Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Division Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 AL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NL Wild Card Game 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 All - Star Game 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 World Series 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related programs ESPN Major League Baseball Major League Baseball Game of the Week Sunday Night Baseball Commentators All - Star Game ALCS ALDS NLCS NLDS World Series Lore 1998 Major League Baseball home run record chase Death of Osama bin Laden Grand Slam Single Tie - breaker games 1998 NL Wild Card Playoff 1999 NL Wild Card Playoff 2007 NL Wild Card Playoff 2008 AL Central Playoff 2009 AL Central Playoff 2013 AL Wild Card tie - breaker Divisional Series games The Flip Play `` The Bug Game '' Roy Halladay 's postseason no - hitter `` The Illegal Slide Game '' `` The 53 - Minute 7th Inning '' World Series games The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Game 6 of the 2011 World Series Walk - off Obstruction Chicago Cubs Steve Bartman ( 2003 ) Curse of the Billy Goat New York Yankees Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry Curse of the Bambino Final game at Yankee Stadium ( 2008 ) Related articles Major League Baseball on the radio Home Run Derby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_Run_Derby_(Major_League_Baseball)&oldid=806774609 '' Categories : Annual sporting events in the United States Recurring events established in 1985 Major League Baseball competitions Major League Baseball Home Run Derby Sports entertainment Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from July 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 02 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Run%20Derby%20%28Major%20League%20Baseball%29
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what does ark mean in ark survival evolved
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Ark : Survival Evolved is an action - adventure survival game set in an open world environment and played either from a third - person or first - person perspective . To survive , players must establish a base , with a fire and weapons ; additional activities , such as taming and feeding dinosaurs , require more resources . The game 's world , known as the `` Ark '' , is approximately 48 km ( 19 sq mi ) in size : there is approximately 36 km ( 14 sq mi ) of land with 12 km ( 4.6 sq mi ) of ocean .
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The game 's world
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Ark : Survival Evolved
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ark : survival evolved
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Ark : Survival Evolved ( stylized as ΛRK ) is an action - adventure survival video game developed by Studio Wildcard in collaboration with Instinct Games , Efecto Studios , and Virtual Basement . It was released in August 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Microsoft Windows , OS X and Linux . In the game , players must survive being stranded on an island filled with roaming dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals , natural hazards , and potentially hostile human players .
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The game is played from either a third - person or first - person perspective and its open world is navigated on foot or by riding a prehistoric animal . Players can use firearms and improvised weapons to defend against hostile humans and creatures , with the ability to build bases as defense . The game has both single - player and multiplayer options . Development began in October 2014 . The development team conducted research into the physical appearance of the animals , but took creative license for gameplay purposes . One of the game modes , Survival of the Fittest , was released as a free standalone game in March 2016 . Egypt - based developer Instinct Games was hired to facilitate the game 's development . Several expansions to the game have also been released as downloadable content : The Center , Primitive Plus , Scorched Earth , and Ragnarok . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Sales 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Ark : Survival Evolved is an action - adventure survival game set in an open world environment and played either from a third - person or first - person perspective . To survive , players must establish a base , with a fire and weapons ; additional activities , such as taming and feeding dinosaurs , require more resources . The game 's world , known as the `` Ark '' , is approximately 48 km ( 19 sq mi ) in size : there is approximately 36 km ( 14 sq mi ) of land with 12 km ( 4.6 sq mi ) of ocean . To build a base , players must gain structure components -- such as floors , doors and windows built with the resources littered throughout the world -- which are earned as they progress and gain levels . These components can be crafted and placed in the world . Players can create any structure , as long as they have the logistics and resources ; the structural integrity of the building is compromised when the pillars and foundations are destroyed . Creating structures out of metal make them the most durable ; only titanosaurs and explosives can damage metal structures . Players can also craft items in the game , such as weapons , by collecting the resources and technology required for crafting . In addition , players can craft and attach accessories to their weapons , such as a scope or flashlight for a pistol or machine gun . Should players take damage , their health meter will gradually regenerate if they have consumed the necessary food , or if they craft items that regenerate the health meter at a faster pace . There are sixty species of dinosaurs in the game . Dinosaurs in the game can be tamed by feeding them food after they have been rendered unconscious , or by using kibble designed especially for each species . Once a dinosaur is tamed , players can utilize the dinosaur 's abilities , such as flight or fast underwater movement , as well as its statistics , such as speed , health and damage . When riding atop certain creatures , players can use their weapons . With the larger dinosaurs , other players can ride on the side with full control of their own weapons . They can also be used to carry items , and players can issue offensive and defensive commands to them ; for example , a pack of Utahraptors can be assigned to defend the base , or a group of Triceratops can be ordered to attack an enemy 's base . The game also features various other animals , such as the dodo , saber - toothed cat , woolly mammoth , Meganeura , Titanomyrma , and Doedicurus . Every creature in the game has living ecosystems and predator hierarchies . Development ( edit ) Preliminary work on Ark : Survival Evolved began in October 2014 . Studio Wildcard , the Seattle - based team behind the game , co-opted Egypt - based developer Instinct Games to facilitate development . When researching for information about the game 's prehistoric species , the development team read `` general audience books '' and online articles , and sought assistance from friends who studied in the fields in biological sciences . When creating the species and world , the team took creative license for gameplay purposes , although there is an in - game reason that the species have diverged from their historical counterparts . The team added features to the game that would appeal to all players , as opposed to specifically players of the survival genre , such as the ability to simply explore the island and compete against large bosses , as a reward for uncovering secrets of the island . They also added an end - game for players to strive towards , as they felt that most survival games lack a final goal . They wanted to `` provide a depth and scope that allows for the world to not just be a means to an end ( ... ) but also a place to explore '' , said creative director Jesse Rapczak . The game , powered by Unreal Engine 4 , contains `` tens of thousands '' of artificial intelligence entities , according to Rapczak . It also features support for virtual reality ( VR ) gameplay ; Rapczak , who has almost three years of experience with head - mounted displays , described the game as being designed with VR in mind from the beginning . The game was initially released through Steam Early Access for Microsoft Windows on June 2 , 2015 , for Linux and OS X on July 1 , 2015 , and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16 , 2015 ; a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6 , 2016 . The final game will launch in August 2017 ; it was originally intended for release in June 2016 , but was delayed in April . The game will launch with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR , and the Xbox One version will be released via the ID@Xbox program . On March 16 , 2016 , the Survival of the Fittest game mode was released in early access as a free standalone game with no microtransactions ; it was scheduled to fully launch in mid 2016 , but was eventually merged back to the main game as the development team did not wish to monetize on its release , and wanted to ensure that modders can apply the development kit of Survival Evolved to create mods for Survival of the Fittest . There will be various eSports tournaments of the game mode , with a prize pool of US $50,000 . Players who played Survival of the Fittest before it was merged back into the main game can continue to play the game without paying an extra cost , while new players must pay before getting access to it . It will be available for every player who purchases the main game . On September 1 , 2016 , Studio Wildcard released the paid downloadable content ( DLC ) Scorched Earth . The expansion includes a new , desert map as well as several desert - themed resources and items . It also features ten new creatures , some of which are fictional , like the Wyvern . The release of paid DLC for a game still in early access caused negative reaction among players of the game , resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch . The game left early access on August 29 , 2017 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The standard version was released alongside an `` Explorer 's Edition '' , which included a season pass with three expansions , and the `` Collector 's Edition '' , which included a season pass as well , a necklace , a map , a notebook , a development team poster , a wooden chest packaging , and the game 's official soundtrack . Sales ( edit ) Within a month of its early access release on Steam , Ark had sold over one million digital copies . By August 2016 , the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox , with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Fight for Life in Studio Wildcard 's ARK : Survival Evolved '' . Xbox Wire . Xbox . Microsoft . May 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 20 : 20 ^ Jump up to : Karunakaran , Jathiesh ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Steam . Valve Corporation . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 31 : 31 Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 31 : 51 Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 41 : 02 ^ Jump up to : `` Ark : Survival Evolved -- A New Breed of Open - World Dinosaur Adventure is Coming '' ( Press release ) . Seattle , Washington : Studio Wildcard . May 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 36 : 27 ^ Jump up to : Rapczak , Jesse ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ride dinosaurs in ARK : Survival Evolved , coming soon to PS4 '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 7 : 38 ^ Jump up to : `` Ark : Survival Evolved Available Now for Mac and Linux on Steam Early Access '' ( Press release ) . Seattle , Washington : Studio Wildcard . July 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapczak 2015 , 38 : 59 Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved Xbox One Footage and Early Access Details '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yin - Poole , Wesley ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved finally has a PS4 release date '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dino Game Ark Passes New Sales Milestone on Xbox One and PC , Full Release Delayed '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Alice ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Mod Me Up ! Ark : Survival Of The Fittest No Longer F2P '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Angus ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Ark : Survival of the Fittest becomes free standalone with cash prizes '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ark dev folds Survival of the Fittest back into Survival Evolved '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARK : Survival Evolved Pounded With Negative Reviews After Releasing Paid Early Access DLC '' . Game Revolution . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Community Crunch 98 : Gold Master Edition '' . survivetheark.com . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Conan Exiles hits 320,000 sold after one week on Steam Early Access '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Alex ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved hits 5.5 m on PC and Xbox One '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Sources Rapczak , Jesse ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ark : Survival Evolved . Interview with Jesse Rapczak '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Lirik . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark:_Survival_Evolved&oldid=803105162 '' Categories : 2017 video games Action - adventure games Dinosaurs in video games Early access video games Linux games Multiplayer and single - player video games Oculus Rift games Open world video games MacOS games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation VR games Science fantasy video games Steam Workshop games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Video games developed in Egypt Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games with cross-platform play Video games with downloadable content Video games with expansion packs Video games with procedurally generated levels Video games with user - generated gameplay content Windows games Xbox One games Xbox Play Anywhere games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%3A%20Survival%20Evolved
| 1,484 |
when did the first season of americas next top model come out
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America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 was the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model . It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003 , and was hosted by Tyra Banks , who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter . The judging panel consisted of Banks , Janice Dickinson , Kimora Lee Simmons , and Beau Quillian . The cycle 's catchphrase was `` One girl has what it takes '' .
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May to July 2003
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America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 1 )
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america's next top model ( cycle 1 )
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America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 was the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model . It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003 , and was hosted by Tyra Banks , who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter . The judging panel consisted of Banks , Janice Dickinson , Kimora Lee Simmons , and Beau Quillian . The cycle 's catchphrase was `` One girl has what it takes '' .
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This was the only season to feature a cast of only 10 finalists . All later cycles have featured at least 12 finalists . The international destination for the cycle was Paris , France . The winner of the competition was 20 - year - old Adrianne Curry from Joliet , Illinois . Her prizes were a modelling contract with Wilhelmina Models , a photo spread in Marie Claire magazine and a contract with Revlon cosmetics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Episode summaries 2.1 The Girl Who Wants It Bad 2.2 The Girl Is Here To Win , Not Make Friends 2.3 The Girl Who Gets Rushed To The Emergency Room 2.4 The Girl Who Drives Everyone Crazy 2.5 The Girl Who Everyone Thinks Is Killing Herself 2.6 The Girl Who Deals With A Pervert 2.7 The Girls Get Really Naked 2.8 How The Girls Got Here 2.9 The Girl Who Becomes America 's Next Top Model 3 Summaries 3.1 Call - out order 3.2 Photo shoot guide 3.3 Makeovers 4 Post-Top Model careers 5 References 6 External links Contestants ( ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Height Hometown Finish Place Tessa Carlson 19 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Chicago , Illinois Episode 1 10 Katie Cleary 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Glenview , Illinois Episode 2 9 Nicole Panattoni 22 5 ft 11 in ( 1.80 m ) Murrieta , California Episode 3 8 Ebony Haith 24 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Bronx , New York Episode 4 7 Giselle Samson 18 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Corona , California Episode 5 6 Kesse Wallace 21 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) North Little Rock , Arkansas Episode 6 5 Robin Manning 26 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Memphis , Tennessee Episode 7 Elyse Sewell 20 5 ft 10 in ( 1.78 m ) Albuquerque , New Mexico Episode 9 Shannon Stewart 18 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Franklin , Ohio Adrianne Curry 20 5 ft 10.5 in ( 1.79 m ) Joliet , Illinois Episode summaries The girl who wants it bad First aired May 20 , 2003 Twenty semi-finalists , chosen from thousands of hopefuls , arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition . The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals , but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers , only eight advanced . Two more contestants , Giselle and Tessa , were added to the final cast following a separate audition . For the week 's photo shoot , the ten finalists modeled J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper . The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Douglas Bizzaro & Elizabeth Moss The girl is here to win , not make friends First aired May 27 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show . The challenge winner was Giselle . For the photo shoot , the finalists posed for Stuff magazine . The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Barry Hollywood Special guests : Wyclef Jean The girl who gets rushed to the emergency room First aired June 3 , 2003 The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers . They had a challenge on applying make - up , which was won by Elyse . For the week 's photo shoot , the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake . The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Troy Ward Special guests : Kim Lepine , Jon Silverman , Max Tucci , Janice Combs , Constance White , Derek Kahn The girl who drives everyone crazy First aired June 10 , 2003 The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills . They were given a challenge on line - reading , which was won by Robin . Instead of a photo shoot , the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses . The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition . Featured commercial director : Loren Haynes Special guests : Jon Silverman , Alice Spivak , Tracy Staus The girl who everyone thinks is killing herself First aired June 17 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the six remaining finalists gave interviews , with Elyse winning . The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis . The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Daniel Garriga Special guests : Cindy Berger , Jon Silverman , Clinton Portis , Christine Curry , Martin Crandall , Derek Kahn , Steve Santagati The girl who deals with a pervert First aired June 24 , 2003 The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week 's challenge and photo shoot . They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert , and for the challenge they attended go - sees . The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographer : Michel Haddi Special guests : Pink , Brad Pinkert , Emma Mackie , Marilyn Gauthier The girls Get really naked First aired July 1 , 2003 For the week 's challenge , the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men , who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation . The challenge winner was Adrianne . The finalists did two photo shoots this week : a black - and - white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks , and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry , the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in . The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session , which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition . Featured photographers : Tyra Banks , Patrick Katzman Special guests : Pascal Millet , Derek Khan How the girls got here First aired July 8 , 2003 This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage . The girl who becomes America 's Next Top Model First aired July 8 , 2003 The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry , Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart . Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session . Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show . The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America 's Next Top Model . Special guest : Drew Lineham Summaries Call - out order Order Episodes 5 6 7 9 Nicole Ebony Shannon Shannon Kesse Adrianne Elyse Elyse Shannon Adrianne Robin Elyse Nicole Kesse Elyse Kesse Shannon Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Kesse Kesse Giselle Elyse Adrianne Shannon Robin Shannon Elyse Elyse Adrianne Robin Giselle Robin Robin Adrianne Robin 5 Katie Katie Adrianne Adrianne Shannon Elyse Kesse 6 Ebony Nicole Ebony Robin Giselle Giselle 7 Adrianne Giselle Elyse Ebony Ebony 8 Shannon Robin Kesse Nicole 9 Shannon Katie 10 Tessa The contestant was eliminated The contestant won the competition In episode 1 , the pool of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 8 . Later , two more contestants ( Giselle and Tessa ) were scouted and introduced to the cast . In episode 7 , Robin and Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot . Episode 8 was the recap episode . Photo shoot guide Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimwear on a rooftop Episode 2 photo shoot : Swimwear for Stuff Episode 3 photo shoot : Beauty shots with snakes Episode 4 commercial : Fresh Look contact lenses Episode 5 photo shoot : Reebok ad with Clinton Portis Episode 6 photo shoot : Wonder Bra overlooking the Eiffel Tower Episode 7 photo shoots : Black & white beauty shots , nude campaign for Merit Diamond Makeovers Adrianne -- Weave with bangs Ebony -- Tuft shaved off Elyse -- Pixie cut Giselle -- Dyed red and layered Kesse -- Hair weave with honey blonde highlights , à la Tyra Banks in 1992 Nicole -- Weave trimmed and straightened Robin -- Weave removed and light brown weave added Shannon -- Straight hair weave and more blonde Post-top Model careers This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tessa Carlson modeled for Noah Kalina and Joey Quintero . Katie Cleary is working with Deal or No Deal and has done print modeling . She has been an on - camera host for TV Guide Channel , E ! News , and HDTV 's Get Out . Her acting credits include Chuck , The Break - Up , The Lake House , and Iron Man 2 . Adrianne Curry collected her prizes and has modeled for several magazines , including Life & Style Weekly , Us Weekly , Star , OK ! , Stuff , People , Maxim , made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005 , Max ( Spanish ) Marie Claire , Spanish Marie Claire , Von Dutch , Von Dutch Watches , Salon City , Macy 's , Famous Stars and Straps , Lucky , Ed Hardy , Kinis Bikinis , Beverly Hills Choppers , and Merit Diamonds . She has walked for Jaime Pressly and Pamela Anderson . She was signed with Wilhelmina Models and Avenue Modeller , and is no longer a model . She was married to actor Christopher Knight from 2006 to 2012 . Ebony Haith was signed with Downtown Model Management . Robin Manning is pursuing an acting career and has been in two movies , and has done church - related print work . Nicole Panattoni modeled for various companies . She is married to BMX rider Cory Nastazio . Giselle Samson now works as a hostess for Carnival Cruise . Elyse Sewell has done multiple print ads , and been signed by multiple agencies in Asia . Shannon Stewart has done print work , and has been signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management . She participated in the America 's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants , finishing in sixth place . References Jump up ^ `` Would - be supermodel finds her competition shallow '' . Record - Journal . June 2 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LOOKING FOR A TOP MODEL '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . June 3 , 2003 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ La Ferla , Ruth . `` Front Row '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why America 's Next Top Model Was Never Better Than Its First Cycle '' . Vulture. 2015 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Adrianne Curry Spills ' The Truth ' About ' America 's Next Top Model ' and Hearing ' Crickets ' From Tyra Banks '' . toofab . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20030420131826/http://www.upn.com/shows/top_model/bio_tessa.shtml Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . August 1 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . June 21 , 2003 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` UPN '' . April 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Stephens , Brittney . `` ANTM Contestants : Where Are They Now ? '' . Jump up ^ FashionModelDirectory.com , The FMD - . `` Adrianne Curry -- Fashion Model Models Photos , Editorials & Latest News The FMD '' . The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Balser , Erin ( January 10 , 2009 ) . `` Top Model Round - Up : January 10 '' . Topmodelgossip.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` ' Top Model All - Stars ' cast reported : Lisa D'Amato , Isis King in ; Jade out '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . External links America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 on IMDb America 's Next Top Model , cycle 1 at TV.com America 's Next Top Model Fact - O - File History ( hide ) America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco Other alumni Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Toccara Jones Bre Scullark Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Anchal Joseph Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Anya Kop Fatima Siad Dominique Reighard Analeigh Tipton Isis King Allison Harvard Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Laura Kirkpatrick Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Leila Goldkuhl Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_1)&oldid=837531539 '' Categories : America 's Next Top Model 2003 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2009 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 12 : 22 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%2527s%20Next%20Top%20Model%20%28cycle%201%29
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who went to france during the revolutionary war
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France in the American Revolutionary war
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france in the american revolutionary war
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French involvement in the American Revolutionary War began in 1775 , when France , a rival of the British Empire , secretly shipped supplies to the Continental Army . A Treaty of Alliance in 1778 soon followed , which led to shipments of money and matériel to the United States . Subsequently , the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic also began to send assistance , leaving the British Empire with no allies .
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France 's help is considered a vital and decisive contribution to the United States ' victory against the British . As a cost of participation in the war , France accumulated over 1 billion livres in debt . Contents ( hide ) 1 American origins of the conflict 2 French involvement 2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war 2.2 Entry into the war 2.3 North American operations 2.4 Other theaters 3 Peace and consequences 4 Financial aspects 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Bibliography 7.1 English 7.2 Primary sources 7.3 French American origins of the conflict ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution After its defeat in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 , France lost its vast holdings in North America . Meanwhile , the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation . As part of that conflict , the colonists organized the Boston Tea Party in response to a tax on tea . The British government responded by passing the Intolerable Acts , which included the closing of Boston Harbor and the revocation of Massachusetts 's colonial charter . This conflict exacerbated tensions further . The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775 , at which point the American patriots revolted against British rule . France , who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces , saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy . French involvement ( edit ) Choiseul actively reorganized the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain . France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years ' War and sought revenge . It also wanted to strategically weaken Britain . Following the Declaration of Independence , the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France . The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the `` English tyranny . '' Benjamin Franklin traveled to France in December 1776 in order to rally the nation 's support , and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm . At first , French support was covert : French agents sent the Patriots military aid ( predominantly gunpowder ) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie , beginning in the spring of 1776 . Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign at up to 90 % . By 1777 , over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels . Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism , volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army . The most famous was Lafayette , a charming young aristocrat who defied the king 's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20 . He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general . More importantly , he solidified a favorable American view of France . Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence . Lafayette 's personal style was highly attractive ; the young man learned quickly , adapted to the Patriot style , avoided politics , and became a fast friend of General Washington . Fifty years later , after a major career in French politics , he returned as a beloved hero of the war . Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war ( edit ) Before open war between France and Britain , Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents . Up against the British power , the young nation lacked arms and allies , and so it turned towards France . France was not directly interested in the conflict , but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent . Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then by Benjamin Franklin , France began covert support of the American cause . Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France 's foreign minister , the comte de Vergennes , Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie . The aid given by France , much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius , contributed to George Washington 's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777 . The aid was also a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne 's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga . French ports accommodated American ships , including privateers and Continental Navy warships , that acted against British merchant ships . France provided significant economic aid , either as donations or loans , and also offered technical assistance , granting some of its military strategists `` vacations '' so they could assist American troops . Silas Deane , appointed by the Americans and helped by French animosity towards Britain , obtained unofficial aid , starting in early 1776 . However , the goal was the total involvement of France in the war . A new delegation composed of Franklin , Deane , and Arthur Lee , was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations . Franklin , age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries , served as the chief diplomat with the title of `` minister '' ( the term `` ambassador '' was not used ) . He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress , and met with many leading diplomats , aristocrats , intellectuals , scientists and financiers . Franklin 's image and writings caught the French imagination -- there were many images of him sold on the market -- and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France . When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser , Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against the Prussia in line with the Franco - Austrian Alliance . France refused , causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour . Under these conditions , asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible . Attempts to rally Spain also failed : Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains , and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies . Public opinion in France was in favor of open war , but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved . The king 's economic and military advisors , in particular , remained reluctant . The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt , but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict . Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France 's wobbly system of taxation and finance . The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States , France , and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British , but Vergennes , waiting until his navy was ready , hesitated . On July 23 , 1777 , Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance , with war , or abandonment of the new nation . The choice , ratified by the king , was war . Entry into the war ( edit ) Main article : Franco - American alliance Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga , by John Trumbull , 1822 The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777 , but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France . The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious . The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans . France formally recognized the United States on February 6 , 1778 , with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance . Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17 , 1778 . The British naval force , then the largest fleet afloat , and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning . The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America , fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain . France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters , and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing , thus weakening the British Channel fleet . In spite of this reduction , the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest , and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July . D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27 , after which both fleets returned to port for repairs . France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues . On the continent , France was protected through its alliance with Austria which , even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War , affirmed its diplomatic support of France . Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause . Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and , in 1780 , Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality . North American operations ( edit ) Franco - American routes during the Yorktown campaign . French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders . In 1778 , American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport , Rhode Island , then under British occupation . The attempt failed , in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet . He then sailed to Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm . In 1779 , d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations , this time against British - held Savannah , Georgia . About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah , in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful . An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses . Support became more notable when , in 1780 , 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport , itself abandoned in 1779 by the British , and then established a naval base there . These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island . By early 1781 , with the war dragging on , French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war . That year 's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse , and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him . De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute . Rochambeau and Washington met in Wethersfield , Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options . Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia ( the latter led first by Benedict Arnold , then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis ) . Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance . These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots . Rochambeau , in a separate letter , urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia . Following the Wethersfield conference , Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains , New York and placed his command under Washington . De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown , Virginia . De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October . The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco - American army to begin a march for Virginia . De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette 's army in the blockade of Cornwallis 's army . A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse 's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival . The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America . Other theaters ( edit ) The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing . Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the world , from the West Indies to India . France 's navy at first dominated in the West Indies , capturing Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent , Montserrat , Tobago , and St. Kitts , but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war . A planned Franco - Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782 . At the end of the war . the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands . In European waters , France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779 . An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors . French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783 , but were unsuccessful in either storming the site , or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison . They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782 . In India , British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779 , sparking the Kingdom of Mysore , a longtime French ally , to begin the Second Anglo - Mysore War . Allied with the French , the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast , but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784 . A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes , and the only major military land action , the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore , was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed . Because of decisive battles on American soil , the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris . Peace and consequences ( edit ) Starting with the Siege of Yorktown , Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States . Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River , except for Florida ( which went to Spain ) . However , since France was not included in the American - British peace discussions , the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened . Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited . Ratification of the Treaty of Paris , 1783 . The British delegation refused to pose for the picture The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . France gained ( or regained ) territories in the Americas , Africa , and India . Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) were in part regained : Tobago , Saint Lucia , the Senegal River area , as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova . Spain regained Florida and Minorca , but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British . Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature , over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort , raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion . The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker , who , rather than increase taxes , used loans to pay off debts . State secretary of Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas . The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances . Trade also severely declined during the war , but was revived by 1783 . The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France , who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter . However , Great Britain , not France , became the leading trading partner of the United States . The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment , as attested by Franklin and Jefferson , and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787 . In turn , the Revolution influenced France . Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences . European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous , and began to take measures in order to secure their positions . On May 22 , 1781 , the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons , reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility . Financial aspects ( edit ) In all the French spent 1.3 billion livres to support the Americans directly , in addition to the money it spent fighting Britain on land and sea outside the U.S. France 's status as a great modern power was re-affirmed by the war , but it was detrimental to the country 's finances . Even though France 's European territories were not affected , victory in a war against Great Britain with battles like the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781 had a large financial cost which severely degraded fragile finances and increased the national debt . France gained little except that it weakened its main strategic enemy and gained a new , fast - growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner . However , the trade never materialized , and in 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic . Some historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict . But Jonathan R. Dull states that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation , not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada . See also ( edit ) Franco - American alliance List of French units in the American Revolutionary War References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1774 : Parliament passes the Boston Port Act '' . History Channel . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ronald , and Peter J. Albert , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( United States Capitol Historical Society , 1981 ) Jump up ^ `` Journal of the American Revolution , The Gunpowder shortage ( September 9 , 2013 ). ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer , `` America 's Lafayette and Lafayette 's America : A European and the American Revolution , '' William & Mary Quarterly ( 1981 ) 38 # 2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître ( 2005 ) . Beaumarchais . Kessinger Publishing . p. 229 . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson ; et al. ( 2009 ) . American Foreign Relations , Volume 1 : A History to 1920 . Cengage Learning . pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin ( 2000 ) . From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South . iUniverse . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf ( 1991 ) . Establishing the New Regime : The Washington Administration . Taylor & Francis . pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( 2002 ) . The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad . The Minerva Group , Inc . pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( 2006 ) . A Great Improvisation : Franklin , France , and the Birth of America . Macmillan . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth , `` Bridging the Continental Divide : Colonial America 's ' French Quarter . ' '' OAH Magazine of History 25.1 ( 2011 ) : 19 - 24 . Jump up ^ Peter McPhee ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne U. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill ( 1988 ) . French Perceptions of the Early American Republic , 1783 - 1793 . American Philosophical Society . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy , 1774 - 1787 ( 1975 ) Bibliography ( edit ) English ( edit ) Bemis , Samuel Flagg . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1935 ) Brown , John L. `` Revolution and the Muse : the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry . '' William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41 ( 4 ) : 592 -- 614 . Issn : 0043 - 5597 Fulltext in : Jstor Brecher , Frank W. Securing American Independence : John Jay and the French Alliance . Praeger Publishers , 2003 . Pp . xiv , 327 online Chartrand , René , and Back , Francis . The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey ; 1991 . Corwin , Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books ; 1962 . Dull , Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ; Yale U. Press , 1985 . Dull , Jonathan R . The French Navy and American Independence : A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774 -- 1787 ( 1975 ) Kaplan , Lawrence S . `` The Diplomacy of the American Revolution : the Perspective from France . '' Reviews in American History 1976 4 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 390 . review of Dull ( 1975 ) in JSTOR Gottschalk , Louis . Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online ; Lafayette Joins the American Army ( 1937 ) Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Peace and the Peacemakers : The Treaty of 1783 . U. Press of Virginia , 1986 . 263 pp . Hoffman , Ronald and Albert , Peter J. , ed . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 . U. Press of Virginia , 1981 . 200 pp . Hudson , Ruth Strong . The Minister from France : Conrad - Alexandre Gérard , 1729 -- 1790 . Lutz , 1994 . 279 pp . Hutson , James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 1980 ) Kennett , Lee . The French Forces in America , 1780 -- 1783. Greenwood , 1977 . 188 pp . Kramer , Lloyd . Lafayette in Two Worlds : Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. ( 1996 ) . 355 pp . Morris , Richard B . `` The Great Peace of 1783 , '' Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings ( 1983 ) Vol. 95 , pp 29 -- 51 . Morris , Richard B . The Peacemakers : The Great Powers and American Independence ( 1975 ) Perkins , James Breck . France in the American Revolution 1911 online Popofsky , Linda S. and Sheldon , Marianne B. `` French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution , 1770 -- 1815 : a Comparative Perspective . '' History of European Ideas1987 8 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 597 -- 609 . Issn : 0191 - 6599 Pritchard , James . `` French Strategy and the American Revolution : a Reappraisal . '' Naval War College Review 1994 47 ( 4 ) : 83 -- 108 . Issn : 0028 - 1484 Schaeper , Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era : The Life of Jacques - Donatien Leray de Chaumont , 1725 -- 1803 . Berghahn Books , 1995 . 384 pp. He provided military supplies . Unger , Harlow Giles . Lafayette Wiley , 2002 online Van Tyne , C.H. `` Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America , 1778 , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 3 pp. 528 -- 541 in JSTOR Primary sources ( edit ) Lafayette , Marquis de . Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution : Selected Letters and Papers , 1776 -- 1790 . Vol. 2 : April 10 , 1778 -- March 20 , 1780 . Cornell U. Press , 1979 . 518 pp . French ( edit ) Susan Mary Alsop , Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI , 1982 . Traduction française : Jean - Claude Lattès ( 1983 ) . Henri Haeau , Complot pour l'Amérique 1775 -- 1779 , Paris , Éditions Robert Laffont , 1990 , ISBN 2 - 221 - 05364 - 8 J. - M. Bizière et J. Sole , Dictionnaire des Biographies , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 1993 . Olivier Chaline , La France au XVIIIe siècle ( 1715 -- 1787 ) , Paris , Éditions Belin , 1996 . Joël Cornette , Absolutisme et Lumière 1652 -- 1783 , collection Carré Histoire , Paris , Éditions Hachette , 2000 . ISBN 2 - 01 - 145422 - 0 Jean Egret , Necker , ministre de Louis XVI , 1776 -- 1790 , Honoré Champion ; Paris , 1975 . André Zysberg , La Monarchie des Lumières ( 1775 -- 1786 ) , Paris , Éditions du Seuil , 2002 . 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what are the northern hairy nosed wombats predators
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Threats to the northern hairy - nosed wombat include small population size , predation , competition for food , disease , floods , droughts , wildfires , and habitat loss . Its small , highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters . Wild dogs are the wombat 's primary predator . The habitat at Epping Forest National Park is now well - protected for better chances of survival .
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Wild dogs
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Northern hairy - nosed wombat
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northern hairy - nosed wombat
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The northern hairy - nosed wombat ( Lasiorhinus krefftii ) is one of three extant species of wombats . It is one of the rarest land mammals in the world and is critically endangered . Its historical range extended across New South Wales , Victoria , and Queensland as recently as 100 years ago , but it is now restricted to one place , a 3 - km range within the 32 - km Epping Forest National Park in Queensland . In 2003 , the total population consisted of 113 individuals , including only around 30 breeding females . In the last census taken in 2013 , the estimated population was 196 individuals , with an additional 9 individuals at the Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland . In recent years , the population has experienced a slow but steady increase to an estimated 230 individuals in 2015 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Behaviour 3 Taxonomy 3.1 Nomenclature 3.2 Classification 4 Conservation 5 References Description ( edit ) In general , all species of wombat are heavily built , with large heads and short , powerful legs . They have strong claws to dig their burrows , where they live much of the time . It usually takes about a day for an individual to dig a burrow . Northern hairy - nosed wombats have bodies covered in soft , grey fur and even have fur on their noses , a trait that sets them apart from the common wombat . They have longer , more pointed ears and a much broader muzzle than the other two species . Individuals can be 35 cm high , up to 1 m long and weigh up to 40 kg . The species exhibits sexual dimorphism , with females being somewhat larger than males due to the presence of an extra layer of fat . They are slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster ( giving birth to two young every three years on average ) . The northern hairy - nosed wombat 's nose is very important in its survival because it has very poor eyesight , so it must detect its food in the dark through smell . Behaviour ( edit ) The northern hairy - nosed wombat is nocturnal , living underground in networks of burrows . They avoid coming above ground during harsh weather , as their burrows maintain a constant humidity and temperature . They have been known to share burrows with up to 10 individuals , equally divided by sex . Young are usually born during the wet season , between November and April . When rain is abundant , 50 - 80 % of the females in the population will breed , giving birth to one offspring at a time . Juveniles stay in their mothers ' pouches for 8 to 9 months , and are weaned at 12 months of age . The fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit northern hairy - nosed wombats to go without food for several days when food is scarce . Even when they do feed every day , it is only for 6 hours a day in the winter and 2 hours in the summer , significantly less than a similar - sized kangaroo , which feeds for at least 18 hours a day . Their diet consists of native grasses : black speargrass ( Heteropogon contortus ) , bottle washer grasses ( Enneapogon spp . ) , golden beard grass ( Chrysopogon fallax ) , and three - awned grass ( Aristida spp . ) , as well as various types of roots . The teeth continue to grow beyond the juvenile period , and are worn down by the abrasive grasses they eat. . Its habitat has become infested with African buffel grass , which outcompetes the native grasses on which the wombat prefers to feed . Taxonomy ( edit ) Nomenclature ( edit ) The genus name Lasiorhinus comes from the Latin words lasios , meaning hairy or shaggy , and rhinus , meaning nose . The widely accepted common name is northern hairy - nosed wombat , based on the historical range of the species , as well as the fur , or `` whiskers '' , on its nose . In some older literature , it is referred to as the Queensland hairy - nosed wombat . Classification ( edit ) The northern hairy - nosed wombat shares its genus with one other extant species , the southern hairy - nosed wombat , while the common wombat is in the genus Vombatus . Both Lasiorhinus species differ morphologically from the common wombat by their silkier fur , broader hairy noses , and longer ears . The koala is the most closely related marsupial to wombats , and is categorised in the same suborder , Vombatiformes . Conservation. ( edit ) Threats to the northern hairy - nosed wombat include small population size , predation , competition for food , disease , floods , droughts , wildfires , and habitat loss . Its small , highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters . Wild dogs are the wombat 's primary predator . The habitat at Epping Forest National Park is now well - protected for better chances of survival . Due to these threats , the northern hairy - nosed wombat is listed as `` endangered '' by the Australian Species Profile and Threats Database ( SPRAT ) , and `` critically endangered '' by the IUCN . Its range is restricted to about 300 ha ( 750 acres ) of the Epping National Forest in east - central Queensland , 120 km northwest of Clermont . To combat the vulnerability of this species , a number of conservation projects have been put into action over recent years . One example was the construction of a two - metre - high , predator - proof fence around 25 km of the park in 2000 . A second population of wombats has been established at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland . This second population was established in 2008 and is also in a reserve surrounded by a predator - proof fence . Within Epping Forest National Park , increased attention and funds have been given for wombat research and population monitoring , fire management , maintenance of the predator - proof fence , general management , and control of predators and competitors , and elimination of invasive plant species . In addition , the species recovery plan of 2004 to 2008 included communication and community involvement in saving the species and worked to increase the current population in the wild , established other populations within the wombat 's historical range , and worked with zoos to establish a captive husbandry program . Also , a volunteer caretaker program allows volunteers to contribute in monitoring the population and keeping the predator fence in good repair . Finally , DNA fingerprint identification of wombat hairs allows research to be conducted without an invasive trapping or radio - tracking program . Due to the combined efforts of these forces , the northern hairy - nosed wombat population is slowly making a comeback . References ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to : Lasiorhinus latifrons Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lasiorhinus latifrons . Jump up ^ Groves , C.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Order Diprotodontia '' . In Wilson , D.E. ; Reeder , D.M. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference ( 3rd ed . ) . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . OCLC 62265494 . ^ Jump up to : Taggart , D. ; Martin , R. & Horsup ( 2008 ) . `` Lasiorhinus krefftii '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 02 Sept 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eastwood , K. ( October -- December 2003 ) . `` Saving the northern hairy - nosed wombat '' . Australian Geographic ( 72 ) . Jump up ^ Horsup , Alan ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Northern hairy - nosed wombat '' . Queensland Government . The State of Queensland ( Department of Environment and Heritage Protection ) . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jew , Darren . `` Northern Hairy - Nosed Wombat '' . Wildlife Preservation Society of Qld . Wildlife Queensland . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Banks , Sam ; Hoyle , Horsup ; Sunnucks , Taylor ( 28 February 2006 ) . `` Demographic monitoring of an entire species ( the northern hairy - nosed wombat , Lasiorhinus krefftii ) by genetic analysis of non-invasively collected material '' . Animal Conservation. 6 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 107 . doi : 10.1017 / S1367943003003135 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , C.N. ; Crossman ( 23 March 2009 ) . `` Dispersal and social organization of the northern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii '' . Journal of Zoology. 225 ( 4 ) : 605 -- 613 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb04328. x . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , C.N. ( November 1991 ) . `` Utilization of habitat by the northern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii '' . Journal of Zoology. 225 ( 3 ) : 495 -- 507 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1991. tb03831. x . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gotch , A.F. ( 1979 ) . Mammals , their Latin names explained . Poole : Blanchford Press . Jump up ^ Gordon , G. ; Riney , T. ; Toop , J. ; Lawrie , B.C. ; Godwin , M.D. ( 1985 ) . `` Observations on the Queensland Hairy - nosed Wombat , Lasiorhinus krefftii ( Owen ) '' . Biological Conservation. 33 : 165 -- 195 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 ( 85 ) 90102 - 8 . Jump up ^ Horsup , A. `` Recovery plan for the northern hairy - nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii 2004 - 2008 '' . Report to the Department of Environment and Heritage , Canberra . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Triggs , B ( 2009 ) . Wombats . Collingwood , Australia : CSIRO Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Lasiorhinus krefftii Northern Hairy - nosed Wombat '' . deh.gov.au . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Environment and Resource Management . `` Northern hairy - nosed wombat '' . Queensland Government . Jump up ^ Short , Jeff ; Smith ( 2 May 1994 ) . `` Mammal Decline and Recovery in Australia '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 75 ( 2 ) : 288 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 1382547 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Lauren C. ; Horsup , Alan ; Taylor , Andrea C. ; Austin , Jeremy J. ( 2014 ) . `` Improving genetic monitoring of the northern hairy - nosed wombat ( Lasiorhinus krefftii ) '' . Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 250 . doi : 10.1071 / zo14031 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sloane , M.A. ; Sunnucks , Alpers ; Taylor , Beheragary ( September 2000 ) . `` Highly reliable genetic identification of individual northern hairy - nosed wombats from single remotely collected hairs : a feasible censusing method '' . Molecular Ecology. 9 ( 9 ) : 1233 -- 1240 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 294x. 2000.00993. x . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Underhill D ( 1993 ) . Australia 's Dangerous Creatures . Sydney NSW : Reader 's Digest . ISBN 0 - 86438 - 018 - 6 . Extant Diprotodontia species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia ( hide ) Suborder Vombatiformes Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos Koala ( P. cinereus ) Vombatidae ( Wombats ) Vombatus Common wombat ( V. ursinus ) Lasiorhinus Southern hairy - nosed wombat ( L. latifrons ) Northern hairy - nosed wombat ( L. krefftii ) Suborder Phalangeriformes ( Possums ) ( cont . below ) Phalangeridae ( including Cuscuses ) Ailurops ( Bear cuscuses ) Talaud bear cuscus ( A. melanotis ) Sulawesi bear cuscus ( A. ursinus ) Phalanger Gebe Cuscus ( P. alexandrae ) Mountain cuscus ( P. carmelitae ) Ground cuscus ( P. gymnotis ) Eastern common cuscus ( P. intercastellanus ) Woodlark cuscus ( P. lullulae ) Blue - eyed cuscus ( P. matabiru ) Telefomin cuscus ( P. matanim ) Southern common cuscus ( P. mimicus ) Northern common cuscus ( P. orientalis ) Ornate cuscus ( P. ornatus ) Rothschild 's cuscus ( P. rothschildi ) Silky cuscus ( P. sericeus ) Stein 's cuscus ( P. vestitus ) Spilocuscus Admiralty Island cuscus ( S. kraemeri ) Common spotted cuscus ( S. maculatus ) Waigeou cuscus ( S. papuensis ) Black - spotted cuscus ( S. rufoniger ) Blue - eyed spotted cuscus ( S. wilsoni ) Strigocuscus Sulawesi dwarf cuscus ( S. celebensis ) Banggai cuscus ( S. pelegensis ) Trichosurus ( Brushtail possums ) Northern brushtail possum ( T. arnhemensis ) Short - eared possum ( T. caninus ) Mountain brushtail possum ( T. cunninghami ) Coppery brushtail possum ( T. johnstonii ) Common brushtail possum ( T. vulpecula ) Wyulda Scaly - tailed possum ( W. squamicaudata ) Burramyidae ( Pygmy possums ) Burramys Mountain pygmy possum ( B. parvus ) Cercartetus Long - tailed pygmy possum ( C. caudatus ) Southwestern pygmy possum ( C. concinnus ) Tasmanian pygmy possum ( C. lepidus ) Eastern pygmy possum ( C. nanus ) Suborder Phalangeriformes ( Possums ) ( cont . above ) Tarsipedidae Tarsipes Honey possum ( T. rostratus ) Petauridae Dactylopsila Great - tailed triok ( D. megalura ) Long - fingered triok ( D. palpator ) Tate 's triok ( D. tatei ) Striped possum ( D. trivirgata ) Gymnobelideus Leadbeater 's possum ( G. leadbeateri ) Petaurus Northern glider ( P. abidi ) Yellow - bellied glider ( P. australis ) Biak glider ( P. biacensis ) Sugar glider ( P. breviceps ) Mahogany glider ( P. gracilis ) Squirrel glider ( P. norfolcensis ) Pseudocheiridae Hemibelideus Lemur - like ringtail possum ( H. lemuroides ) Petauroides Greater glider ( P. volans ) Petropseudes Rock - haunting ringtail possum ( P. dahli ) Pseudocheirus Common ringtail possum ( P. peregrinus ) Pseudochirulus Lowland ringtail possum ( P. canescens ) Weyland ringtail possum ( P. caroli ) Cinereus ringtail possum ( P. cinereus ) Painted ringtail possum ( P. forbesi ) Herbert River ringtail possum ( P. herbertensis ) Masked ringtail possum ( P. larvatus ) Pygmy ringtail possum ( P. mayeri ) Vogelkop ringtail possum ( P. schlegeli ) Pseudochirops D'Albertis ' ringtail possum ( P. albertisii ) Green ringtail possum ( P. archeri ) Plush - coated ringtail possum ( P. corinnae ) Reclusive ringtail possum ( P. coronatus ) Coppery ringtail possum ( P. cupreus ) Acrobatidae Acrobates Feathertail glider ( A. pygmaeus ) Distoechurus Feather - tailed possum ( D. pennatus ) Suborder Macropodiformes ( cont . below ) Macropodidae ( includes Wallabies ) Lagostrophus Banded hare - wallaby ( L. fasciatus ) Dendrolagus ( Tree - kangaroos ) Grizzled tree - kangaroo ( D. inustus ) Lumholtz 's tree - kangaroo ( D. lumholtzi ) Bennett 's tree - kangaroo ( D. bennettianus ) Ursine tree - kangaroo ( D. ursinus ) Matschie 's tree - kangaroo ( D. matschiei ) Doria 's tree - kangaroo ( D. dorianus ) Ifola tree - kangaroo ( D. notatus ) Goodfellow 's tree - kangaroo ( D. goodfellowi ) Lowlands tree - kangaroo ( D. spadix ) Golden - mantled tree - kangaroo ( D. pulcherrimus ) Seri 's tree - kangaroo ( D. stellarum ) Dingiso ( D. mbaiso ) Tenkile ( D. scottae ) Dorcopsis Brown dorcopsis ( D. muelleri ) White - striped dorcopsis ( D. hageni ) Black dorcopsis ( D. atrata ) Gray dorcopsis ( D. luctuosa ) Dorcopsulus Small dorcopsis ( D. vanheurni ) Macleay 's dorcopsis ( D. macleayi ) Lagorchestes Spectacled hare - wallaby ( L. conspicillatus ) Rufous hare - wallaby ( L. hirsutus ) Macropus ( includes Kangaroos and Wallaroos ) Subgenus Notamacropus : Agile wallaby ( M. agilis ) Black - striped wallaby ( M. dorsalis ) Tammar wallaby ( M. eugenii ) Western brush wallaby ( M. irma ) Parma wallaby ( M. parma ) Pretty - faced wallaby ( M. parryi ) Red - necked wallaby ( M. rufogriseus ) Subgenus Osphranter : Antilopine kangaroo ( M. antilopinus ) Woodward 's wallaroo ( M. bernadus ) Eastern wallaroo ( M. robustus ) Red kangaroo ( M. rufus ) Subgenus Macropus : Western grey kangaroo ( M. fuliginosus ) Eastern grey kangaroo ( M. giganteus ) Onychogalea ( Nail - tail wallabies ) Bridled nail - tail wallaby ( O. fraenata ) Northern nail - tail wallaby ( O. unguifera ) Petrogale ( Rock - wallabies ) P. brachyotis species - group : Short - eared rock - wallaby ( P. brachyotis ) Wilkins ' rock - wallaby ( P. wilkinsi ) Monjon ( P. burbidgei ) Nabarlek ( P. concinna ) P. xanthopus species - group : Proserpine rock - wallaby ( P. persephone ) Rothschild 's rock - wallaby ( P. rothschildi ) Yellow - footed rock - wallaby ( P. xanthopus ) P. lateralis / penicillata species - group : Allied rock - wallaby ( P. assimilis ) Cape York rock - wallaby ( P. coenensis ) Godman 's rock - wallaby ( P. godmani ) Herbert 's rock - wallaby ( P. herberti ) Unadorned rock - wallaby ( P. inornata ) Black - flanked rock - wallaby ( P. lateralis ) Mareeba rock - wallaby ( P. mareeba ) Brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( P. penicillata ) Purple - necked rock - wallaby ( P. purpureicollis ) Mount Claro rock - wallaby ( P. sharmani ) Setonix Quokka ( S. brachyurus ) Thylogale ( Pademelons ) Tasmanian pademelon ( T. billardierii ) Brown 's pademelon ( T. browni ) Dusky pademelon ( T. brunii ) Calaby 's pademelon ( T. calabyi ) Mountain pademelon ( T. lanatus ) Red - legged pademelon ( T. stigmatica ) Red - necked pademelon ( T. thetis ) Wallabia Swamp wallaby ( W. bicolor ) Suborder Macropodiformes ( cont . above ) Potoroidae Aepyprymnus Rufous rat - kangaroo ( A. rufescens ) Bettongia ( Bettongs ) Eastern bettong ( B. gaimardi ) Boodie ( B. lesueur ) Woylie ( B. penicillata ) Northern bettong ( B. tropica ) Potorous ( Potoroos ) Long - footed potoroo ( P. longipes ) Long - nosed potoroo ( P. tridactylus ) Gilbert 's potoroo (. gilbertii ) Hypsiprymnodontidae Hypsiprymnodon Musky rat - kangaroo ( H. moschatus ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_hairy-nosed_wombat&oldid=802933738 '' Categories : IUCN Red List critically endangered species Critically endangered fauna of Australia Vombatiforms Mammals of Queensland Mammals of New South Wales Marsupials of Australia EDGE species Nature Conservation Act endangered biota Taxa named by Richard Owen Mammals described in 1873 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 11 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20hairy-nosed%20wombat
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who played max as a girl in wizards of waverly place
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In 2011 , Madison had a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Wizards of Waverly Place as Maxine , the girl form of Max Russo . She also appeared in Just Go with It , alongside Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston , as Maggie Murphy , a young girl who wants to become an actress . Madison can be seen in the drama film , An Invisible Sign as the younger version of Jessica Alba 's character Mona Gray . She starred in her first leading role in the horror film , Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark , alongside Katie Holmes and Guy Pearce where she portrayed Sally Hurst , a lonely withdrawn child who is sent to live with her father and his new girlfriend .
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Bailee Madison
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bailee madison
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Bailee Madison ( born October 15 , 1999 ) is an American actress . In film , she played May Belle Aarons in Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) , Isabelle in Brothers ( 2009 ) , Sally Hurst in Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) , Maggie in Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , Harper Simmons in Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) , and Kinsey in The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) .
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On television , she made guest appearances as Maxine Russo in Wizards of Waverly Place and young Snow White in Once Upon a Time . She also has a recurring role as Sophia Quinn in The Fosters . In 2015 , she began starring as Grace Russell in the Hallmark Channel series Good Witch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Community involvement 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Madison was born in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , the youngest of seven children . She has four brothers and two sisters . Her older sister , Kaitlin Riley , is also an actress . Her mother is Patricia Riley . She began her career when she was two weeks old in an Office Depot commercial . Since then , she has appeared in several national commercials for major companies including Disney , SeaWorld , and Cadillac . She also serves as a national youth spokesperson for the childhood - cancer charity Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation . She made her major motion picture debut in the movie Lonely Hearts , in which she plays Rainelle , a girl thrown into the midst of a world of crime . Madison also has a significant role in the Disney movie Bridge to Terabithia , based on the children 's book . She plays May Belle Aarons , the younger sister of the lead male character played by Josh Hutcherson . She also appears in the independent film Look as Megan , a girl who is being watched and followed by a kidnapper . Madison at the Faith and Values Awards Gala in 2008 Madison had a small role in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles during the season 1 finale `` What He Beheld '' as a girl who becomes part of a short - lived hostage situation . In the DVD extras it is said that they thought about changing the role slightly because of its violent nature , but she insisted that they not . Madison appeared in Nickelodeon 's made - for - TV movie , The Last Day of Summer . She plays a girl who helps a friend during a difficult time . Another Nickelodeon production she had a role in was the television Christmas special Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh . She played a girl who lived with a foster family . Madison is seen in a featured supporting role in the 2009 film Brothers as Isabelle Cahill , the older daughter of Captain Sam Cahill ( Tobey Maguire ) and Grace Cahill ( Natalie Portman ) . For her portrayal in the movie , she was nominated for both a Saturn Award and a BFCA Critics ' Choice Award . In 2010 , Madison was in the movie Letters to God , where she portrayed Samantha Perryfield , best friend of the lead character who is fighting cancer . She is seen in Conviction playing the younger version of Hilary Swank 's character , Betty Anne Waters . She can be seen in the episode `` Locum '' from Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Mackenzie Burton , a girl who was adopted and feels like she is only filling the place of her parents ' older daughter who was abducted years ago . She appeared in three episodes of the children 's horror series , R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour . In 2011 , Madison had a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Wizards of Waverly Place as Maxine , the girl form of Max Russo . She also appeared in Just Go with It , alongside Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston , as Maggie Murphy , a young girl who wants to become an actress . Madison can be seen in the drama film , An Invisible Sign as the younger version of Jessica Alba 's character Mona Gray . She starred in her first leading role in the horror film , Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark , alongside Katie Holmes and Guy Pearce where she portrayed Sally Hurst , a lonely withdrawn child who is sent to live with her father and his new girlfriend . Madison at the Golden Globes Gift Lounge on January 14 , 2012 In 2012 , Madison appeared in the Hallmark film A Taste of Romance alongside Teri Polo and James Patrick Stuart . She also had a guest role as the younger version of Ginnifer Goodwin 's character Snow White in the TV series Once Upon a Time . She also could be seen as the main character in the film Cowgirls n ' Angels where she played the feisty and rebellious Ida Clayton who has fantasies of finding her father , a rodeo rider . Madison appeared in another Hallmark film entitled Smart Cookie as Daisy , an eager girl hoping to prove herself as a Girl Scout . In December , she appeared in the family comedy film Parental Guidance , alongside Billy Crystal and Bette Midler . In 2013 , Madison began playing Hillary on the TV sitcom Trophy Wife , replacing Gianna LePera who played the character in the pilot . In 2014 , she began playing the recurring role of Sophia Quinn in the ABC Family drama The Fosters . In 2015 , she began playing Grace Russell , the daughter of Cassie Nightingale , in the Hallmark series Good Witch . In 2018 , she portrayed the role of Kinsey , a rebellious child in horror film The Strangers : Prey at Night . Christina Hendricks and Martin Henderson played her parents . The film received mixed response from critics . Bailee Madison 's career also includes voice over work ( or voice acting ) with Breathe Bible . Community involvement ( edit ) Madison has served as the national youth spokesperson for Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation since 2010 , an organization that encourages kids to fundraise and spread awareness of pediatric cancer by running their own lemonade stands . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Lonely Hearts Rainelle Downing 2007 Bridge to Terabithia May Belle Aarons 2007 Look Megan 2008 Phoebe in Wonderland Olivia Lichten 2009 Brothers Isabelle Cahill An Invisible Sign Young Mona Gray Conviction Young Betty Anne Waters Letters to God Samantha Perryfield 2011 Just Go With It Maggie Murphy ( Kiki Dee ) 2011 Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Sally Hurst 2011 25 Hill Kate Slater Cameo appearance 2012 Parental Guidance Harper Simmons 2012 Monica Monica Voice role ; animated short 2012 Cowgirls ' n Angels Ida Clayton 2013 The Magic Bracelet Ashley Short film 2016 Annabelle Hooper and the Ghosts of Nantucket Annabelle Hooper 2016 Holiday Joy Joy 2016 The Night Before Halloween Megan 2017 A Cowgirl 's Story Dusty Rhodes Also producer 2018 The Strangers : Prey at Night Kinsey Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 CSI : NY Rose Duncan Episode : `` Boo '' 2007 House Lucy Episode : `` Act Your Age '' 2007 Unfabulous Young Addie Singer 2 episodes 2007 Cory in the House Maya 2 episodes 2007 Saving Sarah Cain Hannah Cottrell Movie 2007 The Last Day of Summer Maxine Movie 2008 Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Little Girl Episode : `` What He Beheld '' 2008 Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh Mary Alice Johansson Movie Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Mackenzie Burton Episode : `` Locum '' Hubworld Herself 2010 , 2012 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Lilly Carbo / Jenny / Becky 4 episodes 2011 Wizards of Waverly Place Maxine Russo 6 episodes ( Season 4 ) 2011 Chase Zoe Episode : `` Father Figure '' 2011 Powers Calista Pilot 2012 A Taste of Romance Hannah Callahan Movie 2012 Smart Cookies Daisy Movie 2012 -- 13 , 2016 Once Upon a Time Young Snow White 4 episodes 2013 Holliston Bailee Episode `` Rock the Cradle '' 2013 Half Riley Young Movie 2013 Pete 's Christmas Katie Movie 2013 -- 2014 Trophy Wife Hillary Harrison Series regular ( 21 episodes ) 2014 -- 2016 The Fosters Sophia Quinn Recurring role , 11 episodes 2014 American Dad ! Unknown Episode : `` Roger Passes The Bar '' 2014 Northpole Clementine Movie 2015 -- present Good Witch Grace Russell Series regular ( 30 episodes ) 2015 Northpole : Open for Christmas Clementine Movie 2015 Mulaney Ruby Episode : `` Ruby '' 2015 Good Witch Halloween Grace Russell Hallmark movie 2016 Date with Love Heidi Watts Hallmark movie 2016 Holiday Joy Joy Hockstatter Movie Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2008 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film Young Actress Age Ten or Younger Bridge to Terabithia Won Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Won Best Performance in a TV Series Guest Starring Young Actress House Nominated Best Performance in a TV Movie , Miniseries or Special -- Supporting Young Actress The Last Day of Summer Won Movieguide Awards Most Inspirational Television Acting Saving Sarah Cain Won BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards Best Young Actress Brothers Nominated Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actress Ten and Under ) An Invisible Sign Nominated Youth Rock Awards Rockin ' Child Performer ( TV / Film ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Nominated 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress Just Go With It Nominated 2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Parental Guidance Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Children in Film '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stacey Harrison . `` Bailee Madison returns to The Hub 's `` Haunting Hour '' with `` Scarecrow '' `` . channelguidemag.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ I Am Second . `` I Am Second Bailee Madison -- Child Actress '' . youtube.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bailee Madison Trophy Wife '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Witch ' Star Bailee Madison Teases Spellbinding Season 2 '' . International Business Times . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review -- Strangers : Prey at Night is Why Some Films Do n't Need Sequels '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . 2018 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : The Strangers : Prey at Night is a Quick , Bloody Slasher Throwback '' . Consequence of Sound . 2018 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bailee Madison , The Voice of Young Mary '' , BreatheBible.com ; retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young actress Bailee Madison sells lemonade for charity , celebrates Girl Scouts 100th anniversary with new role '' , FoxNews.com , June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge to Terabithia official site '' . Disney.go.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J2 Pictures / J2TV official web site '' . J2tv.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Josh L. Dickey ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Bailee Madison rides rodeo pic '' . variety.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Day Of Summer official site '' . Nick.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh official site '' . Nick.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Bailee Madison : Katie and I will be on the '' . Twitter.com . December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Megan Walsh - Boyle . `` Exclusive : Disney Channel Announces Season 4 of Wizards of Waverly Place '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Pilot Castings : USA 's ' Over / Under ' Finds Female Lead , Young Actress Joins ' Powers ' '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cast of Good Witch '' . Hallmark Channel . ^ Jump up to : `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ garcia , Ellen ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Movies of 2007 Announced at ' Christian Oscars ' '' . christianpost.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2010 ) -- Best Picture : The Hurt Locker '' . criticschoice.com . November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ross ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Avatar Leads 2010 Saturn Awards Nominations '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . The Young Artist Foundation . 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Rock Awards Nominees '' . Youth Rocks Awards . 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Ballot ! '' . Fangoria Staff . 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . The Young Artist Foundation . 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bailee Madison . Bailee Madison on IMDb Bailee Madison on Twitter Bailee Madison at AllMovie VIAF : 91177049 LCCN : no2009112111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6603 1804 GND : 1020547847 BNF : cb16612024q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bailee_Madison&oldid=834314795 '' Categories : 1999 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Florida American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Actresses from Fort Lauderdale , Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt डोटेली 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailee%20Madison
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explain the advantage of increased blood pressure in the glomerulus
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Ultrafiltration ( renal )
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ultrafiltration ( renal )
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In renal physiology , ultrafiltration occurs at the barrier between the blood and the filtrate in the glomerular capsule ( Bowman 's capsule ) in the kidneys . As in nonbiological examples of ultrafiltration , pressure ( in this case blood pressure ) and concentration gradients lead to a separation through a semipermeable membrane ( provided by the podocytes ) . The Bowman 's capsule contains a dense capillary network called the glomerulus . Blood flows into these capillaries through the afferent arterioles and leaves through the efferent arterioles .
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The high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules in the tubular fluid such as water , glucose , amino acids , sodium chloride and urea through the filter , from the blood in the glomerular capsule across the basement membrane of the Bowman 's capsule and into the renal tubules . This process is called ultrafiltration ; the resulting fluid , virtually free of large proteins and blood cells , is referred to as glomerular filtrate , or ultrafiltrate . Further modification of ultrafiltrate , by reabsorption and secretion , transforms it into urine . Glomerular pressure is about 75 millimeters of mercury ( 10 kPa ) . It is opposed by osmotic pressure ( 30 mmHg , 4.0 kPa ) and hydrostatic pressure ( 20 mmHg , 2.7 kPa ) of solutes present in capsular space . This difference in pressure is called effective pressure ( 25 mmHg , 3.3 kPa ) . In hemodialysis centers , ultrafiltration takes place on the hemodialysis machines when the venous pressure is greater than the transmembrane pressure ( TMP ) . This cleans whole blood while keeping its blood cells intact . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selectivity 2 Slow continuous ultrafiltration 3 See also 4 References Selectivity ( edit ) See also : Table of permselectivity for different substances The structures of the layers of the glomerulus determine their permeability - selectivity ( permselectivity ) . For instance , small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely , while larger plasma proteins , such as hemoglobin tetramers , haptoglobin bound hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all . Also , negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than positively charged ones . Slow continuous ultrafiltration ( edit ) Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration ( SCUF ) is an artificial method which approximately mimics the ultrafiltration function of the kidneys . SCUF is a continuous renal replacement therapy ( CRRT ) generally used to remove fluid from fluid overloaded patients suffering acute renal failure . During SCUF blood is removed from the body and is passed through an extracorporeal circuit through a hemofilter and a predetermined percentage of plasma water is removed based upon a prescription . Typically , no more than 2 liters an hour of fluid is removed . The remaining blood is returned to the patient . Unlike hemodialysis , hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration , no dialysate or replacement fluids are used in SCUF . See also ( edit ) Ultrafiltration ( industrial ) Ultrafiltration Aquapheresis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koushanpour , Esmail ( 1986 ) . Renal Physiology . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 53 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 96304 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ronco C , Bellomo R , Ricci Z ( 2001 ) . `` Hemodynamic response to fluid withdrawal in overhydrated patients treated with intermittent ultrafiltration and slow continuous ultrafiltration : role of blood volume monitoring '' . Cardiology. 96 ( 3 - 4 ) : 196 -- 201 . doi : 10.1159 / 000047404 . PMID 11805387 . ( hide ) Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultrafiltration_(renal)&oldid=815201059 '' Categories : Renal physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 11 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration%20%28renal%29
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last time each nfl team won a playoff game
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Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New England Patriots 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs --
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List of NFL franchise postseason droughts
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list of nfl franchise postseason droughts
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This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system .
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As of the 2017 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 13 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons were enfranchised the season the Super Bowls began . The eight ( 8 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Eagles , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl and to have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , and that the Baltimore Ravens are a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl 2.2 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.3 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.4 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) All active drought listings now include the 2017 season for season total droughts . Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the end of the 2017 regular season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New England Patriots 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the December 31 , 2017 games . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - LA Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 4 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee Cleveland Browns ^ 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Tennessee Titans 2003 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 14 3 ¤ 2003 Divisional - New England 2007 Wild Card - San Diego 2008 Divisional - Baltimore Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2007 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 2007 Divisional - New England Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Divisional Playoffs 9 2008 NFC Championship - Arizona 2009 Wild Card - Dallas 2010 Wild Card - Green Bay 2013 Wild Card - New Orleans Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 8 2009 NFC Championship - New Orleans 2012 Wild Card - Green Bay 2015 Wild Card - Seattle New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver New Orleans Saints 2013 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Seattle San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 game win streak 2016 Playoff 0 Winners Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- 2016 AFC Championship - New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Championship * -- 2016 Super Bowl - New England New England Patriots Super Bowl LI * -- 0 3 game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . ( * * ) : Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . AFC / NFC championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 18 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 1999 AFC Lost vs. Tennessee 16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y -- 16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 9 Philadelphia Eagles 2008 NFC Lost vs. Arizona 8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 8 Minnesota Vikings 2009 NFC Lost vs. New Orleans 7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco 5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona . 75 Z2016 Conference Finalists 2015 z -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England . 5 -- New England Patriots 2016 AFC Won vs. Pittsburgh Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta -- Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers . The Texans first played in 2002 season The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Super Bowl or NFL championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 60 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 49 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 48 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 45 Cleveland Browns 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 41 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 33 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 29 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 26 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 24 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z -- 23 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 22 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 18 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 16 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z -- 16 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 15 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 13 Philadelphia Eagles 7003200400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIX Lost vs. New England 11 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 9 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 8 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 8 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 7 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England 5 Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco 5 San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina . 75 ZSuper Bowl LI finalists 2016 2016 zz 0 Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England 0 New England Patriots 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Won vs. Atlanta The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers . The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Competing in the 2017 NFL Playoffs Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 52 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70 52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60 52 Philadelphia Eagles Never -- 1960 NFL Championship 57 52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56 52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54 52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52 49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50 52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48 52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 . 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z 0 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Cleveland 's drought does not include three seasons ( 1996 -- 98 ) when the franchise was dormant . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 11 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8 NFC North XLV -- Packers 7 NFC East XLVI -- Giants 6 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5 NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only Last city to leave list - Seattle , 2013 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game Philadelphia 52 1980 , 2004 Philadelphia Eagles ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 - ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- ) Played in the 1996 and 1999 AFC Championship Games Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through December 24 , 2017 games . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15 New York Jets AFC East 2002 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8 Chicago Bears NFC North 7 New York Giants NFC East 2011 6 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 Houston Texans AFC South 2016 Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 2017 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2017 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 -- Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 -- Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 -- Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 -- New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 -- Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl ( edit ) Counted from the first Super Bowl seaon , 1966 , to present . Updated through the 2016 playoffs . Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title Minnesota Vikings 12 20 8 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 6 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Philadelphia Eagles 15 12 6 1 win short : 1980 , 2004 Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988 Atlanta Falcons 6 9 1 win short : 1998 , 2016 Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015 Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994 Tennessee Titans 12 12 1 win short : 1999 Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008 Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991 Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ New York Jets C ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2016 -- 17 playoffs . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 4.3 ! 4 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans ^ 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens TBD Washington Redskins 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win These three streaks occurred when the team was known as the Houston Oilers . Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . Updated through the 2017 regular season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2016 ^ 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars ^ 2008 -- 2016 ^ 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=818331341 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 23 : 05 . 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what are the give parts of the first amendment
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First Amendment to the United States Constitution
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first amendment to the united states constitution
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The First Amendment ( Amendment I ) to the United States Constitution prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , ensuring that there is no prohibition on the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble , or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . It was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights .
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The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . Beginning with Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states -- a process known as incorporation -- through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th and 21st - century court decisions which protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech , however , is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Establishment of religion 3.1 Separationists 3.2 Accommodationists 4 Free exercise of religion 5 Freedom of speech and of the press 5.1 Wording of the clause 5.2 Speech critical of the government 5.2. 1 World War I 5.2. 2 Extending protections 5.3 Political speech 5.3. 1 Anonymous speech 5.3. 2 Campaign finance 5.3. 3 Flag desecration 5.3. 4 Falsifying military awards 5.4 Compelled speech 5.5 Commercial speech 5.6 School speech 5.7 Internet access 5.8 Obscenity 5.9 Memoirs of convicted criminals 5.10 Defamation 5.11 Private action 5.12 Freedom of the press 6 Petition and assembly 7 Freedom of association 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Text The amendment as adopted in 1791 reads as follows : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to just show the text that would later be ratified as the First Amendment Background Main article : Anti-Federalism In 1776 , the second year of the American Revolutionary War , the Virginia colonial legislature passed a Declaration of Rights that included the sentence `` The freedom of the press is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty , and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments . '' Eight of the other thirteen states made similar pledges . However , these declarations were generally considered `` mere admonitions to state legislatures '' , rather than enforceable provisions . James Madison , drafter of the Bill of Rights After several years of comparatively weak government under the Articles of Confederation , a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia proposed a new constitution on September 17 , 1787 , featuring among other changes a stronger chief executive . George Mason , a Constitutional Convention delegate and the drafter of Virginia 's Declaration of Rights , proposed that the Constitution include a bill of rights listing and guaranteeing civil liberties . Other delegates -- including future Bill of Rights drafter James Madison -- disagreed , arguing that existing state guarantees of civil liberties were sufficient and that any attempt to enumerate individual rights risked the implication that other , unnamed rights were unprotected . After a brief debate , Mason 's proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations . For the constitution to be ratified , however , nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions . Opposition to ratification ( `` Anti-Federalism '' ) was partly based on the Constitution 's lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties . Supporters of the Constitution in states where popular sentiment was against ratification ( including Virginia , Massachusetts , and New York ) successfully proposed that their state conventions both ratify the Constitution and call for the addition of a bill of rights . The U.S. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states . In the 1st United States Congress , following the state legislatures ' request , James Madison proposed twenty constitutional amendments , and his proposed draft of the First Amendment read as follows : The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience be in any manner , or on any pretext , infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good ; nor from applying to the Legislature by petitions , or remonstrances , for redress of their grievances . This language was greatly condensed by Congress , and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate , complicating future discussion of the Amendment 's intent . The First Amendment , along with the rest of the Bill of Rights , was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25 , 1789 , and adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Establishment of religion Main article : Establishment Clause Thomas Jefferson wrote with respect to the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregational church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , & not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' , thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) the Supreme Court used these words to declare that `` it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere ( religious ) opinion , but was left free to reach ( only those religious ) actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Quoting from Jefferson 's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom the court stated further in Reynolds : In the preamble of this act ( ... ) religious freedom is defined ; and after a recital ' that to suffer the civil magistrate to intrude his powers into the field of opinion , and to restrain the profession or propagation of principles on supposition of their ill tendency , is a dangerous fallacy which at once destroys all religious liberty ' , it is declared ' that it is time enough for the rightful purposes of civil government for its officers to interfere ( only ) when ( religious ) principles break out into overt acts against peace and good order . ' In these two sentences is found the true distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State . Originally , the First Amendment applied only to the federal government , and some states continued official state religions after ratification . Massachusetts , for example , was officially Congregational until the 1830s . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court incorporated the Establishment Clause ( i.e. , made it apply against the states ) : The `` establishment of religion '' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : Neither a state nor the Federal Government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions , or prefer one religion to another ... in the words of Jefferson , the ( First Amendment ) clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect ' a wall of separation between church and State ' ... That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . In Torcaso v. Watkins ( 1961 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office . In the Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) , The Court concluded that `` government should not prefer one religion to another , or religion to irreligion . '' In a series of cases in the first decade of the 2000s -- Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) , McCreary County v. ACLU ( 2005 ) , and Salazar v. Buono ( 2010 ) -- the Court considered the issue of religious monuments on federal lands without reaching a majority reasoning on the subject . Separationists U.S. President Thomas Jefferson wrote in his correspondence of `` a wall of separation between church and State '' . Everson used the metaphor of a wall of separation between church and state , derived from the correspondence of President Thomas Jefferson . It had been long established in the decisions of the Supreme Court , beginning with Reynolds v. United States in 1879 , when the Court reviewed the history of the early Republic in deciding the extent of the liberties of Mormons . Chief Justice Morrison Waite , who consulted the historian George Bancroft , also discussed at some length the Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments by James Madison , who drafted the First Amendment ; Madison used the metaphor of a `` great barrier '' . In Everson , the Court adopted Jefferson 's words . The Court has affirmed it often , with majority , but not unanimous , support . Warren Nord , in Does God Make a Difference ? , characterized the general tendency of the dissents as a weaker reading of the First Amendment ; the dissents tend to be `` less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . '' Beginning with Everson , which permitted New Jersey school boards to pay for transportation to parochial schools , the Court has used various tests to determine when the wall of separation has been breached . Everson laid down the test that establishment existed when aid was given to religion , but that the transportation was justifiable because the benefit to the children was more important . In the school prayer cases of the early 1960s , ( Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , aid seemed irrelevant ; the Court ruled on the basis that a legitimate action both served a secular purpose and did not primarily assist religion . In Walz v. Tax Commission ( 1970 ) , the Court ruled that a legitimate action could not entangle government with religion ; in Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) , these points were combined into the Lemon test , declaring that an action was an establishment if : the statute ( or practice ) lacked a secular purpose ; its principal or primary effect advanced or inhibited religion ; or it fostered an excessive government entanglement with religion . The Lemon test has been criticized by justices and legal scholars , but it remains the predominant means by which the Court enforces the Establishment Clause . In Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) , the entanglement prong of the Lemon test was demoted to simply being a factor in determining the effect of the challenged statute or practice . In Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) , the opinion of the Court considered secular purpose and the absence of primary effect ; a concurring opinion saw both cases as having treated entanglement as part of the primary purpose test . Further tests , such as the endorsement test and coercion test , have been developed to determine whether a government action violated the Establishment Clause . In Lemon the Court stated that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable '' , the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a ' wall ' , is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Accommodationists Accommodationists , in contrast , argue along with Justice William O. Douglas that `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' . This group holds that the Lemon test should be applied selectively . As such , for many conservatives , the Establishment Clause solely prevents the establishment of a state church , not public acknowledgements of God nor `` developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . '' Free exercise of religion Main article : Free Exercise Clause `` Freedom of religion means freedom to hold an opinion or belief , but not to take action in violation of social duties or subversive to good order . '' In Reynolds v. United States ( 1878 ) , the Supreme Court found that while laws can not interfere with religious belief and opinions , laws can be made to regulate some religious practices ( e.g. , human sacrifices , and the Hindu practice of suttee ) . The Court stated that to rule otherwise , `` would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land , and in effect permit every citizen to become a law unto himself . Government would exist only in name under such circumstances . '' In Cantwell v. Connecticut ( 1940 ) , the Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied the Free Exercise Clause to the states . While the right to have religious beliefs is absolute , the freedom to act on such beliefs is not absolute . In Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) , the Supreme Court required states to meet the `` strict scrutiny '' standard when refusing to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . This meant that a government needed to have a `` compelling interest '' regarding such a refusal . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face '' , would be unconstitutional . The need for a compelling governmental interest was narrowed in Employment Division v. Smith ( 1990 ) , which held no such interest was required under the Free Exercise Clause regarding a neutral law of general applicability that happens to affect a religious practice , as opposed to a law that targets a particular religious practice ( which does require a compelling governmental interest ) . In Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah ( 1993 ) , the Supreme Court ruled Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable '' , the Court ruled that it needed to have a compelling interest , which it failed to have , and so was declared unconstitutional . In 1993 , the Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , seeking to restore the compelling interest requirement applied in Sherbert and Yoder . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) , the Court struck down the provisions of RFRA that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment , on the grounds that while the Congress could enforce the Supreme Court 's interpretation of a constitutional right , the Congress could not impose its own interpretation on states and localities . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal laws and so those laws must still have a `` compelling interest '' . Freedom of speech and of the press Inscription of the First Amendment ( December 15 , 1791 ) in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia Main articles : Freedom of speech in the United States and United States free speech exceptions Wording of the Clause The First Amendment bars Congress from `` abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ... . '' U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article : `` I emphasize the word ' the ' in the term ' the freedom of speech ' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech . '' Stevens said that , otherwise , the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath . Like Stevens , journalist Anthony Lewis wrote : `` The word ' the ' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech . '' But what was understood at the time is not 100 % clear . In the late 1790s , the lead author of the speech and press clauses , James Madison , argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law : The practice in America must be entitled to much more respect . In every state , probably , in the Union , the press has exerted a freedom in canvassing the merits and measures of public men , of every description , which has not been confined to the strict limits of the common law . Madison wrote this in 1799 , when he was in a dispute about the constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws , which was legislation enacted in 1798 by President John Adams ' Federalist Party to ban seditious libel . Madison believed that legislation to be unconstitutional , and his adversaries in that dispute , such as John Marshall , advocated the narrow freedom of speech that had existed in the English common law . Speech critical of the government The Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutionality of any federal law regarding the Free Speech Clause until the 20th century . For example , the Supreme Court never ruled on the Alien and Sedition Acts ; three Supreme Court justices riding circuit presided over sedition trials without indicating any reservations . The leading critics of the law , Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , argued for the Acts ' unconstitutionality based on the First Amendment and other Constitutional provisions . Jefferson succeeded Adams as president , in part due to the unpopularity of the latter 's sedition prosecutions ; he and his party quickly overturned the Acts and pardoned those imprisoned by them . In the majority opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) , the Court noted the importance of this public debate as a precedent in First Amendment law and ruled that the Acts had been unconstitutional : `` Although the Sedition Act was never tested in this Court , the attack upon its validity has carried the day in the court of history . '' World War I During the patriotic fervor of World War I and the First Red Scare , the Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of twenty years for anyone who caused or attempted to cause `` insubordination , disloyalty , mutiny , or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States '' . Specifically , the Espionage Act of 1917 states that if anyone allows any enemies to enter or fly over the United States and obtain information from a place connected with the national defense , they will be punished . Hundreds of prosecutions followed . In 1919 , the Supreme Court heard four appeals resulting from these cases : Schenck v. United States , Debs v. United States , Frohwerk v. United States , and Abrams v. United States . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes formulated the clear and present danger test for free speech cases . In the first of these cases , Socialist Party of America official Charles Schenck had been convicted under the Espionage Act for publishing leaflets urging resistance to the draft . Schenck appealed , arguing that the Espionage Act violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . In Schenck v. United States , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Schenck 's appeal and affirmed his conviction . This conviction continued to be debated over whether Schenck went against the right to freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment . Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. , writing for the Court , explained that `` the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent . '' One week later , in Frohwerk v. United States , the court again upheld an Espionage Act conviction , this time that of a journalist who had criticized U.S. involvement in foreign wars . In Debs v. United States , the Court elaborated on the `` clear and present danger '' test established in Schenck . On June 16 , 1918 , Eugene V. Debs , a political activist , delivered a speech in Canton , Ohio , in which he spoke of `` most loyal comrades were paying the penalty to the working class -- these being Wagenknecht , Baker and Ruthenberg , who had been convicted of aiding and abetting another in failing to register for the draft . '' Following his speech , Debs was charged and convicted under the Espionage Act . In upholding his conviction , the Court reasoned that although he had not spoken any words that posed a `` clear and present danger '' , taken in context , the speech had a `` natural tendency and a probable effect to obstruct the recruiting services '' . In Abrams v. United States , four Russian refugees appealed their conviction for throwing leaflets from a building in New York ; the leaflets argued against President Woodrow Wilson 's intervention in Russia against the October Revolution . The majority upheld their conviction , but Holmes and Justice Louis Brandeis dissented , holding that the government had demonstrated no `` clear and present danger '' in the four 's political advocacy . Extending protections Justice Louis Brandeis wrote several dissents in the 1920s upholding free speech claims . The Supreme Court denied a number of Free Speech Clause claims throughout the 1920s , including the appeal of a labor organizer , Benjamin Gitlow , who had been convicted after distributing a manifesto calling for a `` revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat '' . In Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) , the Court upheld the conviction , but a majority also found that the First Amendment applied to state laws as well as federal laws , via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Holmes and Brandeis dissented in several more cases in this decade , however , advancing the argument that the Free Speech Clause protected a far greater range of political speech than the Court had previously acknowledged . In Whitney v. California ( 1927 ) , in which Communist Party USA organizer Charlotte Anita Whitney had been arrested for `` criminal syndicalism '' , Brandeis wrote a dissent in which he argued for broader protections for political speech : Those who won our independence ... believed that freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth ; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile ; that with them , discussion affords ordinarily adequate protection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine ; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people ; that public discussion is a political duty ; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government . In Herndon v. Lowry ( 1937 ) , the Court heard the case of African American Communist Party organizer Angelo Herndon , who had been convicted under the Slave Insurrection Statute for advocating black rule in the southern United States . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court reversed Herndon 's conviction , holding that Georgia had failed to demonstrate that there was any `` clear and present danger '' in Herndon 's political advocacy . In 1940 , Congress enacted the Smith Act , making it illegal to advocate `` the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence '' . The statute provided law enforcement a tool to combat Communist leaders . After Eugene Dennis was convicted in the Foley Square trial for attempting to organize a Communist Party , he petitioned for certiorari , which the Supreme Court granted . In Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) , the Court upheld the law , 6 -- 2 . Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson relied on Holmes ' `` clear and present danger '' test as adapted by Learned Hand : `` In each case ( courts ) must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as necessary to avoid the danger . '' Clearly , Vinson suggested , clear and present danger did not intimate `` that before the Government may act , it must wait until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited . '' In a concurring opinion , Justice Felix Frankfurter proposed a `` balancing test '' , which soon supplanted the `` clear and present danger '' test : The demands of free speech in a democratic society as well as the interest in national security are better served by candid and informed weighing of the competing interests , within the confines of the judicial process . In Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court limited the Smith Act prosecutions to `` advocacy of action '' rather than `` advocacy in the realm of ideas '' . Advocacy of abstract doctrine remained protected while speech explicitly inciting the forcible overthrow of the government was punishable under the Smith Act . During the Vietnam War , the Court 's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically . Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery , mutilation , or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien ( 1968 ) , fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the `` smooth and efficient functioning '' of the draft system , the next year , the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio ( 1969 ) , expressly overruling Whitney v. California . Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms : ( Our ) decisions have fashioned the principle that the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not allow a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or cause such action . Brandenburg discarded the `` clear and present danger '' test introduced in Schenck and further eroded Dennis . In Cohen v. California ( 1971 ) , the Court voted 5 -- 4 to reverse the conviction of a man wearing a jacket reading `` Fuck the Draft '' in the corridors of a Los Angeles County courthouse . Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote in the majority opinion that Cohen 's jacket fell in the category of protected political speech despite the use of an expletive : `` one man 's vulgarity is another man 's lyric . '' Political speech Anonymous speech In Talley v. California ( 1960 ) , the Court struck down a Los Angeles city ordinance that made it a crime to distribute anonymous pamphlets . Justice Hugo Black wrote in the majority opinion : `` There can be no doubt that such an identification requirement would tend to restrict freedom to distribute information and thereby freedom of expression ... Anonymous pamphlets , leaflets , brochures and even books have played an important role in the progress of mankind . '' In McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission ( 1995 ) , the Court struck down an Ohio statute that made it a crime to distribute anonymous campaign literature . However , in Meese v. Keene ( 1987 ) , the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 , under which several Canadian films were defined as `` political propaganda '' , requiring their sponsors to be identified . Campaign finance Main article : Campaign finance reform in the United States U.S. Senator Mitch McConnell , plaintiff in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission In Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and related laws , which restricted the monetary contributions that may be made to political campaigns and expenditure by candidates . The Court affirmed the constitutionality of limits on campaign contributions , stating that they `` serve ( d ) the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion . '' However , the Court overturned the spending limits , which it found imposed `` substantial restraints on the quantity of political speech . '' The court again scrutinized campaign finance regulation in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission ( 2003 ) . The case centered on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( BCRA ) , a federal law that imposed new restrictions on campaign financing . The Supreme Court upheld provisions which barred the raising of soft money by national parties and the use of soft money by private organizations to fund certain advertisements related to elections . However , the Court struck down the `` choice of expenditure '' rule , which required that parties could either make coordinated expenditures for all its candidates , or permit candidates to spend independently , but not both , which the Court agreed `` placed an unconstitutional burden on the parties ' right to make unlimited independent expenditures . '' The Court also ruled that the provision preventing minors from making political contributions was unconstitutional , relying on Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District . In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. ( 2007 ) , the Court sustained an `` as applied '' challenge to BCRA , holding that issue ads may not be banned from the months preceding a primary or general election . In Davis v. Federal Election Commission ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court declared the `` Millionaire 's Amendment '' provisions of the BCRA to be unconstitutional . The Court held that easing BCRA restrictions for an opponent of a self - financing candidate spending at least $350,000 of his or her own money violated the freedom of speech of the self - financing candidate . In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the BCRA 's federal restrictions on electoral advocacy by corporations or unions were unconstitutional for violating the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce ( 1990 ) , which had upheld a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury funds to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First or Fourteenth Amendments . The Court also overruled the portion of McConnell that upheld such restrictions under the BCRA . In other words , the ruling was considered to hold that `` political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment '' . In McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission ( 2014 ) , the Court ruled that federal aggregate limits on how much a person can donate to candidates , political parties , and political action committees , combined respectively in a two - year period known as an `` election cycle , '' violated the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment . Flag desecration The divisive issue of flag desecration as a form of protest first came before the Supreme Court in Street v. New York ( 1969 ) . In response to hearing an erroneous report of the murder of civil rights activist James Meredith , Sidney Street burned a 48 - star U.S. flag . Street was arrested and charged with a New York state law making it a crime `` publicly ( to ) mutilate , deface , defile , or defy , trample upon , or cast contempt upon either by words or act ( any flag of the United States ) . '' In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court , relying on Stromberg v. California ( 1931 ) , found that because the provision of the New York law criminalizing `` words '' against the flag was unconstitutional , and the trial did not sufficiently demonstrate that he was convicted solely under the provisions not yet deemed unconstitutional , the conviction was unconstitutional . The Court , however , `` resist ( ed ) the pulls to decide the constitutional issues involved in this case on a broader basis '' and left the constitutionality of flag - burning unaddressed . The ambiguity with regard to flag - burning statutes was eliminated in Texas v. Johnson ( 1989 ) . In that case , Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag at a demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas , Texas . Charged with violating a Texas law prohibiting the vandalizing of venerated objects , Johnson was convicted , sentenced to one year in prison , and fined $2,000 . The Supreme Court reversed his conviction in a 5 -- 4 vote . Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote in the decision that `` if there is a bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment , it is that government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea offensive or disagreeable . '' Congress then passed a federal law barring flag burning , but the Supreme Court struck it down as well in United States v. Eichman ( 1990 ) . A Flag Desecration Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has been proposed repeatedly in Congress since 1989 , and in 2006 failed to pass the Senate by a single vote . Falsifying military awards While the unauthorized wear or sale of the Medal of Honor has been a punishable offense under federal law since the early 20th century , the Stolen Valor Act criminalized the act of not only wearing , but also verbally claiming entitlement to military awards that a person did not in fact earn . In United States v. Alvarez ( 2012 ) , the Supreme Court struck down the Act , ruling that the First Amendment bars the government from punishing people for making false claims regarding military service or honors where the false claim was not `` made to effect a fraud or secure moneys or other valuable considerations . '' The decision was a 6 -- 3 ruling , but the six justices in the majority could not agree on a single rationale for it . Compelled speech Main article : Compelled speech The Supreme Court has determined that the First Amendment also protects citizens from being compelled to say or pay for certain speech . For example , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that school children could not be punished for refusing either to say the pledge of allegiance or salute the American flag . Commercial speech Main article : Commercial speech Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit . Unlike political speech , the Supreme Court does not afford commercial speech full protection under the First Amendment . To effectively distinguish commercial speech from other types of speech for purposes of litigation , the Court uses a list of four indicia : The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech . Alone , each indicium does not compel the conclusion that an instance of speech is commercial ; however , `` ( t ) he combination of all these characteristics ... provides strong support for ... the conclusion that the ( speech is ) properly characterized as commercial speech . '' In Valentine v. Chrestensen ( 1942 ) , the Court upheld a New York City ordinance forbidding the `` distribution in the streets of commercial and business advertising matter . '' Writing for a unanimous court , Justice Owen Roberts explained : This court has unequivocally held that streets are proper places for the exercise of the freedom of communicating information and disseminating opinion and that , though the states and municipalities may appropriately regulate the privilege in the public interest , they may not unduly burden or proscribe its employment in their public thoroughfares . We are equally clear that the Constitution imposes no such restraint on government as respects purely commercial advertising . In Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council ( 1976 ) , the Court overruled Valentine and ruled that commercial speech was entitled to First Amendment protection : What is at issue is whether a State may completely suppress the dissemination of concededly truthful information about entirely lawful activity , fearful of that information 's effect upon its disseminators and its recipients ... ( W ) e conclude that the answer to this one is in the negative . In Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association ( 1978 ) , the Court ruled that commercial speech was not protected by the First Amendment as much as other types of speech : We have not discarded the `` common - sense '' distinction between speech proposing a commercial transaction , which occurs in an area traditionally subject to government regulation , and other varieties of speech . To require a parity of constitutional protection for commercial and noncommercial speech alike could invite a dilution , simply by a leveling process , of the force of the ( First ) Amendment 's guarantee with respect to the latter kind of speech . In Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission ( 1980 ) , the Court clarified what analysis was required before the government could justify regulating commercial speech : Is the expression protected by the First Amendment ? Lawful ? Misleading ? Fraud ? Is the asserted government interest substantial ? Does the regulation directly advance the governmental interest asserted ? Is the regulation more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest ? Six years later , the U.S. Supreme Court , applying the Central Hudson standards in Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico ( 1986 ) , affirmed the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico 's conclusion that Puerto Rico 's Games of Chance Act of 1948 , including the regulations thereunder , was not facially unconstitutional . The lax interpretation of Central Hudson adopted by Posadas was soon restricted under 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , when the Court invalidated a Rhode Island law prohibiting the publication of liquor prices . School speech Main article : School speech In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District ( 1969 ) , the Supreme Court extended free speech rights to students in school . The case involved several students who were punished for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam War . The Court ruled that the school could not restrict symbolic speech that did not `` materially and substantially '' interrupt school activities . Justice Abe Fortas wrote : First Amendment rights , applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment , are available to teachers and students . It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate ... ( S ) chools may not be enclaves of totalitarianism . School officials do not possess absolute authority over their students . Students ... are possessed of fundamental rights which the State must respect , just as they themselves must respect their obligations to the State . In Healy v. James ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that Central Connecticut State College 's refusal to recognize a campus chapter of Students for a Democratic Society was unconstitutional , reaffirming Tinker . However , since 1969 the Court has also placed several limitations on Tinker interpretations . In Bethel School District v. Fraser ( 1986 ) , the Court ruled that a student could be punished for his sexual - innuendo - laced speech before a school assembly and , in Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier ( 1988 ) , the Court found that schools need not tolerate student speech that is inconsistent with their basic educational mission . In Morse v. Frederick ( 2007 ) , the Court ruled that schools could , consistent with the First Amendment , restrict student speech at school - sponsored events , even events away from school grounds , if students promote `` illegal drug use '' . Internet access In Packingham v. North Carolina ( 2017 ) , the Supreme Court held that a North Carolina law prohibiting registered sex offenders from accessing various websites impermissibly restricted lawful speech in violation of the First Amendment . The Court held that `` a fundamental principle of the First Amendment is that all persons have access to places where they can speak and listen , and then , after reflection , speak and listen once more . '' Obscenity Main article : United States obscenity law Justice Potter Stewart wrote that while he could not precisely define pornography , he `` ( knew ) it when ( he saw ) it . '' The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography . While the Supreme Court has generally refused to give obscenity any protection under the First Amendment , pornography is subject to little regulation . However , the definitions of obscenity and pornography have changed over time . In Rosen v. United States ( 1896 ) , the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case , Regina v. Hicklin ( 1868 ) . The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended `` to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences , and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall '' . In the early twentieth century , literary works including An American Tragedy ( Theodore Dreiser , 1925 ) and Lady Chatterley 's Lover ( D.H. Lawrence , 1928 ) were banned for obscenity . In the federal district court case United States v. One Book Called Ulysses ( 1933 ) , Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce 's novel Ulysses ( 1922 ) , stating that works must be considered in their entirety , rather than declared obscene on the basis of an individual part of the work . The Supreme Court ruled in Roth v. United States ( 1957 ) that the First Amendment did not protect obscenity . It also ruled that the Hicklin test was inappropriate ; instead , the Roth test for obscenity was `` whether to the average person , applying contemporary community standards , the dominant theme of the material , taken as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest '' . This definition proved hard to apply , however , and in the following decade , members of the Court often reviewed films individually in a court building screening room to determine if they should be considered obscene . Justice Potter Stewart , in Jacobellis v. Ohio ( 1964 ) , famously stated that , although he could not precisely define pornography , `` I know it when I see it '' . The Roth test was expanded when the Court decided Miller v. California ( 1973 ) . Under the Miller test , a work is obscene if : ( a ) ... ' the average person , applying contemporary community standards ' would find the work , as a whole , appeals to the prurient interest ... ( b ) ... the work depicts or describes , in a patently offensive way , sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law , and ( c ) ... the work , taken as a whole , lacks serious literary , artistic , political , or scientific value . Note that `` community '' standards -- not national standards -- are applied whether the material appeals to the prurient interest , leaving the question of obscenity to local authorities . Child pornography is not subject to the Miller test , as the Supreme Court decided in New York v. Ferber ( 1982 ) and Osborne v. Ohio ( 1990 ) , ruling that the government 's interest in protecting children from abuse was paramount . Personal possession of obscene material in the home may not be prohibited by law . In Stanley v. Georgia ( 1969 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( i ) f the First Amendment means anything , it means that a State has no business telling a man , sitting in his own house , what books he may read or what films he may watch . '' However , it is constitutionally permissible for the government to prevent the mailing or sale of obscene items , though they may be viewed only in private . Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition ( 2002 ) further upheld these rights by invalidating the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 , holding that , because the act `` ( p ) rohibit ( ed ) child pornography that does not depict an actual child '' it was overly broad and unconstitutional under the First Amendment and that : First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end . The right to think is the beginning of freedom , and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought . In United States v. Williams ( 2008 ) , the Court upheld the PROTECT Act of 2003 , ruling that prohibiting offers to provide and requests to obtain child pornography did not violate the First Amendment , even if a person charged under the Act did not possess child pornography . Memoirs of convicted criminals In some states , there are Son of Sam laws prohibiting convicted criminals from publishing memoirs for profit . These laws were a response to offers to David Berkowitz to write memoirs about the murders he committed . The Supreme Court struck down a law of this type in New York as a violation of the First Amendment in the case Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board ( 1991 ) . That statute did not prohibit publication of a memoir by a convicted criminal . Instead , it provided that all profits from the book were to be put in escrow for a time . The interest from the escrow account was used to fund the New York State Crime Victims Board -- an organization that pays the medical and related bills of victims of crime . Similar laws in other states remain unchallenged . Defamation Main article : United States defamation law Justice William J. Brennan , Jr. wrote the landmark decision New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , requiring the demonstration of `` actual malice '' in libel suits against public figures . American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following : Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice . An action of libel required the same five general points as slander , except that it specifically involved the publication of defamatory statements . For certain criminal charges of libel , such as seditious libel , the truth or falsity of the statements was immaterial , as such laws were intended to maintain public support of the government and true statements could damage this support even more than false ones . Instead , libel placed specific emphasis on the result of the publication . Libelous publications tended to `` degrade and injure another person '' or `` bring him into contempt , hatred or ridicule '' . Concerns that defamation under common law might be incompatible with the new republican form of government caused early American courts to struggle between William Blackstone 's argument that the punishment of `` dangerous or offensive writings ... ( was ) necessary for the preservation of peace and good order , of government and religion , the only solid foundations of civil liberty '' and the argument that the need for a free press guaranteed by the Constitution outweighed the fear of what might be written . Consequently , very few changes were made in the first two centuries after the ratification of the First Amendment . The Supreme Court 's ruling in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) fundamentally changed American defamation law . The case redefined the type of `` malice '' needed to sustain a libel case . Common law malice consisted of `` ill - will '' or `` wickedness '' . Now , a public officials seeking to sustain a civil action against a tortfeasor needed to prove by `` clear and convincing evidence '' that there was actual malice . The case involved an advertisement published in The New York Times indicating that officials in Montgomery , Alabama had acted violently in suppressing the protests of African - Americans during the civil rights movement . The Montgomery Police Commissioner , L.B. Sullivan , sued the Times for libel , stating that the advertisement damaged his reputation . The Supreme Court unanimously reversed the $500,000 judgment against the Times . Justice Brennan suggested that public officials may sue for libel only if the publisher published the statements in question with `` actual malice '' -- `` knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not . '' In sum , the court held that `` the First Amendment protects the publication of all statements , even false ones , about the conduct of public officials except when statements are made with actual malice ( with knowledge that they are false or in reckless disregard of their truth or falsity ) . '' While actual malice standard applies to public officials and public figures , in Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps ( 1988 ) , the Court found that , with regard to private individuals , the First Amendment does `` not necessarily force any change in at least some features of the common - law landscape . '' In Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. ( 1985 ) the Court ruled that `` actual malice '' need not be shown in cases involving private individuals , holding that `` ( i ) n light of the reduced constitutional value of speech involving no matters of public concern ... the state interest adequately supports awards of presumed and punitive damages -- even absent a showing of ' actual malice . ' '' In Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. ( 1974 ) , the Court ruled that a private individual had to prove actual malice only to be awarded punitive damages , but not to seek actual damages . In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell ( 1988 ) , the Court extended the `` actual malice '' standard to intentional infliction of emotional distress in a ruling which protected parody , in this case a fake advertisement in Hustler suggesting that evangelist Jerry Falwell 's first sexual experience had been with his mother in an outhouse . Since Falwell was a public figure , the Court ruled that `` importance of the free flow of ideas and opinions on matters of public interest and concern '' was the paramount concern , and reversed the judgement Falwell had won against Hustler for emotional distress . In Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. ( 1990 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment offers no wholesale exception to defamation law for statements labeled `` opinion '' , but instead that a statement must be provably false ( falsifiable ) before it can be the subject of a libel suit . Nonetheless , it has been argued that Milkovich and other cases effectively provide for an opinion privilege . In consequence a significant number of states have enacted state opinion privilege laws . Private action State constitutions provide free speech protections similar to those of the U.S. Constitution . In a few states , such as California , a state constitution has been interpreted as providing more comprehensive protections than the First Amendment . The Supreme Court has permitted states to extend such enhanced protections , most notably in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins . In that case , the Court unanimously ruled that while the First Amendment may allow private property owners to prohibit trespass by political speakers and petition - gatherers , California was permitted to restrict property owners whose property is equivalent to a traditional public forum ( often shopping malls and grocery stores ) from enforcing their private property rights to exclude such individuals . However , the Court did maintain that shopping centers could impose `` reasonable restrictions on expressive activity '' . Subsequently , New Jersey , Colorado , Massachusetts and Puerto Rico courts have adopted the doctrine ; California 's courts have repeatedly reaffirmed it . Freedom of the press Main article : Freedom of the press in the United States The free speech and free press clauses have been interpreted as providing the same protection to speakers as to writers , except for wireless broadcasting which has been given less constitutional protection . The Free Press Clause protects the right of individuals to express themselves through publication and dissemination of information , ideas and opinions without interference , constraint or prosecution by the government . This right was described in Branzburg v. Hayes as `` a fundamental personal right '' that is not confined to newspapers and periodicals . In Lovell v. City of Griffin ( 1938 ) , Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes defined `` press '' as `` every sort of publication which affords a vehicle of information and opinion '' . This right has been extended to media including newspapers , books , plays , movies , and video games . While it is an open question whether people who blog or use social media are journalists entitled to protection by media shield laws , they are protected equally by the Free Speech Clause and the Free Press Clause , because both clauses do not distinguish between media businesses and nonprofessional speakers . This is further shown by the Supreme Court consistently refusing to recognize the First Amendment as providing greater protection to the institutional media than to other speakers . For example , in a case involving campaign finance laws the Court rejected the `` suggestion that communication by corporate members of the institutional press is entitled to greater constitutional protection than the same communication by '' non-institutional - press businesses . A landmark decision for press freedom came in Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) , in which the Supreme Court rejected prior restraint ( pre-publication censorship ) . In this case , the Minnesota legislature passed a statute allowing courts to shut down `` malicious , scandalous and defamatory newspapers '' , allowing a defense of truth only in cases where the truth had been told `` with good motives and for justifiable ends '' . In a 5 -- 4 decision , the Court applied the Free Press Clause to the states , rejecting the statute as unconstitutional . Hughes quoted Madison in the majority decision , writing , `` The impairment of the fundamental security of life and property by criminal alliances and official neglect emphasizes the primary need of a vigilant and courageous press '' . The leak of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg ( pictured here in 2006 ) led to New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , a landmark press freedom decision . However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified . The courts have rarely treated content - based regulation of journalism with any sympathy . In Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo ( 1974 ) , the Court unanimously struck down a state law requiring newspapers criticizing political candidates to publish their responses . The state claimed that the law had been passed to ensure journalistic responsibility . The Supreme Court found that freedom , but not responsibility , is mandated by the First Amendment and so it ruled that the government may not force newspapers to publish that which they do not desire to publish . Content - based regulation of television and radio , however , have been sustained by the Supreme Court in various cases . Since there is a limited number of frequencies for non-cable television and radio stations , the government licenses them to various companies . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that the problem of scarcity does not allow the raising of a First Amendment issue . The government may restrain broadcasters , but only on a content - neutral basis . In Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , the Supreme Court upheld the Federal Communications Commission 's authority to restrict the use of `` indecent '' material in broadcasting . State governments retain the right to tax newspapers , just as they may tax other commercial products . Generally , however , taxes that focus exclusively on newspapers have been found unconstitutional . In Grosjean v. American Press Co. ( 1936 ) , the Court invalidated a state tax on newspaper advertising revenues , holding that the role of the press in creating `` informed public opinion '' was vital . Similarly , some taxes that give preferential treatment to the press have been struck down . In Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland ( 1987 ) , for instance , the Court invalidated an Arkansas law exempting `` religious , professional , trade and sports journals '' from taxation since the law amounted to the regulation of newspaper content . In Leathers v. Medlock ( 1991 ) , the Supreme Court found that states may treat different types of the media differently , such as by taxing cable television , but not newspapers . The Court found that `` differential taxation of speakers , even members of the press , does not implicate the First Amendment unless the tax is directed at , or presents the danger of suppressing , particular ideas . '' In Branzburg v. Hayes ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that the First Amendment did not give a journalist the right to refuse a subpoena from a grand jury . The issue decided in the case was whether a journalist could refuse to `` appear and testify before state and Federal grand juries '' basing the refusal on the belief that such appearance and testimony `` abridges the freedom of speech and press guaranteed by the First Amendment '' . The 5 -- 4 decision was that such a protection was not provided by the First Amendment . However , a concurring opinion by Justice Lewis F. Powell , in which he stated that a claim for press privilege `` should be judged on its facts by the striking of a proper balance between freedom of the press and the obligation of all citizens to give relevant testimony with respect to criminal conduct . The balance of these vital constitutional and societal interests on a case - by - case basis accords with the tried and traditional way of adjudicating such questions . '' , has been frequently cited by lower courts since the decision . Petition and assembly Main articles : Right to petition in the United States and Freedom of assembly Chief Justice Morrison Waite ruled in United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) that the right of assembly was a secondary right to the right to petition . The Petition Clause protects the right `` to petition the government for a redress of grievances '' . This includes the right to communicate with government officials , lobbying government officials and petitioning the courts by filing lawsuits with a legal basis . The Petition Clause first came to prominence in the 1830s , when Congress established the gag rule barring anti-slavery petitions from being heard ; the rule was overturned by Congress several years later . Petitions against the Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in imprisonments . The Supreme Court did not rule on either issue . In California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited , 404 U.S. 508 ( 1972 ) , the Supreme Court stated that the right to petition encompass `` the approach of citizens or groups of them to administrative agencies ( which are both creatures of the legislature , and arms of the executive ) and to courts , the third branch of Government . Certainly the right to petition extends to all departments of the Government . The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of petition . '' Today thus this right encompasses petitions to all three branches of the federal government -- the Congress , the executive and the judiciary -- and has been extended to the states through incorporation . According to the Supreme Court , `` redress of grievances '' is to be construed broadly : it includes not solely appeals by the public to the government for the redressing of a grievance in the traditional sense , but also , petitions on behalf of private interests seeking personal gain . The right not only protects demands for `` a redress of grievances '' but also demands for government action . The petition clause includes according to the Supreme Court the opportunity to institute non-frivolous lawsuits and mobilize popular support to change existing laws in a peaceful manner . In Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri ( 2011 ) , the Supreme Court stated regarding the Free Speech Clause and the Petition Clause : It is not necessary to say that the two Clauses are identical in their mandate or their purpose and effect to acknowledge that the rights of speech and petition share substantial common ground ... Both speech and petition are integral to the democratic process , although not necessarily in the same way . The right to petition allows citizens to express their ideas , hopes , and concerns to their government and their elected representatives , whereas the right to speak fosters the public exchange of ideas that is integral to deliberative democracy as well as to the whole realm of ideas and human affairs . Beyond the political sphere , both speech and petition advance personal expression , although the right to petition is generally concerned with expression directed to the government seeking redress of a grievance . The right of assembly was originally distinguished from the right to petition . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the right of the people peaceably to assemble for the purpose of petitioning Congress for a redress of grievances , or for anything else connected with the powers or duties of the National Government , is an attribute of national citizenship , and , as such , under protection of , and guaranteed by , the United States . The very idea of a government , republican in form , implies a right on the part of its citizens to meet peaceably for consultation in respect to public affairs and to petition for a redress of grievances . '' Justice Morrison Waite 's opinion for the Court carefully distinguished the right to peaceably assemble as a secondary right , while the right to petition was labeled to be a primary right . Later cases , however , paid less attention to these distinctions . In two 1960s decisions collectively known as forming the Noerr - Pennington doctrine , the Court established that the right to petition prohibited the application of antitrust law to statements made by private entities before public bodies : a monopolist may freely go before the city council and encourage the denial of its competitor 's building permit without being subject to Sherman Act liability . Freedom of Association Further information : Freedom of association § United States Constitution Although the First Amendment does not explicitly mention freedom of association , the Supreme Court ruled , in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ( 1958 ) , that this freedom was protected by the Amendment and that privacy of membership was an essential part of this freedom . The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Roberts v. United States Jaycees ( 1984 ) that `` implicit in the right to engage in activities protected by the First Amendment '' is `` a corresponding right to associate with others in pursuit of a wide variety of political , social , economic , educational , religious , and cultural ends '' . In Roberts the Court held that associations may not exclude people for reasons unrelated to the group 's expression , such as gender . However , in Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston ( 1995 ) , the Court ruled that a group may exclude people from membership if their presence would affect the group 's ability to advocate a particular point of view . Likewise , in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale ( 2000 ) , the Court ruled that a New Jersey law , which forced the Boy Scouts of America to admit an openly gay member , to be an unconstitutional abridgment of the Boy Scouts ' right to free association . See also Censorship in the United States Freedom of thought Free speech zones Government speech List of amendments to the United States Constitution List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment Marketplace of ideas Military expression Photography is Not a Crime Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom References Notes Jump up ^ Justice Tom C. Clark did not participate because he had ordered the prosecutions when he was Attorney General . Jump up ^ Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc ( 1961 ) and United Mine Workers v. Pennington ( 1965 ) Citations Jump up ^ `` First Amendment '' . Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Beeman 2009 , pp. 341 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Charles , et al . The First Amendment in Schools : A Guide from the First Amendment Center , p. 13 ( Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development , 2003 ) . Madison also proposed a similar limitation upon the states , which was completely rejected : `` No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' Madison , James . `` House of Representatives , Amendments to the Constitution '' ( June 8 , 1789 ) via The Founders ' Constitution . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights '' . National Archives . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights : December 15 , 1791 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists -- The Final Letter , as Sent on January 1 , 1802 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated . Jump up ^ Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet , 512 U.S. 687 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Grumet , at 703 ^ Jump up to : `` Borough of Duryea , Pennsylvania , et al. , Petitioners v. Charles J. Guarnieri '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . 20 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the words of ( Thomas ) Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect `` a wall of separation between church and State . '' from the Everson decision Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 20 June 1785 ) . `` Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious AssessmentsPapers '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . pp. 8 : 298 -- 304 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Edward Mannino : Shaping America : the Supreme Court and American society , University of South Carolina Press , 2000 ; p. 149 ; Daniel L. Driesbach , Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002 , unpaginated ; Chap. 7 . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord , Does God Make a Difference ? , Oxford University Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1998 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kritzer , H.M. ; Richards , M.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking : The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases '' . Law & Society Review . 37 : 827 -- 40 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0023 - 9216.2003. 03704005. x . Jump up ^ Freedom of Religion Jump up ^ For the Endorsement test see Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ For the coercion test see Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : David Shultz . Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court . Infobase Publishing . p. 144 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Accommodationists , on the other hand , read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another , but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional . They apply Lemon only selectively because `` ( w ) e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' as Justice Douglas wrote in Zorach v. Clauson 343 U.S. 306 ( 1952 ) . Jump up ^ Warren A. Nord . Does God Make a Difference ? . Oxford University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . First Amendment Politics : At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation , I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause , while liberals tend to favor strong readings . That is , conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights , particularly of religious minorities . Liberals , by contrast , have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities . Jump up ^ Robert Devigne . Recasting Conservatism : Oakeshott , Strauss , and the Response to Postmodernism . Yale University Press . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment . They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education : `` The ' establishment of religion ' clause of the First Amendment means at least this : neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church . Neither can pass laws which aid one religion , aid all religions or prefer one religion over another . '' The establishment clause , conservatives insist , precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government 's goals . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Cases : Reynolds v. United States , 1879 '' . PHSchool.com . Pearson Prentice Hall . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reynolds v. United States -- 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Jump up ^ `` Cantwell v. Connecticut -- 310 U.S. 296 ( 1940 ) '' . Justia US Supreme Court Center . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherbert v. Verner , 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 ( 1963 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wisconsin v. Yoder , 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Richard E. Morgan ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Employment Division v. Smith , 494 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ John G. West , Jr . ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Employment Division , Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah , 508 U.S. 520 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye , Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Boerne v. Flores , 521 U.S. 507 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Steven A. Engel ( October 1 , 1999 ) . `` The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment : City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5 '' . The Yale Law Journal . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzales v. UDV , 546 U.S. 418 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Religion '' . American Law Yearkbook . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , John Paul . `` The Freedom of Speech '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 102 , p. 1296 ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Dry , Murray . Civil Peace and the Quest for Truth : The First Amendment Freedoms in Political Philosophy and American Constitutionalism , pp. 68 -- 70 ( Lexington Books 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , at 276 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Espionage Act , 1917 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Abrams 2006 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States , 249 U.S. 47 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . Perilous Times : Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0393058808 . Jump up ^ Schenck , at 52 ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Debs v. United States , 249 U.S. 211 ( 1919 ) Jump up ^ Debs , at 213 Jump up ^ Debs , at 216 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Whitney v. California , 274 U.S. 357 ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 2385 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 497 Jump up ^ Dennis v. United States 341 U.S. 494 ( 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Jasper 1999 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dennis , at 510 Jump up ^ Dennis , at 509 Jump up ^ Yates v. United States , 354 U.S. 298 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ United States v. O'Brien , 391 U.S. 367 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ 50a U.S.C. § 462 Jump up ^ O'Brien , at 379 Jump up ^ Brandenburg v. Ohio , 395 U.S. 444 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 447 Jump up ^ Brandenburg , at 450 -- 1 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Talley v. California , 362 U.S. 60 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Chiger , Stephen J. ( June 1 , 2002 ) . `` Cybersmear : telecommunication 's 200 - year - old riddle '' . Communications and the Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission , 514 U.S. 334 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( October 13 , 1994 ) . `` Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meese v. Keene , 481 U.S. 465 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Kamen , Al ( April 29 , 1987 ) . `` Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films ` Propaganda ' '' . The Washington Post . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Buckley , at 58 Jump up ^ Buckley , at 39 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ McConnell v. Federal Election Commission , 540 U.S. 93 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ McConnell , at 213 Jump up ^ Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life , Inc. , 551 U.S. 449 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Davis v. Federal Election Commission , 554 U.S. 724 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Samuel Gedge ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wholly foreign to the First Amendment ' : the demise of campaign finance 's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission , 558 U.S. ___ ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce , 494 U.S. 652 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ See Part III of the Opinion of the Court in Citizens United Jump up ^ `` Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission '' , SCOTUSblog , n.d. Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission , 572 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Howe , Amy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Divided Court strikes down campaign contribution caps : In Plain English '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Street v. New York , 394 U.S. 576 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Street , 394 U.S. 576 , 578 ( 1969 ) ( quoting the New York Penal Law , § 1425 , subd. 16 ) Jump up ^ Stromberg v. California , 283 U.S. 359 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Street , at 581 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Johnson , 491 U.S. 397 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , at 414 Jump up ^ United States v. Eichman , 496 U.S. 310 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Holusha , John ( June 27 , 2006 ) . `` Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704 , citing 42 Stat. 1286 . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 103 - 322 , The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 , § 320109 ( p. 318 of the PDF version ) . Retrieved on June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crewdson , John ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ United States v. Alverez , 132 S. Ct. 2537 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products , 463 U.S. 60 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Bolger , at 67 Jump up ^ Valentine v. Chrestensen , 316 U.S. 52 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ Valentine , at 53 Jump up ^ Valentine , at 54 Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council , 425 U.S. 748 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Virginia State Pharmacy Board at 773 Jump up ^ Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association , 436 U.S. 447 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Ohralik , at 455 Jump up ^ Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission , 447 U.S. 557 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico , 478 U.S. 328 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District , 393 U.S. 503 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District '' . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bethel School District v. Fraser , 478 U.S. 675 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier , 484 U.S. 260 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Morse v. Frederick , 551 U.S. 393 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Dan V. ; Bullard , Melissa E. ; Deets , Kristen ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Uncertain Rights : Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick '' . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Packingham v. North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourt.gov . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regina v. Hicklin , ( 1868 ) L.R. 3 Q.B. 360 Jump up ^ Rosen , at 43 ^ Jump up to : `` Obscenity '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth v. United States , 354 U.S. 476 ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ Roth , at 489 Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 135 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Jacobellis v. Ohio , 378 U.S. 184 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Jacobellis , at 197 Jump up ^ Peter Lattman ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Origins of Justice Stewart 's ' I Know It When I See It ' '' . Wall Street Journal . LawBlog at The Wall Street Journal Online . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller v. California , 413 U.S. 15 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Miller , at 39 Jump up ^ New York v. Ferber , 458 U.S. 747 ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Osborne v. Ohio , 495 U.S. 103 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Ferber , at 761 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Stanley v. Georgia , 394 U.S. 557 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Stanley , at 565 Jump up ^ Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition , 535 U.S. 234 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 240 Jump up ^ Free Speech Coalition , at 253 Jump up ^ United States v. Williams , 553 U.S. 285 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Opinion of the Court in Williams Jump up ^ Craig King ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Protecting children speech that crosses the line '' . The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Brand ( July 22 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Julie Hilden discusses laws and ethics surrounding the intellectual property rights of prisoners '' . NPR -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board , 502 U.S. 105 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ `` Simon & Schuster v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 2001 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newell 1898 , pp. 37 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Newell 1898 , pp. 33 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson 1994 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Sullivan at 280 Jump up ^ Jasper 1999 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times v. Sullivan '' . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago - Kent College of Law . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Westmoreland v. CBS , 596 F. Supp. 363 ( S.D.N.Y. 1984 ) Jump up ^ Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps , 475 U.S. 767 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Hepps at 775 Jump up ^ Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ Greenmoss at 761 Jump up ^ `` Dun & Bradstreet , Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders , Inc. 472 U.S. 749 ( 1985 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc. 418 U.S. 323 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Leonard W. Levy ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` Gertz v. Robert Welch , Inc . '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hustler Magazine v. Falwell , 485 U.S. 46 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases that Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2001 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. , 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 ( 1990 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esward M. Sussman , Milkovich revisited : `` Saving '' the Opinion Privilege , Duke Law Journal , pp. 415 -- 48 Jump up ^ Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins , 447 U.S. 74 ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Gregory C. Sisk ( January 1 , 2009 ) . `` Returning to the PruneYard : the unconstitutionality of state - sanctioned trespass in the name of speech '' . Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pruneyard , at 94 Jump up ^ Mulligan , Josh ( 2004 ) . `` Finding A Forum in the Simulated City : Mega Malls , Gated Towns , and the Promise of Pruneyard '' . Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy . 13 : 533 , 557 . ISSN 1069 - 0565 . Jump up ^ Empresas Puertorriqueñas de Desarrollo , Inc. v. Hermandad Independiente de Empleados Telefónicos , 150 D.P.R. 924 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gateway Ctr . v. Golden Gateway Tenants Ass'n , 26 Cal . 4th 1013 ( 2001 ) ; Costco Companies , Inc. v. Gallant , 96 Cal . App . 4th 740 ( 2002 ) ; Fashion Valley Mall , LLC , v. National Labor Relations Board , 42 Cal . 4th 850 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution , p. 409 ( Forte and Spalding , eds. , The Heritage Foundation 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` First Amendment : An Overview '' . Wex Legal Dictionary / Encyclopedia . Legal Information Institute of the Cornell University . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McConnell , Michael W. ( November 2013 ) . `` Reconsidering Citizens United as a Press Clause Case '' . The Yale Law Journal . 123 2013 - 2014 ( 2 November 2013 Pages 266 -- 529 ) . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Lovell v. City of Griffin , 303 U.S. 444 ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ Lovell , at 452 Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mataconis , Doug ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bloggers , Media Shield Laws , And The First Amendment '' . Outside The Beltway . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eugene Volokh ( Gary T. Schwartz Professor of Law at Los Angeles School of Law of the University of California . `` The American Heritage Foundation 's Guide to the Constitution : Freedom of Speech and of the Press '' . The American Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Volokh ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` First Amendment ( United States Constitution ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ See Bartnicki v. Vopper , 532 U.S. 514 ( 2001 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court `` draw no distinction between the media respondents and '' a non-institutional respondent . Jump up ^ See Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , 501 U.S. 663 ( 1991 ) where the U.S. Supreme Court held that the press gets no special immunity from laws that apply to others , including those -- such as copyright law -- that target communication . Jump up ^ See also Henry v. Collins , 380 U.S. 356 , 357 ( 1965 ) ( per curiam ) ( applying Sullivan standard to a statement by an arrestee ) ; Garrison v. Louisiana , 379 U.S. 64 , 67 -- 68 ( 1964 ) ( applying Sullivan standard to statements by an elected district attorney ) ; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. at 286 ( applying identical First Amendment protection to a newspaper defendant and individual defendants ) . Jump up ^ First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti , 435 U.S. 765 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Frederick Schauer ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo , 418 U.S. 241 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Dennis Hevesi ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Paul , 85 , leading lawyer for press freedom '' . The Boston Globe . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation , 438 U.S. 726 ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Grosjean v. American Press Co. 297 U.S. 233 ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Lewis 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Arkansas Writers ' Project v. Ragland , 481 U.S. 221 ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Leathers v. Medlock , 499 U.S. 439 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Leathers , at 453 Jump up ^ Branzburg v. Hayes , 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ Branzburg , 667 Jump up ^ `` Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 ( 1972 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rights of Assembly & Petition -- First Amendment U.S. Constitution -- Findlaw '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Petition '' . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight , Inc. , 365 U.S. 127 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri , 131 S. Ct. 2488 ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 Jump up ^ William Cooney ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Competition and the Noerr - Pennington doctrine : When should political activity be barred under European community competition law ? '' . The George Washington International Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) Jump up ^ Wayne Batchis , Citizens United and the Paradox of `` Corporate Speech '' : From Freedom of Association to Freedom of The Association , 36 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc . Change 5 Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958 '' . Supreme Court Drama : Cases That Changed America . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts v. United States Jaycees , 468 U.S. 609 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Shiffrin , Seana Valentine ( January 1 , 2005 ) . `` What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association ? '' . Northwestern University Law Review . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston , 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 ( 1995 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boy Scouts of America v. Dale , 530 U.S. 640 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Boy Scouts of America v. Dale '' . Gender Issues and Sexuality : Essential Primary Sources . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Bibliography Abrams , Floyd ( April 4 , 2006 ) . Speaking freely . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 726 - 6 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jasper , Margaret C. ( 1999 ) . The Law of Speech and the First Amendment . Oceana Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 379 - 11335 - 8 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Nelson , William Edward ( 1994 ) . Americanization of the Common Law : The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society , 1760 - 1830 . University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1587 - 4 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Newell , Martin L. ( 1898 ) . The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases : As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America . Callaghan . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01819 - 2 . Further reading Curtis , Michael Kent ( 2000 ) . Free Speech , `` The People 's Darling Privilege '' : Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History . Duke University Press . ISBN 0822325292 . Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding . Indianapolis , IN : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 . Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 . Thomas I. Emerson , `` Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment '' , Yale Law Journal , vol. 72 , no . 5 ( 1963 ) , pp. 877 -- 956 . In JSTOR . Godwin , Mike ( 2003 ) . Cyber Rights : Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age . MIT Press . ISBN 0262571684 . P. Irons , A People 's History of the Supreme Court New York : Penguin , 1999 . McLeod , Kembrew ( 2007 ) . Freedom of Expression : Resistance and Repression in the Age of Intellectual Property . foreword by Lawrence Lessig . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0816650314 . Kabala , James S. , Church - State Relations in the Early American Republic , 1787 - 1846 . London : Pickering and Chatto , 2013 . J. Kilman and G. Costello ( eds . ) , The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. ( 2000 ) . Lewis , Anthony ( 2007 ) . Freedom for the Thought That We Hate : A Biography of the First Amendment . Basic Books . pp. 173 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03917 - 3 . OCLC 173659591 . Nicholas P. Miller , The Religious Roots of the First Amendment : Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State . New York : Oxford University Press , 2012 . Nelson , Samuel P. ( 2005 ) . Beyond the First Amendment : The Politics of Free Speech and Pluralism . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801881730 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` First Amendment to the United States Constitution '' dated 2006 - 06 - 30 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Wikiquote has quotations related to : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Cornell Law School -- Annotated Constitution First Amendment Center -- The First Amendment Library Cohen , Henry ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom of Speech and Press : Exceptions to the First Amendment '' ( PDF ) . 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you all i need to get by marvin gaye
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You 're All I Need to Get by
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you're all i need to get by
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`` You 're All I Need to Get By '' is a song recorded by the American R&B / soul duo Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell and released on Motown Records ' Tamla label in 1968 . It was the basis for the 1995 single `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' from Method Man and Mary J. Blige .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Personnel 3 Chart history 4 Covers 5 Other allusions to the song 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Written by real - life couple Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson , it became one of the few Motown recordings of the 1960s that was not recorded with the familiar `` Motown sound '' . Instead , `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' had a more soulful and gospel - oriented theme surrounding it , that was influenced by the writers , who also sing background vocals on the recording , sharing vocals in a church choir in New York City . The lead vocals were recorded separately by the two singers and combined during the mixing process , reportedly to cut studio time , and give time for Terrell , who was using a wheelchair , to recover from surgery on the malignant brain tumor that would ultimately cause her death in 1970 . The original recording by Gaye and Terrell peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number - one on Billboard 's Hot R&B / Soul Singles chart for five weeks , becoming one of the longest - running number one R&B hits of 1968 and the most successful duet recording of Marvin Gaye 's entire career . Given its global appeal , it also reached # 19 on the British singles charts in late 1968 , staying there for nineteen weeks . Personnel ( edit ) All lead vocals by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell Background vocals by Nickolas Ashford and Valerie Simpson Produced by Ashford & Simpson Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers Chart history ( edit ) Chart Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart 7 U.S. Billboard R&B Singles Chart UK Singles Chart 19 Covers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dionne Warwick recorded this song in 1969 for the album Soulful and Diana Ross recorded it for her 1970 album , Diana Ross . Ashford and Simpson produced Ross ' version as well . Aretha Franklin recorded this song for her 1971 compilation album , Aretha 's Greatest Hits . It peaked at # 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 3 on the Hot Soul Singles chart . The Angels released a version in 1974 as the B - side of the single `` Papa 's Side Of The Bed '' . Tony Orlando & Dawn 's version became the third to reach the U.S. Top 40 , peaking at # 34 in 1975 . They also reached # 13 on the Adult Contemporary chart . Johnny Mathis and Deniece Williams recorded the song for their duet album That 's What Friends Are For . It peaked at # 47 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 10 on the Hot Soul Singles Chart , # 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart , and # 45 on the UK Singles Chart . Gloria Gaynor recorded a disco version for Gloria Gaynor 's Park Avenue Sound . Natalie Appleton and Bootsy Collins recorded this song in 2000 and it features on the soundtrack of the movie Honest directed by Dave Stewart . Michael McDonald recorded this song for his second album of Motown covers , 2004 's Motown Two . In 2007 , The James Taylor Quartet recorded instrumental version for the album `` Do n't Mess with Mr. T : James Taylor Quartet Plays Motown '' Kidda uses a line of this song for his 2008 single `` Under The Sun '' . D.C. rapper Wale samples this in the song `` The Remake of a Remake ( All I Need ) '' off of his critically acclaimed `` Mixtape About Nothing , '' with singer Tawiah singing the female vocals . My Morning Jacket performed the song during their New Year 's Eve concert at Madison Square Garden on December 31 , 2008 , with Nicole Atkins appearing as a guest vocalist to sing the female part . Actresses Telma Hopkins and Valarie Pettiford performed the song together in an episode of UPN 's Half and Half . Gladys Knight `` Empress of Soul '' also performed , '' You 're All I Need to Get By '' A rendition of the tune by husband - and - wife duo Kenny Lattimore and Chanté Moore serves as the theme song for the BET reality series The Family Crews . In 2012 , Christine Anu covered the song on her album , Rewind : The Aretha Franklin Songbook . The song has been covered on the BET commercial in 2012 with the new slogan We Got You was shown from the retrospective moments . Jacob Artist and Melissa Benoist sang this song on Season 4 of ' Glee ' for the Valentine 's Day episode ' I Do . ' Irene Grandi and Stefano Bollani sang a piano and vocal cover during the fourth Episode of the musical show `` L'importante è avere un piano '' on the Italian TV channel Rai 1 , on 12 December 2016 . Other allusions to the song ( edit ) This song and its 1995 interpolation of it by Method Man and Mary J. Blige on their single , `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' , were referenced in `` All I Need '' by Jay - Z when he says : `` And all ... I ... need is a chick to hold a jammy like / Meth and Mary , like , Marvin and Tammi '' Late rapper The Notorious B.I.G. sampled a portion of it for his song `` My Downfall '' on his Life After Death album . On the first season of American Idol , winner Kelly Clarkson sang this song during Motown week and Jasmine Trias also sang it on the third season . On the sixth season finale , American Idol Winner Jordin Sparks sang it as a duet with second - season winner Ruben Studdard . Seventh season American Idol runner - up David Archuleta performed this song on Star Search final . Eighth season contestant Von Smith performed it in the third week of semifinals . In addition , Jacob Lusk sang this song also during Motown week of Idol 's tenth season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1975 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Billboard Adult Contemporary , August 19 , 1978 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Marvin Gaye Studio albums The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1961 ) That Stubborn Kinda Fellow ( 1962 ) When I 'm Alone I Cry ( 1964 ) Hello Broadway ( 1964 ) How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You ( 1965 ) A Tribute to the Great Nat `` King '' Cole ( 1965 ) Moods of Marvin Gaye ( 1966 ) In the Groove / I Heard It Through the Grapevine ! ( 1968 ) M.P.G. ( 1969 ) That 's the Way Love Is ( 1970 ) What 's Going On ( 1971 ) Trouble Man ( 1972 ) Let 's Get It On ( 1973 ) I Want You ( 1976 ) Here , My Dear ( 1978 ) In Our Lifetime ( 1981 ) Midnight Love ( 1982 ) Posthumous albums Dream of a Lifetime ( 1985 ) Romantically Yours ( 1986 ) Vulnerable ( 1997 ) Duet albums Together ( with Mary Wells , 1964 ) Take Two ( with Kim Weston , 1966 ) United ( with Tammi Terrell , 1967 ) You 're All I Need ( with Tammi Terrell , 1968 ) Easy ( with Tammi Terrell , 1969 ) Diana & Marvin ( with Diana Ross , 1973 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 ( 1967 ) Marvin Gaye and His Girls ( 1969 ) Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell 's Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) Super Hits ( 1970 ) Anthology ( 1974 ) Marvin Gaye 's Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Motown Remembers Marvin Gaye : Never Before Released Masters ( 1986 ) The Marvin Gaye Collection ( 1990 ) The Norman Whitfield Sessions ( 1994 ) Love Starved Heart : Rare and Unreleased ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 1994 ) The Master ( 1961 -- 1984 ) ( 1995 ) Marvin Gaye : The Love Songs ( 2000 ) The Complete Duets ( 2001 ) The Very Best of Marvin Gaye ( 2001 ) Live albums Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage ( 1963 ) Marvin Gaye Live ! ( 1974 ) Live at the London Palladium ( 1977 ) Marvin Gaye at the Copa ( 2005 ) Video albums Greatest Hits Live ( Live in Holland 1976 ) ( 2000 ) Live In Montreux 1980 ( 2003 ) The Real Thing : In Performance ( 1964 -- 1981 ) ( 2006 ) Live In Belgium 1981 ( 2006 ) US / UK Top Ten singles `` Pride and Joy '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` The Onion Song '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Got to Give It Up '' `` Sexual Healing '' Family Marvin Gay Sr. ( father ) Alberta Gay ( mother ) Anna Gordy Gaye ( first wife ) Denise Gordy ( son 's birth mother ) Nona Gaye ( daughter ) Frankie Gaye ( brother ) Gordon Banks ( brother - in - law ) Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Marvin Gaye Albums produced by Marvin Gaye Songs in memory Songs produced by Marvin Gaye Personal life Death Tributes Harvey Fuqua Tammi Terrell Leon Ware Marvin 's Room Marvin Is 60 : A Tribute Album Book Category Portal Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal Aretha Franklin Studio albums Columbia Aretha ( 1961 ) The Electrifying Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) The Tender , the Moving , the Swinging Aretha Franklin ( 1962 ) Laughing on the Outside ( 1963 ) Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington ( 1964 ) Runnin ' Out of Fools ( 1964 ) Yeah ! ! ! ( 1965 ) Soul Sister ( 1966 ) Take It Like You Give It ( 1967 ) Take a Look ( 1967 ) Soft and Beautiful ( 1969 ) Atlantic I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) Aretha Arrives ( 1967 ) Lady Soul ( 1968 ) Aretha Now ( 1968 ) Soul ' 69 ( 1969 ) This Girl 's in Love with You ( 1970 ) Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) Hey Now Hey ( The Other Side of the Sky ) ( 1973 ) Let Me in Your Life ( 1974 ) With Everything I Feel in Me ( 1974 ) You ( 1975 ) Sparkle ( 1976 ) Sweet Passion ( 1977 ) Almighty Fire ( 1978 ) La Diva ( 1979 ) Arista Aretha ( 1980 ) Love All the Hurt Away ( 1981 ) Jump to It ( 1982 ) Get It Right ( 1983 ) Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) Aretha ( 1986 ) Through the Storm ( 1989 ) What You See Is What You Sweat ( 1991 ) A Rose Is Still a Rose ( 1998 ) So Damn Happy ( 2003 ) Other Songs of Faith ( 1956 ) This Christmas , Aretha ( 2008 ) Aretha : A Woman Falling Out of Love ( 2011 ) Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics ( 2014 ) Live albums Aretha in Paris ( 1968 ) Aretha Live at Fillmore West ( 1971 ) Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) One Lord , One Faith , One Baptism ( 1987 ) Oh Me Oh My : Aretha Live in Philly , 1972 ( 2007 ) Compilation albums Aretha 's Gold ( 1969 ) Aretha 's Greatest Hits ( 1971 ) The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1973 ) Aretha Sings the Blues ( 1980 ) 30 Greatest Hits ( 1985 ) Greatest Hits : 1980 -- 1994 ( 1994 ) The Very Best of Aretha Franklin , Vol. 1 ( 1994 ) The Early Years ( 1997 ) Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Aretha 's Best ( 2001 ) Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul ( 2007 ) Jewels in the Crown : All - Star Duets with the Queen ( 2007 ) A Deeper Love : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 2009 ) The Great American Songbook ( 2011 ) Knew You Were Waiting : The Best of Aretha Franklin ( 1980 - 1998 ) ( 2012 ) Box sets Queen of Soul : The Atlantic Recordings ( 1992 / 2014 ) Take A Look : Aretha Franklin Complete on Columbia ( 2011 ) Singles `` Precious Lord ( Part 1 ) '' ( 1959 ) `` Today I Sing the Blues '' ( 1960 ) `` Wo n't Be Long '' ( 1960 ) `` Rock - a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody '' ( 1961 ) `` Operation Heartbreak '' ( 1961 ) `` I Surrender , Dear '' ( 1962 ) `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ( 1962 ) `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1963 ) `` Skylark '' ( 1963 ) `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' ( 1964 ) `` One Step Ahead '' ( 1965 ) `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1965 ) `` Mockingbird '' ( 1967 ) `` I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Respect '' ( 1967 ) `` Baby I Love You '' ( 1967 ) `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' ( 1967 ) `` Do Right Woman , Do Right Man '' `` Chain of Fools '' ( 1967 ) `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' ( 1968 ) `` Think '' ( 1968 ) `` You Send Me '' ( 1968 ) `` The House That Jack Built '' ( 1968 ) `` I Say a Little Prayer '' ( 1968 ) `` See Saw '' ( 1968 ) `` My Song '' ( 1968 ) `` The Weight '' ( 1969 ) `` Tracks of My Tears '' ( 1969 ) `` I Ca n't See Myself Leaving You '' ( 1969 ) `` Gentle on My Mind '' ( 1969 ) `` Share Your Love with Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Eleanor Rigby '' ( 1969 ) `` Call Me '' ( 1970 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1970 ) `` Spirit in the Dark '' ( 1970 ) `` The Thrill Is Gone '' ( 1970 ) `` Do n't Play That Song '' ( 1970 ) `` Border Song ( Holy Moses ) '' ( 1970 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1971 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' ( 1971 ) `` Spanish Harlem '' ( 1971 ) `` Rock Steady '' ( 1971 ) `` Day Dreaming '' ( 1972 ) `` Wholy Holy '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1973 ) `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( 1973 ) `` I 'm in Love '' ( 1974 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1974 ) `` Something He Can Feel '' ( 1976 ) `` Break It to Me Gently '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's My Turn '' ( 1981 ) `` Jump to It '' ( 1982 ) `` Get It Right '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeway of Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( 1986 ) `` Jimmy Lee '' ( 1986 ) `` I Knew You Were Waiting ( For Me ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Oh Happy Day '' ( 1988 ) `` Gimme Your Love '' ( 1989 ) `` It Is n't , It Was n't , It Ai n't Never Gonna Be '' ( 1989 ) `` Everyday People '' ( 1991 ) `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' ( 1992 ) `` A Deeper Love '' ( 1993 ) `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' ( 1998 ) `` Here We Go Again '' ( 1998 ) `` Put You Up on Game '' ( 2007 ) `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' ( 2009 ) `` Rolling in the Deep ( The Aretha Version ) '' ( 2014 ) Related topics Discography Awards and nominations `` Wood Beez ( Pray Like Aretha Franklin ) '' ( by Scritti Politti ) Book Deniece Williams Studio albums This Is Niecy ( 1976 ) Song Bird ( 1977 ) When Love Comes Calling ( 1979 ) My Melody ( 1981 ) Niecy ( 1982 ) I 'm So Proud ( 1983 ) Let 's Hear It for the Boy ( 1984 ) Hot On the Trail ( 1986 ) Water Under the Bridge ( 1987 ) As Good As It Gets ( 1988 ) Love Solves It All ( 1996 ) This Is My Song ( 1998 ) Love , Niecy Style ( 2007 ) Other albums That 's What Friends Are For ( 1978 ) Singles `` Free '' ( 1976 ) `` I 've Got the Next Dance '' ( 1979 ) `` Silly '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's Gonna Take a Miracle '' ( 1982 ) `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' ( 1984 ) `` Next Love '' ( 1984 ) `` Black Butterfly '' ( 1984 ) Duet singles `` Too Much , Too Little , Too Late '' ( 1978 ) `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' ( 1978 ) `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' ( 1984 ) Related topics Deniece Williams discography Johnny Mathis Family Ties Book : Deniece Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_All_I_Need_to_Get_By&oldid=801912465 '' Categories : 1968 singles Marvin Gaye songs Tammi Terrell songs Aretha Franklin songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Nickolas Ashford Songs written by Valerie Simpson Vocal duets Johnny Mathis songs Deniece Williams songs The Angels ( American group ) songs 1967 songs Song recordings produced by Ashford & Simpson Tamla Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what happened on last nights episode of big brother
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Big Brother 19 ( U.S. )
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big brother 19 ( u. s. )
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Big Brother 19 is the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother . It is based upon the Dutch series of the same name . The season premiered on June 28 , 2017 on CBS in the United States with a two - hour season premiere and Julie Chen returning as host . The season was titled `` Summer of Temptation '' with the various contestants able to receive a temptation which gave the taker a surprise reward or game advantage but also unleashed a game change for one or more other players . Viewers at home were able to vote to offer selected chosen players a secret temptation . A weekly opt - in competition , known as the Temptation Challenge , would give the winner immunity from the week 's nomination but also put the last - place finisher on the block as a third nominee , able to compete in the weekly Veto Competition and avoid a backdoor nomination .
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On September 20 , 2017 , Josh Martinez won the game in a 5 -- 4 vote against returning Big Brother 18 runner - up Paul Abrahamian , earning the latter the distinction of being the first person to lose a Final 2 jury vote twice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Development 1.2 Broadcasts 1.3 Prizes 1.4 Twists 1.4. 1 Standard Temptations 1.4. 2 Battle Back Showdown 1.4. 3 Den of Temptation 1.4. 4 Temptation Competition 1.4. 5 Tree of Temptation 2 HouseGuests 2.1 Future appearances 3 Summary 4 Have - Nots 5 Voting History 5.1 Notes 6 Controversies and criticisms 7 Reception 7.1 Viewing figures 8 References 9 External links Production Development Big Brother 19 is currently being produced by Endemol Shine North America and Fly on the Wall Entertainment with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . This season of the program has been confirmed since August 10 , 2016 as part of a multi season renewal between Endemol Shine North America and CBS which also includes its twentieth season tentatively scheduled for the summer of 2018 . Julie Chen returned as the host of the series . Broadcasts The main television coverage of the season was screened on CBS beginning June 28 , 2017 with a two - hour season premiere . This season featured no changes to the schedule that was used in the previous edition , with episodes airing on Wednesday , Thursday , and Sunday each week . The weekly Thursday episode , which airs at 6 PM PDT , featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place . During the live eviction , the show will be hosted by Julie Chen . The weekly Sunday episode , which airs at 5 PM PDT , features the nomination ceremony , as well as some highlights from the previous days . The weekly Wednesday episode , which also airs at 5 PM PDT , features the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony , along with more highlights of recent events in the House . The live Internet feeds which have been a staple of the program since its first season will return as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS spin - off series Big Brother : After Dark will return on Pop for its twelfth season . The show serves as a live feed into the House , and is edited for profanity , nudity , slanderous statements and music copyrights . A special episode was aired on July 21 to show the `` Battle Back Showdown '' where one of the 4 first evicted HouseGuests competed to re-enter the Big Brother House . Prizes The HouseGuests will be competing for the main prize of $500,000 . Cash prizes of varying amounts may be offered as `` temptations '' over the course of the season . Kevin Schlehuber was awarded $25,000 on the premiere episode . The second cash temptation of the season was also claimed by Kevin ; this time , it was a smaller sum of $27 . Twists Changes to the main format known as twists occur during the course of the season that will impact the lives of the HouseGuests during their time in the House . The twists for this season center around the theme of temptation where the HouseGuests will be tempted with money , power or safety during their stay . Each temptation however will come with a consequence that will impact the entire House . The overall main twist is being billed by the program as `` The Summer of Temptation '' for this reason . Standard temptations During the season premiere the HouseGuests were presented with the first temptation of the season , in which each new HouseGuest had a chance to secretly win $25,000 . Kevin Schlehuber was the quickest to claim the monetary prize , resulting in two different consequences . The first consequence was personal : Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition ; to keep his winning a secret , he had to throw ( intentionally lose ) the competition . The second consequence unleashed a major twist on the House called the `` BB Swap . '' This resulted in Paul Abrahamian , runner - up from the previous season , entering the House as a full HouseGuest eligible to win by taking the place of an original HouseGuest . Shortly after entering Paul was given nine friendship bracelets which gave immunity from the first eviction . Paul was instructed to take one for himself and give the remaining eight friendship bracelets to the HouseGuests that did a good job tempting him . The remaining eight HouseGuests took part in a competition for safety which resulted in Cameron , Christmas , and Jillian being nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given the power to choose how their fate would be determined . The nominees had a choice of a competition or a house eviction vote . Only Cameron chose to have a competition ; shortly after , the HouseGuests voted to evict Cameron from the House . The following temptation would be during the second Week 1 HoH competition . During the competition , a golden apple appeared that would guarantee safety for the person who grabbed it , but would eliminate the team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team from the HoH competition . In the Week 1 Power of Veto competition , the first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season with the consequence of eliminating themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . Battle Back Showdown Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game . Unlike last season , this showdown was done in playoff style . They will participate in a 3 - Round - Battle in order to gain their spot back in the house . The first competition `` Maze Race '' will eliminate the bottom two finishers , permanently eliminating them from the game . Dominique and Jillian lost the competition to Cody and Cameron respectively ; The second Competition between Cody and Cameron determined which first four evicted HouseGuest will be the last one standing and battle one of the HouseGuests in the house for a chance to get back to the house . If the evicted HouseGuest wins against the current HouseGuest , the remaining evictee will have a second chance to re-enter the house . However if the current HouseGuest defeats the returning evictee , no one will be returning to the house effectively blocking the Battle Back . The HouseGuests unanimously voted to choose Paul to battle Cody in the final competition . Cody chose `` Maze Race '' as the final competition . Cody won and re-entered the house on Day 30 . All three duels aired in a special episode on July 21 . Round # Winner ( s ) Loser ( s ) Cody , Cameron Dominique , Jillian Cody Cameron Cody Paul Den of temptation During the first three weeks of the season , the viewing public will vote for a HouseGuest of their choice to secretly enter a room called the Den of Temptation . The temptation inside the den could provide an advantage in the game but will come with a consequence that may affect one or more HouseGuests . The public 's chosen HouseGuest can choose to accept the temptation or reject it completely . Each HouseGuest can only be chosen to enter the den once during their time in the House . The results of the vote and the HouseGuest decision will be shown during the Sunday primetime episode . No . Date given Temptation ( if accepted ) Consequence ( if accepted ) Den Entrant Consequence Recipient Result Wed , June 28 The Pendant of Protection The HouseGuest will be immune from the next three evictions . The HouseGuest must pick a poison that is tied to another HouseGuest . The HouseGuest whose poison was chosen is now `` cursed '' and must volunteer as a third nominee for eviction in the next 3 weeks . Paul Ramses Accepted Sun , July 2 The Ring of Replacement The HouseGuest will have the power to swap with one of the randomly drawn players in the Power of Veto competition and take their place and have the power to participate in any veto competition . This temptation can only be used once . The HouseGuest must choose 3 HouseGuests to wear `` Ve - Toad '' costumes for the rest of the week . Christmas Cody , Jason , Jessica Accepted Wed , July 19 The Halting Hex The HouseGuest will have the power to stop one of the next 4 evictions , meaning that no eviction vote would be held and no one would be evicted . The `` Temptation Competition '' is unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Jessica All HouseGuests Accepted Temptation competition Due to Jessica accepting the final temptation , the `` Temptation Competition '' was unleashed for the next 3 weeks . Prior to nominations , HouseGuests ( except for the current Head of Household ) would be able to decide if they wanted to compete in this competition or not . The winner of the `` Temptation Competition '' would receive immunity for the week , however , the HouseGuest that finishes last in the competition would be automatically nominated as a 3rd nominee . Week # Competitors Winner Loser 5 Alex , Jason , Mark , Matt Mark Jason 6 Alex , Cody , Elena , Jason , Jessica , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Cody Jessica 7 Cody , Elena , Jason , Josh , Kevin , Mark , Matt , Paul , Raven Mark Matt Tree of temptation After Cody and Elena 's eviction , Julie revealed a new twist into the game which unleashed 5 possible temptations for HouseGuests to select for the next 3 weeks . These temptations include powers and punishments . When the apple tree turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the diary room gets to claim a temptation from the apple tree . Once a HouseGuest claims an apple , they are not eligible for another temptation . The results of picking an apple include , save a friend , ca n't play in next HOH , second veto , bounty on your head , and eliminate two eviction votes . Week # Name Description Picker Result 8 Save a Friend The winner earns the right to award immunity to another HouseGuest for the week . Mark Paul 9 None 10 None ^ Jump up to : No one decided to choose an apple temptation . HouseGuests Main article : List of Big Brother 19 houseguests ( U.S. ) The cast of the nineteenth season of Big Brother . Top : Ramses , Christmas , Jessica , Mark , Josh , Raven , Dominique and Jason Middle row : Paul , Jillian , Matt , Megan , Alex , Cody and Cameron Bottom : Elena and Kevin The HouseGuests were announced on Monday , June 19 at 6 AM PDT through the CBS website . Interviews with the cast were released at 8 AM PDT on CBS All Access . Name Age on entry Occupation Residence Alex Ow 28 Eco-friendly marketing representative California , Camarillo , Camarillo , California Cameron Heard 24 Microbiologist Illinois , Woodridge , Woodridge , Illinois Christmas Abbott 35 Fitness superstar North Carolina , Raleigh , Raleigh , North Carolina Cody Nickson 32 Construction sales representative Texas , Plano , Plano , Texas Dominique Cooper 30 Government engineer Virginia , Woodbridge , Woodbridge , Virginia Elena Davies 26 Radio personality Texas , Dallas , Dallas , Texas Jason Dent 37 Rodeo clown Iowa , Humeston , Humeston , Iowa Jessica Graf 26 VIP concierge California , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California Jillian Parker 24 Timeshare sales representative Nevada , Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada Josh Martinez 23 Haircare sales Florida , Homestead , Homestead , Florida Kevin Schlehuber 55 Stay - at - home dad Massachusetts , Boston , Boston , Massachusetts Mark Jansen 26 Personal trainer New York , Grand Island , Grand Island , New York Matthew `` Matt '' Clines 33 Renovation consultant Virginia , Arlington , Arlington , Virginia Megan Lowder 28 Dog walker Arizona , Phoenix , Phoenix , Arizona Paul Abrahamian 24 Clothing designer California , Tarzana , Tarzana , California Ramses Soto 21 Cosplay artist Michigan , Grand Rapids , Grand Rapids , Michigan Raven Walton 23 Dance teacher Arkansas , DeValls Bluff , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas Future appearances On October 1 , 2017 , CBS announced that Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson will be competing in the upcoming 30th season of The Amazing Race . Summary On Day 1 , 16 new HouseGuests entered the newest rendition of the Big Brother House . After getting settled in and introductions were done , they were then informed by series host Julie Chen that the theme for this season is `` Summer of Temptation '' , where they would face various offers during the game that would offer them prizes and unique game - changing advantages throughout the season . However , every temptation that was accepted in the House would have a consequence that would affect at least one of the other HouseGuests . They began the summer inside the Garden of Temptation , the first competition of the season . The HouseGuests , while sequestered in 16 separate pods , were given the offer of $25,000 . A flower was placed in front of the pods and the first HouseGuest to press their button when the flower lit up green would win the money . The identity of the person who pressed the button to accept the money would remain anonymous , however their actions would unleash the first twist of the season . Kevin accepted the offer , but in doing so it required him to throw the first Head of Household competition as he was now ineligible to win it . As another consequence for Kevin pressing the button , Paul from Big Brother 18 re-entered the House as the seventeenth HouseGuest . However , it was revealed by Chen that he would be swapping spots with one of the new HouseGuests that would be evicted the same night in a first - ever `` BB Swap . '' Paul was given the task to select eight HouseGuests to receive a `` friendship '' bracelet . Any HouseGuest who received a `` friendship '' bracelet would be immune from eviction . He gave bracelets to Kevin , Raven , Dominique , Mark , Jason , Jessica , Ramses , and Elena . The remaining eight HouseGuests battled for their lives in the Tempted by the Fruit competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to stand on a trapeze bar while holding on to a rope . If a HouseGuest fell off , they had to select an apple from a serpent . Four apples contained safety , while three apples were `` poisonous '' . As the competition continued , Julie would give them clues guiding them to the four safe apples . The last HouseGuest standing would guarantee his or her safety from the eviction , and the three HouseGuests with poisonous apples would be nominated for the first eviction . Cody was the winner ; Christmas , Cameron , and Jillian had the poisoned apples and were put on the block . The nominees were then presented with their own temptation . Each nominee had the power to decide how their fate would ultimately be determined . They would each decide to either face an eviction vote or compete in an eviction competition , with the top 2 finishers guaranteed safety and the third place finisher automatically evicted . By a vote of 2 - 1 , they decided to face an eviction vote , with Cameron voting for an eviction competition . On Day 1 , Cameron was evicted by an 8 - 3 - 2 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Matt voting to evict Jillian , and Josh and Jason voting to evict Christmas . Julie then revealed the next twist to the viewers . Each week , America would vote to select one HouseGuest to enter the `` Den of Temptation . '' Inside the Den , they would be offered a temptation . A HouseGuest is only able to be selected once throughout the entire season . However , every temptation will come with a consequence . Following Cameron 's eviction , Big Brother 18 winner Nicole hosted the HouseGuests in the Hangs in the Balance Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were divided into four same - gender teams . One at a time , HouseGuests had to swing across their ropes and grab a rotten apple and then return it to their station . However , they were all tempted by a golden apple : the first HouseGuest to return a golden apple would earn safety for the week , but would also eliminate their entire team from the competition . Josh took the temptation , eliminating his team . The first two teams to retrieve eight apples would advance to the second round of the competition . The pink team and the blue team were the winners , who then went head - to - head to balance seven apples on a tree . However , only one person per team could compete . The first HouseGuest to successfully balance their apples would be the first Head of Household . Cody was the winner and on Day 5 , he nominated Jillian and Megan for eviction . As Head of Household , Cody was required to name five Have - Nots for the week . He selected Megan , Josh , Jillian , Paul , and Ramses . However , the Have - Nots were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . On Day 8 , Megan walked from the game after an argument with numerous HouseGuests over an alleged racial slur . Paul took the Have - Not temptation and successfully claimed the Have - Not Escape . The HouseGuests learned of the Den of Temptation . Paul was given the offer of the Pendant of Protection , which would give him immunity for the next three evictions . By accepting the offer , another HouseGuest would be cursed . Whichever HouseGuest was represented by the chosen bottle would be the consequence recipient . On Day 9 , Cody nominated Alex to replace Megan on the block alongside Jillian . As consequence for Paul accepting the Pendant , one HouseGuest was `` bitten '' by a snake inside the Den . The HouseGuest bitten will be cursed and be given further instructions by Big Brother . Ramses was bitten and learned that he must place himself on the block as a third nominee within one of the next three nomination ceremonies . On Day 9 , Cody , Alex , and Jillian , alongside Matt , Raven , and Jason , scrapped in the Fin to Win Power of Veto competition , which was hosted by Kevin . In this competition , HouseGuests had to pull the plug on their water timer , causing it to drain . They had to then search the water for starfish and put them on their stacking shelf one at a time . If their water began to run low , they could collect water from the ocean to put in their timer . Once a HouseGuest 's water timer was empty , their starfish were locked in . However , the players were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to find a gold starfish and place it on their shelf would earn a Never - Not pass , meaning they can not be a Have - Not for the rest of the season . However , they would eliminate themselves from the competition . Raven took the temptation . The HouseGuest with the most starfish stacked on their shelf after their water had drained would win the Power of Veto . Alex won the Power of Veto , and on Day 11 , she took herself off the block , and Cody attempted to nominate Paul , who was immune thanks to the Pendant of Protection . This led Cody to nominate Christmas as the third replacement nominee . Christmas broke her foot in multiple places as well as tearing some ligaments when she and Jason were clowning around in the backyard . Even though Christmas was Cody 's target , many people were angry with Cody 's unforeseen nomination of Christmas . On Day 16 , Jillian was evicted by an 8 - 4 vote , with Alex , Jason , Jessica , and Ramses voting to evict Christmas . Following Jillian 's eviction , the HouseGuests crushed it in the Sugar Shot Head of Household competition , sponsored by the new CBS game show Candy Crush . In this competition , candies would fall into the yard . The HouseGuests needed to search the candies for tickets . Each ticket would give them one shot on the board . HouseGuests could exchange tickets and take up to three shots at one time . The first HouseGuest to land a ball in the center heart would be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . Cody , Jason , Jessica , and Matt became the Have - Nots for the week . On Day 17 , Christmas was tempted with the `` Ring of Replacement '' inside the Den . If she accepts this temptation , she can replace a randomly drawn player in any Veto competition this season . She accepted the temptation . She was then required to select three HouseGuests for the curse , and these three will be the only people Christmas has the option to replace . She selected Cody , Jessica , and Jason . On Day 17 , Paul nominated Alex and Josh for eviction , with the plan to backdoor Cody , while Ramses revealed his curse and named himself as a third nominee . As consequence for Christmas accepting the temptation , Cody , Jessica , and Jason had to wear toad suits for the week . Jason accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Extension . On Day 18 , Paul , Alex , Josh , and Ramses , alongside Elena and Matt , recalled in the Path of Least Resistance Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must go through a series of rooms and answer questions based on what they have seen throughout the previous rooms . If they answer a question correctly , they may walk through a quicker path . If they answer incorrectly , they must take a delayed path that contains a challenge that will slow them down . The HouseGuest to make it through all five areas in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 20 , Paul took Josh off the block and named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 23 , Cody was evicted by a 7 - 3 - 0 vote , with Christmas , Jessica , and Kevin voting to evict Ramses . Julie then informed Cody and America that the first four evicted HouseGuests would compete in the `` Battle Back Showdown '' with a chance to return to the game . Due to Christmas ' foot injury in the previous week , she was offered two options for the rest of her game : to either receive the medical treatments in the BB House with her having to sit out of some games as she would not be medically eligible to compete , or exit the BB House immediately . She decided to stay in the House . As a result , she cast her eviction vote from the hospital nearby and was sidelined for the following HOH competition . Following Cody 's eviction , the HouseGuests blasted off in the Space Cadets Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests stood on a small foothold and held on to their handles , trying to stay on the side of the space station . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . On Day 24 , Alex nominated Dominique and Jessica for eviction . On Day 25 , Alex , Dominique , and Jessica , joined by Kevin , Christmas , and Jason , felt the heat in the Temple of Temptation Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must walk across their suspended beam and hit their statue . They must then return and hit their button again . Each time they hit their button , they will earn a point . If they fall in the lava , however , their counter will reset to zero . However , the HouseGuests were also offered a temptation . The first HouseGuest to hit their special button will earn a money prize , but they will eliminate themselves from the competition . The first HouseGuest to get fifty points will win the Power of Veto . Kevin claimed the temptation of $27 . Jason was the winner . On Day 27 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 28 , Jessica was tempted with the `` Halting Hex '' . If she accepts this temptation , she can cancel any of the next four evictions . She accepted the offer . On Day 30 , Dominique was evicted by a 10 - 0 vote . The HouseGuests were then informed of the `` Battle Back Showdown '' . The evicted HouseGuests would face off in a series of head - to - head matches , with the winner facing the next evicted HouseGuest . The last standing will have a second chance at the game . Cody was the winner . However , the HouseGuests were given a chance to prevent Cody 's return . They must select one of them to face off against Cody in a final round . If the current HouseGuest wins , no one will return . The HouseGuests selected Paul . Cody beat Paul , and he returned to the game . Following Cody 's return , the HouseGuests stuck it out in the What 's the Hold Up ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must press their red traffic disk up by pressing it against their board with their stick . If a HouseGuest drops their disk , they will be eliminated . As a HouseGuest is eliminated , they must select a HouseGuest to punish , making it more difficult for them to continue . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jessica was the winner . For being the first three HouseGuests out of the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Paul , as well as Josh , became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 31 , Jessica nominated Josh and Ramses for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . On Day 32 , Jessica , Josh , and Ramses mixed it up with Cody , Jason , and Christmas in the BB Juicy Blast Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests will watch the monitor to see a sequence of smoothie ingredients . After the sequence , they will be asked a question based on the sequence they just saw . If a HouseGuest answers incorrectly , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Jessica was the winner . On Day 34 , Jessica decided not to use the Power of Veto . Paul hoped to flip the vote and keep Josh safe and use him to go after Jessica and Cody . On Day 37 , Ramses was evicted by a 7 - 3 vote , with Cody , Mark , and Elena voting to evict Josh . Julie revealed to the viewers that as consequence for Jessica accepting the temptation last week , a new competition known as the `` Temptation Competition '' would be in play for the next three weeks . Each week , each HouseGuest will decide whether or not they wish to participate in the competition . The HouseGuest who wins the competition will earn safety for the week . However , the HouseGuest who places last in the competition will be a third nominee for the week . Following Ramses ' eviction , the HouseGuests were quizzed in the Inked and Evicted Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a series of questions based on photos of the evicted HouseGuests . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 38 , the HouseGuests learned of the Temptation Competition . Alex , Jason , Mark , and Matt decided to compete in the competition . The four then danced in the Bowlerina Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must spin around their handle fifteen times . They will then earn fifteen seconds of bowling time . If they run out of time , they must spin again to earn more time . The HouseGuest who knocks down their four pins the fastest will win safety for the week , while the slowest competitor will be on the block as a third nominee . Mark was the winner , and Jason became the third nominee . On Day 38 , Paul nominated Cody and Jessica for eviction . Elena accepted the Have - Not temptation and received the Have - Not Extension . On Day 39 , Paul , Jessica , Cody , and Jason , accompanied by Kevin and Raven , weathered the pain in the returned Under the Weather Power of Veto competition . The day before the competition , HouseGuests listened to a series of BB Storm Watch updates . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests looked at a teleprompter for sentences with blanks . HouseGuests had to report the weather and fill in the blanks with the name of one of the first four evicted HouseGuests while standing in a storm . If the sentence passes through the teleprompter before the HouseGuest fills in the blank , they will be incorrect . The HouseGuest who fills in the most blanks correctly will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 41 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Jason . On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex and canceled the eviction . Following Jessica 's use of the Halting Hex , the HouseGuests putted for power in the Gravestone Golf Head of Household competition . In this competition , each HouseGuest will putt their eye ball down the course , attempting to land it in the highest numbered slot possible . The slot their ball lands in will be their score . The HouseGuest with the highest score will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 45 , all HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . The HouseGuests then blacked out in the Strangest Things Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . They must walk through the pitch black House in search of phrases written on the wall . Each phrase will have a circled letter . They must unscramble the circled letters , locate the correct item , and put it in the box . The HouseGuest who locates the item and puts it in the box in the fastest time will win safety for the week , while the HouseGuest with the slowest time will be a third nominee for the week . Cody was the winner , and Jessica became the third nominee . On Day 45 , Josh nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . On Day 46 , Josh , Mark , Elena , and Jessica , plus Alex , and Christmas , after she used her Ring of Replacement to take Cody 's spot , vied in the OTEV the Possessed Piglet Power of Veto competition . Christmas was not allowed to compete . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests received a question with a number answer . They must search the field for the shoe with the correct number , and return it to OTEV and kneel on a stump . However , there will always be one less stump than HouseGuests . The last HouseGuest to return with the correct number will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . On Day 48 , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Josh named Raven as the replacement nominee . On Day 51 , Jessica was evicted by a 7 - 1 - 0 vote , with Cody voting to evict Raven . Following Jessica 's eviction , the HouseGuests were put under a spell in the Hocus Focus Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests watched a series of magic performances . After each performance , the HouseGuests will be asked questions based on the performance . An incorrect answer resulted in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . For being the first four HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Kevin , Mark , Jason , and Paul became Have - Nots for the week . The day before the Temptation Competition , the HouseGuests were surprised by a series of random sounds . All HouseGuests except Christmas accepted the offer to compete in the Temptation Competition . On Day 52 , the HouseGuests were irritated in the Where Were You ? Temptation Competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked where they were in the House when a specific sound went off . They must then stand on their location on the blueprint of the House . Each correct answer earns HouseGuests a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after ten questions will win safety for the week , and the HouseGuest with the least points will be the third nominee for the week . Mark was the winner , and Matt became the third nominee for the week . On Day 52 , Alex nominated Elena and Jason for eviction . Mark accepted the Have - Not temptation and claimed the Have - Not Escape . On Day 53 , Alex , Elena , Jason , and Matt , alongside Paul and Mark , launched in the BB Adventure Tour Power of Veto competition , sponsored by Outback Steakhouse . In each round of this competition , each HouseGuest shot an arrow at a map with a series of numbers . After a spot is landed on , it is out of play . The HouseGuest with the lowest score will be eliminated . However , when they are eliminated , they will open a prize . HouseGuests eliminated in future rounds will have the option to swap their prize with a prize that was already revealed . The HouseGuest with the veto at the end will win the Power of Veto , as well as the option to select five HouseGuests to join them for a meal from Outback Steakhouse . Elena claimed $5000 , Alex earned the Camp Guide , Paul won a skydiving outfit to share with another HouseGuest ; he selected Christmas . Mark won a trip to Colorado , and Jason won the Extreme - itard . Matt won the Power of Veto . Matt selected Mark , Elena , Paul , Alex , and Jason for the Outback dinner . However Paul gave up the dinner suggesting that Christmas take his place . On Day 55 , Matt used the Power of Veto on Jason , and Alex named Cody as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 58 , Cody was re-evicted by a 7 - 0 vote . He became the first member of the jury . Immediately following Cody 's eviction , the HouseGuests slid in the Let It Slide Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in head - to - head matches . They will each slide a shuffleboard disc down their lane . The HouseGuest with a puck closest to the edge without falling off will win the match and eliminate their opponent . The remaining HouseGuest will then select the next two HouseGuests to face off . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . He immediately nominated Elena and Mark for eviction . Jason , Elena , Mark , Raven , Josh , and Matt then were puzzled in the Kenya - Solve It Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must solve a series of three puzzles , one at a time . Their puzzle pieces must be inside the black outline . The first HouseGuest to complete all three puzzles and buzz in will win the Power of Veto . Mark was the winner . At the Veto meeting , Mark used the Power of Veto on himself , and Jason named Matt as the replacement nominee . On Day 58 , Elena was evicted by a 6 - 1 vote , with Mark voting to evict Matt . She became the second member of the jury . Following Cody and Elena 's eviction , Derrick from Big Brother 16 surprised the HouseGuests , and they took the opportunity to reflect on the season . Derrick then hosted the HouseGuests in the Tales from Decrypt Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed in a tournament - style bracket . In each head - to - head match , the HouseGuests will watch a crypted message be slowly revealed . They must decrypt the message and press the button of the correct HouseGuest . If they are correct , they will advance and eliminate their opponent . If they are incorrect , they will be eliminated and their opponent will advance . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . For being the first two HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition , Mark and Josh became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 59 , the HouseGuests learned of the Tree of Temptation . In the front hallway is a tree with five apples on it . For the next three weeks , HouseGuests must wait for the tree to turn red . After it turns red , the first HouseGuest to enter the Diary Room may claim an apple . A HouseGuest may only accept one apple while the twist is in play . Each apple contains a prize or a punishment , but the HouseGuests will not know what is inside until they open it . On Day 59 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . Mark accepted the temptation . His apple contained the `` Save - A-Friend '' power . He earned the power to grant one HouseGuest other than himself immunity for the week . He gave Paul immunity for the week . On Day 59 , Christmas nominated Jason and Matt for eviction , with the intention to backdoor Mark . On Day 60 , Zingbot surprised the HouseGuests to host them for the Power of Veto competition . Christmas , Jason , and Matt , as well as Raven , Paul , and Mark , slipped in the Home Zing Home Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must fill up their cup , walk down their slippery lane , and pour it into their bowl . They must then walk back down their lane and do it again . There are two bowls for HouseGuests to fill . If they fill their small bowl , they will receive a larger cup with which to fill their large bowl . The first HouseGuest to fill their large bowl enough to retrieve their ball inside will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 62 , Jason used the Power of Veto on himself , and Christmas named Mark as the replacement nominee . On Day 65 , Mark was evicted by a 4 - 2 vote , with Alex and Jason voting to evict Matt . He became the third member of the jury . Following Mark 's eviction , the HouseGuests were splattered in the Everyone 's A Wiener Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must brace themselves with handholds and footholds inside their hot dog bun . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Jason was the winner . For being the first two people to drop in the Head of Household competition , Kevin and Matt became Have - Nots for the week . On Day 66 , the Tree of Temptation turned red . However , nobody accepted the temptation . On Day 66 , Jason nominated Matt and Raven , with Matt as the target . On Day 67 , Jason , Matt , Raven , Josh , Paul , and Kevin went on the lookout in the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House . Then , one at a time , HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card . If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found , they will be eliminated , though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition . The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto . Jason was the winner . On Day 69 , Jason decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 71 , Matt broke the Have - Not rules and earned a penalty vote on eviction night . On Day 72 , Matt was evicted by a 6 - 0 vote . He became the fourth member of the jury . Following Matt 's eviction , Julie informed the HouseGuests that the Head of Household competition would be delayed until further notice due to weather conditions . When the delay was over , the HouseGuests sprinted in the Ready , Set , Whoa Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests had to hold down two buttons in their starting lane . At the end of their lanes , a monitor will cycle though the words `` ready , set , go . '' If a HouseGuest releases a button before the word `` go '' , they will be eliminated . Once they see the word `` go , '' they must run to the end of their lane and hit one of the five buttons . The last person to hit a button will be eliminated . Once a HouseGuest uses a button , it is out of play for future rounds . The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household . Christmas was the winner . On Day 73 , Christmas nominated Alex and Jason for eviction . Bobby Moynihan surprised the HouseGuests to host the Veto competition . On Day 74 , everyone except Josh fought in the Punch Slap Kick Power of Veto competition , sponsored by the new CBS show `` Me , Myself & I '' . In this competition , HouseGuests were hit with a series of punches , slaps , and kicks . After the sequence , they were asked a question based on their experience . If they answer correctly , they will earn one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after six rounds will win the Power of Veto , as well as a visit to the set of `` Me , Myself & I '' . Alex and Paul tied the competition and then played a series of tiebreaker sequences to determine the winner . Paul was the winner . On Day 76 , Paul used the Power of Veto on Alex , and Christmas named Kevin as the replacement nominee . Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction . On Day 79 , after Christmas cast the tie - breaking vote , Jason was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote , with Alex and Paul voting to evict Kevin . He became the fifth member of the jury . Immediately after Jason 's eviction , the HouseGuests reported in the Fake News Head of Household competition . In this competition , Julie will read a series of headlines to the HouseGuests . The HouseGuests must identify if these headlines are real or fake . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Alex was the winner . Alex immediately nominated Kevin and Raven for eviction . The HouseGuests then dug down deep in the Lime Drop Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must race down their lane , jump into their ball pit , and search for limes . They must find a lime and attempt to drop it in their tube . If a ball hits the ground , it is out of play . The first HouseGuest to drop four limes into their tube and hit their button will win the Power of Veto . Josh was the winner . At the Veto Meeting , Josh decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 79 , Raven was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Josh voting to evict Kevin . She became the sixth member of the jury . Following Jason and Raven 's eviction , the HouseGuests recalled in The Revengers Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were asked a question about the `` Revengers '' movie trailer they were shown . They must find the correct character and place it in front . If they are correct , they will receive one point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 80 , Josh nominated Alex and Kevin for eviction . On Day 81 , the HouseGuests geeked out in the BB Comics Power of Veto competition . In this competition , HouseGuests competed individually . HouseGuests must zip line by the comic studio window to look at the set of comics on the other side . They must then recreate the set of comics on their computer . However , there are several decoy comics to confuse the HouseGuests . The HouseGuest who replicates the comics on their computer the fastest will win the Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 83 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 84 , after Josh cast the tie - breaking vote , Alex was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote , with Paul voting to evict Kevin . She became the seventh member of the jury . Following Alex 's eviction , the HouseGuests sought a spot in the final three in the What the Bleep ? Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of clips with a censored word or words . Julie will then give them words as to what the blurred phrase may be . The HouseGuests must then state if Julie 's suggestion is true or false . A correct answer earned a HouseGuest a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household . Paul was the winner . On Day 85 , Paul nominated Josh and Kevin for eviction . On Day 85 , the HouseGuests were steampunked in the Back to the Veto final Power of Veto competition . In each round of this competition , HouseGuests were asked on what day a specific event took place . They must turn their dials to match the day , then hit their button . If they are incorrect , their counter will reset to zero , and they must try again . The last HouseGuest to input the correct day will lose power in their time machine . Three strikes will result in elimination . The last HouseGuest standing will win the final Power of Veto . Paul was the winner . On Day 86 , Paul decided not to use the Power of Veto . On Day 86 , Christmas cast the sole vote to evict Kevin . He became the eighth member of the jury . Following Kevin 's eviction , the HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the Tail of the Unicorn Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests must stand on their cloud and hold on to the tail of their unicorn . If a HouseGuest lets go of their tail , they will be eliminated . The last HouseGuest standing will win Part 1 and advance to Part 3 . Paul was the winner . Josh and Christmas then faced off in the Knock ' Em Down Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were shown a series of scrolls . They must knock down the HouseGuests who do not apply to the clue . The HouseGuest who completes the three scrolls correctly faster will win Part 2 and face Paul in Part 3 . Josh was the winner . Paul and Josh had the final showdown in the Scales of Just - Us Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition . In this competition , HouseGuests were read a series of statements from the jury . They must guess how each juror completed their statement . A correct answer gave them a point . The HouseGuest with the most points after eight questions will be the final Head of Household . Josh was the winner . On Day 92 , Josh cast the sole vote to evict Christmas . She became the ninth and final member of the jury . On Day 92 , after receiving Cody , Elena , Mark , Alex , and Jason 's votes , Josh was deemed the winner of Big Brother 19 . Paul was declared the runner - up , securing the votes of Matt , Raven , Kevin , and Christmas . Cody was revealed to be America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received $25,000 . Have - Nots This season , the Have - Nots for the week were offered a temptation . On the wall of the Have - Not room , there were two available spikes . Inside one spike is a Have - Not Escape which would allow its holder to leave the Have - Not Room and become a Have for the week . However , the other held a Have - Not Extension , making the holder a Have - Not for an extra week . One Have - Not per week could go to the Diary Room to claim the key to unlock a spike . Week No . Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Have - Nots Jillian , Josh , Megan , Paul , Ramses Cody , Jason , Jessica , Matt Jason , Josh , Mark , Ramses Josh , Kevin , Mark , Paul Alex , Christmas , Elena , Mark Elena Jason , Kevin , Mark , Paul Josh , Mark Kevin , Matt none Have - Not Temptation Paul Jason Josh Mark Elena none Mark none none Voting history Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Day 1 Day 7 Day 24 Day 30 Day 52 Day 58 Day 73 Day 79 Day 80 Day 85 Day 92 Finale Head of Household ( none ) Cody Paul Alex ( none ) Jessica Paul Josh Alex Jason Christmas Jason Christmas Alex Josh Paul Josh ( none ) Temptation Winner Paul Christmas Jessica ( none ) Mark Cody Mark ( none ) Mark ( none ) Nominations ( pre-veto ) Cameron Christmas Jillian Alex Jillian Megan Alex Josh Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jason Jessica Elena Jessica Mark Elena Jason Matt Elena Mark Jason Matt Matt Raven Alex Jason Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Christmas Paul Veto Winner ( none ) Alex Paul Jason Jessica Paul Mark Matt Mark Jason Jason Paul Josh Paul Paul ( none ) Nominations ( post-veto ) Christmas Jillian Paul Alex Cody Ramses Dominique Jessica Josh Ramses Cody Jessica Elena Jessica Raven Cody Elena Matt Elena Matt Mark Matt Matt Raven Jason Kevin Kevin Raven Alex Kevin Josh Kevin Josh Christmas Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Nominated No voting Head of Household Cody Elena Mark Matt Jason Kevin Alex Nominated Christmas Winner ( Day 92 ) Paul Not eligible Jillian Head of Household Dominique Alex Ramses Head of Household Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Kevin Raven Kevin Head of Household Nominated Runner - up ( Day 92 ) Christmas Nominated Nominated Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Head of Household Matt Jason Raven Alex Kevin Evicted ( Day 92 ) Paul Kevin Cameron Jillian Ramses Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Elena Mark Matt Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 86 ) Paul Alex Cameron Christmas Nominated Head of Household Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Head of Household Elena Matt Matt Kevin Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 84 ) Josh Raven Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Nominated Cody Elena Mark Nominated Jason Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Paul Jason Christmas Christmas Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Cody Head of Household Matt Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 79 ) Josh Matt Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Ramses No voting Jessica Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 72 ) Paul Mark Jillian Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Jessica Cody Matt Nominated Evicted ( Day 65 ) Josh Elena Cameron Jillian Cody Dominique Paul Josh No voting Nominated Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Cody Jillian Head of Household Nominated Evicted ( Day 23 ) Josh Nominated Raven Nominated Re-evicted ( Day 58 ) Josh Jessica Cameron Christmas Ramses Nominated Paul Head of Household Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 51 ) Ramses Cameron Christmas Nominated Dominique Paul Nominated Evicted ( Day 37 ) Dominique Cameron Jillian Cody Nominated Evicted ( Day 30 ) Jillian Nominated Nominated Evicted ( Day 16 ) Megan Cameron Nominated Walked ( Day 8 ) Cameron Nominated Evicted ( Day 1 ) Notes 1 , 2 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 6 , 7 6 8 , 9 none 10 , 11 10 12 13 14 , 15 14 , 16 12 17 none 18 Walked none Megan none Evicted Cameron 8 of 13 votes to evict Jillian 8 of 12 votes to evict Cody 7 of 10 votes to evict Dominique 10 of 10 votes to evict Paul 11 of 12 votes to compete Ramses 7 of 10 votes to evict Eviction cancelled Jessica 7 of 8 votes to evict Cody 7 of 7 votes to evict Elena 6 of 7 votes to evict Mark 4 of 6 votes to evict Matt 6 of 6 votes to evict Jason 3 of 5 votes to evict Raven 2 of 3 votes to evict Alex 2 of 3 votes to evict Kevin Christmas ' choice to evict Christmas Josh 's choice to evict Paul 4 votes to win Cody Won re-entry into game Josh 5 votes to win Notes ^ Note 1 : Paul entered the House after the original sixteen HouseGuests due to Kevin accepting a temptation . Paul was given immunity from the first eviction and had to give immunity to eight HouseGuests of his choice by giving them a friendship bracelet . ^ Note 2 : Those who did not get a friendship bracelet had to compete in a competition in order to stay in the house . Cameron , Christmas and Jillian lost this competition and were nominated for eviction . The three nominees were given a choice between an eviction vote or an eviction competition . The eviction vote was held after a 2 - 1 vote in favor of an eviction vote ; only Cameron voted for an eviction competition . Paul was not eligible to vote but would cast a tiebreaker vote if required . ^ Note 3 : Due to accepting the $25,000 temptation on Day 1 , Kevin was not allowed to win the first Head of Household competition and had to secretly throw it . ^ Note 4 : Because Josh retrieved the Golden Apple in the HoH competition , he was awarded immunity for that week . ^ Note 5 : Because Megan walked from the game while still being one of Cody 's original nominations , he had to choose a replacement nominee , ultimately choosing Alex . ^ Note 6 : For the first three weeks , America voted to tempt three houseguests , one per week . Because Paul accepted the Pendant of Protection temptation , he is immune for the next three evictions . Paul chose to keep this immunity a secret until Cody attempted to nominate him for eviction at the Week 1 Veto Ceremony . ^ Note 7 : During Week 1 , Ramses was cursed with having to nominate himself as a 3rd nominee within the next three weeks . He chose to nominate himself during Week 2 . In the event that the PoV was used on Ramses , no replacement nominee would be named . ^ Note 8 : Instead of permanent eviction , the first four evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game through the `` Battle Back Showdown . '' All four evictees faced off in a duel , in which two winners of the first round advanced to face each other in the second round and the losers from both rounds were permanently eliminated ; going into the third duel , Cody was the last evictee standing and beat Paul to officially win re-entry into the house . ^ Note 9 : Paul was voted to battle Cody in the final round of the Battle Back Showdown . Ultimately , Cody defeated Paul and re-entered the game on Day 30 . ^ Note 10 : Since Jessica accepted the Halting Hex temptation , the consequence was a new competition unleashed for the next 3 weeks . The winner of the temptation competition would be immune for the week , however , the person that finishes last in the competition will be automatically nominated as a third nominee , indicated in bold . This temptation nominee is irreplaceable if the veto is used on them . ^ Note 11 : On Day 44 , Jessica used the Halting Hex , which halted Week 5 's Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week was a double eviction week . Following the first eviction , the remaining HouseGuests played a week 's worth of games -- including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination , Veto and Eviction ceremonies -- during the remainder of the live show , culminating in a second eviction for the week . ^ Note 13 : Through the Tree of Temptation , Mark earned the power to `` Save a Friend '' which allowed him to grant immunity to another HouseGuest ; he chose Paul . ^ Note 14 : Due to nobody picking an apple from the Tree of Temptation , no one received a temptation . ^ Note 15 : Matt was given a penalty vote for eviction after eating normal food while on the mandatory Have - Not slop diet . ^ Note 16 : As Head of Household , Christmas was forced to break the tie on Day 79 . ^ Note 17 : As Head of Household , Josh was forced to break the tie on Day 84 . ^ Note 18 : During the finale , the jury members voted for which finalist should win Big Brother . Controversies and criticisms Paul Abrahamian received criticism for his controversial mimicking of another HouseGuest . In Week 3 , he targeted Dominique Cooper for eviction and decided to apply black facial cosmetics and clothing that resembled the skin of a snake , a metaphor that she had called him in an effort to expose his strategy to the other HouseGuests . Given that Cooper is African American , Abrahamian 's actions were deemed racist when he referred to the cosmetics as `` blackface . '' When asked by TMZ about the incident , Run the Jewels member Killer Mike remarked that `` ( Abrahamian ) has the right to be stupid '' and `` there are consequences that that come with that . '' Viewers also debated on Abrahamian 's alleged bullying tactics in which he encouraged other HouseGuests to antagonize `` outcasts '' in the House , especially showmance allies Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson . Some notable incidents include Christmas Abbott propagating aspersions on Nickson 's military service , and Alex Ow and Raven Walton engaging in verbal arguments with Graf . Likewise , a physical confrontation nearly transpired between Josh Martinez and Mark Jansen after the latter defended Nickson and the former responded with his frying - pan shtick , prompting Big Brother production to force them to opposite ends of the House . A fistfight almost ensued between Abrahamian and Nickson as well after Abrahamian disrespectfully silenced Graf in front of Nickson in the HoH Room . Abrahamian , who was HoH at that time , bypassed the confrontation instead by sending Nickson out of the room while screaming condescensions at him . Some fans also perceived Megan Lowder 's controversial exit on Day 8 as a result of bullying . During a backyard conversation , Lowder overheard Graf refer to Ow as `` Panda , '' which Lowder considered to be racist due to its Asian connotation . However , Graf actually said `` PaoPao , '' which alluded to the nickname of Big Brother 16 HouseGuest Paola Shea , of whom Ow reminded Graf due to both being Asian Americans . After being informed of the comment by Lowder , Ow clarified the issue with Graf before they assumed that Lowder fabricated the comment for game - related purposes , prompting them to confront her . Lowder felt overwhelmed by the confrontation that she broke down and stayed long in the Diary Room where she brought up her history of posttraumatic stress disorder with the show 's producers . Concerned of her mental health , production came to a mutual decision with Lowder that it would be best for her to self - evict from the game . Viewers called for Jason Dent 's expulsion from the House after he was caught on the live feeds making rape and assault jokes in front of other HouseGuests . In one instance , Dent commented on having sex with Kevin Schlehuber 's wife , Deborah , while all their daughters were tied up and forced to watch the act . In an interview with TMZ , Deborah Schlehuber said that Dent 's comments were disturbing and `` the worst thing she 's ever seen . '' On Twitter , Dent 's family apologized for the comments but stated that the comments were taken out of context , which Deborah doubted as she believed her husband would never joke as such about anyone in any situation . Dent was also seen making similar jokes earlier in the competition , such as suggesting to restrain Walton and have male HouseGuests `` take turns '' on her , and once telling cops about sexually assaulting women at a nursing home . Dent and Nickson sparked backlash after footage of remarks regarded as transphobic was depicted on the live feeds . During a conversation in the hot tub , Graf informed Dent and Nickson about Audrey Middleton of Big Brother 17 as the first transgender contestant in the show 's history . Nickson proceeded to mock the gender identity of Middleton , for whom Dent was also confused about the appropriate pronoun . Middleton addressed the controversy through a Twitter post , urging people not to vilify both male HouseGuests but rather , educate them on the value of emotional intelligence . Nickson was also criticized for using the derogatory term `` tranny '' several times earlier in the game . Fans were heavily divided on the authenticity of some of Walton 's claims in the House . As a gastroparesis ( GP ) sufferer , Walton often commented that her gastric pacemaker was burdensome , that her condition was hereditary and terminal , and that she was sterile , making her consider egg - freezing , hysterectomy , and knee surgery before her death . Even before joining the show , Walton had established a $200,000 campaign on GoFundMe for her treatment , which some skeptical fans considered a scam . Schlehuber also recounted Walton asking viewers for money on camera . Other GP sufferers and organizations like Gastroparesis Patient Association for Cures and Treatment disputed her claims about the severity of the disease . However , Walton 's mother , Stacy , and her physician , Dr. Thomas Abell , took it to social media to combat Walton 's critics , even stating `` there 's basically many different ways to die from gastroparesis ... '' Fans also accused Walton of being an `` attention seeker '' or having hypochondria or Munchausen syndrome due to her allegedly exaggerating other health conditions and lying about having GP based on her unhealthy eating habits in the House . Walton also claimed that she and her mother were members of Mensa International but their names were proven not to be found in the organization 's current directory . Several HouseGuests , especially Graf , attracted controversy for engaging in a certain inappropriate behavior in the House . Footage on the live feeds showed Graf making unwanted contact with some HouseGuests in their `` private areas '' in a joking manner without prior consent . When confronted , Graf dismissed any accusations of such wrongdoing as sexual harassment or invasion of privacy . Ironically , Graf 's behavior incited other HouseGuests like Abrahamian , Matthew Clines , Ramses Soto , and Elena Davies to partake in similar playful acts towards HouseGuests of the same and opposite genders . In one episode of the show , Ow shared with Martinez how the rampant `` touching '' in the House , particularly her experience with Graf , made her uncomfortable because it was reminiscent of her cousin who had been raped and murdered . Reception Viewing figures # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , June 28 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.88 Thursday , June 29 , 2017 1.6 / 7 5.37 Sunday , July 2 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.16 Wednesday , July 5 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.15 5 Thursday , July 6 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.09 6 Sunday , July 9 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.39 7 Wednesday , July 12 , 2017 1.9 / 9 6.45 8 Thursday , July 13 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.11 9 Sunday , July 16 , 2017 1.8 / 8 5.95 10 Wednesday , July 19 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.19 11 Thursday , July 20 , 2017 1.9 / 7 5.96 12 Friday , July 21 , 2017 1.5 / 7 5.45 13 Sunday , July 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 5.98 14 Wednesday , July 26 , 2017 1.8 / 8 6.35 15 Thursday , July 27 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 16 Sunday , July 30 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.33 17 Wednesday , August 2 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.57 18 Thursday , August 3 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.42 19 Sunday , August 6 , 2017 2.0 / 8 6.46 20 Wednesday , August 9 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.39 21 Thursday , August 10 , 2017 1.9 / 8 5.95 22 Sunday , August 13 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.22 23 Wednesday , August 16 , 2017 1.9 / 8 6.27 24 Thursday , August 17 , 2017 2.1 / 8 6.48 25 Friday , August 18 , 2017 1.4 / 7 5.06 26 Sunday , August 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.42 27 Wednesday , August 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.10 28 Thursday , August 24 , 2017 1.7 / 7 6.03 29 Sunday , August 27 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.28 30 Wednesday , August 30 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.20 31 Thursday , August 31 , 2017 1.5 / 6 4.91 32 Sunday , September 3 , 2017 1.7 / 7 5.65 33 Wednesday , September 6 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.33 34 Thursday , September 7 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.24 35 Sunday , September 10 , 2017 1.9 / 7 6.27 6 36 Wednesday , September 13 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.38 37 Thursday , September 14 , 2017 1.8 / 7 6.12 38 Friday , September 15 , 2017 1.2 / 6 4.89 39 Wednesday , September 20 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.70 ^ Note 1 : Episode 22 was delayed to 8 : 18 PM ET ( 7 : 18 PM CT ) ) due to the PGA Tour golf event running long . References ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Announces Summer Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Renews Hit Summer Series `` Big Brother '' For Two More Editions '' ( Press release ) . CBS Press Express . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Matthew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Big Brother 19 : Four Weeks Until Season Premiere '' . Big Brother Network . Gravy Train Productions , LLC . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Unveils Summer Schedule , Moves ' Zoo ' to Thursdays '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS ' Zoo , Big Brother , New Asteroid Thriller Get Summer Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Summer 2017 Premiere Dates for ' Big Brother 19 ' and More '' . Buddy TV . Seattle , Washington . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Announces Programming Slate Featuring New and Returning Original Series , Spanning More Than 400 Hours of Original Content '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dehnart , Andy ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Why Big Brother After Dark is censored on TVGN '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tonight On Big Brother 19 : ' Battle Back ' Special Episode '' . Big Brother Network . 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Iannucci , Rebecca ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Big Brother Season Premiere Recap : Which Vet Returned ? Who Got Evicted ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' recap : Paul continues to control the game '' . EW.com. 2017 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkland , Justin ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Premiere Recap : Season 19 Kicks Off With the Return of a Fan Favorite '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Bosses Explain the Premiere 's Biggest Twist '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dehnart , Andy ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Big Brother 19 's premiere rapidly ruins its potential '' . Reality Blurred . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Premiere Recap : The First Night of Temptation and an Eviction '' . Buddy TV . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Sage ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` How Does The Den Of Temptation Work On ' Big Brother 19 ' ? This Season Is All About Tough Choices '' . Bustle . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Porreca , Brian ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Reveals Houseguests for Season 19 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Meet The New Big Brother Season 19 Cast Before Anyone Else '' . CBS . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Janes , Theoden ( 2017 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fitness star : Being a ' badass ' is about so much more than half - naked pics '' . newsobserver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 's Jessica And Cody Bring Their Showmance To The Amazing Race - CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` ' Big Brother ' contestant unknowingly garners criticism online for saying he wants to use ' blackface ' '' . AOL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Houseguest Paul Plans ' Blackface ' Stunt , Fans Pissed '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Plans To Dress In `` Blackface '' To Take Revenge On Rival Housemate `` . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . 2017 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Mike Says ' Big Brother ' Star Has the Right to Be Stupid TMZ TV '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' : Bullying Takes Center Stage As Josh Martinez , Paul Abrahamian Rock The House : Has CBS Gone Too Far ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Spoilers : Veto Ceremony Results - Week 5 Live Feed News '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : The House Attacks Jessica and Cody '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Violence on ' Big Brother ' : Contestants Forced to Opposite Ends of the House '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' : Second Houseguest 's Exit Explained '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 19 Feeds : Jason Dent `` Jokes '' About Raping Kevin 's Wife and Forcing His Children to Watch `` . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Contestant Kevin 's Wife Disgusted by Jason Dent 's Rape Comments '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother contestant Jason Dent cracks crude rape joke online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' BB19 ' News : Jason 's Rape Joke About Kevin 's Wife Causes Media Storm As Fans Slam Him On Twitter ( Video ) '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 19 ' contestant upsets fans with transphobic comments '' . Los Angeles Blade : LGBT News , Rights , Politics , Entertainment . 2017 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' Spoilers : Raven Begs ' BB19 ' Fans For Money -- Scam Artist Or Really Dying ? '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother 19 : Is Raven Walton exaggerating her gastroparesis for attention ? '' . Hidden Remote. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Big Brother 19 ' News : Houseguests Upset With Jessica Graf Over Alleged Unwanted Sexual Touching '' . The Inquisitr. 2017 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' Sexual Hijinks , Butt Poking Rampant , ' You Punched My Vagina ! ' '' . TMZ . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Big Brother , ' all others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Grit , ' ' Big Brother ' and reruns unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` No changes in adults 18 - 49 : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Night , ' ' The Wall , ' ' Battle of the Network Stars ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly , ' ' AFV ' rerun adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots : Forever Young ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Hollywood Game Night ' and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' Descendants 2 ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spartan ' finale , ' Big Brother ' and everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Penn & Teller ' adjust up , ' Zoo ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` NFL preseason and ' Zoo ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Salvation , ' ' Story of Diana , ' ' Carmichael ' and ' AGT ' all adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' stays on top as everything adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , Teen Choice Awards adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' The F Word ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up ; ' Boy Band , ' ' Beat Shazam , ' ' Whose Line , ' NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masterchef , ' ' Beat Shazam ' and ' Blue Bloods ' reruns adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : ' Big Brother ' dips slightly , still wins easily '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Weekend Update , ' ' Boy Band ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , ABC shows and ' Candy Crush ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Marlon ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' Zoo , ' ' The Night Shift , ' and more adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` College football and ' Big Brother ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Marlon ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , other networks hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ′ adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Midnight , Texas ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's ' Truth and Lies ' special adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . External links CBS Official Site Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778 ; - 118.3890861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Brother_19_(U.S.)&oldid=808176938 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Big Brother ( U.S. ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hCards Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 10 : 13 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Brother%2019%20%28U.S.%29
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where did the dolan twins live in nj
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The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey .
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the Long Valley section of Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey
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The Dolan Twins
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the dolan twins
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Ethan and Grayson Dolan ( born December 16 , 1999 ) , collectively known as The Dolan Twins , are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013 on the video sharing application Vine . They are currently signed to AwesomenessTV , and have been since 2015 .
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The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey . Since their beginnings , the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 4.4 million subscribers on YouTube , and embarked on a world tour titled the `` 4OU '' Tour in 2016 . The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network 's new stickers feature . At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star : Male and Choice YouTuber . Awards and nominations Year Nominated Award Result 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Web Star : Male Won Choice YouTuber Won 2017 Choice Comedian Won Choice Web Star : Male Nominated Choice YouTuber Nominated Choice Comedy Web Star Nominated References Jump up ^ `` The Dolan Twins Talk YouTube Videos , Tour and More '' . Extra . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickoloff , Anne . `` Youtube sensations Dolan Twins perform short show at House Of Blues '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Emily . `` Dolan Twins : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Brouwer , Bree . `` AwesomenessTV Signs Comedy Sketch Channel The Dolan Twins '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kathleen . `` Dolan Twins : 5 Things To Know About YouTube Hotties '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , Beth . `` YouTube 's Dolan Twins : 10 things you need to know '' , Newsday , June 8 , 2016 . Accessed March 1 , 2017 . `` ' We 're from a country town called Long Valley , ' Ethan says of New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff. `` 16 - Year - Old Dolan Twins Will Kick Off Worldwide ' 4OU ' Tour This Summer '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff . `` Twitter Teams With Dolan Twins , Andrea Russett , And Todrick Hall For Video Ad Campaign '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shilliday , Beth . `` Dolan Twins Brought To Tears Over Teen Choice Win -- So Sweet '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . This biographical article about someone involved with the Internet is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dolan_Twins&oldid=824456561 '' Categories : Internet celebrities American YouTubers American comedy duos 1999 births Living people YouTube channels People from Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey Internet stubs Computer specialist stubs Talk View source About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 13 : 20 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dolan%20Twins
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who played stephanie in all in the family
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Stephanie Mills ( born around 1969 ) was a character on the 1970s American television situation comedy All in the Family and the follow - up series , Archie Bunker 's Place . She was portrayed by child actress Danielle Brisebois , who joined All in the Family in 1978 . Brisebois continued in the role until Archie Bunker 's Place ended its run in 1983 .
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Danielle Brisebois
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Stephanie Mills ( All in the Family )
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stephanie mills ( all in the family )
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Stephanie Mills ( born around 1969 ) was a character on the 1970s American television situation comedy All in the Family and the follow - up series , Archie Bunker 's Place . She was portrayed by child actress Danielle Brisebois , who joined All in the Family in 1978 . Brisebois continued in the role until Archie Bunker 's Place ended its run in 1983 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Character background 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links Character background ( edit ) Stephanie was introduced in the All in the Family 's ninth - season premiere as the 9 - year - old niece of Archie and Edith Bunker ( although she was actually the daughter of Edith 's step - cousin ) . Stephanie was abandoned at the doorstep of the Bunkers ' home by her father Floyd Mills , a chronic alcoholic . Floyd was Edith 's step - cousin from her aunt 's second marriage . Stephanie 's mother -- Floyd 's wife , Marilyn -- had died some time earlier in a car accident . Edith is more than delighted to take in Stephanie , but Archie is decidedly less so , especially since he was finally looking forward to some peace and quiet after his daughter and son - in - law , Gloria and Mike `` Meathead '' Stivic , moved to California . Eventually , Stephanie wins over Archie , and he grows to love her as his own daughter . She also appeared to hold liberal views in contrast with the conservative Archie . Shortly after moving in with the Bunkers , Stephanie reveals herself to be Jewish , something that at first upsets Archie . While he learns to live with Stephanie 's religious beliefs , Archie was not stopped from making his usual bigoted remarks against Judaism from time to time . She eventually becomes a member of the Temple Beth Shalom . Stephanie proved to be very talented as a singer and dancer , showcasing her talents on several episodes of All in the Family and Archie Bunker 's Place . She once applied to a fine arts school ( despite Archie 's decidedly reluctant support ) , but she was turned down because of her less - than - stellar grades . On several occasions , Stephanie 's relatives tried to take Stephanie away from the Bunkers . Not long after Edith died , Stephanie 's wealthy grandmother Estelle Harris ( portrayed by Celeste Holm ) sued Archie for custody , citing his bigoted attitudes and blue collar background . A judge sides with Archie , but grants Estelle liberal visitation rights . Stephanie 's father Floyd ( Ben Slack ) also re-appears on occasion , asking to take his daughter back ( in once instance , extorting money from Archie and Edith in exchange for allowing them to keep Stephanie ) ; however , the Bunkers manage to foil him each time . Stephanie first attended an unnamed elementary school and later Ditmars Junior High School . Her best friend ( and sometimes rival ) was classmate Amy Bloom ( played by Seven Anne MacDonald ) . In the latter years of Archie Bunker 's Place , Stephanie would be one of two teenaged girls living under Archie 's roof , the other being Archie 's 18 - year - old niece Barbara Lee `` Billie '' Bunker ( portrayed by Denise Miller ) . Stephanie would also make fewer appearances during the final two seasons of the series . See also ( edit ) All in the Family Archie Bunker 's Place Danielle Brisebois References ( edit ) Bibliography ( edit ) Brooks , Tim and Earl Marsh . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 9th Ed . Ballantine Books , Random House , New York City , New York , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 Terrace , Vincent . Television Character and Story Facts : Over 110,000 Details From 1,008 Shows , 1945 -- 1992 . McFarland & Co. Inc. , Jefferson , North Carolina , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 891 - X External links ( edit ) hide All in the Family Main characters Archie Bunker Edith Bunker Gloria Stivic Michael Stivic Stephanie Mills Recurring characters Joey Stivic George Jefferson Louise Jefferson Lionel Jefferson Henry Jefferson Episodes `` Maude '' `` Cousin Liz '' `` Edith 's 50th Birthday '' `` Edith 's Crisis of Faith '' `` The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family '' Related series Based on Till Death Us Do Part Spin - offs Maude ( 1972 -- 1978 ) ( episodes ) Good Times ( 1974 -- 1979 ) ( episodes ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 1985 ) ( episodes ) Checking In ( 1981 ) Gloria ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Sequels Archie Bunker 's Place ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( episodes ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Mills_(All_in_the_Family)&oldid=815743256 '' Categories : All in the Family characters Fictional American Jews Fictional orphans Fictional singers Fictional dancers Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Mills%20%28All%20in%20the%20Family%29
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how hard is through the fire and flames
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Through the Fire and Flames
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through the fire and flames
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`` Through the Fire and Flames '' Single by DragonForce from the album Inhuman Rampage Released 3 August 2006 Format CD single Recorded 2005 Genre Power metal , speed metal Length 5 : 00 ( Radio / video edit ) 7 : 22 ( Album version ) Label Sanctuary / Roadrunner ( UK ) Roadrunner / Universal ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Sam Totman and ZP Theart Producer ( s ) Sam Totman , Herman Li , Vadim Pruzhanov DragonForce singles chronology `` Fury of the Storm '' ( 2005 ) `` Through the Fire and Flames '' ( 2006 ) `` Operation Ground and Pound '' ( 2006 ) `` Fury of the Storm '' ( 2005 ) `` Through the Fire and Flames '' ( 2006 ) `` Operation Ground and Pound '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Through the Fire and Flames '' on YouTube `` Through the Fire and Flames '' is a song by English power metal band DragonForce . The song is acclaimed as the most successful song by the band . The song is a single as well as the opening track from DragonForce 's third album , Inhuman Rampage , and features rapid twin guitar solos by Herman Li and Sam Totman . The song peaked at # 86 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 61 on the Canadian Hot 100 in 2008 . It also enjoyed briefly renewed popularity in March 2015 when a cover version uploaded to YouTube went viral , sending the song to number 13 on the Rock Songs chart . It has sold 1.1 million copies in the United States alone and has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . `` Through the Fire and Flames '' has also appeared in several video games . It is often considered the most difficult song to appear in the Guitar Hero rhythm game series , first appearing as an unlockable bonus song in Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock , then again with full band support in the main setlist of Guitar Hero : Smash Hits . It is a playable song in Konami 's band session arcade games GuitarFreaks and DrumMania V6 , and part of the soundtrack for Brütal Legend . It is also one of the most popular songs used by Audiosurf players . The song was also made available for download for Rock Band 3 on 29 March 2011 for both Basic rhythm , and PRO mode which can utilize real musical instruments . Contents 1 Composing and recording 2 Music video 3 Compilation appearances 4 References Composing and recording ( edit ) This song is written in the key of C minor ( but in standard E tuning ) , and just like most other DragonForce songs it is written in a fast tempo of 200 beats per minute with a common time signature ( 170bpm in the first half of the guitar solo ) . During the recording of the song , guitarist Herman Li broke one of his guitar strings . Despite this , the band decided to keep this recording and left it on the final album version . Music video ( edit ) The track was used in the first music video by DragonForce . For the video , a shortened version of the song was used , lasting only five minutes . During the guitar solos , the camera focuses on Herman Li and Sam Totman , with an inset shot of whoever is currently playing . During Herman Li 's solos , Totman stands to Herman 's left drinking . At the start of the solo , a Pac - Man sound is played by Herman , after which the whammy bar that was used to make this sound is thrown in the air . The music video circulated through YouTube and various music video channels , including MTV2 , and was shown on monitor screens during the band 's performances at Ozzfest 2006 . Compilation appearances ( edit ) The song appears on two compilation albums : The short version of the song , misnamed as `` Through the Fire and the Flames '' , appears on MTV2 Headbanger 's Ball : The Revenge , released on 11 April 2006 . The full version of the song appears on Salvation , Vol. 1 , released on 23 October 2007 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DragonForce - Through The Fire And Flames - Music Charts '' . 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ White , Emily ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Brandi Carlile Scores Multiple Career Highs on Rock Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- DragonForce -- Through the Fire and Flames '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Audiosurf '' . Audiosurf . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Herman Li . DragonForce ! . Blender.com Online Video Channel . Event occurs at 2 : 45 - 3 : 02 . Archived from the original ( Flash ) on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 ... at the end of the song we actually break the string . I broke the string and in the album we left it there Jump up ^ `` MTV2 Headbanger 's Ball : The Revenge > Overview '' . Allmusic Guide . All Media Group . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Salvation , Vol. 1 > Overview '' . Allmusic Guide . All Media Group . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . DragonForce Herman Li Sam Totman Vadim Pruzhanov Frédéric Leclercq Marc Hudson Gee Anzalone ZP Theart Steve Scott Diccon Harper Adrian Lambert Steve Williams Matej Setinc Didier Almouzni Dave Mackintosh Studio albums Valley of the Damned ( 2003 ) Sonic Firestorm ( 2004 ) Inhuman Rampage ( 2006 ) Ultra Beatdown ( 2008 ) The Power Within ( 2012 ) Maximum Overload ( 2014 ) Reaching into Infinity ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Killer Elite : the Hits , the Highs , the Vids ( 2016 ) Live albums Twilight Dementia ( 2010 ) In the Line of Fire ... Larger Than Live ( 2015 ) Singles `` Fury of the Storm '' `` Through the Fire and Flames '' `` Operation Ground and Pound '' `` Revolution Deathsquad '' `` Heroes of Our Time '' `` The Last Journey Home '' `` Cry Thunder '' `` The Game '' `` Ring of Fire '' `` Ashes of the Dawn '' Associated acts Demoniac Power Quest Sinsaenum Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Fire_and_Flames&oldid=851005964 '' Categories : 2006 singles DragonForce songs Songs written by Sam Totman 2006 songs Sanctuary Records Group singles Roadrunner Records singles Universal Records singles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 12 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through%20the%20Fire%20and%20Flames
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how many episodes of married at first sight season 5
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No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 January 2018 912,000 7 102,000 5 1,014,000 Episode 2 30 January 2018 907,000 5 101,000 1,008,000 Episode 3 31 January 2018 929,000 81,000 1,010,000 Episode 4 1 February 2018 995,000 96,000 1,091,000 5 Episode 5 4 February 2018 835,000 5 102,000 937,000 6 Episode 6 5 February 2018 879,000 6 101,000 978,000 7 Episode 7 6 February 2018 899,000 7 130,000 1,029,000 8 Episode 8 8 February 2018 938,000 124,000 1,062,000 9 Episode 9 11 February 2018 1,163,000 76,000 1,239,000 10 Episode 10 12 February 2018 1,158,000 89,000 1,247,000 11 Episode 11 13 February 2018 1,057,000 91,000 1,148,000 12 Episode 12 14 February 2018 1,133,000 107,000 1,240,000 13 Episode 13 18 February 2018 1,351,000 101,000 1,452,000 14 Episode 14 19 February 2018 1,296,000 104,000 1,400,000 15 Episode 15 20 February 2018 1,233,000 104,000 1,337,000 16 Episode 16 21 February 2018 1,341,000 132,000 1,473,000 17 Episode 17 25 February 2018 1,536,000 92,000 1,628,000 18 Episode 18 26 February 2018 1,325,000 107,000 1,432,000 19 Episode 19 27 February 2018 1,253,000 102,000 1,355,000 20 Episode 20 28 February 2018 1,315,000 127,000 1,442,000 21 Episode 21 4 March 2018 1,535,000 108,000 1,643,000 22 Episode 22 5 March 2018 1,271,000 98,000 1,369,000 23 Episode 23 6 March 2018 1,267,000 119,000 1,386,000 24 Episode 24 7 March 2018 1,260,000 112,000 1,372,000 25 Episode 25 11 March 2018 1,342,000 107,000 1,429,000 26 Episode 26 12 March 2018 1,256,000 102,000 1,358,000 27 Episode 27 13 March 2017 1,230,000 103,000 1,333,000 28 Episode 28 14 March 2018 1,188,000 132,000 1,320,000 29 Episode 29 18 March 2018 1,446,000 76,000 1,522,000 30 Episode 30 19 March 2018 1,525,000 78,000 1,603,000 31 Finale - Part 1 20 March 2018 1,623,000 127,000 1,750,000 32 Finale - Part 2 21 March 2018 1,753,000 136,000 1,889,000
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32
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Married at first Sight ( Australian TV series )
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married at first sight ( australian tv series )
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Married at First Sight Australia is an Australian reality television series based on the Danish program of the same name . The show is premiered 7 : 00pm every Sunday and 7 : 30pm every Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday on the Nine Network . The show features four to eleven couples , matched by three experts , who agree to marry when they first meet . However , unlike other versions of the show around the world , the couples do not partake in a legally binding marriage due to legal restrictions , but instead meet as strangers at the altar of a commitment ceremony . The couples spend their wedding night in a hotel , then leave for a honeymoon . Upon returning they live together for a month , whereafter they choose whether they will continue their relationship .
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The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network . A second season began on 4 April 2016 with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016 . A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017 . The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season overview 2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.1 Couples 2.1. 1 Lachlan & Clare 2.1. 2 Roni & Michael 2.1. 3 Zoe & Alex 2.1. 4 James & Michelle 3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.1 Couples 3.1. 1 Erin & Bryce 3.1. 2 Christie & Mark 3.1. 3 Clare & Jono 3.1. 4 Simone & Xavier 4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 4.1 Couples 4.1. 1 Keller & Nicole 4.1. 2 Mark & Monica 4.1. 3 Jess & Dave 4.1. 4 Bella & Michael 4.1. 5 Craig & Andy 5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 5.1 Couples 5.1. 1 Jonathan & Cheryl 5.1. 2 Sean & Susan 5.1. 3 Michael & Scarlett 5.1. 4 Nadia & Anthony 5.1. 5 Simon & Alene 5.1. 6 Andy & Vanessa 5.1. 7 Lauren & Andrew 5.1. 8 John & Deborah 5.1. 9 Michelle & Jesse 5.1. 10 Sharon & Nick 5.1. 11 Cheryl & Andrew 6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 6.1 Couples 6.1. 1 Sarah & Telv 6.1. 2 Dean & Tracey 6.1. 3 Mat & Alycia 6.1. 4 Jo & Sean D 6.1. 5 Davina & Ryan 6.1. 6 Charlene & Patrick 6.1. 7 Melissa & John 6.1. 8 Troy & Ashley 6.1. 9 Gabrielle & Nasser 6.1. 10 Justin & Carly 6.1. 11 Sean T & Blair 7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 8 Viewership 8.1 Season ratings 8.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 8.3 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 8.4 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 8.5 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 8.6 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 8.7 Season 6 ( 2019 ) 9 Controversy and legality 10 References 11 External links Season overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Season premiere Season finale 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) During the first season , four female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Michael & Roni , Clare & Lachlan ) met and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Zoe & Alex , Michelle & James ) did the same . They all embarked on married life together for the rest of the season . In the fourth episode , all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Lachlan McAleer 36 Sydney , New South Wales Farmer Yes Separated Clare Tamas 37 Sydney , New South Wales Marketing Manager Roni Azzopardi 32 Melbourne , Victoria Payroll Manager Broke up before final decision Separated Michael O'Dea 31 Melbourne , Victoria Event Manager Zoe Hendrix 25 Melbourne , Victoria Digital Marketing Executive Yes Currently Together Alex Garner 29 Melbourne , Victoria Plumber Michelle Worsley 34 Sydney , New South Wales Communications Manager Yes Separated James Webster 36 Sydney , New South Wales Sign Writer Lachlan & Clare ( edit ) Lachlan and Clare met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . Despite their decision to continue their relationship at the end of the season , Lachlan and Clare revealed they had split but remain good friends . The Nine Network announced on 26 June 2015 , that Lachlan would participate in the networks upcoming revival of The Farmer Wants a Wife . Roni & Michael ( edit ) Roni and Michael met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode . By the fifth episode , Roni and Michael found that their relationship was not working for them and they mutually decided to split . Zoe & Alex ( edit ) Zoe and Alex met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode . Following the conclusion of the season , Zoe and Alex are the only couple currently still together . In March 2016 , Zoe and Alex revealed that they are planning to get married legally . After suffering a miscarriage in June 2015 , Zoe and Alex revealed that they were expecting their first child in October 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , Zoe gave birth to their baby girl named Harper - Rose Garner . James & Michelle ( edit ) James and Michelle met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In early June 2015 , news reports revealed that James and Michelle had split , with Michelle having remarried to a former boyfriend . It was revealed that the two are no longer in contact with each other . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) After airing only one episode , the Nine Network on 19 May 2015 , announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016 . During the second season , four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Erin & Bryce , Christie & Mark ) meet and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Clare & Jono , Simone & Xavier ) do the same . They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series . In the fifth episode , all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Erin Bateman 26 Melbourne , Victoria Retail Manager Yes Currently Together Bryce Mohr 31 Melbourne , Victoria Business Analyst Christie Jordee 39 Sydney , New South Wales Business Owner Yes Separated Mark Hughes 36 Gippsland , Victoria Farmer Clare Verrall 32 Melbourne , Victoria Recruitment Consultant Broke up before final decision Separated Jono Pitman 28 Melbourne , Victoria Tradie Simone Lee Brennan 29 Sydney , New South Wales Make - Up Artist No Separated Xavier Forsberg 26 Sydney , New South Wales Sales Manager Erin & Bryce ( edit ) Erin and Bryce met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . They are the only couple currently still together . Since the show ended Erin has started her own fashion label called Boy Is Mine and is writing a fashion lifestyle blog , erinbateman.com . Christie & Mark ( edit ) Christie and Mark met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . On 15 June 2016 , they announced that they had split up . Clare & Jono ( edit ) Clare and Jono met and wed in Melbourne in the show 's second episode and quickly became the season 's most controversial couple . By the fifth episode , Clare decided that their relationship was not working as she felt ' uncomfortable ' with Jono 's constant aggressive outbursts and she decided to end the relationship prior to the couple 's dinner . After the show it was revealed by investigative journalist Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun that Jono Pitman had previously been arrested and charged with assault after a bar brawl and completed a court ordered anger management course . Jono was then matched with Clare Verrall , who had been open about being attacked on the street by a stranger only months prior to filming and suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident . A Nine Network spokesperson confirmed they were aware of Jono Pitman 's violent history prior to coupling up the pair . Simone & Xavier ( edit ) Simone and Xavier met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In the final decision , Simone decided to walk away from the relationship and they are now separated . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons , season two & three , there will be a bold casting move this season . This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series ' first ever same - sex male couple . During the third season , four female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Keller & Nicole , Mark & Monica ) met and wed . In the second episode , another two couples ( Jess & Dave , Bella & Michael ) did the same . In the third episode , one more couple ( Craig & Andy ) were wed . They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series . In the sixth episode , all couples ( bar one ) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Craig Keller 26 Brisbane , Queensland Mechanical Fitter Yes Separated Nicole Heir 28 Gold Coast , Queensland Teacher Mark Ellam 30 Sydney , New South Wales Firefighter Yes Separated Monica Vanderkley 28 Sydney , New South Wales Project Manager Jess Wardrop 31 Sydney , New South Wales Bank Officer Broke up before final decision Separated Dave Crisp 28 Melbourne , Victoria Account Manager Bella Frizza 30 Gold Coast , Queensland Radio Announcer Yes Separated Michael Hughes 32 Brisbane , Queensland Fashion Accessories Designer 5 Craig Roach 41 Gold Coast , Queensland Hairdresser Broke up before final decision Separated Andy Ankers 41 Sydney , New South Wales Global Account Director Keller & Nicole ( edit ) Keller and Nicole met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they both decided to stay together . Since filming , the couple have called it quits . Mark & Monica ( edit ) Mark and Monica met and wed in Sydney in the show 's first episode . In the final episode , they decided to stay in the relationship . Since filming , the couple have decided to break up . Jess & Dave ( edit ) Jess and Dave met and wed in Sydney in the show 's second episode . In the fifth episode , Dave felt their relationship was going nowhere so they broke up . Bella & Michael ( edit ) Bella and Michael met and wed in Brisbane in the show 's second episode . In the final episode , they both agreed to stay together . Since filming , the couple had decided to split up . Craig & Andy ( edit ) Craig and Andy met and wed in New Zealand in the show 's third episode . In the fifth episode , Craig decided to walk away from the relationship during the honeymoon , due to a lack of intimacy . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed . During the fourth season , 10 female contestants were matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , two couples ( Cheryl & Jonathan , Sean & Susan ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the second episode , another two couples ( Michael & Scarlett , Nadia & Anthony ) met and wed in Sydney . In the third episode , two more couples ( Alene & Simon , Andy & Vanessa ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively . In the fourth episode , another two couples ( Lauren & Andrew , Deborah & John ) met and wed in Sydney . In the fifth episode , the final two couples at the same time ( Michelle & Jesse , Sharon & Nick ) met and wed in Perth . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Jonathan Troughton 30 Brisbane , Queensland Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast , Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Sean Hollands 35 Maryborough , Queensland Farmer No Separated Susan Rawlings 37 Perth , Western Australia Mining Truck Driver Michael Tomic 30 Perth , Western Australia Data Entry Clerk / Stripper Broke up before final decision Separated Scarlett Cooper 30 Sydney , New South Wales Aspiring Author Nadia Stamp 36 Brisbane , Queensland Flight Attendant / Model No Separated Anthony Manton 33 Sydney , New South Wales Racing Broadcaster 5 Simon McQuillan 36 Ipswich , Queensland Business Owner Yes Separated Alene Khatcherian 31 Sydney , New South Wales Registered Nurse 6 Andy Hills 30 Gold Coast , Queensland Aerodrome Plant Operator No Separated Vanessa Belvedere 31 Melbourne , Victoria Student 7 Lauren Bran 33 Sydney , New South Wales Automotive Aftermarket Sales Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth , Western Australia Firefighter 8 John Robertson 53 Melbourne , Victoria Business Owner Broke up before final decision Separated Deborah Brosnan 53 Sunshine Coast , Queensland Ex Model 9 Michelle Marsh 31 Perth , Western Australia Commercial Cleaner No Separated Jesse Konstantinoff 31 Adelaide , South Australia Retailer 10 Sharon Marsh 31 Perth , Western Australia Business Owner Yes Separated Nick Furphy 30 Melbourne , Victoria Carpenter 11 Cheryl Maitland 25 Gold Coast , Queensland Hair Salon Assistant Broke up before final decision Separated Andrew Jones 38 Perth , Western Australia Firefighter Jonathan & Cheryl ( edit ) Despite having a good start , Jonathan and Cheryl began to develop cracks during their honeymoon in New Zealand . These cracks further deepened at the dinner party which resulted in Jonathan exchanging numbers with Scarlett and the duo spent the night texting . At the first commitment ceremony , Cheryl claimed she did n't wish to continue with Jonathan as `` he seemed more interested in someone else '' . The duo called it quits at the commitment ceremony . Jonathan is now dating someone else . Sean & Susan ( edit ) Sean and Susan broke up but decided to `` stay friends '' citing the fact that they lived too far away from one another and Susan could not live on Sean 's farm . Since the show ended , Susan has not spoken to Sean and is said to be quite upset with the way the producers portrayed her . Michael & Scarlett ( edit ) Things started unraveling for the couple when Michael told Scarlett that he would not move to meet her halfway between their current states due to the fact that he was `` established '' and he thought that because she was less tied down so she could move to him . From that point they really only saw each other as friends and nothing really was going to happen as Scarlett was not Michael 's dream girl . After the first commitment ceremony , the couple decided to go different ways and later that night it came out that Scarlett and Jonathan ( Cheryl 's husband ) had sent text messages to each other for hours the night before . Nadia & Anthony ( edit ) As of the last Commitment Ceremony , they decided to stay together and Anthony said that Nadia would have to move in order for him to provide for them both as he was in a `` niche market '' . Nadia turned up to the reunion dinner alone , and when asked where Anthony was she confided that he had dumped her the day after filming had stopped saying that `` his feelings were n't progressing '' Simon & Alene ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they had both decided to stay and said that they told everyone that they had feelings for each other . They had decided to stay committed to each other after the experiment . They have since separated . Andy & Vanessa ( edit ) The Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they decided to stay , though the fact that they may have to do long distance for a while before they decides what happens may cause contention in the long run . Even though the difference in communication made it hard the couple have decided to stay together after the experiment . Andy and Vanessa broke up because of the difference in communication styles . Lauren & Andrew ( edit ) On the wedding night Lauren disappeared leaving Andrew unaware of her whereabouts . After a confrontation meeting , Lauren said she wanted to try again , but Andrew decided that he did not wish to continue the experiment with Lauren . Andrew has since re-entered the experiment with Hair Salon Manager Cheryl . A friend of Lauren 's has since done an interview in which she said the reason that Lauren ran away is because when she went out to a club with Andrew he started abusing a bouncer who would n't let them in because it was past 1am . John & Deborah ( edit ) After meeting and Deborah 's initial disappointment that John was not a Polynesian man or someone with culture , John and Deborah seemed to get on each other 's nerves because John was simply everything she hated . During the honeymoon in Samoa they ended up sleeping in separate beds , and John removed his wedding ring which caused further tension between them . At the commitment ceremony Deborah wanted to give it another crack and so they ended up staying , but the next day John left the experiment saying `` They would n't be anything but friends and that 's not what he was there for '' . Michelle & Jesse ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they are still together , despite Michelle 's doubt on whether she sees Jesse more as a friend than her husband . In their Vow Renewal ceremony , Jesse told Michelle he wants to stay in the relationship but Michelle reveals to him that she wants him in her life forever , but not as her partner , they are now broken up . Sharon & Nick ( edit ) As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they have decided to stay , Nick even going so far as to say `` That he would go where as long as Sharon was by his side '' . Although the original plan was for Nick to move to Perth because of Sharon 's cleaning business , Nick got news that his father has a medical condition so he is unable to leave his family as they would need his help . They have since broken up . Nick was quiet and sweet the complete opposite to his partner Cheryl & Andrew ( edit ) After Cheryl left the experiment after the Jonathan & Scarlett texting scandal , she spoke to the experts and ask if they could set up a date between Andrew and herself . They went on two dates before they deciding that they would re-enter the experiment together as an unmarried couple , this caused controversy around the table at the dinner party as she was at the dinner the week prior with Jonathan . Even though the couple originally had some sparks , they were thrown into the deep end of the experiment having to jump right into the home stays , tensions started to rise when Andrew met Cheryl 's abrasive father for the first time and it did n't go well , Andrew feeling like Cheryl did n't have his back enough against her bullying dad . Andrew chose to leave while Cheryl chose to stay to see if the relationship could be salvaged . When the couples all had a family get together the couple was put into an intense boot camp to see if John the expert could overhaul the bond that they had . They decided to give it another go , but when the boys and girls night came about Andrew spent most of the night bagging out and putting down Cheryl even going as far to say that his runaway bride , Lauren , `` was way more fun '' . Some of the boys took offense to this , namely Sean and Simon , and even silently Andy . Sean and Susan told Cheryl about it the next day but when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending even going so far to start mimicking Cheryl . Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was aired to the girls . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) In February 2017 , the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29 , 2018 . On 11 October 2017 , the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine 's upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season . During the fifth season , 11 female contestants are matched with their ' perfect ' male partner by a panel of experts . In the first episode , the first two couples ( Tracey & Dean , Sarah & Telv ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the second episode , another two couples ( Jo & Sean , Alycia & Mat ) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne . In the third episode , two more couples ( Davina & Ryan , Charlene & Patrick ) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne . In the fifth episode , two more couples ( Ashley & Troy , Melissa & John ) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne . In the sixth episode , another two couples ( Gabrielle & Nasser , Carly & Justin ) met and wed in Sydney . In the seventh episode , the final couple ( Blair & Sean ) met and wed in Sydney . Couples ( edit ) # Couple Age Hometown Occupation Final Decision Status Sarah Roza 38 Melbourne , Victoria Beauty Specialist Yes Separated Telv Williams 33 Perth , Western Australia Machinery Technician Dean Wells 39 Sydney , New South Wales Executive Creative Director No Separated Tracey Jewel 34 Perth , Western Australia Marketing Consultant Mathew Lockett 32 Melbourne , Victoria Plumber Broke up before final decision Separated Alycia Galbraith 29 Adelaide , South Australia Student Jo McPharlin 39 Adelaide , South Australia Single Mother Broke up before final decision Separated Sean Donnelly 39 Adelaide , South Australia Pub Manager 5 Davina Rankin 26 Brisbane , Queensland Personal Trainer / Bikini Model Broke up before final decision Separated Ryan Gallagher 29 Sydney , New South Wales Tradesman 6 Charlene Perera 33 Melbourne , Victoria Brand Manager Yes Separated Patrick Miller 34 Melbourne , Victoria Operations Manager 7 Melissa Walsh 53 Mornington Peninsula , Victoria Journalist Yes Separated John Robertson 54 Melbourne , Victoria Business Owner 8 Troy Delmege 35 Sydney , New South Wales IT Accounts Manager No Separated Ashley Airvin 28 Brisbane , Queensland Flight Attendant 9 Gabrielle Bartlett 44 Sydney , New South Wales Marketing Coordinator / Plus Size Model Broke up before final decision Separated Nasser Sultan 50 Sydney , New South Wales Fitness Instructor 10 Justin Fischer 41 Sydney , New South Wales Entrepreneur Broke up before final decision Separated Carly Bowyer 32 Melbourne , Victoria Marketing Manager 11 Sean Thomsen 34 Perth , Western Australia Railway Technician Broke up before final decision Separated Blair Rachel 31 Sydney , New South Wales Executive Assistant Sarah & Telv ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but are now separated . Dean & Tracey ( edit ) In the first commitment ceremony , Dean chose to leave ( which blindsided Tracey ) , while Tracey decided to stay , meaning that they had to stay another week . When they had a second week he stepped up , but at the same time he started a secret flirtationship with Davina . At the dinner party , Dean hooked up with Davina , and at the end of the night Dean and Tracey decided to be intimate . Dean confessed that he had a thing with Davina and that he wanted to make it work with Tracey . As of the fifth commitment ceremony , they are still together . When it came to the vow renewal , Dean said yes and said that he was falling in love with Tracey , but a bomb was dropped when Tracey said that she could not get past the betrayal and hurt at the first two weeks of the experiment . She ultimately said no , leaving Dean gobsmacked at the ' altar ' . Mat & Alycia ( edit ) They have left the experiment between the first and second commitment ceremonies . Jo & Sean d ( edit ) Jo and Sean met in the second episode of the weddings and from the start , Sean was n't very interested . When the first commitment ceremony came about Jo decided to stay while Sean decided to leave so they had to stay . Even though Jo tried Sean had no communication . As of the second commitment , they have both decided to leave . Davina & Ryan ( edit ) Between the first and second commitment ceremonies , Davina started a secret flirtationship with Dean . At the dinner party , Davina hooked up with Dean , leading her to write leave at the second commitment ceremony . Ryan had written stay , so the couple had to stay another week . As of the third commitment ceremony Davina and Ryan have called it quits after the shock of Davina 's cheating scandal . Charlene & Patrick ( edit ) At their final decision they stated that they would stay together and are still currently together to common knowledge . In March 2018 , the couple announced they had split up . Melissa & John ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment . At the Dinner Party , Melissa had to leave early due to her daughter being in labour , and as of the Commitment Ceremony there was still no baby so John was flying solo . As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but announced their amicable split over social media in March 2018 . Troy & Ashley ( edit ) As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment . However at the altar both Ashley and Troy said the relationship was n't working out . Gabrielle & Nasser ( edit ) As of the third commitment ceremony , Gabrielle decided to leave due to a lack of intimacy past the friend stage . Nasser decided to stay , and they came to an impasse at the end meaning that Nasser had a week to turn around . On the wife homestay , Gabrielle rented a apartment so that she would n't bring a strange man around her daughter . On the first night the bed broke and Nasser wanted to leave , but he stayed until they got into an argument and he left refusing to meet Gabrielle 's friends who were on their way over for drinks and a chat . They finally left in the fifth ceremony , they were at peace with everything that went on Justin & Carly ( edit ) As of the second commitment ceremony Carly decided to leave where as Justin decided to stay , so they have to stay for another week . As of the third commitment ceremony , they have decided to stay even though they only spent three days at the homestay . After the blow up at the dinner party , Carly got fed up with Justin 's lack of trying . They have decided to split up . A few weeks after the experiment she entered a relationship with Troy who originally married Ashley . Sean t & Blair ( edit ) They both choose to stay at the second commitment ceremony , but during the grooms home - stay , Sean revealed he had no feelings for Blair . He chose to leave at the third commitment ceremony , while Blair wanted to stay . Although obligated to work it out over the next week , Sean refused to go on Blair 's home stay , essentially ending their relationship . Sean is now in a relationship with Tracey who was in the experiment with Dean . Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Viewership ( edit ) Season ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Preliminary Consolidated Season premiere Season finale Average viewers Average rank Average viewers Average rank 6 18 May 2015 22 June 2015 1.115 # 4 1.195 # 3 7 4 April 2016 27 April 2016 0.915 # 7 0.999 # 6 8 29 August 2016 13 September 2016 0.880 # 7 0.970 # 5 29 30 January 2017 3 April 2017 1.081 # 3 1.186 # 2 5 32 29 January 2018 21 March 2018 1.223 # 1 1.328 # 1 6 2019 2019 Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 18 May 2015 1,134,000 5 65,000 1,199,000 Episode 2 25 May 2015 1,103,000 77,000 1,180,000 Episode 3 1 June 2015 1,116,000 84,000 1,200,000 Episode 4 8 June 2015 971,000 7 99,000 6 1,070,000 5 Episode 5 15 June 2015 1,079,000 85,000 1,164,000 6 Episode 6 22 June 2015 1,290,000 71,000 1,361,000 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 4 April 2016 771,000 13 86,000 9 857,000 Episode 2 5 April 2016 905,000 6 91,000 5 996,000 Episode 3 11 April 2016 874,000 8 62,000 7 936,000 Episode 4 12 April 2016 880,000 8 85,000 6 965,000 5 Episode 5 18 April 2016 899,000 6 122,000 7 1,021,000 6 Episode 6 19 April 2016 831,000 9 93,000 8 924,000 7 Finale 27 April 2016 1,048,000 66,000 1,114,000 7 Finale - Follow Up 27 April 2016 1,110,000 66,000 1,176,000 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 August 2016 805,000 11 74,000 7 879,000 Episode 2 30 August 2016 810,000 7 60,000 7 870,000 Episode 3 31 August 2016 788,000 9 79,000 7 867,000 Episode 4 5 September 2016 843,000 8 97,000 6 940,000 5 Episode 5 6 September 2016 919,000 5 93,000 1,012,000 6 Episode 6 7 September 2016 974,000 117,000 1,091,000 7 Episode 7 12 September 2016 814,000 9 100,000 8 914,000 8 Episode 8 13 September 2016 1,083,000 101,000 1,184,000 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 30 January 2017 820,000 10 84,000 9 904,000 Episode 2 31 January 2017 927,000 5 79,000 5 1,006,000 Episode 3 1 February 2017 824,000 6 75,000 5 899,000 Episode 4 5 February 2017 909,000 90,000 999,000 5 Episode 5 6 February 2017 893,000 6 100,000 6 993,000 6 Episode 6 7 February 2017 920,000 6 96,000 1,016,000 7 Episode 7 8 February 2017 905,000 6 112,000 1,017,000 8 Episode 8 12 February 2017 1,064,000 103,000 1,167,000 9 Episode 9 13 February 2017 1,107,000 108,000 1,215,000 10 Episode 10 14 February 2017 1,024,000 119,000 1,143,000 11 Episode 11 20 February 2017 1,096,000 96,000 1,192,000 12 Episode 12 21 February 2017 1,062,000 152,000 1,214,000 13 Episode 13 26 February 2017 1,113,000 129,000 1,242,000 14 Episode 14 27 February 2017 1,101,000 123,000 1,224,000 15 Episode 15 28 February 2017 1,092,000 144,000 1,236,000 16 Episode 16 5 March 2017 1,170,000 86,000 1,256,000 17 Episode 17 6 March 2017 1,099,000 101,000 1,200,000 18 Episode 18 7 March 2017 1,122,000 117,000 1,239,000 19 Episode 19 12 March 2017 1,160,000 91,000 1,251,000 20 Episode 20 13 March 2017 1,060,000 103,000 1,163,000 21 Episode 21 14 March 2017 1,148,000 104,000 1,252,000 22 Episode 22 19 March 2017 1,190,000 102,000 1,292,000 23 Episode 23 20 March 2017 1,239,000 108,000 1,347,000 24 Episode 24 21 March 2017 1,194,000 93,000 1,287,000 25 Episode 25 26 March 2017 1,157,000 72,000 1,229,000 26 Episode 26 27 March 2017 1,163,000 137,000 1,300,000 27 Episode 27 28 March 2017 1,034,000 5 112,000 1,146,000 28 Finale - Part 1 2 April 2017 1,379,000 98,000 1,477,000 29 Finale - Part 2 3 April 2017 1,389,000 107,000 1,496,000 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Episode 1 29 January 2018 912,000 7 102,000 5 1,014,000 Episode 2 30 January 2018 907,000 5 101,000 1,008,000 Episode 3 31 January 2018 929,000 81,000 1,010,000 Episode 4 1 February 2018 995,000 96,000 1,091,000 5 Episode 5 4 February 2018 835,000 5 102,000 937,000 6 Episode 6 5 February 2018 879,000 6 101,000 978,000 7 Episode 7 6 February 2018 899,000 7 130,000 1,029,000 8 Episode 8 8 February 2018 938,000 124,000 1,062,000 9 Episode 9 11 February 2018 1,163,000 76,000 1,239,000 10 Episode 10 12 February 2018 1,158,000 89,000 1,247,000 11 Episode 11 13 February 2018 1,057,000 91,000 1,148,000 12 Episode 12 14 February 2018 1,133,000 107,000 1,240,000 13 Episode 13 18 February 2018 1,351,000 101,000 1,452,000 14 Episode 14 19 February 2018 1,296,000 104,000 1,400,000 15 Episode 15 20 February 2018 1,233,000 104,000 1,337,000 16 Episode 16 21 February 2018 1,341,000 132,000 1,473,000 17 Episode 17 25 February 2018 1,536,000 92,000 1,628,000 18 Episode 18 26 February 2018 1,325,000 107,000 1,432,000 19 Episode 19 27 February 2018 1,253,000 102,000 1,355,000 20 Episode 20 28 February 2018 1,315,000 127,000 1,442,000 21 Episode 21 4 March 2018 1,535,000 108,000 1,643,000 22 Episode 22 5 March 2018 1,271,000 98,000 1,369,000 23 Episode 23 6 March 2018 1,267,000 119,000 1,386,000 24 Episode 24 7 March 2018 1,260,000 112,000 1,372,000 25 Episode 25 11 March 2018 1,342,000 107,000 1,429,000 26 Episode 26 12 March 2018 1,256,000 102,000 1,358,000 27 Episode 27 13 March 2017 1,230,000 103,000 1,333,000 28 Episode 28 14 March 2018 1,188,000 132,000 1,320,000 29 Episode 29 18 March 2018 1,446,000 76,000 1,522,000 30 Episode 30 19 March 2018 1,525,000 78,000 1,603,000 31 Finale - Part 1 20 March 2018 1,623,000 127,000 1,750,000 32 Finale - Part 2 21 March 2018 1,753,000 136,000 1,889,000 Season 6 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Controversy and legality ( edit ) Before the first season went to air , an online petition calling for the series to be axed attracted over 15,000 signatures . There was also criticism that , unlike the original Danish series , such marriages would not be legal under Australian law . Channel 9 admitted that participants would not actually marry . A spokesman said `` In order to comply with the Australian Marriage Act ( 1961 ) which requires one month and one day notification , a marriage in law was not conducted . Each participant embarked on a commitment ceremony with a wedding celebrant with all due intention to commit fully to this union for the duration of the experiment . At the end of the experiment , they are given the option to continue with the relationship or go their separate ways '' . Second season participant Simone Lee Brennan described the program as `` never ( being ) portrayed to its full authenticity , '' suggesting the man she had been paired with , Xavier Forsberg , had been recruited by producers and was seeking a sports - presenting role , rather than an applicant also looking for a relationship . 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Jump up ^ `` James Weir recaps Married At First Sight 2018 episode 6 '' . news.com.au. 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Weir recaps Married At First Sight 2018 episode 7 '' . news.com.au. 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmed : MAFS couple Charlene and Pat split '' . news.com.au. 23 March 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 18 May 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 18 May 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 25 May 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 25 May 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 1 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeshifted : Monday 1 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . 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Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 27 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Tuesday 27 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 28 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifed : Wednesday 28 February 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 March 2018 ) . `` Sunday 4 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 4 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 March 2018 ) . `` Monday 5 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Timeshifted : Monday 5 March 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Married%20at%20First%20Sight%20%28Australian%20TV%20series%29
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who sings the country song light it up
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`` Light It Up '' is a song by American country music artist Luke Bryan . It is the lead single to his sixth studio album , What Makes You Country . Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion .
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Luke Bryan
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Light It up ( Luke Bryan song )
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light it up ( luke bryan song )
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`` Light It Up '' is a song by American country music artist Luke Bryan . It is the lead single to his sixth studio album , What Makes You Country . Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Commercial performance 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 References Content Rolling Stone Country described the song as `` a moody production , underpinned by a programmed beat and choppy piano chords , while icy synthesizer fills lifted from Eighties new wave ratchet up the tension . '' The song is an expression of unrequited love , with the narrator pleading for an unresponsive lover to `` light it up '' , in reference to his cellular phone . Bryan wrote the song with Brad Tursi of the band Old Dominion , while Jeff Stevens and his son Jody produced it . Music video A video directed by Michael Monaco was released on October 26 , 2017 . It features Jimmy Butler in the lead role , in anticipation of a text as described in the lyrics . Commercial performance For the charts dated September 9 , 2017 , `` Light It Up '' debuted at No. 20 on Country Airplay and No. 21 on Hot Country Songs . It sold 18,000 downloads in under two days , and debuting at No. 3 on Country Digital Song Sales . The following week it rose to No. 2 on Country Digital Song Sales with 22,000 copies sold on a full week of sales . It also debuted at number 76 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of September 16 , 2017 . The song has sold 164,000 copies in the United States as of January 2018 . Charts Weekly charts Chart ( 2015 -- 17 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 96 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 57 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Billboard Country Airplay 59 Preceded by `` Ask Me How I Know '' by Garth Brooks Billboard Country Airplay number - one single December 23 , 2017 Succeeded by `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' by Blake Shelton Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Bryan Announces New Album , ' What Makes You Country ' '' . Taste of Country . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Luke Bryan 's Chilly New Song ' Light It Up ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Simanek , Jason ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Luke Bryan 's Brand - New Single , `` Light It Up '' + Check Out the Lyrics `` . Nash Country Daily . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Bryan Drops Brand - New Single , ' Light It Up ' '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan 's ' Light It Up ' Video Stars NBA Player Jimmy Butler '' . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Old Dominion Scores Third Country Airplay No. 1 ; Luke Bryan Shines ' Light ' on Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : September 5 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : January 9 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Luke Bryan -- Light It Up '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ( hide ) Luke Bryan Discography Studio albums I 'll Stay Me Doin ' My Thing Tailgates & Tanlines Crash My Party Kill the Lights What Makes You Country Compilations Spring Break ... Here to Party Extended plays Spring Break 3 ... It 's a Shore Thing Spring Break 4 ... Suntan City Spring Break 6 ... Like We Ai n't Ever Spring Break ... Checkin ' Out Farm Tour ... Here 's to the Farmer Singles `` All My Friends Say '' `` We Rode in Trucks '' `` Country Man '' `` Do I '' `` Rain Is a Good Thing '' `` Someone Else Calling You Baby '' `` Country Girl ( Shake It for Me ) '' `` I Do n't Want This Night to End '' `` Drunk on You '' `` Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye '' `` Crash My Party '' `` That 's My Kind of Night '' `` Drink a Beer '' `` Play It Again '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` I See You '' `` Kick the Dust Up '' `` Strip It Down '' `` Home Alone Tonight '' ( w / Karen Fairchild ) `` Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day '' `` Move '' `` Fast '' `` Light It Up '' `` Most People Are Good '' Guest singles `` The Only Way I Know '' ( w / Jason Aldean and Eric Church ) `` This Is How We Roll '' ( w / Florida Georgia Line ) Other songs `` Buzzkill '' `` Suntan City '' `` Games '' Concert tours Dirt Road Diaries Tour ( 2013 ) That 's My Kind of Night Tour ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kick the Dust Up Tour ( 2015 ) Kill the Lights Tour ( 2016 -- 17 ) Huntin ' , Fishin ' and Lovin ' Every Day Tour ( 2017 ) Related articles Michael Carter Jeff Stevens Cole Swindell `` Good Directions '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_It_Up_(Luke_Bryan_song)&oldid=833587132 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Luke Bryan songs Capitol Records Nashville singles Songs written by Luke Bryan Songs written by Brad Tursi Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 13 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20It%20Up%20%28Luke%20Bryan%20song%29
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when was the old testament written and by whom
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Old Testament
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old testament
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Outline of Bible - related topics
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Bible book Bible portal Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Son of God Virgin birth Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Patriology Pneumatology Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Radical Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Holidays ( list ) Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The Old Testament ( abbreviated OT ) is the first part of Christian Bibles , based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible ( or Tanakh ) , a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God . The second part of the Christian Bible is the New Testament . The books that comprise the Old Testament canon , as well as their order and names , differ between Christian denominations . The Catholic canon comprises 46 books , and the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches comprise up to 51 books and the most common Protestant canon comprises 39 books . The 39 books in common to all the Christian canons correspond to the 24 books of the Tanakh , with some differences of order , and there are some differences in text . The additional number reflects the splitting of several texts ( Kings , Samuel and Chronicles , Ezra -- Nehemiah and the minor prophets ) into separate books in Christian bibles . The books which are part of a Christian Old Testament but which are not part of the Hebrew canon are sometimes described as deuterocanonical . In general , Protestant Bibles do not include the deuterocanonical books in their canon , but some versions of Anglican and Lutheran bibles place such books in a separate section called Apocrypha . The Old Testament consists of many distinct books by various authors produced over a period of centuries . Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections : ( 1 ) the first five books or Pentateuch ( Torah ) ; ( 2 ) the history books telling the history of the Israelites , from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon ; ( 3 ) the poetic and `` Wisdom books '' dealing , in various forms , with questions of good and evil in the world ; and ( 4 ) the books of the biblical prophets , warning of the consequences of turning away from God . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Table 2 Composition 3 Themes 4 Formation 4.1 Greek 4.2 Latin 4.3 Protestant 4.4 Other versions 5 Literary evaluations 6 Christian theology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Content ( edit ) Main articles : Biblical canon and Development of the Old Testament canon The Old Testament contains 39 ( Protestant ) , 46 ( Catholic ) , or more ( Orthodox and other ) books , divided , very broadly , into the Pentateuch ( Torah ) , the historical books , the `` wisdom '' books and the prophets . Table ( edit ) The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Christian Bible , such as the Catholic New American Bible Revised Edition and the Protestant Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version . The spelling and names in both the 1609 -- 10 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics , and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text . For the Orthodox canon , Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions . For the Catholic canon , the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions . Likewise , the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament , such as `` Esaias '' ( for Isaiah ) . In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations ( e.g. the New American Bible , Jerusalem Bible , and ecumenical translations used by Catholics , such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition ) use the same `` standardized '' ( King James Version ) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles ( e.g. 1 Chronicles as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon , 1 -- 2 Samuel and 1 -- 2 Kings instead of 1 -- 4 Kings ) in those books which are universally considered canonical , the protocanonicals . The Talmud ( the Jewish commentary on the scriptures ) in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim . This order is also cited in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7 : 15 . The order of the books of the Torah is universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity . The disputed books , included in one canon but not in others , are often called the Biblical apocrypha , a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles . Catholics , following the Canon of Trent ( 1546 ) , describe these books as deuterocanonical , while Greek Orthodox Christians , following the Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ) , use the traditional name of anagignoskomena , meaning `` that which is to be read . '' They are present in a few historic Protestant versions ; the German Luther Bible included such books , as did the English 1611 King James Version . Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon . Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) ( 24 books ) Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim Protestant Old Testament ( 39 books ) Catholic Old Testament ( 46 books ) Eastern Orthodox Old Testament ( 50 books ) Original language Torah Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses Bereishit Genesis Genesis Genesis Hebrew Shemot Exodus Exodus Exodus Hebrew Vayikra Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Hebrew Bamidbar Numbers Numbers Numbers Hebrew Devarim Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Hebrew Nevi'im ( Prophets ) Historical books Yehoshua Joshua Joshua ( Josue ) Joshua ( Iesous ) Hebrew Shofetim Judges Judges Judges Hebrew Rut ( Ruth ) Ruth Ruth Ruth Hebrew Shemuel 1 Samuel 1 Samuel ( 1 Kings ) 1 Samuel ( 1 Kingdoms ) Hebrew 2 Samuel 2 Samuel ( 2 Kings ) 2 Samuel ( 2 Kingdoms ) Hebrew Melakhim 1 Kings 1 Kings ( 3 Kings ) 1 Kings ( 3 Kingdoms ) Hebrew 2 Kings 2 Kings ( 4 Kings ) 2 Kings ( 4 Kingdoms ) Hebrew Divrei Hayamim ( Chronicles ) 1 Chronicles 1 Chronicles ( 1 Paralipomenon ) 1 Chronicles ( 1 Paralipomenon ) Hebrew 2 Chronicles 2 Chronicles ( 2 Paraleipomenon ) 2 Chronicles ( 2 Paraleipomenon ) Hebrew 1 Esdras Hebrew Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Ezra ( 1 Esdras ) Ezra ( 2 Esdras ) Hebrew and Aramaic Nehemiah Nehemiah ( 2 Esdras ) Nehemiah ( 2 Esdras ) Hebrew Tobit ( Tobias ) Tobit Aramaic ( and Hebrew ? ) Judith Judith Hebrew Esther Esther Esther Esther Hebrew 1 Maccabees ( 1 Machabees ) 1 Maccabees Hebrew 2 Maccabees ( 2 Machabees ) 2 Maccabees Greek 3 Maccabees Greek 3 Esdras Greek ? 4 Maccabees Greek Ketuvim ( Writings ) Wisdom books Iyov ( Job ) Job Job Job Hebrew Tehillim ( Psalms ) Psalms Psalms Psalms Hebrew Prayer of Manasseh Greek Mishlei ( Proverbs ) Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs Hebrew Qoheleth ( Ecclesiastes ) Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Hebrew Shir Hashirim ( Song of Songs ) Song of Solomon Song of Songs ( Canticle of Canticles ) Song of Songs ( Aisma Aismaton ) Hebrew Wisdom Wisdom Greek Sirach ( Ecclesiasticus ) Sirach Hebrew Nevi'im ( Latter Prophets ) Major prophets Yeshayahu Isaiah Isaiah ( Isaias ) Isaiah Hebrew Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Jeremiah ( Jeremias ) Jeremiah Hebrew Eikhah ( Lamentations ) Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations Hebrew Baruch Baruch Hebrew Letter of Jeremiah Greek ( majority view ) Yekhezqel Ezekiel Ezekiel ( Ezechiel ) Ezekiel Hebrew Daniel Daniel Daniel Daniel Hebrew and Aramaic Twelve Minor Prophets The Twelve or Trei Asar Hosea Hosea ( Osee ) Hosea Hebrew Joel Joel Joel Hebrew Amos Amos Amos Hebrew Obadiah Obadiah ( Abdias ) Obadiah Hebrew Jonah Jonah ( Jonas ) Jonah Hebrew Micah Micah ( Michaeas ) Micah Hebrew Nahum Nahum Nahum Hebrew Habakkuk Habakkuk ( Habacuc ) Habakkuk Hebrew Zephaniah Zephaniah ( Sophonias ) Zephaniah Hebrew Haggai Haggai ( Aggaeus ) Haggai Hebrew Zechariah Zechariah ( Zacharias ) Zechariah Hebrew Malachi Malachi ( Malachias ) Malachi Hebrew Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate , formerly the official bible of the Roman Catholic Church . Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible Name in Vulgate Name in Eastern Orthodox use 3 Esdras 1 Esdras 4 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Prayer of Manasseh Psalm of David when he slew Goliath ( Psalm 151 ) Psalm 151 Composition ( edit ) The first five books -- Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , book of Numbers and Deuteronomy -- reached their present form in the Persian period ( 538 -- 332 BC ) , and their authors were the elite of exilic returnees who controlled the Temple at that time . The books of Joshua , Judges , Samuel and Kings follow , forming a history of Israel from the Conquest of Canaan to the Siege of Jerusalem c. 587 BC . There is a broad consensus among scholars that these originated as a single work ( the so - called `` Deuteronomistic history '' ) during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC . The two Books of Chronicles cover much the same material as the Pentateuch and Deuteronomistic history and probably date from the 4th century BC . Chronicles , and Ezra -- Nehemiah , were probably finished during the 3rd century BC . Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments contain two ( Catholic Old Testament ) to four ( Orthodox ) Books of Maccabees , written in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC . These history books make up around half the total content of the Old Testament . Of the remainder , the books of the various prophets -- Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel and the twelve `` minor prophets '' -- were written between the 8th and 6th centuries BC , with the exceptions of Jonah and Daniel , which were written much later . The `` wisdom '' books -- Job , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Psalms , Song of Solomon -- have various dates : Proverbs possibly was completed by the Hellenistic time ( 332 - 198 BC ) , though containing much older material as well ; Job completed by the 6th Century BC ; Ecclesiastes by the 3rd Century BC . Themes ( edit ) God is consistently depicted as the one who created or put into order the world and guides its history . Although the God of the Old Testament is not consistently presented as the only God who exists , he is always depicted as the only God whom Israel is to worship , or the one `` true God '' , that only the Jehovah of Israel is Almighty , and both Jews and Christians have always interpreted the Bible ( both the `` Old '' and `` New '' Testaments ) as an affirmation of the oneness of Almighty God . The Old Testament stresses the special relationship between God and his chosen people , Israel , but includes instructions for proselytes as well . This relationship is expressed in the biblical covenant ( contract ) between the two , received by Moses . The law codes in books such as Exodus and especially Deuteronomy are the terms of the contract : Israel swears faithfulness to God , and God swears to be Israel 's special protector and supporter . Further themes in the Old Testament include salvation , redemption , divine judgment , obedience and disobedience , faith and faithfulness , among others . Throughout there is a strong emphasis on ethics and ritual purity , both of which God demands , although some of the prophets and wisdom writers seem to question this , arguing that God demands social justice above purity , and perhaps does not even care about purity at all . The Old Testament 's moral code enjoins fairness , intervention on behalf of the vulnerable , and the duty of those in power to administer justice righteously . It forbids murder , bribery and corruption , deceitful trading , and many sexual misdemeanors . All morality is traced back to God , who is the source of all goodness . The problem of evil plays a large part in the Old Testament . The problem the Old Testament authors faced was that a good God must have had just reason for bringing disaster ( meaning notably , but not only , the Babylonian exile ) upon his people . The theme is played out , with many variations , in books as different as the histories of Kings and Chronicles , the prophets like Ezekiel and Jeremiah , and in the wisdom books like Job and Ecclesiastes . Formation ( edit ) Main articles : Books of the Bible and Biblical canon See also : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon , Development of the Old Testament canon , Septuagint , and Books of the Latin Vulgate The interrelationship between various significant ancient manuscripts of the Old Testament , according to the Encyclopaedia Biblica ( 1903 ) . Some manuscripts are identified by their siglum . LXX here denotes the original Septuagint . The process by which scriptures became canons and Bibles was a long one , and its complexities account for the many different Old Testaments which exist today . Timothy H. Lim , a professor of Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Judaism at the University of Edinburgh , identifies the Old Testament as `` a collection of authoritative texts of apparently divine origin that went through a human process of writing and editing . '' He states that it is not a magical book , nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind . By about the 5th century BC Jews saw the five books of the Torah ( the Old Testament Pentateuch ) as having authoritative status ; by the 2nd century BC the Prophets had a similar status , although without quite the same level of respect as the Torah ; beyond that , the Jewish scriptures were fluid , with different groups seeing authority in different books . Greek ( edit ) See also : Septuagint and Masoretic Text Hebrew texts commenced to be translated into Greek in Alexandria in about 280 and continued until about 130 BC . These early Greek translations -- supposedly commissioned by Ptolemy Philadelphus -- were called the Septuagint ( Latin : `` Seventy '' ) from the supposed number of translators involved ( hence its abbreviation `` LXX '' ) . This Septuagint remains the basis of the Old Testament in the Eastern Orthodox Church . It varies in many places from the Masoretic Text and includes numerous books no longer considered canonical in some traditions : 1 and 2 Esdras , Judith , Tobit , 3 and 4 Maccabees , the Book of Wisdom , Sirach , and Baruch . Early modern Biblical criticism typically explained these variations as intentional or ignorant corruptions by the Alexandrian scholars , but most recent scholarship holds it is simply based on early source texts differing from those later used by the Masoretes in their work . The Septuagint was originally used by Hellenized Jews whose knowledge of Greek was better than Hebrew . But the texts came to be used predominantly by gentile converts to Christianity and by the early Church as its scripture , Greek being the lingua franca of the early Church . The three most acclaimed early interpreters were Aquila of Sinope , Symmachus the Ebionite , and Theodotion ; in his Hexapla , Origen placed his edition of the Hebrew text beside its transcription in Greek letters and four parallel translations : Aquila 's , Symmachus 's , the Septuagint 's , and Theodotion 's . The so - called `` fifth '' and `` sixth editions '' were two other Greek translations supposedly miraculously discovered by students outside the towns of Jericho and Nicopolis : these were added to Origen 's Octapla . In 331 , Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known , though there is plenty of speculation . For example , it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon , however , Jerome ( 347 -- 420 ) , in his Prologue to Judith , makes the claim that the Book of Judith was `` found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures '' . Latin ( edit ) See also : Deuterocanonical books and Vulgate In Western Christianity or Christianity in the Western half of the Roman Empire , Latin had displaced Greek as the common language of the early Christians , and in 382 AD Pope Damasus I commissioned Jerome , the leading scholar of the day , to produce an updated Latin bible to replace the Vetus Latina , which was a Latin translation of the Septuagint . Jerome 's work , called the Vulgate , was a direct translation from Hebrew , since he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds . His Vulgate Old Testament became the standard bible used in the Western Church , specifically as the Sixto - Clementine Vulgate , while the Churches in the East continued , and still continue , to use the Septuagint . Jerome , however , in the Vulgate 's prologues describes some portions of books in the Septuagint not found in the Hebrew Bible as being non-canonical ( he called them apocrypha ) ; for Baruch , he mentions by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews , but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or `` not in the canon '' . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible ; the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo , who regarded the canon as already closed . Protestant ( edit ) In the 16th century , the Protestant reformers sided with Jerome ; yet although most Protestant Bibles now have only those books that appear in the Hebrew Bible , they have them in the order of the Greek Bible . Rome then officially adopted a canon , the Canon of Trent , which is seen as following Augustine 's Carthaginian Councils or the Council of Rome , and includes most , but not all , of the Septuagint ( 3 Ezra and 3 and 4 Maccabees are excluded ) ; the Anglicans after the English Civil War adopted a compromise position , restoring the 39 Articles and keeping the extra books that were excluded by the Westminster Confession of Faith , but only for private study and for reading in churches , while Lutherans kept them for private study , gathered in an appendix as Biblical Apocrypha . Other versions ( edit ) While the Hebrew , Greek and Latin versions of the Hebrew Bible are the best known Old Testaments , there were others . At much the same time as the Septuagint was being produced , translations were being made into Aramaic , the language of Jews living in Palestine and the Near East and likely the language of Jesus : these are called the Aramaic Targums , from a word meaning `` translation '' , and were used to help Jewish congregations understand their scriptures . For Aramaic Christians there was a Syriac translation of the Hebrew Bible called the Peshitta , as well as versions in Coptic ( the everyday language of Egypt in the first Christian centuries , descended from ancient Egyptian ) , Ethiopic ( for use in the Ethiopian church , one of the oldest Christian churches ) , Armenian ( Armenia was the first to adopt Christianity as its official religion ) , and Arabic . Literary evaluations ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) The Old Testament is considered one of the most important and influential works of literature in world literature , and has provided inspiration for writers ( both religious and secular ) throughout subsequent history . In 1886 , Friedrich Nietzsche wrote : `` In the Jewish Old Testament , there are men , things and speeches in so grand a style that Greek and Indian literature have nothing to compare to it . One stands with awe and reverence before these tremendous remnants of what man once was ... The taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone of ' greatness ' and ' smallness ' . To have glued this New Testament , a kind of rococo of taste in every respect , to the Old Testament to form one book ... that is perhaps the greatest audacity and sin against the spirit that Europe has on its conscience . '' Christian theology ( edit ) Main article : Christian views on the Old Covenant Christianity is based on the belief that the historical Jesus is also the Christ , as in the Confession of Peter . This belief is in turn based on Jewish understandings of the meaning of the Hebrew term messiah , which , like the Greek `` Christ '' , means `` anointed '' . In the Hebrew Scriptures it describes a king anointed with oil on his accession to the throne : he becomes `` The LORD 's anointed '' or Yahweh 's Anointed . By the time of Jesus , some Jews expected that a flesh and blood descendant of David ( the `` Son of David '' ) would come to establish a real Jewish kingdom in Jerusalem , instead of the Roman province . Others stressed the Son of Man , a distinctly other - worldly figure who would appear as a judge at the end of time ; and some harmonised the two by expecting a this - worldly messianic kingdom which would last for a set period and be followed by the other - worldly age or World to Come . Some thought the Messiah was already present , but unrecognised due to Israel 's sins ; some thought that the Messiah would be announced by a fore - runner , probably Elijah ( as promised by the prophet Malachi , whose book now ends the Old Testament and precedes Mark 's account of John the Baptist ) . None predicted a Messiah who suffers and dies for the sins of all the people . The story of Jesus ' death therefore involved a profound shift in meaning from the tradition of the Old Testament . The name `` Old Testament '' reflects Christianity 's understanding of itself as the fulfillment of Jeremiah 's prophecy of a New Covenant ( which is similar to `` testament '' and often conflated ) to replace the existing covenant between God and Israel ( Jeremiah 31 : 31 ) . The emphasis , however , has shifted from Judaism 's understanding of the covenant as a racially or tribally - based contract between God and Jews to one between God and any person of faith who is `` in Christ '' . See also ( edit ) Abrogation of Old Covenant laws Biblical and Quranic narratives Book of Job in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts Books of the Bible Covenant ( biblical ) Expounding of the Law Timeline of Genesis patriarchs Law and Gospel List of ancient legal codes List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts Marcion of Sinope Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament Supersessionism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism , and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox ( as opposed to derivation of translations , instead of transliterations , of Hebrew titles ) such Ecclesiasticus ( DRC ) instead of Sirach ( LXX ) or Ben Sira ( Hebrew ) , Paralipomenon ( Greek , meaning `` things omitted '' ) instead of Chronicles , Sophonias instead of Zephaniah , Noe instead of Noah , Henoch instead of Enoch , Messias instead of Messiah , Sion instead of Zion , etc . Jump up ^ The foundational Thirty - Nine Articles of Anglicanism , in Article VI , asserts these disputed books are not used `` to establish any doctrine '' , but `` read for example of life . '' Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy , the modern trend is to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican - used Bibles . Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament , only divided and ordered differently : the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books , and in Hebrew Bibles , one book called `` The Twelve '' . Likewise , Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books , either 1 -- 2 Samuel and 1 -- 2 Kings or 1 -- 4 Kings : Jewish Bibles divide these into two books . The Jews likewise keep 1 -- 2 Chronicles / Paralipomenon as one book . Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible , as they are in many Orthodox Bibles , instead of divided into two books , as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition . ^ Jump up to : This book is part of the Ketuvim , the third section of the Jewish canon . They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon . ^ Jump up to : The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition , much like the Orthodox . ^ Jump up to : Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians . ^ Jump up to : One of 11 deuterocanonical books in the Russian Synodal Bible . Jump up ^ 2 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and Hebrew Bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book . Jump up ^ 1 Esdras in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther . ^ Jump up to : The Latin Vulgate , Douay - Rheims , and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi ; other Catholic translations place them after Esther . Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles , 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh , not present in all canons . Jump up ^ Part of 2 Paralipomenon in the Russian Synodal Bible . ^ Jump up to : In Catholic Bibles , Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah . Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh . Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate . Jump up ^ Hebrew ( minority view ) ; see Letter of Jeremiah for details . ^ Jump up to : In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles , Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles . The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3 : 23 -- 24 . Susanna is included as Daniel 13 . Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14 . These are not in the Protestant Old Testament . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jones 2001 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Preface to the New Revised Standard Version Anglicised Edition Jump up ^ Barton 2001 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lim , Timothy H. ( 2005 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Boadt 1984 , pp. 11 , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments ( PDF ) , Orthodox Anglican , Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer , the Benedictus es and Benedicite , are taken from the Apocrypha . One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book ( Tob. 4 : 8 -- 9 ) . Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily , Sunday , and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer . There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary ( Books used are : II Esdras , Tobit , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch , Three Holy Children , and I Maccabees . ) Jump up ^ `` Baruch '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 1998 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Rogerson 2003 , pp. 153 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Coggins 2003 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Grabbe 2003 , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Miller 1987 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Crenshaw 2010 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ There is a major discussion in the field of theology about the meaning of the word `` bara '' , the second word of Genesis . The meaning of `` bara '' is `` created '' ( out of nothing ) , but others argue it was `` remodelled / ordered '' ( something existing before ) , similar to the other Hebrew word `` asah '' ( which means `` show '' , `` make '' , or `` make visible '' ) . Jump up ^ 2 Chronicles 15 : 3 -- biblegateway.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah 10 : 10 -- biblegateway.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Barton 2001 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barton 2001 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Brettler 2005 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Gentry 2008 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995 . Jump up ^ Jones 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Cave , William . A complete history of the lives , acts , and martyrdoms of the holy apostles , and the two evangelists , St. Mark and Luke , Vol. II . Wiatt ( Philadelphia ) , 1810 . Retrieved 6 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Apol . Const. 4 Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , pp. 414 -- 15 , for the entire paragraph Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Book of Judith '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Canonicity : `` ... '' the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture '' ( Praef. in Lib . ) . It is true that no such declaration is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea , and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council , or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council `` . Jump up ^ Rebenich , S. , Jerome ( Routledge , 2013 ) , p. 58 . ISBN 9781134638444 Jump up ^ Würthwein 1995 , pp. 91 -- 99 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb , Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors of The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 5 : The Septuagint : The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr. , page 72 , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson , `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon '' , in The Canon Debate . eds . L.M. McDonald & J.A. Sanders ( Hendrickson , 2002 ) p. 320 ; F.F. Bruce , The Canon of Scripture ( Intervarsity Press , 1988 ) p. 230 ; cf . Augustine , De Civitate Dei 22.8 ^ Jump up to : Barton 1997 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , `` Chapter IX . Theological Controversies , and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy '' , History of the Christian Church , CCEL Jump up ^ Lindberg ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of Christianity . Blackwell Publishing . p. 15 . Jump up ^ F.L. Cross , E.A. Livingstone , ed. ( 1983 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 232 Jump up ^ Soggin 1987 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Würthwein 1995 , pp. 79 -- 90 , 100 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Beyond Good and Evil , translated by Walter Kaufmann , New York : Random House , 1966 ; reprinted in Vintage Books , and as part of Basic Writings of Nietzsche , New York : Modern Library , 2000 , 1886 ( 52 ) ^ Jump up to : Farmer 1991 , pp. 570 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Juel 2000 , pp. 236 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Herion 2000 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) , Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible , Wadsworth , ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 39105 - 0 Barton , John ( 1997 ) , How the Bible came to be , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25785 - 9 -- -- -- ( 2001 ) , `` Introduction to the Old Testament '' , in Muddiman , John ; Barton , John , Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 1998 ) , `` The Pentateuch '' , in Barton , John , The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 Boadt , Lawrence ( 1984 ) , Reading the Old Testament : an introduction , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2631 - 6 Brettler , Marc Zvi ( 2005 ) , How to read the Bible , Jewish Publication Society , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8276 - 1001 - 9 Bultman , Christoph ( 2001 ) , `` Deuteronomy '' , in Barton , John ; Muddiman , John , Oxford Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Coggins , Richard J ( 2003 ) , `` 1 and 2 Chronicles '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Crenshaw , James L ( 2010 ) , Old Testament wisdom : an introduction , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 23459 - 1 Davies , GI ( 1998 ) , `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' , in Barton , John , Oxford Bible Commentary , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875500 - 5 Dines , Jennifer M ( 2004 ) , `` The Septuagint '' , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 08464 - 4 Farmer , Ron ( 1991 ) , `` Messiah / Christ '' , in Mills , Watson E ; Bullard , Roger Aubrey , Mercer dictionary of the Bible , Mercer University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 373 - 7 Gentry , Peter R ( 2008 ) , `` Old Greek and Later Revisors '' , in Sollamo , Raija ; Voitila , Anssi ; Jokiranta , Jutta , Scripture in transition , Brill , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16582 - 3 Grabbe , Lester L ( 2003 ) , `` Ezra '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Hasel , Gerhard F ( 1991 ) , Old Testament theology : basic issues in the current debate , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0537 - 9 Herion , Gary A ( 2000 ) , `` Covenant '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Jobes , Karen H ; Silva , Moises ( 2005 ) , Invitation to the Septuagint , Baker Academic Jones , Barry A ( 2000 ) , `` Canon of the Old Testament '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Juel , Donald ( 2000 ) , `` Christ '' , in Freedman , David Noel , Dictionary of the Bible , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 503 - 2 Lim , Timothy H. ( 2005 ) . The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . McLay , Tim ( 2003 ) , The use of the Septuagint in New Testament research , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6091 - 0 Miller , John W ( 2004 ) , How the Bible came to be , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4183 - 8 Miller , John W ( 1987 ) , Meet the prophets : a beginner 's guide to the books of the biblical prophets , Paulist Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2899 - 0 Miller , Stephen R. ( 1994 ) , Daniel , B&H Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 8054 - 0118 - 0 Rogerson , John W ( 2003 ) , `` Deuteronomy '' , in Dunn , James DG ; Rogerson , John William , Commentary on the Bible , Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3711 - 0 Sailhamer , John H. ( 1992 ) , The Pentateuch As Narrative , Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 57421 - 8 Schniedewind , William M ( 2004 ) , How the Bible Became a Book , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53622 - 6 Soggin , J. Alberto ( 1987 ) , Introduction to the Old Testament , Westminster John Knox Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22156 - 0 Stuart , Douglas ( 1987 ) , Hosea - Jonah , Thomas Nelson , ISBN 0 - 8499 - 0230 - 4 Würthwein , Ernst ( 1995 ) , The text of the Old Testament : an introduction to the Biblia Hebraica , William B Eerdmans , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0788 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Bernhard . Understanding the Old Testament . ISBN 0 - 13 - 948399 - 3 Bahnsen , Greg , et al. , Five Views on Law and Gospel ( Grand Rapids : Zondervan , 1993 ) . Berkowitz , Ariel ; Berkowitz , D'vorah ( 2004 ) , Torah Rediscovered ( 4th ed . ) , Shoreshim , ISBN 0 - 9752914 - 0 - 8 . Dever , William G. ( 2003 ) , Who Were the Early Israelites ? , Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B Eerdmans , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0975 - 8 . von Rad , Gerhard ( 1982 -- 1984 ) , Theologie des Alten Testaments ( Theology of the Old Testament ) ( in German ) , Band 1 -- 2 , Munich : Auflage . Hill , Andrew ; Walton , John ( 2000 ) , A Survey of the Old Testament ( 2nd ed . ) , Grand Rapids : Zondervan , ISBN 0 - 310 - 22903 - 0 . Kuntz , John Kenneth ( 1974 ) , The People of Ancient Israel : an introduction to Old Testament Literature , History , and Thought , Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 043822 - 3 . Lancaster , D Thomas ( 2005 ) , Restoration : Returning the Torah of God to the Disciples of Jesus , Littleton \ : First Fruits of Zion . Papadaki - Oekland , Stella , Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts of the Book of Job , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 53232 - 5 . Rouvière , Jean - Marc ( 2006 ) , Brèves méditations sur la Création du monde ( Brief meditations on the creation of the World ) ( in French ) , Paris : L'Harmattan . Salibi , Kamal ( 1985 ) , The Bible Came from Arabia , London : Jonathan Cape , ISBN 0 - 224 - 02830 - 8 . Schmid , Konrad ( 2012 ) , The Old Testament : A Literary History , Minneapolis : Fortress , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9775 - 4 . Silberman , Neil A ; et al. ( 2003 ) , The Bible Unearthed ( hardback ) format = requires url = ( help ) , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 86913 - 6 ( paperback ) . Sprinkle , Joseph ' Joe ' M ( 2006 ) , Biblical Law and Its Relevance : A Christian Understanding and Ethical Application for Today of the Mosaic Regulations ( clothbound ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3371 - 4 and ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3372 - 2 ( paperback ) . External links ( edit ) `` The Old Testament Canon '' , Scripture & tradition , Church Fathers . Bible gateway . Full texts of the Old ( and New ) Testaments including the full Roman and Orthodox Catholic canons . `` Old Testament '' , Écritures , La feuille d'Olivier . Protestant Old Testament on a single page . `` Old Testament '' , Reading Room , CA : Tyndale Seminary . Extensive online OT resources ( incl . commentaries ) . `` Old Testament '' , Religious studies ( video ) ( lectures ) , Yale University , 2011 - 11 - 30 . Bible , X10 host : Old Testament stories and commentary . Old Testament Timeline ( PDF ) , LDS . Tanakh ML ( parallel Bible ) -- Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and the King James Version . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Testament
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indian cricketer inducted in icc hall of fame
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Inductee Team Induction year Tests First Test Last Test Ref . Curtly Ambrose West Indies 2011 98 2000 Enid Bakewell England 2012 12 1968 1979 Sydney Barnes England 2009 27 1901 1914 Ken Barrington England 82 1955 1968 Bishan Singh Bedi India 2009 67 1966 1979 Alec Bedser England 2009 51 1946 1955 Richie Benaud Australia 2009 63 1952 1964 Allan Border Australia 2009 156 1978 1994 Ian Botham England 2009 102 1977 1992 Geoffrey Boycott England 2009 108 1964 1982 Donald Bradman Australia 2009 52 1928 1948 Greg Chappell Australia 2009 87 1970 1984 Ian Chappell Australia 2009 75 1964 1980 Belinda Clark Australia 2011 15 1991 2005 Denis Compton England 2009 78 1937 1957 Colin Cowdrey England 2009 114 1954 Martin Crowe New Zealand 2015 77 1982 1995 Alan Davidson Australia 2011 44 1953 1963 Kapil Dev India 2009 131 1979 1994 Rahul Dravid India 2018 164 2012 Joel Garner West Indies 58 1977 Sunil Gavaskar India 2009 125 1971 Lance Gibbs West Indies 2009 79 1958 1976 Adam Gilchrist Australia 2013 96 1999 2008 Graham Gooch England 2009 118 1995 David Gower England 2009 117 1978 1992 W.G. Grace England 2009 22 1880 1899 Tom Graveney England 2009 79 1951 1969 Gordon Greenidge West Indies 2009 108 1991 Clarrie Grimmett Australia 2009 37 1925 1936 Richard Hadlee New Zealand 2009 86 1973 1990 Wes Hall West Indies 2015 48 1958 1969 Wally Hammond England 2009 85 1927 1947 Neil Harvey Australia 2009 79 1948 1963 George Headley West Indies 2009 22 1930 1954 Rachael Heyhoe Flint England 22 1960 1979 Jack Hobbs England 2009 61 1908 1930 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 2014 19 1979 Michael Holding West Indies 2009 60 Leonard Hutton England 2009 79 1937 1955 Rohan Kanhai West Indies 2009 79 1957 Imran Khan Pakistan 2009 88 1971 1992 Alan Knott England 2009 95 1967 1981 Anil Kumble India 2015 132 1990 2008 Jim Laker England 2009 46 1948 1959 Brian Lara West Indies 2012 131 1990 2006 Harold Larwood England 2009 21 1926 1933 Dennis Lillee Australia 2009 70 1971 1984 Ray Lindwall Australia 2009 61 1946 1960 Clive Lloyd West Indies 2009 110 1966 1984 George Lohmann England 2016 18 1886 1896 Rod Marsh Australia 2009 96 1970 1984 Malcolm Marshall West Indies 2009 81 1978 1991 Peter May England 2009 66 1951 1961 Glenn McGrath Australia 2012 124 1993 2007 Javed Miandad Pakistan 2009 124 1976 1993 Keith Miller Australia 2009 55 1946 1956 Hanif Mohammad Pakistan 2009 55 1952 1969 Arthur Morris Australia 2016 46 1946 1955 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 2016 133 1992 Bill O'Reilly Australia 2009 27 1932 1946 Graeme Pollock South Africa 2009 23 1963 1970 Ricky Ponting Australia 2018 168 1995 2012 Wilfred Rhodes England 2009 58 1899 1930 Barry Richards South Africa 2009 1970 1970 Viv Richards West Indies 2009 121 1991 Andy Roberts West Indies 2009 47 Karen Rolton Australia 2016 14 1995 2009 Bob Simpson Australia 2014 62 1957 1978 Garfield Sobers West Indies 2009 93 1954 Fred Spofforth Australia 2011 18 1877 1887 Brian Statham England 2009 70 1951 1965 Herbert Sutcliffe England 2009 54 1924 1935 Claire Taylor England 2018 15 1999 2009 Fred Trueman England 2009 67 1952 1965 Victor Trumper Australia 2009 48 1899 1912 Derek Underwood England 2009 86 1966 1982 Clyde Walcott West Indies 2009 44 1948 1960 Courtney Walsh West Indies 132 1984 Shane Warne Australia 2013 145 1992 2007 Wasim Akram Pakistan 2009 104 1984 2003 Steve Waugh Australia 2009 168 1985 Everton Weekes West Indies 2009 48 1948 1958 Betty Wilson Australia 2015 11 1948 1958 Frank Woolley England 2009 64 1909 1934 Frank Worrell West Indies 2009 51 1948 1963 Waqar Younis Pakistan 2013 87 2003
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Bishan Singh Bedi|Kapil Dev|Rahul Dravid|Sunil Gavaskar|Anil Kumble
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ICC Cricket Hall of Fame
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icc cricket hall of fame
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The ICC Cricket Hall of Fame `` recognises the achievements of the legends of the game from cricket 's long and illustrious history '' . It was launched by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) in Dubai on 2 January 2009 , in association with the Federation of International Cricketers ' Associations ( FICA ) , as part of the ICC 's centenary celebrations . The initial inductees were the 55 players included in the FICA Hall of Fame which ran from 1999 to 2003 , but further members are added each year during the ICC Awards ceremony . The inaugural inductees ranged from W.G. Grace , who retired from Test cricket in 1899 , to Graham Gooch , who played his last Test match in 1995 . Living inductees receive a commemorative cap ; Australian Rodney Marsh was the first member of the initial inductees to receive his . Members of the Hall of Fame assist in the selection of future inductees .
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There are more English players in the Hall of Fame than players from other countries . Only 15 of the 84 inductees played for nations outside England , Australia and the West Indies . South African Barry Richards played the fewest Test matches during his career with four , before South Africa were excluded from participating in international cricket in 1970 . Australian Steve Waugh , inducted in October 2009 , played the most Tests with 168 in an international career spanning 20 years . There are seven women in the Hall of Fame . In 2010 , Rachael Heyhoe Flint , former England women 's cricket team captain who led the team to victory in the inaugural Women 's World Cup in 1973 , became the first woman in the Hall of Fame ; the five other female members are Belinda Clark , inducted in 2011 , Enid Bakewell , inducted in 2012 , Debbie Hockley , inducted in 2013 , Betty Wilson inducted in 2015 , Karen Rolton inducted in 2016 and Claire Taylor inducted in 2018 . Contents 1 Hall of Fame members 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Hall of Fame members ( edit ) Derek Underwood was one of the 55 inaugural members of the Hall of Fame . Sunil Gavaskar set world records during his career for the most Test runs and most Test centuries scored by any batsman . Viv Richards represented the West Indies 121 times in Test cricket . Pakistani Imran Khan represented his country in 88 Test matches . Steve Waugh played for Australia in 168 Test matches over 20 years . Richard Hadlee , the first bowler to surpass 400 Test wickets . Claire Taylor is one of five women in the hall of fame , having been inducted in 2018 Inductee Team Induction year Tests First Test Last Test Ref . Curtly Ambrose West Indies 2011 98 2000 Enid Bakewell England 2012 12 1968 1979 Sydney Barnes England 2009 27 1901 1914 Ken Barrington England 82 1955 1968 Bishan Singh Bedi India 2009 67 1966 1979 Alec Bedser England 2009 51 1946 1955 Richie Benaud Australia 2009 63 1952 1964 Allan Border Australia 2009 156 1978 1994 Ian Botham England 2009 102 1977 1992 Geoffrey Boycott England 2009 108 1964 1982 Donald Bradman Australia 2009 52 1928 1948 Greg Chappell Australia 2009 87 1970 1984 Ian Chappell Australia 2009 75 1964 1980 Belinda Clark Australia 2011 15 1991 2005 Denis Compton England 2009 78 1937 1957 Colin Cowdrey England 2009 114 1954 Martin Crowe New Zealand 2015 77 1982 1995 Alan Davidson Australia 2011 44 1953 1963 Kapil Dev India 2009 131 1979 1994 Rahul Dravid India 2018 164 2012 Joel Garner West Indies 58 1977 Sunil Gavaskar India 2009 125 1971 Lance Gibbs West Indies 2009 79 1958 1976 Adam Gilchrist Australia 2013 96 1999 2008 Graham Gooch England 2009 118 1995 David Gower England 2009 117 1978 1992 W.G. Grace England 2009 22 1880 1899 Tom Graveney England 2009 79 1951 1969 Gordon Greenidge West Indies 2009 108 1991 Clarrie Grimmett Australia 2009 37 1925 1936 Richard Hadlee New Zealand 2009 86 1973 1990 Wes Hall West Indies 2015 48 1958 1969 Wally Hammond England 2009 85 1927 1947 Neil Harvey Australia 2009 79 1948 1963 George Headley West Indies 2009 22 1930 1954 Rachael Heyhoe Flint England 22 1960 1979 Jack Hobbs England 2009 61 1908 1930 Debbie Hockley New Zealand 2014 19 1979 Michael Holding West Indies 2009 60 Leonard Hutton England 2009 79 1937 1955 Rohan Kanhai West Indies 2009 79 1957 Imran Khan Pakistan 2009 88 1971 1992 Alan Knott England 2009 95 1967 1981 Anil Kumble India 2015 132 1990 2008 Jim Laker England 2009 46 1948 1959 Brian Lara West Indies 2012 131 1990 2006 Harold Larwood England 2009 21 1926 1933 Dennis Lillee Australia 2009 70 1971 1984 Ray Lindwall Australia 2009 61 1946 1960 Clive Lloyd West Indies 2009 110 1966 1984 George Lohmann England 2016 18 1886 1896 Rod Marsh Australia 2009 96 1970 1984 Malcolm Marshall West Indies 2009 81 1978 1991 Peter May England 2009 66 1951 1961 Glenn McGrath Australia 2012 124 1993 2007 Javed Miandad Pakistan 2009 124 1976 1993 Keith Miller Australia 2009 55 1946 1956 Hanif Mohammad Pakistan 2009 55 1952 1969 Arthur Morris Australia 2016 46 1946 1955 Muttiah Muralitharan Sri Lanka 2016 133 1992 Bill O'Reilly Australia 2009 27 1932 1946 Graeme Pollock South Africa 2009 23 1963 1970 Ricky Ponting Australia 2018 168 1995 2012 Wilfred Rhodes England 2009 58 1899 1930 Barry Richards South Africa 2009 1970 1970 Viv Richards West Indies 2009 121 1991 Andy Roberts West Indies 2009 47 Karen Rolton Australia 2016 14 1995 2009 Bob Simpson Australia 2014 62 1957 1978 Garfield Sobers West Indies 2009 93 1954 Fred Spofforth Australia 2011 18 1877 1887 Brian Statham England 2009 70 1951 1965 Herbert Sutcliffe England 2009 54 1924 1935 Claire Taylor England 2018 15 1999 2009 Fred Trueman England 2009 67 1952 1965 Victor Trumper Australia 2009 48 1899 1912 Derek Underwood England 2009 86 1966 1982 Clyde Walcott West Indies 2009 44 1948 1960 Courtney Walsh West Indies 132 1984 Shane Warne Australia 2013 145 1992 2007 Wasim Akram Pakistan 2009 104 1984 2003 Steve Waugh Australia 2009 168 1985 Everton Weekes West Indies 2009 48 1948 1958 Betty Wilson Australia 2015 11 1948 1958 Frank Woolley England 2009 64 1909 1934 Frank Worrell West Indies 2009 51 1948 1963 Waqar Younis Pakistan 2013 87 2003 Inaugural member inducted in January 2009 . By team ( edit ) Number of members Team Span 28 England 1877 -- present 25 Australia 1877 -- present 18 West Indies 1928 -- present 5 India 1932 -- present 5 Pakistan 1952 -- present New Zealand 1930 -- present South Africa 1889 -- present Sri Lanka 1982 -- present 87 Total See also ( edit ) Australian Cricket Hall of Fame ESPN Cricinfo Legends of Cricket Wisden Cricketers of the Century Six Giants of the Wisden Century References ( edit ) General `` ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC and FICA launch Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-England aces dominate ICC list '' . BBC Sport. 2 January 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Barry Richards '' . Marylebone Cricket Club . Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Heyhoe - Flint first woman inducted into cricket 's Hall of Fame '' . The Guardian . London . 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Spofforth inducted into ICC Hall of Fame , ESPNcricinfo , 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 Jump up ^ Lara , Enid Bakewell inducted into Hall of Fame , ESPNcricinfo , 14 September 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Simpson to be inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dravid , Ponting and Taylor inducted into ICC Cricket Hall of Fame '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Curtly Armbrose '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` McGrath to join ICC Hall of Fame '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Barnes '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Barrington '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bishan Bedi '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alec Bedser '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Richie Benaud '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Border '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian Botham '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Boycott '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Donald Bradman '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Chappell '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Chappell '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Clark '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Denis Compton '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Cowdrey '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Crowe '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Davidson '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kapil Dev '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Garner '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sunil Gavaskar '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Gibbs '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Gilchrist '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Gooch '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Gower '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` W.G. Grace '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Graveney '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Greenidge '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clarrie Grimmett '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Richard Hadlee '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Hall '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wally Hammond '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Harvey '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Headley '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Heyhoe - Flint '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Hobbs '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Holding '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Leonard Hutton '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rohan Kanhai '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Knott '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anil Kumble '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Laker '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Lara '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harold Larwood '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Lillee '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Lindwall '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Lloyd '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` George Lohmann '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Marsh '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Marshall '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peter May ( cricketer ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn McGrath '' . cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Javed Miandad '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Miller '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hanif Mohammad '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Morris '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Muttiah Muralidaran -- Hall Of Famers '' . International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill O'Reilly '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Graeme Pollock '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wilfred Rhodes '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Richards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viv Richards '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Roberts '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Rolton '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Garry Sobers '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Spofforth '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Statham '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Sutcliffe '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Trueman '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Trumper '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Underwood '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Clyde Walcott '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Walsh '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Warne '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wasim Akram '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Waugh '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Everton Weekes '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Betty Wilson '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Woolley '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Frank Worrell '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Waqar Younis '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Cricket : Frank Worrell - ' Tough and shrewd but always gracious ' Video '' . Legends of Cricket . ESPN . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) ICC Cricket Hall of Fame official website List of ICC Cricket Hall of Famers ICC Cricket Hall of Fame Players Men Barnes Bedi Bedser Benaud Border Botham Boycott Bradman G. Chappell I. Chappell Compton Cowdrey Dev Gavaskar Gibbs Gooch Gower Grace Graveney Greenidge Hadlee Hammond Harvey Headley Hobbs Hutton Kanhai Khan Knott Laker Larwood Lillee Lindwall Lloyd Marsh Marshall May Miandad Miller Mohammad O'Reilly Pollock Rhodes B. Richards V. Richards Roberts Sobers Statham Trueman Underwood Walcott Weekes Woolley Worrell Grimmett Sutcliffe Trumper Akram Waugh Barrington Garner Walsh Ambrose Davidson Spofforth Lara McGrath Gilchrist Warne Younis Simpson Crowe Hall Kumble Lohmann Morris Muralitharan Dravid Ponting Women Heyhoe - Flint Bakewell Clark Wilson Hockley Rolton Taylor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_Cricket_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=859459790 '' Categories : Cricket museums and halls of fame International Cricket Council Hall of Fame inductees International Cricket Council awards and rankings Organisations based in Dubai Halls of fame in the United Arab Emirates Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Featured lists Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2018 , at 05 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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what does a target operating model look like
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Target Operating model
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target operating model
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Target operating model ( TOM ) is a description of the desired state of the operating model of an organisation . When working on the operating model , it is normal to define the `` as is '' model and the `` to be '' model . The Target Operating Model is the `` to be '' model . It is possible to produce a Target Operating Model for a business or a function within a business or a government department or a charity .
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There are many different frameworks identifying the components of a Target Operating Model . Hence each project to define a Target Operating Model will focus on slightly different aspects depending on the challenge facing the organisation . Some Target Operating Models are created to help with the link between information technology and strategy , others to help with the link between organisation design and strategy , and so on . A Target Operating Model converts strategy ideas into operational plans . One framework described in the Operating Model definition comes from Ashridge Business School - POLISM ( ) . This stands for P - processes and capabilities ; O - the organization , i.e. the people that are needed to run the processes or deliver the capabilities , and the organisation structure , accountabilities , incentives and culture that will support and nurture these people ; L - the locations , buildings , infrastructure and other assets and resources needed inside the organisation to support the processes and capabilities ; I - the information systems and other cross-organisation or cross-location links needed to support the processes and capabilities , especially the software applications that are needed to process the information ; S - the suppliers and business partners needed outside the organisation to support the processes and capabilities and the types of agreements between this organisation and these partners . M - the management systems and processes for developing strategy , planning , setting targets , managing performance and continuous improvement . A simpler framework is used in the literature on Enterprise Architecture . Strategy is converted into capabilities , using a capability map , and each capability is described in terms of `` people '' , process and technology . A target operating model can be a one page document - the Operating Model Canvas is an example . It can also be 10 pages or 100 pages . It the document is more than 100 pages it becomes a manual rather than a model . Target operating models provide the vision for organisations undergoing change . The reason for any new TOM is likely to be a new strategy or new business model or a significant failure in the performance of the existing operations for one or more stakeholders . Hence TOM work should be closely linked to strategy work . Form follows function ; in other words TOM follows strategy . Typically a TOM project also includes the roadmap over time that specifies what the company needs to do to move from the `` as is '' to the `` to be '' . A good place to start is with a value - chain map . First identify the product / market segments that the organisation is serving . Clarify the offer being given to each segment . Then define , for each segment separately , the value chain of activities that is needed to deliver the offer . Different value chains can then be compared side by side in order to identify steps in the chain that can be `` aggregated '' to gain economies of scale or `` standardised '' to gain consistency or `` separated '' to gain local adaptation . These choices then lead directly to organisational implications . TOM work can be done at different levels of detail . At the highest level is the strategy or the design principles . Then comes a rough sketch , probably in the form of a value chain map or organisational model . Then comes more and more layers of detail arriving finally at job descriptions for every job , floor layouts for offices or factories , KPIs for every department , draft contracts for every supplier , data input and output specifications for every software application , etc . Regional Target Operating Model ( RTOM ) A transformational project with solution covering across regions . The RTOM will form as regional standards for implementation across regions . The RTOM should capture the as - is of the organization design , business capabilities , business processes and supporting technology components.It will define the to - be organization design , business capabilities , business processes and required supporting technology capabilities. The high level business benefits of the RTOM should also be articulated . For identified gaps in the technology capabilities , the business requirements should be captured to facilitate the next phase of work -- solution evaluation . See also ( edit ) Business model Operating model Business plan Business process modeling Business reference model Strategic management Strategic planning Strategy dynamics The Design of Business Enterprise architecture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://opexsociety.org/body-of-knowledge/operating-model Jump up ^ http://www.ashridge.org.uk/dom viewed on September 10th 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.operatingmodelcanvas.com Jump up ^ Campbell , A , Gutierrez , M , Lancelott , M , `` Operating Model Canvas '' , Van Haren Publishing , 2017 Jump up ^ Said Business School & University of Oxford -- Strategic Consulting Projects - viewed on January 16th 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.ashridgeonoperatingmodels.com viewed on September 10th 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Fusion Business Solutions - Notre démarche vers la concrétisation des avantages Le Blog de la DFCG -- La maîtrise des risques liés aux contrats d'externalisation ( in French ) Defining the business future state -- Maddison Ward Ashridge Business School blog on operating models Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Target_operating_model&oldid=795012319 '' Categories : Business models Strategic management Management Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 12 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target%20operating%20model
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who led the british to victory over the french in the carnatic wars
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Carnatic Wars
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carnatic wars
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Mughal Empire
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Nizam of Hyderabad Nawab of Carnatic Nawab of Bengal Kingdom of France French East India Company Kingdom of Great Britain East India Company Commanders and leaders Alamgir II Anwaruddin † Nasir Jung † Muzaffar Jung † Chanda Sahib † Raza Sahib Wala - Jah Murtaza Ali Abdul Wahab Hyder Ali Dalwai Nanjaraja Salabat Jung Dupleix De Bussy Comte de Lally d'Auteil ( POW ) Law ( POW ) De la Touche Robert Clive Stringer Lawrence First Carnatic War Negapatam Madras Adyar Cuddalore Pondicherry Part of the War of the Austrian Succession Second Carnatic War Ambur Divicotta Tanjore Trichinopoly Arcot Arnee Chingleput Golden Rock Seringham Sugar - Loaf Rock Tondeman 's Woods Third Carnatic War Chandannagar Plassey Cuddalore Negapatam Condore Madras Masulipatam Battle of Pondicherry Chinsurah Wandiwash Pondicherry Siege Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The Carnatic Wars ( also spelled Karnatic Wars ) were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India . The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals , struggles for succession and territory , and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company . They were mainly fought on the territories in India which were dominated by the Nizam of Hyderabad up to the Godavari delta . As a result of these military contests , the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India . The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondichéry . The East India company 's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj . In the 18th century , the coastal Carnatic region was a dependency of Hyderabad . Three Carnatic Wars were fought between 1746 and 1763 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 First Carnatic War ( 1744 -- 1748 ) 3 Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 1754 ) 4 Third Carnatic War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) 5 See also 6 References 7 Gallery Background ( edit ) The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died in 1707 . He was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I , but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of Jahandar Shah and later emperors . Nizam - ul - Mulk established Hyderabad as an independent kingdom . A power struggle ensued after his death between his son , Nasir Jung , and his grandson , Muzaffar Jung , which was the opportunity France and England needed to interfere in Indian politics . France aided Muzaffar Jung while England aided Nasir Jung . Several erstwhile Mughal territories were autonomous such as the Carnatic , ruled by Nawab Dost Ali Khan , despite being under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad . French and English interference included those of the affairs of the Nawab . Dost Ali 's death sparked a power struggle between his son - in - law Chanda Sahib , supported by the French , and Muhammad Ali , supported by the English . One major instigator of the Carnatic Wars was the Frenchman Joseph François Dupleix , who arrived in India in 1715 , rising to become the French East India Company 's governor in 1742 . Dupleix sought to expand French influence in India , which was limited to a few trading outposts , the chief one being Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast . Immediately upon his arrival in India , he organized Indian recruits under French officers for the first time , and engaged in intrigues with local rulers to expand French influence . However , he was met by the equally challenging and determined young officer from the British Army , Robert Clive . `` The Austrian War of Succession in 1740 and later the war in 1756 automatically led to a conflict in India ... and British reverses during the American War of Independence had an impact on events in India . '' First Carnatic war ( 1744 -- 1748 ) ( edit ) Main article : First Carnatic War Dupleix meeting the Subedar of the Deccan , Muzaffar Jung . Siege of Arcot was a major battle fought between Robert Clive and the combined forces of the Mughal Empire 's Nawab of the Carnatic , Chanda Sahib , assisted by a small number of troops from the French East India Company . In 1740 the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in Europe . Great Britain was only drawn into the war in 1744 , when it entered the war opposed to France and its allies . The trading companies of both countries maintained cordial relations among themselves in India while their parent countries were bitter enemies on the European continent . Dodwell writes , `` Such were the friendly relations between the English and the French that the French sent their goods and merchandise from Pondicherry to Madras for safe custody . '' Although French company officials were ordered to avoid conflict , British officials were not , and were furthermore notified that a Royal Navy fleet was en route . After the British initially captured a few French merchant ships , the French called for backup from as far afield as Isle de France ( now Mauritius ) , beginning an escalation in naval forces in the area . In July 1746 French commander La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam , after which the British fleet withdrew to Bengal . On 21 September 1746 , the French captured the British outpost at Madras . La Bourdonnais had promised to return Madras to the English , but Dupleix withdrew that promise , and one to give Madras to Anwar - ud - din after the capture . The Nawab then sent a 10,000 - man army to take Madras from the French , but was decisively repulsed by a small French force in the Battle of Adyar . The French then made several attempts to capture the British Fort St. David at Cuddalore , but the timely arrivals of reinforcements halted these , and eventually turned the tables on the French . British Admiral Edward Boscawen besieged Pondicherry in the later months of 1748 , but lifted the siege with the advent of the monsoon rains in October . With the termination of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe , the First Carnatic War also came to an end . In the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) , Madras was given back to the British in exchange for the French fortress of Louisbourg in North America , which the British had captured . The war was principally notable in India as the first military experience of Robert Clive , who was taken prisoner at Madras , but managed to escape , and who then participated in the defense of Cuddalore and the siege of Pondicherry . Second Carnatic war ( 1749 -- 1754 ) ( edit ) Death of the Nawab Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan in a battle ( battle of Ambur ) against the French in 1749 ( by Paul Philipoteaux ) . Though a state of war did not exist in Europe , the proxy war continued in India . On one side was Nasir Jung , the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali , supported by the English , and on the other was Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung , supported by the French , vying to become the Nawab of Arcot . Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were able to capture Arcot while Nasir Jung 's subsequent death allowed Muzaffar Jung to take control of Hyderabad . Muzaffar 's reign was short as he was soon killed , and Salabat Jung became Nawab . In 1751 , however , Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot , and successfully defend it . The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry , signed in 1754 , which recognised Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of the Carnatic . Charles Godeheu replaced Dupleix , who died in poverty back in France . Third Carnatic war ( 1756 -- 1763 ) ( edit ) The outbreak of the Seven Years ' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India . The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore ( now Chandannagar ) in 1757 . However , the war was decided in the south , where the British successfully defended Madras , and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French , commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 . After Wandiwash , the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761 . The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 , which returned Chandernagore and Pondichéry to France , and allowed the French to have `` factories '' ( trading posts ) in India but forbade French traders from administering them . The French agreed to support British client governments , thus ending French ambitions of an Indian empire and making the British the dominant foreign power in India . French and English boats position near Pondicherry . French National Archives . Ruins of Pondicherry after its destruction by British troops following the capitulation of the city . See also ( edit ) French India Subedar of Deccan Nawab Hyder Ali Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of the British Empire . 1929 . p. 126 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . pp. 150 -- 159 . ISBN 9788131300343 . Jump up ^ Dodwell , H.H. ( ed ) , Cambridge History of India , Vol . v . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnatic Wars . Gallery ( edit ) Lally at Pondicherry Jean Law 's Memoire : Mémoires sur quelques affaires de l'Empire Mogol 1756 -- 1761 contains detailed information about the campaign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and his French allies against the British East India Company . 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YouTube . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnatic_Wars&oldid=808467628 '' Categories : Carnatic Wars 1740s conflicts 1750s conflicts Wars involving India Wars involving France Wars involving Great Britain Colonial India 18th century in India History of Tamil Nadu Military history of India 1746 in India 1749 in India 1757 in India Seven Years ' War History of Tiruchirappalli Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Italiano Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Српски / srpski தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 01 : 24 . About Wikipedia
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differentiate between these divisions of the nervous system
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Nervous system
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nervous system
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The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body . The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body , then works in tandem with the endocrine system to respond to such events . Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago . In vertebrates it consists of two main parts , the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord . The PNS consists mainly of nerves , which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons , that connect the CNS to every other part of the body . Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves , while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent . Spinal nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves . The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems , the somatic , autonomic , and enteric nervous systems . Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement . The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems . The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy , while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state . The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system . Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily . Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves .
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At the cellular level , the nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell , called the neuron , also known as a `` nerve cell '' . Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells . They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons , which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses . A cell that receives a synaptic signal from a neuron may be excited , inhibited , or otherwise modulated . The connections between neurons can form neural circuits and also neural networks that generate an organism 's perception of the world and determine its behavior . Along with neurons , the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells ( or simply glia ) , which provide structural and metabolic support . Nervous systems are found in most multicellular animals , but vary greatly in complexity . The only multicellular animals that have no nervous system at all are sponges , placozoans , and mesozoans , which have very simple body plans . The nervous systems of the radially symmetric organisms ctenophores ( comb jellies ) and cnidarians ( which include anemones , hydras , corals and jellyfish ) consist of a diffuse nerve net . All other animal species , with the exception of a few types of worm , have a nervous system containing a brain , a central cord ( or two cords running in parallel ) , and nerves radiating from the brain and central cord . The size of the nervous system ranges from a few hundred cells in the simplest worms , to around 300 billion cells in African elephants . The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others , or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback . Malfunction of the nervous system can occur as a result of genetic defects , physical damage due to trauma or toxicity , infection or simply of ageing . The medical specialty of neurology studies disorders of the nervous system and looks for interventions that can prevent or treat them . In the peripheral nervous system , the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction , which can be due to different causes including diabetic neuropathy and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system . Diagram showing the major divisions of the vertebrate nervous system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Cells 1.1. 1 Neurons 1.1. 2 Glial cells 1.2 Anatomy in vertebrates 1.3 Comparative anatomy and evolution 1.3. 1 Neural precursors in sponges 1.3. 2 Radiata 1.3. 3 Bilateria 1.3. 4 Worms 1.3. 5 Arthropods 1.3. 6 `` Identified '' neurons 2 Function 2.1 Neurons and synapses 2.2 Neural circuits and systems 2.2. 1 Reflexes and other stimulus - response circuits 2.2. 2 Intrinsic pattern generation 2.3 Mirror neurons 3 Development 4 Pathology 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Structure The nervous system derives its name from nerves , which are cylindrical bundles of fibers ( the axons of neurons ) , that emanate from the brain and spinal cord , and branch repeatedly to innervate every part of the body . Nerves are large enough to have been recognized by the ancient Egyptians , Greeks , and Romans , but their internal structure was not understood until it became possible to examine them using a microscope . The author Michael Nikoletseas wrote : `` It is difficult to believe that until approximately year 1900 it was not known that neurons are the basic units of the brain ( Santiago Ramón y Cajal ) . Equally surprising is the fact that the concept of chemical transmission in the brain was not known until around 1930 ( Henry Hallett Dale ) and ( Otto Loewi ) . We began to understand the basic electrical phenomenon that neurons use in order to communicate among themselves , the action potential , in the 1950s ( Alan Lloyd Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley and John Eccles ) . It was in the 1960s that we became aware of how basic neuronal networks code stimuli and thus basic concepts are possible ( David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel ) . The molecular revolution swept across US universities in the 1980s . It was in the 1990s that molecular mechanisms of behavioral phenomena became widely known ( Eric Richard Kandel ) . '' A microscopic examination shows that nerves consist primarily of axons , along with different membranes that wrap around them and segregate them into fascicles . The neurons that give rise to nerves do not lie entirely within the nerves themselves -- their cell bodies reside within the brain , spinal cord , or peripheral ganglia . All animals more advanced than sponges have nervous systems . However , even sponges , unicellular animals , and non-animals such as slime molds have cell - to - cell signalling mechanisms that are precursors to those of neurons . In radially symmetric animals such as the jellyfish and hydra , the nervous system consists of a nerve net , a diffuse network of isolated cells . In bilaterian animals , which make up the great majority of existing species , the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Ediacaran period , over 550 million years ago . Cells The nervous system contains two main categories or types of cells : neurons and glial cells . Neurons Structure of a typical neuron Neuron Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath The nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell -- the neuron ( sometimes called `` neurone '' or `` nerve cell '' ) . Neurons can be distinguished from other cells in a number of ways , but their most fundamental property is that they communicate with other cells via synapses , which are membrane - to - membrane junctions containing molecular machinery that allows rapid transmission of signals , either electrical or chemical . Many types of neuron possess an axon , a protoplasmic protrusion that can extend to distant parts of the body and make thousands of synaptic contacts ; axons typically extend throughout the body in bundles called nerves . Even in the nervous system of a single species such as humans , hundreds of different types of neurons exist , with a wide variety of morphologies and functions . These include sensory neurons that transmute physical stimuli such as light and sound into neural signals , and motor neurons that transmute neural signals into activation of muscles or glands ; however in many species the great majority of neurons participate in the formation of centralized structures ( the brain and ganglia ) and they receive all of their input from other neurons and send their output to other neurons . Glial cells Glial cells ( named from the Greek for `` glue '' ) are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition , maintain homeostasis , form myelin , and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system . In the human brain , it is estimated that the total number of glia roughly equals the number of neurons , although the proportions vary in different brain areas . Among the most important functions of glial cells are to support neurons and hold them in place ; to supply nutrients to neurons ; to insulate neurons electrically ; to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons ; and to provide guidance cues directing the axons of neurons to their targets . A very important type of glial cell ( oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system , and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system ) generates layers of a fatty substance called myelin that wraps around axons and provides electrical insulation which allows them to transmit action potentials much more rapidly and efficiently . Recent findings indicate that glial cells , such as microglia and astrocytes , serve as important resident immune cells within the central nervous system . Anatomy in vertebrates See also : List of nerves of the human body See also : List of regions in the human brain Horizontal section of the head of an adult female , showing skin , skull , and brain with grey matter ( brown in this image ) and underlying white matter The nervous system of vertebrates ( including humans ) is divided into the central nervous system ( CNS ) and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . The ( CNS ) is the major division , and consists of the brain and the spinal cord . The spinal canal contains the spinal cord , while the cranial cavity contains the brain . The CNS is enclosed and protected by the meninges , a three - layered system of membranes , including a tough , leathery outer layer called the dura mater . The brain is also protected by the skull , and the spinal cord by the vertebrae . The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS . The large majority of the axon bundles called nerves are considered to belong to the PNS , even when the cell bodies of the neurons to which they belong reside within the brain or spinal cord . The PNS is divided into somatic and visceral parts . The somatic part consists of the nerves that innervate the skin , joints , and muscles . The cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord . The visceral part , also known as the autonomic nervous system , contains neurons that innervate the internal organs , blood vessels , and glands . The autonomic nervous system itself consists of two parts : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . Some authors also include sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the periphery ( for senses such as hearing ) as part of the PNS ; others , however , omit them . The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter ( `` gray matter '' in American spelling ) and white matter . Grey matter ( which is only grey in preserved tissue , and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue ) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons . White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons , and takes its color from the myelin . White matter includes all of the nerves , and much of the interior of the brain and spinal cord . Grey matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord , and in cortical layers that line their surfaces . There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nucleus , whereas a cluster of neurons in the periphery is called a ganglion . There are , however , a few exceptions to this rule , notably including the part of the forebrain called the basal ganglia . Comparative anatomy and evolution Main article : Evolution of nervous systems Neural precursors in sponges Sponges have no cells connected to each other by synaptic junctions , that is , no neurons , and therefore no nervous system . They do , however , have homologs of many genes that play key roles in synaptic function . Recent studies have shown that sponge cells express a group of proteins that cluster together to form a structure resembling a postsynaptic density ( the signal - receiving part of a synapse ) . However , the function of this structure is currently unclear . Although sponge cells do not show synaptic transmission , they do communicate with each other via calcium waves and other impulses , which mediate some simple actions such as whole - body contraction . Radiata Jellyfish , comb jellies , and related animals have diffuse nerve nets rather than a central nervous system . In most jellyfish the nerve net is spread more or less evenly across the body ; in comb jellies it is concentrated near the mouth . The nerve nets consist of sensory neurons , which pick up chemical , tactile , and visual signals ; motor neurons , which can activate contractions of the body wall ; and intermediate neurons , which detect patterns of activity in the sensory neurons and , in response , send signals to groups of motor neurons . In some cases groups of intermediate neurons are clustered into discrete ganglia . The development of the nervous system in radiata is relatively unstructured . Unlike bilaterians , radiata only have two primordial cell layers , endoderm and ectoderm . Neurons are generated from a special set of ectodermal precursor cells , which also serve as precursors for every other ectodermal cell type . Bilateria Nervous system of a bilaterian animal , in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements , and a `` brain '' at the front The vast majority of existing animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other . All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appeared in the Ediacaran period , 550 -- 600 million years ago . The fundamental bilaterian body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from mouth to anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a `` ganglion '' ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the `` brain '' . Area of the human body surface innervated by each spinal nerve Even mammals , including humans , show the segmented bilaterian body plan at the level of the nervous system . The spinal cord contains a series of segmental ganglia , each giving rise to motor and sensory nerves that innervate a portion of the body surface and underlying musculature . On the limbs , the layout of the innervation pattern is complex , but on the trunk it gives rise to a series of narrow bands . The top three segments belong to the brain , giving rise to the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . Bilaterians can be divided , based on events that occur very early in embryonic development , into two groups ( superphyla ) called protostomes and deuterostomes . Deuterostomes include vertebrates as well as echinoderms , hemichordates ( mainly acorn worms ) , and Xenoturbellidans . Protostomes , the more diverse group , include arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . There is a basic difference between the two groups in the placement of the nervous system within the body : protostomes possess a nerve cord on the ventral ( usually bottom ) side of the body , whereas in deuterostomes the nerve cord is on the dorsal ( usually top ) side . In fact , numerous aspects of the body are inverted between the two groups , including the expression patterns of several genes that show dorsal - to - ventral gradients . Most anatomists now consider that the bodies of protostomes and deuterostomes are `` flipped over '' with respect to each other , a hypothesis that was first proposed by Geoffroy Saint - Hilaire for insects in comparison to vertebrates . Thus insects , for example , have nerve cords that run along the ventral midline of the body , while all vertebrates have spinal cords that run along the dorsal midline . Worms Earthworm nervous system . Top : side view of the front of the worm . Bottom : nervous system in isolation , viewed from above Worms are the simplest bilaterian animals , and reveal the basic structure of the bilaterian nervous system in the most straightforward way . As an example , earthworms have dual nerve cords running along the length of the body and merging at the tail and the mouth . These nerve cords are connected by transverse nerves like the rungs of a ladder . These transverse nerves help coordinate the two sides of the animal . Two ganglia at the head ( the `` nerve ring '' ) end function similar to a simple brain . Photoreceptors on the animal 's eyespots provide sensory information on light and dark . The nervous system of one very small roundworm , the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , has been completely mapped out in a connectome including its synapses . Every neuron and its cellular lineage has been recorded and most , if not all , of the neural connections are known . In this species , the nervous system is sexually dimorphic ; the nervous systems of the two sexes , males and female hermaphrodites , have different numbers of neurons and groups of neurons that perform sex - specific functions . In C. elegans , males have exactly 383 neurons , while hermaphrodites have exactly 302 neurons . Arthropods Internal anatomy of a spider , showing the nervous system in blue Arthropods , such as insects and crustaceans , have a nervous system made up of a series of ganglia , connected by a ventral nerve cord made up of two parallel connectives running along the length of the belly . Typically , each body segment has one ganglion on each side , though some ganglia are fused to form the brain and other large ganglia . The head segment contains the brain , also known as the supraesophageal ganglion . In the insect nervous system , the brain is anatomically divided into the protocerebrum , deutocerebrum , and tritocerebrum . Immediately behind the brain is the subesophageal ganglion , which is composed of three pairs of fused ganglia . It controls the mouthparts , the salivary glands and certain muscles . Many arthropods have well - developed sensory organs , including compound eyes for vision and antennae for olfaction and pheromone sensation . The sensory information from these organs is processed by the brain . In insects , many neurons have cell bodies that are positioned at the edge of the brain and are electrically passive -- the cell bodies serve only to provide metabolic support and do not participate in signalling . A protoplasmic fiber runs from the cell body and branches profusely , with some parts transmitting signals and other parts receiving signals . Thus , most parts of the insect brain have passive cell bodies arranged around the periphery , while the neural signal processing takes place in a tangle of protoplasmic fibers called neuropil , in the interior . `` Identified '' neurons A neuron is called identified if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal -- properties such as location , neurotransmitter , gene expression pattern , and connectivity -- and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has one and only one neuron with the same set of properties . In vertebrate nervous systems very few neurons are `` identified '' in this sense -- in humans , there are believed to be none -- but in simpler nervous systems , some or all neurons may be thus unique . In the roundworm C. elegans , whose nervous system is the most thoroughly described of any animal 's , every neuron in the body is uniquely identifiable , with the same location and the same connections in every individual worm . One notable consequence of this fact is that the form of the C. elegans nervous system is completely specified by the genome , with no experience - dependent plasticity . The brains of many molluscs and insects also contain substantial numbers of identified neurons . In vertebrates , the best known identified neurons are the gigantic Mauthner cells of fish . Every fish has two Mauthner cells , located in the bottom part of the brainstem , one on the left side and one on the right . Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over , innervating neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord , making numerous connections as it goes . The synapses generated by a Mauthner cell are so powerful that a single action potential gives rise to a major behavioral response : within milliseconds the fish curves its body into a C - shape , then straightens , thereby propelling itself rapidly forward . Functionally this is a fast escape response , triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish . Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish -- there are about 20 more types , including pairs of `` Mauthner cell analogs '' in each spinal segmental nucleus . Although a Mauthner cell is capable of bringing about an escape response individually , in the context of ordinary behavior other types of cells usually contribute to shaping the amplitude and direction of the response . Mauthner cells have been described as command neurons . A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron , defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior individually . Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species -- the squid giant axon and squid giant synapse , used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of their enormous size , both participate in the fast escape circuit of the squid . The concept of a command neuron has , however , become controversial , because of studies showing that some neurons that initially appeared to fit the description were really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances . Function At the most basic level , the function of the nervous system is to send signals from one cell to others , or from one part of the body to others . There are multiple ways that a cell can send signals to other cells . One is by releasing chemicals called hormones into the internal circulation , so that they can diffuse to distant sites . In contrast to this `` broadcast '' mode of signaling , the nervous system provides `` point - to - point '' signals -- neurons project their axons to specific target areas and make synaptic connections with specific target cells . Thus , neural signaling is capable of a much higher level of specificity than hormonal signaling . It is also much faster : the fastest nerve signals travel at speeds that exceed 100 meters per second . At a more integrative level , the primary function of the nervous system is to control the body . It does this by extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors , sending signals that encode this information into the central nervous system , processing the information to determine an appropriate response , and sending output signals to muscles or glands to activate the response . The evolution of a complex nervous system has made it possible for various animal species to have advanced perception abilities such as vision , complex social interactions , rapid coordination of organ systems , and integrated processing of concurrent signals . In humans , the sophistication of the nervous system makes it possible to have language , abstract representation of concepts , transmission of culture , and many other features of human society that would not exist without the human brain . Neurons and synapses Major elements in synaptic transmission . An electrochemical wave called an action potential travels along the axon of a neuron . When the wave reaches a synapse , it provokes release of a small amount of neurotransmitter molecules , which bind to chemical receptor molecules located in the membrane of the target cell . Most neurons send signals via their axons , although some types are capable of dendrite - to - dendrite communication . ( In fact , the types of neurons called amacrine cells have no axons , and communicate only via their dendrites . ) Neural signals propagate along an axon in the form of electrochemical waves called action potentials , which produce cell - to - cell signals at points where axon terminals make synaptic contact with other cells . Synapses may be electrical or chemical . Electrical synapses make direct electrical connections between neurons , but chemical synapses are much more common , and much more diverse in function . At a chemical synapse , the cell that sends signals is called presynaptic , and the cell that receives signals is called postsynaptic . Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas are full of molecular machinery that carries out the signalling process . The presynaptic area contains large numbers of tiny spherical vessels called synaptic vesicles , packed with neurotransmitter chemicals . When the presynaptic terminal is electrically stimulated , an array of molecules embedded in the membrane are activated , and cause the contents of the vesicles to be released into the narrow space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes , called the synaptic cleft . The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors embedded in the postsynaptic membrane , causing them to enter an activated state . Depending on the type of receptor , the resulting effect on the postsynaptic cell may be excitatory , inhibitory , or modulatory in more complex ways . For example , release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synaptic contact between a motor neuron and a muscle cell induces rapid contraction of the muscle cell . The entire synaptic transmission process takes only a fraction of a millisecond , although the effects on the postsynaptic cell may last much longer ( even indefinitely , in cases where the synaptic signal leads to the formation of a memory trace ) . Structure of a typical chemical synapse Postsynaptic density Voltage - gated Ca channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite There are literally hundreds of different types of synapses . In fact , there are over a hundred known neurotransmitters , and many of them have multiple types of receptors . Many synapses use more than one neurotransmitter -- a common arrangement is for a synapse to use one fast - acting small - molecule neurotransmitter such as glutamate or GABA , along with one or more peptide neurotransmitters that play slower - acting modulatory roles . Molecular neuroscientists generally divide receptors into two broad groups : chemically gated ion channels and second messenger systems . When a chemically gated ion channel is activated , it forms a passage that allows specific types of ions to flow across the membrane . Depending on the type of ion , the effect on the target cell may be excitatory or inhibitory . When a second messenger system is activated , it starts a cascade of molecular interactions inside the target cell , which may ultimately produce a wide variety of complex effects , such as increasing or decreasing the sensitivity of the cell to stimuli , or even altering gene transcription . According to a rule called Dale 's principle , which has only a few known exceptions , a neuron releases the same neurotransmitters at all of its synapses . This does not mean , though , that a neuron exerts the same effect on all of its targets , because the effect of a synapse depends not on the neurotransmitter , but on the receptors that it activates . Because different targets can ( and frequently do ) use different types of receptors , it is possible for a neuron to have excitatory effects on one set of target cells , inhibitory effects on others , and complex modulatory effects on others still . Nevertheless , it happens that the two most widely used neurotransmitters , glutamate and GABA , each have largely consistent effects . Glutamate has several widely occurring types of receptors , but all of them are excitatory or modulatory . Similarly , GABA has several widely occurring receptor types , but all of them are inhibitory . Because of this consistency , glutamatergic cells are frequently referred to as `` excitatory neurons '' , and GABAergic cells as `` inhibitory neurons '' . Strictly speaking , this is an abuse of terminology -- it is the receptors that are excitatory and inhibitory , not the neurons -- but it is commonly seen even in scholarly publications . One very important subset of synapses are capable of forming memory traces by means of long - lasting activity - dependent changes in synaptic strength . The best - known form of neural memory is a process called long - term potentiation ( abbreviated LTP ) , which operates at synapses that use the neurotransmitter glutamate acting on a special type of receptor known as the NMDA receptor . The NMDA receptor has an `` associative '' property : if the two cells involved in the synapse are both activated at approximately the same time , a channel opens that permits calcium to flow into the target cell . The calcium entry initiates a second messenger cascade that ultimately leads to an increase in the number of glutamate receptors in the target cell , thereby increasing the effective strength of the synapse . This change in strength can last for weeks or longer . Since the discovery of LTP in 1973 , many other types of synaptic memory traces have been found , involving increases or decreases in synaptic strength that are induced by varying conditions , and last for variable periods of time . The reward system , that reinforces desired behaviour for example , depends on a variant form of LTP that is conditioned on an extra input coming from a reward - signalling pathway that uses dopamine as neurotransmitter . All these forms of synaptic modifiability , taken collectively , give rise to neural plasticity , that is , to a capability for the nervous system to adapt itself to variations in the environment . Neural circuits and systems The basic neuronal function of sending signals to other cells includes a capability for neurons to exchange signals with each other . Networks formed by interconnected groups of neurons are capable of a wide variety of functions , including feature detection , pattern generation and timing , and there are seen to be countless types of information processing possible . Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts showed in 1943 that even artificial neural networks formed from a greatly simplified mathematical abstraction of a neuron are capable of universal computation . Illustration of pain pathway , from René Descartes 's Treatise of Man Historically , for many years the predominant view of the function of the nervous system was as a stimulus - response associator . In this conception , neural processing begins with stimuli that activate sensory neurons , producing signals that propagate through chains of connections in the spinal cord and brain , giving rise eventually to activation of motor neurons and thereby to muscle contraction , i.e. , to overt responses . Descartes believed that all of the behaviors of animals , and most of the behaviors of humans , could be explained in terms of stimulus - response circuits , although he also believed that higher cognitive functions such as language were not capable of being explained mechanistically . Charles Sherrington , in his influential 1906 book The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , developed the concept of stimulus - response mechanisms in much more detail , and Behaviorism , the school of thought that dominated Psychology through the middle of the 20th century , attempted to explain every aspect of human behavior in stimulus - response terms . However , experimental studies of electrophysiology , beginning in the early 20th century and reaching high productivity by the 1940s , showed that the nervous system contains many mechanisms for generating patterns of activity intrinsically , without requiring an external stimulus . Neurons were found to be capable of producing regular sequences of action potentials , or sequences of bursts , even in complete isolation . When intrinsically active neurons are connected to each other in complex circuits , the possibilities for generating intricate temporal patterns become far more extensive . A modern conception views the function of the nervous system partly in terms of stimulus - response chains , and partly in terms of intrinsically generated activity patterns -- both types of activity interact with each other to generate the full repertoire of behavior . Reflexes and other stimulus - response circuits Simplified schema of basic nervous system function : signals are picked up by sensory receptors and sent to the spinal cord and brain , where processing occurs that results in signals sent back to the spinal cord and then out to motor neurons The simplest type of neural circuit is a reflex arc , which begins with a sensory input and ends with a motor output , passing through a sequence of neurons connected in series . This can be shown in the `` withdrawal reflex '' causing a hand to jerk back after a hot stove is touched . The circuit begins with sensory receptors in the skin that are activated by harmful levels of heat : a special type of molecular structure embedded in the membrane causes heat to change the electrical field across the membrane . If the change in electrical potential is large enough to pass the given threshold , it evokes an action potential , which is transmitted along the axon of the receptor cell , into the spinal cord . There the axon makes excitatory synaptic contacts with other cells , some of which project ( send axonal output ) to the same region of the spinal cord , others projecting into the brain . One target is a set of spinal interneurons that project to motor neurons controlling the arm muscles . The interneurons excite the motor neurons , and if the excitation is strong enough , some of the motor neurons generate action potentials , which travel down their axons to the point where they make excitatory synaptic contacts with muscle cells . The excitatory signals induce contraction of the muscle cells , which causes the joint angles in the arm to change , pulling the arm away . In reality , this straightforward schema is subject to numerous complications . Although for the simplest reflexes there are short neural paths from sensory neuron to motor neuron , there are also other nearby neurons that participate in the circuit and modulate the response . Furthermore , there are projections from the brain to the spinal cord that are capable of enhancing or inhibiting the reflex . Although the simplest reflexes may be mediated by circuits lying entirely within the spinal cord , more complex responses rely on signal processing in the brain . For example , when an object in the periphery of the visual field moves , and a person looks toward it many stages of signal processing are initiated . The initial sensory response , in the retina of the eye , and the final motor response , in the oculomotor nuclei of the brain stem , are not all that different from those in a simple reflex , but the intermediate stages are completely different . Instead of a one or two step chain of processing , the visual signals pass through perhaps a dozen stages of integration , involving the thalamus , cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , superior colliculus , cerebellum , and several brainstem nuclei . These areas perform signal - processing functions that include feature detection , perceptual analysis , memory recall , decision - making , and motor planning . Feature detection is the ability to extract biologically relevant information from combinations of sensory signals . In the visual system , for example , sensory receptors in the retina of the eye are only individually capable of detecting `` points of light '' in the outside world . Second - level visual neurons receive input from groups of primary receptors , higher - level neurons receive input from groups of second - level neurons , and so on , forming a hierarchy of processing stages . At each stage , important information is extracted from the signal ensemble and unimportant information is discarded . By the end of the process , input signals representing `` points of light '' have been transformed into a neural representation of objects in the surrounding world and their properties . The most sophisticated sensory processing occurs inside the brain , but complex feature extraction also takes place in the spinal cord and in peripheral sensory organs such as the retina . Intrinsic pattern generation Although stimulus - response mechanisms are the easiest to understand , the nervous system is also capable of controlling the body in ways that do not require an external stimulus , by means of internally generated rhythms of activity . Because of the variety of voltage - sensitive ion channels that can be embedded in the membrane of a neuron , many types of neurons are capable , even in isolation , of generating rhythmic sequences of action potentials , or rhythmic alternations between high - rate bursting and quiescence . When neurons that are intrinsically rhythmic are connected to each other by excitatory or inhibitory synapses , the resulting networks are capable of a wide variety of dynamical behaviors , including attractor dynamics , periodicity , and even chaos . A network of neurons that uses its internal structure to generate temporally structured output , without requiring a corresponding temporally structured stimulus , is called a central pattern generator . Internal pattern generation operates on a wide range of time scales , from milliseconds to hours or longer . One of the most important types of temporal pattern is circadian rhythmicity -- that is , rhythmicity with a period of approximately 24 hours . All animals that have been studied show circadian fluctuations in neural activity , which control circadian alternations in behavior such as the sleep - wake cycle . Experimental studies dating from the 1990s have shown that circadian rhythms are generated by a `` genetic clock '' consisting of a special set of genes whose expression level rises and falls over the course of the day . Animals as diverse as insects and vertebrates share a similar genetic clock system . The circadian clock is influenced by light but continues to operate even when light levels are held constant and no other external time - of - day cues are available . The clock genes are expressed in many parts of the nervous system as well as many peripheral organs , but in mammals , all of these `` tissue clocks '' are kept in synchrony by signals that emanate from a master timekeeper in a tiny part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus . Mirror neurons A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another . Thus , the neuron `` mirrors '' the behavior of the other , as though the observer were itself acting . Such neurons have been directly observed in primate species . Birds have been shown to have imitative resonance behaviors and neurological evidence suggests the presence of some form of mirroring system . In humans , brain activity consistent with that of mirror neurons has been found in the premotor cortex , the supplementary motor area , the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferior parietal cortex . The function of the mirror system is a subject of much speculation . Many researchers in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology consider that this system provides the physiological mechanism for the perception / action coupling ( see the common coding theory ) . They argue that mirror neurons may be important for understanding the actions of other people , and for learning new skills by imitation . Some researchers also speculate that mirror systems may simulate observed actions , and thus contribute to theory of mind skills , while others relate mirror neurons to language abilities . However , to date , no widely accepted neural or computational models have been put forward to describe how mirror neuron activity supports cognitive functions such as imitation . There are neuroscientists who caution that the claims being made for the role of mirror neurons are not supported by adequate research . Development Main article : Development of the nervous system In vertebrates , landmarks of embryonic neural development include the birth and differentiation of neurons from stem cell precursors , the migration of immature neurons from their birthplaces in the embryo to their final positions , outgrowth of axons from neurons and guidance of the motile growth cone through the embryo towards postsynaptic partners , the generation of synapses between these axons and their postsynaptic partners , and finally the lifelong changes in synapses which are thought to underlie learning and memory . All bilaterian animals at an early stage of development form a gastrula , which is polarized , with one end called the animal pole and the other the vegetal pole . The gastrula has the shape of a disk with three layers of cells , an inner layer called the endoderm , which gives rise to the lining of most internal organs , a middle layer called the mesoderm , which gives rise to the bones and muscles , and an outer layer called the ectoderm , which gives rise to the skin and nervous system . Human embryo , showing neural groove Four stages in the development of the neural tube in the human embryo In vertebrates , the first sign of the nervous system is the appearance of a thin strip of cells along the center of the back , called the neural plate . The inner portion of the neural plate ( along the midline ) is destined to become the central nervous system ( CNS ) , the outer portion the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) . As development proceeds , a fold called the neural groove appears along the midline . This fold deepens , and then closes up at the top . At this point the future CNS appears as a cylindrical structure called the neural tube , whereas the future PNS appears as two strips of tissue called the neural crest , running lengthwise above the neural tube . The sequence of stages from neural plate to neural tube and neural crest is known as neurulation . In the early 20th century , a set of famous experiments by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold showed that the formation of nervous tissue is `` induced '' by signals from a group of mesodermal cells called the organizer region . For decades , though , the nature of the induction process defeated every attempt to figure it out , until finally it was resolved by genetic approaches in the 1990s . Induction of neural tissue requires inhibition of the gene for a so - called bone morphogenetic protein , or BMP . Specifically the protein BMP4 appears to be involved . Two proteins called Noggin and Chordin , both secreted by the mesoderm , are capable of inhibiting BMP4 and thereby inducing ectoderm to turn into neural tissue . It appears that a similar molecular mechanism is involved for widely disparate types of animals , including arthropods as well as vertebrates . In some animals , however , another type of molecule called Fibroblast Growth Factor or FGF may also play an important role in induction . Induction of neural tissues causes formation of neural precursor cells , called neuroblasts . In drosophila , neuroblasts divide asymmetrically , so that one product is a `` ganglion mother cell '' ( GMC ) , and the other is a neuroblast . A GMC divides once , to give rise to either a pair of neurons or a pair of glial cells . In all , a neuroblast is capable of generating an indefinite number of neurons or glia . As shown in a 2008 study , one factor common to all bilateral organisms ( including humans ) is a family of secreted signaling molecules called neurotrophins which regulate the growth and survival of neurons . Zhu et al. identified DNT1 , the first neurotrophin found in flies . DNT1 shares structural similarity with all known neurotrophins and is a key factor in the fate of neurons in Drosophila . Because neurotrophins have now been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrates , this evidence suggests that neurotrophins were present in an ancestor common to bilateral organisms and may represent a common mechanism for nervous system formation . Pathology Main article : Neurology See also : Psychiatry The central nervous system is protected by major physical and chemical barriers . Physically , the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough meningeal membranes , and enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae , which combine to form a strong physical shield . Chemically , the brain and spinal cord are isolated by the so - called blood -- brain barrier , which prevents most types of chemicals from moving from the bloodstream into the interior of the CNS . These protections make the CNS less susceptible in many ways than the PNS ; the flip side , however , is that damage to the CNS tends to have more serious consequences . Although nerves tend to lie deep under the skin except in a few places such as the ulnar nerve near the elbow joint , they are still relatively exposed to physical damage , which can cause pain , loss of sensation , or loss of muscle control . Damage to nerves can also be caused by swelling or bruises at places where a nerve passes through a tight bony channel , as happens in carpal tunnel syndrome . If a nerve is completely transected , it will often regenerate , but for long nerves this process may take months to complete . In addition to physical damage , peripheral neuropathy may be caused by many other medical problems , including genetic conditions , metabolic conditions such as diabetes , inflammatory conditions such as Guillain -- Barré syndrome , vitamin deficiency , infectious diseases such as leprosy or shingles , or poisoning by toxins such as heavy metals . Many cases have no cause that can be identified , and are referred to as idiopathic . It is also possible for nerves to lose function temporarily , resulting in numbness as stiffness -- common causes include mechanical pressure , a drop in temperature , or chemical interactions with local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine . Physical damage to the spinal cord may result in loss of sensation or movement . If an injury to the spine produces nothing worse than swelling , the symptoms may be transient , but if nerve fibers in the spine are actually destroyed , the loss of function is usually permanent . 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( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 52 : The induction and patterning of the nervous system '' . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sanes DH , Reh TH , Harris WA ( 2006 ) . `` Ch. 1 , Neural induction '' . Development of the Nervous System . Elsevier Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 618621 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kandel ER , Schwartz JH , Jessel TM , eds. ( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 53 : The formation and survival of nerve cells '' . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zhu B , Pennack JA , McQuilton P , Forero MG , Mizuguchi K , Sutcliffe B , Gu CJ , Fenton JC , Hidalgo A ( Nov 2008 ) . Bate M , ed . `` Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a common mechanism for nervous system formation '' . PLoS Biol. 6 ( 11 ) : e284 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0060284 . PMC 2586362 . PMID 19018662 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Further reading Nervous system William E. Skaggs , Scholarpedia External links Library resources about Nervous system Resources in your library The Nervous System at Wikibooks ( human ) Nervous System at Wikibooks ( non-human ) The Human Brain Project Homepage Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurilemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans LCCN : sh85090917 GND : 4041643 - 4 NDL : 00571045 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nervous_system&oldid=835151518 '' Categories : Nervous system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 38 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous%20system
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insurance policies may be classified as contracts of
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Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it . This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract . Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract . In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying ' reasonable expectations ' rather than interpreting ambiguities , which he called the ' reasonable expectations doctrine ' . This doctrine has been controversial , with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it . In several jurisdictions , including California , Wyoming , and Pennsylvania , the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them .
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adhesion
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Insurance policy
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insurance policy
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In insurance , the insurance policy is a contract ( generally a standard form contract ) between the insurer and the insured , known as the policyholder , which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay . In exchange for an initial payment , known as the premium , the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language .
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Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts . Since insurance policies are standard forms , they feature boilerplate language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies . The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract , meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer . In some cases , however , supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated contract . One insurance textbook states that generally `` courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery , as well as those written afterward as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties ' consent , are part of the written policy '' . The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy . Oral agreements are subject to the parol evidence rule , and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole . Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy . Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 General features 2 Structure 3 Parts of an insurance contract 4 Industry standard forms 4.1 Manuscript policies and endorsements 5 References General features ( edit ) The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur . Subject to the `` fortuity principle '' , the event must be uncertain . The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen ( e.g. in a life insurance policy , the time of the insured 's death is uncertain ) or as to if it will happen at all ( e.g. in a fire insurance policy , whether or not a fire will occur at all ) . Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it . This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract . Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract . In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying ' reasonable expectations ' rather than interpreting ambiguities , which he called the ' reasonable expectations doctrine ' . This doctrine has been controversial , with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it . In several jurisdictions , including California , Wyoming , and Pennsylvania , the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them . Insurance contracts are aleatory in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events . In contrast , ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts ( or values ) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal . This distinction is particularly important in the context of exotic products like finite risk insurance which contain `` commutation '' provisions . Insurance contracts are unilateral , meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract . The insured is not required to pay the premiums , but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions . Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of utmost good faith ( uberrima fides ) which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular it imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts which relate to the risk to be covered . This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts , caveat emptor ( let the buyer beware ) . In the United States , the insured can sue an insurer in tort for acting in bad faith . Structure ( edit ) Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk ( where risks were defined extremely narrowly ) , and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each . Only those individual risks expressly described or `` scheduled '' in the policy were covered ; hence , those policies are now described as `` individual '' or `` schedule '' policies . This system of `` named perils '' or `` specific perils '' coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution , in that a typical large conglomerate might have dozens of types of risks to insure against . For example , in 1926 , an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks : manufacturing operations , elevators , teamsters , product liability , contractual liability ( for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad ) , premises liability ( for a retail store ) , and owners ' protective liability ( for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications ) . In 1941 , the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an `` all risk '' or `` all sums '' insuring agreement on a general policy form ( e.g. , `` We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages ... '' ) , then narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses ( e.g. , `` This insurance does not apply to ... '' ) . If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form , the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion . Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses , conditions , exclusions , and exceptions to exclusions . In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern `` products - completed operations hazard '' clause , the Supreme Court of California complained : `` The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies . Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic Tower of Babel . We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it . We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service . '' Parts of an insurance contract ( edit ) Declarations - identifies who is an insured , the insured 's address , the insuring company , what risks or property are covered , the policy limits ( amount of insurance ) , any applicable deductibles , the policy period and premium amount . These are usually provided on a form that is filled out by the insurer based on the insured 's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy . Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy . Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils , or risks assumed , or nature of coverage . This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to indemnify the insured . Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property , perils , hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy . Conditions - These are specific provisions , rules of conduct , duties , and obligations which the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept , or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect . If policy conditions are not met , the insurer can deny the claim . Policy form - The definitions , insuring agreement , exclusions , and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form , coverage form , or coverage part . When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy , the declarations will state as much , and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form . Traditionally , policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in . Instead , they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations . If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations , then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders . Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way , either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition . Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers ; they may revise , expand , or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more coverage forms , or even modify each other . Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors , insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications . Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy . Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level . Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes , change to eligible classes of employees , change in level of benefits , or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization ( PPO ) . Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings . In general , it refers to some set of standard boilerplate provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery . Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a `` jacket . '' Some insurers extend this to include policy forms , so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the declarations , endorsements , and riders . Other insurers use the term `` jacket '' in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning : a binder , envelope , or presentation folder with pockets in which the policy may be delivered , or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy . The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket itself . Industry standard forms ( edit ) In the United States , property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies , which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the Insurance Services Office and the American Association of Insurance Services . This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states ; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies , albeit at the expense of consumer choice . In addition , as policy forms are reviewed by courts , the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms , rather than different policies from different insurers . In recent years , however , insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company - specific ways or declined to adopt changes to standard forms . For example , a review of home insurance policies found substantial differences in various provisions . In some areas such as directors and officers liability insurance and personal umbrella insurance there is little industry - wide standardization . Manuscript policies and endorsements ( edit ) For the vast majority of insurance policies , the only page that is heavily custom - written to the insured 's needs is the declarations page . All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed . However , certain types of insurance , such as media insurance , are written as manuscript policies , which are either custom - drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms . By analogy , policy endorsements which are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom - written to fit the insured 's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 48 , 51 , 71 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Wollner KS. ( 1999 ) . How to Draft and Interpret Insurance Policies . Casualty Risk Publishing LLC . ^ Jump up to : Porter K. ( 2007 ) . The Legal Environment of Insurance , § 5.17 . AICPCU . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 54 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Rahdert MC. ( 1998 ) . Reasonable Expectations Revisited . Conn . Ins . Law Journal . Jump up ^ Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co. , 24 Cal . App . 4th 1578 ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Albany County School District No. 1 , 763 P. 2d 1255 ( Wyo. 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co. , 503 Pa. 300 , 469 A. 2d 563 ( 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 53 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Clore , Duncan L. ( 1998 ) . Financial Institution Bonds ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : American Bar Association . p. 431 . ISBN 9781570736209 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 69 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 61 . Available through HeinOnline . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Eugene R. ; Stanzler , Jordan S. ; Masters , Lorelie S. ( 2013 ) . Insurance Coverage Litigation ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wolters Kluwer . p. 1 - 31 . ISBN 9780735511736 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Corban v. United Services Auto . Ass'n , 20 So. 3d 601 ( Miss . 2009 ) ( analyzing `` named perils '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Vision One v. Philadelphia Indem . Ins. Co. , 174 Wash. 2d 501 , 276 P. 3d 300 ( 2012 ) ( analyzing `` named perils '' and `` specific perils '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Intermetal Mexicana v. Insurance Co. of North America , 866 F. 2d 71 ( 3d Cir. 1989 ) ( analyzing `` all risks '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ JH France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co. , 626 A. 2d 502 , 534 Pa. 29 ( 1993 ) ( analyzing `` all sums '' coverage ) . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jeffrey W. ( 2007 ) . Stempel on Insurance Contracts ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . pp. 2 -- 113 -- 2 -- 116 . ISBN 0735554366 . Jump up ^ Baker v. National Interstate Ins. Co. 180 Cal . App . 4th 1319 , 103 Cal . Rptr . 3d 565 ( 2009 ) . This case explains how the modern clause more clearly excludes both the `` products '' and `` completed operations '' hazards as separate things ( i.e. , each hazard is separately excluded ) , as opposed to the prior version which was held to apply only when both hazards were present . Jump up ^ Insurance Co. of North America v. Electronic Purification Co. , 67 Cal . 2d 679 , 63 Cal . Rptr. 382 , 433 P. 2d 174 ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 73 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 2 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 6 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 72 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 5 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 73 -- 74 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Albert H. ; Blanchard , Ralph H. ( 1961 ) . Insurance : Its Theory and Practice in the United States ( 5th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 65 . Available through HeinOnline . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.01 , Components of an Insurance Policy '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 7 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pricing Medical Expense Insurance , '' in Medical Expense Insurance , ( Washington : The Health Insurance Association of America , 1997 ) , 89 . ^ Jump up to : Impact of the Abolition of McCarran - Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for the `` Business of Insurance '' . CRS . Jump up ^ Boardman M. ( 2006 ) . Contra Proferentem : The Allure of Ambiguous Boilerplate . Michigan Law Review . Jump up ^ Policy Issues : ISO Program Revisions . PropertyCasualty360 . Jump up ^ Schwarzc D. ( 2011 ) . Reevaluating Standardized Insurance Policies . The University of Chicago Law Review . See also : Not All Homeowners ' Policies Are Alike . New York Times . Jump up ^ E&O Insights : Directors & Officers Liability Is Not Your Normal Insurance Product . Insurance Journal . Jump up ^ Time To Standardize Personal Umbrella Insurance Policies . IRMI . Jump up ^ Dart Industries , Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co. , 28 Cal . 4th 1059 , 124 Cal . Rptr . 2d 142 , 52 P. 3d 79 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Mathias , Jr. , John H. ; Shugrue , John D. ; Thomas A. , Marrinson ; Daniel J. , Struck ( 2006 ) . `` § 1.03 , Types of Insurance Policies '' . Insurance Coverage Disputes . New York : Law Journal Press . p. 1 - 16 . ISBN 1588520757 . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ( hide ) Insurance Types of insurance Health Accidental death and dismemberment Dental Disability ( Total permanent disability ) Income protection Long - term care National health Payment protection Life Mortgage life Term life Universal life Variable universal life Whole life Business Bond Business owner Directors and officers liability Fidelity Professional liability Protection and indemnity Trade credit Umbrella Residential Contents Earthquake Flood Home Landlords ' Lenders mortgage Mortgage Property Renters ' Title Transport / Communication Aviation Computer Public auto Marine Satellite Shipping Travel Vehicle Other Reinsurance Casualty Crime Crop Divorce Group Liability No - fault Pet Terrorism Wage War risk Weather Workers ' compensation Takaful Insurance policy and law Insurance policy Insurance law Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Insurance fraud Other History of insurance Unitised insurance fund List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insurance_policy&oldid=833090795 '' Categories : Insurance Contract law Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance%20policy
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where is the nile river located on the world map
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The Nile River ( Arabic : النيل , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : הַיְאוֹר , Ha - Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan .
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northeastern Africa
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Nile
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nile
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The Nile River ( Arabic : النيل , Egyptian Arabic en - Nīl , Standard Arabic an - Nīl ; Coptic : ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , P ( h ) iaro ; Ancient Egyptian : Ḥ'pī and Jtrw ; Biblical Hebrew : הַיְאוֹר , Ha - Ye'or or הַשִׁיחוֹר , Ha - Shiḥor ) is a major north - flowing river in northeastern Africa , and is commonly regarded as the longest river in the world , though some sources cite the Amazon River as the longest . The Nile , which is 6,853 km ( 4,258 miles ) long , is an `` international '' river as its drainage basin covers eleven countries , namely , Tanzania , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Kenya , Ethiopia , Eritrea , South Sudan , Republic of the Sudan and Egypt . In particular , the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan .
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The Nile River has two major tributaries , the White Nile and Blue Nile . The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself . The Blue Nile , however , is the source of most of the water and silt . The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa , with the most distant source still undetermined but located in either Rwanda or Burundi . It flows north through Tanzania , Lake Victoria , Uganda and South Sudan . The Blue Nile ( Amharic : ዓባይ , ʿĀbay ) begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast . The two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum . The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt , then ends in a large delta and flows into the Mediterranean Sea . Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times . Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan , and nearly all the cultural and historical sites of Ancient Egypt are found along riverbanks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and Names 2 Courses 2.1 Sources 2.2 In Uganda 's Nile River 2.3 In South Sudan 's Nile River 2.4 In Sudan 2.5 In Egypt 3 Tributaries of Nile 3.1 Atbara River 3.2 Blue Nile 3.3 Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat River 3.4 Yellow Nile 4 History 4.1 Eonile 4.2 Integrated Nile 4.3 Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization 4.4 Search for the source of the Nile 4.5 Since 1950 5 Water sharing dispute 6 Modern achievements and exploration 6.1 White Nile 6.2 Blue Nile 7 Crossings 7.1 Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea 7.2 Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum 8 Images and media of the Nile 9 Annotated bibliography 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology and names ( edit ) In the ancient Egyptian language , the Nile is called Ḥ'pī or Iteru ( Hapy ) , meaning `` river '' . In Coptic , the word ⲫⲓⲁⲣⲱ , pronounced piaro ( Sahidic ) or phiaro ( Bohairic ) , means `` the river '' ( lit . p ( h ). iar - o `` the. canal - great '' ) , and comes from the same ancient name . The English name Nile and the Arabic names en - Nîl and an - Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος . Beyond that , however , the etymology is disputed . Hesiod at his Theogony refers that Nilus ( Νεῖλος ) was one of the Potamoi ( river gods ) , son of Oceanus and Tethys . Another possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal , meaning `` river '' . The standard English names `` White Nile '' and `` Blue Nile '' , to refer to the river 's source , derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum . Courses ( edit ) See also : White Nile The Nile at Dendera , as seen from the SPOT satellite The Nile 's watershed The Nile near Beni Suef Composite satellite image of the White Nile Above Khartoum , the Nile River is also known as the White Nile , a term also used in a limited sense to describe the section between Lake No and Khartoum . At Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile . The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa , and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia . Both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift . The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers ( 1,256,591 sq mi ) , about 10 % of the area of Africa . The Nile basin is complex , and because of this , the discharge at any given point along the mainstem depends on many factors including weather , diversions , evaporation and evapotranspiration , and groundwater flow . Sources ( edit ) The source of the Nile River is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria , but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size . The Kagera River , which flows into Lake Victoria near the Tanzanian town of Bukoba , is the longest feeder , although sources do not agree on which is the longest tributary of the Kagera and hence the most distant source of the Nile River itself . It is either the Ruvyironza , which emerges in Bururi Province , Burundi , or the Nyabarongo , which flows from Nyungwe Forest in Rwanda . The two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda - Tanzania border . The source of the Nile from an underwater spring at the neck of Lake Victoria , Jinja In 2010 , an exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary , and by hacking a path up steep jungle - choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found ( in the dry season ) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream , and found a new source , giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km ( 4,199 mi ) . Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the `` holy water '' of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop . In Uganda 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile River leaves Lake Nyanza ( Victoria ) at Ripon Falls near Jinja , Uganda , as the Victoria Nile . It flows north for some 130 kilometers ( 81 mi ) , to Lake Kyoga . The last part of the approximately 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ) river section starts from the western shores of the lake and flows at first to the west until just south of Masindi Port , where the river turns north , then makes a great half circle to the east and north until Karuma Falls . For the remaining part it flows merely westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta . The lake itself is on the border of DR Congo , but the Nile River is not a border river at this point . After leaving Lake Albert , the river continues north through Uganda and is known as the Albert Nile . In South Sudan 's Nile river ( edit ) The Nile river flows into South Sudan just south of Nimule , where it is known as the Bahr al Jabal ( `` Mountain River '' ) . Just south of the town it has the confluence with the Achwa River . The Bahr al Ghazal , itself 716 kilometers ( 445 mi ) long , joins the Bahr al Jabal at a small lagoon called Lake No , after which the Nile becomes known as the Bahr al Abyad , or the White Nile , from the whitish clay suspended in its waters . When the Nile floods it leaves a rich silty deposit which fertilizes the soil . The Nile no longer floods in Egypt since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1970 . An anabranch river , the Bahr el Zeraf , flows out of the Nile 's Bahr al Jabal section and rejoins the White Nile . The flow rate of the Bahr al Jabal at Mongalla , South Sudan is almost constant throughout the year and averages 1,048 m / s ( 37,000 cu ft / s ) . After Mongalla , the Bahr Al Jabal enters the enormous swamps of the Sudd region of South Sudan . More than half of the Nile 's water is lost in this swamp to evaporation and transpiration . The average flow rate of the White Nile at the tails of the swamps is about 510 m / s ( 18,000 cu ft / s ) . From here it soon meets with the Sobat River at Malakal . On an annual basis , the White Nile upstream of Malakal contributes about fifteen percent of the total outflow of the Nile River . The average flow of the White Nile at Lake Kawaki Malakal , just below the Sobat River , is 924 m / s ( 32,600 cu ft / s ) ; the peak flow is approximately 1,218 m / s ( 43,000 cu ft / s ) in October and minimum flow is about 609 m / s ( 21,500 cu ft / s ) in April . This fluctuation is due to the substantial variation in the flow of the Sobat , which has a minimum flow of about 99 m / s ( 3,500 cu ft / s ) in March and a peak flow of over 680 m / s ( 24,000 cu ft / s ) in October . During the dry season ( January to June ) the White Nile contributes between 70 percent and 90 percent of the total discharge from the Nile . In Sudan ( edit ) Below Renk the White Nile enters Sudan , it flows north to Khartoum and meets the Blue Nile . The course of the Nile in Sudan is distinctive . It flows over six groups of cataracts , from the sixth at Sabaloka just north of Khartoum northward to Abu Hamed . Due to the tectonic uplift of the Nubian Swell , the river is then diverted to flow for over 300 km south - west following the structure of the Central African Shear Zone embracing the Bayuda Desert . At Al Dabbah it resumes its northward course towards the first Cataract at Aswan forming the ' S ' - shaped Great Bend of the Nile already mentioned by Eratosthenes . In the north of Sudan the river enters Lake Nasser ( known in Sudan as Lake Nubia ) , the larger part of which is in Egypt . In Egypt ( edit ) Below the Aswan High Dam , at the northern limit of Lake Nasser , the Nile resumes its historic course . North of Cairo , the Nile splits into two branches ( or distributaries ) that feed the Mediterranean : the Rosetta Branch to the west and the Damietta to the east , forming the Nile Delta . Tributaries of Nile ( edit ) Atbara river ( edit ) Below the confluence with the Blue Nile the only major tributary is the Atbara River , roughly halfway to the sea , which originates in Ethiopia north of Lake Tana , and is around 800 kilometers ( 500 mi ) long . The Atbara flows only while there is rain in Ethiopia and dries very rapidly . During the dry period of January to June , it typically dries up . It joins the Nile approximately 300 kilometers ( 200 mi ) north of Khartoum . Blue Nile ( edit ) Main article : Blue Nile The Blue Nile Falls fed by Lake Tana near the city of Bahir Dar , Ethiopia Nile Delta from space Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea , with a dust storm The Blue Nile ( Ge'ez ጥቁር ዓባይ Ṭiqūr ʿĀbbāy ( Black Abay ) to Ethiopians ; Arabic : النيل الأزرق ; transliterated : an - Nīl al - Azraq ) springs from Lake Tana in the Ethiopian Highlands . The Blue Nile flows about 1,400 kilometres to Khartoum , where the Blue Nile and White Nile join to form the Nile . Ninety percent of the water and ninety - six percent of the transported sediment carried by the Nile originates in Ethiopia , with fifty - nine percent of the water from the Blue Nile ( the rest being from the Tekezé , Atbarah , Sobat , and small tributaries ) . The erosion and transportation of silt only occurs during the Ethiopian rainy season in the summer , however , when rainfall is especially high on the Ethiopian Plateau ; the rest of the year , the great rivers draining Ethiopia into the Nile ( Sobat , Blue Nile , Tekezé , and Atbarah ) have a weaker flow . In harsh and arid seasons and droughts the blue Nile dries out completely . The flow of the Blue Nile varies considerably over its yearly cycle and is the main contribution to the large natural variation of the Nile flow . During the dry season the natural discharge of the Blue Nile can be as low as 113 m / s ( 4,000 cu ft / s ) , although upstream dams regulate the flow of the river . During the wet season the peak flow of the Blue Nile often exceeds 5,663 m / s ( 200,000 cu ft / s ) in late August ( a difference of a factor of 50 ) . Before the placement of dams on the river the yearly discharge varied by a factor of 15 at Aswan . Peak flows of over 8,212 m / s ( 290,000 cu ft / s ) occurred during late August and early September , and minimum flows of about 552 m / s ( 19,500 cu ft / s ) occurred during late April and early May . Bahr el Ghazal and Sobat river ( edit ) The Bahr al Ghazal and the Sobat River are the two most important tributaries of the White Nile in terms of discharge . The Bahr al Ghazal 's drainage basin is the largest of any of the Nile 's sub-basins , measuring 520,000 square kilometers ( 200,000 sq mi ) in size , but it contributes a relatively small amount of water , about 2 m / s ( 71 cu ft / s ) annually , due to tremendous volumes of water being lost in the Sudd wetlands . The Sobat River , which joins the Nile a short distance below Lake No , drains about half as much land , 225,000 km ( 86,900 sq mi ) , but contributes 412 cubic meters per second ( 14,500 cu ft / s ) annually to the Nile . When in flood the Sobat carries a large amount of sediment , adding greatly to the White Nile 's color . Yellow Nile ( edit ) The Yellow Nile is a former tributary that connected the Ouaddaï Highlands of eastern Chad to the Nile River Valley c. 8000 to c. 1000 BC . Its remains are known as the Wadi Howar . The wadi passes through Gharb Darfur near the northern border with Chad and meets up with the Nile near the southern point of the Great Bend . History ( edit ) Further information : Sahara § Climate history Reconstruction of the Oikoumene ( inhabited world ) , an ancient map based on Herodotus ' description of the world , circa 450 BC The Nile ( iteru in Ancient Egyptian ) has been the lifeline of civilization in Egypt since the Stone Age , with most of the population and all of the cities of Egypt resting along those parts of the Nile valley lying north of Aswan . However , the Nile used to run much more westerly through what is now Wadi Hamim and Wadi al Maqar in Libya and flow into the Gulf of Sidra . As sea level rose at the end of the most recent ice age , the stream which is now the northern Nile pirated the ancestral Nile near Asyut , this change in climate also led to the creation of the current Sahara desert , around 3400 BC . Eonile ( edit ) The present Nile is at least the fifth river that has flowed north from the Ethiopian Highlands . Satellite imagery was used to identify dry watercourses in the desert to the west of the Nile . An Eonile canyon , now filled by surface drift , represents an ancestral Nile called the Eonile that flowed during the later Miocene ( 23 -- 5.3 million years before present ) . The Eonile transported clastic sediments to the Mediterranean ; several natural gas fields have been discovered within these sediments . During the late - Miocene Messinian salinity crisis , when the Mediterranean Sea was a closed basin and evaporated to the point of being empty or nearly so , the Nile cut its course down to the new base level until it was several hundred metres below world ocean level at Aswan and 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) below Cairo . This created a very long and deep canyon which was filled with sediment when the Mediterranean was recreated . At some point the sediments raised the riverbed sufficiently for the river to overflow westward into a depression to create Lake Moeris . Lake Tanganyika drained northwards into the Nile until the Virunga Volcanoes blocked its course in Rwanda . The Nile was much longer at that time , with its furthest headwaters in northern Zambia . Integrated Nile ( edit ) There are two theories about the age of the integrated Nile . One is that the integrated drainage of the Nile is of young age , and that the Nile basin was formerly broken into series of separate basins , only the most northerly of which fed a river following the present course of the Nile in Egypt and Sudan . Rushdi Said postulated that Egypt itself supplied most of the waters of the Nile during the early part of its history . The other theory is that the drainage from Ethiopia via rivers equivalent to the Blue Nile and the Atbara and Takazze flowed to the Mediterranean via the Egyptian Nile since well back into Tertiary times . Salama suggested that during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods ( 66 million to 2.588 million years ago ) a series of separate closed continental basins each occupied one of the major parts of the Sudanese Rift System : Mellut rift , White Nile rift , Blue Nile rift , Atbara rift and Sag El Naam rift . The Mellut Rift Basin is nearly 12 kilometers ( 7.5 mi ) deep at its central part . This rift is possibly still active , with reported tectonic activity in its northern and southern boundaries . The Sudd swamps which form the central part of the basin may still be subsiding . The White Nile Rift System , although shallower than the Bahr el Arab rift , is about 9 kilometers ( 5.6 mi ) deep . Geophysical exploration of the Blue Nile Rift System estimated the depth of the sediments to be 5 -- 9 kilometers ( 3.1 -- 5.6 mi ) . These basins were not interconnected until their subsidence ceased , and the rate of sediment deposition was enough to fill and connect them . The Egyptian Nile connected to the Sudanese Nile , which captures the Ethiopian and Equatorial headwaters during the current stages of tectonic activity in the Eastern , Central and Sudanese Rift Systems . The connection of the different Niles occurred during cyclic wet periods . The River Atbara overflowed its closed basin during the wet periods that occurred about 100,000 to 120,000 years ago . The Blue Nile connected to the main Nile during the 70,000 -- 80,000 years B.P. wet period . The White Nile system in Bahr El Arab and White Nile Rifts remained a closed lake until the connection of the Victoria Nile to the main system some 12,500 years ago . Role in the founding of Egyptian civilization ( edit ) A felucca traversing the Nile near Aswan The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that `` Egypt was the gift of the Nile '' . An unending source of sustenance , it provided a crucial role in the development of Egyptians civilization . Silt deposits from the Nile made the surrounding land fertile because the river overflowed its banks annually . The Ancient Egyptians cultivated and traded wheat , flax , papyrus and other crops around the Nile . Wheat was a crucial crop in the famine - plagued Middle East . This trading system secured Egypt 's diplomatic relationships with other countries , and contributed to economic stability . Far - reaching trade has been carried on along the Nile since ancient times . Water buffalo were introduced from Asia , and Assyrians introduced camels in the 7th century BC . These animals were killed for meat , and were domesticated and used for ploughing -- or in the camels ' case , carriage . Water was vital to both people and livestock . The Nile was also a convenient and efficient means of transportation for people and goods . The Nile was an important part of ancient Egyptian spiritual life . Hapy was the god of the annual floods , and both he and the pharaoh were thought to control the flooding . The Nile was considered to be a causeway from life to death and the afterlife . The east was thought of as a place of birth and growth , and the west was considered the place of death , as the god Ra , the Sun , underwent birth , death , and resurrection each day as he crossed the sky . Thus , all tombs were west of the Nile , because the Egyptians believed that in order to enter the afterlife , they had to be buried on the side that symbolized death . As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life , the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile . These seasons , each consisting of four months of thirty days each , were called Akhet , Peret , and Shemu . Akhet , which means inundation , was the time of the year when the Nile flooded , leaving several layers of fertile soil behind , aiding in agricultural growth . Peret was the growing season , and Shemu , the last season , was the harvest season when there were no rains . Search for the source of the Nile ( edit ) John Hanning Speke c. 1863 . Speke was the Victorian explorer who first reached Lake Victoria in 1858 , returning to establish it as the source of the Nile by 1862 . Henry Morton Stanley in 1872 . Stanley circumnavigated the lake and confirmed Speke 's observations in 1875 . Owing to their failure to penetrate the sudd wetlands of South Sudan , the upper reaches of the Nile remained largely unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans . Various expeditions failed to determine the river 's source . Agatharcides records that in the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus , a military expedition had penetrated far enough along the course of the Blue Nile to determine that the summer floods were caused by heavy seasonal rainstorms in the Ethiopian Highlands , but no European of antiquity is known to have reached Lake Tana . The Tabula Rogeriana depicted the source as three lakes in 1154 . Europeans began to learn about the origins of the Nile in the 15th and 16th centuries , when travelers to Ethiopia visited Lake Tana and the source of the Blue Nile in the mountains south of the lake . Although James Bruce claimed to be the first European to have visited the headwaters , modern writers give the credit to the Jesuit Pedro Páez . Páez 's account of the source of the Nile is a long and vivid account of Ethiopia . It was published in full only in the early 20th century , although it was featured in works of Páez 's contemporaries , including Baltazar Téllez , Athanasius Kircher and by Johann Michael Vansleb . Europeans had been resident in Ethiopia since the late 15th century , and one of them may have visited the headwaters even earlier without leaving a written trace . The Portuguese João Bermudes published the first description of the Tis Issat Falls in his 1565 memoirs , compared them to the Nile Falls alluded to in Cicero 's De Republica . Jerónimo Lobo describes the source of the Blue Nile , visiting shortly after Pedro Páez . Telles also used his account . The White Nile was even less understood . The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile . For example , Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins `` in a mountain of lower Mauretania '' , flowed above ground for `` many days '' distance , then went underground , reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli , then sank again below the desert to flow underground `` for a distance of 20 days ' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians . '' A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile 's water attracted game such as buffalo . A map of the Nile c. 1911 , a time when its entire primary course ran through British occupations , condominiums , colonies , and protectorates Lake Victoria was first sighted by Europeans in 1858 when the British explorer John Hanning Speke reached its southern shore while traveling with Richard Francis Burton to explore central Africa and locate the great lakes . Believing he had found the source of the Nile on seeing this `` vast expanse of open water '' for the first time , Speke named the lake after the then Queen of the United Kingdom . Burton , recovering from illness and resting further south on the shores of Lake Tanganyika , was outraged that Speke claimed to have proved his discovery to be the true source of the Nile when Burton regarded this as still unsettled . A very public quarrel ensued , which sparked a great deal of intense debate within the scientific community and interest by other explorers keen to either confirm or refute Speke 's discovery . British explorer and missionary David Livingstone pushed too far west and entered the Congo River system instead . It was ultimately Welsh - American explorer Henry Morton Stanley who confirmed Speke 's discovery , circumnavigating Lake Victoria and reporting the great outflow at Ripon Falls on the Lake 's northern shore . European involvement in Egypt goes back to the time of Napoleon . Laird Shipyard of Liverpool sent an iron steamer to the Nile in the 1830s . With the completion of the Suez Canal and the British takeover of Egypt in the 1870s , more British river steamers followed . The Nile is the area 's natural navigation channel , giving access to Khartoum and Sudan by steamer . The Siege of Khartoum was broken with purpose - built sternwheelers shipped from England and steamed up the river to retake the city . After this came regular steam navigation of the river . With British Forces in Egypt in the First World War and the inter-war years , river steamers provided both security and sightseeing to the Pyramids and Thebes . Steam navigation remained integral to the two countries as late as 1962 . Sudan steamer traffic was a lifeline as few railways or roads were built in that country . Most paddle steamers have been retired to shorefront service , but modern diesel tourist boats remain on the river . Village on the Nile , 1891 Since 1950 ( edit ) The confluence of the Kagera and Ruvubu rivers near Rusumo Falls , part of the Nile 's upper reaches Dhows on the Nile The Nile passes through Cairo , Egypt 's capital city . The Nile has long been used to transport goods along its length . Winter winds blow south , up river , so ships could sail up river , and down river using the flow of the river . While most Egyptians still live in the Nile valley , the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam ended the summer floods and their renewal of the fertile soil , fundamentally changing farming practices . The Nile supports much of the population living along its banks , enabling Egyptians to live in otherwise inhospitable regions of the Sahara . The rivers 's flow is disturbed at several points by the Cataracts of the Nile , which are sections of faster - flowing water with many small islands , shallow water , and rocks , which form an obstacle to navigation by boats . The Sudd wetlands in Sudan also forms a formidable navigation obstacle and impede water flow , to the extent that Sudan had once attempted to canalize ( the Jonglei Canal ) to bypass the swamps . Nile cities include Khartoum , Aswan , Luxor ( Thebes ) , and the Giza -- Cairo conurbation . The first cataract , the closest to the mouth of the river , is at Aswan , north of the Aswan Dam . This part of the river is a regular tourist route , with cruise ships and traditional wooden sailing boats known as feluccas . Many cruise ships ply the route between Luxor and Aswan , stopping at Edfu and Kom Ombo along the way . Security concerns have limited cruising on the northernmost portion for many years . A computer simulation study to plan the economic development of the Nile was directed by H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , for the Ministry of Hydro - power of the Republic of the Sudan , during 1955 -- 1957 Morrice was their Hydrological Adviser , and Allan his predecessor . M.P. Barnett directed the software development and computer operations . The calculations were enabled by accurate monthly inflow data collected for 50 years . The underlying principle was the use of over-year storage , to conserve water from rainy years for use in dry years . Irrigation , navigation and other needs were considered . Each computer run postulated a set of reservoirs and operating equations for the release of water as a function of the month and the levels upstream . The behavior that would have resulted given the inflow data was modeled . Over 600 models were run . Recommendations were made to the Sudanese authorities . The calculations were run on an IBM 650 computer . Simulation studies to design water resources are discussed further in the article on hydrology transport models , that have been used since the 1980s to analyze water quality . Despite the development of many reservoirs , drought during the 1980s led to widespread starvation in Ethiopia and Sudan , but Egypt was nourished by water impounded in Lake Nasser . Drought has proven to be a major cause of fatality in the Nile River basin . According to a report by the Strategic Foresight Group around 170 million people have been affected by droughts in the last century with half a million lives lost . From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012 , 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia , Sudan , South Sudan , Kenya and Tanzania . Water sharing dispute ( edit ) The Nile 's water has affected the politics of East Africa and the Horn of Africa for many decades . Countries including Uganda , Sudan , Ethiopia and Kenya have complained about Egyptian domination of its water resources . The Nile Basin Initiative promotes a peaceful cooperation among those states . Several attempts have been made to establish agreements between the countries sharing the Nile waters . It is very difficult to have all these countries agree with each other given the self - interest of each country and their political , strategic , and social differences . On 14 May 2010 at Entebbe , Ethiopia , Rwanda , Tanzania and Uganda signed a new agreement on sharing the Nile water even though this agreement raised strong opposition from Egypt and Sudan . Ideally , such international agreements should promote equitable and efficient usage of the Nile basin 's water resources . Without a better understanding about the availability of the future water resources of the Nile River , it is possible that conflicts could arise between these countries relying on the Nile for their water supply , economic and social developments . Modern achievements and exploration ( edit ) White Nile ( edit ) In 1951 , the American John Goddard together with two French explorers became the first to successfully navigate the entire Nile river from its source in Burundi at the potential headsprings of the Kagera River in Burundi to its mouth on the Mediterranean Sea , a journey of approximately 6800 kilometers . Their 9 - month journey is described in the book ' Kayaks down the Nile ' . The White Nile Expedition , led by South African national Hendrik Coetzee , navigated the White Nile 's entire length of approximately 3,700 kilometres ( 2,300 mi ) . The expedition began at the White Nile 's beginning at Lake Victoria in Uganda , on 17 January 2004 and arrived safely at the Mediterranean in Rosetta , four and a half months later . On the 30th of April 2005 a team led by South Africans Peter Meredith and Hendrik Coetzee , following again in the footsteps of John Goddard , navigated the major remote source of the White Nile , the Akagera river that starts as the Ruvyironza in Bururi Province , Burundi , and ends at Lake Victoria , Uganda . In April 2006 , the Ascend the Nile Expedition including two explorers from Britain and one from New Zealand ascended the river from its mouth at Rosetta to one of its sources in Rwanda 's Nyungwe Forest . The Team including Cam McLeay , Neil McGrigor and Garth MacIntyre spent 70 days travelling to the Rwandese source of the Nile covering approximately 6800 kilometres . During the Expedition they were ambushed by the LRA ( Lord 's Resistance Army ) lead by the notorious Joseph Kony , however post-attack six months later they returned to complete the expedition . They measured the length of the river with the help of GPS and claimed to have found the furthest source . Due to the unscientific approach of their expedition , their reluctance to release the GPS data , and not having measured the other contender for the true source of the Nile in Burundi , controversy has ensued . Blue Nile ( edit ) The Blue Nile Expedition , led by geologist Pasquale Scaturro and his partner , kayaker and documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown became the first people to descend the entire Blue Nile , from Lake Tana in Ethiopia to the beaches of Alexandria on the Mediterranean . Their approximately 5,230 kilometres ( 3,250 mi ) journey took 114 days : from 25 December 2003 to 28 April 2004 . Though their expedition included others , Brown and Scaturro were the only ones to complete the entire journey . Although they descended whitewater manually the team used outboard motors for much of their journey . On 29 January 2005 Canadian Les Jickling and New Zealander Mark Tanner completed the first human powered transit of Ethiopia 's Blue Nile . Their journey of over 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) took five months . They recount that they paddled through two war zones , regions notorious for bandits , and were arrested at gunpoint . Crossings ( edit ) Crossings from Khartoum to the Mediterranean Sea ( edit ) The following bridges cross the Blue Nile and connect Khartoum to Khartoum North : Mac Nimir Bridge Blue Nile Road & Railway Bridge Burri Bridge Elmansheya Bridge Soda bridge The following bridges cross the White Nile and connect Khartoum to Omdurman : White Nile Bridge Fitayhab Bridge Al Dabbaseen Bridge ( under construction ) Omhuraz Bridge ( proposed ) the following bridges cross from Omdurman : to Khartoum North : Shambat Bridge Halfia Bridge The following bridges cross to Tuti from Khartoum states three cities Khartoum - tuti Bridge Omdurman - Tuti Suspension Bridge ( proposed ) Khartoum North - tuti Bridge ( proposed ) Other bridges Shandi Bridge , Shendi Atbarah Bridge , Atbarah Merowe Dam , Merowe Merowe Bridge , Merowe Aswan Bridge , Aswan Luxor Bridge , Luxor Suhag Bridge , Suhag Assiut Bridge , Assiut Al Minya Bridge , Minya Al Marazeek Bridge , Helwan First Ring Road Bridge ( Moneeb Crossing ) , Cairo Abbas Bridge , Cairo University Bridge , Cairo Qasr al - Nil Bridge , Cairo 6th October Bridge , Cairo Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo ( removed in 1998 ) New Abu El Ela Bridge , Cairo Imbaba Bridge , Cairo Rod Elfarag Bridge , Cairo Second Ring Road Bridge , Cairo Banha Bridge , Banha Samanoud Bridge , Samanoud Mansoura 2 Bridges , Mansoura Talkha Bridge , Talkha Shirbine high Bridge Shirbine Bridge Kafr Sad -- Farscor Bridge International Coastal Road Bridge Damietta high Bridge , Damietta Damietta Bridge , Damietta Kafr El Zayat Bridges , Kafr El Zayat Zefta Bridge , Zefta This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Crossings from Rwanda to Khartoum ( edit ) Nalubaale Bridge , Jinja , Uganda ( Formerly Owen Falls Bridge ) Karuma Bridge , Karuma , Uganda Pakwach Bridge , Uganda This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Images and media of the Nile ( edit ) Riverboat on the Nile , Egypt 1900 Marsh along the Nile A river boat crossing the Nile in Uganda Murchison Falls in Uganda , between Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga The Nile in Luxor The river Nile flows through Cairo , here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today . Annotated bibliography ( edit ) The following is an annotated bibliography of key written documents for the Western exploration of the Nile . 17th century Historia da Ethiopia , Pedro Páez ( aka Pero Pais ) , Portugal , 1620 A Jesuit missionary who was sent from Goa to Ethiopia in 1589 and remained in the area until his death in 1622 . Credited with being the first European to view the source of the Blue Nile which he describes in this volume . Voyage historique d'Abissinie , Jerónimo Lobo ( aka Girolamo Lobo ) , Piero Matini , Firenze ; 1693 One of the most important and earliest sources on Ethiopia and the Nile . Jerónimo Lobo ( 1595 -- 1687 ) , a Jesuit priest , stayed in Ethiopia , mostly in Tigre , for 9 years and travelled to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile , reaching the province of Damot . When the Jesuits were expelled from the country , he too had to leave and did so via Massaua and Suakin . `` He was the best expert on Ethiopian matters . After Pais , Lobo is the second European to describe the sources of the Blue Nile and he did so more exactly than Bruce '' ( transl. from Henze ) . 18th century Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years -- 1768 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773 , James Bruce of Kinnaird . J. Ruthven for G. GJ. and J. Robinson et al. , Edinburgh , 1790 ( 5 Volumes ) With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend , Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent , including comments on the history and religion of Egypt , an account of Indian trade , a history of Abyssinia , and other material . Although Bruce would not be confused with `` a great scholar or a judicious critic , few books of equal compass are equally entertaining ; and few such monuments exist of the energy and enterprise of a single traveller '' ( DNB ) . `` The result of his travels was a very great enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography '' ( Cox II , p. 389 . ) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile . In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile , and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream , he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source . The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals , which gave critics grounds for disbelief , but the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated . 1800 -- 1850 Egypt And Mohammed Ali , Or Travels In The Valley of The Nile , James Augustus St. John , Longman , London , 1834 St. John traveled extensively in Egypt and Nubia in 1832 -- 33 , mainly on foot . He gives a very interesting picture of Egyptian life and politics under Mohammed Ali , a large part of volume II deals with the Egyptian campaign in Syria . Travels in Ethiopia Above the Second Cateract of the Nile ; Exhibiting the State of That Country and Its Various Inhabitants Under the Dominion of Mohammed Ali ; and Illustrating the Antiquities , Arts , and History of the Ancient Kingdom of Meroe , G.A. Hoskins . Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , & Longman , London ; 1835 . Modern Egypt and Thebes : Being a Description of Egypt ; Including Information Required for Travelers in That Country , Sir Gardner Wilkinson , John Murray , London , 1843 The first known English travelers guide to the Lower Nile Basin . 1850 -- 1900 Lake Regions of Central Equatorial Africa , with Notices of The Lunar Mountains and the Sources of the White Nile ; being The Results of an Expedition Undertaken under the Patronage of Her Majesty 's Government and the Royal Geographical Society of London , In the Years 1857 -- 1859 , Sir Richard Burton . W. Clowes , London ; 1860 Sir Richard Burton 's presentation of his expedition with John Speke . Ultimately , Burton 's view of the sources of the Nile failed and Speke 's prevailed . Travels , researches , and missionary labours , during eighteen years ' residence in eastern Africa . Together with journeys to Jagga , Usambara , Ukambani , Shoa , Abessinia , and Khartum ; and a coasting voyage from Mombaz to Cape Delgado . With an appendix respecting the snow - capped mountains of eastern Africa ; the sources of the Nile ; the languages and literature of Abessinia And eastern Africa , etc. etc. , Rev Dr. J. Krapf , Trubner and Co , London ; 1860 ; Ticknor and Fields , Boston ; 1860 Krapf went to East Africa in the service of the English Church Missionary Society , arriving at Mombasa , Kenya in 1844 and staying in East Africa until 1853 . While stationed there he was the first to report the existence of Lake Baringo and a sighting of the snow - clad Kilimanjaro . Krapf , during his travels , collected information from the Arab traders operating inland from the coast . From the traders Krapf and his companions learned of great lakes and snow - capped mountains , which Krapf claimed to have seen for himself , much to the ridicule of English explorers who could not believe the idea of snow on the equator . However , Krapf was correct and had seen Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya , the first European to do so . Egypt , Soudan and Central Africa : With Explorations From Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the Equator , Being Sketches from Sixteen Years ' Travel , John Petherick . William Blackwood , Edinburgh ; 1861 Petherick was a well known Welsh traveler in East Central Africa where he had adopted the profession of mining engineer . This work describes sixteen years of his travel throughout Africa . In 1845 , he entered the service of Mehemet Ali , and was employed in examining Upper Egypt , Nubia , the Red Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal . In 1848 , he left the Egyptian service and established himself at El Obeid as a trader and was , at the same time made British Consul for the Sudan . In 1853 , he removed to Khartoum and became an ivory trader . He traveled extensively in the Bahr - el - Ghazal region , then almost unknown , exploring the Jur , Yalo and other affluents of the Ghazal and in 1858 he penetrated the Niam - Niam country . Petherick 's additions to the knowledge of natural history were considerable , being responsible for the discovery of a number of new species . In 1859 , he returned to England where he became acquainted with John Speke , then arranging for an expedition to discover the source of the Nile . While in England , Petherick married and published this account of his travels . He got the idea to join Speke in his travels , and in this volume is an actual subscription and list of subscribers to raise money to send Petherick to join Speke . His subsequent adventures as a consul in Africa were published in a later work . Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , John Hanning Speke . William Blackwood , Edinburgh , 1863 ; Harper & Brothers , New York ; 1864 Speke had previously made an expedition with Sir Richard Burton under the auspices of the Indian government , during which Speke was convinced that he had discovered the source of the Nile . Burton , however , disagreed and ridiculed Speke 's account . Speke set off on another expedition , recounted here , in the company of Captain Grant . During the course of this expedition he not only produced further evidence for his discoveries but he also met ( later Sir ) Samuel and Florence Baker . Speke and Burton provided them with essential information which helped Baker in the discovery of the Albert Nyanza . The importance of Speke 's discoveries can hardly be overestimated . In discovering the source reservoir of the Nile he succeeded in solving the problem of all ages ; he and Grant were the first Europeans to cross Equatorial Eastern Africa and gained for the world a knowledge of about 800 km ( 500 mi ) of a portion of Eastern Africa previously totally unknown . See also ( edit ) Africa portal Geography portal Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station Egyptian Public Works Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station Water politics in the Nile Basin Merowe Dam Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station Orders of magnitude Vid Flumina , a river of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn 's moon Titan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Amazon Longer Than Nile River , Scientists Say Archived 15 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oloo , Adams ( 2007 ) . `` The Quest for Cooperation in the Nile Water Conflicts : A Case for Eritrea '' ( PDF ) . African Sociological Review . 11 ( 1 ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary `` Teleconnection , Modeling , Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin '' . Canada : University of Alberta . 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 Jump up ^ BGN / PCGN . `` Romanization System for Amharic Archived 13 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . 1967 . Hosted at the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency , 2013 . Accessed 28 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ See also : BGN / PCGN romanization . Jump up ^ The river 's outflow from that lake occurs at 12 ° 02 ′ 09 '' N 37 ° 15 ′ 53 '' E / 12.03583 ° N 37.26472 ° E / 12.03583 ; 37.26472 Jump up ^ `` What 's the Blue Nile and the White Nile ? -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile § Name '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 693 . Jump up ^ An overview is given by : Carles Múrcia ( 2006 ) . ( 1 ) Greek : Νεῖλος : El nom grec del riu Nil pot ser d'origen amazic ? Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Aula Orientalis 24 : 269 -- 292 Jump up ^ `` Τηθὺς δ _̓ Ὠκεανῷ Ποταμοὺς τέκε δινήεντας , Νεῖλόν τ _̓ Ἀλφειόν τε καὶ Ἠριδανὸν βαθυδίνην '' ( Hesiod , `` Theogony '' , 337 - 8 ) . Jump up ^ `` Nile '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Nile '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 695 . Jump up ^ `` The Nile River '' . Nile Basin Initiative . 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ EarthTrends : The Environmental Information Portal Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McLeay , Cam ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` The Truth About the Source of R. Nile '' . New Vision . Archived from the original on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nile River '' . Archived from the original on 10 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Reaches Nile 's ' True Source ' '' . BBC News . 31 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Described in Joanna Lumley 's Nile , 7 pm to 8 pm , ITV , Sunday 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Journey to the source of the Nile '' . Telegraph . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Next on Egypt 's to - do : Ethiopia and the Nile Archived 9 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Arabic bahr can refer to either seas or large rivers . Jump up ^ Template : Cites web Jump up ^ J.V. Sutcliffe & Y.P. Parks ( 1999 ) . `` 12 '' . The Hydrology of the Nile ( PDF ) . IAHS Special Publication no . 5 . p. 161 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Stern , Mohamed Gamal Abdelsalam : The Origin of the Great Bend of the Nile from SIR - C / X-SAR Imaginary . In : Science , New Series , Vol. 274 , Issue 5293 ( Dec. 6 , 1996 ) , pp. 1696 -- 1698 Jump up ^ as per Strabos Geographika book XVII Jump up ^ Egyptian Dust Plume , Red Sea Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Blue Nile River river , Africa '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall et al. , `` Late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental and climatic change from Lake Tana , source of the Blue Nile '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2006 . ( 247 KB ) , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Two Niles Meet : Image of the Day '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 26 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 276 , 287 -- 288 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sobat River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Keding , Birgit ( 2000 ) . `` New Data on the Holocene Occupation of the Wadi Howar Region ( Eastern Sahara / Sudan ) '' . Studies in African Archaeology. 7 : 89 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Carmignani , Luigi ; Salvini , Riccardo ; Bonciani , Filippo ( 2009 ) . `` Did the Nile River flow to the Gulf of Sirt during the late Miocene ? '' ( PDF ) . Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana ( Italian Journal of Geoscience ) . 128 ( 2 ) : 403 -- 408 . doi : 10.3301 / IJG. 2009.128. 2.403 . Jump up ^ Salvini , Riccardo ; Carmignani , Luigi ; Francionib , Mirko ; Casazzaa , Paolo ( 2015 ) . `` Elevation modelling and palaeo - environmental interpretation in the Siwa area ( Egypt ) : Application of SAR interferometry and radargrammetry to COSMO - SkyMed imagery '' . Catena. 129 : 46 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. catena. 2015.02. 017 . Jump up ^ Although the ancestral Sahara Desert initially developed at least 7 million years ago , it grew during interglacial periods and shrank during glacial ones . The growth of the current Sahara began about 6,000 years ago . Schuster , Mathieu ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The age of the Sahara desert '' ( PDF ) . Science . 311 ( 5762 ) : 821 -- 821 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1120161 . Jump up ^ Warren , John ( 2006 ) . Evaporites : Sediments , Resources and Hydrocarbons . Berlin : Springer . p. 352 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26011 - 0 . Jump up ^ Said , R. ( 1981 ) . The geological evolution of the River Nile . Springer Verlag . Jump up ^ Williams , M.A.J. ; Williams , F. ( 1980 ) . Evolution of Nile Basin . In M.A.J. Williams and H. Faure ( eds ) . The Sahara and the Nile . Balkema , Rotterdam , pp 207 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1987 ) . `` The evolution of the River Nile , The buried saline rift lakes in Sudan '' . J. African Earth Sciences . 6 ( 6 ) : 899 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / 0899 - 5362 ( 87 ) 90049 - 2 . Jump up ^ Salama , R.B. ( 1997 ) . Rift Basins of Sudan . African Basins , Sedimentary Basins of the World . 3 . Edited by R.C. Selley ( Series Editor K.J. Hsu ) pp. 105 -- 149 . ElSevier , Amsterdam . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Lisa ; Neil Morris ( 15 January 2010 ) . Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4358 - 3589 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm 1911 , p. 698 . Jump up ^ Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile Jump up ^ History of Ethiopia , circa 1622 Jump up ^ Historia geral da Ethiopia a Alta , 1660 Jump up ^ Mundus Subterraneus , 1664 Jump up ^ The Present State of Egypt , 1678 . Jump up ^ S. Whiteway , editor and translator , The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1441 -- 1543 , 1902 . ( Nendeln , Liechtenstein : Kraus Reprint , 1967 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Natural History , 5.10 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Shahin , Mamdouh ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0866 - X . ; online at Google Books Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Big Canal To Change Course of Nile River '' Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... October 1933 . Popular Science ( short article on top - right of page with map ) . Jump up ^ H.A.W. Morrice and W.N. Allan , Planning for the ultimate hydraulic development of the Nile Valley , Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers , 14 , 101 , 1959 . doi : 10.1680 / iicep. 1959.11963 Jump up ^ M.P. Barnett , Comment on the Nile Valley Calculations , Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B , vol. 19 , 223 , 1957 . JSTOR 2983815 Jump up ^ D.F. Manzer and M.P. Barnett , Analysis by Simulation : Programming Techniques for a High - Speed Digital Computer , in Arthur Maas et al , Design of Water Resource Systems , pp. 324 -- 390 , Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blue Peace for the Nile , 2009 Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ; Report by Strategic Foresight Group Jump up ^ The Nile Basin Initiative Archived 27 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cambanis , Thanassis ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` Egypt and Thirsty Neighbors Are at Odds Over Nile '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ National Geographic wrote an article about this trip in its Magazine issue dated May , 1955 . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/439857.Kayaks_down_the_Nile . Jump up ^ National Geographic released a feature film about the expedition in late 2005 entitled The Longest River . Jump up ^ They chronicled their adventure with an IMAX camera and two handheld video cams , sharing their story in the IMAX film Mystery of the Nile released in 2005 , and in a book of the same title . Jump up ^ Mark Tanner , Paddling the Blue Nile in Flood Archived 1 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 1 November 2014 Jump up ^ Dorothy Middleton , ' Baker , Florence Barbara Maria , Lady Baker ( 1841 -- 1916 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 accessed 11 Sept 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Jeal , Tim ( 2011 ) . Explorers of the Nile : The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14935 - 7 Tvedt , Terje , ed . The River Nile in the Post-Colonial Age : Conflict and Cooperation Among the Nile Basin Countries ( I.B. Tauris , 2010 ) 293 pages ; studies of the river 's finite resources as shared by multiple nations in the post-colonial era ; includes research by scholars from Burundi , Congo , Egypt , Ethiopia , Kenya , Rwanda , Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nile . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Nile A Struggle Over the Nile -- slideshow by The New York Times Thesis Analyzing Nile River Negotiations Geographic data related to Nile at OpenStreetMap Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 revolution Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 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hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Non-related Ḥimār ( domesticated donkey or wild ass ) Qaswarah ( ' Lion ' , ' Beast of prey ' or ' Hunter ' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thá ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender palm tree ) Nakhl ( date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Texts Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Mabit Mubahala Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ' Umrah al - Qaza Yawm ad - Dār Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) GND : 4042339 - 6 NARA : 10038761 NDL : 00628842 VIAF : 129365562 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nile&oldid=845905900 '' Categories : Nile International rivers of Africa Nile basin Rivers of Egypt Rivers of Sudan Rivers of South Sudan Rivers of Uganda Geography of ancient Egypt Hebrew Bible rivers National parks of Egypt Water transport in Egypt Rivers of Africa Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles containing Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text Articles containing Amharic - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Incomplete lists from August 2008 Incomplete lists from April 2009 Use dmy dates from October 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Languages Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Bahasa Hulontalo Kabɩyɛ 177 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile
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where is the mid atlantic ridge above sea level
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Mid-Atlantic ridge
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mid - atlantic ridge
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The Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( MAR ) is a mid-ocean ridge , a divergent tectonic plate or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean , and part of the longest mountain range in the world . In the North Atlantic it separates the Eurasian and North American Plates , and in the South Atlantic it separates the African and South American Plates . The ridge extends from a junction with the Gakkel Ridge ( Mid-Arctic Ridge ) northeast of Greenland southward to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic . Although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature , portions of it have enough elevation to extend above sea level . The section of the ridge that includes the island of Iceland is also known as the Reykjanes Ridge . The ridge has an average spreading rate of about 2.5 centimetres ( 0.98 in ) per year .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Notable features 3 Islands 4 Geology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Discovery ( edit ) Pangaea 's separation animated A ridge under the Atlantic Ocean was first inferred by Matthew Fontaine Maury in 1850 . The existence of the ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS Challenger in 1872 . A team of scientists on board , led by Charles Wyville Thomson , discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic while investigating the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable . The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925 and was found to extend around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean by the German Meteor expedition . In the 1950s , mapping of the Earth 's ocean floors by Bruce Heezen , Maurice Ewing , Marie Tharp and others revealed that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge had a strange bathymetry of valleys and ridges , with its central valley being seismologically active and the epicenter of many earthquakes . Ewing , Heezen and Tharp discovered that the ridge is part of a 40,000 - km - long essentially continuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth 's oceans . The discovery of this worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and general acceptance of Wegener 's theory of continental drift and expansion in the modified form of plate tectonics . The ridge is central to the breakup of the hypothetical supercontinent of Pangaea that began some 180 million years ago . Notable features ( edit ) In Iceland the Mid-Atlantic Ridge passes across the Þingvellir National Park , a popular destination for tourists The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley that runs along the axis of the ridge along nearly its entire length . This rift marks the actual boundary between adjacent tectonic plates , where magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor , erupting as lava and producing new crustal material for the plates . Near the equator , the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is divided into the North Atlantic Ridge and the South Atlantic Ridge by the Romanche Trench , a narrow submarine trench with a maximum depth of 7,758 m ( 25,453 ft ) , one of the deepest locations of the Atlantic Ocean . This trench , however , is not regarded as the boundary between the North and South American Plates , nor the Eurasian and African Plates . Islands ( edit ) The islands on or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge , from north to south , with their respective highest peaks and location , are : Northern Hemisphere ( North Atlantic Ridge ) : Jan Mayen ( Beerenberg , 2277 m ( at 71 ° 06 ′ N 08 ° 12 ′ W / 71.100 ° N 8.200 ° W / 71.100 ; - 8.200 ) , in the Arctic Ocean Iceland ( Hvannadalshnúkur in the Vatnajökull , 2109.6 m ( at 64 ° 01 ′ N 16 ° 41 ′ W / 64.017 ° N 16.683 ° W / 64.017 ; - 16.683 ) , through which the ridge runs Azores ( Ponta do Pico or Pico Alto , on Pico Island , 2351 m , ( at 38 ° 28 ′ 0 '' N 28 ° 24 ′ 0 '' W / 38.46667 ° N 28.40000 ° W / 38.46667 ; - 28.40000 ) Saint Peter and Paul Rocks ( Southwest Rock , 22.5 m , at 00 ° 55 ′ 08 '' N 29 ° 20 ′ 35 '' W / 0.91889 ° N 29.34306 ° W / 0.91889 ; - 29.34306 ) Southern Hemisphere ( South Atlantic Ridge ) : Ascension Island ( The Peak , Green Mountain , 859 m , at 07 ° 59 ′ S 14 ° 25 ′ W / 7.983 ° S 14.417 ° W / - 7.983 ; - 14.417 ) Saint Helena ( Diana 's Peak , 818 m at 15 ° 57 ′ S 5 ° 41 ′ W / 15.950 ° S 5.683 ° W / - 15.950 ; - 5.683 ) Tristan da Cunha ( Queen Mary 's Peak , 2062 m , at 37 ° 05 ′ S 12 ° 17 ′ W / 37.083 ° S 12.283 ° W / - 37.083 ; - 12.283 ) Gough Island ( Edinburgh Peak , 909 m , at 40 ° 20 ′ S 10 ° 00 ′ W / 40.333 ° S 10.000 ° W / - 40.333 ; - 10.000 ) Bouvet Island ( Olavtoppen , 780 m , at 54 ° 24 ′ S 03 ° 21 ′ E / 54.400 ° S 3.350 ° E / - 54.400 ; 3.350 ) Geology. ( edit ) Basaltic rocks of the MAR collected by the Hercules ROV during the 2005 Lost City Expedition . For a general explanation of mid-oceanic ridges , see mid-oceanic ridge and seafloor spreading The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the Mid-Atlantic Rise , which is a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean , with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge . This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing the oceanic crust and lithosphere . This divergent boundary first formed in the Triassic period , when a series of three - armed grabens coalesced on the supercontinent Pangaea to form the ridge . Usually , only two arms of any given three - armed graben become part of a divergent plate boundary . The failed arms are called aulacogens , and the aulacogens of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge eventually became many of the large river valleys seen along the Americas and Africa ( including the Mississippi River , Amazon River and Niger River ) . The Fundy Basin on the Atlantic coast of North America between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada is evidence of the ancestral Mid-Atlantic Ridge . See also ( edit ) Atlantis Massif Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Fifteen - Twenty Fracture Zone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ USGS ( 5 May 1999 ) . `` Understanding plate motions '' . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hsü , Kenneth J. ( 1992 ) . Challenger at Sea : A Ship That Revolutionized Earth Science . Princeton University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08735 - 0 . Jump up ^ Redfern , R. ; 2001 : Origins , the Evolution of Continents , Oceans and Life , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 1 - 84188 - 192 - 9 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Alexander Hellemans and Brian Bunch , 1989 , Timeline of Science , Sidgwick and Jackson , London Jump up ^ Stein , Glenn , A Victory in Peace : The German Atlantic Expedition 1925 - 27 , June 2007 Jump up ^ Ewing , W.M. ; Dorman , H.J. ; Ericson , J.N. ; Heezen , B.C. ( 1953 ) . `` Exploration of the northwest Atlantic mid-ocean canyon '' . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America . 64 ( 7 ) : 865 -- 868 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1953 ) 64 ( 865 : eotnam ) 2.0.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ Heezen , B.C. ; Tharp , M. ( 1954 ) . `` Physiographic diagram of the western North Atlantic '' . Bulletin of the Geological Society of America . 65 : 1261 . Jump up ^ Hill , M.N. ; Laughton , A.S. ( 1954 ) . `` Seismic Observations in the Eastern Atlantic , 1952 '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A : Mathematical and Physical Sciences . 222 ( 1150 ) : 348 -- 356 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1954.0078 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Edgar W. ( 1977 ) . Introduction to the Structure of the Earth ( 2nd ed . ) . Tokyo : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 085751 - 2 . Jump up ^ Burke , K. ; Dewey , J.F. ( 1973 ) . `` Plume - generated triple junctions : key indicators in applying plate tectonics to old rocks '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Geology. 81 ( 4 ) : 406 -- 433 . doi : 10.1086 / 627882 . JSTOR 30070631 . Jump up ^ Burke , K. ( 1976 ) . `` Development of graben associated with the initial ruptures of the Atlantic Ocean '' . Tectonophysics. 36 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 93 -- 112 . doi : 10.1016 / 0040 - 1951 ( 76 ) 90009 - 3 . Bibliography ( edit ) Evans , Rachel . `` Plumbing Depths to Reach New Heights : Marie Tharp Explains Marine Geological Maps . '' The Library of Congress Information Bulletin . November 2002 . External links ( edit ) MAR - ECO , a Census of Marine Life project on life along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ( hide ) Mid-ocean ridges Present Central Indian Chile East Pacific Explorer Gakkel Gorda Juan de Fuca Mid-Atlantic Pacific - Antarctic South American - Antarctic Southeast Indian Southwest Indian Former Aegir Alpha Kula - Farallon Pacific - Farallon Pacific - Kula Phoenix GND : 4039662 - 9 VIAF : 242531964 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-Atlantic_Ridge&oldid=836998701 '' Categories : Underwater ridges of the Atlantic Ocean Geology of the Atlantic Ocean Plate tectonics Geology of Iceland Geology of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Geology of the Azores Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic%20Ridge
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number of countries that qualify for world cup
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The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals . The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals until the 2022 edition .
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32
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FIFA World Cup qualification
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fifa world cup qualification
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The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals . The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals until the 2022 edition .
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Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organized by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of places in the finals allocated to each of the continental zones , based on the numbers or relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth . Unlike many other sports , results of the previous World Cups or of the continental championships are not taken into account . Until 2002 , the defending champions also received an automatic berth , but starting from the 2006 World Cup this is no longer the case . The current qualification process is the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification which commenced in 2015 and will finish in late 2017 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Qualification spots by continent 1.2 Qualification competition entrants over time 1.3 First appearance in qualification by team 1.4 National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 1.5 Top scorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 1.6 First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 2 Current format 2.1 Africa 2.2 Asia 2.3 Europe 2.4 North and Central America and Caribbean 2.5 Oceania 2.6 South America 2.7 Intercontinental play - offs 3 Qualification tournament rules 3.1 Groups 3.2 Home - and - away ties 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Over many years , the World Cup 's qualification has evolved , from having no qualification at all in 1930 , when the tournament was invitational and only 13 teams entered , to the current two - year process . The first World Cup qualifying match was played on 11 June 1933 when Sweden defeated Estonia 6 -- 2 in Stockholm . The first ever goal in a World Cup qualifying match was scored 7 minutes into the game : it was scored according to some sources by Swedish captain Knut Kroon , or according to other sources by Estonian goalkeeper Evald Tipner ( own goal ) . While the number of teams which qualified for the finals has increased steadily , from 16 between 1934 and 1978 , to 24 between 1982 and 1994 , and finally to 32 starting from 1998 , the qualification format has been basically the same throughout the history of the World Cup . The teams have been grouped continentally , and they competed for a fixed number of places , with one or two places awarded to the winners of intercontinental play - offs . Qualification spots by continent ( edit ) The table below lists the numbers of spots allocated by FIFA for each continent in each tournament . If no places were allocated to a continent , such as in the case of Oceania prior to 1966 and Africa in 1950 , this does not indicate an exclusion of those continents by FIFA , but rather that no country of those continents made an entry to the aforementioned Cups . A large part of Africa was under colonial rule during part of the 20th century , mainly the first half of the century . As of 1954 , only 3 African countries were affiliated to FIFA : Egypt , in 1923 , Sudan , in 1948 , and Ethiopia , in 1952 . Sudan and Ethiopia made entries for no Cup prior to 1958 . Egypt made entries for the 1934 , 1938 and 1954 Cups , though not for the 1930 and 1950 Cups . Though an African country , Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 in the European group , therefore the table below gives no data about Africa for these two Cups . Places in the intercontinental play - offs count as 0.5 spots . Numbers in bold represent the winners of the intercontinental play - offs . `` + C '' denotes an additional spot for defending champions . `` + H '' denotes an additional spot for hosts . Places allocated for continents Continental zone 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Africa 0 0.5 0.5 5 5 5 5 + H 5 5 5 9 Asia 0.5 3.5 2.5 + 2H 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 + H 8 Oceania Did Not Exist 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Europe 12 11 + C + H 7 + C 11 + H 9.5 + C + H 8+ 2 × 0.5 9 + H 8 + C 8.5 + H 8.5 + C 13 + H 12.5 + C 13 + H 12 + C 14 + H 13.5 + C 13 + H 13 13 13 + H 13 16 North and Central America and Caribbean 0.5 + H + H 1.25 + H 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6 South America + H + C 3.5 + C + H + C 2.5 + C 2.5 + H + C 2.5 + C 3.5 + C 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 + H 4.5 4.5 6 Play - Off Tournament Did Not Exist Total 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 48 In 1938 , Austria withdrew after qualifying after being annexed by Germany and were not replaced , so only 15 teams , 12 of them European , played in the finals . In 1950 , India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew after qualifying and were not replaced , so only 13 teams , none of them Asian and 6 of them European , played in the finals . Initially in 1958 , Africa and Asia together were given 1 spot , while Europe was given 9 spots . However , after Israel won the African and Asian zone without playing any matches , because of withdrawals of other teams , a special play - off was arranged between them and a European team ( Wales ) . So in effect , Africa and Asia together were given 0.5 spots , while Europe was given 9.5 spots . In 1962 , Europe was given 8 automatic spots , plus 2 additional spots in the intercontinental play - offs , in effect giving them 9 spots . The two European teams played an African team and an Asian team respectively , and both European teams won . Therefore , 10 European teams played in the finals . In 1994 , there were two rounds of intercontinental play - offs . First , an Oceanian team played a team from North and Central America and Caribbean , and the winner then played a South American team . From the 2006 qualifiers on , the defending champion no longer has an automatic spot secured . Qualification competition entrants over time ( edit ) The number of teams entering the qualification process and the number of matches played have been steadily growing over time . Though an African country , Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 into the European group , therefore being zero the below indicator as for Africa in these years . Number of teams entering qualification ( including automatic qualifiers ) Continental zone 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Africa 0 0 0 11 6 21 13 24 26 29 29 26 40 38 51 51 53 52 54 Asia 5 7 18 22 21 27 26 29 36 42 39 43 43 46 Oceania 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 10 10 12 11 11 11 Europe 21 26 19 29 29 30 33 31 33 32 34 33 33 39 50 51 52 53 53 54 North and Central America and Caribbean 7 5 6 8 10 14 14 17 15 18 16 23 30 35 34 35 35 35 South America 8 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 Total entrants 32 37 34 45 55 56 74 75 99 107 109 121 116 147 174 199 198 205 204 210 Teams played 27 21 19 33 46 49 51 68 90 95 103 110 103 130 168 193 194 200 203 208 Matches played 27 22 26 57 89 92 127 172 226 252 306 308 314 497 643 777 847 853 828 663 Goals scored 141 96 121 208 341 325 393 542 620 723 797 801 735 1446 1922 2452 2464 2344 2303 1903 Average goals per match 5.22 4.36 4.65 3.65 3.83 3.53 3.09 3.15 2.74 2.87 2.60 2.60 2.34 2.91 2.99 3.16 2.91 2.75 2.81 2.87 Because the Oceania Football Confederation has used the World Cup Qualifiers as a phase of ( or as the entire ) OFC Nations Cup , there is the possibility that non-FIFA countries may play in matches that double as World Cup qualifiers . In the 2006 qualifiers , New Caledonia were included in the tournament although they were not FIFA members at the date of close of entries . They are , however , included in the 12 nations listed as they joined FIFA during the course of qualification , even though they had been technically eliminated from contention a few days earlier ( a similar situation occurred in the entries for 2010 , with Montenegro 's entry accepted prior to their admission by FIFA ) . By contrast , Tuvalu competed in the 2007 South Pacific Games Football tournament , which doubled as qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup . As they were not FIFA members at the time of the completion of the competition , they are not included in the 11 OFC entrants , although their results counted towards the qualification of other teams . From 1973 to 1989 , the CONCACAF Championship and its qualifying tournament were used to determine CONCACAF 's entrant in the World Cup . The confederation 's champion qualified outright . `` Teams played '' is the total number of teams that played at least one qualifying match . This number includes Tuvalu ( see note 1 ) and South Africa . Although South Africa qualified automatically for 2010 as hosts , they competed in the CAF qualifiers , becoming the first hosts to compete in World Cup qualifying since 1934 . This is because the Confederation of African Football used its 2010 World Cup qualifiers as the qualifying phase for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations , a tournament for which South Africa had attempted to qualify . First appearance in qualification by team ( edit ) Note : Only teams that played at least one match are considered for the purposes of first appearance . Teams that withdrew prior to the qualification , or that qualified to the World Cup by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals , are not considered . World Cup Europe South America North , Central America and Caribbean Asia Africa Oceania Total 1934 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Irish Free State Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Yugoslavia none Cuba Haiti Mexico United States Palestine , British Mandate Egypt none 27 1938 Finland Latvia Norway none none none none none 1950 England Ireland Scotland Turkey Wales none none Syria none none 6 1954 Saar Brazil Chile Paraguay none Japan South Korea none none 6 1958 Denmark East Germany Iceland Soviet Union Argentina Bolivia Colombia Peru Uruguay Canada Costa Rica Guatemala Territory of Curaçao China PR Indonesia Sudan none 16 1962 Cyprus Ecuador Dutch Guyana Honduras none Ethiopia Ghana Morocco Nigeria Tunisia none 9 1966 Albania Venezuela Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago North Korea none Australia 6 1970 none none Bermuda El Salvador none Algeria Cameroon Libya Rhodesia Senegal Zambia New Zealand 9 Malta none Antigua and Barbuda Puerto Rico Hong Kong Iran Iraq Kuwait Malaysia South Vietnam Thailand Congo Dahomey Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Sierra Leone Tanzania Togo Zaire none 21 1978 none none Barbados Dominican Republic Guyana Panama Bahrain Qatar Republic of China Saudi Arabia Singapore Malawi Mauritania Niger Uganda Upper Volta none 14 1982 none none Grenada Macau Gambia Liberia Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Fiji 8 1986 none none none Bangladesh Brunei Jordan India Nepal North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Emirates Angola none 9 1990 none none none Oman Pakistan Gabon none 1994 Faroe Islands San Marino none Nicaragua Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Lebanon Sri Lanka Botswana Burundi Namibia South Africa Swaziland Solomon Islands Tahiti Vanuatu 15 1998 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Georgia Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldova Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine none Aruba Belize Cayman Islands Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Cambodia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Maldives Philippines Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guinea - Bissau Rwanda Cook Islands Papua New Guinea Tonga Western Samoa 31 2002 Andorra none Anguilla Bahamas British Virgin Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Guam Laos Mongolia Palestine Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Mali São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles American Samoa 21 2006 none none none Afghanistan none New Caledonia Montenegro none none Myanmar Timor - Leste Comoros Tuvalu 5 2014 none none none none none none 0 2018 Gibraltar Kosovo none none Bhutan South Sudan none Total 215 Notes ^ The Czechoslovakia team was officially renamed as the Representation of Czechs and Slovaks during the 1994 qualification , and was then succeeded by the Czech Republic ( first appearance : 1998 ) . ^ Germany was later succeeded by West Germany ( first appearance : 1954 ) , which in turn was succeeded by the reunified Germany ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ The Irish Free State was later succeeded by Ireland ( first appearance : 1950 ) , which later became officially known as the Republic of Ireland ( first appearance : 1954 ) . ^ Italy had to qualify for the tournament despite being the host . ^ The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was later succeeded by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( first appearance : 1950 ) , which was then succeeded by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( first appearance : 1998 ) , which was later renamed as Serbia and Montenegro ( first appearance : 2006 ) , which in turn was succeeded by Serbia ( first appearance : 2010 ) . ^ Mandatory Palestine was later succeeded by Israel ( first appearance : 1950 ) . ^ Egypt was later succeeded by the United Arab Republic , a political union between Egypt and Syria , which entered the 1962 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . Later , Egypt entered the 1966 qualification independently but still under the name `` United Arab Republic '' , but withdrew yet again before playing any matches . The team 's first appearance after it changed its name back to Egypt came in 1974 . ^ Ireland was later succeeded by Northern Ireland ( first appearance : 1954 ) . ^ Turkey entered the 1934 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Brazil entered the 1934 and 1938 qualifications , but on both occasions qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also qualified automatically for the 1950 World Cup as host . ^ Chile entered the 1934 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It also entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Paraguay entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Japan entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Soviet Union was later succeeded by Russia ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ Argentina entered the 1934 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also entered the 1938 and 1950 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Bolivia entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Colombia entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Peru entered the 1934 , 1950 and 1954 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Uruguay entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also qualified automatically for the 1954 World Cup as defending champion . ^ Costa Rica entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Territory of Curaçao ( six islands ) was later succeeded by the Netherlands Antilles ( first appearance : 1962 ) , which in turn was succeeded by Curaçao ( one island ; first appearance : 2014 ) . ^ Indonesia entered the 1938 qualification as Dutch East Indies , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also entered the 1950 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Cyprus entered the 1958 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Ecuador entered the 1950 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Dutch Guyana entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It was later succeeded by Suriname ( first appearance : 1978 ) . ^ Venezuela entered the 1958 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ El Salvador entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Algeria entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Cameroon entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Libya entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Rhodesia was later succeeded by Zimbabwe ( first appearance : 1982 ) . ^ Senegal entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ South Vietnam was later succeeded by Vietnam ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ Dahomey was later renamed as Benin ( first appearance : 1986 ) . ^ Guinea entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Zaire was renamed as DR Congo during the 1998 qualification . ^ The Republic of China entered the 1954 and 1958 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . It later became officially known as Chinese Taipei ( first appearance : 1982 ) . ^ Upper Volta was later renamed as Burkina Faso ( first appearance : 1990 ) . ^ Liberia entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Madagascar entered the 1974 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ India entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals , and subsequently withdrew from participation in the finals . It also entered the 1974 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ North Yemen was later succeeded by Yemen ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ The United Arab Emirates entered the 1978 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Oman entered the 1986 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Gabon entered the 1966 and 1974 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Lebanon entered but was disqualified during the 1986 qualification , and the team 's matches from that campaign were annulled . ^ Sri Lanka entered the 1974 and 1978 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Liechtenstein entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Maldives entered the 1990 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Philippines entered the 1950 and 1974 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Rwanda entered the 1990 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Western Samoa entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It was later renamed as Samoa ( first appearance : 2002 ) . ^ The Bahamas entered the 1998 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Central African Republic entered the 1978 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It also entered the 1982 qualification , but was disqualified before playing any matches . ^ Mali entered the 1966 , 1994 and 1998 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ São Tomé and Príncipe entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Myanmar entered the 1950 ( as Burma ) , 1994 and 2002 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Tuvalu was not a member of FIFA at the time of qualification and had not entered the FIFA World Cup , although matches in the Football tournament of the South Pacific Games did count towards the qualification tournament for the OFC , and Tuvalu 's results did count in determining advancement from this stage . ^ Bhutan entered the 2010 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Confederation subtotals are not given because a few teams have appeared in World Cup qualifiers in multiple confederations . National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Legend Team has won the World Cup Team has qualified for the main tournament through a qualifying process Team has qualified for the main tournament only by walkover ( Cuba and Indonesia ) Team has qualified for the main tournament by walkover but has n't participated there because it withdrew ( India ) Team has n't qualified for the main tournament but is assured of an automatic spot in 2022 as host ( Qatar ) Team has n't qualified for the main tournament Defunct team that has qualified for the main tournament ( East Germany ) Defunct team that never qualified for the main tournament ( Saar and South Yemen ) Team is not a member of FIFA and is not eligible for the main tournament ( Tuvalu ) Teams in bold are still participating in the 2018 qualification . The table is updated to matches played in September 2017 . Team App 's Overall qualification record Points Confederation Pld GF GA GD Total Avg Mexico 16 173 112 37 24 431 122 + 309 373 2.156 CONCACAF Costa Rica 16 170 85 42 43 293 173 + 120 297 1.747 CONCACAF South Korea 14 135 82 36 17 264 86 + 178 282 2.089 AFC Australia 14 137 80 34 23 356 110 + 246 274 2.000 AFC Iran 10 128 78 34 16 267 81 + 186 268 2.094 AFC Netherlands 18 123 80 24 19 291 92 + 199 264 2.146 UEFA United States 18 152 76 36 40 261 179 + 82 264 1.737 CONCACAF Spain 18 115 79 25 11 272 76 + 196 262 2.278 UEFA Argentina 13 134 74 35 25 232 126 + 106 257 1.918 CONMEBOL Portugal 20 137 74 33 30 258 139 + 119 255 1.861 UEFA Sweden 19 127 78 20 29 258 119 + 139 254 2.000 UEFA Serbia ( 2010 -- ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2006 ) FR Yugoslavia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) SFR Yugoslavia ( 1950 -- 1990 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 19 126 74 31 21 266 111 + 155 253 2.008 UEFA Belgium 19 131 75 25 31 269 138 + 131 250 1.908 UEFA Czech Republic ( 1998 -- ) Representation of Czechs and Slovaks ( 1994 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1934 -- 1994 ) 19 136 73 29 34 259 115 + 144 248 1.824 UEFA England 16 110 74 25 11 273 67 + 206 247 2.245 UEFA Uruguay 16 152 68 41 43 214 162 + 52 245 1.612 CONMEBOL Italy 16 105 73 24 8 219 67 + 152 243 2.314 UEFA Russia ( 1994 -- ) Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1990 ) 15 115 73 23 19 227 75 + 152 242 2.104 UEFA Honduras 14 146 68 38 40 250 167 + 83 242 1.658 CONCACAF Germany ( 1994 -- ) West Germany ( 1954 -- 1990 ) Germany ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 14 92 72 18 284 68 + 216 234 2.543 UEFA Saudi Arabia 11 118 68 28 22 232 93 + 139 232 1.966 AFC Brazil 12 108 67 29 12 237 70 + 167 230 2.130 CONMEBOL Japan 14 120 68 26 26 247 85 + 162 230 1.917 AFC Paraguay 17 152 65 30 57 199 187 + 12 225 1.480 CONMEBOL Romania 17 126 66 25 35 219 132 + 87 223 1.770 UEFA Switzerland 19 128 62 32 34 199 142 + 57 218 1.703 UEFA El Salvador 13 140 63 28 49 233 168 + 65 217 1.550 CONCACAF Colombia 16 150 57 45 48 178 156 + 22 216 1.440 CONMEBOL China PR 11 108 66 16 26 230 74 + 156 214 1.981 AFC France 17 109 63 23 23 213 87 + 126 212 1.945 UEFA Scotland 18 123 61 27 35 189 134 + 55 210 1.707 UEFA Chile 15 144 60 29 55 215 191 + 24 209 1.451 CONMEBOL Bulgaria 19 127 60 26 41 208 175 + 33 206 1.622 UEFA Republic of Ireland ( 1954 -- ) Ireland ( 1950 ) Irish Free State ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 20 137 54 42 41 195 164 + 31 204 1.489 UEFA Nigeria 14 102 57 29 16 174 77 + 97 200 1.961 CAF Austria 18 121 57 28 36 208 134 + 74 199 1.645 UEFA Hungary 18 120 57 26 37 213 158 + 55 197 1.642 UEFA Denmark 15 118 56 28 34 205 139 + 66 196 1.661 UEFA Tunisia 14 102 56 27 19 176 83 + 93 195 1.912 CAF Poland 18 115 58 21 36 218 140 + 78 195 1.696 UEFA Trinidad and Tobago 14 135 54 27 54 198 179 + 19 189 1.400 CONCACAF Morocco 14 109 49 38 22 145 80 + 65 185 1.697 CAF Greece 19 124 52 28 44 152 166 − 14 184 1.484 UEFA Guatemala 15 122 49 31 42 194 150 + 44 178 1.459 CONCACAF Canada 14 117 48 34 35 161 136 + 25 178 1.521 CONCACAF New Zealand 13 94 53 17 24 221 97 + 124 176 1.872 OFC Ecuador 15 141 47 33 61 167 197 − 30 174 1.234 CONMEBOL Qatar 11 112 50 22 40 181 121 + 60 172 1.536 AFC Cameroon 13 85 50 21 14 140 64 + 76 171 2.012 CAF Egypt 14 91 51 18 22 162 87 + 75 171 1.879 CAF Iraq 11 101 48 24 29 201 103 + 98 168 1.663 AFC Uzbekistan 6 94 49 19 26 177 95 + 82 166 1.766 AFC Turkey 17 126 47 23 56 174 182 − 8 164 1.302 UEFA Northern Ireland ( 1954 -- ) Ireland ( 1950 ) 18 130 43 35 52 148 156 − 8 164 1.262 UEFA Peru 16 145 42 34 69 161 210 − 49 160 1.103 CONMEBOL Kuwait 12 93 48 14 31 160 92 + 68 158 1.699 AFC Norway 18 124 42 30 52 161 178 − 17 156 1.258 UEFA Zambia 13 94 45 19 30 143 85 + 58 154 1.638 CAF Israel ( 1950 -- ) Palestine , British Mandate ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 20 120 39 34 47 165 177 − 12 151 1.258 UEFA Ivory Coast 11 76 41 24 11 144 65 + 79 147 1.934 CAF United Arab Emirates 9 97 42 20 35 161 111 + 50 146 1.505 AFC Bolivia 16 148 39 28 81 175 280 − 105 145 0.980 CONMEBOL Ghana 13 81 40 20 21 131 65 + 66 140 1.728 CAF Algeria 13 87 39 23 25 123 89 + 34 140 1.609 CAF Jamaica 11 104 37 27 40 115 132 − 17 138 1.327 CONCACAF North Korea 10 83 39 19 25 116 77 + 39 136 1.639 AFC Haiti 14 90 39 17 34 152 120 + 32 134 1.489 CONCACAF Wales 18 118 36 26 56 150 169 − 19 134 1.136 UEFA Syria 14 82 36 19 27 172 94 + 78 127 1.549 AFC Ukraine 6 68 34 22 12 106 50 + 56 124 1.824 UEFA DR Congo ( 1998 -- ) Zaire ( 1974 -- 1998 ) 10 74 34 17 23 123 82 + 41 119 1.608 CAF Croatia 6 58 34 16 8 101 45 + 56 118 2.034 UEFA Bahrain 10 88 31 25 32 105 94 + 11 118 1.341 AFC Finland 19 127 32 21 74 131 284 − 153 117 0.921 UEFA Guinea 12 73 35 10 28 112 90 + 22 115 1.575 CAF Slovakia 6 62 31 14 17 107 63 + 44 107 1.726 UEFA Oman 8 70 29 19 22 115 70 + 45 106 1.514 AFC Panama 11 92 26 22 44 102 152 − 50 100 1.087 CONCACAF Jordan 9 70 28 14 28 105 92 + 13 98 1.400 AFC Iceland 13 104 26 19 59 111 215 − 104 97 0.933 UEFA Venezuela 13 138 24 24 90 119 314 − 195 96 0.696 CONMEBOL Angola 9 61 24 22 15 79 57 + 22 94 1.541 CAF Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 56 27 10 19 107 64 + 43 91 1.625 UEFA Senegal 12 60 23 22 15 84 55 + 29 91 1.517 CAF Thailand 12 89 24 18 47 116 156 − 40 90 1.011 AFC South Africa 7 47 27 8 12 62 40 + 22 89 1.894 CAF Slovenia 6 60 25 14 21 79 65 + 14 89 1.483 UEFA Burkina Faso ( 1990 -- ) Upper Volta ( 1978 ) 8 58 25 10 23 82 75 + 7 85 1.466 CAF Kenya 12 68 23 16 29 77 91 − 14 85 1.250 CAF Hong Kong 12 73 23 14 36 91 128 − 37 83 1.137 AFC Cuba 12 68 20 20 28 85 102 − 17 80 1.176 CONCACAF Zimbabwe ( 1982 -- ) Rhodesia ( 1970 ) 10 61 21 16 24 62 75 − 13 79 1.295 CAF Togo 10 63 21 14 28 68 86 − 18 77 1.222 CAF Libya 10 54 21 12 21 62 60 + 2 75 1.389 CAF Congo 9 60 21 12 27 68 80 − 12 75 1.250 CAF East Germany 9 47 22 8 17 87 65 + 22 74 1.574 defunct Gabon 8 55 21 10 24 57 62 − 5 73 1.327 CAF Indonesia 12 71 19 16 36 87 143 − 56 73 1.028 AFC Solomon Islands 7 54 21 9 24 112 113 − 1 72 1.333 OFC Lebanon 7 56 19 14 23 87 77 + 10 71 1.268 AFC Suriname ( 1978 -- ) Dutch Guyana ( 1962 -- 1974 ) 14 65 19 14 32 91 111 − 20 71 1.092 CONCACAF Fiji 9 53 20 10 23 111 98 + 13 70 1.321 OFC Latvia 8 73 18 14 41 78 130 − 52 68 0.932 UEFA Albania 12 102 18 14 70 72 184 − 112 68 0.667 UEFA Singapore 11 68 19 10 39 74 121 − 47 67 0.985 AFC Lithuania 9 71 17 15 39 58 109 − 51 66 0.930 UEFA New Caledonia 35 18 8 9 87 36 + 51 62 1.771 OFC Malaysia 12 59 16 14 29 69 111 − 42 62 1.051 AFC Sudan 12 64 15 17 32 56 101 − 45 62 0.969 CAF Tahiti 7 43 17 8 18 66 81 − 15 59 1.372 OFC Malawi 10 58 14 16 28 56 83 − 27 58 1.000 CAF Cyprus 15 112 15 13 84 86 293 − 207 58 0.518 UEFA Liberia 9 58 15 12 31 39 84 − 45 57 0.983 CAF Curaçao ( 2014 -- ) Netherlands Antilles ( 1962 -- 2010 ) Territory of Curaçao ( 1958 ) 16 60 13 18 29 53 116 − 63 57 0.950 CONCACAF Turkmenistan 6 40 17 5 18 64 59 + 5 56 1.400 AFC Estonia 9 74 15 11 48 58 164 − 106 56 0.757 UEFA Bermuda 7 36 15 9 12 76 46 + 30 54 1.500 CONCACAF Uganda 9 40 15 7 18 40 56 − 16 52 1.300 CAF Mali 5 38 14 9 15 50 52 − 2 51 1.342 CAF Belarus 6 56 13 12 31 59 92 − 33 51 0.911 UEFA Macedonia 6 58 13 11 34 66 101 − 35 50 0.862 UEFA Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 58 14 8 36 77 170 − 93 50 0.862 CONCACAF Yemen ( 1994 -- ) North Yemen ( 1986 -- 1990 ) 9 50 12 11 27 52 80 − 28 47 0.940 AFC Tajikistan 6 36 13 7 16 63 55 + 8 46 1.278 AFC Benin ( 1986 -- ) Dahomey ( 1974 ) 8 44 13 7 24 46 89 − 43 46 1.045 CAF Kazakhstan 6 58 12 10 36 69 124 − 55 46 0.793 UEFA Madagascar 9 36 12 8 16 45 51 − 6 44 1.222 CAF Antigua and Barbuda 10 42 13 5 24 66 93 − 27 44 1.048 CONCACAF Georgia 6 54 9 16 29 51 87 − 36 43 0.796 UEFA Armenia 6 60 10 13 37 50 115 − 65 43 0.717 UEFA Cape Verde 5 32 13 16 34 40 − 6 42 1.312 CAF Sierra Leone 10 45 11 9 25 39 69 − 30 42 0.933 CAF Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 30 11 8 11 64 54 + 10 41 1.367 CONCACAF India 8 43 10 11 22 43 87 − 44 41 0.953 AFC Montenegro 28 10 10 8 45 38 + 7 40 1.429 UEFA Kyrgyzstan 6 31 12 15 38 49 − 11 40 1.290 AFC Ethiopia 11 41 10 10 21 47 65 − 18 40 0.976 CAF Vanuatu 7 37 12 22 76 89 − 13 39 1.054 OFC Vietnam ( 1994 -- ) South Vietnam ( 1974 ) 8 41 11 27 43 81 − 38 36 0.878 AFC Namibia 7 42 9 9 24 37 82 − 45 36 0.857 CAF Dominican Republic 8 29 10 5 14 42 50 − 8 35 1.207 CONCACAF Botswana 6 34 10 5 19 33 52 − 19 35 1.029 CAF Azerbaijan 6 56 7 14 35 27 97 − 70 35 0.625 UEFA Barbados 8 37 10 23 35 73 − 38 34 0.919 CONCACAF Mozambique 8 34 8 8 18 30 50 − 20 32 0.941 CAF Niger 7 30 9 5 16 27 48 − 21 32 1.067 CAF Bangladesh 9 48 9 5 34 33 122 − 89 32 0.667 AFC Palestine 5 26 8 7 11 46 37 + 9 31 1.192 AFC Tanzania 9 33 7 10 16 35 50 − 15 31 0.939 CAF Samoa ( 2002 -- ) Western Samoa ( 1998 ) 6 26 9 16 37 88 − 51 28 1.077 OFC Papua New Guinea 22 7 6 9 43 36 + 7 27 1.227 OFC Belize 6 26 7 6 13 32 54 − 22 27 1.038 CONCACAF Rwanda 6 36 6 9 21 29 54 − 25 27 0.750 CAF Guyana 10 34 7 6 21 36 81 − 45 27 0.794 CONCACAF Moldova 6 56 5 12 39 35 112 − 77 27 0.482 UEFA Faroe Islands 7 68 7 6 55 34 183 − 149 27 0.397 UEFA Grenada 7 25 7 15 49 54 − 5 24 0.960 CONCACAF Burundi 6 20 7 10 17 26 − 9 24 1.200 CAF Gambia 8 24 6 6 12 20 36 − 16 24 1.000 CAF Luxembourg 20 132 5 9 118 68 424 − 356 24 0.182 UEFA Maldives 6 32 7 23 36 120 − 84 23 0.719 AFC Nicaragua 7 22 7 14 25 44 − 19 22 1.000 CONCACAF Saint Lucia 7 24 7 16 32 62 − 30 22 0.917 CONCACAF Tonga 6 22 7 14 23 82 − 59 22 1.000 OFC Chinese Taipei ( 1982 -- ) Republic of China ( 1978 ) 11 58 6 48 35 200 − 165 22 0.379 AFC Puerto Rico 9 25 5 6 14 22 55 − 33 21 0.840 CONCACAF Chad 5 16 6 9 15 23 − 8 19 1.187 CAF Swaziland 7 19 11 15 39 − 24 16 0.842 CAF Nepal 7 30 22 23 100 − 77 16 0.533 AFC Bahamas 5 14 7 20 43 − 23 15 1.071 CONCACAF Philippines 21 14 16 57 − 41 15 0.714 AFC Sri Lanka 7 31 6 22 21 75 − 54 15 0.484 AFC Malta 12 100 9 89 32 296 − 264 15 0.150 UEFA Equatorial Guinea 5 20 14 17 36 − 19 14 0.700 CAF Lesotho 7 24 8 14 14 51 − 37 14 0.583 CAF Aruba 6 16 11 23 42 − 19 13 0.812 CONCACAF Dominica 6 20 13 15 54 − 39 13 0.650 CONCACAF Laos 26 20 23 124 − 101 12 0.462 AFC Liechtenstein 6 58 6 50 23 180 − 157 12 0.207 UEFA Myanmar 14 9 11 38 − 27 11 0.786 AFC Macau 9 35 30 15 165 − 150 11 0.314 AFC Afghanistan 14 10 10 45 − 35 10 0.714 AFC Cook Islands 6 20 16 16 63 − 47 10 0.500 OFC American Samoa 5 18 14 11 136 − 125 10 0.556 OFC Mauritania 6 16 11 13 31 − 18 9 0.562 CAF U.S. Virgin Islands 5 15 0 12 8 80 − 72 9 0.600 CONCACAF Cambodia 5 26 21 16 90 − 74 9 0.346 AFC Andorra 5 50 45 14 156 − 142 9 0.180 UEFA Timor - Leste 14 10 11 55 − 44 8 0.571 AFC Guinea - Bissau 6 12 7 8 19 − 11 7 0.583 CAF São Tomé and Príncipe 8 5 22 − 18 7 0.875 CAF Guam 10 7 51 − 48 7 0.700 AFC Mauritius 7 18 14 14 49 − 35 6 0.333 CAF Bhutan 10 0 8 8 53 − 45 6 0.600 AFC Cayman Islands 6 16 0 5 11 6 35 − 29 5 0.313 CONCACAF Saar 8 − 4 1.000 defunct Central African Republic 10 8 8 21 − 13 0.400 CAF Mongolia 5 14 12 6 51 − 45 0.286 AFC Djibouti 13 11 6 56 − 50 0.308 CAF Pakistan 8 30 0 26 12 118 − 106 0.133 AFC Eritrea 8 0 5 16 − 13 0.375 CAF Comoros 8 0 5 18 − 14 0.375 CAF Somalia 6 11 0 8 26 − 25 0.273 CAF British Virgin Islands 5 10 0 7 7 34 − 27 0.300 CONCACAF Turks and Caicos Islands 5 10 0 9 6 46 − 40 0.300 CONCACAF Brunei 14 0 13 59 − 56 0.214 AFC Seychelles 5 14 0 12 6 36 − 30 0.143 CAF San Marino 7 64 0 62 11 297 − 286 0.031 UEFA South Yemen 0 7 − 3 0.500 defunct South Sudan 0 5 − 4 0.500 CAF Kosovo 8 0 7 20 − 17 0.125 UEFA Tuvalu 0 22 − 20 0.250 OFC Montserrat 5 9 0 8 8 45 − 37 0.111 CONCACAF Anguilla 5 10 0 9 41 − 39 0.100 CONCACAF Gibraltar 8 0 0 8 37 − 34 0 0.000 UEFA Footnotes ^ Only qualifying campaigns are counted where the team played at least one match that was not annulled . ^ The three points for a win system is used . Note that these columns do not represent any official rankings . Top scorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Players in bold are still active . # Nation Player Goals Games played Goal ratio Qualification tournaments Carlos Ruiz 39 47 0.75 2002 ( 8 goals ) , 2006 ( 10 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 6 ) , 2018 ( 9 ) Ali Daei 35 50 0.70 1994 ( 7 goals ) , 1998 ( 9 ) , 2002 ( 10 ) , 2006 ( 9 ) Cristiano Ronaldo 29 35 0.83 2006 ( 7 goals ) , 2014 ( 8 ) , 2018 ( 14 ) Karim Bagheri 28 29 0.97 1998 ( 19 goals ) , 2002 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 1 ) 5 Kazu Miura 27 25 1.08 1994 ( 13 goals ) , 1998 ( 14 ) 6 Andriy Shevchenko 26 40 0.65 1998 ( 4 goals ) , 2002 ( 10 ) , 2006 ( 6 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) 7 Carlos Pavón 25 37 0.68 1998 ( 2 goals ) , 2002 ( 15 ) , 2006 ( 1 ) , 2010 ( 7 ) 8 Jared Borgetti 23 24 0.96 2002 ( 6 goals ) , 2006 ( 14 ) , 2010 ( 3 ) 9 Tim Cahill 23 x x 2006 ( 7 goals ) , 2010 ( 4 ) , 2014 ( 3 ) , 2018 ( 9 ) 10 Edin Džeko 22 25 0.86 2010 ( 9 goals ) , 2014 ( 10 ) , 2018 ( 3 ) 11 Paulo Wanchope 21 37 0.57 1998 ( 6 goals ) , 2002 ( 7 ) , 2006 ( 8 ) 12 Archie Thompson 20 15 1.33 2002 ( 16 goals ) , 2006 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 2 ) 13 Stern John 20 49 0.41 1998 ( 3 goals ) , 2002 ( 3 ) , 2006 ( 12 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) 14 Vaughan Coveny 19 19 1.00 1998 ( 4 goals ) , 2002 ( 9 ) , 2006 ( 6 ) 15 Emmanuel Sanon 19 20 0.95 1974 ( 11 goals ) , 1978 ( 8 ) 16 Pauleta 19 24 0.79 2002 ( 8 goals ) , 2006 ( 11 ) 17 Zlatan Ibrahimović 19 29 0.66 2002 ( 1 goal ) , 2006 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 8 ) 18 Hernán Crespo 19 33 0.58 1998 ( 3 goals ) , 2002 ( 9 ) , 2006 ( 7 ) 19 Luis Suárez 19 44 0.43 2010 ( 5 goals ) , 2014 ( 11 ) , 2018 ( 3 ) 20 Didier Drogba 18 19 0.95 2006 ( 9 goals ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 3 ) 21 Moumouni Dagano 18 24 0.60 2002 ( 1 goal ) , 2006 ( 5 ) , 2010 ( 12 ) 22 Samuel Eto'o 18 29 0.62 2002 ( 3 goals ) , 2006 ( 4 ) , 2010 ( 9 ) , 2014 ( 2 ) 23 Raúl Díaz Arce 18 29 0.62 1994 ( 2 goals ) , 1998 ( 9 ) , 2002 ( 7 ) 24 Marcelo Salas 18 32 0.56 1998 ( 11 goals ) , 2002 ( 4 ) , 2006 ( 1 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) 25 Robbie Keane 18 37 0.49 2002 ( 2 goals ) , 2006 ( 4 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 6 ) 26 Clint Dempsey 18 38 0.47 2010 ( 5 goals ) , 2014 ( 8 ) , 2018 ( 5 ) 27 Lionel Messi 18 41 0.44 2010 ( 4 goals ) , 2014 ( 10 ) , 2018 ( 4 ) 28 Iván Zamorano 17 11 1.54 1990 ( 1 goal ) , 1998 ( 12 ) , 2002 ( 4 ) 29 Dimitar Berbatov 17 12 1.42 2002 ( 6 goals ) , 2006 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 5 ) 30 Alexander Frei 17 14 1.21 2002 ( 5 goals ) , 2006 ( 7 ) , 2010 ( 5 ) 31 Deon McCaulay 17 16 1.06 2010 ( 2 goals ) , 2014 ( 11 ) , 2018 ( 4 ) 32 Alvaro Saborio 17 41 0.41 2006 ( 3 goals ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 8 ) 33 Steve David 17 x x 1974 ( 13 goals ) , 1978 ( 4 ) ( update of FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifiers in progress , last update : 13 June 2017 ) First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) World Cup First game First goal 1934 11 June 1933 ; Sweden 6 -- 2 Estonia 11 June 1933 ; Knut Kroon for Sweden vs. Estonia 1938 16 June 1937 ; Sweden 4 -- 0 Finland 16 June 1937 ; Lennart Bunke for Sweden vs. Finland 1950 2 June 1949 ; Sweden 3 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 June 1949 ; Davy Walsh for Republic of Ireland vs. Sweden 1954 9 May 1953 ; Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Greece 9 May 1953 ; Frane Matošić for Yugoslavia vs. Greece 1958 30 September 1956 ; Austria 7 -- 0 Luxembourg 30 September 1956 ; Gerhard Hanappi for Austria vs. Luxembourg 1962 21 August 1960 ; Costa Rica 3 -- 2 Guatemala 21 August 1960 ; unknown 1966 24 May 1964 ; Netherlands 2 -- 0 Albania 24 May 1964 ; Daan Schrijvers for Netherlands vs. Albania 1970 19 May 1968 ; Austria 7 -- 1 Cyprus 19 May 1968 ; Erich Hof for Austria vs. Cyprus 14 November 1971 ; Malta 0 -- 2 Hungary 14 November 1971 ; Ferenc Bene for Hungary vs. Malta 1978 4 April 1976 ; Panama 3 -- 2 Costa Rica 4 April 1976 ; Javier Jiménez for Costa Rica vs. Panama 1982 26 March 1980 ; Israel 0 -- 0 Northern Ireland 26 March 1980 ; Cyprus 2 -- 3 Republic of Ireland 26 March 1980 ; Paul McGee for Republic of Ireland vs. Cyprus 1986 2 May 1984 ; Cyprus 1 -- 2 Austria 2 May 1984 ; Martin Gisinger for Austria vs. Cyprus 1990 17 April 1988 ; Guyana 0 -- 4 Trinidad and Tobago 17 April 1988 ; Paul Elliot - Allen for Trinidad and Tobago vs. Guyana 1994 21 March 1992 ; Dominican Republic 0 -- 4 Puerto Rico 21 March 1992 ; Marcos Lugris for Puerto Rico vs. Dominican Republic 1998 10 March 1996 ; Dominica 3 -- 3 Antigua and Barbuda 10 March 1996 ; Anthony Dominique for Dominica vs. Antigua and Barbuda 2002 4 March 2000 ; Trinidad and Tobago 5 -- 0 Netherlands Antilles 4 March 2000 ; Honduras 3 -- 0 Nicaragua 4 March 2000 ; Marvin Andrews for Trinidad and Tobago vs. Netherlands Antilles 2006 6 September 2003 ; Ecuador 2 -- 0 Venezuela 6 September 2003 ; Giovanny Espinoza for Ecuador vs. Venezuela 25 August 2007 ; Tahiti 0 -- 1 New Caledonia 25 August 2007 ; Pierre Wajoka for New Caledonia vs. Tahiti 2014 15 June 2011 ; Montserrat 2 -- 5 Belize 15 June 2011 ; Deon McCauley for Belize vs. Montserrat 2018 12 March 2015 ; Timor - Leste 4 -- 1 Mongolia 12 March 2015 ; Chiquito do Carmo for Timor - Leste vs. Mongolia Current format ( edit ) Currently , 32 places are available in the final tournament . One of them is reserved for the host nation , but if two or more nations host the competition jointly , each is awarded a place . From 1934 to 2002 , one berth was reserved for the winners of the previous World Cup . In November 2001 , FIFA announced that the defending champion would no longer get automatic entry to the subsequent tournament , starting with the 2006 finals . This decision was made to address the issue of the returning champions being at a disadvantage to their fellow competitors due to having not played a competitive match in the previous two years . The problem was amply demonstrated at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , as returning champions France tumbled out in the first round , finishing bottom of their group without scoring a single goal . 2002 winner Brazil qualified for 2006 at the top of their qualifiers group . However , Italy , defending champions from 2006 , finished bottom of their group in 2010 , despite playing in the qualifying matches . At Brazil 2014 , 2010 champions Spain finished third in their group and failed to advance to the Round of 16 , despite having qualified as first in their group . FIFA decides beforehand the number of spots awarded to each of the continental zones . For the 2018 World Cup , the following numbers are being used : UEFA ( Europe ) -- 13 berths , plus the host Russia CAF ( Africa ) -- 5 berths AFC ( Asia ) -- 4 berths CONMEBOL ( South America ) -- 4 berths CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) -- 3 berths 2 berths for the winners of intercontinental play - offs between the best team from the OFC ( Oceania ) , as well as additional teams from the AFC , CONMEBOL and CONCACAF . The pairings for these play - offs will be determined by an open draw . The number of berths allocated per continent is widely debated , with the main point of contention being the extent to which berths should be allocated to regions based on sheer population vs. talent . A historically weaker continent , Africa has called for more places , as they are allocated only five in comparison to Europe 's 13 . In early October 2016 , it was announced that the World Cup would have featured 40 teams starting with the 2026 tournament , then FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup , mainly to address African concerns . On 10 January 2017 , the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand the World Cup to a 48 team tournament that will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams , with two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 . Other than a play - off tournament , for the last two World Cup berths , that consists of one team from each confederation ( except for UEFA ) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country , the new format for the qualifying process has yet to be confirmed . These numbers vary slightly between tournaments ( see above ) . Qualification in all zones ends at approximately the same time , in September -- November of the year preceding the finals . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations and over time . The systems being used in 2018 are outlined below . Africa ( edit ) The CAF qualification process began with two preliminary rounds ( to narrow the field of 53 entrants to 20 teams ) in October 2015 . Zimbabwe were disqualified and therefore ineligible . The group stage consisted of 5 groups of 4 , with the group winners advancing to the World Cup finals . Asia ( edit ) Bhutan and Guam entered the AFC qualification process , while Indonesia were suspended and therefore ineligible . Qualifying was altered significantly from the 2014 method , with changes to the structure of the preliminary rounds -- which were held before the main draw . One home - and - away preliminary round reduced the 12 entrants to 6 , followed by a first group stage with the 6 first round winners joining the top sides and 4 best runners - up from 5 groups of 5 advancing to a final group stage . The winners and runners - up of the two final groups of 5 advanced to the World Cup finals with the two third - placed sides playing off in the fourth round for the right to play in an inter-confederation play - off for a final World Cup spot . The first two rounds also acted as the qualifiers for the expanded 2019 AFC Asian Cup . A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round compete in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ( which is separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ) , where they are divided into six groups of four teams and compete for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . The 24 teams consist of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round , and the eight teams that advance from the play - off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which are contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round . Europe ( edit ) The European qualification is unchanged from the 2010 system . The 54 national teams were divided into nine groups of six teams , with the group winners qualifying directly to the finals , and the best eight runners - up playing home - and - away ties for the remaining four places . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams made their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With two groups of only five teams in the first round , Kosovo was assigned to group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to group H . North and Central America and Caribbean ( edit ) See also : Hexagonal ( CONCACAF ) The 2018 CONCACAF qualification process has changed significantly from the 2014 qualification cycle . The first three rounds have teams play home - and - away over two legs . A first preliminary round involved the 14 lowest ranked teams and the seven winners advanced to the second round . The 13 higher ranked sides received byes in the second round and were joined by the seven first round winners ; the ten winners advanced to the third round . Two higher ranked teams received byes in the third round and were joined by ten second round winners ; the six winners advanced to the preliminary group stage . As in 2014 , the remaining 12 teams play in 3 semifinal groups of 4 teams with the top two in each group advancing to a final six - team group . The final round -- often referred to as the `` hexagonal '' because there are six teams involved -- will see the top three teams advance to the World Cup finals , while the fourth placed side will enter an inter-confederation play - off for a final World Cup spot . Oceania ( edit ) Qualification in Oceania was held as part of a further competition . The first stage took place with one group of four lowest ranked teams and the winner advanced to the second stage ( which also acted as the 2016 OFC Nations Cup ) . In the second stage the top three teams advanced to the third round , among them Nations Cup champions New Zealand . Two groups of three teams contest the third round , or final group stage , and the winners of each group will enter a two - leg final . The winners of this final advance to an inter-confederation play - off for a World Cup spot . South America ( edit ) As in recent qualification series CONMEBOL qualification consists of a single group of all entrants . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were determined by a draw , which was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw , on 25 July 2015 . The top 4 teams from the 10 - team group will advance to the World Cup finals , while the fifth placed team will enter an inter-confederation play - off for a World Cup spot . Intercontinental play - offs ( edit ) Like the previous 2014 tournament , the pairings for the two play - offs were determined by an open draw on 25 July 2015 , as part of the aforementioned preliminary draw . Intercontinental play - offs are played as home - and - away ties . Qualification tournament rules ( edit ) Qualification tournaments generally consist of a number of stages , made up of groups or knock - out ties . Groups ( edit ) In all group tournaments , three points are awarded for a win , one for a draw , and none for a loss . FIFA has set the order of the tie - breakers for teams that finish level on points : goal difference in all group matches greater number of goals scored in all group matches Where teams are still not able to be separated , the following tie - breakers are used : greater number of points obtained in matches between the tied teams goal difference in matches between the tied teams greater number of goals scored in matches between the tied teams Where teams are still equal , then a play - off on neutral ground , with extra time and penalties if necessary will be played if FIFA deems such a play - off able to be fitted within the coordinated international match calendar . If this is not deemed feasible , then the result will be determined by the drawing of lot . Note that this order of tie - breaker application has not always been applied . While it was used in the 2010 qualifiers , the qualification for the 2006 World Cup used the head - to - head comparison prior to goal difference ( although this system was -- where applicable -- used in the 2006 finals themselves ) . If these rules had applied in 2006 , then Nigeria would have qualified rather than Angola . Home - and - away ties ( edit ) Most knock - out qualifiers ( such as the inter-confederation play - offs , the second round of UEFA qualifying and many preliminary ties ) are played over two legs . The team that scores a greater aggregate number of goals qualifies . Away goals rule applies . If these rules fail to determine the winner , extra time and penalty shootouts are used . Occasionally -- usually when one entrant lacks adequate facilities to host international matches -- ties are played over a single leg , in which case matches level after 90 minutes will go to extra time and then to a penalty shootout if required . Alternatively , `` home '' matches can be played in neutral countries , or occasionally one team will host both matches . In the latter case the visiting team will still be considered as the `` home '' team for one of the legs -- which may determine which side advances under the away goals rule , as occurred in CONCACAF qualification in 2010 . See also ( edit ) National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup UEFA European Championship qualifying References ( edit ) ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup preliminary competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com . FIFA . November 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` FIFA 's 209 member associations '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com . FIFA . July 2012 . ^ `` Fifa makes major policy shift '' . BBC News . 30 November 2001 . ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . ^ `` Africa calls for FIFA to increase World Cup places '' . Ahram Online . Reuters. 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ `` New Fifa chief backs 48 - team World Cup '' . heraldlive. 7 October 2016 . It 's an idea , just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams . ^ `` World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests '' . The Guardian . 3 October 2016 . ^ `` Fifa approves Infantino 's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . The Guardian . 10 January 2017 . ^ `` Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . ^ `` Uefa retains 2010 World Cup qualifying format for 2014 '' . bbc.co.uk. 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition Statistics ( from FIFA.com ) FIFA World Cup Preliminary History ( from FIFA.com ) FIFA World Cup 2018 Regulations FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=799644352 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית मराठी 日本 語 Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 56 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA%20World%20Cup%20qualification
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how many pata drives can be connected to a single ata controller
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Parallel ATA
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parallel ata
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Parallel ATA ( PATA ) , originally AT Attachment , is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disk drives , floppy disk drives , and optical disc drives in computers . The standard is maintained by the X3 / INCITS committee . It uses the underlying AT Attachment ( ATA ) and AT Attachment Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) standards .
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The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development , which began with the original AT Attachment interface , developed for use in early PC AT equipment . The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital 's original Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) interface . As a result , many near - synonyms for ATA / ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in common informal use , in particular Extended IDE ( EIDE ) and Ultra ATA ( UATA ) . After the introduction of Serial ATA ( SATA ) in 2003 , the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA , or PATA for short . Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of 18 in ( 457 mm ) . Because of this limit , the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface . For many years , ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application . It has largely been replaced by SATA in newer systems . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and terminology 1.1 IDE and ATA - 1 1.2 Second ATA interface 1.3 EIDE and ATA - 2 1.4 ATAPI 1.5 UDMA and ATA - 4 1.6 Ultra ATA 1.7 Current terminology 1.8 x86 BIOS size limitations 1.9 Interface size limitations 1.10 Primacy and obsolescence 2 Parallel ATA interface 2.1 Differences between connectors on 80 - conductor cables 2.2 Multiple devices on a cable 2.3 Cable select 2.3. 1 Master and slave clarification 2.4 Serialized , overlapped , and queued operations 2.5 Two devices on one cable -- speed impact 2.5. 1 `` Lowest speed '' 2.5. 2 `` One operation at a time '' 2.6 HDD passwords and security 2.7 External parallel ATA devices 3 Compact Flash interface 4 ATA standards versions , transfer rates , and features 4.1 Features introduced with each ATA revision 4.2 Speed of defined transfer modes 5 Related standards , features , and proposals 5.1 ATAPI Removable Media Device ( ARMD ) 5.2 ATA over Ethernet 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History and terminology ( edit ) The standard was originally conceived as the `` AT Bus Attachment , '' officially called `` AT Attachment '' and abbreviated `` ATA '' because its primary feature was a direct connection to the 16 - bit ISA bus introduced with the IBM PC / AT . The original ATA specifications published by the standards committees use the name `` AT Attachment '' . The `` AT '' in the IBM PC / AT referred to `` Advanced Technology '' so ATA has also been referred to as `` Advanced Technology Attachment '' . When a newer Serial ATA ( SATA ) was introduced in 2003 , the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA , or PATA for short . IDE and ATA - 1 ( edit ) Example of a 1992 80386 PC motherboard with nothing built in other than memory , keyboard , processor , cache , realtime clock , and slots . Such basic motherboards could have been outfitted with either the ST - 506 or ATA interface , but usually not both . A single 2 - drive ATA interface and a floppy interface was added to this system via the 16 - bit ISA card . The first version of what is now called the ATA / ATAPI interface was developed by Western Digital under the name Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) . Together with Control Data Corporation ( the hard drive manufacturer ) and Compaq Computer ( the initial customer ) , they developed the connector , the signaling protocols and so on , with the goal of remaining software compatible with the existing ST - 506 hard drive interface . The first such drives appeared in Compaq PCs in 1986 . The term Integrated Drive Electronics refers not just to the connector and interface definition , but also to the fact that the drive controller is integrated into the drive , as opposed to a separate controller on or connected to the motherboard . The interface cards used to connect a parallel ATA drive to , for example , a PCI slot are not drive controllers : they are merely bridges between the host bus and the ATA interface . Since the original ATA interface is essentially just a 16 - bit ISA bus in disguise , the bridge was especially simple in case of an ATA connector being located on an ISA interface card . The integrated controller presented the drive to the host computer as an array of 512 - byte blocks with a relatively simple command interface . This relieved the mainboard and interface cards in the host computer of the chores of stepping the disk head arm , moving the head arm in and out , and so on , as had to be done with earlier ST - 506 and ESDI hard drives . All of these low - level details of the mechanical operation of the drive were now handled by the controller on the drive itself . This also eliminated the need to design a single controller that could handle many different types of drives , since the controller could be unique for the drive . The host need only to ask for a particular sector , or block , to be read or written , and either accept the data from the drive or send the data to it . The interface used by these drives was standardized in 1994 as ANSI standard X3. 221 - 1994 , AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives . After later versions of the standard were developed , this became known as `` ATA - 1 '' . A short - lived , seldom - used implementation of ATA was created for the IBM XT and similar machines that used the 8 - bit version of the ISA bus . It has been referred to as `` XT - IDE '' , `` XTA '' or `` XT Attachment '' . Second ATA interface ( edit ) An Oak Technology Mozart 16 16 - bit ISA sound card , from when the CDROM drive interface had not yet been standardized . This card offers four separate interface connectors for IDE , Panasonic , Mitsumi , and Sony CDROM drives , but only one connector could be used since they all shared the same interface wiring . A SoundBlaster 32 16 - bit ISA sound card , from after connector standardization had occurred , with an IDE interface for the CDROM drive . When PC motherboard makers started to include onboard ATA interfaces in place of the earlier ISA plug - in cards , there was usually only one ATA connector on the board , which could support up to two hard drives . At the time , in combination with the floppy drive , this was sufficient for most users . When the CD - ROM was developed , many computers would have been unable to accept these drives if they had been ATA devices , due to already having two hard drives installed . Adding the CD - ROM drive would have required removal of one of the drives . SCSI was available as a CD - ROM expansion option at the time , but devices with SCSI were more expensive than ATA devices due to the need for a smart interface that is capable of bus arbitration . SCSI typically added US $100 -- 300 to the cost of a storage device , in addition to the cost of a SCSI host adapter . The less expensive solution was the addition of a dedicated CD - ROM interface , which was typically included as an expansion option on a sound card . PC motherboards initially did not come with support for more than simple beeps from internal speakers ; thus , sound cards ( such as the Sound Blaster Pro ) were available for use with games , operating system and software event sounds , or to listen to audio CDs . Also , sound cards commonly included a gameport joystick / gamepad port along with interfaces to control a CD - ROM and transmit CD audio to the system . Initially , the second drive interface was not well defined . It was first introduced with interfaces specific to certain CD - ROM drives such as Mitsumi , Sony or Panasonic drives , and it was common to find early sound cards with two or three separate connectors each designed to match a certain brand of CD - ROM drive . This evolved into the standard ATA interface for ease of cross-compatibility , though the sound card ATA interface still usually supported only a single CD - ROM and not hard drives . This second ATA interface on the sound card eventually evolved into the second motherboard ATA interface which was long included as a standard component in all PCs . Called the `` primary '' and `` secondary '' ATA interfaces , they were assigned to base addresses 0x1F0 and 0x170 on ISA bus systems . EIDE and ATA - 2 ( edit ) In 1994 , about the same time that the ATA - 1 standard was adopted , Western Digital introduced drives under a newer name , Enhanced IDE ( EIDE ) . These included most of the features of the forthcoming ATA - 2 specification and several additional enhancements . Other manufacturers introduced their own variations of ATA - 1 such as `` Fast ATA '' and `` Fast ATA - 2 '' . The new version of the ANSI standard , AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ATA - 2 ( X3. 279 - 1996 ) , was approved in 1996 . It included most of the features of the manufacturer - specific variants . ATA - 2 also was the first to note that devices other than hard drives could be attached to the interface : 3.1. 7 Device : Device is a storage peripheral . Traditionally , a device on the ATA interface has been a hard disk drive , but any form of storage device may be placed on the ATA interface provided it adheres to this standard . -- AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ( ATA - 2 ) , page 2 ATAPI ( edit ) Main article : ATA Packet Interface As mentioned in the previous sections , ATA was originally designed for , and worked only with hard disk drives and devices that could emulate them . The introduction of ATAPI ( ATA Packet Interface ) by a group called the Small Form Factor committee ( SFF ) allowed ATA to be used for a variety of other devices that require functions beyond those necessary for hard disk drives . For example , any removable media device needs a `` media eject '' command , and a way for the host to determine whether the media is present , and these were not provided in the ATA protocol . The Small Form Factor committee approached this problem by defining ATAPI , the `` ATA Packet Interface '' . ATAPI is actually a protocol allowing the ATA interface to carry SCSI commands and responses ; therefore , all ATAPI devices are actually `` speaking SCSI '' other than at the electrical interface . In fact , some early ATAPI devices were simply SCSI devices with an ATA / ATAPI to SCSI protocol converter added on . The SCSI commands and responses are embedded in `` packets '' ( hence `` ATA Packet Interface '' ) for transmission on the ATA cable . This allows any device class for which a SCSI command set has been defined to be interfaced via ATA / ATAPI . ATAPI devices are also `` speaking ATA '' , as the ATA physical interface and protocol are still being used to send the packets . On the other hand , ATA hard drives and solid state drives do not use ATAPI . ATAPI devices include CD - ROM and DVD - ROM drives , tape drives , and large - capacity floppy drives such as the Zip drive and SuperDisk drive . The SCSI commands and responses used by each class of ATAPI device ( CD - ROM , tape , etc . ) are described in other documents or specifications specific to those device classes and are not within ATA / ATAPI or the T13 committee 's purview . One commonly used set is defined in the MMC SCSI command set . ATAPI was adopted as part of ATA in INCITS 317 - 1998 , AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension ( ATA / ATAPI - 4 ) . UDMA and ATA - 4 ( edit ) See also : UDMA The ATA / ATAPI - 4 standard also introduced several `` Ultra DMA '' transfer modes . These initially supported speeds from 16 MByte / s to 33 MByte / second . In later versions , faster Ultra DMA modes were added , requiring new 80 - wire cables to reduce crosstalk . The latest versions of Parallel ATA support up to 133 MByte / s . Ultra ATA ( edit ) Ultra ATA , abbreviated UATA , is a designation that has been primarily used by Western Digital for different speed enhancements to the ATA / ATAPI standards . For example , in 2000 Western Digital published a document describing `` Ultra ATA / 100 '' , which brought performance improvements for the then - current ATA / ATAPI - 5 standard by improving maximum speed of the Parallel ATA interface from 66 to 100 MB / s . Most of Western Digital 's changes , along with others , were included in the ATA / ATAPI - 6 standard ( 2002 ) . Current terminology ( edit ) The terms `` integrated drive electronics '' ( IDE ) , `` enhanced IDE '' and `` EIDE '' have come to be used interchangeably with ATA ( now Parallel ATA , or PATA ) . In addition , there have been several generations of `` EIDE '' drives marketed , compliant with various versions of the ATA specification . An early `` EIDE '' drive might be compatible with ATA - 2 , while a later one with ATA - 6 . Nevertheless , a request for an `` IDE '' or `` EIDE '' drive from a computer parts vendor will almost always yield a drive that will work with most Parallel ATA interfaces . Another common usage is to refer to the specification version by the fastest mode supported . For example , ATA - 4 supported Ultra DMA modes 0 through 2 , the latter providing a maximum transfer rate of 33 megabytes per second . ATA - 4 drives are thus sometimes called `` UDMA - 33 '' drives , and sometimes `` ATA - 33 '' drives . Similarly , ATA - 6 introduced a maximum transfer speed of 100 megabytes per second , and some drives complying to this version of the standard are marketed as `` PATA / 100 '' drives . X86 BIOS size limitations ( edit ) See also : Enhanced BIOS Initially , the size of an ATA drive was stored in the system x86 BIOS using a type number ( 1 through 45 ) that predefined the C / H / S parameters and also often the landing zone , in which the drive heads are parked while not in use . Later , a `` user definable '' format called C / H / S or cylinders , heads , sectors was made available . These numbers were important for the earlier ST - 506 interface , but were generally meaningless for ATA -- the CHS parameters for later ATA large drives often specified impossibly high numbers of heads or sectors that did not actually define the internal physical layout of the drive at all . From the start , and up to ATA - 2 , every user had to specify explicitly how large every attached drive was . From ATA - 2 on , an `` identify drive '' command was implemented that can be sent and which will return all drive parameters . Owing to a lack of foresight by motherboard manufacturers , the system BIOS was often hobbled by artificial C / H / S size limitations due to the manufacturer assuming certain values would never exceed a particular numerical maximum . The first of these BIOS limits occurred when ATA drives reached sizes in excess of 504 megabytes , because some motherboard BIOSes would not allow C / H / S values above 1024 cylinders , 16 heads , and 63 sectors . Multiplied by 512 bytes per sector , this totals 528 482 304 bytes which , divided by 1048576 bytes per megabyte , equals 504 megabytes . The second of these BIOS limitations occurred at 1024 cylinders , 256 heads , and 63 sectors , and a bug in MS - DOS and MS - Windows 95 limited the number of heads to 255 . This totals to 8422686720 bytes , commonly referred to as the 8.4 gigabyte barrier . This is again a limit imposed by x86 BIOSes , and not a limit imposed by the ATA interface . It was eventually determined that these size limitations could be overridden with a tiny program loaded at startup from a hard drive 's boot sector . Some hard drive manufacturers , such as Western Digital , started including these override utilities with new large hard drives to help overcome these problems . However , if the computer was booted in some other manner without loading the special utility , the invalid BIOS settings would be used and the drive could either be inaccessible or appear to the operating system to be damaged . Later , an extension to the x86 BIOS disk services called the `` Enhanced Disk Drive '' ( EDD ) was made available , which makes it possible to address drives as large as 2 sectors . Interface size limitations ( edit ) The first drive interface used 22 - bit addressing mode which resulted in a maximum drive capacity of two gigabytes . Later , the first formalized ATA specification used a 28 - bit addressing mode through LBA28 , allowing for the addressing of 2 ( 268 435 456 ) sectors ( blocks ) of 512 bytes each , resulting in a maximum capacity of 128 GiB ( 137 GB ) . ATA - 6 introduced 48 - bit addressing , increasing the limit to 128 PiB ( 144 PB ) . As a consequence , any ATA drive of capacity larger than about 137 GB must be an ATA - 6 or later drive . Connecting such a drive to a host with an ATA - 5 or earlier interface will limit the usable capacity to the maximum of the interface . Some operating systems , including Windows XP pre-SP1 , and Windows 2000 pre-SP3 , disable LBA48 by default , requiring the user to take extra steps to use the entire capacity of an ATA drive larger than about 137 gigabytes . Older operating systems , such as Windows 98 , do not support 48 - bit LBA at all . However , members of the third - party group MSFN have modified the Windows 98 disk drivers to add unofficial support for 48 - bit LBA to Windows 95 OSR2 , Windows 98 , Windows 98 SE and Windows ME . Some 16 - bit and 32 - bit operating systems supporting LBA48 may still not support disks larger than 2 TiB due to using 32 - bit arithmetics only ; a limitation also applying to many boot sectors . Primacy and obsolescence ( edit ) Parallel ATA ( then simply called ATA or IDE ) became the primary storage device interface for PCs soon after its introduction . In some systems , a third and fourth motherboard interface was provided , allowing up to eight ATA devices to be attached to the motherboard . Often , these additional connectors were implemented by inexpensive RAID controllers . Soon after the introduction of Serial ATA ( SATA ) in 2003 , use of Parallel ATA declined . The first motherboards with built - in SATA interfaces usually had only a single PATA connector ( for up to two PATA devices ) , along with multiple SATA connectors . As of 2007 , some PC chipsets , for example the Intel ICH10 , had removed support for PATA . Motherboard vendors still wishing to offer Parallel ATA with those chipsets must include an additional interface chip . In more recent computers , the Parallel ATA interface is rarely used even if present , as four or more Serial ATA connectors are usually provided on the motherboard and SATA devices of all types are common . With Western Digital 's withdrawal from the PATA market , hard disk drives with the PATA interface were no longer in production after December 2013 for other than specialty applications . Parallel ATA interface ( edit ) Parallel ATA cables transfer data 16 bits at a time . The traditional cable uses 40 - pin connectors attached to a ribbon cable . Each cable has two or three connectors , one of which plugs into an adapter interfacing with the rest of the computer system . The remaining connector ( s ) plug into storage devices , most commonly hard disk drives or optical drives . ATA 's cables have had 40 wires for most of its history ( 44 conductors for the smaller form - factor version used for 2.5 '' drives -- the extra four for power ) , but an 80 - wire version appeared with the introduction of the UDMA / 66 mode . All of the additional wires in the new cable are ground wires , interleaved with the previously defined wires to reduce the effects of capacitive coupling between neighboring signal wires , reducing crosstalk . Capacitive coupling is more of a problem at higher transfer rates , and this change was necessary to enable the 66 megabytes per second ( MB / s ) transfer rate of UDMA4 to work reliably . The faster UDMA5 and UDMA6 modes also require 80 - conductor cables . ATA cables : 40 - wire ribbon cable ( top ) , and 80 - wire ribbon cable ( bottom ) Though the number of wires doubled , the number of connector pins and the pinout remain the same as 40 - conductor cables , and the external appearance of the connectors is identical . Internally , the connectors are different ; the connectors for the 80 - wire cable connect a larger number of ground wires to the ground pins , while the connectors for the 40 - wire cable connect ground wires to ground pins one - for - one . 80 - wire cables usually come with three differently colored connectors ( blue , black , and gray for controller , master drive , and slave drive respectively ) as opposed to uniformly colored 40 - wire cable 's connectors ( commonly all gray ) . The gray connector on 80 - conductor cables has pin 28 CSEL not connected , making it the slave position for drives configured cable select . Round parallel ATA cables ( as opposed to ribbon cables ) were eventually made available for ' case modders ' for cosmetic reasons , as well as claims of improved computer cooling and were easier to handle ; however , only ribbon cables are supported by the ATA specifications . Pin 20 In the ATA standard , pin 20 is defined as ( mechanical ) key and is not used . This socket on the female connector is often obstructed , requiring pin 20 to be omitted from the male cable or drive connector , making it impossible to plug it in the wrong way round ; a male connector with pin 20 present can not be used . However , some flash memory drives can use pin 20 as VCC_in to power the drive without requiring a special power cable ; this feature can only be used if the equipment supports this use of pin 20 . Pin 28 Pin 28 of the gray ( slave / middle ) connector of an 80 - conductor cable is not attached to any conductor of the cable . It is attached normally on the black ( master drive end ) and blue ( motherboard end ) connectors . Pin 34 Pin 34 is connected to ground inside the blue connector of an 80 - conductor cable but not attached to any conductor of the cable . It is attached normally on the gray and black connectors . Differences between connectors on 80 - conductor cables ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Differences between connectors The image on the right shows PATA connectors after removal of strain relief , cover , and cable . Pin one is at bottom left of the connectors , pin 2 is top left , etc. , except that the lower image of the blue connector shows the view from the opposite side , and pin one is at top right . The connector is an insulation - displacement connector -- in other words , each contact comprises a pair of points which together pierce the insulation of the ribbon cable with such precision that they make a connection to the desired conductor without harming the insulation on the neighboring wires . The center row of contacts are all connected to the common ground bus and attached to the odd numbered conductors of the cable . The top row of contacts are the even - numbered sockets of the connector ( mating with the even - numbered pins of the receptacle ) and attach to every other even - numbered conductor of the cable . The bottom row of contacts are the odd - numbered sockets of the connector ( mating with the odd - numbered pins of the receptacle ) and attach to the remaining even - numbered conductors of the cable . Note the connections to the common ground bus from sockets 2 ( top left ) , 19 ( center bottom row ) , 22 , 24 , 26 , 30 , and 40 on all connectors . Also note ( enlarged detail , bottom , looking from the opposite side of the connector ) that socket 34 of the blue connector does not contact any conductor but unlike socket 34 of the other two connectors , it does connect to the common ground bus . On the gray connector , note that socket 28 is completely missing , so that pin 28 of the drive attached to the gray connector will be open . On the black connector , sockets 28 and 34 are completely normal , so that pins 28 and 34 of the drive attached to the black connector will be connected to the cable . Pin 28 of the black drive reaches pin 28 of the host receptacle but not pin 28 of the gray drive , while pin 34 of the black drive reaches pin 34 of the gray drive but not pin 34 of the host . Instead , pin 34 of the host is grounded . The standard dictates color - coded connectors for easy identification by both installer and cable maker . All three connectors are different from one another . The blue ( host ) connector has the socket for pin 34 connected to ground inside the connector but not attached to any conductor of the cable . Since the old 40 conductor cables do not ground pin 34 , the presence of a ground connection indicates that an 80 conductor cable is installed . The wire for pin 34 is attached normally on the other types and is not grounded . Installing the cable backwards ( with the black connector on the system board , the blue connector on the remote device and the gray connector on the center device ) will ground pin 34 of the remote device and connect host pin 34 through to pin 34 of the center device . The gray center connector omits the connection to pin 28 but connects pin 34 normally , while the black end connector connects both pins 28 and 34 normally . Multiple devices on a cable ( edit ) If two devices are attached to a single cable , one must be designated as device 0 ( commonly referred to as master ) and the other as device 1 ( slave ) . This distinction is necessary to allow both drives to share the cable without conflict . The master drive is the drive that usually appears `` first '' to the computer 's BIOS and / or operating system . On old BIOSes ( Intel 486 era and older ) , the drives are often referred to by the BIOS as `` C '' for the master and `` D '' for the slave following the way DOS would refer to the active primary partitions on each . The mode that a drive must use is often set by a jumper setting on the drive itself , which must be manually set to master or slave . If there is a single device on a cable , it should be configured as master . However , some hard drives have a special setting called single for this configuration ( Western Digital , in particular ) . Also , depending on the hardware and software available , a single drive on a cable will often work reliably even though configured as the slave drive ( most often seen where an optical drive is the only device on the secondary ATA interface ) . Cable select ( edit ) A drive mode called cable select was described as optional in ATA - 1 and has come into fairly widespread use with ATA - 5 and later . A drive set to `` cable select '' automatically configures itself as master or slave , according to its position on the cable . Cable select is controlled by pin 28 . The host adapter grounds this pin ; if a device sees that the pin is grounded , it becomes the master device ; if it sees that pin 28 is open , the device becomes the slave device . This setting is usually chosen by a jumper setting on the drive called `` cable select '' , usually marked CS , which is separate from the `` master '' or `` slave '' setting . Note that if two drives are configured as master and slave manually , this configuration does not need to correspond to their position on the cable . Pin 28 is only used to let the drives know their position on the cable ; it is not used by the host when communicating with the drives . With the 40 - wire cable , it was very common to implement cable select by simply cutting the pin 28 wire between the two device connectors ; putting the slave device at the end of the cable , and the master on the middle connector . This arrangement eventually was standardized in later versions . If there is just one device on the cable , this results in an unused stub of cable , which is undesirable for physical convenience and electrical reasons . The stub causes signal reflections , particularly at higher transfer rates . Starting with the 80 - wire cable defined for use in ATAPI5 / UDMA4 , the master device goes at the end of the 18 - inch ( 460 mm ) cable -- the black connector -- and the slave device goes on the middle connector -- the gray one -- and the blue connector goes onto the motherboard . So , if there is only one ( master ) device on the cable , there is no cable stub to cause reflections . Also , cable select is now implemented in the slave device connector , usually simply by omitting the contact from the connector body . Master and slave clarification ( edit ) Although they are in extremely common use , the terms `` master '' and `` slave '' do not actually appear in current versions of the ATA specifications . The two devices are simply referred to as `` device 0 '' and `` device 1 '' , respectively , in ATA - 2 and later . It is a common myth that the controller on the master drive assumes control over the slave drive , or that the master drive may claim priority of communication over the other device on the same ATA interface . In fact , the drivers in the host operating system perform the necessary arbitration and serialization , and each drive 's onboard controller operates independently of the other . Serialized , overlapped , and queued operations ( edit ) The parallel ATA protocols up through ATA - 3 require that once a command has been given on an ATA interface , it must complete before any subsequent command may be given . Operations on the devices must be serialized -- with only one operation in progress at a time -- with respect to the ATA host interface . A useful mental model is that the host ATA interface is busy with the first request for its entire duration , and therefore can not be told about another request until the first one is complete . The function of serializing requests to the interface is usually performed by a device driver in the host operating system . The ATA - 4 and subsequent versions of the specification have included an `` overlapped feature set '' and a `` queued feature set '' as optional features , both being given the name `` Tagged Command Queuing '' ( TCQ ) , a reference to a set of features from SCSI which the ATA version attempts to emulate . However , support for these is extremely rare in actual parallel ATA products and device drivers because these feature sets were implemented in such a way as to maintain software compatibility with its heritage as originally an extension of the ISA bus . This implementation resulted in excessive CPU utilization which largely negated the advantages of command queuing . By contrast , overlapped and queued operations have been common in other storage buses , in particular , SCSI 's version of tagged command queuing had no need to be software compatible with ISA 's APIs , allowing it to attain high performance with low overhead on buses which supported first party DMA like PCI . This has long been seen as a major advantage of SCSI . The Serial ATA standard has supported native command queueing ( NCQ ) since its first release , but it is an optional feature for both host adapters and target devices . Many obsolete PC motherboards do not support NCQ , but modern SATA hard disk drives and SATA solid - state drives usually support NCQ , which is not the case for removable ( CD / DVD ) drives because the ATAPI command set used to control them prohibits queued operations . Two devices on one cable -- speed impact ( edit ) There are many debates about how much a slow device can impact the performance of a faster device on the same cable . There is an effect , but the debate is confused by the blurring of two quite different causes , called here `` Lowest speed '' and `` One operation at a time '' . `` Lowest speed '' ( edit ) It is a common misconception that , if two devices of different speed capabilities are on the same cable , both devices ' data transfers will be constrained to the speed of the slower device . For all modern ATA host adapters , this is not true , as modern ATA host adapters support independent device timing . This allows each device on the cable to transfer data at its own best speed . Even with older adapters without independent timing , this effect applies only to the data transfer phase of a read or write operation . This is usually the shortest part of a complete read or write operation . `` One operation at a time '' ( edit ) This is caused by the omission of both overlapped and queued feature sets from most parallel ATA products . Only one device on a cable can perform a read or write operation at one time , therefore , a fast device on the same cable as a slow device under heavy use will find it has to wait for the slow device to complete its task first . However , most modern devices will report write operations as complete once the data is stored in its onboard cache memory , before the data is written to the ( slow ) magnetic storage . This allows commands to be sent to the other device on the cable , reducing the impact of the `` one operation at a time '' limit . The impact of this on a system 's performance depends on the application . For example , when copying data from an optical drive to a hard drive ( such as during software installation ) , this effect probably will not matter : Such jobs are necessarily limited by the speed of the optical drive no matter where it is . But if the hard drive in question is also expected to provide good throughput for other tasks at the same time , it probably should not be on the same cable as the optical drive . HDD passwords and security ( edit ) `` ATA Secure Erase '' redirects here . For ATA Secure Erase with flash memory , see Write amplification § Secure erase . For general use , see Disk formatting § Recovery of data from a formatted disk . ATA devices may support an optional security feature which is defined in an ATA specification , and thus not specific to any brand or device . The security feature can be enabled and disabled by sending special ATA commands to the drive . If a device is locked , it will refuse all access until it is unlocked . A device can have two passwords : A User Password and a Master Password . Either or both may be set ; there is a Master Password identifier feature which if supported and used can identifies with out disclosing the current Master Password . A device can be locked in two modes : High security mode or Maximum security mode . Bit 8 in word 128 of the IDENTIFY response shows which mode the disk is in : 0 = High , 1 = Maximum . In High security mode , the device can be unlocked with either the User or Master password , using the `` SECURITY UNLOCK DEVICE '' ATA command . There is an attempt limit , normally set to 5 , after which the disk must be power cycled or hard - reset before unlocking can be attempted again . Also in High security mode , the SECURITY ERASE UNIT command can be used with either the User or Master password . In Maximum security mode , the device can be unlocked only with the User password . If the User password is not available , the only remaining way to get at least the bare hardware back to a usable state is to issue the SECURITY ERASE PREPARE command , immediately followed by SECURITY ERASE UNIT . In Maximum security mode , the SECURITY ERASE UNIT command requires the Master password and will completely erase all data on the disk . Word 89 in the IDENTIFY response indicates how long the operation will take . While the ATA lock is intended to be impossible to defeat without a valid password , there are purported workarounds to unlock a device . External Parallel ATA devices ( edit ) PATA to USB Adapter . It is mounted on the rear of a DVD - RW optical drive inside an external case Due to a short cable length specification and shielding issues it is extremely uncommon to find external PATA devices that directly use PATA for connection to a computer . A device connected externally needs additional cable length to form a U-shaped bend so that the external device may be placed alongside , or on top of the computer case , and the standard cable length is too short to permit this . For ease of reach from motherboard to device , the connectors tend to be positioned towards the front edge of motherboards , for connection to devices protruding from the front of the computer case . This front - edge position makes extension out the back to an external device even more difficult . Ribbon cables are poorly shielded , and the standard relies upon the cabling to be installed inside a shielded computer case to meet RF emissions limits . External hard disk drives or optical disk drives that have an internal PATA interface , use some other interface technology to bridge the distance between the external device and the computer . USB is the most common external interface , followed by Firewire . A bridge chip inside the external devices converts from the USB interface to PATA , and typically only supports a single external device without cable select or master / slave . Compact flash interface ( edit ) Compact flash is a miniature ATA interface , slightly modified to be able to also supply power to the CF device . Compact Flash in its IDE mode is essentially a miniaturized ATA interface , intended for use on devices that use flash memory storage . No interfacing chips or circuitry are required , other than to directly adapt the smaller CF socket onto the larger ATA connector . The ATA connector specification does not include pins for supplying power to a CF device , so power is inserted into the connector from a separate source . The exception to this is when the CF device is connected to a 44 - pin ATA bus designed for 2.5 - inch hard disk drives , commonly found in notebook computers , as this bus implementation must provide power to a standard hard disk drive . CF devices can be designated as master or slave on an ATA interface , though since most CF devices offer only a single socket , it is not necessary to offer this selection to end users . Although CF can be hot - pluggable with additional design methods , by default when wired directly to an ATA interface , it is not intended to be hot - pluggable . ATA standards versions , transfer rates , and features ( edit ) The following table shows the names of the versions of the ATA standards and the transfer modes and rates supported by each . Note that the transfer rate for each mode ( for example , 66.7 MB / s for UDMA4 , commonly called `` Ultra-DMA 66 '' , defined by ATA - 5 ) gives its maximum theoretical transfer rate on the cable . This is simply two bytes multiplied by the effective clock rate , and presumes that every clock cycle is used to transfer end - user data . In practice , of course , protocol overhead reduces this value . Congestion on the host bus to which the ATA adapter is attached may also limit the maximum burst transfer rate . For example , the maximum data transfer rate for conventional PCI bus is 133 MB / s , and this is shared among all active devices on the bus . In addition , no ATA hard drives existed in 2005 that were capable of measured sustained transfer rates of above 80 MB / s . Furthermore , sustained transfer rate tests do not give realistic throughput expectations for most workloads : They use I / O loads specifically designed to encounter almost no delays from seek time or rotational latency . Hard drive performance under most workloads is limited first and second by those two factors ; the transfer rate on the bus is a distant third in importance . Therefore , transfer speed limits above 66 MB / s really affect performance only when the hard drive can satisfy all I / O requests by reading from its internal cache -- a very unusual situation , especially considering that such data is usually already buffered by the operating system . As of April 2010 , mechanical hard disk drives can transfer data at up to 157 MB / s , which is beyond the capabilities of the PATA / 133 specification . High - performance solid state drives can transfer data at up to 308 MB / s . Only the Ultra DMA modes use CRC to detect errors in data transfer between the controller and drive . This is a 16 - bit CRC , and it is used for data blocks only . Transmission of command and status blocks do not use the fast signaling methods that would necessitate CRC . For comparison , in Serial ATA , 32 - bit CRC is used for both commands and data . Features introduced with each ATA revision ( edit ) Standard Other names New transfer modes Maximum disk size ( 512 byte sector ) Other new features ANSI reference IDE ( pre-ATA ) IDE PIO 0 2 GiB ( 2.1 GB ) 22 - bit logical block addressing ( LBA ) -- ATA - 1 ATA , IDE PIO 0 , 1 , 2 Single - word DMA 0 , 1 , 2 Multi-word DMA 0 128 GiB ( 137 GB ) 28 - bit logical block addressing ( LBA ) X3. 221 - 1994 ( obsolete since 1999 ) ATA - 2 EIDE , Fast ATA , Fast IDE , Ultra ATA PIO 3 , 4 Multi-word DMA 1 , 2 PCMCIA connector . Identify drive command . X3. 279 - 1996 ( obsolete since 2001 ) ATA - 3 EIDE Single - word DMA modes dropped S.M.A.R.T. , Security , 44 pin connector for 2.5 '' drives X3. 298 - 1997 ( obsolete since 2002 ) ATA / ATAPI - 4 ATA - 4 , Ultra ATA / 33 Ultra DMA 0 , 1 , 2 , also known as UDMA / 33 AT Attachment Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) ( support for CD - ROM , tape drives etc . ) , Optional overlapped and queued command set features , Host Protected Area ( HPA ) , CompactFlash Association ( CFA ) feature set for solid state drives NCITS 317 - 1998 ATA / ATAPI - 5 ATA - 5 , Ultra ATA / 66 Ultra DMA 3 , 4 , also known as UDMA / 66 80 - wire cables ; CompactFlash connector NCITS 340 - 2000 ATA / ATAPI - 6 ATA - 6 , Ultra ATA / 100 UDMA 5 , also known as UDMA / 100 128 PiB ( 144 PB ) 48 - bit LBA , Device Configuration Overlay ( DCO ) , Automatic Acoustic Management ( AAM ) NCITS 361 - 2002 ATA / ATAPI - 7 ATA - 7 , Ultra ATA / 133 UDMA 6 , also known as UDMA / 133 SATA / 150 SATA 1.0 , Streaming feature set , long logical / physical sector feature set for non-packet devices INCITS 397 - 2005 ( vol 1 ) INCITS 397 - 2005 ( vol 2 ) INCITS 397 - 2005 ( vol 3 ) ATA / ATAPI - 8 ATA - 8 -- Hybrid drive featuring non-volatile cache to speed up critical OS files INCITS 452 - 2008 ATA / ATAPI - 8 ACS - 2 -- Data Set Management , Extended Power Conditions , CFast , additional stats. , etc . INCITS 482 - 2012 Speed of defined transfer modes ( edit ) Transfer Modes Mode # Maximum transfer rate ( MB / s ) cycle time PIO 0 3.3 600 ns 5.2 383 ns 8.3 240 ns 11.1 180 ns 16.7 120 ns Single - word DMA 0 2.1 960 ns 4.2 480 ns 8.3 240 ns Multi-word DMA 0 4.2 480 ns 13.3 150 ns 16.7 120 ns 20 100 ns 25 80 ns Ultra DMA 0 16.7 240 ns ÷ 2 25.0 160 ns ÷ 2 2 ( Ultra ATA / 33 ) 33.3 120 ns ÷ 2 44.4 90 ns ÷ 2 4 ( Ultra ATA / 66 ) 66.7 60 ns ÷ 2 5 ( Ultra ATA / 100 ) 100 40 ns ÷ 2 6 ( Ultra ATA / 133 ) 133 30 ns ÷ 2 7 ( Ultra ATA / 167 ) 167 24 ns ÷ 2 Related standards , features , and proposals ( edit ) ATAPI removable media device ( ARMD ) ( edit ) Main article : ATA Packet Interface ATAPI devices with removable media , other than CD and DVD drives , are classified as ARMD ( ATAPI Removable Media Device ) and can appear as either a super-floppy ( non-partitioned media ) or a hard drive ( partitioned media ) to the operating system . These can be supported as bootable devices by a BIOS complying with the ATAPI Removable Media Device BIOS Specification , originally developed by Compaq Computer Corporation and Phoenix Technologies . It specifies provisions in the BIOS of a personal computer to allow the computer to be bootstrapped from devices such as Zip drives , Jaz drives , SuperDisk ( LS - 120 ) drives , and similar devices . These devices have removable media like floppy disk drives , but capacities more commensurate with hard drives , and programming requirements unlike either . Due to limitations in the floppy controller interface most of these devices were ATAPI devices , connected to one of the host computer 's ATA interfaces , similarly to a hard drive or CD - ROM device . However , existing BIOS standards did not support these devices . An ARMD - compliant BIOS allows these devices to be booted from and used under the operating system without requiring device - specific code in the OS . A BIOS implementing ARMD allows the user to include ARMD devices in the boot search order . Usually an ARMD device is configured earlier in the boot order than the hard drive . Similarly to a floppy drive , if bootable media is present in the ARMD drive , the BIOS will boot from it ; if not , the BIOS will continue in the search order , usually with the hard drive last . There are two variants of ARMD , ARMD - FDD and ARMD - HDD . Originally ARMD caused the devices to appear as a sort of very large floppy drive , either the primary floppy drive device 00h or the secondary device 01h . Some operating systems required code changes to support floppy disks with capacities far larger than any standard floppy disk drive . Also , standard - floppy disk drive emulation proved to be unsuitable for certain high - capacity floppy disk drives such as Iomega Zip drives . Later the ARMD - HDD , ARMD - `` Hard disk device '' , variant was developed to address these issues . Under ARMD - HDD , an ARMD device appears to the BIOS and the operating system as a hard drive . ATA over Ethernet ( edit ) In August 2004 , Sam Hopkins and Brantley Coile of Coraid specified a lightweight ATA over Ethernet protocol to carry ATA commands over Ethernet instead of directly connecting them to a PATA host adapter . This permitted the established block protocol to be reused in storage area network ( SAN ) applications . See also ( edit ) Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) ATA over Ethernet ( AoE ) BIOS for BIOS Boot Specification ( BBS ) CE - ATA Consumer Electronics ( CE ) ATA FATA ( hard drive ) INT 13H for BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Specification ( SFF - 8039i ) IT8212 , a low - end Parallel ATA controller Master / slave ( technology ) SCSI ( Small Computer System Interface ) Serial ATA List of device bandwidths References ( edit ) Jump up ^ t13.org Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA : A Comparison with Ultra ATA Technology '' ( PDF ) . Seagate Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Frawley , Lucas . `` Parallel vs. Serial ATA '' . What Is ? The Information for Your Computer Questions . Directron.com . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ David A. Deming , The Essential Guide to Serial ATA and SATA Express , CRC Press - 2014 , page 32 Jump up ^ Common Access Method AT Bus Attachment , Rev 1 , April 1 , 1989 , CAM / 89 - 002 , CAM Committee Jump up ^ `` Ref - Overview of the IDE / ATA Interface '' . PCGuide . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lamers , Lawrence J. , ed. ( 1994 ) . AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . ANSI ASC X3 . X3. 221 - 1994 . Jump up ^ Finch , Stephen G. , ed . ( March 18 , 1996 ) . AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ( ATA - 2 ) revision 4c ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . ANSI ASC X3T10 . X3. 279 - 1996 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Curtis E. , ed. ( September 6 , 2008 ) . AT Attachment 8 - ATA / ATAPI Command Set ( ATA8 - ACS ) revision 6a ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . ANSI ASC T13 . INCITS 452 - 2008 . Jump up ^ William Rothwell , LPIC - 2 Cert Guide : ( 201 - 400 and 202 - 400 exams ) , Pearson IT Certification - 2016 , page 150 Jump up ^ David A. Deming , The Essential Guide to Serial ATA and SATA Express , CRC Press - 2014 , page 32 Jump up ^ Nitin Vengurlekar , Murali Vallath , Rich Long , Oracle Automatic Storage Management : Under - the - Hood & Practical Deployment Guide , McGraw Hill Professional - 2007 , page 6 Jump up ^ Simon Collin , Dictionary of Computing : Over 10,000 Terms Clearly Defined , A&C Black , 2009 , page 67 Jump up ^ Scott Mueller , Upgrading and Repairing PCs - Chapter 7 . The ATA / IDE Interface , Que Publishing , Jun 22 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` System Architecture : a look at hard drives '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 . IDE drives on - board controllers are configured to appear to the computer like standard ST506 drives Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : Overview and History of the IDE / ATA Interface '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gene Milligan ( 2005 - 12 - 18 ) . `` The History of CAM ATA '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : ATA ( ATA - 1 ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment ( 1994 ) . AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives ( ATA - 1 ) . Global Engineering Documents . Jump up ^ Independent Technology Service ( 2008 ) . `` Data Recovery and Hard Disk Drive Glossary of Terms '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Creative Labs sound card documentation showing diagram with custom Mitsumi , Sony , and Panasonic CD - ROM drive connectors Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : ATA ( ATA - 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment ( 1996 ) . AT Attachment Interface with Extensions ( ATA - 2 ) . Global Engineering Documents . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : SFF - 8020 / ATA Packet Interface ( ATAPI ) '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` The PC Guide : ATA / ATAPI - 4 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Technical Committee T13 AT Attachment ( 1998 ) . AT Attachment with Packet Interface Extension ( ATA / ATAPI - 4 ) . Global Engineering Documents . Jump up ^ Western Digital Corporation . `` Ultra ATA / 100 Extends Existing Technology While Increasing Performance and Data Integrity '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : kursk.ru -- Standard CMOS Setup Jump up ^ teleport.com -- Interrupts Page Jump up ^ Disk - based memory ( hard drives ) , solid state disk devices such as USB drives , DVD - based storage , bit rates , bus speeds , and network speeds , are specified using decimal meanings for K ( 1000 ) , M ( 1000 ) , G ( 1000 ) , ... Jump up ^ FryeWare ( 2005 ) . `` EnableBigLba Registry Setting in Windows 2000 and XP '' . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . The setting is HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SYSTEM \ CurrentControlSet \ Services \ atapi \ Parameters \ EnableBigLba = 1 . Jump up ^ LLXX ( 2006 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Enable48BitLBA - Break the 137 GB barrier ! '' . 1.1 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital stops sales of PATA drives '' . Myce.com. 2013 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Welcome to Transcend website Jump up ^ `` Information Technology - AT Attachment with Packet Interface - 5 ( ATA / ATAPI - 5 ) - Working Draft '' ( PDF ) . 2000 - 02 - 29 . p. 315 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Independent Master / Slave Device Timing '' . The PC Guide . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rockbox -- Unlocking a password protected harddisk Jump up ^ Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos ( 2010 - 04 - 06 ) . `` VelociRaptor Returns : 6Gb / s , 600GB , And 10,000 RPM '' . tomshardware.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Spring 2010 Solid State Drive Roundup , Part 2 '' . tomshardware.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA -- A Comparison with Ultra ATA Technology '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 12 - 03 . www.serialata.org Jump up ^ mpcclub.com -- Em8550datasheet. pdf Jump up ^ Direct Memory Access ( DMA ) Modes and Bus Mastering DMA ^ Jump up to : CompactFlash 2.1 Jump up ^ CompactFlash 6.0 Jump up ^ Curtis E. Stevens ; Paul J. Broyles ( 1997 - 01 - 30 ) . `` ATAPI Removable Media Device BIOS Specification , Version 1.0 '' ( PDF ) . phoenix.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . External links ( edit ) CE - ATA Workgroup ( hide ) Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS. bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . GND : 4442466 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parallel_ATA&oldid=816837441 '' Categories : AT Attachment Computer storage buses Computer connectors Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 01 : 41 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20ATA
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when is season four of the 100 coming out on netflix
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List of the 100 episodes
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list of the 100 episodes
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The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse .
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In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . As of May 22 , 2018 , 63 episodes of The 100 have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , the only remaining humans are residents of an orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husbands discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day ; she is caught , and their mother is executed . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does n't speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She 's successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At then end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has n't spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Octavia has figured out that Clarke and Lexa knew about the missile strike in advance , and Lexa decides she needs to be killed to protect that secret . Clarke prevents this and angrily confronts Lexa , who reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog . Raven and Wick have celebratory sex , but Bellamy discovers that the fog 's still active and that his radio contact has been cut off while the army is marching on Mount Weather . Clarke inspires Lexa to not treat love as weakness , and that there is more to life than just surviving . Lexa kisses Clarke , but she pushes Lexa away , claiming that is not ready for another relationship so soon ( revealing that Clarke is bisexual ) . Raven signals the fog is disabled ; Clarke and Lexa lead their army to the mountain . The mountain men prepare to deploy the acid fog , but Bellamy manages to elude a security team and destroy the system in an explosion just in time . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew encounter a perilous minefield roadblock as they continue their search for the City of Light . After traversing the minefield , at a cost of their remaining group , they reach a lake where a boat appears as if by magic to aid them in crossing . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Death Dealer ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . They accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the ALIE 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that A.L.I.E. 2.0 has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 The grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes A.L.I.E. 2.0 , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about ALIE 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under ALIE 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she 's her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does n't die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to ALIE 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from ALIE 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / ALIE in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Jaha having sealed the Second Dawn bunker , he argues with Bellamy over leaving others above ground as the death wave approaches . Abby takes it upon herself to free Bellamy from containment , and subdue Murphy guarding him , to help open the bunker , but Bellamy comes face - to - face with Clarke who stands by Jaha 's decision . However , despite her concerns about future survivors , Clarke finally makes her own choice to help Bellamy . On the surface , Octavia quarrels with Echo over her involvement in the battle , and while they are able to convince her to stay quiet about the situation in the bunker until it is resolved , Octavia and Indra ban her from entering while admitting the Ice Nation . At Arkadia , Monty tries to reason with Jasper and the others to travel to Polis to the bunker before it is too late , but Jasper and the others ( showing signs of fatal radiation poisoning ) decides to end it all with a suicide pact , except for Harper . Elsewhere at the lab , Raven pushes herself to make a tough choice due to both Becca and Sinclair 's hallucinations over how to cure her damaged brain and to continue building the space rocket , finally drowning herself in a pool of icy water with a timed electric shock to restart her heart . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Eden Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does n't work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do n't release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that Raven has changed the launch codes . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march on Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Zeke stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does n't know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Wilken , Selina ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' season 5 will be 13 episodes , ' no conversations ' about ending the series '' . Hypable . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 506 ) `` Exit Wounds '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=842806891 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 20 : 22 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20100%20episodes
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is mazda cx 9 same as ford edge
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Mazda CX - 9 Overview Manufacturer Mazda Production 2006 -- 2015 Assembly Hiroshima Plant , Hiroshima , Japan Designer Kaname Sawai ( 2004 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transverse front engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Platform Ford CD3 platform Related Ford Edge Ford Fusion Mercury Milan Lincoln MKZ Mazda6 Powertrain Engine 3.5 L MZI V6 ( 2007 ) 3.7 L MZI V6 ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Transmission Six - speed F21 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,875 mm ( 113.2 in ) Length 5,075 mm ( 199.8 in ) Width 1,935 mm ( 76.2 in ) Height 2007 - 09 : 1,730 mm ( 68 in ) 2007 - 09 Grand Touring : 1,735 mm ( 68.3 in ) 2010 - 15 : 1,727 mm ( 68.0 in ) Curb weight 2,054 kg ( 4,528 lb ) ( approx . ) Chronology Predecessor Mazda MPV
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Mazda CX - 9
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mazda cx - 9
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The Mazda CX - 9 is a mid-size crossover SUV manufactured since 2006 by Mazda in Japan at its Ujina 1 plant in Hiroshima Prefecture .
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Despite being built in Japan , the CX - 9 is not sold in Japan 's domestic market , as it exceeds Japanese government dimension regulations and the engine displacement obligates a large annual road tax bill . Instead , the closely related Mazda CX - 8 is sold in the Japanese market . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2006 -- 15 ) 1.1 2010 facelift 1.2 2013 facelift 2 Second generation ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Awards 4 Sales 5 References First generation ( 2006 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Mazda CX - 9 Overview Manufacturer Mazda Production 2006 -- 2015 Assembly Hiroshima Plant , Hiroshima , Japan Designer Kaname Sawai ( 2004 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transverse front engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Platform Ford CD3 platform Related Ford Edge Ford Fusion Mercury Milan Lincoln MKZ Mazda6 Powertrain Engine 3.5 L MZI V6 ( 2007 ) 3.7 L MZI V6 ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Transmission Six - speed F21 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,875 mm ( 113.2 in ) Length 5,075 mm ( 199.8 in ) Width 1,935 mm ( 76.2 in ) Height 2007 - 09 : 1,730 mm ( 68 in ) 2007 - 09 Grand Touring : 1,735 mm ( 68.3 in ) 2010 - 15 : 1,727 mm ( 68.0 in ) Curb weight 2,054 kg ( 4,528 lb ) ( approx . ) Chronology Predecessor Mazda MPV The first - generation CX - 9 was originally fitted with a 3.5 L Ford V6 engine , but , in 2008 the engine was changed to a 3.7 L unit producing 204 kW ( 274 hp ) and 366 N ⋅ m ( 270 lb ⋅ ft ) of torque . This engine was coupled with a six - speed automatic transmission . The first generation is based on the Ford CD3 platform that is shared with many Ford and Mazda models . Standard safety equipment included blind - spot monitoring , rearview mirror - mounted backup camera , collision avoidance , electronic stability control , traction control , roll stability control , front - side impact airbags , and three - row side - curtain airbags . 2010 facelift ( edit ) For the 2010 model , the Mazda CX - 9 received a minor facelift consisting of a new front fascia . Three - zone climate control and a Bluetooth hands - free interface were now standard features . 2010 facelift 2010 facelift 2013 facelift ( edit ) For the 2013 model year , the CX - 9 received a refresh that included a new grille , new headlights , and restyled front vents . 2013 facelift 2013 facelift Second generation ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Second Generation Overview Type Mid-size crossover SUV Production 2016 - present Model years 2016 - present Body and chassis Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transverse front engine Powertrain Engine 2.5 L Turbo 4 Cylinder Direct Injection Dimensions Wheelbase 2,930 mm ( 115 in ) Length 5,075 mm ( 199.8 in ) Width 1,969 mm ( 77.5 in ) Height 1,747 mm ( 68.8 in ) Curb weight 1,924 kg ( 4,242 lb ) Mazda CX - 9 ( US ) At the 2015 Los Angeles Auto Show , Mazda revealed the second generation CX - 9 nine years after the previous version launched . The 2016 Mazda CX - 9 is brand new , and is based on the SkyActiv platform and engines that are shared with new Mazdas introduced after 2011 . The second generation Mazda CX - 9 uses a turbocharged version of the 2.5 - litre four - cylinder SkyActiv - G petrol engine , producing 227 hp on 87 octane fuel and 250 hp on premium fuel and 470 Nm of torque ( 310 lb - ft ) . The engine is joined with a six - speed automatic transmission . The new exterior design follows Mazda 's Kodo design philosophy . It is shorter than before , but rides on a longer wheelbase , resulting in shorter front and rear overhangs . Weight is also down 90 kilograms ( 190 lbs ) in FWD and 130 kilograms ( 287 lbs ) in AWD versions , Mazda added many new active safety systems on the new CX - 9 . These include the Blind Spot Monitoring , Radar Cruise Control with a Stop / Start function , Lane Keep Assist , Lane Departure Warning , High Beam Control , Autonomous Emergency Braking ( low & high speed ) . All models come standard with Autonomous Emergency Braking ( low - speed ) and Blind - Spot Monitoring ( in most markets ) . It was also revealed and shown in Indonesia at the 25th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show in South Tangerang on 10 August 2017 , and launched in Jakarta on 1 February 2018 . Awards ( edit ) In 2008 , the first - generation Mazda CX - 9 was awarded Motor Trend SUV of the Year . Also , it was selected for the North American Truck of the Year award in 2008 . In Australia , the second - generation Mazda CX - 9 was awarded the 2017 Wheels Car of the Year . Car and Driver named the CX - 9 the best midsize SUV in it 's annual 10 Best Trucks and SUVs for 2017 and 2018 Sales ( edit ) Calendar year US sales 2013 24,628 2014 18,496 2015 18,048 2016 16,051 2017 25,828 References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mazda CX - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Models Available '' . Mazda Japan . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 10Best Trucks and SUVs : Our Top Picks in Every Segment Feature Car and Driver '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 10Best Trucks and SUVs : The Best in Every Segment -- Feature -- Car and Driver '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://insidemazda.mazdausa.com/press-release-category/corporate-news/sales-news `` previous -- Mazda road car timeline , 1990s -- present Type 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Kei car / Microvan / Kei truck Autozam Carol Carol Carol Carol Carol Carol AZ - Wagon AZ - Wagon AZ - Wagon AZ - Wagon Flair Flair Wagon Flair Wagon AZ - Offroad Flair Crossover Spiano Laputa Autozam Scrum Scrum / Scrum Wagon Scrum / Scrum Wagon Subcompact Autozam Revue / 121 Demio / 121 Demio / Mazda2 Demio / Mazda2 Demio / Mazda2 Verisa Compact Familia / 323 / Protegé / Astina / Eunos 100 Familia / 323 / Protegé / Lantis Familia / 323 / Protegé Axela / Mazda3 Axela / Mazda3 Axela / Mazda3 Familia Van Familia Van Familia Van Mid-size Capella / 626 Capella Capella / 626 Atenza / Mazda6 Atenza / Mazda6 Atenza / Mazda6 Persona Cronos / 626 / Xedos 6 / Eunos 500 / ɛ̃fini MS - 6 / Autozam Clef Eunos 800 / Xedos 9 / Millenia ɛ̃fini MS - 8 Full - size Luce Sentia / 929 / ɛ̃fini MS - 9 Sentia Sports car Autozam AZ - 1 MX - 3 / Eunos Presso / Autozam AZ - 3 Eunos Roadster / MX - 5 / Miata Roadster / MX - 5 / Miata Roadster / MX - 5 Roadster / MX - 5 MX - 6 / 626 Coupé MX - 6 ɛ̃fini RX - 7 / RX - 7 RX - 7 RX - 8 Eunos Cosmo Minivan Premacy Premacy / Mazda5 Premacy / Mazda5 Bongo Friendee Biante ɛ̃fini MPV / MPV MPV MPV / Mazda8 Crossover SUV CX - 3 CX - 4 Tribute Tribute CX - 5 CX - 5 CX - 7 CX - 8 CX - 9 CX - 9 SUV Navajo Pickup B - Series B - Series B - Series BT - 50 BT - 50 Van / Minibus Bongo Bongo Mazda Current Cars Carol Demio / Mazda2 Axela / Mazda3 Atenza / Mazda6 Roadster / MX - 5 SUVs / Crossovers CX - 3 CX - 4 CX - 5 CX - 9 Minivans A-Z Wagon Familia Van Pickup trucks Scrum BT - 50 Commercial Vans Scrum Van Scrum Wagon Commercial Trucks Titan Discontinued models Mazdago K360 R360 ɛ̃fini MS - 8 Biante Bongo B - Series 121 626 929 AZ - 1 AZ - Offroad Capella Cosmo Cronos CX - 7 Familia Luce Persona Premacy / Mazda5 Millenia MPV / Mazda8 MX - 3 MX - 6 Navajo Revue RX - 7 RX - 8 Savanna Sentia Spiano Tribute Verisa Xedos 6 / Eunos 500 Parkway Engines V - twin Engine OHV engine xC engine E engine F engine Diesel engine G engine B engine Z engine L engine Keicar Engine YF Engine SkyActiv - G SkyActiv - D J Engine K Engine AJ / MZI Wankel Family International operations Mazda North American Operations Changan Mazda ( 50 % ) Changan Ford Mazda ( 15 % ) AutoAlliance International ( 50 % ) AutoAlliance Thailand ( 50 % ) See also Mazda road vehicle timeline List of Mazda vehicles Mazda Factories Ford Motor Company ɛ̃fini Autozam Eunos Amati M2 Zoom - Zoom Mazda Global Mazda Europe Mazda Japan Mazda USA Mazda Canada ( Cars Category ) Mazda automobile timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact GLC GLC Mazda2 323 323 / Protegé Compact Protegé Protegé Mazda3 Mazda3 Mazda3 626 626 626 Mid-size 626 626 Mazda6 Mazda6 Mazda6 Millenia Full - size 929 929 Sport compact MX - 3 MX - 6 MX - 6 Sports MX - 5 Miata MX - 5 Miata MX - 5 Miata MX - 5 Miata RX - 7 RX - 7 RX - 7 RX - 8 Minivan Mazda5 Mazda5 * MPV MPV Compact crossover CX - 3 Tribute Tribute CX - 5 CX - 5 Mid-size crossover CX - 7 Full - size crossover CX - 9 CX - 9 SUV Navajo Pickup B - Series B - Series B - Series B - Series * Mazda5 only available in Canada since 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda_CX-9&oldid=832163377 '' Categories : Mazda vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Ford CD3 platform Front - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 06 : 16 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda%20CX-9
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who played the cashier in the movie car wash
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Among everything , Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha ( Melanie Mayron ) as an escape from his troubled home life . Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car wash going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street . Lonnie , on the other hand , is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he can not get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to , mostly due to Mr. B being a cheapskate .
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Melanie Mayron
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Car wash ( film )
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car wash ( film )
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Car Wash is a 1976 American comedy film released by Universal Pictures . The Art Linson Production was directed by Michael Schultz from a screenplay by Joel Schumacher . Starring Franklyn Ajaye , Bill Duke , George Carlin , Irwin Corey , Ivan Dixon , Antonio Fargas , Jack Kehoe , Clarence Muse , Lorraine Gary , The Pointer Sisters , and Richard Pryor , Car Wash is an episodic comedy about a day in the lives of the employees and the owner , Mr. B ( Sully Boyar ) , of a Los Angeles , California car wash ( filmed at a Westlake car wash at the corner of Rampart Blvd. and 6th St . ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast ( in alphabetical order ) 2.1 Other actors 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Music 6 Versions 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Originally conceived as a musical , Car Wash deals with the exploits of a close - knit , multiracial group of employees at a Los Angeles car wash . In an episodic fashion , the film covers a full day , during which all manner of strange visitors make cameo appearances , including Lorraine Gary as a hysterical wealthy woman from Beverly Hills dealing with a carsick son . Richard Pryor also appears in a cameo as a money - hungry evangelist named ' Daddy Rich ' who preaches a pseudo-gospel of prosperity theology ; The Pointer Sisters play the parts of his loyal ( and singing ) entourage , The Wilson Sisters . One main character is Abdullah , formerly Duane ( Bill Duke ) , a Black Muslim revolutionary . Among his other misadventures in the film , he must deal with a man ( `` Professor '' Irwin Corey ) who fits the profile of the notorious `` pop bottle bomber '' being sought that day by the police . It causes employees , customers , and the owner of the car wash , Mr. B ( Sully Boyar ) , to fear for their lives , but the strange man 's `` bomb '' is simply a urine sample he is taking to the hospital . Mr. B 's son Irwin ( Richard Brestoff ) , a left - wing college student who smokes pot in the men 's restroom and carries around a copy of Quotations from Chairman Mao , insists on spending a day with the `` working class '' employees , since he considers them `` brothers '' in the `` struggle '' . As he gets ready to go to work , he sets off motion sensors that give him the first `` human car wash '' , which he takes in a good - natured ( if pot - induced ) stride . George Carlin appears as a taxi driver searching fruitlessly for a prostitute who stiffed him for a fare . The prostitute , Marleen , has her own hopes shattered as a customer with whom she apparently has fallen in love with has given her a false telephone number . Ex-con Lonnie ( Ivan Dixon ) is the foreman of the car wash who tries to mentor Abdullah while struggling to raise two young children and fend off his parole officer ( Jason Bernard ) . Abdullah confronts Lindy ( Antonio Fargas ) and sharply criticizes his cross-dressing , to which Lindy coolly replies , `` I 'm more man than you 'll ever be and more woman than you 'll ever get '' . T.C. ( Franklin Ajaye ) is another young employee who is determined to win a radio call - in contest to win tickets for a rock concert and to convince his estranged girlfriend Mona , who works as a waitress in a diner across the street , to accompany him . Floyd and Lloyd are musicians who have an audition for an agent at the end of their shift and spend the entire movie doing their jazz - blues dance moves in front of bewildered customers . Justin clashes with his girlfriend , Loretta , who wants him to go back to college , but he refuses out of the feeling that a black man like him will not get anywhere in the world with any kind of education . Justin 's elderly grandfather , Snapper , works as the shoe shine man at the car wash and is a follower of Daddy Rich . Other employees include womanizer Geronimo ; Scruggs ( Jack Kehoe ) , a cowboy who works as the gas pump operator ; Hippo , an overweight employee who briefly hooks up with Marleen the prostitute ; Chuco , a scheming Latino employee ; Goody , a Native American employee ; Charlie , a scruffy middle - aged employee ; Sly ( Garrett Morris ) , a con artist employee and bookie who later gets arrested right at the car wash for a series of unpaid parking tickets ; and Earl , who has the attitude of being superior to his colleagues because he does n't get wet , he would appear to think that he is the supervisor at the car wash . Among everything , Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha ( Melanie Mayron ) as an escape from his troubled home life . Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car wash going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street . Lonnie , on the other hand , is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he can not get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to , mostly due to Mr. B being a cheapskate . Later at the end of the movie , Abdullah , after being fired by Mr. B for his unexplained absences , appears in the office with a gun while Lonnie is closing up , intending to rob the business . Lonnie talks him out of it , and the two commiserate at the status society has imposed on them : two proud men forced to work at a meaningless job for meager pay . It 's a melancholy ending to the day as they all go their separate ways , knowing that they 'll be back tomorrow to do it all over again . Cast ( in alphabetical order ) ( edit ) Franklyn Ajaye as T.C. Sully Boyar as Leon ' Mr B . ' Barrow Richard Brestoff as Irwin Barrow George Carlin as the Taxi Driver Irwin Corey as The Mad Bomber Ivan Dixon as Lonnie Bill Duke as Duane - Abdullah Antonio Fargas as Lindy Lauren Jones as Marleen Michael Fennell as Calvin Arthur French as Charlie Lorraine Gary as the Hysterical Lady Darrow Igus as Floyd Leonard Jackson as Earl DeWayne Jessie ( a.k.a. Otis Day ) as Lloyd Jack Kehoe as Scruggs Henry Kingi as Goody Melanie Mayron as Marsha Garrett Morris as Slide Clarence Muse as Snapper Leon Pinkney as Justin The Pointer Sisters as The Wilson Sisters Richard Pryor as Daddy Rich Tracy Reed as Mona Pepe Serna as Chuco James Spinks as Hippo Ray Vitte as Geronimo Renn Woods as Loretta Brooke Adams as Terry Antonie Becker as Charlene Danny DeVito as Joe Antar Mubarak as Sonny Fredericks Otis Sistrunk as Otis Tim Thomerson as Ken Other actors ( edit ) Danny DeVito and Brooke Adams appeared in the movie as Joe and Terry , the owners of a food stand called ' Big Joe 's Dog House ' which is located next to the car wash . Though they had speaking roles , nearly all of their scenes were deleted from the theatrical version and they are only seen in the background . Their scenes were restored for the edited television version . The film also featured the speaking voices of local L.A. disc jockeys Jay Butler , J.J. Jackson , Rod McGrew , Sarina C. Grant , and Cleveland 's Billy Bass , all heard in the background of the film on the fictional `` KGYS '' radio station . Production ( edit ) Originally the project was intended as a stage production , which would feature a replicate car wash on stage . The hope was that , if successful , the project could be adapted as a movie . Upon telling the idea to then head of Universal Ned Tanen , the producers were persuaded to make the film version instead . Joel Schumacher was chosen to write based on his work writing `` Sparkle '' Unusual for film production , the sound track was recorded prior to filming of the movie . The director wanted the actors to actually listen to the same music that would later be added in Post Production while filming the scenes . Reception ( edit ) When the film was originally released , it received mediocre reviews ( though Roger Ebert praised the film , calling it `` a wash - and - wax M * A * S * H '' ) and was not considered a major success . Since its initial release , it has had a small but constant following as a cult film , some notable disciples including Michael Bay and Sandford Bay . The film won the Best Music Award and the Technical Grand Prize at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival plus a nomination for Golden Palm . In the same year it was nominated for Golden Globe , plus it won a Grammy for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special . Gay film historian Vito Russo cites the character Lindy , played by Antonio Fargas , as being both funny and challenging through his gay militancy . Russo deems Lindy 's response to the militant Abdullah as being potentially revolutionary had it not been placed strictly within a comedic context . African American cultural critic Angela Nelson identifies Lindy as a `` sophisticated sissy . '' The `` sophisticated sissy '' characterization is often used as an easy contrast to the `` appropriate '' masculine behaviour that heterosexual black male characters are expected to display . Music ( edit ) Main article : Car Wash ( soundtrack ) Car Wash , recorded by Rose Royce , was a major success , yielding three Billboard R&B Top Ten singles : `` Car Wash '' , `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' , and `` I 'm Going Down '' . The title track , written and produced by Norman Whitfield , was a # 1 hit and was one of the biggest hit singles of the disco era . Meanwhile , The Pointer Sisters ' `` You Gotta Believe '' -- which the group performed during their cameo in the film -- was a Top Twenty R&B hit . The Car Wash soundtrack won a 1977 Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album . Versions ( edit ) Car Wash had its network television premiere on NBC Monday Night at the Movies in 1978 . Along with the standard dubbing of strong language , many scenes that included the gay character Lindy ( Fargas ) were trimmed or deleted . To replace these shortened scenes , and therefore shortened film , a subplot of a diner owner ( Danny DeVito ) ( scenes shot for the theatrical version but cut prior to release ) were re-inserted . As of 2013 , commercially available versions of the movie were of the original theatrical release , not the revised TV version . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rabin , Nathan . `` Joel Schumacher '' . Avclub . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose Royce bio Jump up ^ `` Liner notes '' . Car Wash , motion picture soundtrack . 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Car Wash '' . festival-cannes.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Russo , pp. 228 -- 29 Jump up ^ Means Coleman , p. 142 Jump up ^ allmusic Biography References ( edit ) Means Coleman , Robin R. ( 1998 ) . African American Viewers and the Black Situation Comedy : Situating Racial Humor . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3125 - 8 . Russo , Vito ( 1987 ) . The Celluloid Closet : Homosexuality in the Movies ( rev . ed . ) . New York , Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 096132 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Car Wash ( film ) Car Wash on IMDb Car Wash at the TCM Movie Database Car Wash at AllMovie Car Wash at Rotten Tomatoes hide Films directed by Michael Schultz Together for Days ( 1972 ) Honeybaby , Honeybaby ( 1974 ) Cooley High ( 1975 ) Car Wash ( 1976 ) Greased Lightning ( 1977 ) Which Way Is Up ? ( 1977 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) Scavenger Hunt ( 1979 ) Carbon Copy ( 1981 ) The Jerk , Too ( 1984 ) The Last Dragon ( 1985 ) Krush Groove ( 1985 ) Timestalkers ( 1987 ) Disorderlies ( 1987 ) Tarzan in Manhattan ( 1989 ) Livin ' Large ! ( 1991 ) Day - O ( 1992 ) Shock Treatment ( 1995 ) Killers in the House ( 1998 ) L.A. Law : The Movie ( 2002 ) Woman Thou Art Loosed ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_Wash_(film)&oldid=849873006 '' Categories : English - language films 1970s comedy films 1976 films American comedy films American LGBT - related films Blaxploitation films American films Films directed by Michael Schultz Films set in Los Angeles Films set in the 1970s Universal Pictures films 1970s LGBT - related films Screenplays by Joel Schumacher African - American films Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from June 2014 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 23 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%20Wash%20%28film%29
| 1,508 |
when did the first push to start car come out
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A smart key is an electronic access and authorization system that is available either as standard equipment or as an option in several car models . It was first developed by Siemens in 1995 and introduced by Mercedes - Benz under the name `` Key-less Go '' in 1998 on the W220 S - Class , after the design patent was filed by Daimler - Benz on May 17 , 1997 .
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1998
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Smart key
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smart key
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A smart key is an electronic access and authorization system that is available either as standard equipment or as an option in several car models . It was first developed by Siemens in 1995 and introduced by Mercedes - Benz under the name `` Key-less Go '' in 1998 on the W220 S - Class , after the design patent was filed by Daimler - Benz on May 17 , 1997 .
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Contents 1 How it works 2 Nomenclature 3 Insurance standard 4 SmartKeys 5 Display Key 6 Keyless Go 7 Inside Outside detection 8 System reaction times 9 Security requirements 10 Internal LF field dead spots 11 Battery Backup 12 Special Cases 13 History 14 Outlook 15 Effectiveness 16 See also 17 References 18 External links How it works ( edit ) The smart key allows the driver to keep the key fob pocketed when unlocking , locking and starting the vehicle . The key is identified via one of several antennas in the car 's bodywork and a radio pulse generator in the key housing . Depending on the system , the vehicle is automatically unlocked when a button or sensor on the door handle or trunk release is pressed . Vehicles with a smart - key system have a mechanical backup , usually in the form of a spare key blade supplied with the vehicle . Some manufacturers hide the backup lock behind a cover for styling . A push - button ignition switch in place of the immobilizer on a Mitsubishi RVR equipped with the Smart key . Vehicles with a smart - key system can disengage the immobilizer and activate the ignition without inserting a key in the ignition , provided the driver has the key inside the car . On most vehicles , this is done by pressing a starter button or twisting an ignition switch . When leaving a vehicle that is equipped with a smart - key system , the vehicle is locked by either pressing a button on a door handle , touching a capacitive area on a door handle , or simply walking away from the vehicle . The method of locking varies across models . Some vehicles automatically adjust settings based on the smart key used to unlock the car . User preferences such as seat positions , steering wheel position , exterior mirror settings , climate control ( e.g. temperature ) settings , and stereo presets are popular adjustments . Some models , such as the Ford Escape , even have settings to prevent the vehicle from exceeding a maximum speed if it has been started with a certain key . Nomenclature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Bugatti keyless entry remote A woman shows Honda Odyssey ( international ) Smart Entry System Manufacturers use keyless authorization systems under different names : Acura : Keyless Access System Audi : Advanced Key Aston Martin : Keyless Entry and Push Button Start BMW : Comfort Access or Display Key Bugatti : Keyless Entry Remote Cadillac : Adaptive Remote Start & Keyless Access FIAT - Chrysler : Keyless Enter - N - Go Ford : Intelligent Access with push - button start General Motors : Passive Entry Passive Start ( PEPS ) Honda : Smart Entry System Hyundai : Proximity Key and smart entry key Infiniti : Infiniti Intelligent Key with Push - button Ignition Isuzu : Genius Entry Jaguar Cars : Smart Key System Kia Motors : Smart Key System Lexus : Smart Access System Lincoln : Intelligent Access System Mazda : Advanced Keyless Entry & Start System Mercedes - Benz : Keyless Go integrated into SmartKeys Mini : Comfort Access Mitsubishi Motors : FAST Key System Nissan : Nissan Intelligent Key Porsche : Porsche Entry & Drive System Proton : Passive Keyless Entry Renault : Hands Free Keycard Riverside Manufacturing LLC : Intelli - Key SsangYong Motor : Smart Key System Subaru : Keyless Smart Entry With Push - Button Start Suzuki : SmartPass Keyless entry & starting system Tesla : Model S Key Toyota : Smart Key System Volkswagen : Keyless Entry & Keyless Start or KESSY Volvo : Personal Car Communicator `` PCC '' and Keyless Drive or Keyless Drive Mahindra & Mahindra : Smart Key Module Insurance standard ( edit ) In 2005 , the UK motor insurance research expert Thatcham introduced a standard for keyless entry , requiring the device to be inoperable at a distance of more than 10 cm from the vehicle . In an independent test , the Nissan Micra 's system was found to be the most secure , while certain BMW and Mercedes keys failed , being theoretically capable of allowing cars to be driven away while their owners were refueling . Despite these security vulnerabilities , auto theft rates have decreased 7 percent between 2009 and 2010 , and the National Insurance Crime Bureau credits smart keys for this decrease . SmartKeys ( edit ) SmartKeys was developed by Siemens in the mid-1990s and introduced by Mercedes - Benz in 1997 to replace the infrared security system introduced in 1989 . Daimler - Benz filed the first patents for SmartKey on February 28 , 1997 in German patent offices , with multifunction switchblade key variants following on May 17 , 1997 . The device entailed a plastic key to be used in place of the traditional metal key . Electronics that control locking systems and the ignitions made it possible to replace the traditional key with a sophisticated computerized `` Key '' . It is considered a step up from remote keyless entry . The SmartKey adopts the remote control buttons from keyless entry , and incorporates them into the SmartKey fob . Once inside a Mercedes - Benz vehicle , the SmartKey fob , unlike keyless entry fobs , is placed in the ignition slot where a starter computer verifies the rolling code . Verified in milliseconds , it can then be turned as a traditional key to start the engine . The device was designed with cooperation of Siemens Automotive and Huf exclusively for Mercedes - Benz , but many luxury manufacturers have implemented similar technology based on the same idea . In addition to the SmartKey , Mercedes - Benz now integrates as an option Keyless Go ; this feature allows the driver to keep the SmartKey in their pocket , yet giving them the ability to open the doors , trunk as well as starting the car without ever removing it from their pocket . The SmartKey 's electronics are embedded in a hollow , triangular piece of plastic , wide at the top , narrow at the bottom , squared - off at the tip with a half - inch - long insert piece . The side of the SmartKey also hides a traditional Mercedes - Benz key that can be pulled out from a release at top . The metal key is used for valet purposes such as locking the glovebox and / or trunk before the SmartKey is turned over to a parking attendant . Once locked manually , the trunk can not be opened with the SmartKey or interior buttons . The key fob utilizes a radio - frequency transponder to communicate with the door locks , but it uses infrared to communicate with the engine immobilizer system . Original SmartKeys had a limited frequency and could have only been used in line - of - sight for safety purposes . The driver can also point the smart key at the front driver side door while pushing and holding the unlock button on the SmartKey and the windows and the sunroof will open in order to ventilate the cabin . Similarly , if the same procedure is completed while holding the lock button , the windows and sunroof will close . In cars equipped with the Active Ventilated Seats , the summer opening feature will activate the seat ventilation in addition to opening the windows and sunroof . Display Key ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Keyless Go ( edit ) Keyless Go ( also : Keyless Entry / Go ; Passive Entry / Go ) is Mercedes ' term for an automotive technology which allows a driver to lock and unlock a vehicle without using the corresponding SmartKey buttons . Once a driver enters a vehicle with an equipped Keyless Go SmartKey or Keyless Go wallet - size card , they have the ability to start and stop the engine , without inserting the SmartKey . A transponder built within the SmartKey allows the vehicle to identify a driver . An additional safety feature is integrated into the vehicle , making it impossible to lock a SmartKey with Keyless Go inside a vehicle . Hardware blocks on the Keyless Entry / Go ECU The system works by having a series of LF ( low frequency 125 kHz ) transmitting antennas both inside and outside the vehicle . The external antennas are located in the door handles . When the vehicle is triggered , either by pulling the handle or touching the handle , an LF signal is transmitted from the antennas to the key . The key becomes activated if it is sufficiently close and it transmits its ID back to the vehicle via RF ( Radio frequency > 300 MHz ) to a receiver located in the vehicle . If the key has the correct ID , the PASE module unlocks the vehicle . The hardware blocks of a Keyless Entry / Go Electronic control unit ECU are based on its functionality : transmitting low - frequency LF signals via the 125 kHz power amplifier block receiving radio frequency RF signals ( > 300 MHz ) from the built - in ISM receiver block encrypting and decrypting all relevant data signals ( security ) communicating relevant interface signals with other electronic control units microcontroller Inside outside detection ( edit ) The smart key determines if it is inside or outside the vehicle by measuring the strength of the LF fields . In order to start the vehicle , the smart key must be inside the vehicle . System reaction times ( edit ) The mark of a good passive entry system is that the user never hits the `` wall '' . This happens when the user pulls the door handle to its full extent before the door is unlocked . The handle has to be released and pulled again to gain access . Good systems have an override feature that allows the doors to be opened more quickly . Security requirements ( edit ) It is important that the vehicle ca n't be started when the user and therefore the smart key is outside the vehicle . This is especially important at fueling stations where the user is very close to the vehicle . The internal LF field is allowed to overshoot by a maximum of 10 cm to help minimise this risk . Maximum overshoot is usually found on the side windows where there is very little attenuation of the signal . Relay Station Attack A second scenario exists under the name `` relay station attack '' ( RSA ) . The RSA is based on the idea of reducing the long physical distance between the car and the regular car owner 's SmartKey . Two relay stations will be needed for this : The first relay station is located nearby the car and the second is close to the SmartKey . So on first view , the Keyless Entry / Go ECU and the SmartKey could communicate together . A third person at the car could pull the door handle and the door would open . However , in every Keyless Entry / Go system provisions exist to avoid a successful two - way communication via RSA . Some of the most known are : measuring group delay time to detect illegal high values measuring third - order intercept point to detect illegal intermodulation products measuring field strength of the electric field measuring the response time of 125 kHz LC circuit using a more complex modulation ( i.e. quadrature amplitude modulation ) which ca n't be demodulated and modulated by a simple relay station Furthermore , Keyless Entry / Go communicates with other Control Units within the same vehicle . Depending on the electric car architecture , the following are some Control Systems that can be enabled or disabled : ESCL Electric Steering Column Lock EIS Electronic Ignition Switch Central door locking system Immobiliser Engine Control Unit ( Motor management system ) BCU Body control unit Internal LF field dead spots ( edit ) Dead spots are a result of the maximum overshoot requirement from above . The power delivered to the internal LF antennas has to be tuned to provide the best performance i.e. minimum dead spots and maximum average overshoot . Dead spots are usually near the extremities of the vehicle e.g. the rear parcel shelf . Battery backup ( edit ) If the battery in the smart key becomes depleted , it is necessary for there to be a backup method of opening and starting the vehicle . Opening is achieved by an emergency ( fully mechanical ) key blade usually hidden in the smart key . On some cars starting is achieved by a transponder inside the smart key that does not need batteries to work . The user either has to put the key in a slot or hold it near a special area on the cockpit , where there is another LF antenna ( transponder coil ) hidden behind to compensate for a weakened fob battery . Slots have proven to be problematic , as they can go wrong and the key becomes locked in and can not be removed . Another problem with the slot is it ca n't compensate for a fob battery below certain operating threshold . Most smart key batteries are temperature sensitive causing the fob to become intermittent , fully functional , or inoperative all in the same day . Special cases ( edit ) A Keyless Entry / Go system should be able to detect and handle most of the following cases : SmartKey Transponder was forgotten in the rear trunk More than one SmartKey is present inside the car SmartKey getting lost during the drive Smartkey battery low ( Limp - Home ) History ( edit ) The first Keyless Entry / Go ECU of the MB S - Class car series 1998 / 99 The system is based on a technology invented by Siemens VDO called PASE : Passive Start and Entry System . It operates in the ISM band of radio frequencies . Keyless Entry / Go was introduced first by Mercedes - Benz in the S - Class car series in 1998 . Outlook ( edit ) Today a Keyless Entry / Go system is a state - of - the art technology and still has a lot of potential to optimise . Here are some general trends of the advance ( AD ) and series development ( SD ) : SD : reduction of used LF antennas in low - cost compact cars ( results in a loss of detection quality ) AD : using electric field antennas instead of magnetic field antennas ( cost reduction ) AD : using microwave frequencies ( radar ) instead of an LF and RF combination ( more comfort ) AD : Biometric authentication would identify the user and not the SmartKey transponder Effectiveness ( edit ) A test by ADAC revealed that 20 car models with Keyless Go could be entered and driven away without the key . In London in 2014 , 6,000 cars ( about 17 per day ) were stolen using keyless entry . See also ( edit ) Remote keyless system Transponder car key References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0004 Jump up ^ http://www.riversidemfg.com/intelli-key Jump up ^ Thatcham Archived 2007 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Auto Express : Micra 's Top of the Fobs Jump up ^ Saylor , Michael ( 2012 ) . The Mobile Wave : How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything . Perseus Books / Vanguard Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1593157203 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle theft post Sixth Consecutive Yearly Decline '' . NICB. 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9701993-0001 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0001 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0002 Jump up ^ http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/gsm/register?GSNR=M9704698-0003 Jump up ^ `` KEYLESS - GO ® '' . Mercedes - Benz USA . Jump up ^ Saarinen , Martin ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` Tests uncover major security risk to keyless cars '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyless - Diebstahl - vom ADAC untersuchte Autos Archived 2016 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ADAC , 15 March 2016 Jump up ^ Autos mit Keyless leichter zu klauen ADAC Jump up ^ ADAC demonstrates keyless theft on YouTube Jump up ^ Finnerty , Joe ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Keyless car crime up as gangs target vans '' . Auto Express . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Market observation and benchmarking of automotive security systems Explanation of smart key systems Relay Attacks on Passive Keyless Entry and Start Systems in Modern Cars Security Flaws of Remote Keyless Entry and Hitag2 Remote Systems Car interior Part of a series of articles on cars Interior equipment Instruments Automotive navigation system Global Positioning System Automotive night vision Backup camera Blind spot monitor Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Check engine light Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Head - up display Lidar detector Odometer Parking sensor Radar detector Speedometer Tachometer Telematics Idiot light Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Brake Clutch Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Manettino dial Parking brake Power steering Steering wheel Throttle Anti-theft Alarm Automatic vehicle location Immobiliser Power door locks Remote keyless system Smart key VIN etching Safety Seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rear - view mirror Rumble seat Seat belt Other elements Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Center console Dashboard Glove compartment Sun visor Convenience Audio Cigarette lighter receptacle Cup holder Car Phone Commons Portal Locksmithing & lock picking Topics Electric strike Key control Key relevance Lock bumping Lock picking Lockout - tagout Maison key system Rekeying Single - point locking Three - point locking Components Bitting Bolt stump Break Interchangeable core Key blank Key code Keyhole Lockset Shear line Split pin Key types Berlin key Bump key Change key Master key Skeleton key Smart key Tubular key Transponder key Mechanical locks Bored cylindrical lock Bramah lock Cylinder lock Disc tumbler lock Key retainer Lever tumbler lock ( Chubb detector lock ) Magnetic - coded lock Magnetic keyed lock Mortise lock Padlock Combination lock Rotary combination lock Time - delay combination locks Pin tumbler lock ( snib ) Protector lock Relocking device Rim lock Time lock Tubular pin tumbler lock Warded lock Wafer tumbler lock Electronic locks Electromagnetic lock Electronic lock Electric strike Magnetic - coded lock Keycard lock Electronic / digital - cylinder pin tumbler lock Specific lock types Bicycle lock Chamber lock Child safety lock Dead bolt Keycard lock Kensington Security Slot Luggage lock Power door locks The Club TSA lock Tools Lockpick Slim Jim Snap gun Tubular lock pick Related Bolt cutter Door chain Exit control lock Famous locksmiths Interlock ( engineering ) Keychain Key ( engineering ) Lock manufacturers Lock puzzle Lock snapping Locksport Two - man rule Category : Locksmithing Keys Locks Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smart_key&oldid=843679774 '' Categories : Smart devices Automotive technology tradenames Radio electronics Vehicle security systems Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with empty sections from June 2017 All articles with empty sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools 日本 語 Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 18 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20key
| 1,509 |
what is typically the most expensive item in california state budget
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Sales and use taxes in California
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sales and use taxes in california
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Sales and use taxes in California are among the highest in the United States and are imposed by the state and local governments . From a tax terminology perspective , sales taxes are a proportional tax ; though because of the fact that lower income earners may pay a greater percentage of their earnings to sales taxes than higher income earners , sales tax can also be described as a regressive tax . Local sales tax increases create geographical variations in sales tax rates which can place some local businesses at a competitive disadvantage .
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Contents 1 Sales tax rates 1.1 Supplementary local sales taxes 1.1. 1 Local sales tax rate cap 1.1. 2 SB 566 ( 2003 ) and the rise in local sales tax increases 1.1. 3 Cities with at least 10.00 % combined sales tax rates 1.1. 3.1 Los Angeles County sales tax rate increases July 1 , 2017 1.1. 3.2 Los Angeles County sales tax rate increases October 1 , 2017 1.1. 4 Cities with highest combined sales tax rates by county 1.2 Local sales taxes subject to voter approval under Proposition 218 1.2. 1 Relationship between sales tax increases and public employee costs 1.2. 2 County transportation sales taxes 1.2. 3 Sales tax taxpayer tool 1.2. 4 Local government data in sales tax elections 1.2. 5 Important issues related to local sales tax elections 1.3 Local sales tax reduction or repeal using Proposition 218 1.4 Recent statewide sales tax increases 2 Taxation of online sales 3 Exemptions 3.1 Software electronically transmitted to customers 4 Debate 5 See also 6 References Sales tax Rates ( edit ) At 7.25 % , California has the highest minimum statewide sales tax rate in the United States , which can total up to 10.25 % with local sales taxes included . As of January 1 , 2017 , the statewide sales tax rate decreased from 7.50 % to 7.25 % as a result of the expiration of the temporary statewide sales tax increase under Proposition 30 that California voters approved in November 2012 . Some claim the high sales tax rates partially compensate for the reduced property tax revenue resulting from Proposition 13 which California voters approved in June 1978 . However , others point out that , in most counties ( all but the rural counties ) , property tax revenues today are higher than the year before Proposition 13 passed , even after adjusting for inflation and population growth . Sales and use taxes in California ( state and local ) are collected by the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration , whereas income and franchise taxes are collected by the Franchise Tax Board . The statewide base sales tax rate of 7.25 % is allocated as follows : 7.25 % -- State + Local 6.00 % -- State 3.9375 % -- State -- General Fund 0.50 % -- State -- Local Public Safety Fund 0.50 % -- State -- Local Revenue Fund for local health and social services 1.0625 % -- State -- Local Revenue Fund ( 2011 ) 1.25 % -- Uniform Local Tax 0.25 % -- Local County -- Transportation funds 1.00 % -- Local City / County -- Operational funds The statewide sales tax in California was first imposed on August 1 , 1933 , at the rate of 2.50 % under the `` Retail Sales Act of 1933 . '' No local sales taxes were levied at that time . In an editorial dated September 5 , 1933 , the Los Angeles Times criticized the 2.50 % sales tax rate in stating that the `` sales - tax rate should not have exceeded 1 per cent '' and that the tax rate was `` so high as to discourage business , which will make the tax less productive . '' Supplementary local sales taxes ( edit ) Supplementary local sales taxes may be added by cities , counties , service authorities , and various special districts ( such as the Bay Area Rapid Transit district ) . Local county sales taxes for transportation purposes are especially popular in California . Additional local sales taxes levied by counties and municipalities are formally called `` District Taxes . '' The effect from local sales taxes is that sales tax rates vary in California from 7.25 % ( in areas where no additional local sales taxes are levied ) to 10.25 % . For example , the city of Sacramento , the state capital , has a combined 8.25 % sales tax rate , and Los Angeles , the largest city in California , has a combined 9.50 % sales tax rate . Local sales tax rate cap ( edit ) The combined tax rate of all local sales taxes in any county is generally not allowed to exceed 2.00 percent . However , this is a statutory restriction and the California Legislature routinely allows local governments , through the adoption of separate legislation , to exceed the 2.00 percent local tax rate cap . The 2.00 percent local tax rate cap is exceeded in any city with a combined sales tax rate in excess of 9.25 % ( 7.25 % statewide tax rate plus the 2.00 % tax rate cap ) . As of July 1 , 2018 , all of Los Angeles County and 7 other California cities ( Albany ( Alameda County ) , El Cerrito ( Contra Costa County ) , Greenfield ( Monterey County ) , Hayward ( Alameda County ) , Newark ( Alameda County ) , San Leandro ( Alameda County ) , and Union City ( Alameda County ) ) have a combined sales tax rate in excess of the 2.00 percent local tax rate cap . SB 566 ( 2003 ) and the rise in local sales tax increases ( edit ) The number of local sales taxes greatly increased following the passage of SB 566 in 2003 . SB 566 legally authorized all California cities to levy additional local sales taxes . SB 566 also increased the maximum combined local sales tax rate ( local sales tax rate cap ) that can be levied by local governments from 1.50 % to the current 2.00 % . As of April 1 , 2017 , 176 cities and 32 counties have approved local sales tax increases . Not only has the number of local city sales tax increases exploded since the passage of SB 566 , but the magnitude of the sales tax increases ( as measured by the sales tax rate increase ) has also significantly increased as more cities are seeking larger sales tax rate increases . During the November 2016 election , approximately 65 additional local sales tax measures were approved by voters in California . These local sales tax measures generally became operative on April 1 , 2017 . The SB 566 language authorizing cities to levy local sales taxes was inserted near the end of the legislative session without the usual public scrutiny , was approved by a politically partisan vote , and was signed into law by former California Governor Gray Davis after the election in which he was recalled from office . Cities with at least 10.00 % combined sales tax Rates ( edit ) As of July 1 , 2018 , 15 California cities ( all in Los Angeles County ) have a combined sales tax rate of at least 10.00 % : hide CITY TAX RATE COUNTY Avalon 10.000 % Los Angeles Commerce 10.000 % Los Angeles Compton 10.250 % Los Angeles Culver City 10.000 % Los Angeles Downey 10.000 % Los Angeles El Monte 10.000 % Los Angeles Hawthorne 10.250 % Los Angeles Inglewood 10.000 % Los Angeles Long Beach 10.250 % Los Angeles Lynwood 10.250 % Los Angeles Pico Rivera 10.250 % Los Angeles San Fernando 10.000 % Los Angeles Santa Monica 10.250 % Los Angeles South El Monte 10.000 % Los Angeles South Gate 10.250 % Los Angeles Effective January 1 , 2017 , the California statewide sales tax rate decreased by 0.25 % as a result of the expiration of the temporary sales tax increase under Proposition 30 approved by California voters during the November 2012 election . However , many local sales tax measures were approved by voters during the November 2016 election , and those sales tax increases generally became operative on April 1 , 2017 . Los Angeles County sales tax rate increases July 1 , 2017 ( edit ) On July 1 , 2017 , the Los Angeles County transportation sales tax increase of 0.50 % approved by local voters during the November 2016 election went into effect . The combined sales tax rate in Los Angeles County increased from 8.75 % to 9.25 % in all unincorporated areas of the county and all cities within the county except those cities where voters previously approved local city sales tax increases which have higher combined sales tax rates . Los Angeles County sales tax rate increases October 1 , 2017 ( edit ) On October 1 , 2017 , the Los Angeles County homeless programs / services sales tax increase of 0.25 % approved by voters during the March 7 , 2017 election became operative . The combined sales tax rate in Los Angeles County increased from 9.25 % to 9.50 % in all unincorporated areas of the county and all cities within the county except those cities where voters previously approved local city sales tax increases which have higher combined sales tax rates . The 0.25 % sales tax increase is currently not collected in six cities within Los Angeles County where the aggregate sales tax rate is not 0.25 percent or more below the legal local tax rate cap . Those six cities , which have a combined sales tax rate of 10.25 % , are Compton , Long Beach , Lynwood , Pico Rivera , Santa Monica , and South Gate . However , if a sales tax rate for any of the cities expires or is reduced while the homeless programs / services sales tax increase is in effect , the homeless programs / services sales tax will immediately become operative in that city . That is what happened in the city of La Mirada beginning on April 1 , 2018 . Cities with highest combined sales tax rates by county ( edit ) As of July 1 , 2018 , the following California cities have the highest combined sales tax rate within each of the 58 counties in California : hide COUNTY CITY TAX RATE Alameda Albany 9.750 % Alameda Hayward 9.750 % Alameda Newark 9.750 % Alameda San Leandro 9.750 % Alameda Union City 9.750 % Alpine Countywide 7.250 % Amador Countywide 7.750 % Butte Paradise 7.750 % Calaveras Countywide 7.250 % Colusa Williams 7.750 % Contra Costa El Cerrito 9.750 % Del Norte Countywide 7.500 % El Dorado Placerville 8.250 % Fresno Huron 8.975 % Glenn Orland 7.750 % Humboldt Rio Dell 8.750 % Imperial Calexico 8.250 % Imperial El Centro 8.250 % Inyo Countywide 7.750 % Kern Arvin 8.250 % Kern Delano 8.250 % Kern Ridgecrest 8.250 % Kern Wasco 8.250 % Kings Corcoran 8.250 % Lake Clearlake 8.750 % Lake Lakeport 8.750 % Lassen Countywide 7.250 % Los Angeles Compton 10.250 % Los Angeles Hawthorne 10.250 % Los Angeles Long Beach 10.250 % Los Angeles Lynwood 10.250 % Los Angeles Pico Rivera 10.250 % Los Angeles Santa Monica 10.250 % Los Angeles South Gate 10.250 % Madera Madera 8.250 % Marin Fairfax 9.000 % Marin Larkspur 9.000 % Marin San Rafael 9.000 % Mariposa Countywide 7.750 % Mendocino Fort Bragg 8.875 % Mendocino Ukiah 8.875 % Merced Atwater 8.250 % Merced Gustine 8.250 % Merced Los Banos 8.250 % Merced Merced 8.250 % Modoc Countywide 7.250 % Mono Mammoth Lakes 7.750 % Monterey Greenfield 9.500 % Napa St. Helena 8.250 % Nevada Nevada City 8.375 % Orange Fountain Valley 8.750 % Orange La Palma 8.750 % Orange Stanton 8.750 % Orange Westminster 8.750 % Placer Loomis 7.500 % Plumas Countywide 7.250 % Riverside Palm Springs 9.250 % Sacramento Isleton 8.750 % San Benito Hollister 8.250 % San Bernardino Yucca Valley 8.750 % San Diego Del Mar 8.750 % San Diego National City 8.750 % San Francisco San Francisco 8.500 % San Joaquin Stockton 9.000 % San Luis Obispo Arroyo Grande 7.750 % San Luis Obispo Atascadero 7.750 % San Luis Obispo Grover Beach 7.750 % San Luis Obispo Morro Bay 7.750 % San Luis Obispo Paso Robles 7.750 % San Luis Obispo Pismo Beach 7.750 % San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo 7.750 % San Mateo Belmont 9.250 % San Mateo East Palo Alto 9.250 % San Mateo South San Francisco 9.250 % Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 8.750 % Santa Clara Campbell 9.250 % Santa Clara San Jose 9.250 % Santa Cruz Watsonville 9.250 % Shasta Anderson 7.750 % Sierra Countywide 7.250 % Siskiyou Dunsmuir 7.750 % Siskiyou Yreka 7.750 % Solano Benicia 8.375 % Solano Fairfield 8.375 % Solano Suisun City 8.375 % Solano Vallejo 8.375 % Sonoma Cotati 9.125 % Stanislaus Ceres 8.375 % Stanislaus Oakdale 8.375 % Sutter Countywide 7.250 % Tehama Corning 7.750 % Trinity Countywide 7.250 % Tulare Farmersville 8.750 % Tulare Lindsay 8.750 % Tulare Woodlake 8.750 % Tuolumne Sonora 7.750 % Ventura Santa Paula 8.250 % Yolo Davis 8.250 % Yuba Marysville 8.250 % Local sales taxes subject to voter approval under Proposition 218 ( edit ) All local sales taxes are subject to voter approval under Proposition 218 ( `` Right to Vote on Taxes Act '' ) which California voters approved in November 1996 . Whether simple majority voter approval or two - thirds voter approval is required depends upon the type of sales tax levied and the type of local government imposing the sales tax . Unrestricted general sales taxes are subject to majority vote approval by local voters . General sales taxes can be spent by local politicians for any general governmental purpose , including public employee salaries and benefits . General sales tax spending decisions are made after the tax election by local politicians as part of the regular annual local government budget process . Some local governments may engage in general sales tax abuses in an effort to evade the two - thirds vote requirement applicable to special sales taxes . Special sales taxes dedicated for one or more specific purposes are subject to two - thirds vote approval by local voters . Any sales tax imposed by a local government other than a city or a county ( e.g. , a special district such as a local transportation agency ) must be a special tax subject to two - thirds vote approval by local voters . Proposition 218 does not legally authorize any local government to levy a sales tax . The legal authority to levy a local sales tax must come from a state statute . A two - thirds vote of all members of the legislative body of the local government is usually required before a local sales tax measure may be presented to voters at an election . Relationship between sales tax increases and public employee costs ( edit ) The driving force behind many local sales tax increases is skyrocketing public pension costs and public employee retiree healthcare . Research has shown that local sales tax increases are concentrated in California localities that have the largest pension problems . In an effort to increase the chances of passing a local sales tax , some local governments engage in budgetary games in which they place a sales tax measure on the ballot to help fund a politically popular service ( e.g. , public safety ) , and if the sales tax passes , it enables the local government to free up other existing taxpayer funds that can then be spent on less politically popular items such as high public employee salaries and benefits . County transportation sales taxes ( edit ) Countywide sales taxes for transportation purposes are very popular in California . However , transportation sales taxes are regressive and also shift the financial base of transportation systems from user fees to taxes paid by all taxpayers without regard to direct reliance on those transportation systems . County transportation sales taxes are typically supported ( including with significant campaign contributions ) by interest groups that disproportionately benefit from the tax , including the local business community , the construction industry , real estate developers , and public employee unions . Some counties have passed multiple transportation sales taxes increases such as Los Angeles County that has passed four transportation sales tax increases for a combined rate of 2.0 % . County transportation sales taxes generally do not include traffic performance standards that actually require improved traffic conditions . Sales tax taxpayer tool ( edit ) As part of its Taxpayer Tools publication series , the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association has released a publication to assist voters and taxpayers regarding local sales tax measures placed on the ballot by a local government in California . Local government data in sales tax elections ( edit ) It is often helpful for voters to have financial data about a local government proposing a sales tax so that voters can make more informed voting decisions regarding the merits and need for the sales tax . Much of the financial data about a local government can be obtained directly from the local government itself . Additional information that can be of value to voters includes public employee salary and benefits data ( especially pension data ) , and annual budgetary and financial reports . Local government budgetary spending priorities , as reflected by recent budgetary data , can be especially helpful in general sales tax elections where local politicians decide how to spend the sales tax proceeds . Extensive public data sources outside of a local government are also available to voters in connection with local sales tax elections . Important issues related to local sales tax elections ( edit ) Local government issues related to sales tax elections ( e.g. , local government `` informational '' campaigns and impartial ballot questions ) can impact the integrity and fairness of the election process . Voter / taxpayer issues related to local sales tax elections ( e.g. , cumulative tax burden and precedent ) can impact the individual voter decision - making process as well as election outcomes . Support and opposition campaigns in local sales tax elections can also impact election outcomes . Local sales tax reduction or repeal using Proposition 218 ( edit ) Proposition 218 ( `` Right to Vote on Taxes Act '' ) was a 1996 initiative constitutional amendment approved by California voters . Proposition 218 includes a provision constitutionally reserving to local voters the right to use the initiative power to reduce or repeal any local tax , assessment , fee or charge , including provision for a significantly reduced petition signature requirement to qualify a measure on the ballot . A local sales tax , including a sales tax previously approved by local voters , is generally subject to reduction or repeal using the local initiative power under Proposition 218 . Examples where the reduction or repeal of a local sales tax may be appropriate include where there has been significant waste or mismanagement of sales tax proceeds by a local government , when there has been controversial or questionable spending of sales tax proceeds by a local government ( particularly where sales tax proceeds are used to pay for excessive public employee salaries and / or benefits such as pensions ) , when the quality of the programs and services being financed from sales tax proceeds is not at a high level expected by voters , when the local sales tax rate is excessive or unreasonably high ( particularly in situations where a significant local sales tax increase was narrowly approved by the voters ) , or when promises previously made by local politicians about the spending of local sales tax proceeds are broken after voter approval of the sales tax ( particularly in situations where local politicians made legally nonbinding promises concerning the spending of general sales tax proceeds that are not legally restricted for specific purposes ) . A local sales tax used to repay bonds is a legally more complex situation because federal contract impairment issues may preclude the exercise of the local initiative power under Proposition 218 . Local voter - approved transportation sales taxes often include at least a portion of the tax proceeds to repay bonds . Advice from legal counsel is generally needed in situations where bonds have been issued and sales tax revenues have been pledged to repay the bonds . A local compensatory initiative under Proposition 218 is an alternative option when contract impairment problems are present . Recent statewide sales tax increases ( edit ) Recent temporary statewide sales tax increases include : From April 1 , 2009 until June 30 , 2011 , the state sales and use tax increased by 1 % from 7.25 % to 8.25 % as a result of the 2008 - 2009 California budget crisis . Effective January 1 , 2013 , the state sales and use tax increased by 0.25 % from 7.25 % to 7.50 % as a result of Proposition 30 passed by California voters in the November 6 , 2012 election . The change was a four - year temporary tax increase that expired on December 31 , 2016 . Taxation of online sales ( edit ) As of July 1 , 2011 , California applies sales tax to online retailer purchases . It is the retailer 's responsibility to collect the state sales tax on all purchases made within ( or shipped to ) California regardless where the retailer / supplier is located . This sales tax levy was arranged through a negotiation between the governor , Jerry Brown , and the large online retailers such as Amazon . It is commonly referred to as `` the Amazon deal . '' Before this deal Amazon , and others , remained physically outside of the state ( nexus law ) to get around the sales tax laws as they were written and interpreted before the deal was brokered , whereas now Amazon and others have many warehouse , office , and research locations within the state of California , thus contributing to the California economy as a whole . Previously Assemblywoman Nancy Skinner of Berkeley twice introduced legislation to apply sales tax to online retailers such as Amazon.com only to have the bills be vetoed by the governor . On 19 January 2011 Skinner introduced similar legislation in the form of AB153 . Because of political wrangling this bill never made it to law but the above `` deal '' was brokered by the governor . This bill would have required out - of - state online sellers with affiliates in California to collect sales tax on purchases made by state residents . The affiliate provision was included to ensure that only sellers with a California nexus are taxed , as required by federal law and the U.S. Supreme Court 's ruling in Quill Corp. v. North Dakota . Exemptions ( edit ) In general , sales tax is required on all purchases of tangible personal property to its ultimate consumer . Services are not subject to sales tax ( but may be subject to other taxes ) , although some politicians want to extend the sales tax to services . Liability for sales tax attaches to the seller , not the buyer ; but the seller is allowed by law to collect the tax from the buyer ( and if the seller does so , the buyer is obligated to pay it ) . Vehicle purchases are taxed based on the city and county in which the purchaser registers the vehicle , and not on the county in which the vehicle is purchased . There is therefore no advantage in purchasing a car in a cheaper county to save on sales tax ( a one - percent difference in sales tax rate would otherwise result in an additional $300 loss on a $30,000 car ) . In grocery stores , unprepared food items are not taxed but vitamins and all other items are . Ready - to - eat hot foods , whether sold by supermarkets or other vendors , are taxed . Restaurant bills are taxed . As an exception , hot beverages and bakery items are tax - exempt if and only if they are for take - out and are not sold with any other hot food . If consumed on the seller 's premises , such items are taxed like restaurant meals . All other food is exempt from sales tax . Also excluded are food animals ( livestock ) , food plants and seeds , fertilizer used to grow food , prescription drugs and certain medical supplies , energy utilities , certain alternative energy devices and supplies , art for display by public agencies , and veterans ' pins . There are many specific exemptions for various veterans ' , non-profit , educational , religious , and youth organizations . Sale of items to certain out - of - state or national entities ( mostly transportation companies ) is exempt , as are some goods sold while in transit through California to a foreign destination . Occasional or one - time sales not part of a regular business are exempt , except that sales of three or more non-food animals ( puppies , kittens , etc . ) per year are taxed . There are also exemptions for numerous specific products , from telephone lines and poles , to liquid petroleum gas for farm machinery , to coins , to public transit vehicles . There are partial exemptions for such varied items as racehorse breeding stock , teleproduction service equipment , farm machinery , and timber - harvesting equipment . For an organized list of exemptions , with estimates for how much revenue the state loses and the people saves for each , see Publication 61 of the Board of Equalization . Sales tax is charged on gasoline . The tax is levied on both the gasoline and on the federal and state excise taxes , resulting in a form of `` double taxation '' . The sales tax is included in the metered price at the pump . The California excise tax on gasoline as of mid-2011 is 35.7 cents per gallon for motor fuel plus a 2.25 % sales and use tax , 13 cents per gallon for diesel plus a 9.12 % sales and use tax . Motor vehicle gasoline and jet fuel are subject to special taxation regimes . In 2005 , there was a political dispute in the San Francisco Bay Area about whether revenues for jet fuel should be credited to San Mateo County ( where San Francisco International Airport appears to be physically located ) , the City and County of San Francisco ( where the airport is legally located , because it is owned by the City - County ) , or Alameda County , where Oakland International Airport is located . ( The distinction is largely point of sale delivery vs. point of negotiation for the sale . ) This is controlled by Regulation 1802 , which has other provisions about businesses which have multiple locations . The California Department of Tax and Fee Administration provides an online list of sales taxes in the local communities of the state . Software electronically transmitted to customers ( edit ) According to Regulation 1502 , the sale of noncustom ( canned ) software to customers who download the software from a server is generally not subject to sales tax . However , if the customer is provided a copy of the software on a physical storage medium such as a CD - ROM or a DVD , the entire transaction is generally taxable . Thus , a customer can generally avoid sales tax liability by purchasing a downloadable version of software instead of a physical version . Debate ( edit ) Critics of the current California sales tax regime charge that it gives local governments an incentive to promote commercial development ( through zoning and other regulations -- otherwise known as fiscalization of land use ) over residential development , including the use of eminent domain condemnation proceedings to transfer real estate to higher sales tax generating businesses . Some claim that low - income families pay almost eight times more of their incomes in sales taxes than high - income families , making sales tax a regressive tax . Low - income families pay relatively little in income tax , leaving most of their income available to spend thus subject to sales taxes . It is also because people with higher incomes are able to save a larger portion of their income . However , that statistic does n't consider that saved money will eventually be subject to inheritance taxes . Further , since lower income families spend a higher portion of their income on groceries , states like California that exempt groceries from sales tax are not as regressive in the implementation of sales taxes . See also ( edit ) California Proposition 218 California Proposition 218 Local Initiative Power California Proposition 13 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How to Defeat Local Sales Taxes '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . July 2004 . p. 3 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sales Tax Rates By State '' . Sales Tax Institute . January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Rates by County and City '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII , § 36 , subd . ( f ) . Jump up ^ `` Detailed Description of the Sales & Use Tax Rate '' . Jump up ^ Stats. 1933 , ch. 1020 . Jump up ^ `` California Taxation '' . Los Angeles Times . September 5 , 1933 . p . A4 . Jump up ^ `` California City & County Sales & Use Tax Rates '' . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ `` Tax Rates by County and City '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ Cal. Rev. & Tax . Code , § 7251.1 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Rates by County and City '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Local Add - On Sales Taxes in California '' . CaliforniaCityFinance.com . March 2017 . p. 4 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stats. 2003 , ch. 709 . Jump up ^ `` How to Defeat Local Sales Taxes '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . July 2004 . p. 4 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Local Add - On Sales Taxes in California '' . CaliforniaCityFinance.com . March 2017 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Rise of Local Add - On Sales Taxes in California '' . CaliforniaCityFinance.com . March 2017 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Local Revenue Measure Results November 2016 '' . CaliforniaCityFinance.com . December 2016 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` How to Defeat Local Sales Taxes '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . July 2004 . p. 4 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tax Rates by County and City '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ The California Department of Tax and Fee Administration expresses the sales tax rate to three ( 3 ) decimal places in its official tax rate data files that it releases to the public . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII , § 36 , subd . ( f ) . Jump up ^ California State Board of Equalization , Sales and Use Tax Rate Changes Special Notice ( L - 499 ) . Jump up ^ California Department of Tax and Fee Administration , Sales and Use Tax Rate Changes Special Notice ( L - 503 ) . Jump up ^ Cal. Rev. & Tax . Code , § 7286.40 , subd . ( b ) . Jump up ^ California Department of Tax and Fee Administration , Sales and Use Tax Rate Changes Special Notice ( L - 503 ) . Jump up ^ California Department of Tax and Fee Administration , Sales and Use Tax Rate Changes Special Notice ( L - 503 ) . Jump up ^ California Department of Tax and Fee Administration , Sales and Use Tax Rate Changes Special Notice ( L - 533 ) . Jump up ^ `` Tax Rates by County and City '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ The California Department of Tax and Fee Administration expresses the sales tax rate to three ( 3 ) decimal places in its official tax rate data files that it releases to the public . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII C , § 2 . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII C , § 2 , subd . ( b ) . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII C , § 2 , subd . ( d ) . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII C , § 2 , subds . ( a ) & ( d ) . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII D , § 1 , subd . ( a ) . Jump up ^ Cal. Rev. & Tax . Code , § § 7285.9 , 7285.91 ( cities ) ; Cal. Rev. & Tax . Code , § § 7285 , 7285.5 ( counties ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Tax and Bond Measures in California November 2016 -- A State Preview '' . CaliforniaCityFinance.com . September 2016 . p. 3 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kersten , David ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` '' Unsustainable '' Pension Costs Are The Driving Force Behind Local Tax Increases `` . Fox&Hounds Daily . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` How to Defeat Local Sales Taxes '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . July 2004 . p. 3 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wachs , Martin ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Local Option Transportation Taxes : Devolution as Revolution '' . Access : 15 . Jump up ^ `` How to Defeat Local Sales Taxes '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . July 2004 . p. 4 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Local Countywide Transportation Sales Taxes '' . CaliforniaCityFinance.com . September 2010 . p. 1 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Tools '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . Jump up ^ `` How to Defeat Local Sales Taxes '' . Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII C , § 3 . Jump up ^ California Legislature Passes Tax Plan , Ends Impasse Jump up ^ `` California Statewide Sales and Use Tax Rate to Decrease by 1 % on July 1 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . California State Board of Equalization . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cal . Const. , art . XIII , § 36 , subd . ( f ) . Jump up ^ http://www.boe.ca.gov/pdf/pub122.pdf Jump up ^ New Sales and Use Tax Exemptions Jump up ^ California Publication 61 Jump up ^ California Board of Equalization Online Tax Rates Jump up ^ http://www.boe.ca.gov/pdf/reg1802.pdf Archived November 3 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tax Rates by County and City '' ( PDF ) . California Department of Tax and Fee Administration . Jump up ^ Cal . Code Regs. , tit. 18 , § 1502 , subd . ( f ) ( 1 ) ( D ) . Jump up ^ `` City Competition for Sales Taxes : Symptom of a Larger Problem ? '' . Research Brief . Public Policy Institute of California . July 1999 . Jump up ^ Who Pays ? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States ( 5th ed . ) . Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy . January 2015 . p. 6 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sales_and_use_taxes_in_California&oldid=852174803 '' Categories : Taxation in California Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 04 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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law & order special victims unit season 1 episode 17
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Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 17 )
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law & order : special victims unit ( season 17 )
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The seventeenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit debuted on Wednesday , September 23 , 2015 on NBC , and concluded on Wednesday , May 25 , 2016 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Storylines and cast changes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest stars 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a seventeenth season on February 5 , 2015 , by NBC . Mariska Hargitay ( Olivia Benson ) had her contract renewed for season 17 , as well as Ice - T ( Det . Fin Tutuola ) . It was announced in March 2015 that season seventeen would be show runner / executive producer Warren Leight 's last season on the show ; he signed a three - year deal with Sony Pictures Television , his contract allowing him to work on SVU for one final season . Production on season seventeen started in late May 2015 on the two - hour season premiere , afterwards the cast and crew took a hiatus and resumed filming on August 21 , 2015 . Executive producer Leight shared via Twitter that star Mariska Hargitay would be directing an episode this season as well , tweeting `` Of course Mariska will direct again this year . After 17 seasons , she 's in a class of her own . '' The episode in question turned out to be `` A Misunderstanding '' , which aired on January 20 , 2016 . Hargitay would also later direct `` Sheltered Outcasts '' , which aired on March 30 . Storylines and cast changes ( edit ) It was announced at the end of the sixteenth season that star Danny Pino ( who portrayed Detective Nick Amaro ) would be departing the cast ; however , the producers did not kill off his character and left availability for him to return to the show . Leight said to The Hollywood Reporter on character departures , `` I try to leave that door open . I would like to be able to bring him ( Pino ) back . At this point , it depends on where he is and what he 's doing and what the story needs . That 's one of the advantages of not killing a character that you like . '' Warren Leight told TV Guide that season seventeen 's theme would focus on change and transitions whereas last season ( the sixteenth ) focused on family ; `` it should be a year where wherever everyone starts at the beginning of the ( season ) is not where they end . '' Leight added that more character development would be in store for Raul Esparza 's ADA Barba and Peter Scanavino 's Det . Carisi , as well as Benson ( Hargitay ) being promoted to Lieutenant . Star Kelli Giddish ( Detective Amanda Rollins ) , who welcomed her first child in October 2015 , had her character immersed in a pregnancy storyline . In the premiere episode , Rollins learns that she is pregnant , and tells Carisi and Benson of the news ; however she also tells her co-workers that Amaro is not the father . In the fifth episode , `` Community Policing '' , it is revealed that Lt. Declan Murphy ( Donal Logue ) is the father of Rollins ' baby . She gives birth to a healthy baby girl after the events of the ninth episode , `` Depravity Standard '' . On April 28 , 2015 , it was announced that SVU producers were planning a `` transgender episode '' for this season , `` ripping from the headlines '' Caitlyn Jenner 's recent publicized transition . Warren Leight told Variety , `` The world keeps evolving , and there are a lot of dark areas that we need to look at ... part of my challenge and everybody 's challenge here is to keep it fresh and to not let a groove turn into a rut , and that can happen for any show at any time ... everyone here is really invested in keeping the show fresh and keeping the show on . We view every year 's upfronts as a place to prove that we still deserve to be here . '' The episode , `` Transgender Bridge '' , aired on September 30 . At the 2015 Television Critics Association 's summer press tour Law & Order and Chicago franchise creator Dick Wolf announced that there would be a four - show crossover between SVU and the three Chicago shows ( Fire , P.D. , and Med ) as well as announcing a desire by him and other producers for the revival of the original Law & Order series . However , in December 2015 , Chicago P.D. showrunner Matt Olmstead revealed that there were no plans for a four - show crossover and that it would only be done if the producers found the right way to do it . Instead , a two - show crossover between SVU and P.D. aired in February 2016 . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Sergeant / Lieutenant Olivia Benson Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Ice - T as Detective Fin Tutuola Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick `` Sonny '' Carisi , Jr . Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba Recurring cast ( edit ) Andy Karl as Sergeant Mike Dodds Bronwyn Reed as Lucy Huston Peter Gallagher as Deputy Chief William Dodds Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner Robert John Burke as Lieutenant / Captain Ed Tucker Elizabeth Marvel as Defense Attorney Rita Calhoun Delaney Williams as Defense Attorney John Buchanan Dallas Roberts as Dr. Gregory Yates Jefferson Mays as ME Dr. Carl Rudnick Robert Sean Leonard as ADA Kenneth O'Dwyer Josh Pais as Deputy Commissioner Hank Abraham Scott William Winters as Detective Joe Dumas Caris Vujcec as Detective Louise Campesi Jason Cerbone as Defense Attorney Lorenzo Desappio Jenna Stern as Judge Elana Barth Lindsay Pulsipher as Kim Rollins Jessica Phillips as ADA Pippa Cox Stephen C. Bradbury as Judge Colin McNamara Steve Rosen as Defence Attorney Michael Guthrie Tabitha Holbert as ADA Rose Callier Special guest stars ( edit ) Donal Logue as Lieutenant Declan Murphy B.D. Wong as Dr. George Huang Jason Beghe as Sergeant Hank Voight Sophia Bush as Detective Erin Lindsay Jon Seda as Detective Antonio Dawson Richard Belzer as John Munch Guest stars ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg portrayed Janette Grayson , a Child Services supervisor whose allegedly fake reports put multiple children at risk . It was announced in May 2015 , that Dallas Roberts would return to SVU in the two - hour season premiere as serial rapist / killer , Dr. Gregory Yates from the sixteenth season two - hour crossover episode `` Daydream Believer '' with Chicago P.D. . The premiere episode was `` ripped from the headlines '' and surrounded Robert Durst , his murder trial , and explored some of his possible connections to a series of rape / murders that span 20 years . Danny Burstein and Rebecca Luker appeared in `` Transgender Bridge '' as the parents of a transgender teen who is assaulted . The two theatre stars are married in real life . Whoopi Goldberg was cast in a guest starring role for the October 7 episode `` Institutional Fail '' . Goldberg portrayed Janette Grayson , a Department of Child Services supervisor whose allegedly fake reports put multiple children at risk . Grayson finds herself on trial when the agency 's internal policies bring in the wrong kind of publicity . Peter Gallagher also guest stars in the same episode , reprising his role of Chief Dodds , alongside Goldberg , Jessica Pimental and John Magaro . In `` Community Policing '' , Donal Logue returned to SVU as Lt. Declan Murphy , after finding out about Rollins ' pregnancy . Rollins revealed to Murphy that he is the father of her child . Actors from Broadway 's Hamilton , Leslie Odom , Jr. and Daveed Diggs also guest - starred in `` Community Policing '' . Daveed Diggs returns in `` Forty One Witnesses , '' alongside `` Hamilton '' costar Anthony Ramos . Andy Karl was cast in the recurring role of Sgt . Mike Dodds , son of Chief William Dodds ( played by Peter Gallagher ) . His character was introduced to the unit as Benson 's No. 2 . This reunited Karl and Gallagher after starring in the 2015 Broadway revival of the musical On the Twentieth Century . Lindsay Pulsipher returned this season to portray Kim Rollins , Amanda 's sister , who was last seen in the season fourteen episode , `` Deadly Ambition '' . Kim brings their mother with her to New York , Beth Anne Rollins , ( portrayed by Virginia Madsen ) who feels her police - officer daughter has turned her back on the family . Warren Leight commented to TV Guide , `` Even if their intent is to be supportive , and I 'm not even sure it is , her family showing up is not a great thing for her -- nothing good comes from seeing her sister or her mother . '' Christopher Sieber and Geneva Carr guest starred in the episode `` Patrimonial Burden '' as the parents of a large , religious family known for their reality show . The episode was inspired by the Joshua Duggar molestation scandal and also featured Chris Elliott as a crew member on the show . Elliott previously appeared in the tenth season episode `` Lunacy '' , while Carr had appeared in two previous episodes , making this her third character portrayal on the series ( not to mention her appearances on other iterations of the Law & Order universe ) . Carolee Carmello , Nick Cordero , and Ali Wentworth all guested in the eighth episode `` Melancholy Pursuit '' . Former series regular B.D. Wong reprised his role as Dr. George Huang in the episode `` Depravity Standard '' . The storyline revisited the case from the fourteenth season episode `` Manhattan Vigil '' , and saw Huang testify in court for the defense . This episode marked Wong 's fourth guest appearance on the series following his departure from the main cast in the twelfth season . Roberts reprised his role of Yates in `` Nationwide Manhunt '' , which starts a crossover with Chicago P.D. that concludes on `` The Song of Gregory William Yates '' . Jason Beghe , Sophia Bush , Jon Seda also guest starred in the crossover . Seda previously appeared in a crossover episode of the original Law & Order as Detective Paul Falsone from Homicide : Life on the Street . Kevin Tighe , who played Gregory Seale in the season 9 episode `` Avatar '' , reprises his role in `` Sheltered Outcasts '' as a patient in a level three sex offender rehabilitation center . Former series regular Richard Belzer reprised his role as John Munch in the episode `` Fashionable Crimes '' , where Munch returns to SVU to assist in the case of a young model who claims to have been preyed upon by a famous fashion photographer . Munch and Fin had their eyes on the photographer in the past , but were unable to build a case at the time . In April 2016 , it was announced that Brad Garrett would guest star in the two - part season finale which aired on May 18 and 25 . He portrayed the role of Gary Munson , a correctional officer who holds a reputation of being a family man , along with a history of corruption and violence against women . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 367 `` Devil 's Dissections '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin Story by : Kevin Fox September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 1701 8.27 The SVU returns to the beach where serial killer Gregory Yates ( Dallas Roberts ) had buried his victims when another body is washed ashore . Detective Rollins visits Yates in prison to obtain a confession , but he instead provides information that leads the squad to a different suspect ( ME Dr. Carl Rudnick , who had performed the autopsy ) , causing ADA Barba to deal with the possibility of Yates appealing his conviction in court . Episode inspired by Robert Durst and his possible connections to the Long Island serial killer murders from the past two decades . 368 `` Criminal Pathology '' Alex Chapple Teleplay by : Julie Martin & Warren Leight Story by : Kevin Fox September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 1702 8.27 The SVU team decides to do a secondary investigation into Yates ' murders when his fiancée 's dismembered body is discovered washed ashore . The clues then lead to the Deputy Chief M.E. Carl Rudnick ( Jefferson Mays ) , who failed to disclose his past association with Yates . After Sergeant Benson places M.E. Rudnick under arrest , Barba pushes the SVU team to gather as much evidence against him as possible to secure a conviction . With a trial looming , Rudnick hires two defense attorneys ( Elizabeth Marvel & Delaney Williams ) to square off against Barba in court . Meanwhile , Rollins discovers that she is pregnant . Episode inspired by Robert Durst and his possible connections to the Long Island serial killer murders from the past two decades . 369 `` Transgender Bridge '' Arthur W. Forney Teleplay by : Jill Abbinanti & Céline C. Robinson Story by : Julie Martin & Warren Leight September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 1703 6.69 A transgender teen , Avery , is sent to the hospital for injuries inflicted when three boys bullied and then pushed her off a walking bridge . Although Avery shows forgiveness to the boys , ruthless ADA Kenneth O'Dwyer ( Robert Sean Leonard ) takes the case out of family court and decides to try one of the offenders on adult charges . Detective Tutuola and the SVU squad are conflicted on whether the crime fits the charges , while dealing with the delicacy of the families involved . 370 `` Institutional Fail '' Martha Mitchell Teleplay by : Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen Story by : Samantha Corbin - Miller October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 1704 7.00 When a child is found wandering the streets alone , Benson and SVU search for the neglectful mother , only to find another child in danger in the same home . After Benson questions the social worker ( John Magaro ) , they discovered he has not visited the family 's home in months , leading Benson to push Barba to prosecute the social worker 's supervisor ( Whoopi Goldberg ) for falsifying records . When one child dies , Benson and Barba intensify their case against social services , which is met with resistance by Deputy Chief Dodds and 1PP . Meanwhile , Dodds announces Benson 's promotion to lieutenant and his choice for her new sergeant - his son Mike . 371 5 `` Community Policing '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : Warren Leight & A. Zell Williams Story by : Kevin Fox October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 1705 6.20 While in pursuit of an SVU rape suspect , detectives from the 27th precinct shoot and kill an unarmed black man . Internal Affairs investigates the shooting , but under intense pressure from the Mayor and the DA , Barba takes the case to a grand jury to indict the cops . While Benson believes the detectives were following procedure , Barba disagrees , creating a tense divide between the newly - minted lieutenant and the ADA . 372 6 `` Maternal Instincts '' Michael Pressman Teleplay by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin Story by : Robert Brooks Cohen October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 1706 6.33 While Rollins ' mother ( Virginia Madsen ) throws her a baby shower , the SVU is called to a hotel after a violinist is raped by her flautist colleague , Anton ( Zach McGowan ) . The man has no recollection of his wrongdoings and claims he was drugged and robbed by an escort . When the security tape arrives , Rollins sees that it was her fugitive sister , Kim ( Lindsay Pulsipher ) , who stole Anton 's flute , leading her to have to track down her sister before Benson and Tutuola find out her secret . Meanwhile , Deputy Chief Dodds introduces his son , Mike ( Andy Karl ) , as SVU 's new sergeant . 373 7 `` Patrimonial Burden '' Martha Mitchell Teleplay by : Jill Abbinanti & Céline C. Robinson Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 1707 6.55 The SVU is forced to investigate pregnant 13 - year old Lane Baker from a famous reality TV family with 10 children . After initial hesitation by the parents to let the girl talk with detectives , Lane confesses that the family 's cameraman had sex with her . However , the cameraman shows footage that Lane is covering for her brother , Graham , who has multiple past accusations of sexual misconduct . When SVU looks into the family tree , Benson and Detective Carisi realize that there is evidence of a cover - up , not only within the famous family but also in the entire small - town community . Meanwhile , Rollins experiences pregnancy health issues and is ordered on bed - rest . Episode inspired by the Josh Duggar molestation controversy . 374 8 `` Melancholy Pursuit '' Michael Pressman Teleplay by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin Story by : Brianna Yellen & Samantha Corbin - Miller November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 1708 6.29 A girl goes missing and SVU is called in to find the 15 - year old . When the girl turns up dead , Sgt . Dodds begins to feel overwhelmed by the case . The detectives get a break when Dr. Warner is able to get a partial DNA match , but it soon turns into a headache for Benson , as the match is to a dead man who had many children with different women . As SVU weaves through a complicated family history , Dodds becomes determined to find the man responsible . 375 9 `` Depravity Standard '' Martha Mitchell Ed Zuckerman November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 1709 7.76 Three years after Benson arrested him , Lewis Hoda ( Tom Sizemore ) refuses a plea deal on kidnapping charges . When the parents of the kidnapped boy refuse to let him testify , Barba must try Hoda on murder charges for a 1999 abduction that Benson also handled . Benson 's interrogation tactics come under fire and the savvy defense attorney ( Robin Weigert ) hires former SVU colleague , Dr. Huang ( BD Wong ) , to challenge Barba 's already - shaky case in court . Meanwhile , Rollins goes into labor , but faces extreme difficulties . 376 10 `` Catfishing Teacher '' Michael Slovis Kevin Fox January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1710 7.84 A high school teacher has sex with two of her students . Another student , Zack Foster , receives text messages , supposedly from her , to meet her at a train station and bring his passport . However , she does not show up and Zack is , instead , kidnapped by his wrestling coach , who has a history of molesting his athletes . Zack is taken to a cabin in Pennsylvania where he is tracked down by the SVU team . When Zack 's parents refuse to allow him to testify in court , SVU turns to another victim , Nat Dennehy , who still resides in New York . Nat also refuses to testify but goes to the coach 's house , determined to get a confession from him . Meanwhile , Rollins adjusts to motherhood with her new daughter . 377 11 `` Townhouse Incident '' Nick Gomez Brianna Yellen January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 1711 8.01 When Benson 's sitter expresses concern over another mother for whom she babysits , Benson looks into the matter and steps into the middle of a violent home invasion where she becomes a hostage . To protect the family and save her own life , Benson works to get inside the perps ' heads while SVU and newly promoted Internal Affairs Bureau ( IAB ) Captain Ed Tucker ( Robert John Burke ) works the escalating situation from the outside to rescue the lieutenant . 378 12 `` A Misunderstanding '' Mariska Hargitay Céline C. Robinson January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 1712 6.91 A typical he - said she - said rape case lands on Benson 's desk after Rita Calhoun ( Elizabeth Marvel ) brings it to her attention . With SVU now entangled in a murky case , the detectives must wade through the emotions of two high school students while the parents try to save their children 's futures . When Barba brings the case to trial , lies are exposed that make his prosecution even more difficult . 379 13 `` Forty - One Witnesses '' Michael Pressman Robert Brooks Cohen February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 1713 7.31 When an intoxicated woman is attacked outside of her apartment building , the SVU team investigates , only to find out that there are multiple witnesses who did n't call for help . While the woman struggles to remember what happened to her , Benson and Barba must deal with the unreliability of those witnesses in making an ID of the attackers . The case catches a break when Carisi is able to convince an unassuming witness to step up and testify in court . 380 14 `` Nationwide Manhunt '' Alex Chapple Warren Leight & Julie Martin February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 1714 7.59 Benson calls CPD Sgt . Voight ( Jason Beghe ) after Gregory Yates ( Dallas Roberts ) , whom they jointly arrested last year , claims that some of the unidentified remains from the beach have ties to Chicago . Voight sends Detectives Lindsay and Dawson ( Sophia Bush & Jon Seda ) to New York to interview Yates . However , when Benson , Barba and Dodds return to Green Haven to meet with Yates again , they learn that he has escaped with fellow convict Dr. Carl Rudnick ( Jefferson Mays ) , triggering a massive manhunt . This episode begins a crossover with Chicago P.D. that concludes on `` The Song of Gregory Williams Yates '' . It is included on the Chicago P.D. Season 3 DVD set . Episode inspired in part by the 2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape . 381 15 `` Collateral Damages '' Rosemary Rodriguez Samantha Corbin - Miller February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 1715 7.73 SVU goes undercover to arrest a former boxing champion who had been suspected of having sex with minors . When they make the arrest , the boxer makes a deal with Barba to give up pedophiles active in distributing online child pornography . The detectives track down the address of an online pedophile but , when they discover the man to be a high ranking police official , whose wife is also a Corporation Counsel attorney who has worked with SVU before on previous cases , Benson must delicately handle the now high - profile case . Meanwhile , Dodds is offered a position with the joint terrorism task force by his father but decides to stay with SVU , boldly going against the Deputy Chief 's wishes . 382 16 `` Star - Struck Victims '' Michael Pressman A. Zell Williams February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 1716 6.47 Kristi Cryer ( Vivien Cardone ) , a vlogger , reports that she was sexually assaulted by a bartender ( James Madio ) . However , during the investigation , it is revealed that she was also assaulted by a famous actor , Bobby D'Amico ( Craig Bierko ) , who has ties to the NYPD . With minimal evidence and little corroboration of the victim 's account , Barba decides to drop the charges , prompting Rollins to do an undercover stint . Rollins ' undercover job lends credence to Kristi 's rape claim , but reasonable doubt comes into play and claims arise that SVU entrapped the actor . Episode inspired by the Bill Cosby sexual assault allegations of the previous several decades . 383 17 `` Manhattan Transfer '' Alex Chapple Story by : Julie Martin & Warren Leight Teleplay by : Kevin Fox & Brendan Feeney March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 1717 6.86 Carisi is sent into a brothel to complete a sting operation but , when arrests are made , it is discovered that the Vice Unit is running an operation as well . Benson gets pressure from the Vice Unit captain to drop the case , so she turns to Tucker at IAB to look into the police involved . Tucker discovers that his cousin , who is a priest at a local Catholic church , knew the victims , but a friendly family visit soon turns to suspicion . When Barba gets information on the case from the church 's monsignor , he reveals to Benson that Tucker could be covering up crimes committed by the Vice cops . Benson hesitantly reveals that she is romantically involved with Tucker , triggering her suspension from SVU . 384 18 `` Unholiest Alliance '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin Story by : Kevin Fox & Brendan Feeney March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 1718 6.11 With Benson transferred out of SVU , the detectives work to reveal a massive cover - up in the Catholic church . When their main witness to the crimes is murdered , Rollins and Carisi must figure out who within the clergy is responsible . As the detectives struggle with leads , Tucker 's cousin is discovered to have a dark secret that may help Benson and Tucker keep their jobs , along with arresting the criminals involved . 385 19 `` Sheltered Outcasts '' Mariska Hargitay Ed Zuckerman March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 1719 6.07 With Carisi undercover at a homeless shelter , another rape in a recent string of attacks occurs nearby . Trying to determine if one of the residents is responsible , Carisi gets himself into hot water with members of the shelter and the community . When a shelter advocate is murdered , Benson debates pulling Carisi out , but they catch a break thanks to some fellow shelter members . 386 20 `` Fashionable Crimes '' Martha Mitchell Penelope Koechl & Jill Lorie Hurst May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 1720 5.26 An aspiring model says that she was raped by a famous photographer whose assistant did nothing to stop it . Former SVU Sergeant John Munch ( Richard Belzer ) helps the SVU squad question previous clients of the photographer , many of whom admit that they were pressured to have sex with him , but refuse to testify against him as it could jeopardize their careers . 387 21 `` Assaulting Reality '' Alex Chapple Teleplay by : Julie Martin & Warren Leight & Brianna Yellen & Robert Brooks Cohen Story by : Brianna Yellen & Robert Brooks Cohen May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 1721 6.06 A contestant on Heart 's Desire claims she was raped and SVU intervenes . When they question the man who was involved with the victim , they discover he is innocent , that it was another man in the house who committed the crime . All the while , the executive producers of the show hide evidence from the police and put the blame on their producer . 388 22 `` Intersecting Lives '' Jonathan Starch Julie Martin & Warren Leight May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 1722 5.78 Tutuola 's son , Ken , tells him that a former inmate says she has been raped by Rikers correctional officer Gary Munson ( Brad Garrett ) , who denies the allegation . Barba has SVU quietly investigate the claim by questioning Munson and other officers about a supposed human trafficking ring . After Munson is arrested and Barba gets an indictment , the ADA finds his life threatened when the correctional officer 's union intervenes . 389 23 `` Heartfelt Passages '' Alex Chapple Warren Leight & Julie Martin May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 1723 7.19 Correctional Officer Munson 's wife , Lisa , solicits Benson 's help as she plans to divorce her husband . Sergeant Dodds volunteers to accompany Benson to the Munson household , where Lisa packs up to leave with her kids . When Benson goes outside to take the kids to the car , Munson brandishes a pistol and takes Dodds and Lisa hostage . A struggle for the gun later ensues , causing a bullet to discharge into Dodds ' abdomen . Although he survives the surgery , Dodds suffers a stroke in the Intensive Care Unit and dies after blood clots form in his brain . Meanwhile , Barba seeks SVU 's help as the threats he is receiving continue ; Tucker reveals to Benson that he plans to transfer out of IAB and into hostage negotiations ; and Carisi puts his plans of becoming an ADA on hold . Reception ( edit ) No . Title Air date Ratings / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Rank ( week ) `` Devil 's Dissections '' September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 1.8 / 6 8.27 1.2 3.11 3.0 11.38 N / A `` Criminal Pathology '' September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 1.8 / 6 8.27 1.2 3.11 3.0 11.38 N / A `` Transgender Bridge '' September 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 1.7 / 5 6.69 1.0 2.67 2.7 9.39 N / A `` Institutional Fail '' October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 1.6 / 5 7.00 1.0 2.76 2.6 8.95 N / A 5 `` Community Policing '' October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 1.5 / 5 6.20 1.1 2.88 2.6 9.20 N / A 6 `` Maternal Instincts '' October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 1.5 / 5 6.33 1.0 2.88 2.5 9.20 N / A 7 `` Patrimonial Burden '' November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 1.5 / 5 6.55 1.4 3.17 2.9 9.72 N / A 8 `` Melancholy Pursuit '' November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 2.0 / 6 6.29 1.3 3.22 3.3 11.00 N / A 9 `` Depravity Standard '' November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 2.0 / 6 7.76 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Catfishing Teacher '' January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1.8 / 5 7.86 1.1 2.93 2.9 10.79 N / A 11 `` Townhouse Incident '' January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 2.0 / 6 8.01 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` A Misunderstanding '' January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 1.7 / 5 6.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Forty - One Witnesses '' February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 1.8 / 6 7.31 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Nationwide Manhunt '' February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 1.9 / 6 7.69 1.0 2.85 2.8 10.16 N / A 15 `` Collateral Damages '' February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 1.7 / 5 7.73 1.2 3.03 2.9 10.77 N / A 16 `` Star - Struck Victims '' February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 1.5 / 5 6.47 1.1 2.80 2.6 9.27 N / A 17 `` Manhattan Transfer '' March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 1.6 / 5 6.86 1.2 3.18 2.8 10.04 N / A 18 `` Unholiest Alliance '' March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 1.5 / 5 6.11 1.1 2.83 2.6 8.97 N / A 19 `` Sheltered Outcasts '' March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 1.4 / 5 6.07 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Fashionable Crimes '' May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 1.1 / 4 5.26 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Assaulting Reality '' May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 1.4 / 5 6.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` Intersecting Lives '' May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 1.3 / 4 5.78 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A 23 `` Heartfelt Passages '' May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 1.6 / 6 7.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Premiere Dates For Fall 2015 : ' Heroes Reborn ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` NBC renews 5 dramas : See who made the cut '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` The Price Of Success : Hit Shows Bracing For Cast Exits & Untimely Cancellations '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ice - T ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ice News : 1. Just signed my deal with SVU for season # 17 ! I 'll be back ! 2. BodyCount is starting on our next album for 2016 ' BLOOD LUST ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Warren Leight Sets Overall Deal with Sony TV ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to Bring Back Dallas Roberts for Season Premiere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' season 17 : When do Mariska Hargitay , cast resume filming ? '' . CarterMatt . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Mariska Hargitay to direct season 17 episode of ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Boss Says Fans `` Absolutely Misinterpreted '' Benson 's Stabler Remarks `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Postmortem : Find Out Which Series Regular Has Left Law & Order : SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kelli Giddish on Her Law & Order : SVU Baby Surprise and What 's Ahead for Rollins '' . E ! Online . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Robyn ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Who 's Returning From Rollins ' Past on SVU ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : SVU 's Peter Scanavino Is Expecting a Baby , Too ! '' . E ! Online . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Prepping Transgender Episode for Season 17 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' season 17 could cross over with ' Chicago Fire , ' ' Chicago PD , ' and ' Chicago Med ' '' . CarterMatt . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Law & Order Revival Series Update : ' Everybody Wants To Do It ' '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate . `` ' Chicago P.D. ' Boss Teases Dallas Roberts ' ( Final ? ) Return for `` Intense '' ' SVU ' Crossover `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steiner , Amanda ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU : Two - hour premiere to explore Robert Durst case '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth. `` Madam Librarian ! Actors Rebecca Luker and Danny Burstein Tie the Knot '' Playbill.com , June 14 , 2000 ^ Jump up to : Kimberly Roots . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' -- Whoopi Goldberg to Guest - Star in Season 17 -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoopi Goldberg Books Twisty Law and Order : SVU Guest Role '' . E ! Online . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Harnick . `` ' Law and Order : SVU Reveals the Father of Rollins ' Baby '' . eonline . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Iannucci . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Andy Karl in Season 17 Cast -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lannucci , Rebecca ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` TVLine Items : B.D. Wong 's SVU Return , SNL Head Writer Steps Down and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU : Richard Belzer returning as Detective Munch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Brad Garrett To Guest Star In Two - Part Season Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles Times ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` FBI tells law enforcement to search for Durst link in cold cases '' . latimes.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dan Reilly . `` Durst Biographer on What The Jinx Got Wrong -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Rosewood ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' Code Black ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Ricki ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Arrow ' adjusted up , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Rosewood ' adjusted up , ' Empire ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Is Doing a Duggars Episode That 'll Be Even Worse Than the Real - Life Story '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' adjusts up , ' Criminal Minds ' rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Blackish ' and ' Code Black ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow , ' ' Rosewood , ' ' Survivor ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Modern Family ' adjusts up , ' Code Black ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' : How Nixed Four - Show Crossover Led to Greg Yates ' Return '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Blackish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor , ' ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is Law and Order : SVU Taking on Bill Cosby ? Kelli Giddish Previews Star - Struck Victims -- E ! Online '' . E ! Online . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago PD ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor , ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiere week Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . October 11 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable Live + 7 ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale grabs biggest gain , ' Married ' tops percentage boost for Sept. 28 - Oct. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest total gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official episode guide Season 17 episodes at MSN.com Season 17 episodes at TV.com Season 17 episodes at IMDb.com ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_17)&oldid=806696333 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 2015 American television seasons 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20%2526%20Order%3A%20Special%20Victims%20Unit%20%28season%2017%29
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who sang i'd be a legend in my time
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`` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' is a song written and recorded by Don Gibson in 1960 . It appeared as the B - side of his hit `` Far Far Away '' , from the album Sweet Dreams . Gibson re-recorded the song on the 1972 album Country Green .
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Don Gibson
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( I 'd Be ) a Legend in My time
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( i'd be ) a legend in my time
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`` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' is a song written and recorded by Don Gibson in 1960 . It appeared as the B - side of his hit `` Far Far Away '' , from the album Sweet Dreams . Gibson re-recorded the song on the 1972 album Country Green .
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Frequently covered , the song is usually titled without the parenthetical lead . Versions have been recorded by Connie Francis , Johnny Cash ( on the album American V : A Hundred Highways ) , B.B. King , Timi Yuro , and Frank Ifield , among others . Roy Orbison covered the track for his 1961 album Lonely and Blue , and recorded a second later version which was featured on his 1967 tribute album to Gibson , Roy Orbison Sings Don Gibson . The song was recorded by Ronnie Milsap and released in November 1974 as the lead single from his album A Legend in My Time . This was Milsap 's sixth country hit and his third number one . The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of ten weeks within the top 40 . Milsap 's recording altered the song from its original 3 / 4 time signature to a 4 / 4 time signature . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 - 1975 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 232 . Jump up ^ Rich , Kienzle ( 2004 ) . Ultimate Ronnie Milsap ( CD booklet ) . Ronnie Milsap . RCA Records . 82876 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Milsap -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ronnie Milsap . Preceded by `` Kentucky Gambler '' by Merle Haggard Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single January 25 , 1975 Succeeded by `` City Lights '' by Mickey Gilley RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 15 , 1975 Succeeded by `` Then Who Am I '' by Charley Pride Ronnie Milsap Studio albums Ronnie Milsap Where My Heart Is Pure Love Legend in My Time A Rose By Any Other Name Night Things 20 / 20 Vision It Was Almost Like a Song Only One Love in My Life Images Milsap Magic Out Where the Bright Lights Are Glowing There 's No Gettin ' Over Me Inside Keyed Up One More Try for Love Lost in the Fifties Tonight Christmas with Ronnie Milsap Heart & Soul Stranger Things Have Happened Back to the Grindstone True Believer Sings His Best for Capitol Records Just for a Thrill My Life Then Sings My Soul Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 40 # 1 Hits 16 Biggest Hits # 1 singles `` Pure Love '' `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' `` Daydreams About Night Things '' `` What Goes On When the Sun Goes Down '' `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' `` Let My Love Be Your Pillow '' `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' `` Only One Love in My Life '' `` Let 's Take the Long Way Around the World '' `` Back on My Mind Again '' `` Nobody Likes Sad Songs '' `` Why Do n't You Spend the Night '' `` My Heart '' `` Cowboys and Clowns '' `` Smoky Mountain Rain '' `` Am I Losing You '' `` ( There 's ) No Gettin ' Over Me '' `` I Would n't Have Missed It for the World '' `` Any Day Now '' `` He Got You '' `` Inside '' `` Stranger in My House '' `` Do n't You Know How Much I Love You '' `` Show Her '' `` Still Losing You '' `` She Keeps the Home Fires Burning '' `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday Baby '' `` In Love '' `` How Do I Turn You On '' `` Snap Your Fingers '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Where Do the Nights Go '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` A Woman in Love '' `` Stranger Things Have Happened '' Other songs `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' `` Just in Case '' `` In No Time at All '' `` Prisoner of the Highway '' `` Old Folks '' ( with Mike Reid ) `` Button Off My Shirt '' `` Houston Solution '' `` Are You Lovin ' Me Like I 'm Lovin ' You '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Turn That Radio On '' `` All Is Fair in Love and War '' `` True Believer '' Related articles Discography Book : Ronnie Milsap This 1970s country song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(I%27d_Be)_A_Legend_in_My_Time&oldid=792218942 '' Categories : 1974 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Don Gibson songs Roy Orbison songs Ronnie Milsap songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Don Gibson Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) RCA Records singles 1960 songs 1970s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2017 , at 06 : 28 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28I%2527d%20Be%29%20A%20Legend%20in%20My%20Time
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when did tv become available to the public
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Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s , but it would still be several years before the new technology was marketed to consumers . After World War II , an improved form of black - and - white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain , and television sets became commonplace in homes , businesses , and institutions . During the 1950s , television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion . In the mid-1960s , color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other developed countries . The availability of multiple types of storage media such as Betamax , VHS tape , local disks , DVDs , flash drives , high - definition Blu - ray Discs , and digital video recorders have enabled viewers to watch prerecorded material -- such as movies -- at home on their own time schedule . For many reasons , the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud . At the end of the first decade of the 2000s , digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity . Another development was the move from standard - definition television ( SDTV ) ( 576i , with 576 interlaced lines of resolution and 480i ) to high - definition television ( HDTV ) , which provides a resolution that is substantially higher . HDTV may be transmitted in various formats : 1080p , 1080i and 720p . Since 2010 , with the invention of smart television , Internet television has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through streaming video services such as Netflix , Amazon Video , iPlayer , Hulu , Roku and Chromecast .
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Television
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television
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Television ( TV ) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome ( black and white ) , or in colour , and in two or three dimensions and sound . The term can refer to a television set , a television program ( `` TV show '' ) , or the medium of television transmission . Television is a mass medium for entertainment , education , news , politics , gossip , and advertising .
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Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s , but it would still be several years before the new technology was marketed to consumers . After World War II , an improved form of black - and - white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain , and television sets became commonplace in homes , businesses , and institutions . During the 1950s , television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion . In the mid-1960s , color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other developed countries . The availability of multiple types of storage media such as Betamax , VHS tape , local disks , DVDs , flash drives , high - definition Blu - ray Discs , and digital video recorders have enabled viewers to watch prerecorded material -- such as movies -- at home on their own time schedule . For many reasons , the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud . At the end of the first decade of the 2000s , digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity . Another development was the move from standard - definition television ( SDTV ) ( 576i , with 576 interlaced lines of resolution and 480i ) to high - definition television ( HDTV ) , which provides a resolution that is substantially higher . HDTV may be transmitted in various formats : 1080p , 1080i and 720p . Since 2010 , with the invention of smart television , Internet television has increased the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through streaming video services such as Netflix , Amazon Video , iPlayer , Hulu , Roku and Chromecast . In 2013 , 79 % of the world 's households owned a television set . The replacement of early bulky , high - voltage cathode ray tube ( CRT ) screen displays with compact , energy - efficient , flat - panel alternative technologies such as plasma displays , LCDs ( both fluorescent - backlit and LED ) , and OLED displays was a hardware revolution that began with computer monitors in the late 1990s . Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat - panel , mainly LEDs . Major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT , DLP , plasma , and even fluorescent - backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s . In the near future , LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs . Also , major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s . Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s . Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high - powered radio - frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers . Alternatively television signals are distributed by coaxial cable or optical fiber , satellite systems and , since the 2000s via the Internet . Until the early 2000s , these were transmitted as analog signals , but a transition to digital television is expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s . A standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits , including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals . A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Mechanical 2.2 Electronic 2.3 Color 2.4 Digital 2.5 Smart TV 2.6 3D 3 Broadcast systems 3.1 Terrestrial television 3.2 Cable television 3.3 Satellite television 3.4 Internet television 4 Sets 4.1 Display technologies 4.1. 1 Disk 4.1. 2 CRT 4.1. 3 DLP 4.1. 4 Plasma 4.1. 5 LCD 4.1. 6 OLED 4.2 Display resolution 4.2. 1 LD 4.2. 2 SD 4.2. 3 HD 4.2. 4 UHD 4.3 Market share 5 Content 5.1 Programming 5.2 Genres 5.3 Funding 5.3. 1 Advertising 5.3. 1.1 United States 5.3. 1.2 United Kingdom 5.3. 1.3 Ireland 5.3. 2 Subscription 5.3. 3 Taxation or license 5.4 Broadcast programming 6 Social aspects 6.1 Consumption 7 Environmental aspects 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology The word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε ( tèle ) , meaning ' far ' , and Latin visio , meaning ' sight ' . The first documented usage of the term dates back to 1900 , when the Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi used it in a paper that he presented in French at the 1st International Congress of Electricity , which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the International World Fair in Paris . The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 , when it was still `` ... a theoretical system to transmit moving images over telegraph or telephone wires '' . It was `` ... formed in English or borrowed from French télévision . '' In the 19th century and early 20th century , other `` ... proposals for the name of a then - hypothetical technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote ( 1880 ) and televista ( 1904 ) . '' The abbreviation `` TV '' is from 1948 . The use of the term to mean `` a television set '' dates from 1941 . The use of the term to mean `` television as a medium '' dates from 1927 . The slang term `` telly '' is more common in the UK . The slang term `` the tube '' or the `` boob tube '' refers to the bulky cathode ray tube used on most TVs until the advent of flat - screen TVs . Another slang term for the TV is `` idiot box '' . History Main article : History of television Mechanical Main article : Mechanical television The Nipkow disk . This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes that may also be square for greater precision . The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned . Facsimile transmission systems for still photographs pioneered methods of mechanical scanning of images in the early 19th century . Alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine between 1843 and 1846 . Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working laboratory version in 1851 . Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873 . As a 23 - year - old German university student , Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884 . This was a spinning disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it , so each hole scanned a line of the image . Although he never built a working model of the system , variations of Nipkow 's spinning - disk `` image rasterizer '' became exceedingly common . Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on 25 August 1900 . Perskyi 's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies , mentioning the work of Nipkow and others . However , it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn , among others , made the design practical . The first demonstration of the live transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909 . A matrix of 64 selenium cells , individually wired to a mechanical commutator , served as an electronic retina . In the receiver , a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen . A separate circuit regulated synchronization . The 8x8 pixel resolution in this proof - of - concept demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet . An updated image was transmitted `` several times '' each second . In 1921 Edouard Belin sent the first image via radio waves with his belinograph . In 1911 , Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a system that used a mechanical mirror - drum scanner to transmit , in Zworykin 's words , `` very crude images '' over wires to the `` Braun tube '' ( cathode ray tube or `` CRT '' ) in the receiver . Moving images were not possible because , in the scanner : `` the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy '' . Baird in 1925 with his televisor equipment and dummies `` James '' and `` Stooky Bill '' ( right ) . By the 1920s , when amplification made television practical , Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems . On 25 March 1925 , Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion , at Selfridge 's Department Store in London . Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his primitive system , he televised a ventriloquist 's dummy named `` Stooky Bill '' , whose painted face had higher contrast , talking and moving . By 26 January 1926 , he demonstrated the transmission of the image of a face in motion by radio . This is widely regarded as the first television demonstration . The subject was Baird 's business partner Oliver Hutchinson . Baird 's system used the Nipkow disk for both scanning the image and displaying it . A bright light shining through a spinning Nipkow disk set with lenses projected a bright spot of light which swept across the subject . A Selenium photoelectric tube detected the light reflected from the subject and converted it into a proportional electrical signal . This was transmitted by AM radio waves to a receiver unit , where the video signal was applied to a neon light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronized with the first . The brightness of the neon lamp was varied in proportion to the brightness of each spot on the image . As each hole in the disk passed by , one scan line of the image was reproduced . Baird 's disk had 30 holes , producing an image with only 30 scan lines , just enough to recognize a human face . In 1927 , Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles ( 705 km ) of telephone line between London and Glasgow . In 1928 , Baird 's company ( Baird Television Development Company / Cinema Television ) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal , between London and New York , and the first shore - to - ship transmission . In 1929 , he became involved in the first experimental mechanical television service in Germany . In November of the same year , Baird and Bernard Natan of Pathé established France 's first television company , Télévision - Baird - Natan . In 1931 , he made the first outdoor remote broadcast , of The Derby . In 1932 , he demonstrated ultra-short wave television . Baird 's mechanical system reached a peak of 240 - lines of resolution on BBC television broadcasts in 1936 , though the mechanical system did not scan the televised scene directly . Instead a 17.5 mm film was shot , rapidly developed and then scanned while the film was still wet . An American inventor , Charles Francis Jenkins , also pioneered the television . He published an article on `` Motion Pictures by Wireless '' in 1913 , but it was not until December 1923 that he transmitted moving silhouette images for witnesses ; and it was on 13 June 1925 , that he publicly demonstrated synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures . In 1925 Jenkins used the Nipkow disk and transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion , over a distance of five miles , from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington , D.C. , using a lensed disk scanner with a 48 - line resolution . He was granted U.S. Patent No . 1,544,156 ( Transmitting Pictures over Wireless ) on 30 June 1925 ( filed 13 March 1922 ) . Herbert E. Ives and Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories gave a dramatic demonstration of mechanical television on 7 April 1927 . Their reflected - light television system included both small and large viewing screens . The small receiver had a 2 - inch - wide by 2.5 - inch - high screen . The large receiver had a screen 24 inches wide by 30 inches high . Both sets were capable of reproducing reasonably accurate , monochromatic , moving images . Along with the pictures , the sets received synchronized sound . The system transmitted images over two paths : first , a copper wire link from Washington to New York City , then a radio link from Whippany , New Jersey . Comparing the two transmission methods , viewers noted no difference in quality . Subjects of the telecast included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover . A flying - spot scanner beam illuminated these subjects . The scanner that produced the beam had a 50 - aperture disk . The disc revolved at a rate of 18 frames per second , capturing one frame about every 56 milliseconds . ( Today 's systems typically transmit 30 or 60 frames per second , or one frame every 33.3 or 16.7 milliseconds respectively . ) Television historian Albert Abramson underscored the significance of the Bell Labs demonstration : `` It was in fact the best demonstration of a mechanical television system ever made to this time . It would be several years before any other system could even begin to compare with it in picture quality . '' In 1928 , WRGB , then W2XB , was started as the world 's first television station . It broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady , NY . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' . Meanwhile , in the Soviet Union , Léon Theremin had been developing a mirror drum - based television , starting with 16 lines resolution in 1925 , then 32 lines and eventually 64 using interlacing in 1926 . As part of his thesis , on 7 May 1926 , he electrically transmitted , and then projected , near - simultaneous moving images on a five - foot square screen . By 1927 he achieved an image of 100 lines , a resolution that was not surpassed until May 1932 by RCA , with 120 lines . On 25 December 1926 , Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan . This prototype is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in Shizuoka University , Hamamatsu Campus . His research in creating a production model was halted by the United States after Japan lost World War II . Because only a limited number of holes could be made in the disks , and disks beyond a certain diameter became impractical , image resolution on mechanical television broadcasts was relatively low , ranging from about 30 lines up to 120 or so . Nevertheless , the image quality of 30 - line transmissions steadily improved with technical advances , and by 1933 the UK broadcasts using the Baird system were remarkably clear . A few systems ranging into the 200 - line region also went on the air . Two of these were the 180 - line system that Compagnie des Compteurs ( CDC ) installed in Paris in 1935 , and the 180 - line system that Peck Television Corp. started in 1935 at station VE9AK in Montreal . The advancement of all - electronic television ( including image dissectors and other camera tubes and cathode ray tubes for the reproducer ) marked the beginning of the end for mechanical systems as the dominant form of television . Mechanical television , despite its inferior image quality and generally smaller picture , would remain the primary television technology until the 1930s . The last mechanical television broadcasts ended in 1939 at stations run by a handful of public universities in the United States . Electronic Main article : Video camera tube In 1897 , English physicist J.J. Thomson was able , in his three famous experiments , to deflect cathode rays , a fundamental function of the modern cathode ray tube ( CRT ) . The earliest version of the CRT was invented by the German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897 and is also known as the `` Braun '' tube . It was a cold - cathode diode , a modification of the Crookes tube , with a phosphor - coated screen . In 1906 the Germans Max Dieckmann and Gustav Glage produced raster images for the first time in a CRT . In 1907 , Russian scientist Boris Rosing used a CRT in the receiving end of an experimental video signal to form a picture . He managed to display simple geometric shapes onto the screen . In 1908 Alan Archibald Campbell - Swinton , fellow of the Royal Society ( UK ) , published a letter in the scientific journal Nature in which he described how `` distant electric vision '' could be achieved by using a cathode ray tube , or Braun tube , as both a transmitting and receiving device , He expanded on his vision in a speech given in London in 1911 and reported in The Times and the Journal of the Röntgen Society . In a letter to Nature published in October 1926 , Campbell - Swinton also announced the results of some `` not very successful experiments '' he had conducted with G.M. Minchin and J.C.M. Stanton . They had attempted to generate an electrical signal by projecting an image onto a selenium - coated metal plate that was simultaneously scanned by a cathode ray beam . These experiments were conducted before March 1914 , when Minchin died , but they were later repeated by two different teams in 1937 , by H. Miller and J.W. Strange from EMI , and by H. Iams and A. Rose from RCA . Both teams succeeded in transmitting `` very faint '' images with the original Campbell - Swinton 's selenium - coated plate . Although others had experimented with using a cathode ray tube as a receiver , the concept of using one as a transmitter was novel . The first cathode ray tube to use a hot cathode was developed by John B. Johnson ( who gave his name to the term Johnson noise ) and Harry Weiner Weinhart of Western Electric , and became a commercial product in 1922 . In 1926 , Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements and employing the principle of `` charge storage '' within the scanning ( or `` camera '' ) tube . The problem of low sensitivity to light resulting in low electrical output from transmitting or `` camera '' tubes would be solved with the introduction of charge - storage technology by Kálmán Tihanyi beginning in 1924 . His solution was a camera tube that accumulated and stored electrical charges ( `` photoelectrons '' ) within the tube throughout each scanning cycle . The device was first described in a patent application he filed in Hungary in March 1926 for a television system he dubbed `` Radioskop '' . After further refinements included in a 1928 patent application , Tihanyi 's patent was declared void in Great Britain in 1930 , so he applied for patents in the United States . Although his breakthrough would be incorporated into the design of RCA 's `` iconoscope '' in 1931 , the U.S. patent for Tihanyi 's transmitting tube would not be granted until May 1939 . The patent for his receiving tube had been granted the previous October . Both patents had been purchased by RCA prior to their approval . Charge storage remains a basic principle in the design of imaging devices for television to the present day . On 25 December 1926 , at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan , Japanese inventor Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a TV system with a 40 - line resolution that employed a CRT display . This was the first working example of a fully electronic television receiver . Takayanagi did not apply for a patent . On 7 September 1927 , American inventor Philo Farnsworth 's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image , a simple straight line , at his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco . By 3 September 1928 , Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press . This is widely regarded as the first electronic television demonstration . In 1929 , the system was improved further by the elimination of a motor generator , so that his television system now had no mechanical parts . That year , Farnsworth transmitted the first live human images with his system , including a three and a half - inch image of his wife Elma ( `` Pem '' ) with her eyes closed ( possibly due to the bright lighting required ) . Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television ( 1929 ) Meanwhile , Vladimir Zworykin was also experimenting with the cathode ray tube to create and show images . While working for Westinghouse Electric in 1923 , he began to develop an electronic camera tube . But in a 1925 demonstration , the image was dim , had low contrast , and poor definition , and was stationary . Zworykin 's imaging tube never got beyond the laboratory stage . But RCA , which acquired the Westinghouse patent , asserted that the patent for Farnsworth 's 1927 image dissector was written so broadly that it would exclude any other electronic imaging device . Thus RCA , on the basis of Zworykin 's 1923 patent application , filed a patent interference suit against Farnsworth . The U.S. Patent Office examiner disagreed in a 1935 decision , finding priority of invention for Farnsworth against Zworykin . Farnsworth claimed that Zworykin 's 1923 system would be unable to produce an electrical image of the type to challenge his patent . Zworykin received a patent in 1928 for a color transmission version of his 1923 patent application ; he also divided his original application in 1931 . Zworykin was unable or unwilling to introduce evidence of a working model of his tube that was based on his 1923 patent application . In September 1939 , after losing an appeal in the courts , and determined to go forward with the commercial manufacturing of television equipment , RCA agreed to pay Farnsworth US $1 million over a ten - year period , in addition to license payments , to use his patents . In 1933 , RCA introduced an improved camera tube that relied on Tihanyi 's charge storage principle . Dubbed the `` Iconoscope '' by Zworykin , the new tube had a light sensitivity of about 75,000 lux , and thus was claimed to be much more sensitive than Farnsworth 's image dissector . However , Farnsworth had overcome his power problems with his Image Dissector through the invention of a completely unique `` multipactor '' device that he began work on in 1930 , and demonstrated in 1931 . This small tube could amplify a signal reportedly to the 60th power or better and showed great promise in all fields of electronics . Unfortunately , a problem with the multipactor was that it wore out at an unsatisfactory rate . At the Berlin Radio Show in August 1931 , Manfred von Ardenne gave a public demonstration of a television system using a CRT for both transmission and reception . However , Ardenne had not developed a camera tube , using the CRT instead as a flying - spot scanner to scan slides and film . Philo Farnsworth gave the world 's first public demonstration of an all - electronic television system , using a live camera , at the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia on 25 August 1934 , and for ten days afterwards . Mexican inventor Guillermo González Camarena also played an important role in early TV . His experiments with TV ( known as telectroescopía at first ) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the `` trichromatic field sequential system '' color television in 1940 . In Britain , the EMI engineering team led by Isaac Shoenberg applied in 1932 for a patent for a new device they dubbed `` the Emitron '' , which formed the heart of the cameras they designed for the BBC . On 2 November 1936 , a 405 - line broadcasting service employing the Emitron began at studios in Alexandra Palace , and transmitted from a specially built mast atop one of the Victorian building 's towers . It alternated for a short time with Baird 's mechanical system in adjoining studios , but was more reliable and visibly superior . This was the world 's first regular `` high - definition '' television service . The original American iconoscope was noisy , had a high ratio of interference to signal , and ultimately gave disappointing results , especially when compared to the high definition mechanical scanning systems then becoming available . The EMI team , under the supervision of Isaac Shoenberg , analyzed how the iconoscope ( or Emitron ) produces an electronic signal and concluded that its real efficiency was only about 5 % of the theoretical maximum . They solved this problem by developing , and patenting in 1934 , two new camera tubes dubbed super-Emitron and CPS Emitron . The super-Emitron was between ten and fifteen times more sensitive than the original Emitron and iconoscope tubes and , in some cases , this ratio was considerably greater . It was used for outside broadcasting by the BBC , for the first time , on Armistice Day 1937 , when the general public could watch on a television set as the King laid a wreath at the Cenotaph . This was the first time that anyone had broadcast a live street scene from cameras installed on the roof of neighboring buildings , because neither Farnsworth nor RCA would do the same until the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939 Indian - head test pattern used during the black & white era before 1970 . It was displayed when a TV station first signed on every day . On the other hand , in 1934 , Zworykin shared some patent rights with the German licensee company Telefunken . The `` image iconoscope '' ( `` Superikonoskop '' in Germany ) was produced as a result of the collaboration . This tube is essentially identical to the super-Emitron . The production and commercialization of the super-Emitron and image iconoscope in Europe were not affected by the patent war between Zworykin and Farnsworth , because Dieckmann and Hell had priority in Germany for the invention of the image dissector , having submitted a patent application for their Lichtelektrische Bildzerlegerröhre für Fernseher ( Photoelectric Image Dissector Tube for Television ) in Germany in 1925 , two years before Farnsworth did the same in the United States . The image iconoscope ( Superikonoskop ) became the industrial standard for public broadcasting in Europe from 1936 until 1960 , when it was replaced by the vidicon and plumbicon tubes . Indeed , it was the representative of the European tradition in electronic tubes competing against the American tradition represented by the image orthicon . The German company Heimann produced the Superikonoskop for the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games , later Heimann also produced and commercialized it from 1940 to 1955 ; finally the Dutch company Philips produced and commercialized the image iconoscope and multicon from 1952 to 1958 . American television broadcasting , at the time , consisted of a variety of markets in a wide range of sizes , each competing for programming and dominance with separate technology , until deals were made and standards agreed upon in 1941 . RCA , for example , used only Iconoscopes in the New York area , but Farnsworth Image Dissectors in Philadelphia and San Francisco . In September 1939 , RCA agreed to pay the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation royalties over the next ten years for access to Farnsworth 's patents . With this historic agreement in place , RCA integrated much of what was best about the Farnsworth Technology into their systems . In 1941 , the United States implemented 525 - line television . Electrical engineer Benjamin Adler played a prominent role in the development of television . The world 's first 625 - line television standard was designed in the Soviet Union in 1944 and became a national standard in 1946 . The first broadcast in 625 - line standard occurred in Moscow in 1948 . The concept of 625 lines per frame was subsequently implemented in the European CCIR standard . In 1936 , Kálmán Tihanyi described the principle of plasma display , the first flat panel display system . Color Main article : Color television The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black - and - white televisions had first been built . Although he gave no practical details , among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc , in 1880 , for a color system , including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning . Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented a color television system in 1897 , using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver . But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end , and could not have worked as he described it . Another inventor , Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907 . The first color television project is claimed by him , and was patented in Germany on 31 March 1908 , patent No 197183 , then in Britain , on 1 April 1908 , patent No 7219 , in France ( patent No 390326 ) and in Russia in 1910 ( patent No 17912 ) . Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the world 's first color transmission on 3 July 1928 , using scanning discs at the transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures , each spiral with filters of a different primary color ; and three light sources at the receiving end , with a commutator to alternate their illumination . Baird also made the world 's first color broadcast on 4 February 1938 , sending a mechanically scanned 120 - line image from Baird 's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London 's Dominion Theatre . Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers , glow - tubes , and color filters , with a series of mirrors to superimpose the red , green , and blue images into one full color image . The first practical hybrid system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird . In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black - and - white display with a rotating colored disk . This device was very `` deep '' , but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console . However , Baird was not happy with the design , and , as early as 1944 , had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better . In 1939 , Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro - mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor . The CBS field - sequential color system was partly mechanical , with a disc made of red , blue , and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm , and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set . The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) on 29 August 1940 , and shown to the press on 4 September . CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940 , and live cameras by 12 November . NBC ( owned by RCA ) made its first field test of color television on 20 February 1941 . CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941 . These color systems were not compatible with existing black - and - white television sets , and , as no color television sets were available to the public at this time , viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press . The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942 to 20 August 1945 , limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public . As early as 1940 , Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called Telechrome . Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate . The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other . Using cyan and magenta phosphors , a reasonable limited - color image could be obtained . He also demonstrated the same system using monochrome signals to produce a 3D image ( called `` stereoscopic '' at the time ) . A demonstration on 16 August 1944 was the first example of a practical color television system . Work on the Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three - gun version for full color . However , Baird 's untimely death in 1946 ended development of the Telechrome system . Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s , differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns . The Geer tube was similar to Baird 's concept , but used small pyramids with the phosphors deposited on their outside faces , instead of Baird 's 3D patterning on a flat surface . The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors . The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube . One of the great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth , potentially three times that of the existing black - and - white standards , and not use an excessive amount of radio spectrum . In the United States , after considerable research , the National Television Systems Committee approved an all - electronic Compatible color system developed by RCA , which encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth . The brightness image remained compatible with existing black - and - white television sets at slightly reduced resolution , while color televisions could decode the extra information in the signal and produce a limited - resolution color display . The higher resolution black - and - white and lower resolution color images combine in the brain to produce a seemingly high - resolution color image . The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement . Color bars used in a test pattern , sometimes used when no program material is available . Although all - electronic color was introduced in the U.S. in 1953 , high prices , and the scarcity of color programming , greatly slowed its acceptance in the marketplace . The first national color broadcast ( the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on 1 January 1954 , but during the following ten years most network broadcasts , and nearly all local programming , continued to be in black - and - white . It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers , due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it was announced that over half of all network prime - time programming would be broadcast in color that fall . The first all - color prime - time season came just one year later . In 1972 , the last holdout among daytime network programs converted to color , resulting in the first completely all - color network season . Early color sets were either floor - standing console models or tabletop versions nearly as bulky and heavy ; so in practice they remained firmly anchored in one place . The introduction of GE 's relatively compact and lightweight Porta - Color set in the spring of 1966 made watching color television a more flexible and convenient proposition . In 1972 , sales of color sets finally surpassed sales of black - and - white sets . Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s , and broadcasts did not start until 1967 . By this point many of the technical problems in the early sets had been worked out , and the spread of color sets in Europe was fairly rapid . By the mid-1970s , the only stations broadcasting in black - and - white were a few high - numbered UHF stations in small markets , and a handful of low - power repeater stations in even smaller markets such as vacation spots . By 1979 , even the last of these had converted to color and , by the early 1980s , B&W sets had been pushed into niche markets , notably low - power uses , small portable sets , or for use as video monitor screens in lower - cost consumer equipment . By the late 1980s even these areas switched to color sets . Digital Main article : Digital television See also : Digital television transition Digital television ( DTV ) is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signals , in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television . Due to data compression digital TV can support more than one program in the same channel bandwidth . It is an innovative service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s . Digital TV 's roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive , high performance computers . It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became feasible . In the mid-1980s , as Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology , the MUSE analog format proposed by NHK , a Japanese company , was seen as a pacesetter that threatened to eclipse U.S. electronics companies ' technologies . Until June 1990 , the Japanese MUSE standard , based on an analog system , was the front - runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration . Then , an American company , General Instrument , demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal . This breakthrough was of such significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed . In March 1990 , when it became clear that a digital standard was feasible , the FCC made a number of critical decisions . First , the Commission declared that the new ATV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal , but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. ( 7 ) Then , to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts , it dictated that the new ATV standard must be capable of being `` simulcast '' on different channels. ( 8 ) The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles . Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard , the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements . The final standards adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats , aspect ratios , or lines of resolution . This compromise resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry ( joined by some broadcasters ) and the computer industry ( joined by the film industry and some public interest groups ) over which of the two scanning processes -- interlaced or progressive -- would be best suited for the newer digital HDTV compatible display devices . Interlaced scanning , which had been specifically designed for older analogue CRT display technologies , scans even - numbered lines first , then odd - numbered ones . In fact , interlaced scanning can be looked at as the first video compression model as it was partly designed in the 1940s to double the image resolution to exceed the limitations of the television broadcast bandwidth . Another reason for its adoption was to limit the flickering on early CRT screens whose phosphor coated screens could only retain the image from the electron scanning gun for a relatively short duration . However interlaced scanning does not work as efficiently on newer display devices such as Liquid - crystal ( LCD ) , for example , which are better suited to a more frequent progressive refresh rate . Progressive scanning , the format that the computer industry had long adopted for computer display monitors , scans every line in sequence , from top to bottom . Progressive scanning in effect doubles the amount of data generated for every full screen displayed in comparison to interlaced scanning by painting the screen in one pass in 1 / 60 - second , instead of two passes in 1 / 30 - second . The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not `` flicker '' on the new standard of display devices in the manner of interlaced scanning . It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet , and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa . The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offered a more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats . For their part , the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then ( and currently ) feasible , i.e. , 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line . Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming is not readily compatible with a progressive format . William F. Schreiber , who was director of the Advanced Television Research Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1983 until his retirement in 1990 , thought that the continued advocacy of interlaced equipment originated from consumer electronics companies that were trying to get back the substantial investments they made in the interlaced technology . Digital television transition started in late 2000s . All governments across the world set the deadline for analog shutdown by 2010s . Initially the adoption rate was low , as the first digital tuner - equipped TVs were costly . But soon , as the price of digital - capable TVs dropped , more and more households were converting to digital televisions . The transition is expected to be completed worldwide by mid to late 2010s . Smart TV Main article : Smart television Not to be confused with Internet television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . A smart TV The advent of digital television allowed innovations like smart TVs . A smart television , sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid TV , is a television set or set - top box with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 features , and is an example of technological convergence between computers , television sets and set - top boxes . Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set - top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media , these devices can also provide Internet TV , online interactive media , over-the - top content , as well as on - demand streaming media , and home networking access . These TVs come pre-loaded with an operating system . Smart TV should not to be confused with Internet TV , Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) or with Web TV . Internet television refers to the receiving of television content over the Internet instead of by traditional systems -- terrestrial , cable and satellite ( although internet itself is received by these methods ) . IPTV is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television ( WebTV ) is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV . A first patent was filed in 1994 ( and extended the following year ) for an `` intelligent '' television system , linked with data processing systems , by means of a digital or analog network . Apart from being linked to data networks , one key point is its ability to automatically download necessary software routines , according to a user 's demand , and process their needs . Major TV manufacturers have announced production of smart TVs only , for middle - end and high - end TVs in 2015 . Smart TVs are expected to become dominant form of television by late 2010s . 3D Main article : 3D television This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) 3D television conveys depth perception to the viewer by employing techniques such as stereoscopic display , multi-view display , 2D - plus - depth , or any other form of 3D display . Most modern 3D television sets use an active shutter 3D system or a polarized 3D system , and some are autostereoscopic without the need of glasses . Stereoscopic 3D television was demonstrated for the first time on 10 August 1928 , by John Logie Baird in his company 's premises at 133 Long Acre , London . Baird pioneered a variety of 3D television systems using electromechanical and cathode - ray tube techniques . The first 3D TV was produced in 1935 . The advent of digital television in the 2000s greatly improved 3D TVs . Although 3D TV sets are quite popular for watching 3D home media such as on Blu - ray discs , 3D programming has largely failed to make inroads with the public . Many 3D television channels which started in the early 2010s were shut down by the mid-2010s. According to DisplaySearch 3D televisions shipments totaled 41.45 million units in 2012 , compared with 24.14 in 2011 and 2.26 in 2010 . As of late 2013 , the number of 3D TV viewers started to decline . Broadcast systems Terrestrial television Main article : Terrestrial television See also : Timeline of the introduction of television in countries A modern high gain UHF Yagi television antenna . It has 17 directors , and 4 reflectors shaped as a corner reflector . Programming is broadcast by television stations , sometimes called `` channels '' , as stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in the television band . At first , terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed , and because bandwidth was limited , i.e. , there were only a small number of channels available , government regulation was the norm . In the U.S. , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) allowed stations to broadcast advertisements beginning in July 1941 , but required public service programming commitments as a requirement for a license . By contrast , the United Kingdom chose a different route , imposing a television license fee on owners of television reception equipment to fund the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , which had public service as part of its Royal Charter . WRGB claims to be the world 's oldest television station , tracing its roots to an experimental station founded on 13 January 1928 , broadcasting from the General Electric factory in Schenectady , NY , under the call letters W2XB . It was popularly known as `` WGY Television '' after its sister radio station . Later in 1928 , General Electric started a second facility , this one in New York City , which had the call letters W2XBS and which today is known as WNBC . The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming , as receivers were operated by engineers within the company . The image of a Felix the Cat doll rotating on a turntable was broadcast for 2 hours every day for several years as new technology was being tested by the engineers . On 2 November 1936 , the BBC began transmitting the world 's first public regular high - definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London . It therefore claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today . With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s , terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline ; in 2013 it was estimated that about 7 % of US households used an antenna . A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to switchover to digital terrestrial television broadcasts , which offered pristine image quality over very large areas , and offered an alternate to cable television ( CATV ) for cord cutters . All other countries around the world are also in the process of either shutting down analog terrestrial television or switching over to digital terrestrial television . Cable television Main article : Cable television See also : Cable television by region This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2014 ) Coaxial cable is used to carry cable television signals into cathode ray tube and flat panel television sets . Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency ( RF ) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber - optic cables . This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television , in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television . In the 2000s , FM radio programming , high - speed Internet , telephone service , and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables . The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television . It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television , from cable television 's origins in 1948 : in areas where over-the - air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain , large `` community antennas '' were constructed , and cable was run from them to individual homes . The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924 . Earlier cable television was analog , but since the 2000s , all cable operators have switched to , or are in the process of switching to , digital cable television . Satellite television Main article : Satellite television DBS satellite dishes installed on an apartment complex . Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast signals relayed from communication satellites . The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and a low - noise block downconverter ( LNB ) . A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on a television set . Receivers can be external set - top boxes , or a built - in television tuner . Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services , especially to geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television . The most common method of reception is direct - broadcast satellite television ( DBSTV ) , also known as `` direct to home '' ( DTH ) . In DBSTV systems , signals are relayed from a direct broadcast satellite on the K wavelength and are completely digital . Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive - only . These systems received analog signals transmitted in the C - band spectrum from FSS type satellites , and required the use of large dishes . Consequently , these systems were nicknamed `` big dish '' systems , and were more expensive and less popular . The direct - broadcast satellite television signals were earlier analog signals and later digital signals , both of which require a compatible receiver . Digital signals may include high - definition television ( HDTV ) . Some transmissions and channels are free - to - air or free - to - view , while many other channels are pay television requiring a subscription . In 1945 , British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally spaced apart in earth orbit . This was published in the October 1945 issue of the Wireless World magazine and won him the Franklin Institute 's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1963 . The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on 23 July 1962 . The signals were received and broadcast in North American and European countries and watched by over 100 million . Launched in 1962 , the Relay 1 satellite was the first satellite to transmit television signals from the US to Japan . The first geosynchronous communication satellite , Syncom 2 , was launched on 26 July 1963 . The world 's first commercial communications satellite , called Intelsat I and nicknamed `` Early Bird '' , was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965 . The first national network of television satellites , called Orbita , was created by the Soviet Union in October 1967 , and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to ground downlink stations . The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was Canada 's geostationary Anik 1 , which was launched on 9 November 1972 . ATS - 6 , the world 's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite ( DBS ) , was launched on 30 May 1974 . It transmitted at 860 MHz using wideband FM modulation and had two sound channels . The transmissions were focused on the Indian subcontinent but experimenters were able to receive the signal in Western Europe using home constructed equipment that drew on UHF television design techniques already in use . The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct - To - Home television , Ekran 1 , was launched on 26 October 1976 . It used a 714 MHz UHF downlink frequency so that the transmissions could be received with existing UHF television technology rather than microwave technology . Internet television Main article : Internet television Not to be confused with Smart television , Internet Protocol television , or Web television . Internet television ( Internet TV ) ( or online television ) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial , cable , and satellite , although the Internet itself is received by terrestrial , cable , or satellite methods . Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows , and other video content , over the Internet by video streaming technology , typically by major traditional television broadcasters . Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV , IPTV or with Web TV . Smart television refers to the TV set which has a built - in operating system . Internet Protocol television ( IPTV ) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters . Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV . Sets Main article : Television set RCA 630 - TS , the first mass - produced television set , which sold in 1946 -- 1947 A television set , also called a television receiver , television , TV set , TV , or `` telly '' , is a device that combines a tuner , display , an amplifier , and speakers for the purpose of viewing television and hearing its audio components . Introduced in late 1920 's in mechanical form , television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form , using cathode ray tubes . The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes . The ubiquitous television set became the display device for recorded media in the 1970s , such as Betamax and VHS , which enabled viewers to record TV shows and watch prerecorded movies . In the subsequent decades , TVs were used to watch DVDs and Blu - ray Discs of movies and other content . Major TV manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT , DLP , plasma and fluorescent - backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s . Televisions since 2010s mostly use LEDs . LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced by OLEDs in near future . Display technologies Main article : Display device Disk Main article : Nipkow disk The earliest systems employed a spinning disk to create and reproduce images . These usually had a low resolution and screen size and never became popular with the public . CRT Main article : Cathode ray tube A 14 - inch cathode ray tube showing its deflection coils and electron guns The cathode ray tube ( CRT ) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns ( a source of electrons or electron emitter ) and a fluorescent screen used to view images . It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam ( s ) onto the screen to create the images . The images may represent electrical waveforms ( oscilloscope ) , pictures ( television , computer monitor ) , radar targets or others . The CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope which is large , deep ( i.e. long from front screen face to rear end ) , fairly heavy , and relatively fragile . As a matter of safety , the face is typically made of thick lead glass so as to be highly shatter - resistant and to block most X-ray emissions , particularly if the CRT is used in a consumer product . In television sets and computer monitors , the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster . An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams , one for each additive primary color ( red , green , and blue ) with a video signal as a reference . In all modern CRT monitors and televisions , the beams are bent by magnetic deflection , a varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of the tube , although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes , a type of diagnostic instrument . DLP Main article : Digital Light Processing The Christie Mirage 5000 , a 2001 DLP projector . Digital Light Processing ( DLP ) is a type of video projector technology that uses a digital micromirror device . Some DLPs have a TV tuner , which makes them a type of TV display . It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr. Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments . While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments , the first DLP based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997 . Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for invention of the DLP projector technology . DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including medical , security , and industrial uses . DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors ( standalone projection units for classrooms and business primarily ) , but also in private homes ; in these cases , the image is projected onto a projection screen . DLP is also used in DLP rear projection television sets and digital signs . It is also used in about 85 % of digital cinema projection . Plasma Main article : Plasma display A plasma display panel ( PDP ) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV displays 30 inches ( 76 cm ) or larger . They are called `` plasma '' displays because the technology utilizes small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases , or what are in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps . LCD Main article : Liquid crystal display A generic LCD TV , with speakers on either side of the screen . Liquid - crystal - display televisions ( LCD TV ) are television sets that use LCD display technology to produce images . LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode ray tube ( CRTs ) of similar display size , and are available in much larger sizes ( e.g. , 90 - inch diagonal ) . When manufacturing costs fell , this combination of features made LCDs practical for television receivers . LCD 's come in two types : those using cold cathode fluorescent lamps , simply called LCDs and those using LED as backlight called as LEDs . In 2007 , LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT - based televisions worldwide for the first time , and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated . LCD TVs have quickly displaced the only major competitors in the large - screen market , the plasma display panel and rear - projection television . In mid 2010s LCDs especially LEDs became , by far , the most widely produced and sold television display type . LCDs also have disadvantages . Other technologies address these weaknesses , including OLEDs , FED and SED , but as of 2014 none of these have entered widespread production . OLED Main article : Organic light - emitting diode OLED TV An OLED ( organic light - emitting diode ) is a light - emitting diode ( LED ) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current . This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes . Generally , at least one of these electrodes is transparent . OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens . It is also used for computer monitors , portable systems such as mobile phones , handheld games consoles and PDAs . There are two main families of OLED : those based on small molecules and those employing polymers . Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light - emitting electrochemical cell or LEC , which has a slightly different mode of operation . OLED displays can use either passive - matrix ( PMOLED ) or active - matrix ( AMOLED ) addressing schemes . Active - matrix OLEDs require a thin - film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off , but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes . An OLED display works without a backlight . Thus , it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display ( LCD ) . In low ambient light conditions such as a dark room an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD , whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or LED backlight . OLEDs are expected to replace other forms of display in near future . Display resolution Comparison of 8K UHDTV , 4K UHDTV , HDTV and SDTV resolution Ld Main article : Low - definition television Low - definition television or LDTV refers to television systems that have a lower screen resolution than standard - definition television systems such 240p ( 320 * 240 ) . It is used in handheld television . The most common source of LDTV programming is the Internet , where mass distribution of higher - resolution video files could overwhelm computer servers and take too long to download . Many mobile phones and portable devices such as Apple 's iPod Nano , or Sony 's PlayStation Portable use LDTV video , as higher - resolution files would be excessive to the needs of their small screens ( 320 × 240 and 480 × 272 pixels respectively ) . The current generation of iPod Nanos have LDTV screens , as do the first three generations of iPod Touch and iPhone ( 480 × 320 ) . For the first years of its existence , YouTube offered only one , low - definition resolution of 320x240p at 30fps or less . A standard , consumer grade VHS videotape can be considered SDTV due to its resolution ( approximately 360 × 480i / 576i ) . Sd Main article : Standard - definition television Standard - definition television or SDTV refers to two different resolutions : 576i , with 576 interlaced lines of resolution , derived from the European - developed PAL and SECAM systems ; and 480i based on the American National Television System Committee NTSC system . SDTV is a television system that uses a resolution that is not considered to be either high - definition television ( 720p , 1080i , 1080p , 1440p , 4K UHDTV , and 8K UHD ) or enhanced - definition television ( EDTV 480p ) . In North America , digital SDTV is broadcast in the same 4 : 3 aspect ratio as NTSC signals with widescreen content being center cut . However , in other parts of the world that used the PAL or SECAM color systems , standard - definition television is now usually shown with a 16 : 9 aspect ratio , with the transition occurring between the mid-1990s and mid-2000s . Older programs with a 4 : 3 aspect ratio are shown in the US as 4 : 3 with non-ATSC countries preferring to reduce the horizontal resolution by anamorphically scaling a pillarboxed image . HD Main article : High - definition television High - definition television ( HDTV ) provides a resolution that is substantially higher than that of standard - definition television . HDTV may be transmitted in various formats : 1080p : 1920 × 1080p : 2,073,600 pixels ( ~ 2.07 megapixels ) per frame 1080i : 1920 × 1080i : 1,036,800 pixels ( ~ 1.04 MP ) per field or 2,073,600 pixels ( ~ 2.07 MP ) per frame A non-standard CEA resolution exists in some countries such as 1440 × 1080i : 777,600 pixels ( ~ 0.78 MP ) per field or 1,555,200 pixels ( ~ 1.56 MP ) per frame 720p : 1280 × 720p : 921,600 pixels ( ~ 0.92 MP ) per frame UHD Main article : Ultra-high - definition television Ultra-high - definition television ( also known as Super Hi - Vision , Ultra HD television , UltraHD , UHDTV , or UHD ) includes 4K UHD ( 2160p ) and 8K UHD ( 4320p ) , which are two digital video formats proposed by NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories and defined and approved by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . The Consumer Electronics Association announced on 17 October 2012 , that `` Ultra High Definition '' , or `` Ultra HD '' , would be used for displays that have an aspect ratio of at least 16 : 9 and at least one digital input capable of carrying and presenting native video at a minimum resolution of 3840 × 2160 pixels . Market share North American consumers purchase a new television set on average every seven years , and the average household owns 2.8 televisions . As of 2011 , 48 million are sold each year at an average price of $460 and size of 38 in ( 97 cm ) . Worldwide LCD TV manufacturers market share , 2016 Manufacturer Statista Samsung Electronics 21.6 % LG Electronics 11.9 % TCL 9 % Hisense 6.1 % Sony 5.6 % Others 45.8 % Content Programming See also : Television program Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different ways . After production , the next step is to market and deliver the product to whichever markets are open to using it . This typically happens on two levels : Original run or First run : a producer creates a program of one or multiple episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the production itself or to which a license has been granted by the television producers to do the same . Broadcast syndication : this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe secondary programming usages ( beyond original run ) . It includes secondary runs in the country of first issue , but also international usage which may not be managed by the originating producer . In many cases , other companies , TV stations , or individuals are engaged to do the syndication work , in other words , to sell the product into the markets they are allowed to sell into by contract from the copyright holders , in most cases the producers . First - run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the US , but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic free - to - air ( FTA ) elsewhere . This practice is increasing , however , generally on digital - only FTA channels or with subscriber - only , first - run material appearing on FTA . Unlike the US , repeat FTA screenings of an FTA network program usually only occur on that network . Also , affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network programming that is not centered on local programming . Genres This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Television genres include a broad range of programming types that entertain , inform , and educate viewers . The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually dramas and dramatic miniseries . However , other genres , such as historical Western genres , may also have high production costs . Popular culture entertainment genres include action - oriented shows such as police , crime , detective dramas , horror , or thriller shows . As well , there are also other variants of the drama genre , such as medical dramas and daytime soap operas . Science fiction shows can fall into either the drama or action category , depending on whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure . Comedy is a popular genre which includes situation comedy ( sitcom ) and animated shows for the adult demographic such as South Park . The least expensive forms of entertainment programming genres are game shows , talk shows , variety shows , and reality television . Game shows feature contestants answering questions and solving puzzles to win prizes . Talk shows contain interviews with film , television , music and sports celebrities and public figures . Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers , such as comedians and magicians , introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies . There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows because leading talk shows often feature performances by bands , singers , comedians , and other performers in between the interview segments . Reality TV shows `` regular '' people ( i.e. , not actors ) facing unusual challenges or experiences ranging from arrest by police officers ( COPS ) to significant weight loss ( The Biggest Loser ) . A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going about their everyday life ( The Osbournes , Snoop Dogg 's Father Hood ) or doing regular jobs ( The Simple Life ) . Fictional television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are `` quality television '' , include series such as Twin Peaks and The Sopranos . Kristin Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in art films , such as psychological realism , narrative complexity , and ambiguous plotlines . Nonfiction television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups argue are `` quality television '' , include a range of serious , noncommercial , programming aimed at a niche audience , such as documentaries and public affairs shows . Funding Television sets per 1000 people of the world 1000 + 100 -- 200 500 -- 1000 50 -- 100 300 -- 500 0 -- 50 200 -- 300 No data Around the globe , broadcast TV is financed by government , advertising , licensing ( a form of tax ) , subscription , or any combination of these . To protect revenues , subscription TV channels are usually encrypted to ensure that only subscribers receive the decryption codes to see the signal . Unencrypted channels are known as free to air or FTA . In 2009 , the global TV market represented 1,217.2 million TV households with at least one TV and total revenues of 268.9 billion EUR ( declining 1.2 % compared to 2008 ) . North America had the biggest TV revenue market share with 39 % followed by Europe ( 31 % ) , Asia - Pacific ( 21 % ) , Latin America ( 8 % ) , and Africa and the Middle East ( 2 % ) . Globally , the different TV revenue sources divide into 45 % -- 50 % TV advertising revenues , 40 % -- 45 % subscription fees and 10 % public funding . Advertising Main article : Television advertisement TV 's broad reach makes it a powerful and attractive medium for advertisers . Many TV networks and stations sell blocks of broadcast time to advertisers ( `` sponsors '' ) to fund their programming . Television advertisements ( variously called a television commercial , commercial or ad in American English , and known in British English as an advert ) is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization , which conveys a message , typically to market a product or service . Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned television networks . The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief advertising spots , ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes ( as well as program - length infomercials ) . Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide variety of goods , services and ideas since the beginning of television . Television was still in its experimental phase in 1928 , but the medium 's potential to sell goods was already predicted . The effects of television advertising upon the viewing public ( and the effects of mass media in general ) have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as Marshall McLuhan . The viewership of television programming , as measured by companies such as Nielsen Media Research , is often used as a metric for television advertisement placement , and consequently , for the rates charged to advertisers to air within a given network , television program , or time of day ( called a `` daypart '' ) . In many countries , including the United States , television campaign advertisements are considered indispensable for a political campaign . In other countries , such as France , political advertising on television is heavily restricted , while some countries , such as Norway , completely ban political advertisements . The first official , paid television advertisement was broadcast in the United States on 1 July 1941 over New York station WNBT ( now WNBC ) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . The announcement for Bulova watches , for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 ( reports vary ) , displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time . The Bulova logo , with the phrase `` Bulova Watch Time '' , was shown in the lower right - hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute . The first TV ad broadcast in the UK was on ITV on 22 September 1955 , advertising Gibbs SR toothpaste . The first TV ad broadcast in Asia was on Nippon Television in Tokyo on 28 August 1953 , advertising Seikosha ( now Seiko ) , which also displayed a clock with the current time . United States Since inception in the US in 1941 , television commercials have become one of the most effective , persuasive , and popular methods of selling products of many sorts , especially consumer goods . During the 1940s and into the 1950s , programs were hosted by single advertisers . This , in turn , gave great creative license to the advertisers over the content of the show . Perhaps due to the quiz show scandals in the 1950s , networks shifted to the magazine concept , introducing advertising breaks with multiple advertisers . US advertising rates are determined primarily by Nielsen ratings . The time of the day and popularity of the channel determine how much a TV commercial can cost . For example , it can cost approximately $750,000 for a 30 - second block of commercial time during the highly popular American Idol , while the same amount of time for the Super Bowl can cost several million dollars . Conversely , lesser - viewed time slots , such as early mornings and weekday afternoons , are often sold in bulk to producers of infomercials at far lower rates . In recent years , the paid program or infomercial has become common , usually in lengths of 30 minutes or one hour . Some drug companies and other businesses have even created `` news '' items for broadcast , known in the industry as video news releases , paying program directors to use them . Some TV programs also deliberately place products into their shows as advertisements , a practice started in feature films and known as product placement . For example , a character could be drinking a certain kind of soda , going to a particular chain restaurant , or driving a certain make of car . ( This is sometimes very subtle , with shows having vehicles provided by manufacturers for low cost in exchange as a product placement ) . Sometimes , a specific brand or trade mark , or music from a certain artist or group , is used . ( This excludes guest appearances by artists who perform on the show . ) United Kingdom The TV regulator oversees TV advertising in the United Kingdom . Its restrictions have applied since the early days of commercially funded TV . Despite this , an early TV mogul , Roy Thomson , likened the broadcasting licence as being a `` licence to print money '' . Restrictions mean that the big three national commercial TV channels : ITV , Channel 4 , and Channel 5 can show an average of only seven minutes of advertising per hour ( eight minutes in the peak period ) . Other broadcasters must average no more than nine minutes ( twelve in the peak ) . This means that many imported TV shows from the US have unnatural pauses where the UK company does not utilize the narrative breaks intended for more frequent US advertising . Advertisements must not be inserted in the course of certain specific proscribed types of programs which last less than half an hour in scheduled duration ; this list includes any news or current affairs programs , documentaries , and programs for children ; additionally , advertisements may not be carried in a program designed and broadcast for reception in schools or in any religious broadcasting service or other devotional program or during a formal Royal ceremony or occasion . There also must be clear demarcations in time between the programs and the advertisements . The BBC , being strictly non-commercial , is not allowed to show advertisements on television in the UK , although it has many advertising - funded channels abroad . The majority of its budget comes from television license fees ( see below ) and broadcast syndication , the sale of content to other broadcasters . Ireland The Broadcasting Commission of Ireland ( BCI ) ( Irish : Coimisiún Craolacháin na hÉireann ) oversees advertising on television and radio within Ireland for both private and state - owned broadcasters . There are some restrictions based on advertising , especially in relation to the advertising of alcohol . Such advertisements are prohibited until after 7 pm . Broadcasters in Ireland adhere to broadcasting legislation implemented by the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland and the European Union . Sponsorship of current affairs programming is prohibited at all times . As of 1 October 2009 , the responsibilities held by the BCI are gradually being transferred to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland . Subscription Some TV channels are partly funded from subscriptions ; therefore , the signals are encrypted during broadcast to ensure that only the paying subscribers have access to the decryption codes to watch pay television or specialty channels . Most subscription services are also funded by advertising . Taxation or license Television services in some countries may be funded by a television licence or a form of taxation , which means that advertising plays a lesser role or no role at all . For example , some channels may carry no advertising at all and some very little , including : Australia ( ABC ) Belgium ( RTBF ) Denmark ( DR ) Ireland ( RTÉ ) Japan ( NHK ) Norway ( NRK ) Sweden ( SVT ) United Kingdom ( BBC ) United States ( PBS ) The BBC carries no television advertising on its UK channels and is funded by an annual television licence paid by premises receiving live TV broadcasts . Currently , it is estimated that approximately 26.8 million UK private domestic households own televisions , with approximately 25 million TV licences in all premises in force as of 2010 . This television license fee is set by the government , but the BBC is not answerable to or controlled by the government . The two main BBC TV channels are watched by almost 90 % of the population each week and overall have 27 % share of total viewing , despite the fact that 85 % of homes are multichannel , with 42 % of these having access to 200 free to air channels via satellite and another 43 % having access to 30 or more channels via Freeview . The licence that funds the seven advertising - free BBC TV channels currently costs £ 139.50 a year ( about US $215 ) regardless of the number of TV sets owned . When the same sporting event has been presented on both BBC and commercial channels , the BBC always attracts the lion 's share of the audience , indicating that viewers prefer to watch TV uninterrupted by advertising . Other than internal promotional material , the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) carries no advertising ; it is banned under the ABC Act 1983 . The ABC receives its funding from the Australian government every three years . In the 2014 / 15 federal budget , the ABC received A $1.11 billion . The funds provide for the ABC 's television , radio , online , and international outputs . The ABC also receives funds from its many ABC shops across Australia . Although funded by the Australian government , the editorial independence of the ABC is ensured through law . In France , government - funded channels carry advertisements , yet those who own television sets have to pay an annual tax ( `` la redevance audiovisuelle '' ) . In Japan , NHK is paid for by license fees ( known in Japanese as reception fee ( 受信 料 , Jushinryō ) ) . The broadcast law that governs NHK 's funding stipulates that any television equipped to receive NHK is required to pay . The fee is standardized , with discounts for office workers and students who commute , as well a general discount for residents of Okinawa prefecture . Broadcast programming Main article : Broadcast programming See also : TV listings ( UK ) Broadcast programming , or TV listings in the United Kingdom , is the practice of organizing and or ordering of television programs in a daily , weekly , monthly , quarterly or season - long schedule , with broadcast automation used to regularly change the scheduling of TV programs to build an audience for a new show , retain that audience , or compete with other broadcasters ' programs . Social aspects Main article : Social aspects of television American family watching TV , circa 1958 Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st centuries . There are many aspects of television that can be addressed , including negative issues such as media violence . Current research is discovering that individuals suffering from social isolation can employ television to create what is termed a parasocial or faux relationship with characters from their favorite television shows and movies as a way of deflecting feelings of loneliness and social deprivation . Several studies have found that educational television has many advantages . The article `` The Good Things about Television '' argues that television can be a very powerful and effective learning tool for children if used wisely . Consumption Main article : Television consumption Environmental aspects With high lead content in CRTs and the rapid diffusion of new flat - panel display technologies , some of which ( LCDs ) use lamps which contain mercury , there is growing concern about electronic waste from discarded televisions . Related occupational health concerns exist , as well , for disassemblers removing copper wiring and other materials from CRTs . Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices ' increasing electrical energy requirements . See also Television portal Broadcast - safe Content Discovery Platform Information - action ratio List of countries by number of television broadcast stations List of television manufacturers List of years in television Media psychology Sign language on television Television studies Murder by Television , a murder mystery from 1935 References Jump up ^ Diggs - Brown , Barbara ( 2011 ) Strategic Public Relations : Audience Focused Practice p. 48 Jump up ^ `` TVTechnology : The State of Television , Worldwide '' . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julie Jacobson ( 1 December 2012 ) . `` Mitsubishi Drops DLP Displays : Goodbye RPTVs Forever '' . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall Honorof . `` LG 's Exit May Herald End of Plasma TVs '' . Tom 's Guide . 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Patent No . DE 450,187 ( filed 1925 , patented 1927 ) . Deutsches Reich Reichspatentamt . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Philo T. `` Television System '' . Patent No. 1,773,980 ( filed 1927 , patented 1930 ) . United States Patent Office . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ de Vries , M.J. ; de Vries , Marc ; Cross , Nigel & Grant , Donald P. ( 1993 ) . Design methodology and relationships with science , Número 71 de NATO ASI series . Springer . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 2191 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Harry ( July 1953 ) . `` Multicon -- A new TV camera tube '' . newspaper article . Early Television Foundation and Museum . Archived from the original on 18 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gittel , Joachim ( 11 October 2008 ) . `` Spezialröhren '' . photographic album . Jogis Röhrenbude . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . 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Burns , Television : An International History of the Formative Years , IET , 1998 , p. 98 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 914 - 7 . Jump up ^ Western technology and Soviet economic development : 1945 to 1965 , by Antony C. Sutton , Business & Economics -- 1973 , p. 330 Jump up ^ The History of Television , 1880 -- 1941 , by Albert Abramson , 1987 , p. 27 Jump up ^ A. Rokhlin , Tak rozhdalos ' dal'novidenie ( in Russian ) Archived 24 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ John Logie Baird , Television Apparatus and the Like , U.S. patent , filed in U.K. in 1928 . Jump up ^ Baird Television : Crystal Palace Television Studios . Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit . Jump up ^ `` The World 's First High Definition Colour Television System '' . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Goldmark , assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System , `` Color Television '' , U.S. Patent 2,480,571 , filed 7 September 1940 . 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Jump up ^ Bob Cooper , `` Television : The Technology That Changed Our Lives '' , Early Television Foundation . Jump up ^ Albert Abramson , The History of Television , 1942 to 2000 , McFarland & Company , 2003 , pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1220 - 8 Jump up ^ Baird Television : The World 's First High Definition Colour Television System . Jump up ^ National Television System Committee ( 1951 -- 1953 ) , ( Report and Reports of Panel No. 11 , 11 - A , 12 -- 19 , with Some supplementary references cited in the Reports , and the Petition for adoption of transmission standards for color television before the Federal Communications Commission , n.p. , 1953 ) , 17 v. illus. , diagrams. , tables . 28 cm . LC Control No. : 54021386 Library of Congress Online Catalog Jump up ^ Butler , Jeremy G. ( 2006 ) . Television : Critical Methods and Applications . Psychology Press . p. 290 . ISBN 9781410614742 . Jump up ^ `` HDTV Set Top Boxes and Digital TV Broadcast Information '' . 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Jump up ^ Wireless technologies and the national information infrastructure . DIANE Publishing . September 1995 . p. 138 . ISBN 0160481805 . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Christopher ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` The Birth of Satellite TV , 50 Years Ago '' . History.com . History Channel . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Relay 1 '' . NASA.gov . NASA . Jump up ^ Darcey , RJ ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Syncom 2 '' . NASA.gov . NASA . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Astronautica -- Intelsat I '' . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet - bloc Research in Geophysics , Astronomy , and Space '' ( Press release ) . Springfield Virginia : U.S. Joint Publications Research Service . 1970 . p. 60 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Lloyd ( 9 November 1972 ) . `` Anik A1 launching : bridging the gap '' . CBC English TV . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Linda N. ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` NASA -- ATS '' . Nasa.gov . NASA . 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'' , Ultra HDTV Magazine , retrieved 27 October 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Guide to 4K Ultra HD '' , Ultra HDTV Magazine , retrieved 27 October 2013 Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` Plummeting TV Prices Squeeze Makers and Sellers '' . The New York Times . pp. B1 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Global LCD TV manufacturer market share from 2008 to 2016 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Global TV 2010 -- Markets , Trends Facts & Figures ( 2008 -- 2013 ) International Television Expert Group Jump up ^ Global TV Revenues ( 2008 -- 09 ) International Television Expert Group Jump up ^ iDate 's Global TV Revenue Market Shares International Television Expert Group Jump up ^ OFCOM 's Global TV Market Report 2009 International Television Expert Group Jump up ^ Karen Hornick `` That Was the Year That Was '' American Heritage , Oct. 2006 . Jump up ^ Fritz Plasser , Global Political Campaigning , p226 Jump up ^ `` Imagery For Profit '' R.W. Stewart , New York Times , 6 July 1941 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) WNBT / Bulova test pattern Jump up ^ コマーシャル メッセージ ( Commercial message ) , Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 Jump up ^ `` 1940 -- 1949 C.E. : Media History Project : U of M '' . Mediahistory.umn.edu. 18 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience Quiz Show Scandal People & Events The Aftermath of the Quiz Show Scandal '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart of `` The Daily Show '' was mock - outraged at this , saying , `` That 's what we do ! '' , and calling it a new form of television , `` infoganda '' . Jump up ^ Segrave , Kerry ( 1994 ) . Product Placement in Hollywood Films . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1904 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Roy Thomson '' . Press Gazette. 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BCI : : Introduction to the BCI '' . Bci.ie. 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Licensing - FOI : Licences facts and figures '' . tvlicensing.co.uk . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` viewing statistics in UK '' . Barb.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Communications Market : Digital Progress Report -- Digital TV , Q3 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 June 2008 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC spent nearly $50 m on redundancy payouts after Coalition budget cuts hit '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Finance Archived 1 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Butler , Fionnuala , Cynthia Pickett . `` Imaginary Friends . '' Scientific American . Scientific American Magazine . 28 July 2009 . Web . 26 March 2010 . http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=imaginary-friends Jump up ^ `` The Good Things About Television '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060202123356/http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/corporate/about_us/index.cfm Media Awareness Network Jump up ^ `` The Rise of the Machines : A Review of Energy Using Products in the Home from the 1970s to Today '' ( PDF ) . Energy Saving Trust . 3 July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 August 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Further reading Abramson , Albert ( 2003 ) . The History of Television , 1942 to 2000 . Jefferson , NC , and London : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1220 - 8 . Pierre Bourdieu , On Television , The New Press , 2001 . Tim Brooks and Earle March , The Complete Guide to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 8th ed. , Ballantine , 2002 . Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler , Echographies of Television , Polity Press , 2002 . David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher , Tube : the Invention of Television , Counterpoint , Washington , DC , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 887178 - 17 - 1 . Steven Johnson , Everything Bad is Good for You : How Today 's Popular Culture Is Actually Making Us Smarter , New York , Riverhead ( Penguin ) , 2005 , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 59448 - 194 - 6 . Leggett , Julian ( April 1941 ) . `` Television in Color '' . Popular Mechanics . Chicago . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 07 . Jerry Mander , Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television , Perennial , 1978 . Jerry Mander , In the Absence of the Sacred , Sierra Club Books , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 87156 - 509 - 9 . Neil Postman , Amusing Ourselves to Death : Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business , New York , Penguin US , 1985 , ISBN 0 - 670 - 80454 - 1 . Evan I. Schwartz , The Last Lone Inventor : A Tale of Genius , Deceit , and the Birth of Television , New York , Harper Paperbacks , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 06 - 093559 - 6 . Beretta E. Smith - Shomade , Shaded Lives : African - American Women and Television , Rutgers University Press , 2002 . Alan Taylor , We , the Media : Pedagogic Intrusions into US Mainstream Film and Television News Broadcasting Rhetoric , Peter Lang , 2005 , ISBN 3 - 631 - 51852 - 8 . Amanda D. Lotz , The Television Will Be Revolutionized , New York University Press , ISBN 978 - 0814752203 External links Find more aboutTelevisionat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Television Resources in your library National Association of Broadcasters Association of Commercial Television in Europe The Encyclopedia of Television at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Television 's History -- The First 75 Years Collection Profile -- Television at the Canada Science and Technology Museum The Evolution of TV , A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan -- NHK ( Japan Broadcasting Corporation ) Worldwide Television Standards Television at DMOZ Broadcasting Medium Radio ( Radio program Cable Satellite ) Telephone Teletext Television ( Television program Cable Satellite ) Internet television and radio ( Webcast Streaming media Web television Peer - to - peer television BitTorrent television and movies ) Broadcasting niche Campus radio Commercial broadcasting Community radio News broadcasting Pirate radio / Pirate television Public broadcasting Religious broadcasting Talk radio Specialty channels Adult television channels Children 's interest channel / Children 's television series Documentary channel Men 's interest channel Movie television channels Music radio / Music television Quiz channel Shopping channel News broadcasting Business channels Public affairs Sports television channels Women 's interest channel Production and funding Broadcast designer Broadcast license Broadcast network Broadcast - safe Broadcast television systems Digital on - screen graphic Lower third Network affiliate News ticker Score bug Television news screen layout Television licence Television studio Press box Press pool on - screen display Broadcast video formats ( hide ) Television Analog 525 lines System M NTSC NTSC - J PAL - M 625 lines PAL System B System D System G System H System I System K PAL - N PALplus SECAM System B System D System G System K System L ( SECAM - L ) Audio BTSC ( MTS ) EIAJ NICAM SAP Sound - in - Syncs Zweikanalton ( A2 / IGR ) Hidden signals Captioning CGMS - A EPG GCR PDC Teletext VBI VEIL VIT VITC WSS XDS Historical Pre-1940 Mechanical television 180 - line 405 - line System A 441 - line 819 - line MAC MUSE Digital Interlaced SDTV 480i 576i HDTV 1080i Progressive LDTV 1seg 240p 288p EDTV 480p 576p HDTV 720p 1080p UHDTV 2160p 4320p MPEG - 2 standards ATSC DVB ISDB DTMB DVB 3D - TV MPEG - 4 AVC standards ATSC A / 72 DMB DTMB DVB SBTVD 1seg HEVC standards ATSC 3.0 Audio AC - 3 ( 5.1 ) DTS MPEG - 1 Audio Layer II MPEG Multichannel PCM LPCM AAC HE - AAC Hidden signals AFD Broadcast flag Captioning CPCM EPG Teletext Technical issues 14 : 9 compromise Broadcast - safe Digital cinema ( DCI ) Display motion blur Moving image formats MPEG transport stream Reverse Standards Conversion Standards conversion Television transmitter Video on demand Video processing Widescreen signaling Templates ( Analogue TV Topics ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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thor : ragnarok
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Thor : Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and 2013 's Thor : The Dark World , and is the seventeenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost , and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , Idris Elba , Jeff Goldblum , Tessa Thompson , Karl Urban , Mark Ruffalo , and Anthony Hopkins . In Thor : Ragnarok , Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela and the impending Ragnarök .
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A third Thor film was confirmed in January 2014 , with Kyle and Yost beginning work on the screenplay . The involvement of Hemsworth and Hiddleston was announced that October . Waititi joined the film as director a year later , after The Dark World director Alan Taylor chose not to return . Ruffalo joined the cast reprising the role of Hulk from previous MCU films , which allowed elements of the 2006 comic storyline `` Planet Hulk '' to be adapted for Ragnarok . The rest of the cast , including Blanchett as Hela , was confirmed in May 2016 , with Pearson 's involvement revealed at the start of filming in July 2016 . Principal photography took place in Brisbane and Sydney , Australia , with the film also having exclusive use of Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , concluding in October 2016 . Thor : Ragnarok premiered in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on November 3 , 2017 , in 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D . The film received largely positive reviews , with many critics declaring it the best film of the Thor trilogy and praising Waititi 's direction , the cast 's performances , action sequences , soundtrack , and humor . It has grossed over $850 million , making it the highest - grossing film of the Thor series and eighth highest - grossing film of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the battle at Sokovia , Thor has been unsuccessfully searching for the Infinity Stones , and is now imprisoned by the fire demon Surtur in Muspelheim . Surtur reveals that Thor 's father Odin is no longer on Asgard , and that the realm will soon be destroyed in the prophesied Ragnarök , once Surtur unites his crown with the Eternal Flame that burns in Odin 's vault . Thor defeats Surtur and claims his crown , believing he has prevented Ragnarök . Thor returns to Asgard to find his brother Loki posing as Odin . Thor forces Loki to help him find their father , and with directions from Stephen Strange on Earth , they locate Odin in Norway . Odin explains that he is dying , and that his passing will allow his firstborn child , Hela , to escape from a prison she was sealed in long ago . Hela had been the leader of Asgard 's armies , and had conquered the Nine Realms with Odin , but had been imprisoned and written out of history after Odin feared that she had become too ambitious . Odin subsequently dies , and Hela , released from her imprisonment , appears . She destroys Thor 's hammer Mjolnir , and when Thor and Loki attempt to flee through the Bifröst Bridge , she pursues them and forces them out into space to die . Hela arrives in Asgard , destroying its army and killing the Warriors Three ; resurrects the ancient dead who once fought with her , including her giant wolf Fenris ; and appoints the Asgardian Skurge as her executioner . She plans to use the Bifröst to expand Asgard 's empire , but Heimdall covertly steals the sword that controls the Bridge , and hides away with the rest of Asgard 's citizens . Thor crash - lands on Sakaar , a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes . He is captured by a bounty hunter named Scrapper 142 , and taken to serve as a gladiator for the planet 's ruler , the Grandmaster , with whom Loki has already become ingratiated . Thor recognizes 142 as one of the Valkyrior , a legendary force of female warriors who were killed defending Asgard from Hela long ago . Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster 's Contest of Champions , facing his old friend Hulk . Summoning lightning , Thor gets the upper hand on Hulk , but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk 's victory . Still enslaved , Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard , but neither is willing . He soon manages to escape the palace and finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar . Hulk follows Thor to the Quinjet , where a recording of Natasha Romanoff makes him transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since Sokovia . The Grandmaster orders 142 and Loki to find Thor and Hulk , but the pair come to blows and Loki forces her to relive the deaths of her fellow Valkyrie at the hands of Hela . Deciding to help Thor , she takes Loki captive to prove her goodwill . Unwilling to be left behind , Loki provides the group with the means to steal one of the Grandmaster 's ships . They then liberate the other gladiators who , led by Korg and Miek , stage a revolution . Loki attempts to betray his brother to gain a reward from the Grandmaster , but Thor anticipates this and leaves him behind , where Korg and the gladiators soon find him . Thor , Banner , and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard , where Hela 's forces are attacking Heimdall and Asgard 's citizens . Banner becomes Hulk again , fighting Fenris , while Thor and 142 battle Skurge and the resurrected warriors . Loki and the gladiators arrive to help , and the citizens board their large ship ; a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to allow their escape . Thor , facing Hela , loses an eye and then has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnarök can stop Hela . While Hela is distracted , Loki locates Surtur 's crown and places it in the Eternal Flame . Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard , seemingly killing Hela . Thor and the others escape with Asgard 's remaining citizens aboard the Grandmaster 's vessel . Thor , now king , decides to take his people to Earth . In a mid-credits scene , they are intercepted by a large spacecraft . In a post-credits scene , the Grandmaster encounters a group of his former subjects , who are still rebelling . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Feige , Taika Waititi and the cast of Thor : Ragnarok at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name , who has become a `` lone gunslinger '' searching for the Infinity Stones . Hemsworth had become `` a bit bored '' with the character after portraying Thor four times previously , and wanted to take some risks and experiment : the character has shorter hair in the film , wears a different outfit , his hammer Mjolnir is destroyed , and he loses an eye . Director Taika Waititi added that `` stripping '' the character down like this allowed him to become a refugee at the end of the film . Waititi also wanted to use more of Hemsworth 's comedic talents showcased in films like Vacation ( 2015 ) and Ghostbusters ( 2016 ) , and cited Kurt Russell 's portrayal of Jack Burton from Big Trouble in Little China as an influence on the character . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis based on the deity of the same name . Hiddleston was interested in how Loki 's attitude has changed , saying , `` he is always a trickster . It is trying to find new ways for him to be mischievous '' . As the ruler of Asgard since the end of Thor : The Dark World , Hiddleston notes that `` Loki has devoted most of his efforts to narcissistic self - glorification . Not so much on good governance . '' He also added that `` the idea that Thor might be indifferent to Loki is troubling for him , because that 's a defining feature of his character ... ' My brother does n't love me ; I hate my brother . ' And the idea his brother 's like , yeah , whatever , it 's an interesting development . '' Cate Blanchett as Hela : Odin 's first born child and the goddess of death , based on the deity Hel , who is inadvertently released from her prison . Screenwriter Eric Pearson did not pitch the idea of Hela being Thor 's sister to the producers , including it instead in one of his drafts at the encouragement of executive producer Brad Winderbaum . The decision to make Hela related to Thor , as opposed to Loki as in the comics and Norse mythology , came from needing more impact with Hela and Thor 's final confrontation . By making the change , Pearson felt Hela became `` the thing that ( represents ) what it is to rule Asgard , ( Thor 's ) family , what he 's been told , what he has n't been told . '' Blanchett noted the difficulty of playing the role in a motion capture suit rather than costume , feeling the character 's headdress is `` such a huge part of when she comes into the height of her powers in the film '' . Hela 's design was taken from Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , while the character Gorr from that comic , who has the ability `` to manifest an infinite number of weapons '' , inspired a similar ability for Hela . Blanchett worked with stuntwoman Zoë Bell and Hemsworth 's personal trainer Luke Zocchi , and studied capoeira for the role . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the deity of the same name , who has gone into self - imposed exile during Loki 's reign . After Hela invades Asgard , he helps to hide its vulnerable citizens . Describing Heimdall 's character arc in the film , Winderbaum says , `` he 's gone from this elder statesmen , the gatekeeper to Asgard , to this badass warrior - wizard character who lives in the hills and kicks a lot of ass throughout the entire film . '' Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster : One of the Elders of the Universe , who rules the planet Sakaar , and enjoys manipulating lesser life - forms . Goldblum described the character as `` a hedonist , a pleasure - seeker , an enjoyer of life and tastes and smells '' . He also said that Waititi encouraged improvisation in order for Goldblum to `` make ( the character his ) own '' . Waititi explained that Grandmaster does not have blue skin in the film as the character does in the comics , because Goldblum had already played a blue - colored character in Earth Girls Are Easy , and because Waititi did not want to detract from Goldblum 's personality by concealing his appearance . Grandmaster is the brother of Benicio del Toro 's Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy , and producer Kevin Feige expressed interest in seeing the two together in a future film . Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie : A tough , hard - drinking Asgardian bounty hunter , based on the mythological being Brynhildr , who was once a legendary warrior of the Valkyrior and now works for the Grandmaster under the designation `` Scrapper 142 '' . Thompson said the various versions of the character from the comics `` left us a lot of leeway '' in creating the film version . Waititi `` wanted to make sure we were n't making a female character that was boring and pretty '' , and Feige said Marvel wanted to pair Thor with a love interest more his equal than Jane Foster . Co-screenwriters Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost 's original draft of the film had more of a romantic relationship between Thor and Valkyrie . When Pearson started working on the film , he moved away from that storyline , instead focusing more on `` the mutual respect '' between the characters and Valkyrie `` dealing with her PTSD . She 's someone who 's drowning her sorrows in the bottle , and I just thought that was such a cool thing that you do n't often see '' . Thompson was inspired by pictures of Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day while training for the role , and worked with dialect coach Andrew Jack to create an Asgardian - sounding accent that was different enough to sound like she had been away from there for a long time . Thompson will appear in future MCU films . Karl Urban as Skurge : An Asgardian warrior , who guards the Bifröst Bridge in Heimdall 's absence and chooses to join Hela to survive . Urban shaved his head for the role , and worked out to `` get into the zone and feel '' the part even though his body is hidden under a costume . Urban said Skurge `` makes a deal with the devil '' and becomes Hela 's `` henchman . He does the dirty jobs . And that sort of is something he has to -- it plays on his conscience . '' Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : A genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . He becomes a successful and popular gladiator on Sakaar . He is in `` perma - Hulk mode '' , having suppressed the Banner side for a few years , and forming the vocabulary `` of a toddler '' , with the level of Hulk 's speech being `` a big conversation '' between Waititi and Marvel since it was taking into account future appearances for the character . Ragnarok begins an arc for the character that continues in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel , stemming from discussions Ruffalo had with Feige . Ruffalo felt Hulk was `` much more of a character than the green rage machine you 've seen in the Avengers movies . He 's got a swagger . '' Waititi provided additional motion capture for the Hulk after Ruffalo had completed his scenes . Anthony Hopkins as Odin : The king of Asgard , father of Thor , and adoptive father of Loki , based on the deity of the same name . The character is in exile on Earth , and was originally intended to be a `` crazy - looking '' hobo on the streets of New York City , but Waititi ultimately felt that this was tragic rather than funny given the character 's death during the sequence . The sequence was changed to take place in Norway , to `` honor '' the character 's past and be more authentic to his role as a king of Asgard . Waititi was surprised by the improvisational ability of Hopkins after he was told `` to be funny and to really destroy what 's come before ( with the role ) and recreate it . '' Additionally , Tadanobu Asano , Ray Stevenson , and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun , Volstagg , and Fandral , respectively , members of the Warriors Three . They are all killed early in the film , which Feige called `` noble ends '' that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters . Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange . Rachel House , who has appeared in several of Waititi 's films , plays Topaz , the Grandmaster 's bodyguard , while Waititi portrays Korg , a gladiator who befriends Thor . Waititi provided a motion - capture performance for the character , who is made of rocks , and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft - spoken , ultimately basing Korg 's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers . Waititi also provided the motion - capture performance for the fire demon Surtur , based on the mythological being Surtr , with Clancy Brown providing the voice for that character . Thor co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor 's hair . There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World : Sam Neill , who Waititi previously worked with on Hunt for the Wilderpeople , plays the Odin actor ; Luke Hemsworth , brother of Chris , plays the Thor actor ; and Matt Damon plays the Loki actor . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While promoting the release of Thor : The Dark World in October 2013 , Chris Hemsworth stated that he was contracted for another Thor film and two more Avengers films , and would be happy to continue portraying Thor beyond that if people wanted more . Kevin Feige added that there was `` a story we 'd like to tell '' , building from certain elements at the end of The Dark World . In January 2014 , Marvel announced that Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost would write the screenplay for a third film , with Feige again producing ; the story was being outlined that July . In October 2014 , while talking about Avengers : Age of Ultron , Hemsworth said that his next film `` wo n't be Thor 3 -- that will be the following year '' . On October 28 , 2014 , Feige announced that the film would be titled Thor : Ragnarok , would be released on July 28 , 2017 , and would see Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston reprising their roles of Thor and Loki , respectively . Feige called the film `` a very important movie '' in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . He also confirmed that , in the context of the film , the word Ragnarok means `` the end of all things '' , and felt that `` people will ( not ) read into that title alone what the movie 's going to be . '' In February 2015 , Marvel pushed back the release date to November 3 , 2017 . In April , Feige was expecting a draft for the film soon , and a month later he stated that a director , additional screenwriter , and further casting announcements would be revealed `` towards the end of the summer '' , with filming set for June 2016 . The Dark World director Alan Taylor explained that he would not be returning , as `` the Marvel experience was particularly wrenching because I was sort of given absolute freedom while we were shooting , and then in ( post-production ) it turned into a different movie . So , that is something I hope never to repeat and do n't wish upon anybody else . '' During the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , Jaimie Alexander said that she would reprise her role as Sif in `` a very pivotal part '' of the film . I think the overall sense that I 'm trying to give to the audience and what I want the audience to leave the cinema carrying with them is a sense of joy really ... Sometimes I would stop and think , I 'm doing a movie that 's got Thor and Doctor Strange and The Incredible Hulk and Loki and every character is so strange and different ... Civil War it 's just humans , humans with human problems . Ours is creatures and beings and all these sorts of really different characters . -- Taika Waititi , director of Thor : Ragnarok By October 2015 , Taika Waititi entered negotiations to direct Thor : Ragnarok . Other directors under consideration included Ruben Fleischer , Rob Letterman , and Rawson Marshall Thurber . Marvel presented the prospective directors with `` the ten different ideas that we had for the movie '' , asking them all to come back with a clearer picture of what the film should be . Waititi created `` a sizzle reel for the tone , and some joke stuff '' using clips from other films , including Big Trouble in Little China , and scoring it with Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' . This is a practice that Marvel discourages because it `` oftentimes can be really terrible '' , but they thought Waititi 's reel was `` amazing '' , particularly its use of that song which Feige felt `` defined what Taika was going to do with this '' ; it was later used in the film itself , and to market it . On why he decided to pursue directing the film , after stating in 2012 that he had no interest in `` big features , where the art of the project was sacrificed for profit '' , Waititi said he felt `` like a guest in Marvel 's universe but with the creative freedom to do what I want '' . Waititi was confirmed as director of the film by multiple news outlets later in the month . Hemsworth had asked Marvel if the film could be made in Australia , where he lives , and was told that they would `` look into it '' . In October , Australia 's Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that filming would take place in the country , exclusively throughout the state of Queensland , including at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , Gold Coast . According to Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk , the production was to spend over $ 100 million in Queensland and employ 750 Queenslanders . Also in October , Mark Ruffalo was finalizing a deal to reprise his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films , and soon confirmed that he would appear . Hulk was last seen at the end of Age of Ultron traveling in a Quinjet , which was originally planned to be shown near Saturn . Feige explained that this was changed to an Earth - based location to leave Hulk 's fate ambiguous and dispel rumors that a film based on `` Planet Hulk '' was in development , since Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt the storyline at the time . According to executive producer Brad Winderbaum , the idea to include Hulk in Ragnarok came early on in development on that film , when the production team looked at the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline and felt it was a `` no brainer '' to integrate Hulk into the Thor franchise and explore `` the idea of a planet where there 's gladiatorial games as a Thor predicament . ( That storyline ) was a really cool idea to us . '' Feige further explained that initial discussions had focused on doing `` something totally different with Thor '' , and that centered on continuing the relationship with Loki and ideas for Hela , Valkyrie , Balder , and Beta Ray Bill , `` but we were like , ' We need something big . ' '' This turned to discussing Thor going to space , and jokingly calling it `` Planet Thor '' , which led to including Hulk in the film and revealing that he ultimately went to space at the end of Age of Ultron . In November , Hemsworth indicated that he wanted a lighter tone compared to the previous Thor films , especially the second one , similar to Guardians of the Galaxy . Hemsworth said , `` I feel we had less of the sort of the naivety or fun or humor that the first ( Thor ) might have had . I wish we had more of that in the second ( movie ) ... We 've done regal . We 've done Shakespeare , and we 've shown that . I think now it 's time to go , ' Ok , cool . Let 's try something different . ' '' At the end of that month , Stellan Skarsgård , who portrayed Erik Selvig in the previous Thor films , said that he was contracted to appear should Marvel want to include him , but he was uncertain at the time if they did . He later confirmed that he would not appear in Thor : Ragnarok . In December 2015 , Stephany Folsom was hired to work on the script , and Cate Blanchett entered final negotiations to join the cast , while Hemsworth said that in order to prevent the character or film from becoming `` predictable '' , there was `` definitely a goal to do something unexpected ... and really mix it up ... I think we want to get back to more of a sense of adventure and fun in the '' film . Feige revealed that Thor : Ragnarok would take `` place within the cosmos primarily which is to say , frankly , very little Earth '' , a departure from the previous Thor films . He expanded , saying there were only three scenes on Earth , with `` 80 to 90 percent ( taking ) place in the cosmos . Tonally and geographically there are a lot of different planets outside of the nine realms that we visit '' in the film . Pre-production ( edit ) Waititi at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In January 2016 , with the film beginning pre-production , Ruffalo described it as a `` road movie '' and indicated that additional filming would take place in Sydney . Waititi stated that he was working on the script `` a little bit '' , mainly adding humor to the screenplay , with Eric Pearson joining the project . Pearson felt joining presented many challenges , as `` there were so many puzzle pieces already there , '' such as having Blanchett as Hela ( who was confirmed in the role a month later ) and including Hulk , Valkyrie , and Skurge , that `` they dumped all the puzzle pieces out in front of me and said , ' Build a puzzle ' , basically . '' He was also told not to be restrained by anything from the previous films , and from Waitti , to make the film fun and Thor `` be the coolest character . '' Alexander said in early March that she was no longer sure if she would appear in the film , due to scheduling conflicts with her television series Blindspot . Though she later indicated that this was not the case , Alexander ultimately did not appear in the film , and confirmed that this was due to scheduling conflicts with Blindspot . In April , Tessa Thompson joined the cast as Valkyrie , and Natalie Portman was confirmed to not be returning from the previous films as love interest Jane Foster . Marvel never asked any of the screenwriters to add the Earth - based characters from the previous films to the script , and Feige later explained that Foster and Thor have broken up between films . In May , Marvel confirmed Blanchett and Thompson 's castings , while announcing the casting of Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster and Karl Urban as Skurge . The announcement also confirmed that Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins would reprise their respective roles of Heimdall and Odin from the previous films . In early June , Palaszczuk and Marvel Studios executive David Grant announced that filming would begin on July 4 , 2016 , with Weta Workshop creating props for the film . Before the sets created for Marvel 's Doctor Strange were demolished , Waititi wrote and filmed a scene for Ragnarok where Thor meets Benedict Cumberbatch 's Stephen Strange . Marvel and Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson felt the scene was `` kind of perfect '' to show Strange joining the wider MCU , so the scene also appears during the credits of Doctor Strange . Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson , who previously consulted on the second season of Agent Carter , on space travel and allowed Johnson to view early drafts of the script . Johnson gave Waititi physics ideas that could `` wink at some of the classic old ( Thor ) stuff '' . Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi 's major visual inspirations for the film . Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson 's `` Ragnarok '' story arc an inspiration for `` really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively '' , as well as Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , which was the inspiration for Hela 's design and abilities . Waititi said the planet Sakaar , which is featured in the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline , was `` the biggest shift for the film and these characters '' , with Winderbaum describing it as `` the toilet of the universe '' , surrounded by `` wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons '' . Also featured is Muspelheim , one of the Nine Realms ruled by Surtur . Production designer Dan Hennah described the realm as a Dyson sphere , with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants . Hennah hoped to give Asgard `` more of a humanity '' than in previous films , by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian , given more of the general population is seen in the film . For Saakar 's gladiator arena , Hennah looked at Roman gladiators , but feeling Roman gladiators had `` been done so often '' he `` sort of went all alien with it . We toyed with a lot of different concepts , but we ended up with one where the arena itself is surrounded by bleachers which have standing up bleachers , not sitting down . '' Waititi said that the film would reinvent the franchise , saying , `` A lot of what we 're doing with the film is , in a way , kind of dismantling and destroying the old idea and rebuilding it in a new way that 's fresh . Everyone 's got a slightly new take on their characters , so in that way , it feels like ( this is ) the first Thor . '' He added that he had seen the other films and respected them , but wanted to focus on making a `` standalone film because this could be the only time I do this . I just want to make it ( my ) version of a Marvel film in the best way possible . '' The events of Ragnarok are set four years after the events of Thor : The Dark World , two years after the events of Avengers : Age of Ultron , and around the same time as the events of Captain America : Civil War and Spider - Man : Homecoming , with Winderbaum noting that `` things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three . '' The events of Ragnarok also set up Avengers : Infinity War , and Hemsworth spoke to Infinity War directors Anthony and Joe Russo before receiving the script for Ragnarok to see how it would link to Infinity War . He said Ragnarok `` definitely bleeds nicely into those ( films ) '' , and Winderbaum likened Ragnarok 's impact on the larger MCU to that of Captain America : The Winter Soldier , saying it would break down ideas regarding Asgard that were previously established similar `` to how Winter Soldier broke down S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Filming ( edit ) Filming of Thor : Ragnarok in Brisbane 's central business district , which doubled as New York City . Principal photography began on July 4 , 2016 , under the working title Creature Report , at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , exclusively using all nine of the studios ' sound stages . Additional filming was to occur throughout the state of Queensland , including Tamborine National Park . The Brisbane central business district , where filming took place from August 22 to 25 , was used to double as New York City . Javier Aguirresarobe served as cinematographer on the film , with Dan Hennah as production designer . Aguirresarobe described working on the film as `` a rare combination of satisfaction and frustration '' , feeling that he was mostly there to service the director and visual effects supervisor , but felt `` very happy to have been able to respond to such incredible technical requirements '' . Later in July , regarding the film 's plot and `` buddy - style comedy '' nature , Waititi said that the script had changed from then and it was still unclear what the final film would look like , but there `` are buddy elements to it between Thor and the Hulk '' . He said it would be a `` ' 70s / ' 80s sci - fi fantasy '' and `` the most ' out there ' of all the Marvel movies '' , with the tone closest to that of Big Trouble in Little China . Inspiration for the road - trip aspect of the film that Thor and Hulk embark on included 48 Hrs. , Withnail and I and Planes , Trains and Automobiles . Waititi also asked the heads of each department to watch Flash Gordon before they began work on the film . Concept art released at San Diego Comic Con 2016 revealed that the characters Surtur and Fenris Wolf would appear in the film . By August , over 100 set and construction workers were given termination notifications , with some complaining that they had been promised work until October or November 2016 , and that members of the crew from New Zealand were receiving preferential treatment over the Australian locals . However , Premier Palaszczuk stated that the work for set builders simply `` finished '' , and that other jobs would become available as the actors arrived for filming . Many of the sets that were contructed for the film were for Sakaar , including the Grandmaster 's palace and surrounding junkyard , as well as sets for Asgard based on the aesthetics of the previous Thor films . Waititi , who is Māori , made hiring Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians , along with New Zealanders , a priority for the various departments , saying , `` It 's a responsibility you have to the Indigenous people . You 're coming to a country and you 're bringing money into the economy and creating jobs but I think you have an even bigger responsibility to look after the people that have less opportunities . '' He added that having these people on the crew `` feel very much like family '' and `` helps calm me down and makes me feel relaxed '' . The Indigenous and Aboriginals were hired as part of an initiative by Screen Australia 's Indigenous Department , whose mission is `` to give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a foot in the door of the film industry '' . In mid-September 2016 , concept art seen during the media 's set indicated Midgard Serpent would appear , and that Sif and the Warriors Three , allies of Thor in the previous two films , would be addressed in Ragnarok . Towards the end of the month , Sam Neill , who worked with Waititi in Hunt for the Wilderpeople , revealed he had a role in the film . Shortly after , Waititi teased the inclusion of the character Korg in the film , who Waititi portrays through motion - capture . In mid-October , Waititi revealed that new camera technology had been used for a shot in the film , and that he had hoped to include John C. Reilly 's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey in the film , but there was `` no real way to pull it off '' . He also revealed that the character Miek would appear in the film ; he is not portrayed by an actor in the film , as he does not speak , and is depicted as `` a larva - like creature ... ( with ) cybernetic legs and arms '' . Principal photography wrapped on October 28 , 2016 . Second unit filming took place on Dirk Hartog Island off the coast of Australia , and in the South Island of New Zealand . The interior set of the Avenger Quinjet was one that had been built for The Avengers and was shipped to Australia for filming . According to Waititi , 80 percent of the dialogue in Thor : Ragnarok was improvised , in order to create a `` very loose and collaborate mood '' among the cast and an attempt to replicate the tone and sensibility from his previous films . He stated , `` My style of working is I 'll often be behind the camera , or right next to the camera yelling words at people , like , ' Say this , say this ! Say it this way ! ' '' Post-production ( edit ) In January 2017 , it was revealed that Pearson would be receiving sole screenwriting credit on the film , with Marvel noting that the story for Ragnarok was conceived by Kyle , Yost and Folsom . These credits were later updated the following September , with Pearson as the screenwriter and also given a story credit with Kyle and Yost , who were credited as a writing team . Folsom took issue with Marvel marketing the film with these credits , noting the Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) had yet to determine the final credits for the film . She later noted that Marvel had given her a story credit on the film , but was denied by the WGA due to their regulation that a maximum of two individuals can receive story credit , with an allowance for a writing team to count as one individual ; Pearson and the team of Kyle and Yost received the story credit on Ragnarok . Folsom added that she planned to appeal the decision , and that Marvel has been supportive of her throughout her attempt to receive credit . By the end of the month , the writing credits were updated once again , this time removing the story credits and giving Pearson , Kyle , and Yost the screenwriting credit . In February 2017 , Rachel House said she had a small role in the film , having worked with Waititi before . Additional filming took place in Atlanta in July 2017 , over three weeks , including filming the film 's post-credit scenes . One scene , shown during the credits , introduces the spaceship Sanctuary II that belongs to Thanos , the villain of Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . Another scene shown at the end of the credits , features the Grandmaster . Goldblum and Waititi improvised multiple different versions of the scene , including one that was not used but involved the singing of the Sakaarian national anthem , which was `` made up on the spot '' . Also filmed in Atlanta was the completion of a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World . It was revealed that Neill appears in the sequence as the Odin actor , and Hemsworth 's brother Luke portrays the Thor actor . Explaining the sequence , Waititi said , `` if I was Loki and I was ruling Asgard , I would write a play about myself and force everyone to go and see it -- change the details of the play and get a huge celebrity to play myself . '' For the Loki actor , they `` really wanted someone good and someone who 's funny '' , and Chris Hemsworth suggested that Matt Damon , who Hemsworth knows , take on the role , and his cameo was filmed `` on a lark '' . Damon was in New York City at the time , and flew to Atlanta just to shoot the cameo . Also changed during reshoots was the location of the sequence where Thor and Loki find Odin on Earth , and Hela subsequently destroys Thor 's hammer . Originally intended to take place in a New York City alley , Waititi decided that the environment was distracting from the emotions of the sequence , and so the scene was changed to take place in Norway . He felt this gave more weight to the scenes , made Odin 's storyline more `` authentic '' , and also allowed the characters and the audience to `` chill out for a second , and have that moment , because the rest of the film basically just runs at a clip '' . By the time the reshoots for the film were completed , the film had been cut down from Waititi 's initial version of two - hours - and - forty - minutes to around ninety minutes , with that expected to increase slightly with the newly filmed scenes . However , after the film 's 2017 Comic Con panel , it was decided to add back a lot of the jokes that had been removed , with the final runtime being two - hours - and - ten - minutes . Joel Negron and Zene Baker served as editors on the film . Waititi described the process of deciding exactly what jokes to keep as `` very tricky ... sometimes it would be funny in the beginning of the film and then not funny at all ( or ) it was funny in the wrong places and in the end , we had to just keep testing jokes and testing parts of the film '' . Ragnarok also clarifies that an Infinity Gauntlet seen in Thor was a fake . Feige expanded , saying that it had been included in Thor as an easter egg , since Marvel Studios was `` working on The Avengers and trying to get just put that all together for the conclusion of Phase One . '' However , shortly after The Avengers released and the studio began to solidify plans for Avengers : Infinity War , they realized that the gauntlet seen in Thor could not be the actual one , creating an internal theory that it was fake ; this resulted in the scene in Ragnarok , which was created `` just ( to have ) the opportunity to call it a fake '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Original ( top ) and effects ( bottom ) shots of the Valkyrie flashback sequence in Thor : Ragnarok . Visual effects for the film were created by : Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) San Francisco and Vancouver studios , with help from Base FX , Animatrik , and Virtuos ; Framestore ; Method Studios Vancouver ; Digital Domain ; Rising Sun Pictures ; Luma Pictures ; D Negative ; Iloura ; Image Engine ; Trixter ; The Secret Lab ; WhiskeyTree Inc ; Fin Designs + Effects ; and Perception . Previsualization work was provided by The Third Floor and Day for Nite . Rising Sun Pictures produced more than 170 visual effects shots for Thor : Ragnarok . They worked on the Valkyrie flashback sequence , with the sequence 's surreal ethereal appearance achieved through a combination of motion capture , computer graphics , a 900 fps high - speed frame rate , and a special 360 ° lighting rig containing 200 strobe lights to bathe the scene in undulating patterns of light and shadow . Rising Sun also helped create the various CGI aspects of Hela , such as her `` hair wipe transition '' to her horns , and her original introductory sequence where she destroys Mjolnir in New York City . When that sequence changed to take place in Norway , ImageEngine stepped in to work on the sequence , as Rising Sun was focused on the palace fight sequence . ILM , who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk , had to add much more detail to the character 's facial features in Ragnarok due to the Hulks increased dialogue . ILM visual effects supervisor , Chad Wiebe stated , `` We went back to scratch and got Mark ( Ruffalo ) in the chair doing a new Medusa ( Performance Capture ) . We went for a full range of motion , we captured about 90 different expressions in the Medusa , and from there we built an entirely new library that would allow him to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics . '' To help create the Hulk , a person on set was covered in green body paint , and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists . Additionally , stunt actor Paul Lowe , who is under five feet tall , stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk 's stunt men would be proportionally correct . In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted , a digital double was used for Thor , also created by ILM , to have greater flexibility for the shots . ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence , which was completed by Framestore using ILM 's assets , as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence . Framestore completed nearly 460 shots , which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela , Fenris , Korg , Miek , the giant Surtur at the end of the film , and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard , based on assets D Negative had from The Dark World , resulting in over 263 character , vehicle , prop , and crowd rigs . Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences , particularly for the characters Korg ( receiving assets from Framestore ) and Miek . Method Studios provided over 450 shots , including Thor 's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela 's fight against the Asgardian guards . D Negative worked on over 190 shots , creating the environment for the planet Sakaar , including its junkyard landscape and wormholes , with the wormholes also being created through a collaboration with Digital Domain . Music ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok ( soundtrack ) By August 2016 , Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to score the film . The synthesized score is influenced by the work of Jean - Michel Jarre . Waititi would have asked the band Queen to work on the soundtrack for the film if their lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive , because the film is `` a cool bold , colorful cosmic adventure '' which would have suited the `` feel '' of the band . Additional music featured in the film include `` Immigrant Song '' by Led Zeppelin and `` Pure Imagination '' from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Patrick Doyle 's themes from Thor and Brian Tyler 's themes from The Dark World and Avengers : Age of Ultron , as well as Joe Harnell 's `` The Lonely Man '' theme from The Incredible Hulk series , are also used in the film . Hollywood Records released the film 's soundtrack digitally on October 20 , 2017 , and physically on November 10 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mark Ruffalo ( center left ) and Chris Hemsworth ( center right ) at the Sydney premiere of Thor : Ragnarok Thor : Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on October 10 , 2017 , and its Australian premiere took place on October 13 , on the Gold Coast . It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24 , 2017 , with additional international releases on October 25 , and in Australia on October 26 . The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3 , in 4,080 theaters , of which over 3,400 were 3D , 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D , and 204 were D - Box . The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally , which was a November opening weekend record . It was originally scheduled for release on July 28 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) At the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con , a physical model of Hulk 's gladiator armor was revealed , concept art and rough animatics were shown , and a `` mockumentary '' short titled Team Thor was screened . Directed by Waititi , it showed what Thor and Banner were doing during the events of Captain America : Civil War , with Daley Pearson appearing as Thor 's Australian flatmate Darryl Jacobson . The short released online in August 2016 , and with the digital download of Captain America : Civil War the following month . Team Thor : Part 2 was released on the home media of Doctor Strange in February 2017 , with Pearson reprising his role . Footage and concept art for the film were shown at CinemaCon 2017 . On April 10 , 2017 , the first teaser trailer was released . Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt it was `` a strong start '' for the film , as it `` quickly establishes the high stakes for the movie '' while also having `` a distinctly playful vibe '' by setting it to `` Immigrant Song '' . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenberg said , `` between the extravagant costumes , wild makeup , and brilliantly colored ' 80s aesthetic , it 's possible that this may be the weirdest Marvel movie to date . '' Michael Arbeiter for Nerdist was pleased with the teaser , stating , `` nothing in the MCU thus far can hold a candle to the imagination promised by this ... have any of ( the previous MCU films ) felt this beholden to what we 've always known and loved as the adventure genre ? '' The teaser was viewed 136 million times in 24 hours , the third - highest in that time frame behind The Fate of the Furious ( 139 million ) and It ( 197 million ) . It also became Disney and Marvel 's most viewed trailer within that time period , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 127 million ) and Captain America : Civil War ( 94 million ) , Disney and Marvel 's previous record holders , respectively . The line from the trailer of Thor saying Hulk `` is a friend from work '' was suggested to Hemsworth by a Make - A-Wish child visiting the set on the day the scene was filmed . Props and costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 along with set pieces for photo opportunities . The costumes were also on display at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con , where Waitti and cast members promoted the film . Exclusive clips were shown , along with a new trailer . Ethan Anderton of / Film felt `` the blend of comedy and bright , vibrant comic book action '' in the trailer was `` incredible '' . He also enjoyed the chemistry between Hemsworth and Ruffalo . Collider 's Haleigh Foutch was `` in love with this trailer '' and `` all in '' on the film . She noted , `` Waititi is embracing the fantastical and goofy elements of Thor and translating them into thrilling cinema . '' Germain Lussier for io9 called the trailer `` a two - and - a-half - minute ball of action , awesomeness , humor , and insanity that may be the most purely fun Marvel movie trailer we 've ever seen . '' The poster also released was praised , being called `` quite stunning '' , `` insanely colorful '' , `` perfectly symmetrical '' , and `` glorious '' , with Matt Goldberg of Collider feeling it `` really ( lets ) you know that this Thor movie is going to be radically different than the first two '' . Due to the Comic - Con presentation , Thor : Ragnarok generated over 264,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the most out of any film during that time period , according to comScore and its PreAct service . It retained this for two more weeks . In August 2017 , Marvel partnered with car manufacturer Renault on a commercial supporting the release of the Kwid in Brazil . Directed by Jonathan Gurvit and shot in São Paulo , it features the Hulk destroying a satellite headed towards the city . Framestore worked on visual effects for the commercial , building on the foundation they had from working on the character in previous films . Also in August , Marvel , in partnership with Dolby Laboratories , Synchrony Bank , American Association for the Advancement of Science ( AAAS ) , Broadcom Masters , and Society for Science & the Public , announced `` Superpower of STEM Challenge '' , aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM ( Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics education ) fields , to `` create an original Do - It - Yourself project that can be replicated by others '' and `` help their family , community or the world be safer , healthier or happier '' . Five winners would attend the film 's world premiere , receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios , and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank , with one grand prize winner attending `` an immersive three - day mentorship in New York City with Disney Imagineering '' to create a `` professional - level video teaching other young people how to recreate '' their winning project . They were also given the opportunity to demonstrate the project on Good Morning America . For the week of August 21 , Ragnarok once again had the most social media conversations according to comScore and its PreAct service . New clips of Thor and Hulk fighting , released on the same day as the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor fight , helped generate the 57,000 new conversations for the week . From September 25 to October 15 , Ragnarok had the second-most social media conversations according to comScore and its PreAct service . For the week of October 16 , the film was once again the first in social media conversations due to the release of extended clips and plot details . Ragnarok earned over 1.65 million conversations to date . Beginning October 6 , 2017 , Disney California Adventure showed a sneak peek of the film at the Sunset Showcase Theater in Hollywood Land . The sneak peek was presented in 3D with `` special in - theater effects '' , while props and costumes from the film were also on display . Ahead of the United States release of the film , Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Blanchett , Goldblum , Ruffalo , and Thompson appeared with James Corden on The Late Late Show with James Corden to present a `` 4D '' version of the film , which was actually a stage play . The cast performed various scenes from the film live in low - budget costumes and with cardboard stage props . Additional promotional partners included Red Robin , United Healthcare , and Screenvision Media . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of January 7 , 2018 , Thor : Ragnarok has grossed $312.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $537.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $850.3 million . In September 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Ragnarok was the most anticipated fall film . For the weekend of November 3 , 2017 , the film earned $25.4 million from IMAX showings , which was the largest November opening weekend record , surpassing Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) , and the third largest for an MCU film . By the end of its third weekend globally , the film had earned $650.1 million , which surpassed the total grosses for Thor ( $449.3 million ) and Thor : The Dark World ( $644.6 million ) , and became the eighth highest - grossing film of 2017 . Thor : Ragnarok earned $46.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $14.5 million from Thursday night previews ) , and had a total weekend gross of $122.7 million , which was the top film for the weekend , the sixth best November opening , and the largest opening for all Thor films . IMAX contributed $12.2 million , which was the second - best IMAX opening of 2017 and the third - best November opening . The film 's earnings on Sunday ( $32.1 million ) , was the second - best Sunday in November after The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( $34.5 million ) . Box office projections for the film had it grossing $100 -- 125 million in its opening weekend . Ragnarok remained the number one film in its second weekend , having earned a total of $211.6 million , which surpassed the entire runs of Thor ( $181 million ) and The Dark World ( $206.4 million ) . In its third weekend , Thor : Ragnarok fell to third at the box office , coming in behind Justice League and Wonder , and fourth in its fourth and fifth weekends . The film 's domestic total by its fifth weekend , $291.4 million , surpassed its projected total domestic gross of $280 million . Thor : Ragnarok was fifth in its sixth weekend , and seventh in its seventh weekend , the final weekend it remained in the top 10 . Outside the United States and Canada , the film opened in 36 markets in its first weekend , ranking first in all , and earning $109.1 million , $6 million of which came from 189 IMAX screens . The United Kingdom opening ( $16.2 million ) was the best October opening for any non-James Bond film . South Korea ( $15.7 million ) , Australia ( $8.4 million ) , Brazil ( $8.1 million ) , Indonesia ( $5.5 M ) , Taiwan ( $5.4 M ) , the Philippines ( $3.8 M ) , Malaysia ( $3.5 M ) , New Zealand , Vietnam , Argentina , Colombia , Chile , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , and South Africa had the best October opening weekend ever , while France ( $7.7 million ) had the second - best October opening weekend . Brazil also had the third best debut for an MCU film , while New Zealand 's opening was the biggest of 2017 overall . In its second weekend , Ragnarok opened in 19 more markets , opening number one in all , with the largest November openings ever in China ( $56.3 million , including $6 million from 446 IMAX screens ) , Mexico ( $10.8 million ) , Germany ( $8.9 million ) , and India ( $5.5 million ) . Ragnarok also remained at number one in many existing markets . The film earned an additional $13.2 million from 788 IMAX screens , which was the best November opening ever . In its third weekend , the film remained at number one in over 30 countries , and became the highest - grossing superhero film in the Czech Republic . By its fifth weekend , Ragnarok had become the highest grossing superhero film of all time in central and eastern Europe . As of December 10 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $112 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $40.4 million ) , and South Korea ( $35.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : For reference formatting ( citation style , moving references to the references section , and reference archives ) . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The performances of Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Cate Blanchett , Tessa Thompson , Jeff Goldblum , and Mark Ruffalo were widely praised by critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating based on 318 reviews , with an average score of 7.5 out of 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Exciting , funny , and above all fun , Thor : Ragnarok is a colorful cosmic adventure that sets a new standard for its franchise -- and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 73 out of 100 based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , making it the best of the Thor series and the 12th MCU film to earn the score . Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` With Taika Waititi at the helm , the clash - of - worlds CGI extravaganza blasts free of the previous installment 's leaden Dark World . Giant fire monsters in stygian underworlds notwithstanding , even the story 's central bad guys are silly fun , hammed to the hilt by Cate Blanchett and Jeff Goldblum . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote , `` Both the banter and the fighting , it should be noted , are excellent , so whether you go to superhero movies for the glossy escapism or the pulse - pounding action , you 'll get your large soda 's worth . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three stars out of four , described the film as `` the most fun you 'll ever have at a Marvel movie '' while praising the film 's changing tone and direction as well drawing a similarity on its tone and humor to the Guardians of the Galaxy . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Blanchett , Thompson , Goldblum and Ruffalo in which he described that `` It has confidence in its characters and in its own invention , and so it avoids repetition and stays fresh '' while calling the film `` fun '' and that it `` sustains its energy , keeps its sense of humor and succeeds in coming up with yet another variation on the old evil - about - to - destroy - the - entire - universe plot '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times also similarly praised the film while calling the performances of the ensemble cast `` outstanding '' and Waititi 's direction `` goofy and campy and marvelously self - referential '' . He also noted the soundtrack that was used in the climactic battle sequence , particularly Led Zeppelin 's `` Immigrant Song '' as being `` perfectly synced '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , praising Hemsworth 's performance especially : `` When he bumbles and stumbles , there 's a touch of Cary Grant to his embarrassment . And when he 's playing things more or less straight , there 's an average guyness to his reactions ... Hemsworth 's charisma holds ( Thor : Ragnarok ) together whenever it threatens to spin apart , which unfortunately is often . '' Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised Blanchett 's performance of Hela , drawing a comparison of the portrayal of her character to other iconic villains such as Maleficent and Chernabog , and the similar themes and tone to Flash Gordon , Star Wars , and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin gave the film four out of five , hailed it as `` one of ( Marvel 's ) best films to date '' while commending the performances and describing Mark Mothersbaugh 's musical score as `` turbo - charged '' . Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune commended the performances of Hiddleston and Thompson as being `` wonderfully matched '' . He also noted a similar directing style of Waititi to Edgar Wright 's `` parodic work '' and at the same time , labelled the film as `` an unusually lively and buoyant '' and `` qualified victory '' while acknowledging the effect of a `` Marvel Fatigue factor '' towards the audiences . Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post wrote that `` Waititi brings the right balance of meaty action and sauciness to ' Ragnarok ' , which , although big , avoids the bloated , cartoon - noir ponderousness that has , until Wonder Woman , plagued movies from the film arm of Marvel 's rival , DC Comics . '' He also remarked that `` ' Everything always seems to work out , ' Thor reminds us -- blithely -- not just once , but twice , in a screenplay ( by Eric Pearson , Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost ) that elevates Ragnarok to the giddy heights of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool in its refusal to take itself seriously . '' Conversely , Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` Thor : Ragnarok is easily the best of the three Thor movies -- or maybe I just think so because its screenwriters and I finally seem to agree on one thing : the Thor movies are preposterous '' , but praised Goldblum 's performance as `` the best part of the film '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated negatively that `` Thor : Ragnarok is packed tight with zooming space vehicles and noisy thunder battles , but the movie 's extravagant excess is more narcotizing than energizing . '' Zacharek further added that `` Even poor Thor seems lost in all of it , and he 's supposed to be its star '' while criticizing the film 's visual effects as being `` an instance of fun overkill '' and `` a special - effects coma '' . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the film 's story `` an uninteresting thicket of brawls , machinations and useful coincidences '' , adding that Marvel `` could have gone grimmer , broodier , and sterner , but that is n't its onscreen way '' , choosing instead to show the character as a `` playfully sustained joke '' . Dargis noted that Hemsworth `` looks happier and far more relaxed in Ragnarok than he did in the previous Thor vehicles , which is perhaps Mr. Waititi 's truest achievement here . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards Best Motion Capture Performance Taika Waititi Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Action Movie Thor : Ragnarok Pending Best Actor in a Comedy Chris Hemsworth Pending Best Visual Effects Thor : Ragnarok Pending NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Tessa Thompson Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Idris Elba Pending Future ( edit ) By the release of Ragnarok , Waititi and Marvel held discussions concerning a spin - off Marvel One - Shot short film following the characters Korg and Miek , but it was unfeasible due to Marvel 's commitment to producing three feature films a year . Feige said Marvel has plans for those characters , but did not specify . In January 2018 , Hemsworth indicated his interest in continuing to play Thor , despite his contract ending after the fourth Avengers film . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2015 film Avengers : Age of Ultron . Jump up ^ According to producer Kevin Feige , the spaceship seen in the mid-credits scene is the Sanctuary II , which belongs to Thanos . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thor Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kois , Dan ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Superweirdo Behind ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . The New York Times Magazine . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Phil ; Gonzalez , Umberto ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Marvel Boss Kevin Feige Explains That Mid-Credits Scene '' . 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Gold Coast Bulletin . July 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Allan ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Director of the New Thor Movie Made Hiring Aboriginal People A Priority '' . Buzzfeed . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor Ragnarok ' Set Visit : Everything We Learned About the Cosmic Sequel -- Page 3 '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Sean ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Director Teases Planet Hulk Character '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillian , Graeme ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Director Confirms Key ' Planet Hulk ' Character to Appear '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . 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Industrial Light & Magic . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok -- Day for Nite '' . Day For Nite . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seymour , Mike ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Thor Ragnarok : Hela and back ( Part 1 ) '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seymour , Mike ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Building Character with Thor ( part2 ) '' . FX Guide . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Devo 's Mark Mothersbaugh to Compose Score ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Devo 's Mark Mothersbaugh to score Thor : Ragnarok '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok director wishes Freddie Mercury could have scored the film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . October 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coming up from the USA TODAY Network : College football rankings , ' Thor : Ragnarok ' premiere and more '' . USA Today . October 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Couch , Aaron ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Accidentally Streams a Portion of ' Thor : Ragnarok ' by Instagram Mistake '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hemsworth attends Gold Coast Thor premiere '' . Sky News Australia . October 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok release date brought forward in the UK '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok -- watch the first trailer for the Marvel superhero sequel '' . The Guardian . April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' To Hulk Smash Its Way To $400 M Worldwide By Sunday -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bring Home The Mystifying , Mind - Bending Journey Marvel Studios ' ' Doctor Strange ' On Digital HD Feb. 14 and Blu - Ray TM Feb. 28 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Footage and Concept Art Shown at CinemaCon '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Teaser Trailer -- Thor vs. Hulk '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor gets a new ' do in the first teaser trailer for Thor : Ragnarok '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arbeiter , Michael ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Teaser Trailer Looks Like Marvel 's First True Adventure Epic '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Solosi , Mary ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Cate Blanchett used YouTube videos to perfect her Thor : Ragnarok character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Announces Epic Experiences For Fans at Disney 's D23 Expo 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2017 -- Thor : Ragnarok Costumes , Up Close '' . Newsarama . July 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer : The God of Thunder Needs a Team to Battle Cate Blanchett ( Comic - Con 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Unleashes the Hulk on the God of Thunder '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Somehow the New Thor : Ragnarok Trailer Is Even Crazier Than the First '' . io9 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cuoto , Anthony ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New Thor : Ragnarok Poster Is Gloriously Colorful & Symmetrical '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Thor : Ragnarok ' and ' Black Panther ' Posters Want a Place on Your Wall '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Social Media Buzz Thanks to Comic - Con '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Tops Social Media Buzz for Second Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Continues Social Media Buzz Streak for Third Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Hulk Smashes in Brazilian Car Commercial '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Stephen ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Hulk Hammers Rogue Satellite for Renault ( Director 's Cut ) '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios ' ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Superpower of STEM Challenge '' ( Press release ) . Marvel Studios . September 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 -- via PRNewswire . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Movie Social Media Chatter With Help From Mayweather - McGregor Fight '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Rave Reviews Bolster Social Media Buzz '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Trailer Boosts Movie to Top Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Creates Thunderous Buzz on Social Media Ahead of Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Disneyland Hosting Thor : Ragnarok Sneak Peek One Month Before Release '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok cast perform the movie live for unsuspecting 4D audience '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok voted most anticipated fall movie in Fandango survey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Rules Worldwide , Tops $650 Million Mark '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Sweet With $390 M Global , Scores China Hat Trick ; ' Justice League ' Tops $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` After ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Crashed , Leave It To ' Thor : Ragnarok ' To Save Autumn B.O. With $100 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Hits Tracking With Super $110 M -- $120 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Gives Comedies A Lift ; ' Orient Express ' Attracts Adults in A ' Ragnarok ' - Ruled Weekend -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite at the B.O. With $96 M Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking at Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Forecast : ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , ' ' Pitch Perfect 3 , ' ' Downsizing , ' & ' Father Figures ' ; Updated ' Justice League ' Tracking '' . BoxOffice . October 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Busch , Anita ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linden , Sheri ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Barry ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Thor : Ragnarok injects some levity into a bloated franchise '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Moira ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' review : Good fun , all of it '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Chang ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' is punchy , predictable and fun in fits and starts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok review : Marvel 's exhilaratingly fresh nostalgia trip brings the thunder '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Review : Cate Blanchett 's Campy Villainess Steals the Thunder '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Review : Third Time 's a Charm for the God of Thunder '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' does n't hammer all the fun out of a big movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` In fun ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' action unfolds with a goofy ' Guardians ' vibe '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' review : Marvel realm goes for the yuks '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' is a delicious blend of meaty action and sublime silliness '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Thor : Ragnarok Is More an Approximation of Fun Than the Real Thing '' . Time . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' of Gods , Monsters and Silly Jokes '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water leads Critics ' Choice Awards nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Eric ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Has Big Plans For Korg and Miek from ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth wants to do more Thor movies after Avengers 4 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thor : Ragnarok . 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where does the yenisei river start and end
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Yenisei ( Енисей ) River Bii - Khem and Kaa - Khem near Kyzyl Countries Mongolia , Russia Regions Tuva , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Khakassia , Irkutsk Oblast , Buryatia , Zabaykalsky Krai Tributaries - right Angara , Lower Tunguska , Stony Tunguska River Cities Kyzyl , Shagonar , Sayanogorsk , Abakan , Divnogorsk , Krasnoyarsk , Yeniseysk , Lesosibirsk , Igarka , Dudinka Source Mungaragiyn - Gol - location ridge Dod - Taygasyn - Noor , Mongolia - elevation 3,351 m ( 10,994 ft ) - length 748 km ( 465 mi ) - coordinates 50 ° 43 ′ 46 '' N 98 ° 39 ′ 49 '' E / 50.72944 ° N 98.66361 ° E / 50.72944 ; 98.66361 Mouth Yenisei Gulf Length 3,438 km ( 2,136 mi ) Basin 2,580,000 km ( 996,144 sq mi ) Discharge for Igarka - average 19,600 m / s ( 692,167 cu ft / s ) - max 112,000 m / s ( 3,955,243 cu ft / s ) - min 3,120 m / s ( 110,182 cu ft / s ) The Yenisei basin , including Lake Baikal
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Mungaragiyn - Gol|Yenisei Gulf
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Yenisei River
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yenisei river
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The Yenisei ( Russian : Енисе́й , Jenisej ; Mongolian : Енисей мөрөн , Yenisei mörön ) ; Buryat : Горлог мүрэн , Gorlog müren ; Tyvan : Улуг - Хем , Ulug - Khem ; Khakas : Ким суг , Kim sug also Romanized Yenisey , Enisei , Jenisej , is the largest river system flowing to the Arctic Ocean . It is the central of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean ( the other two being the Ob and the Lena ) . Rising in Mongolia , it follows a northerly course to the Yenisei Gulf in the Kara Sea , draining a large part of central Siberia , the longest stream following the Yenisei - Angara - Selenga - Ider river system .
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The maximum depth of the Yenisei is 24 metres ( 80 ft ) and the average depth is 14 metres ( 45 ft ) . The depth of river outflow is 32 metres ( 106 ft ) and inflow is 31 metres ( 101 ft ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course of the river 2 Lake Baikal 3 Flora and fauna 3.1 Taimyr reindeer herd 4 Navigation 5 History 6 Pollution 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Course of the River ( edit ) The confluence of the rivers Kaa - Khem and Piy - Khem from the height of bird flight The river flows through Tuva , Khakassia , and the city of Krasnoyarsk . Its tributaries include the Angara , Nizhnyaya Tunguska , Podkamennaya Tunguska , and Tuba rivers . Lake Baikal ( edit ) Main article : Lake Baikal The 320 - kilometre ( 200 mi ) , partly navigable Upper Angara River feeds into the northern end of Lake Baikal from the Buryat Republic but the largest inflow is from the Selenga which forms a delta on the south - eastern side . The river as seen from the trans - Siberian railway near Krasnoyarsk Flora and fauna ( edit ) The Yenisei River basin ( excluding Lake Baikal and lakes of the Khantayka River headwaters ) is home to 55 native fish species , including two endemics : Gobio sibiricus ( a gobionine cyprinid ) and Thymallus nigrescens ( es ) ( a grayling ) . The grayling is restricted to Khövsgöl Nuur and its tributaries . Most fish found in the Yenisei River basin are relatively widespread Euro - Siberian or Siberian species , such as northern pike ( Esox lucius ) , common roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) , common dace ( Leuciscus leuciscus ) , Siberian sculpin ( Cottus poecilopus ) , European perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) and Prussian carp ( Carassius gibelio ) . The basin is also home to many salmonids ( trout , whitefish , charr , graylings , taimen and relatives ) and the Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii ) . The Yenisei River valley is habitat for numerous flora and fauna , with Siberian pine and Siberian larch being notable tree species . In prehistoric times Scots pine , Pinus sylvestris , was abundant in the Yenisei River valley circa 6000 BC . There are also numerous bird species present in the watershed , including , for example , the hooded crow , Corvus cornix . Taimyr reindeer herd ( edit ) The Taimyr reindeer herd , a migrating tundra reindeer ( R.t. sibiricus ) , the largest reindeer herd in the world , migrated to winter grazing ranges along the Yenisei River . Navigation ( edit ) Inclined plane at Krasnoyarsk Dam The first team to navigate the Yenisei 's entire length , including its violent upper tributary in Mongolia , was an Australian - Canadian effort completed in September 2001 . Ben Kozel , Tim Cope , Colin Angus and Remy Quinter were on this team . Both Kozel and Angus wrote books detailing this expedition , and a documentary was produced for National Geographic Television . A canal inclined plane was built on the river in 1985 at the Krasnoyarsk Dam . History ( edit ) Ancient nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people lived along its banks . The Ket , numbering about 1000 , are the only survivors today of those who originally lived throughout central southern Siberia near the river banks . Their extinct relatives included the Kotts , Assans , Arins , Baikots , and Pumpokols who lived further upriver to the south . The modern Ket lived in the eastern middle areas of the river before being assimilated politically into Russia during the 17th through 19th centuries . Wheat from the Yenisei was sold by Muslims and Uighurs during inadequate harvests to Bukhara and Soghd during the Tahirid era . Russians first reached the upper Yenisei in 1605 , travelling from the Ob River , up the Ket River , portaging and then down the Yenisei as far as the Sym River . During World War II , Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire agreed to divide Asia along a line that followed the Yenisei River to the border of China , and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union . Pollution ( edit ) Studies have shown that the Yenisey suffers from contamination caused by radioactive discharges from a factory that produced bomb - grade plutonium in the secret city of Krasnoyarsk - 26 , now known as Zheleznogorsk . Gallery ( edit ) The bridge over the Yenisei in Krasnoyarsk , Russia , viewed from the left bank . Vinogradovsky most , the bridge in Krasnoyarsk , Russia , viewed from the left bank The Yenisei ( left ) and the Ob flow into Kara Sea . See also ( edit ) Sayano - Shushenskaya hydroelectric station Yenisey Krasnoyarsk References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Station : Igarka '' . Yenisei Basin . UNH / GRDC . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ A. Ochir . `` History of the Mongol Oirats '' 1993 Jump up ^ `` Yenisei River '' . Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster Dictionary . Hammond . p. 31 . ISBN 0843709227 . Jump up ^ `` Yenisei River : Siberia 's blessing and curse '' . RT . 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor ( 23 August 2013 ) . `` A Year on the Yenisei River '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ C Michael Hogan ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Yenisei River '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Freshwater Ecoregions of the World ( 2008 ) . Yenisei . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stein , Ruediger et al. 2003 . Siberian river run - off in the Kara Sea , Proceedings in Marine Sciences , Elsevier , Amsterdam , 488 pages Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2009 . Hooded Crow : Corvus cornix , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed , N. Stromberg Jump up ^ Russell , D.E. ; Gunn , A. ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Migratory Tundra Rangifer '' . NOAA Arctic Research Program . Jump up ^ Kolpashikov , L. ; Makhailov , V. ; Russell , D. ( 2014 ) . `` The role of harvest , predators and socio - political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America '' . Ecology and Society . Jump up ^ Baskin , Leonid M. ( 1986 ) , `` Differences in the ecology and behaviour of reindeer populations in the USSR '' , Rangifer , Special Issue ( 1 ) : 333 -- 340 , retrieved 7 January 2015 Jump up ^ Five Months in a Leaky Boat : A River Journey Through Siberia , Kozel , 2003 , Pan Macmillan Jump up ^ Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. ( 1989 ) . Ship lifts : report of a Study Commission within the framework of Permanent ... PIANC . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87223 - 006 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Vajda , Edward G . `` The Ket and Other Yeniseian Peoples '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ian Blanchard ( 2001 ) . Mining , Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages : Asiatic supremacy , 425 - 1125 . Franz Steiner Verlag . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 515 - 07958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Raymond Henry ( 1943 ) . The Russian Fur Trade , 1550 - 1700 . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. Visions of Victory : The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders Cambridge , England , United Kingdom : 2005 -- Cambridge University Press ( 1 ) Jump up ^ David Hoffman ( 17 August 1998 ) . `` Wastes of War : Radioactivity Threatens a Mighty River '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Yenisei '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Coordinates : 71 ° 50 ′ 0 '' N 82 ° 40 ′ 0 '' E / 71.83333 ° N 82.66667 ° E / 71.83333 ; 82.66667 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yenisei River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Yenisei . Yenisey River at Encyclopædia Britannica Photos of river around Krasnoyarsk area at Boston.com William Barr , ' German paddle - steamers on the Yenisey 1878 - 84 ' , The Journal of the Hakluyt Society , August 2014 . Geographic data related to Yenisei River at OpenStreetMap VIAF : 244579309 GND : 4109125 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yenisei_River&oldid=795123176 '' Categories : Rivers of Krasnoyarsk Krai Rivers of Khakassia Yenisei basin Drainage basins of the Kara Sea Physiographic provinces Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia type : river page with obscure country or subdivision Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 04 : 44 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei%20River
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why is the rock & roll hall of fame in cleveland
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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rock and roll hall of fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Since opening in September 1995 , the `` Rock Hall '' -- part of the city 's redeveloped North Coast Harbor -- has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation and museum 1.1 Economic impact 1.2 Layout 1.3 Architecture 2 Exhibit history 2.1 Public programs 2.2 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs 2.3 25th anniversary concert 3 Inductees 3.1 Performers 3.2 Early Influences 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence 4 Library and archives 5 Criticism 5.1 2007 vote controversy 5.2 The Monkees controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Foundation and museum ( edit ) Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . Economic impact ( edit ) Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , and 2016 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . Layout ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . Architecture ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground Designed by I.M. Pei , and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' Exhibit history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . Public programs ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 155 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . '' The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade , '' both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655 -- song list , with eight songs each . Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) 8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 5 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 U2 4 Muddy Waters 4 The Who 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . Inductees ( edit ) Elvis Presley , 1957 See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . Performers ( edit ) A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Early Influences ( edit ) Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' Library and Archives ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . Criticism ( edit ) The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but has yet to be inducted . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . The Monkees controversy ( edit ) In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Lee . `` The house the rock built celebrates 15 years with a redesign of exhibit galleries and new library '' . Article . WEWS TV / ABC . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame welcomes 10 millionth visitor '' . The Plain Dealer via Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WMMS : A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Rockhall.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AISC Marketing , Inc . `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stones Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / Ap . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / AP . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Process . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WENN . `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Chapa , Yuridia , `` Misogyny in Rock '' Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask . '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 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where does the mackenzie river start and end
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Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake , the Mackenzie River flows generally west - northwest for about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , passing the hamlet of Fort Providence . At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River , its largest tributary , then swings towards the Arctic , paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River . The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km ( 62 mi ) above Tulita , where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie . Just before crossing the Arctic Circle , the river passes Norman Wells , then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers . It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea , part of the Arctic Ocean , through the vast Mackenzie Delta .
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Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake|empties into the Beaufort Sea , part of the Arctic Ocean , through the vast Mackenzie Delta
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Mackenzie River
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mackenzie river
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The Mackenzie River ( Slavey language : Deh - Cho ( tèh tʃhò ) , big river or Inuvialuktun : Kuukpak ( kuːkpɑk ) , great river ) is the largest and longest river system in Canada , and is exceeded only by the Mississippi River system in North America . It flows through a vast , isolated region of forest and tundra entirely within the country 's Northwest Territories , although its many tributaries reach into four other Canadian provinces and territories . The river 's mainstem runs 1,738 kilometres ( 1,080 mi ) in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean , draining a vast area nearly the size of Indonesia . It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America , and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 2 Watershed 3 Geology 4 Ecology 5 History 6 Human use 7 Tributaries 7.1 Largest 7.2 Full list 8 See also 9 Works cited 10 References 11 External links Course ( edit ) Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake , the Mackenzie River flows generally west - northwest for about 300 km ( 190 mi ) , passing the hamlet of Fort Providence . At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River , its largest tributary , then swings towards the Arctic , paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River . The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km ( 62 mi ) above Tulita , where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie . Just before crossing the Arctic Circle , the river passes Norman Wells , then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers . It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea , part of the Arctic Ocean , through the vast Mackenzie Delta . Most of the Mackenzie River is a broad , slow - moving waterway ; its elevation drops just 156 metres ( 512 ft ) from source to mouth . It is a braided river for much of its length , characterized by numerous sandbars and side channels . The river ranges from 2 to 5 km ( 1.2 to 3.1 mi ) wide and 8 to 9 m ( 26 to 30 ft ) deep in most parts , and is thus easily navigable except when it freezes over in the winter . However , there are several spots where the river narrows to less than half a kilometre ( 0.3 mi ) and flows quickly , such as at the Sans Sault Rapids at the confluence of the Mountain River and `` The Ramparts '' , a 40 m ( 130 ft ) deep canyon south of Fort Good Hope . Watershed ( edit ) At 1,805,200 square kilometres ( 697,000 sq mi ) , the Mackenzie River 's watershed or drainage basin is the largest in Canada , encompassing nearly 20 % of the country . From its farthest headwaters at Thutade Lake in the Omineca Mountains to its mouth , the Mackenzie stretches for 4,241 km ( 2,635 mi ) across western Canada , making it the longest river system in the nation and the thirteenth longest in the world . The river discharges more than 325 cubic kilometres ( 78 cu mi ) of water each year , accounting for roughly 11 % of the total river flow into the Arctic Ocean . The Mackenzie 's outflow holds a major role in the local climate above the Arctic Ocean with large amounts of warmer fresh water mixing with the cold seawater . Many major watersheds of North America border on the drainage of the Mackenzie River . Much of the western edge of the Mackenzie basin runs along the Continental Divide . The divide separates the Mackenzie watershed from that of the Yukon River and its headstreams the Pelly and Stewart rivers , which flow to the Bering Strait ; and the Fraser River and Columbia River systems , both of which run to the Pacific Ocean . Lowland divides in the north distinguish the Mackenzie basin from those of the Anderson , Horton , Coppermine and Back Rivers -- all of which empty into the Arctic . Eastern watersheds bordering on that of the Mackenzie include those of the Thelon and Churchill Rivers , both of which flow into Hudson Bay . On the south , the Mackenzie watershed borders that of the North Saskatchewan River , part of the Nelson River system , which empties into Hudson Bay after draining much of south - central Canada . Satellite view of the lower Mackenzie River Through its many tributaries , the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories -- British Columbia ( BC ) , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Yukon , and Northwest Territories . The two largest headwaters forks , the Peace and Athabasca Rivers , drain much of the central Alberta prairie and the Rocky Mountains in northern BC then combine into the Slave River at the Peace - Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca , which also receives runoff from northwestern Saskatchewan . The Slave is the primary feeder of Great Slave Lake ( contributing about 77 % of the water ) ; other inflows include the Taltson , Lockhart and Hay Rivers , the latter of which also extends into Alberta and BC . Direct tributaries of the Mackenzie from the west such as the Liard and Peel Rivers carry runoff from the mountains of the eastern Yukon . The eastern portion of the Mackenzie basin is dominated by vast reaches of lake - studded boreal forest and includes many of the largest lakes in North America . By both volume and surface area , Great Bear Lake is the biggest in the watershed and third largest on the continent , with a surface area of 31,153 km ( 12,028 sq mi ) and a volume of 2,236 km ( 536 cu mi ) . Great Slave Lake is slightly smaller , with an area of 28,568 km ( 11,030 sq mi ) and containing 2,088 km ( 501 cu mi ) of water , although it is significantly deeper than Great Bear . The third major lake , Athabasca , is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km ( 3,000 sq mi ) . Six other lakes in the watershed cover more than 1,000 km ( 390 sq mi ) , including the Williston Lake reservoir , the second - largest artificial lake in North America , on the Peace River . With an average annual flow of 9,910 m / s ( 350,000 cu ft / s ) , the Mackenzie River has a smaller discharge than the St Lawrence but is the fourteenth largest in the world in this respect . About 60 % of the water comes from the western half of the basin , which includes the Rocky , Selwyn , and Mackenzie mountain ranges out of which spring major tributaries such as the Peace and Liard Rivers , which contribute 23 % and 27 % of the total flow , respectively . In contrast the eastern half , despite being dominated by marshland and large lakes , provides only about 25 % of the Mackenzie 's discharge . During peak flow in the spring , the difference in discharge between the two halves of the watershed becomes even more marked . While large amounts of snow and glacial melt dramatically drive up water levels in the Mackenzie 's western tributaries , large lakes in the eastern basin retard springtime discharges . Breakup of ice jams caused by sudden rises in temperature -- a phenomenon especially pronounced on the Mackenzie -- further exacerbate flood peaks . In full flood , the Peace River can carry so much water that it inundates its delta and backs upstream into Lake Athabasca , and the excess water can only flow out after the Peace has receded . Geology ( edit ) As recently as the end of the last glacial period eleven thousand years ago the majority of northern Canada was buried under the enormous continental Laurentide ice sheet . The tremendous erosive powers of the Laurentide and its predecessors , at maximum extent , completely buried the Mackenzie River valley under thousands of meters of ice and flattened the eastern portions of the Mackenzie watershed . When the ice sheet receded for the last time , it left a 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) - long postglacial lake called Lake McConnell , of which Great Bear , Great Slave and Athabasca Lakes are remnants . Significant evidence exists that roughly 13,000 years ago , the channel of the Mackenzie was scoured by one or more massive glacial lake outburst floods unleashed from Lake Agassiz , formed by melting ice west of the present - day Great Lakes . At its peak , Agassiz had a greater volume than all present - day freshwater lakes combined . This is believed to have disrupted currents in the Arctic Ocean and led to an abrupt 1,300 - year - long cold temperature shift called the Younger Dryas . Ecology ( edit ) The Peace River valley is one of the more biologically diverse areas of the Mackenzie basin , with large amounts of forests and floodplain habitat . The Mackenzie River 's watershed is considered one of the largest and most intact ecosystems in North America , especially in the north . Approximately 63 % of the basin -- 1,137,000 km ( 439,000 sq mi ) -- is covered by forest , mostly boreal , and wetlands comprise some 18 % of the watershed -- about 324,900 km ( 125,400 sq mi ) . More than 93 % of the wooded areas in the watershed are virgin forest . There are fifty - three fish species in the basin , none of them endemic . Most of the aquatic species in the Mackenzie River are descendants of those of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . This anomaly is believed to have been caused by hydrologic connection of the two river systems during the Ice Ages by meltwater lakes and channels . Fish in the Mackenzie River proper include the northern pike , some minnows , and lake whitefish , and the river 's shores are lined with sparse vegetation like dwarf birch and willows , as well as numerous peat bogs . Further south the tundra vegetation transitions to black spruce , aspen and poplar forest . Overall , the northern watershed is not very diverse ecologically , due to its cold climate -- permafrost underlies about three - quarters of the watershed , reaching up to 100 m ( 330 ft ) deep in the delta region -- and meager to moderate rainfall , amounting to about 410 millimetres ( 16 in ) over the basin as a whole . The southern half of the basin , in contrast , includes larger reaches of temperate and alpine forests as well as fertile floodplain and riparian habitat , but is actually home to fewer fish species due to large rapids on the Slave River preventing upstream migration of aquatic species . Migratory birds use the two major deltas in the Mackenzie River basin -- the Mackenzie Delta and the inland Peace - Athabasca Delta -- as important resting and breeding areas . The latter is located at the convergence of four major North American migratory routes , or flyways . As recently as the mid-twentieth century , more than 400,000 birds passed through during the spring and up to a million in autumn . Some 215 bird species in total have been catalogued in the delta , including endangered species such as the whooping crane , peregrine falcon and bald eagle . The construction of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River has reduced the seasonal variations of water levels in the delta , causing damage to its ecosystems . Populations of migratory birds in the area have steadily declined since the 1960s . Water mammals such as muskrats breed in the Mackenzie Delta during the spring . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2011 ) The Mackenzie Rver enters the Beaufort Sea , July 2017. About 7 percent of the fresh water that flows into the Arctic Ocean each year comes out the Mackenzie and its delta , and much of that comes in large pulses in June and July after the freshet -- when inland ice and snow melts and floods the river . The Mackenzie ( previously Disappointment ) River was named after Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie , who travelled the river in the hope it would lead to the Pacific Ocean , but instead reached its mouth on the Arctic Ocean on 14 July 1789 . No European reached its mouth again until Sir John Franklin on 16 August 1825 . The following year he traced the coast west until blocked by ice while John Richardson followed the coast east to the Coppermine River . In 1849 William Pullen reached the Mackenzie from the Bering Strait . The Royal Canadian Mint honoured the 200th anniversary of the naming of the Mackenzie River with the issue of a silver commemorative dollar in 1989 . In 1997 , a cultural landscape along the section of the Mackenzie River at Tsiigehtchic was designated the Nagwichoonjik ( Mackenzie River ) National Historic Site of Canada due to its cultural , social and spiritual significance to the Gwichya Gwich'in . In 2008 , Canadian and Japanese researchers extracted a constant stream of natural gas from a test project at the Mallik methane hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta . This was the second such drilling at Mallik : the first took place in 2002 and used heat to release methane . In the 2008 experiment , researchers were able to extract gas by lowering the pressure , without heating , requiring significantly less energy . The Mallik gas hydrate field was first discovered by Imperial Oil in 1971 -- 1972 . Human use ( edit ) As of 2001 , approximately 397,000 people lived in the Mackenzie River basin -- representing only 1 % of Canada 's population . Ninety percent of these people lived in the Peace and Athabasca River drainage areas , and mainly in Alberta . The cold northern permafrost regions beyond the Arctic Circle are very sparsely populated , mainly by indigenous peoples . As a result , much of the Mackenzie watershed consists of unbroken wilderness and human activities presently have little influence on water quality or quantity in the basin 's major rivers . Perhaps the heaviest use of the watershed is in resource extraction -- oil and gas in central Alberta , lumber in the Peace River headwaters , uranium in Saskatchewan , gold in the Great Slave Lake area and tungsten in the Yukon . In the agricultural market , the Mackenzie River is filled with a variety of fish species . Especially in the case of oil , these activities are beginning to pose a threat to riverine ecology in the headwaters of the Mackenzie River , by beginning the process of melting some of the permafrost and creating the destabilization of the soil through erosion . During the ice - free season , the Mackenzie is a major transportation link through the vast wilderness of northern Canada , linking the numerous scattered and isolated communities along its course . Canada 's northernmost major railhead is located at the town of Hay River , on the south shore of Great Slave Lake . Goods shipped there by train and truck are loaded onto barges of the Inuit - owned Northern Transportation Company . Barge traffic travels the entire length of the Mackenzie in long `` trains '' of up to fifteen vessels pulled by tugboats , with the sole exception being in a few of the river 's narrows , where the barges are uncoupled and towed one by one through difficult stretches . Goods are shipped as far as the town of Tuktoyaktuk on the eastern end of the Mackenzie Delta . From there they are further distributed among communities along Canada 's Arctic coast and the numerous islands north of it . During the winter , the frozen channel of the Mackenzie River , especially in the delta region , is crisscrossed with ice roads served by dogsleds and snowmobiles . Mackenzie River at Fort Simpson , at the confluence of the Liard River Although the entire main stem of the Mackenzie River is undammed , many of its tributaries and headwaters have been developed for hydroelectricity production , flood control and agricultural purposes . The W.A.C. Bennett Dam and Peace Canyon Dam on the upper Peace River were completed in 1968 and 1980 for power generation purposes . The two dams , both owned by BC Hydro , have a combined capacity of more than 3,650 megawatts ( MW ) . The reservoir of W.A.C. Bennett -- Williston Lake -- is the largest body of fresh water in BC and the ninth largest man - made lake in the world , with a volume of 70.3 km ( 57,000,000 acre ft ) . Williston 's additional purpose of flood control has led to reduced flooding in the Peace River valley , the Peace - Athabasca Delta , and the Slave River , which while providing for better farming conditions , has had significant impacts on wildlife and riparian communities . The decrease in annual flow fluctuations has had impacts as far downstream as the main stem of the Mackenzie because it slows down the spread of essential nutrients which builds up in the form of sediments thus causing the river to become more polluted . Agriculture in the Mackenzie River basin is mainly concentrated in the southern portion of the watershed , namely the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers . The valley of the former river is considered to be some of the best northern farmland in Canada , due to the high concentration of minerals found in the soil . These conditions are expected to be improved even more by recent trends in climate change , such as warmer temperatures and a longer growing season . It is even said that `` there is enough agricultural capability in the Peace River Valley to provide vegetables to all of northern Canada '' . However , reaches of the Peace River Valley are threatened with flooding by the proposed Site C Dam , which would generate enough electricity to power about 460,000 households . Site C has been the center of a protracted and ongoing environmental battle since the 1970s , and a decision has not yet been reached as to whether or not to build the dam . Site C is not the only proposed water project in the Mackenzie basin . A potential US $ 1 billion run - of - the - river hydroelectricity station on the Slave River would generate at least 1,350 MW of power . Some tentative proposals have gone as far as to include dams on the main stem of the Mackenzie itself . By far the largest engineering project ever slated for the Mackenzie River was the North American Water and Power Alliance ( NAWAPA ) , a vast series of dams , tunnels and reservoirs designed to move 150 km ( 120,000,000 acre ft ) of Arctic meltwater to southern Canada , the western United States and Mexico . The system would involve building massive dams on the Liard , Mackenzie , Peace , Columbia , and Fraser rivers , then pumping water into a 650 km ( 400 mi ) long reservoir in the Rocky Mountain Trench . The water would then flow by gravity to irrigate more than 220,000 km ( 85,000 sq mi ) in the three countries and generate more than 50,000 MW of surplus energy . First proposed in the 1950s , the project 's estimated cost has since risen to over $200 billion . Because of its massive cost and environmental impacts , it is considered unlikely ever to be implemented . The extraction of oil and gas in Alberta along the Mackenzie River is detrimental to its ecosystems because it involves the oil companies to remove large amounts of vegetation in order to make way for all of the equipment that they use to extract the oil from the ground . When the vegetation on the banks get and by removing these plants it destabilizes the soil and with the currents causes the river banks to erode , thus causing the accumulation of sediments in the river . In the event of a pipeline being constructed , the risks of pollution of the Mackenzie River are very high due to the destruction of the environment around it and the chance of an accidental oil spill that could destroy the ecosystems found inside the river . Not only do oil and gas extractions in the north are damaging to the Mackenzie River , they also have detrimental effects on the people who live on the banks of this river because they rely on the water to supply them with the necessary things that they need in order to survive : food , water , and transportation . Tributaries ( edit ) Largest ( edit ) Tributary Length Watershed Discharge km mi km sq mi m / s cu ft / s Liard River 1,115 693 277,100 106,989 2,434 85,960 North Nahanni River 200 124 Root River 220 138 Redstone River 289 180 16,400 6,332 417 14,726 Keele River 410 255 19,000 7,340 600 21,200 Great Bear River 113 70 156,500 60,425 528 18,646 Mountain River 370 230 13,500 5,212 123 4,344 Arctic Red River 500 311 22,000 8,494 161 5,690 Peel River 580 360 28,400 10,965 689 24,332 Full list ( edit ) Tributary Coordinates Great Slave Lake 61 ° 12 ′ 00 '' N 116 ° 40 ′ 56 '' W / 61.19994 ° N 116.68219 ° W / 61.19994 ; - 116.68219 ( Great Slave Lake ) Kakisa River 61 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 117 ° 10 ′ 04 '' W / 61.06888 ° N 117.16782 ° W / 61.06888 ; - 117.16782 ( Kakisa River ) Horn River 61 ° 28 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 04 ′ 56 '' W / 61.47689 ° N 118.08234 ° W / 61.47689 ; - 118.08234 ( Horn River ) Bouvier River 61 ° 13 ′ 56 '' N 119 ° 02 ′ 09 '' W / 61.23230 ° N 119.03584 ° W / 61.23230 ; - 119.03584 ( Bouvier River ) Redknife River 61 ° 13 ′ 28 '' N 119 ° 22 ′ 08 '' W / 61.22446 ° N 119.36891 ° W / 61.22446 ; - 119.36891 ( Redknife River ) Trout River 61 ° 18 ′ 15 '' N 119 ° 50 ′ 40 '' W / 61.30423 ° N 119.84453 ° W / 61.30423 ; - 119.84453 ( Trout River ) Jean Marie River 61 ° 31 ′ 58 '' N 120 ° 38 ′ 05 '' W / 61.53288 ° N 120.63469 ° W / 61.53288 ; - 120.63469 ( Jean Marie River ) Spence River 61 ° 34 ′ 48 '' N 120 ° 40 ′ 24 '' W / 61.58009 ° N 120.67331 ° W / 61.58009 ; - 120.67331 ( Spence River ) Rabbitskin River 61 ° 46 ′ 56 '' N 120 ° 41 ′ 51 '' W / 61.78209 ° N 120.69758 ° W / 61.78209 ; - 120.69758 ( Rabbitskin River ) Liard River 61 ° 51 ′ 01 '' N 121 ° 18 ′ 07 '' W / 61.85037 ° N 121.30185 ° W / 61.85037 ; - 121.30185 ( Liard River ) Harris River 61 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 121 ° 19 ′ 33 '' W / 61.87277 ° N 121.32580 ° W / 61.87277 ; - 121.32580 ( Harris River ) Martin River 61 ° 55 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 34 ′ 41 '' W / 61.92633 ° N 121.57814 ° W / 61.92633 ; - 121.57814 ( Martin River ) Trail River 62 ° 06 ′ 00 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 34 '' W / 62.10005 ° N 122.19286 ° W / 62.10005 ; - 122.19286 ( Trail River ) North Nahanni River 62 ° 14 ′ 44 '' N 123 ° 19 ′ 43 '' W / 62.24562 ° N 123.32874 ° W / 62.24562 ; - 123.32874 ( North Nahanni River ) Root River 62 ° 26 ′ 13 '' N 123 ° 18 ′ 37 '' W / 62.43685 ° N 123.31020 ° W / 62.43685 ; - 123.31020 ( Root River ) Willowlake River 62 ° 41 ′ 55 '' N 123 ° 06 ′ 53 '' W / 62.69863 ° N 123.1148 ° W / 62.69863 ; - 123.1148 ( Willowlake River ) River Between Two Mountains 62 ° 56 ′ 12 '' N 123 ° 12 ′ 39 '' W / 62.93655 ° N 123.21081 ° W / 62.93655 ; - 123.21081 ( River Between Two Mountains ) Wrigley River 63 ° 14 ′ 39 '' N 123 ° 35 ′ 13 '' W / 63.24410 ° N 123.58691 ° W / 63.24410 ; - 123.58691 ( Wrigley River ) Ochre River 63 ° 28 ′ 05 '' N 123 ° 41 ′ 23 '' W / 63.46801 ° N 123.68962 ° W / 63.46801 ; - 123.68962 ( Ochre River ) Johnson River 63 ° 42 ′ 53 '' N 123 ° 54 ′ 45 '' W / 63.71486 ° N 123.91245 ° W / 63.71486 ; - 123.91245 ( Johnson River ) Blackwater River 63 ° 56 ′ 38 '' N 124 ° 10 ′ 19 '' W / 63.94386 ° N 124.17194 ° W / 63.94386 ; - 124.17194 ( Blackwater River ) Dahadinni River 63 ° 59 ′ 05 '' N 124 ° 22 ′ 26 '' W / 63.98472 ° N 124.37399 ° W / 63.98472 ; - 124.37399 ( Dahadinni River ) Saline River 64 ° 17 ′ 39 '' N 124 ° 29 ′ 58 '' W / 64.29422 ° N 124.49947 ° W / 64.29422 ; - 124.49947 ( Saline River ) Redstone River 64 ° 17 ′ 13 '' N 124 ° 33 ′ 18 '' W / 64.28701 ° N 124.55492 ° W / 64.28701 ; - 124.55492 ( Redstone River ) Keele River 64 ° 25 ′ 00 '' N 124 ° 48 ′ 00 '' W / 64.41662 ° N 124.80005 ° W / 64.41662 ; - 124.80005 ( Keele River ) Great Bear River 64 ° 54 ′ 24 '' N 125 ° 36 ′ 01 '' W / 64.90671 ° N 125.60034 ° W / 64.90671 ; - 125.60034 ( Great Bear River ) Little Bear River 64 ° 54 ′ 57 '' N 125 ° 54 ′ 16 '' W / 64.91581 ° N 125.90435 ° W / 64.91581 ; - 125.90435 ( Little Bear River ) Carcajou River 65 ° 37 ′ 28 '' N 128 ° 43 ′ 01 '' W / 65.62446 ° N 128.71682 ° W / 65.62446 ; - 128.71682 ( Carcajou River ) Mountain River 65 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 128 ° 50 ′ 19 '' W / 65.67409 ° N 128.83856 ° W / 65.67409 ; - 128.83856 ( Mountain River ) Donnelly River 65 ° 49 ′ 34 '' N 128 ° 50 ′ 55 '' W / 65.82613 ° N 128.84869 ° W / 65.82613 ; - 128.84869 ( Donnelly River ) Tsintu River 66 ° 07 ′ 55 '' N 129 ° 02 ′ 28 '' W / 66.13182 ° N 129.04099 ° W / 66.13182 ; - 129.04099 ( Tsintu River ) Hare Indian River 66 ° 17 ′ 38 '' N 128 ° 37 ′ 26 '' W / 66.29391 ° N 128.62381 ° W / 66.29391 ; - 128.62381 ( Hare Indian River ) Loon River 66 ° 28 ′ 11 '' N 128 ° 58 ′ 15 '' W / 66.46969 ° N 128.97091 ° W / 66.46969 ; - 128.97091 ( Loon River ) Tieda River 66 ° 37 ′ 44 '' N 129 ° 19 ′ 34 '' W / 66.62877 ° N 129.32616 ° W / 66.62877 ; - 129.32616 ( Tieda River ) Gillis River 66 ° 43 ′ 45 '' N 129 ° 47 ′ 26 '' W / 66.72907 ° N 129.79042 ° W / 66.72907 ; - 129.79042 ( Gillis River ) Gossage River 66 ° 59 ′ 33 '' N 130 ° 16 ′ 02 '' W / 66.99237 ° N 130.26712 ° W / 66.99237 ; - 130.26712 ( Gossage River ) Thunder River 67 ° 28 ′ 41 '' N 130 ° 54 ′ 24 '' W / 67.47803 ° N 130.90673 ° W / 67.47803 ; - 130.90673 ( Thunder River ) Tree River 67 ° 15 ′ 11 '' N 132 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W / 67.25315 ° N 132.57030 ° W / 67.25315 ; - 132.57030 ( Tree River ) Rabbit Hay River 67 ° 13 ′ 29 '' N 132 ° 45 ′ 40 '' W / 67.22483 ° N 132.76102 ° W / 67.22483 ; - 132.76102 ( Rabbit Hay River ) Arctic Red River 67 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 133 ° 44 ′ 51 '' W / 67.44700 ° N 133.74743 ° W / 67.44700 ; - 133.74743 ( Arctic Red River ) Peel River 67 ° 41 ′ 48 '' N 134 ° 31 ′ 52 '' W / 67.69665 ° N 134.53102 ° W / 67.69665 ; - 134.53102 ( Peel River ) Rengleng River 67 ° 48 ′ 17 '' N 134 ° 04 ′ 17 '' W / 67.80485 ° N 134.07145 ° W / 67.80485 ; - 134.07145 ( Rengleng River ) See also ( edit ) List of rivers of Canada List of rivers of the Northwest Territories Peace River Country Steamboats of the Mackenzie River Peel Watershed Works cited ( edit ) Hodgins , Bruce W. ; Hoyle , Gwyneth ( 1994 ) . Canoeing north into the unknown : a record of river travel , 1874 to 1974 . Dundurn Press . ISBN 0 - 920474 - 93 - 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Pielou , E.C. ( 1991 ) . After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66812 - 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rivers '' . The Atlas of Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whole Basin overview '' ( PDF ) . Mackenzie River Basin : State of the Aquatic Ecosystem Report 2003 . Saskatchewan Watershed Authority . pp. 15 -- 56 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MAGS : Daily Discharge Measurements '' . University of Saskatchewan . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : NRCAN Topo Maps for Canada ( Map ) . Cartography by Natural Resources Canada . ACME Mapper . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hodgins and Hoyle , p. 135 Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River : Physical Features '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1995 edition ) . University of Valencia . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River : The Lower Course '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1995 edition ) . University of Valencia . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hebert , Paul D.N. ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Mackenzie River , Canada '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River Basin '' . Conservation . World Wildlife Fund . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Arnell , Nigel W. ( 2005 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Implications of climate change for freshwater inflows to the Arctic Oceans '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . Far Eastern Federal University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Watersheds ( Map ) . Cartography by CEC , Atlas of Canada , National Atlas , Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) . Archived from the original on 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James . `` Mackenzie River '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica - Dominion Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Muzik , I. ( 1991 ) . `` Hydrology of Lake Athabasca '' ( PDF ) . Hydrology of Natural and Manmade Lakes . International Association of Hydrological Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Slave Sub-basin '' ( PDF ) . Mackenzie River Basin : State of the Aquatic Ecosystem Report 2003 . Saskatchewan Watershed Authority . pp. 143 -- 168 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Major Drainage Areas of the Yukon Territory ( Map ) . Cartography by Yukon Environment Geomatics . Yukon Environment . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Bear Lake '' . World Lakes Database . International Lake Environment Committee Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Water Sources : Rivers '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Woo , Ming - Ko ; Thorne , Robin ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Streamflow in the Mackenzie Basin , Canada '' ( PDF ) . Arctic Institute of North America . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Peace - Athabasca Delta '' . Northern River Basins Study Final Report . Government of Alberta . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pielou , p. 193 Jump up ^ Schiermeier , Quirin ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` River reveals chilling tracks of ancient flood '' . Naturenews . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Younger Dryas '' . NOAA Paleoclimatology . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie Watershed '' . EarthTrends : Watersheds of the World . World Resources Institute . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pielou , p. 190 - 191 Jump up ^ Burridge , Mary ; Mandrak , Nicholas ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` 105 : Lower Mackenzie '' . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . World Wildlife Fund , The Nature Conservancy . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Burridge , Mary ; Mandrak , Nicholas ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` 104 : Upper Mackenzie '' . Freshwater Ecoregions of the World . World Wildlife Fund , The Nature Conservancy . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peace - Athabasca Delta : Tar Sands Oil Expansion Threatens America 's Premier Nesting Ground '' . Save BioGems . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peace - Athabasca Delta '' . Important Bird Areas . Bird Studies Canada . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nagwichoonjik ( Mackenzie River ) National Historic Site of Canada . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Brodie ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Researchers extract methane gas from under permafrost '' . Northern News Services Online . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Geological Survey of Canada , Mallik 2002 '' . Natural Resources Canada . 2007 - 12 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River Watershed '' . Boreal Songbird Initiative . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Wolh , Ellen . `` The Mackenzie : River on the Brink . '' In A World of Rivers , Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers , 300 - 27 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lifeblood : Empowering Northern Leaders to Protect the Mackenzie River Basin from the Risks of Oil Sands Development '' ( PDF ) . Pembina Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` What does North America look like to Canada 's Northern Transportation Company ? '' . Arctic Economics . 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mackenzie River : Barging ahead -- The North 's Native - owned transportation service '' . Canadian Council for Geographic Education . Archived from the original on 28 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jozic , Jennifer . `` Transportation in the North '' . Northern Research Portal . University of Saskatchewan . p. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Years On : The Story of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam '' . Hudson 's Hope Museum . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Site C Dam '' . Watershed Sentinel. 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Williston '' . BC Hydro . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Williston Lake '' . World Lakes Database . International Lake Environment Committee . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Flooding in the Peace - Athabasca Delta '' . Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Media Release : Significant BC food source might go under water '' ( PDF ) . It 's Our Valley . 2010 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Feinstein , Asa ( February 2010 ) . Churchill , Brian ; Rowan , Arnica , eds. `` BC 's Peace River Valley and Climate Change : The Role of the Valley 's Forests and Agricultural Land in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation '' ( PDF ) . It 's Our Valley . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Peace River Valley : Habitat for biodiversity , food security for British Columbia '' . The British Columbia Environmental Network . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Max ( 2010 - 04 - 05 ) . `` The Case against the Site C Dam : A reporter 's Peace River journey against a powerful current of dubious assumptions and official spin . First of five parts this week . '' . The Tyee . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Slave River hydro project mixed '' . CBC News . 2010 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jaque , Dom ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Proposed Slave River Hydro Project Update '' ( PDF ) . Alberta Whitewater Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Some Canadian rivers at risk of drying up '' . WWF Global . World Wildlife Fund . 2009 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ LaRouche , Lyndon H. ( January 1988 ) . `` The Outline of NAWAPA '' . The Schiller Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Barry ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` The Rip Van Winkle of Water Projects -- NAWAPA Reemerges after a 50 Year Slumber '' . Switchboard . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wolh , Ellen . `` The Mackenzie : River on the Brink . '' In A World of Rivers , Environmental Change on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers , 300 - 27 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mackenzie River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mackenzie . Information and a map of the Mackenzie 's watershed Canadian Council for Geographic Education page with a series of articles on the history of the Mackenzie River . Atlas of Canada 's page devoted to Arctic rivers of Canada . MAGS : Daily Discharge Measurements . ( hide ) Hydrography of the Northwest Territories Rivers Arctic Red Back Coppermine Fond du Lac Great Bear Hay Horn Hornaday Kagloryuak Keele Kotaneelee Liard Mackenzie North Nahanni Peel Petitot Redstone Roscoe Slave South Nahanni Trout Yellowknife more ... Lakes Artillery Aylmer Blackwater Boyd Buffalo Clinton - Colden Colville Faber Firedrake Frame Great Bear Great Slave Hottah Howard Kakisa Kasba Keller Lac Belot Lac de Gras Lac des bois ( Northwest Territories ) Lac La Martre Lynx MacKay Mosquito Napaktulik Nonacho Point Sambaa K'e Selwyn Snowbird Tahiryuak Tathlina Tulemalu Wholdaia more ... Coastal features Amundsen Gulf Beaufort Sea Dolphin and Union Strait Fitzwilliam Strait Hazen Strait Husky Lakes Kellett Strait Liddon Gulf M'Clure Strait Minto Inlet Murray Inlet Prince of Wales Strait Richard Collinson Inlet Prince Albert Sound Wilkins Strait VIAF : 234579038 GND : 4036840 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_River&oldid=800741475 '' Categories : Rivers of the Northwest Territories Physiographic provinces Physiographic sections Mackenzie River Tributaries of Hudson Bay Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles to be expanded from November 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 27 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie%20River
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where are the commonwealth games being held this year
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The 2018 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018 , were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes .
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Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
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2018 Commonwealth Games
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2018 commonwealth games
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The 2018 Commonwealth Games , officially known as the XXI Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Gold Coast 2018 , were an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that were held on the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia , between 4 and 15 April 2018 . It was the fifth time Australia had hosted the Commonwealth Games and the first time a major multi-sport event achieved gender equality by having an equal number of events for males and female athletes .
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More than 4,400 athletes including 300 para athletes from 71 Commonwealth Games Associations took part in the event . The Gambia which withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth of Nations and Commonwealth Games Federation in 2013 , was readmitted on 31 March 2018 and participated in the event . With 275 sets of medals , the games featured 19 Commonwealth sports , including beach volleyball , para triathlon and women 's rugby sevens . These sporting events took place at 14 venues in the host city , two venues in Brisbane and one venue each in Cairns and Townsville . These were the first Commonwealth Games to take place under the Commonwealth Games Federation ( CGF ) presidency of Louise Martin , CBE . The host city Gold Coast was announced at the CGF General Assembly in Basseterre , Saint Kitts , on 11 November 2011 . Gold Coast became the seventh Oceanian city to host the Commonwealth Games . These were the eighth games to be held in Oceania and the Southern Hemisphere . The host nation Australia topped the medal table for the fourth time in the past five Commonwealth Games , winning the most golds ( 80 ) and most medals overall ( 198 ) . England and India finished second and third respectively . Vanuatu , Cook Islands , Solomon Islands , British Virgin Islands and Dominica each won their first Commonwealth Games medals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Administration 3 Preparation 3.1 Venues 3.1. 1 Venues in Gold Coast 3.1. 2 Venues outside Gold Coast 3.2 Athletes village 3.3 Queen 's baton relay 3.4 Transport 3.5 Anti-doping 4 Participating teams 4.1 Number of athletes by team 5 Calendar 6 Sports 7 Opening ceremony 7.1 Parade of Nations 8 Closing ceremony 9 Medal table 10 Marketing 10.1 Motto 10.2 Emblem 10.3 Mascot 10.4 Medals 11 Concerns and controversies 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Commonwealth Games Countdown clock at Surfers Paradise On 22 August 2008 , the Premier of Queensland , Anna Bligh , officially launched Gold Coast City 's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018 . On 7 April 2009 , the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium . According to Mayor Ron Clarke , the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre . In the same article , Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government 's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government 's support for Australia 's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid . On 16 April 2009 , Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup . `` Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we 're successful as a nation , '' she said . However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen . On 3 June 2009 , Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia 's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games . `` Should a bid proceed , Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018 , '' Bligh stated . `` Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games , '' she said . `` Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair , Geoff Dixon , that study is now well advanced . '' On 15 March 2010 , it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A $11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid . The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government 's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association . On 31 March 2010 , the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games . In October 2011 , Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended . On 31 March 2010 , a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota . Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami , and is undergoing a major face lift . The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China . The Mattala International Airport , which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota . A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built , which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup . On 10 November 2011 , the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights . However , on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games . 2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results City Country Votes Gold Coast City Australia 43 Hambantota Sri Lanka 27 Administration ( edit ) In February 2012 , Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones . Preparation ( edit ) Venues ( edit ) Main article : Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City 's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline . The vast majority of venues were located within 20 - minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood . Venues in Gold Coast ( edit ) Carrara Stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics Carrara Stadium , located in the suburb of Carrara , was the main venue for Athletics , the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony . The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games . Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre hosted netball and the accredited media centre The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre , located in the suburb of Broadbeach , hosted Basketball , Netball ( preliminaries ) and Weightlifting events . It also served as the main media centre during of the games . The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition . The Hinze Dam , located in the suburb of Advancetown , was the location for the Mountain Bike competition . A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators . The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball ( finals ) . The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing , Table Tennis and Squash . During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 ( boxing ) and 3,200 ( table tennis ) . The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men 's and women 's Hockey events during the games . The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events . The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events . Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards . The Elanora / Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme . Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event . Venues outside Gold Coast ( edit ) Brisbane , along with the Gold Coast , forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation . Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler , where a new indoor cycling velodrome ( Anna Meares Velodrome ) was built . The Velodrome 's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode . The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre . In Tropical North Queensland , the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men 's and women 's basketball competitions . Athletes Village ( edit ) 2018 Commonwealth Games Village The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village is located on 59 hectares at Southport , Gold Coast . Sara Carrigan OAM served as the mayor of the athletes village . It provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings . There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses . It offered services like laundry , refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools . The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym . Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths , including accessible baths , saunas , massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel . The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games . The village also consisted retail shops , Optus phone store , salon , bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games , pool tables and game consoles . Queen 's Baton Relay ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Baton The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day , 13 March 2017 , on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace , signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games . Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ' message to the Commonwealth and its athletes ' into the distinctive loop - design Queen 's Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe . It traveled for 388 days , spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth . The Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history . Covering 230,000 km over 388 days , the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa , the Americas , the Caribbean , Europe , Asia and Oceania . The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia , finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018 , where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles , Prince of Wales . Transport ( edit ) Gold Coast light rail During the games , free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to the ticketholders of the games events . The free transportation services were available on local buses , train and Gold Coast light rail ( G : link ) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville . The Gold Coast light rail system , connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre , Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands . An extension to the system was announced in October 2015 , connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale . The extension opened in December 2017 , in time for the games . Anti-doping ( edit ) The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games , covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes , as well as 500 tests against international athletes . Three Australians failed drug tests in this process , along with around 20 international athletes , subject to appeal . The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in - competition testing and , matching protocol at the Olympic Games , launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later , should detection technology improve . Participating teams ( edit ) There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games . Maldives were scheduled to participate , but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth . The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018 . Nations expected to compete at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast ( hide ) Participating Commonwealth Games Associations : country name ( number of participants ) Anguilla ( 12 ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 17 ) Australia ( 474 ) ( hosts ) Bahamas ( 31 ) Bangladesh ( 23 ) Barbados ( 45 ) Belize ( 12 ) Bermuda ( 8 ) Botswana ( 26 ) British Virgin Islands ( 10 ) Brunei ( 8 ) Cameroon ( 40 ) Canada ( 282 ) Cayman Islands ( 21 ) Cook Islands ( 18 ) Cyprus ( 46 ) Dominica ( 13 ) England ( 396 ) Falkland Islands ( 15 ) Fiji ( 96 ) The Gambia ( 6 ) Ghana ( 71 ) Gibraltar ( 22 ) Grenada ( 14 ) Guernsey ( 31 ) Guyana ( 23 ) India ( 216 ) Isle of Man ( 31 ) Jamaica ( 106 ) Jersey ( 33 ) Kenya ( 136 ) Kiribati ( 14 ) Lesotho ( 20 ) Malawi ( 19 ) Malaysia ( 177 ) Malta ( 24 ) Mauritius ( 54 ) Montserrat ( 7 ) Mozambique ( 26 ) Namibia ( 28 ) Nauru ( 16 ) New Zealand ( 251 ) Nigeria ( 88 ) Niue ( 19 ) Norfolk Island ( 18 ) Northern Ireland ( 90 ) Pakistan ( 56 ) Papua New Guinea ( 56 ) Rwanda ( 17 ) Saint Helena ( 9 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 7 ) Saint Lucia ( 13 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 20 ) Samoa ( 38 ) Scotland ( 226 ) Seychelles ( 25 ) Sierra Leone ( 24 ) Singapore ( 59 ) Solomon Islands ( 14 ) South Africa ( 194 ) Sri Lanka ( 79 ) Swaziland ( 10 ) Tanzania ( 15 ) Tonga ( 13 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 51 ) Turks and Caicos Islands ( 7 ) Tuvalu ( 7 ) Uganda ( 69 ) Vanuatu ( 18 ) Wales ( 213 ) Zambia ( 36 ) Number of athletes by team ( edit ) ( show ) CGF Code Country Athletes AUS Australia 474 ENG England 396 CAN Canada 282 NZL New Zealand 251 SCO Scotland 226 IND India 216 WAL Wales 213 RSA South Africa 194 MAS Malaysia 177 KEN Kenya 136 JAM Jamaica 106 FIJ Fiji 96 NIR Northern Ireland 90 NGR Nigeria 88 SRI Sri Lanka 79 GHA Ghana 71 UGA Uganda 69 SIN Singapore 59 PAK Pakistan 56 PNG Papua New Guinea MRI Mauritius 54 TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51 CYP Cyprus 46 BAR Barbados 45 CMR Cameroon 40 SAM Samoa 38 ZAM Zambia 36 JEY Jersey 33 BAH Bahamas 31 GGY Guernsey IOM Isle of Man NAM Namibia 28 BOT Botswana 26 MOZ Mozambique SEY Seychelles 25 MLT Malta 24 SLE Sierra Leone BAN Bangladesh 23 GUY Guyana GIB Gibraltar 22 CAY Cayman Islands 21 LES Lesotho 20 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MAW Malawi 19 NIU Niue COK Cook Islands 18 NFI Norfolk Island VAN Vanuatu ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17 RWA Rwanda NRU Nauru 16 FAI Falkland Islands 15 TAN Tanzania GRN Grenada 14 KIR Kiribati SOL Solomon Islands DMA Dominica 13 LCA Saint Lucia TGA Tonga AIA Anguilla 12 BIZ Belize IVB British Virgin Islands 10 SWZ Swaziland SHN Saint Helena 9 BER Bermuda 8 BRU Brunei MNT Montserrat 7 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis TCA Turks and Caicos Islands TUV Tuvalu GAM The Gambia 6 Calendar ( edit ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony April Wed 5 Thu 6 Fri 7 Sat 8 Sun 9 Mon 10 Tue 11 Wed 12 Thu 13 Fri 14 Sat 15 Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC N / A Aquatics Diving 10 Swimming 7 9 8 8 9 9 50 Athletics 5 6 8 7 10 9 9 58 Badminton 5 6 Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing 16 16 Cycling Mountain biking Road cycling Track cycling 6 6 20 Gymnastics Artistic 5 5 14 Rhythmic 6 Hockey Lawn bowls 10 Netball Powerlifting Rugby sevens Shooting 19 Squash 5 Table tennis 9 Triathlon 5 Weightlifting 16 Wrestling 12 Daily medal events 19 17 22 31 33 26 15 24 27 44 17 275 Cumulative total 19 36 58 89 122 148 163 187 214 258 275 April 4th Wed 5th Thu 6th Fri 7th Sat 8th Sun 9th Mon 10th Tue 11th Wed 12th Thu 13th Fri 14th Sat 15th Sun Total events Sports ( edit ) The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies , a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule . The approved sports included the 10 core sports : athletics , badminton , boxing , hockey , lawn bowls , netball ( for women ) , rugby sevens , squash , swimming and weightlifting . Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports : swimming , athletics , cycling , table tennis , powerlifting and lawn bowls . Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held , with the medals added to the final tally for each nation . A record 38 para events were contested at these games . On 8 March 2016 , beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport . The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games , with the major changes being the dropping of judo , the reintroduction of basketball , the debut of women 's rugby sevens and beach volleyball . On 7 October 2016 , it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program , meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women . This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events . In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Aquatics Diving ( 10 ) ( details ) Swimming ( 50 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 58 ) ( details ) Badminton ( 6 ) ( details ) Basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 16 ) ( details ) Cycling ( details ) Mountain biking ( 2 ) Road ( 4 ) Track ( 20 ) Gymnastics ( details ) Artistic ( 14 ) Rhythmic ( 6 ) Hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Lawn bowls ( 10 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 2 ) ( details ) Shooting ( 19 ) ( details ) Squash ( 5 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 9 ) ( details ) Triathlon ( 5 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 16 ) ( details ) Powerlifting ( 4 ) ( details ) Wrestling ( 12 ) ( details ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast , Australia , between 20 : 00 and 22 : 40 AEST , on 4 April 2018 . Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children . The Head of the Commonwealth , Queen Elizabeth II , was represented by her son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Parade of nations ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations Following tradition , the host of the previous games , Scotland entered first , followed by the rest of the European countries competing . Following this , all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions . After the European countries entered , countries from Africa , the Americas , Asia , the Caribbean , and lastly Oceania marched in . The host nation of Australia entered last . Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country 's name . Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU $30 million . Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian , Samantha Jade , Dami Im and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children 's entertainers , The Wiggles . Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex , declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham , England which will host the 2022 Games . Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here . The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables . By default , the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won ( in this context , a `` nation '' is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association ) . The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals . If nations are still tied , equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three - letter country code . Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold , second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold . Key * Host nation ( Australia ) 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table Rank CGA Gold Silver Bronze Total Australia ( AUS ) * 80 59 59 198 England ( ENG ) 45 45 46 136 India ( IND ) 26 20 20 66 Canada ( CAN ) 15 40 27 82 5 New Zealand ( NZL ) 15 16 15 46 6 South Africa ( RSA ) 13 11 13 37 7 Wales ( WAL ) 10 12 14 36 8 Scotland ( SCO ) 9 13 22 44 9 Nigeria ( NGR ) 9 9 6 24 10 Cyprus ( CYP ) 8 5 14 Total ( 43 CGAs ) 275 276 289 840 Marketing ( edit ) Borobi Motto ( edit ) The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was `` Share the Dream '' . It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games , ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations . Emblem ( edit ) The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast , the host city of the games . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Borobi ( mascot ) Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016 . Borobi is a blue koala , with indigenous markings on its body . The term `` borobi '' means koala in the Yugambeh language , spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas . Medals ( edit ) At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017 , the medals for the games were officially unveiled . Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo - Collins designed the medals , while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint . The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture . Furthermore , Cockatoo - Collins mentioned , `` the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave , also symbolic of athletic achievement , The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark , Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated '' . Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter . The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony . This caused an uproar on social media as , contrary to public expectations , none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony . Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that , `` it has n't really lived up to expectations '' . Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony , resulting in a half - empty stadium for much of the event . Following this , the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule , a claim which Channel 7 later refuted . At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon , Uganda , Rwanda , and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games . Some missed their competitions . Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events , and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries . Most hold nationalities that are deemed high - risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events , such as major games . See also ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 Queen 's Baton Relay 2018 Asian Games 2018 European Championships 2019 Pan American Games 2019 European Games 2019 Pacific Games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` This Commonwealth Games will be remembered as a year of ' firsts ' , on and off the field '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 300 Para athletes participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gambia to compete at Gold Coast 2018 after readmitted as CGF member '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ sportscotland . `` Louise Martin elected as CGF President '' . sportscotland.org.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF General Assembly 2011 '' . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Medal Standings - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . results.gc2018.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` CGF President declares Commonwealth more relevant than ever before as `` Games of Firsts '' draw to a close on Gold Coast `` . Commonwealth Games Federation . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast eyes 2018 Games bid with land swap '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bligh pushes bids for Games , World Cup '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast gets sole right to bid for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Brisbane Times . 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Games bid up and running '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Lappeman , Sue ( 31 March 2010 ) . `` Coast Commonwealth Games bid backed '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Degun , Tom ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Legacy benefits to Gold Coast of 2018 Commonwealth Games will be huge , says city 's Mayor '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Sri Lanka boasting of Games bid win '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate City Manual '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Games Federation . December 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ardern , Lucy ( 13 November 2011 ) . `` Coast wins 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Willoughby , , Shannon . `` Mark Peters named as Games CEO '' . Gold Coast News , 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Palaszczuk , Annastacia ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Kate Jones appointed Minister for the Commonwealth Games '' ( Press release ) . Brisbane : Queensland Government . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrara Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Broadbeach Bowls Club Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Oxenford Studios Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Hockey Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southport Broadwater Parklands Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Optus Aquatic Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Robina Stadium Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Coolangatta Beachfront Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Anna Meares Velodrome Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Shooting Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cairns Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Games Village '' . Embracing 2018 . 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Commonwealth Games Village Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Federation - Queen 's Baton Relay '' . www.thecgf.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Your Travel Options Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Stage two of Gold Coast light rail on track for Commonwealth Games '' . Queensland Government . 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Games 2018 : Australia athletes banned for doping . The Australian ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 71 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Retrieved 8 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Duncan ( 14 October 2016 ) . `` Maldives set to miss Gold Coast 2018 after resigning from Commonwealth '' . www.insidethegames.biz/ . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 to host largest Commonwealth para-sport programme '' . www.paralympic.org/ . International Paralympic Committee . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Beach volleyball to be played at the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . Gold Coast Bulletin . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's rugby added to Commonwealth Games '' . www.sportsnet.ca/ . Rogers Media . 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Level playing field for women at 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh , Scotland . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McKay , Duncan ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 to offer same amount of medals for men and women after seven events added '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony '' . www.gc2018.com/ . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation ( GOLDOC ) . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Gold Coast event starts with colourful opening ceremony '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Thomas ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Team Scotland release Gold Coast 2018 parade tartan '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games closing ceremony 2018 : All you need to know '' . The Daily Mail . 12 April 2018 . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063985/prince-edward-declares-gold-coast-2018-closed-as-flag-passed-to-birmingham-in-ordinary-closing-ceremony Jump up ^ `` The Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Emblem '' . Jump up ^ Larkins , Damien ( 3 April 2016 ) . `` Blue koala Borobi revealed as mascot for 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Crockford , Toby ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games medals revealed '' . Brisbane Times . Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 4 November 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal medal designs for Commonwealth Games at charity gala '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games closing ceremony slammed on social media as Channel Seven hosts open fire '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) . Sydney , Australia . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven was briefed on closing ceremony '' . ABC News . 2018 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Melissa ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Griggs hits back at claims Channel Seven knew plan to snub athletes '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Still no sign of missing African Commonwealth Games athletes '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Ben ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Cameroon athletes missing from Commonwealth Games '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Gold Coast 2018 official website Embracing 2018 official website Preceded by Glasgow Commonwealth Games Gold Coast XXI Commonwealth Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Birmingham Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games Federation Participating Nations Commonwealth Day Inter-Empire Championships Queen 's Baton Relay Medal Table Sports Records Games 1930 Hamilton 1934 London 1938 Sydney 1950 Auckland 1954 Vancouver 1958 Cardiff 1962 Perth 1966 Kingston 1970 Edinburgh 1974 Christchurch 1978 Edmonton 1982 Brisbane 1986 Edinburgh 1990 Auckland 1994 Victoria 1998 Kuala Lumpur 2002 Manchester 2006 Melbourne 2010 Delhi 2014 Glasgow 2018 Gold Coast 2022 Birmingham 2026 TBA 2030 TBA Commonwealth Youth Games Commonwealth Winter Games Commonwealth Paraplegic Games ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Commonwealth Games portal 2010s portal Queensland portal Australia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=837262685 '' Categories : Commonwealth Games 2018 Commonwealth Games 2018 in multi-sport events Sports competitions on the Gold Coast , Queensland Commonwealth Games in Australia 2018 in Australian sport April 2018 sports events in Oceania Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use Australian English from April 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from February 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 吴语 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 18 : 36 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20Commonwealth%20Games
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nutan tiffin box service was started in mumbai
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Dabbawala
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dabbawala
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The dabbawalas ( also spelled dabbawallas or dabbawallahs , called tiffin wallahs in older sources ) constitute a lunchbox delivery and return system that delivers hot lunches from homes and restaurants to people at work in India , especially in Mumbai . The lunchboxes are picked up in the late morning , delivered predominantly using bicycles and railway trains , and returned empty in the afternoon . They are also used by meal suppliers in Mumbai , who pay them to ferry lunchboxes with ready - cooked meals from central kitchens to customers and back .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Etymology 3 Workflow 4 Corporate Culture 5 Economic analysis 6 Studies and accolades 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1890 Bombay , Mahadeo Havaji Bachche started a lunch delivery service with about a hundred men . In 1930 , he informally attempted to unionize the dabbawallas . Later , a charitable trust was registered in 1956 under the name of Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust . The commercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as Mumbai Tiffin Box Supplier 's Association . The current president of the association is Raghunath Medge . Etymology ( edit ) A dabba , or Indian - style tiffin box Box coding When literally translated , the word `` dabbawala '' means `` one who carries a box '' . `` Dabba '' means a box ( usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container ) from Persian : دَبّه , while `` wala '' is an agentive suffix , denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word . The closest meaning of the dabbawala in English would be the `` tiffin box delivery man '' . Workflow ( edit ) Lunch boxes are marked in several ways : Abbreviations for collection points Colour code for starting station Number for destination station Markings for handling dabbawala at destination , building and floor A colour - coding system identifies the destination and recipient . Each dabbawala is required to contribute a minimum capital in kind , in the form of two bicycles , a wooden crate for the tiffins , white cotton kurta - pyjamas , and the white Gandhi cap ( topi ) . Each month there is a division of the earnings of each unit . Fines are imposed for alcohol , tobacco , out - of - uniform , and absenteeism . A collecting dabbawala , usually on bicycle , collects dabbas either from a worker 's home or from the dabba makers . As many of the carriers are of limited literacy ( the average literacy of Dabbawallahs is that of 8th grade ) , the dabbas ( boxes ) have some sort of distinguishing mark on them , such as a colour or group of symbols . The dabbawala then takes them to a sorting place , where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort the lunch boxes into groups . The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains , with markings to identify the destination of the box ( usually there is a designated car for the boxes ) . The markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the destination building delivery address . Some modern infrastructure improvements such as the Navi Mumbai Metro are not used in the supply chain , as cabins do not have the capacity for hundreds of tiffins . At each station , boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala , who delivers them . The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses . The dabbawalas also allow for delivery requests through SMS . Corporate culture ( edit ) A typical dabbawala lunch It was estimated in 2007 that the dabbawala industry was growing by 5 -- 10 % per annum . Most tiffin - wallahs are related to each other , belong to the Varkari sect of Maharashtra , and come from the same small village near Pune . Tiffin distribution is suspended for five days each March as the tiffin - wallahs go home for the annual village festival . Economic analysis ( edit ) Each dabbawala , regardless of role , is paid around 8,000 rupees per month ( about US $131 in 2014 ) . Between 175,000 and 200,000 lunch boxes are moved each day by 4,500 to 5,000 dabbawalas . Tiffin - wallahs are self - employed . The union initiation fee is 30,000 rupees , which guarantees a 5,000 rupee monthly income and a job for life . The 150 rupee a month fee provides for delivery six days a week. ( 2002 ) It is frequently claimed that dabbawalas make less than one mistake in every six million deliveries , however this is only an estimation from Ragunath Medge , the president of the Mumbai Tiffinmen 's Association in 1998 , and is not from a rigorous study . Medge told Subrata Chakravarty , the lead author of the ' Fast Food ' article by Forbes where this claim first appeared , that dabbawalas make a mistake `` almost never , maybe once every two months '' and this statement was extrapolated by Subrata Chakravarty to be a rate of `` one mistake in 8 million deliveries . '' Chakravarty recalled the affair in an interview and said : `` Forbes never certified the dabbawalas as being a six - sigma organization . In fact , I never used the term at all . As you know , six - sigma is a process , not a statistic . But it is commonly associated with a statistic of 1.9 errors per billion operations , and that is what caused the confusion ... . I was impressed by the efficiency and complexity of the process by which some 175,000 tiffin boxes were sorted , transported , delivered and returned each day by people who were mostly illiterate and unsophisticated . I asked the head of the organization how often they made a mistake . He said almost never , maybe once every two months . Any more than that would be unforgivable to customers . I did the math , which works out to one mistake in 8 million deliveries -- or 16 million , since the tiffin carriers are returned home each day . That is the statistic I used . Apparently , at a conference in 2002 , a reporter asked the president ... whether the tiffinwallahs were a six - sigma organization . He said he did n't know what that was . When told about the 1.9 error - per - billion statistic , I 'm told he said : `` Then we are . Just ask Forbes '' . The reporter , obviously without having read my story , wrote that Forbes had certified the tiffinwallahs as a six - sigma organization . That phrase was picked up and repeated by other reporters in other stories and now seems to have become part of the folklore . '' -- Subrata Chakravarty , The New York Times reported in 2007 that the 125 - year - old dabbawala industry continues to grow at a rate of 5 -- 10 % per year . In 2011 , dabbawalas went on strike for the first time in 120 years to promote and attend a rally by Azad Maidan to support Anna Hazare in his campaign against corruption . Studies and accolades ( edit ) Various studies have focused on dabbawalas : In 2001 , Pawan G. Agrawal carried out his PhD research in `` A Study & Logistics & Supply Chain Management of Dabbawala in Mumbai '' . He presented his results on the efficiency of Dabbawallas in various fora . In 2005 , the Indian Institute of Management ( Ahmedabad ) featured a case study on the Mumbai Dabbawallas from a management perspective of logistics . In 2010 , Harvard Business School added the case study The Dabbawala System : On - Time Delivery , Every Time to their compendium for its high level of service with a low - cost and simple operating system . In 2014 , Uma S. Krishnan completed her PhD research in `` A Cross-Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of The Dabbawalas : Towards a New Understanding of Non-mainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices . '' On 21 March 2011 , Prakash Baly Bachche carried three dabbawalla tiffin crates on his head at one time , which was entered as a Guinness world record . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Pictures : Tiffin time in Mumbai '' . BBC news . 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bombay Dabbawalas go high - tech '' . Physorg.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Roncaglia , Sara ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas '' . OpenBook Publishers . Retrieved 2 May 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Nair , Supriya . `` The Tiffin History of Mumbai - Livemint '' . www.livemint.com . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pathak R.C. ( 1946 , Reprint 2000 ) . The Standard Dictionary of the Hindi Language , Varanasi : Bhargava Book Depot , pp. 300,680 Jump up ^ Thakker , Pradip . `` Mumbai 's amazing dabbawalas '' . specials.rediff.com . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ TEDx Talks ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas '' . Retrieved 3 May 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Agrawal , Dr. Pawan . `` Dabbawallahs - A talk by Dr. Pawan Agrawal '' . Ted X SSN Talks . You Tube . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ magazine , Works That Work . `` Dabbawallas : Delivering Excellence by Meena Kadri ( Works That Work magazine ) '' . worksthatwork.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self - reliant '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bureau , Our ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Taking the story of Mumbai 's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 2 June 2013 ) . `` Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramper , Johnny . `` Dabbawalas : Preserving Tradition in Modern India '' . Z.E.N. Foods . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Business - India 's tiffinwalas fuel economy '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : In India , Grandma Cooks , They Deliver from The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Indian Summer Festival Canada ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Lunchbox Legends : The Dabbawalas of Mumbai '' . Retrieved 3 May 2017 -- via YouTube . at Indian Summer Festival Vancouver Jump up ^ Parmar , Beena ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` Mumbai 's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹ 100 '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bureau , Our ( 26 November 2013 ) . `` More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bureau , Our ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Dabbawalas to deliver WHO 's word '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` nomadlife - an international nomads community '' . wayback.archive.org . Archived from the original on 16 December 2005 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` DINODIA Photo Library - The largest collection of Indian photographs online '' . wayback.archive.org . Archived from the original on 9 August 2003 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( 24 June 2002 ) . `` A Bombay lunchbox '' . Retrieved 2 May 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ PTI ( 2 July 2014 ) . `` ' Dabbawalas ' hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation '' . thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Crust : : : India 's food , wine and style magazine '' . wayback.archive.org . Archived from the original on 22 October 2002 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ The Guardian . A Bombay lunchbox ( June 24 , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Chakravarty , Subrata N. `` Fast food . '' Forbes . 10 Aug. 1998 . Forbes Magazine . 21 Sept. 2013 https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0810/0109078a.html ^ Jump up to : Pathak , Gauri Sanjeev . `` Delivering the Nation : The Dabbawalas of Mumbai . '' South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies 33.2 ( 2010 ) : 235 - 257 . Jump up ^ Sheth , Priya ; Ganguly , Nivedita ( 18 August 2011 ) . `` Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Pawan Agrawal '' . Kaizer . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ravichandran , N. ( 1 September 2005 ) . World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs ( PDF ) . Ahmedabad : Indian Institute of Management . Jump up ^ Thomke , Stefan H. ; Sinha , Mona ( February 2010 ) . The Dabbawala System : On - Time Delivery , Every Time ( Case 610 - 059 ) . Harvard , Ma. : Harvard Business School . Jump up ^ S , Krishnan , Uma ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas : Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices '' . ohiolink.edu . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head '' . Guinness world records . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dabbawalas . Shekhar Gupta , Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain , Indian Express , Walk the Talk , NDTV 24x7 . Hart , Jeremy ( 2006 - 03 - 19 ) . `` The Mumbai working lunch '' . The Independent Online . The Independent group , London . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . `` Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials '' . Evening Standard ( London ) . Associated Newspapers Ltd. 2005 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . Mumbai 's Dabbawala : The Uncommon Story of the Common Man , Shobha Bondre . tr . Shalaka Walimbe . OMO Books , 2011 . ISBN 81 - 910356 - 1 - 8 . The Dabbawala System : On - Time Delivery , Every Time , by Stefan H. Thomke and Mona Sinha , Harvard Business School Case Study , February 2010 ( Revised January 2013 ) External links ( edit ) Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association ( hide ) Mumbai topics History Timeline Silhara dynasty Bombay Presidency Seven Islands of Bombay Elephanta Caves Banganga Tank Old Bombay Worli Fort Girangaon Samyukta Maharashtra Movement Tanks Growth of Mumbai 1992 -- 93 riots 1993 bombings 2008 attacks Terrorism Geography Powai Lake Vihar Lake Tulsi Lake Thane Creek Mahim Bay Back Bay Mithi River Ulhas River Gilbert Hill Malabar Hill Salsette Island Mumbai Harbour Middle Ground Climate Beaches Eastern Suburbs Western Suburbs South Mumbai Neighbourhoods Buildings Architecture of Mumbai Gateway of India Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Naval Dockyard Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk General Post Office Shreepati Arcade Regal Cinema Mount Mary 's Church Haji Ali Dargah Flora Fountain David Sassoon Library Mumba Devi Temple Mahalaxmi Temple Prince of Wales Museum National Gallery of Modern Art Asiatic Society of Mumbai Jehangir Art Gallery Gowalia Tank Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Mahim Church Transport Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport ( BEST ) Mumbai Suburban Railway Central Railway Western Railway Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Juhu Aerodrome Auto rickshaw Metro Monorail Skywalk Western railway elevated corridor Water transport Mumbai BRTS Mumbai Urban Transport Project Roads Airoli Bridge Altamount Road Bandra -- Worli Sea Link Carmichael Road Colaba Causeway Currey Road Bridge Dadabhai Naoroji Road Eastern Express Highway Eastern Freeway Fashion Street Hughes Road Jeejabai Bhosle Marg JVLR Linking Road Lady Jamshetjee Road LBS Marg Lamington Road Mahim Causeway Marine Drive MTHL Nepean Sea Road P D'Mello Road Pedder Road Princess Street SCLR SV Road Sahar Elevated Access Road Sion Panvel Highway Vashi Bridge Veera Desai Road Western Express Highway Economy Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India Reserve Bank of India Mint Dalal Street Nariman Point Education and Research Universities & Colleges University of Mumbai ( MU ) SNDT Women 's University Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay ( IIT - B ) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute ( VJTI ) Mulund College of Commerce ICT ( formerly UDCT ) NITIE Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies ( JBIMS ) SP Jain Institute of Management and Research NMIMS St. Xavier 's College Sathaye College Ramnarain Ruia College DG Ruparel College Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics V.G. Vaze College of Arts , Science and Commerce Schools Bombay Scottish School Campion School Cathedral and John Connon School Dhirubhai Ambani International School Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School Jamnabai Narsee School Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan King George High School , Dadar ( E ) St. Theresa 's Boys High School Institutes for Science & Learning Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Nehru Planetarium Nehru Science Centre Tata Institute of Social Sciences ( TISS ) Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences ( UM - DAE CBS ) Civic Mayor Police Commissioner Municipal Commissioner Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Mumbai Police Wards Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport Demographics Water sources Bombay High Court Sheriff Culture Marathi Mumbaiya / Bombaiya / Bambaiya Dabbawalas Mumbaikar Street food Vada pav Bhelpuri Sevpuri Dahi puri Panipuri Ragda pattice Cultural centres Cinemas Kala Ghoda festival Mumbai Marathon Tourist attractions Little Bombay , Jersey City , USA Religion in Mumbai Jainism in Mumbai Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay History of the Jews in Mumbai List of churches in Mumbai Anglican Diocese of Bombay Mumbai Orthodox Diocese Other topics Bombay High Kamathipura Dharavi People from Mumbai Commons Mumbai portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabbawala&oldid=802812065 '' Categories : Indian cuisine Culture of Mumbai Transport occupations Personal care and service occupations Transport in Mumbai Indian slang Indian English idioms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing Persian - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 16 : 52 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbawala
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list of submissions to the 87th academy awards for best foreign language film
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Submitting country Title used in nomination Original title Language ( s ) Director ( s ) Result Afghanistan A Few Cubic Meters of Love چند متر مکعب عشق ( Chand Metre Moka'ab Eshgh ) Persian Jamshid Mahmoudi Not nominated Argentina Wild Tales Relatos salvajes Spanish Damián Szifrón Nominated Australia Charlie 's Country Charlie 's Country Yolngu Matha , English Rolf de Heer Not nominated Austria The Dark Valley Das finstere Tal German Andreas Prochaska Not nominated Azerbaijan Nabat Nabat Azerbaijani Elchin Musaoglu Not nominated Bangladesh Glow of the Firefly জোনাকির আলো ( Jonakir Alo ) Bengali Khalid Mahmud Mithu Not nominated Belgium Two Days , One Night Deux jours , une nuit French Jean - Pierre and Luc Dardenne Not nominated Bolivia Forgotten Olvidados Spanish Carlos Bolado Not nominated Bosnia and Herzegovina With Mum Sa mamom Bosnian Faruk Lončarević Not nominated Brazil The Way He Looks Hoje eu quero voltar sozinho Portuguese Daniel Ribeiro Not nominated Bulgaria Bulgarian Rhapsody Българска Рапсодия Bulgarian Ivan Nitchev Not nominated Canada Mommy Mommy French Xavier Dolan Not nominated Chile To Kill a Man Matar a un hombre Spanish Alejandro Fernández Almendras Not nominated China The Nightingale 夜莺 ( yè yīng ) , Le promeneur d'oiseau Mandarin Philippe Muyl Not nominated Colombia Mateo Mateo Spanish Maria Gamboa Not nominated Costa Rica Red Princesses Princesas rojas Spanish Laura Astorga Not nominated Croatia Cowboys Kauboji Croatian Tomislav Mršić Not nominated Cuba Conducta Conducta Spanish Ernesto Daranas Not nominated Czech Republic Fair Play Fair Play Czech Andrea Sedláčková Not nominated Denmark Sorrow and Joy Sorg og glæde Danish Nils Malmros Not nominated Dominican Republic Cristo Rey Cristo Rey Spanish Leticia Tonos Not nominated Ecuador Silence in Dreamland Silencio en la tierra de los sueños Spanish Tito Molina Not nominated Egypt Factory Girl فتاة المصنع ( Fatat el masnaa ) Arabic Mohamed Khan Not nominated Estonia Tangerines Mandariinid Estonian , Russian Zaza Urushadze Nominated Ethiopia Difret Difret Amharic Zeresenay Berhane Mehari Not nominated Finland Concrete Night Betoniyö Finnish Pirjo Honkasalo Not nominated France Saint Laurent Saint Laurent French Bertrand Bonello Not nominated Georgia Corn Island სიმინდის კუნძული ( simindis k'undzuli ) Georgian , Abkhaz , Russian Giorgi Ovashvili Made January shortlist Germany Beloved Sisters Die geliebten Schwestern German , French Dominik Graf Not nominated Greece Little England Μικρά Αγγλία Greek Pantelis Voulgaris Not nominated Hong Kong The Golden Era 黃金 時代 ( huǎng jīn shí dài ) Mandarin Ann Hui Not nominated Hungary White God Fehér isten Hungarian Kornél Mundruczó Not nominated Iceland Life in a Fishbowl Vonarstræti Icelandic Baldvin Zophoníasson Not nominated India Liar 's Dice लायर्स डाइस ( Liar 's Dice ) Hindi Geetu Mohandas Not nominated Indonesia Soekarno Soekarno Indonesian Hanung Bramantyo Not nominated Iran Today Emrooz ( امروز ) Persian Reza Mirkarimi Not nominated Iraq Mardan Mardan Kurdish Batin Ghobadi Not nominated Ireland The Gift An Bronntanas Irish Tommy Collins Not nominated Israel Gett : The Trial of Viviane Amsalem גט - המשפט של ויויאן אמסאלם Hebrew , French , Arabic Ronit Elkabetz and Shlomi Elkabetz Not nominated Italy Human Capital Il capitale umano Italian Paolo Virzì Not nominated Japan The Light Shines Only There そこ のみ に て 光 輝く ( Soko nomi nite hikari kagayaku ) Japanese Mipo O Not nominated Kosovo Three Windows and a Hanging Tri Dritare dhe një Varje Albanian Isa Qosja Not nominated Kyrgyzstan Kurmanjan Datka : Queen of the Mountains Курманжан Датка ( Kurmanjan Datka ) Kyrgyz Sadyk Sher - Niyaz Not nominated Latvia Rocks in My Pockets Akmeņi manās kabatās Latvian Signe Baumane Not nominated Lebanon Ghadi غدي Arabic Amin Dora Not nominated Lithuania The Gambler Lošėjas Lithuanian Ignas Jonynas Not nominated Luxembourg Never Die Young Never Die Young French Pol Cruchten Not nominated Macedonia To the Hilt До балчак Macedonian Stole Popov Not nominated Malta Simshar Simshar Maltese Rebecca Cremona Not nominated Mauritania Timbuktu Timbuktu Arabic , French , Tamashek Abderrahmane Sissako Nominated Mexico Cantinflas Cantinflas Spanish Sebastian del Amo Not nominated Moldova The Unsaved La limita de jos a cerului Romanian Igor Cobileanski Not nominated Montenegro The Kids from the Marx and Engels Street Dječaci iz Ulice Marksa i Engelsa Montenegrin Nikola Vukčević Not nominated Morocco The Red Moon القمر الأحمر Arabic Hassan Benjelloun Not nominated Nepal Jhola झोला Nepali Yadavkumar Bhattarai Not nominated Netherlands Accused Lucia de B . Dutch Paula van der Oest Made January shortlist New Zealand The Dead Lands The Dead Lands Māori Toa Fraser Not nominated Norway 1001 Grams 1001 Gram Norwegian Bent Hamer Not nominated Pakistan Dukhtar دختر ، بیٹی Urdu Afia Nathaniel Not nominated Palestine Eyes of a Thief عيون الحراميه Arabic Najwa Najjar Not nominated Panama Invasion Invasión Spanish Abner Benaim Not nominated Peru The Gospel of the Flesh El evangelio de la carne Spanish Eduardo Mendoza de Echave Not nominated Philippines Norte , the End of History Norte , Hangganan ng Kasaysayan Tagalog , English Lav Diaz Not nominated Poland Ida Ida Polish Paweł Pawlikowski Won Academy Award Portugal What Now ? Remind Me E Agora ? Lembra - me Portuguese Joaquim Pinto Not nominated Romania The Japanese Dog Câinele japonez Romanian Tudor Cristian Jurgiu Not nominated Russia Leviathan Левиафан Russian Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Serbia See You in Montevideo Montevideo , vidimo se ! Serbian Dragan Bjelogrlić Not nominated Singapore Sayang Disayang Sayang Disayang Malay , Indonesian Sanif Olek Not nominated Slovakia A Step into the Dark Krok do tmy Slovak Miloslav Luther Not nominated Slovenia Seduce Me Zapelji me Slovene Marko Šantić Not nominated South Africa Elelwani Elelwani Venda Ntshavheni wa Luruli Not nominated South Korea Haemoo 해무 ( Haemoo ) Korean Shim Sung - bo Not nominated Spain Living Is Easy with Eyes Closed Vivir es fácil con los ojos cerrados Spanish David Trueba Not nominated Sweden Force Majeure Turist Swedish Ruben Östlund Made January shortlist Switzerland The Circle Der Kreis German Stefan Haupt Not nominated Taiwan Ice Poison 冰毒 ( bīng dú ) Southwestern Mandarin , Mandarin Midi Z Not nominated Thailand Teacher 's Diary คิดถึง วิทยา ( Kid tueng wittaya ) Thai Nithiwat Tharathorn Not nominated Turkey Winter Sleep Kış Uykusu Turkish Nuri Bilge Ceylan Not nominated Ukraine The Guide Поводир Ukrainian Oles Sanin Not nominated United Kingdom Little Happiness Uzun Yol Turkish Nihat Seven Not nominated Uruguay Mr. Kaplan Mr. Kaplan Spanish Álvaro Brechner Not nominated Venezuela The Liberator Libertador Spanish Alberto Arvelo Made January shortlist
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List of submissions to the 87th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language film
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list of submissions to the 87th academy awards for best foreign language film
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) has invited the film industries of a number of countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film every year since the award was created in 1956 . It is presented annually by the Academy to a feature - length film produced outside the United States with primarily non-English dialogue . The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process , reviewing all films submitted .
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For the 87th Academy Awards , held on 22 February 2015 , a submitted motion picture must be released theatrically in its respective country between 1 October 2013 and 30 September 2014 . Submission of a film does not automatically qualify it for the competition ; AMPAS has the final word on eligibility , and has disqualified submissions in the past . One film was accepted from each country , with a deadline of 1 October 2014 ; the Academy published a list of eligible films eight days later . Eighty - three countries submitted films , with four countries entering for the first time . Mauritania submitted Timbuktu , directed by Abderrahmane Sissako ; Panama entered the documentary Invasion , directed by Abner Benaim ; Kosovo submitted Three Windows and a Hanging , directed by Isa Qosja ; and Malta entered Simshar , directed by Rebecca Cremona . In May 2014 , Nigeria announced that AMPAS had approved the first - ever Nigerian Oscar selection committee and they would make their first Oscar submission ; however , they did not submit a film by the deadline . The Phase I committee , consisting of several hundred Los Angeles - based Academy members , viewed the original submissions between mid-October and 15 December 2014 . The group 's top six choices , augmented by three selections by the Academy 's Foreign Language Film Award Executive Committee , constitute the shortlist . Seventy - six films were originally considered , and the nine finalists were shortlisted in mid-December . The list was narrowed down to five nominees by invited committees in New York , Los Angeles and ( for the first time ) London , who viewed three films a day from 9 to 11 January 2015 before casting their ballots . The list of nominees was announced on 15 January 2015 at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Los Angeles . They were Argentina 's Wild Tales , directed by Damián Szifron ; Estonia 's Tangerines , directed by Zaza Urushadze ; Mauritania 's Timbuktu , directed by Abderrahmane Sissako ; Poland 's Ida , directed by Paweł Pawlikowski , and Russia 's Leviathan , directed by Andrey Zvyagintsev . For the first time , the director 's name would be engraved on the Oscar statuette in addition to the country name . The winner was Poland 's Ida , directed by Pawlikowski . Contents ( hide ) 1 Submissions 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Submissions ( edit ) Submitting country Title used in nomination Original title Language ( s ) Director ( s ) Result Afghanistan A Few Cubic Meters of Love چند متر مکعب عشق ( Chand Metre Moka'ab Eshgh ) Persian Jamshid Mahmoudi Not nominated Argentina Wild Tales Relatos salvajes Spanish Damián Szifrón Nominated Australia Charlie 's Country Charlie 's Country Yolngu Matha , English Rolf de Heer Not nominated Austria The Dark Valley Das finstere Tal German Andreas Prochaska Not nominated Azerbaijan Nabat Nabat Azerbaijani Elchin Musaoglu Not nominated Bangladesh Glow of the Firefly জোনাকির আলো ( Jonakir Alo ) Bengali Khalid Mahmud Mithu Not nominated Belgium Two Days , One Night Deux jours , une nuit French Jean - Pierre and Luc Dardenne Not nominated Bolivia Forgotten Olvidados Spanish Carlos Bolado Not nominated Bosnia and Herzegovina With Mum Sa mamom Bosnian Faruk Lončarević Not nominated Brazil The Way He Looks Hoje eu quero voltar sozinho Portuguese Daniel Ribeiro Not nominated Bulgaria Bulgarian Rhapsody Българска Рапсодия Bulgarian Ivan Nitchev Not nominated Canada Mommy Mommy French Xavier Dolan Not nominated Chile To Kill a Man Matar a un hombre Spanish Alejandro Fernández Almendras Not nominated China The Nightingale 夜莺 ( yè yīng ) , Le promeneur d'oiseau Mandarin Philippe Muyl Not nominated Colombia Mateo Mateo Spanish Maria Gamboa Not nominated Costa Rica Red Princesses Princesas rojas Spanish Laura Astorga Not nominated Croatia Cowboys Kauboji Croatian Tomislav Mršić Not nominated Cuba Conducta Conducta Spanish Ernesto Daranas Not nominated Czech Republic Fair Play Fair Play Czech Andrea Sedláčková Not nominated Denmark Sorrow and Joy Sorg og glæde Danish Nils Malmros Not nominated Dominican Republic Cristo Rey Cristo Rey Spanish Leticia Tonos Not nominated Ecuador Silence in Dreamland Silencio en la tierra de los sueños Spanish Tito Molina Not nominated Egypt Factory Girl فتاة المصنع ( Fatat el masnaa ) Arabic Mohamed Khan Not nominated Estonia Tangerines Mandariinid Estonian , Russian Zaza Urushadze Nominated Ethiopia Difret Difret Amharic Zeresenay Berhane Mehari Not nominated Finland Concrete Night Betoniyö Finnish Pirjo Honkasalo Not nominated France Saint Laurent Saint Laurent French Bertrand Bonello Not nominated Georgia Corn Island სიმინდის კუნძული ( simindis k'undzuli ) Georgian , Abkhaz , Russian Giorgi Ovashvili Made January shortlist Germany Beloved Sisters Die geliebten Schwestern German , French Dominik Graf Not nominated Greece Little England Μικρά Αγγλία Greek Pantelis Voulgaris Not nominated Hong Kong The Golden Era 黃金 時代 ( huǎng jīn shí dài ) Mandarin Ann Hui Not nominated Hungary White God Fehér isten Hungarian Kornél Mundruczó Not nominated Iceland Life in a Fishbowl Vonarstræti Icelandic Baldvin Zophoníasson Not nominated India Liar 's Dice लायर्स डाइस ( Liar 's Dice ) Hindi Geetu Mohandas Not nominated Indonesia Soekarno Soekarno Indonesian Hanung Bramantyo Not nominated Iran Today Emrooz ( امروز ) Persian Reza Mirkarimi Not nominated Iraq Mardan Mardan Kurdish Batin Ghobadi Not nominated Ireland The Gift An Bronntanas Irish Tommy Collins Not nominated Israel Gett : The Trial of Viviane Amsalem גט - המשפט של ויויאן אמסאלם Hebrew , French , Arabic Ronit Elkabetz and Shlomi Elkabetz Not nominated Italy Human Capital Il capitale umano Italian Paolo Virzì Not nominated Japan The Light Shines Only There そこ のみ に て 光 輝く ( Soko nomi nite hikari kagayaku ) Japanese Mipo O Not nominated Kosovo Three Windows and a Hanging Tri Dritare dhe një Varje Albanian Isa Qosja Not nominated Kyrgyzstan Kurmanjan Datka : Queen of the Mountains Курманжан Датка ( Kurmanjan Datka ) Kyrgyz Sadyk Sher - Niyaz Not nominated Latvia Rocks in My Pockets Akmeņi manās kabatās Latvian Signe Baumane Not nominated Lebanon Ghadi غدي Arabic Amin Dora Not nominated Lithuania The Gambler Lošėjas Lithuanian Ignas Jonynas Not nominated Luxembourg Never Die Young Never Die Young French Pol Cruchten Not nominated Macedonia To the Hilt До балчак Macedonian Stole Popov Not nominated Malta Simshar Simshar Maltese Rebecca Cremona Not nominated Mauritania Timbuktu Timbuktu Arabic , French , Tamashek Abderrahmane Sissako Nominated Mexico Cantinflas Cantinflas Spanish Sebastian del Amo Not nominated Moldova The Unsaved La limita de jos a cerului Romanian Igor Cobileanski Not nominated Montenegro The Kids from the Marx and Engels Street Dječaci iz Ulice Marksa i Engelsa Montenegrin Nikola Vukčević Not nominated Morocco The Red Moon القمر الأحمر Arabic Hassan Benjelloun Not nominated Nepal Jhola झोला Nepali Yadavkumar Bhattarai Not nominated Netherlands Accused Lucia de B . Dutch Paula van der Oest Made January shortlist New Zealand The Dead Lands The Dead Lands Māori Toa Fraser Not nominated Norway 1001 Grams 1001 Gram Norwegian Bent Hamer Not nominated Pakistan Dukhtar دختر ، بیٹی Urdu Afia Nathaniel Not nominated Palestine Eyes of a Thief عيون الحراميه Arabic Najwa Najjar Not nominated Panama Invasion Invasión Spanish Abner Benaim Not nominated Peru The Gospel of the Flesh El evangelio de la carne Spanish Eduardo Mendoza de Echave Not nominated Philippines Norte , the End of History Norte , Hangganan ng Kasaysayan Tagalog , English Lav Diaz Not nominated Poland Ida Ida Polish Paweł Pawlikowski Won Academy Award Portugal What Now ? Remind Me E Agora ? Lembra - me Portuguese Joaquim Pinto Not nominated Romania The Japanese Dog Câinele japonez Romanian Tudor Cristian Jurgiu Not nominated Russia Leviathan Левиафан Russian Andrey Zvyagintsev Nominated Serbia See You in Montevideo Montevideo , vidimo se ! Serbian Dragan Bjelogrlić Not nominated Singapore Sayang Disayang Sayang Disayang Malay , Indonesian Sanif Olek Not nominated Slovakia A Step into the Dark Krok do tmy Slovak Miloslav Luther Not nominated Slovenia Seduce Me Zapelji me Slovene Marko Šantić Not nominated South Africa Elelwani Elelwani Venda Ntshavheni wa Luruli Not nominated South Korea Haemoo 해무 ( Haemoo ) Korean Shim Sung - bo Not nominated Spain Living Is Easy with Eyes Closed Vivir es fácil con los ojos cerrados Spanish David Trueba Not nominated Sweden Force Majeure Turist Swedish Ruben Östlund Made January shortlist Switzerland The Circle Der Kreis German Stefan Haupt Not nominated Taiwan Ice Poison 冰毒 ( bīng dú ) Southwestern Mandarin , Mandarin Midi Z Not nominated Thailand Teacher 's Diary คิดถึง วิทยา ( Kid tueng wittaya ) Thai Nithiwat Tharathorn Not nominated Turkey Winter Sleep Kış Uykusu Turkish Nuri Bilge Ceylan Not nominated Ukraine The Guide Поводир Ukrainian Oles Sanin Not nominated United Kingdom Little Happiness Uzun Yol Turkish Nihat Seven Not nominated Uruguay Mr. Kaplan Mr. Kaplan Spanish Álvaro Brechner Not nominated Venezuela The Liberator Libertador Spanish Alberto Arvelo Made January shortlist See also ( edit ) 87th Academy Awards Academy Award Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film List of Academy Award - winning foreign - language films List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of submissions to the 86th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Lebanese film Ghadi was originally selected as their entry for the 86th Academy Awards in a two - way race over Lara Saba 's Blind Intersections . When the film 's release date was moved from 26 September 2013 to 31 October 2013 , it no longer met the eligibility dates and Blind Intersections was submitted instead . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Academy Awards - Page 2 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rule Thirteen : Special Rules for the Foreign Language Film Award '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 83 Countries In Competition For 2014 Foreign Language Film Oscar '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Attracts Best Foreign Language Film Submissions From a Record 83 Countries '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abderrahmane Sissako 's ' Timbuktu ' Is Mauritania 's Best Foreign Language 2015 Oscar Competition Entry '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` For First Time Ever , Panama Joins Oscar Race , with ' Invasion ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscars : Kosovo Selects ' Three Windows and a Hanging ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simshar vies for Oscar foreign language film nominations '' . Malta Today . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Approves Nigerian Committee For Screening Of Nollywood Films '' . Leadership . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 9 Foreign Language Films Advance in Oscar Race '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences AMPAS ) . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Foreign - Language Film Academy Award submissions 2015 '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars to Add Winning Foreign Language Director 's Name on Statuette '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscars 2015 : Winners list '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iranian - Afghan movie submitted to Oscar '' . Iran Daily . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Argentina Picks ' Wild Tales ' for Foreign Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscars 2015 : Nominations list '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Australia Selects ' Charlie 's Country ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian ' Western ' Oscar candidate '' . The Local . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijani film presented to Oscar '' . News.az . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sends Jonakir Alo to Oscars '' . New Age . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium enters Dardennes to Oscar race '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OLVIDADOS E YVY MARAEY BUSCAN NOMINACIÓN AL OSCAR Y LOS GOYA '' . La Prensa . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Bosnia Selects ' With Mom , ' Macedonia ' To the Hilt ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Brazil Selects ' The Way He Looks ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bulgarian Rhapsody ' Enters Oscars 2014 Foreign Language Film Contest '' . Novinite . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Canada Picks ' Mommy ' For Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Chile Nominates ' To Kill a Man ' for Foreign Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : China Selects ' The Nightingale ' for Foreign - Language Category ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Race : Colombia Taps ' Mateo ' as Foreign - Language Entry '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica postula a ' Princesas Rojas ' al Óscar 2015 '' . La Nacion . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finland , Croatia , Serbia enter Oscar race '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Dennis . `` Film Review : ' Behavior ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Czechs Nominate Andrea Sedlackova 's ' Fair Play ' in Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Denmark Nominates ' Sorrow and Joy ' in Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 23 países já apresentaram candidatos ao Oscar de Melhor Filme Estrangeiro '' . C7nema . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Silencio en la tierra de los sueños ' , a los Óscar '' . El Universal . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Egypt Selects ' Factory Girl ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia , Serbia , Finland and Estonia have announced their nominations for the category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Difret ' Submitted for Oscar Consideration for Best Foreign Language Film '' . Tadias . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Balkans and Baltics Choose Submissions for Best Foreign - Language Film Race '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : France Selects ' Saint Laurent ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Georgia Nominates ' Corn Island ' in Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` OSCARS : Germany Selects Dominik Graf 's ' Beloved Sisters ' as Academy Award Entry '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece enters Oscar race with Little England '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Hong Kong Nominates ' The Golden Era ' in Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary submits White God to Oscars '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland submits Life in a Fishbowl to Oscars '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : India Selects ' Liar 's Dice ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Oscars : Complete List of Foreign Language Submissions Hits a New Record '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Iran Selects ' Today ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iraqi film `` Mardan '' entered into Academy Awards foreign language film category `` . Al Bawaba . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derry director 's film singled out for Oscars '' . Derry Journal . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Israel Nominates ' Gett , the Trial of Viviane Amsalem ' in Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Italy Selects ' Human Capital ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Switches on to ' Light ' as Foreign - Language Oscar Contender '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kurmanjan Datka ' Reps Kyrgyzstan in Oscar Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia nominates Rocks in My Pockets '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Araiji nomme `` Ghadi '' pour représenter le Liban aux Oscars 2014 `` . Lebanese Ministry of Information . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` لبنان يرشح فيلم ' غدي ' للأوسكار '' . Radio Sawa . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Gambler ' by Ignas Jonynas -- Lithuania 's candidate for Best Foreign Language Academy Award '' . Lithuanian Film Centre . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrowing true story from Luxembourg is Oscar hopeful '' . Luxemburger Wort . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' To the Hilt '' enters Oscar race `` . Macedonian Information Agency . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Mexico Selects ' Cantinflas ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar 2015 Predictions : Is Mexico 's Selection ' Cantiflas ' Good Choice ? '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Un film marocain aux Oscars 2015 '' . Médias 24 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nepal Picks ' Jhola ' for Foreign Language Oscar Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Accused ' Tapped Dutch Candidate for Oscar 's Foreign - Language Noms '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : New Zealand Selects ' The Dead Lands ' as Foreign - Language Candidate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Norway Selects ' 1001 Grams ' for Foreign Language Candidate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Pakistan Nominates ' Dukhtar ' in Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Palestine Selects ' Eyes of a Thief ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peru sends `` The Gospel of the Flesh '' to Academy Awards `` . Agencia Peruana de Noticias ( ANDINA ) . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Philippines Select ' Norte , The End of History ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Poland Anoints ' Ida ' as Candidate for Foreign - Language Academy Award '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' E Agora ? Lembra - me '' vai representar Portugal nos Óscares `` . Observador . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tudor Jurgiu 's The Japanese Dog is Romania 's proposal to the Oscar in 2015 '' . Romania Insider . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Russia Shockingly Submits Russia - Bashing Hit ' Leviathan ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia 's Oscar nominee : See You in Montevideo '' . InSerbia . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore Malay film in Oscar bid '' . AsiaOne . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Slovakia Selects ' A Step Into the Dark ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Na Ameriško filmsko akademijo pošiljamo Šantićev Zapelji me '' . Radio - Television of Slovenia . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Elelwani , the first Tshivenda film selected as South Africa 's Oscars entry '' . National Film and Video Foundation ( NFVF ) . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : South Korea Selects ' Sea Fog ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Spain Selects ' Living Is Easy With Eyes Closed ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Sweden Picks ' Force Majeure ' for Best Foreign - Language Film Candidate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Switzerland Selects ' The Circle ' for Foreign - Language Oscar '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan to Take ' Ice Poison ' on Foreign - Language Oscar Campaign '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Thailand Selects ' Teacher 's Diary ' for Foreign - Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey submits Cannes winner Winter Sleep for Foreign Language Oscar '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Ukraine Nominates Oles Sanin 's ' The Guide ' for Foreign Language Category '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Foreign - Language Race Tops 70 Entries : The Complete List ( So Far ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seleccionada para los OSCAR '' . Dirección del Cine y Audiovosual Nacional ( ICAU ) . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Venezuela Picks ' The Liberator ' for Foreign Language Candidate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Academy Awards The Official Academy Awards Database IMDb Academy Awards Page Academy Awards Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) Records Most wins per ceremony Oscar season Governors Awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting Pre-show Awards of Merit Best Picture Director Actor Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress Adapted Screenplay Original Screenplay Animated Feature Documentary Feature Foreign Language Film Animated Short Film Documentary Short Subject Live Action Short Film Cinematography Costume Design Film Editing Makeup and Hairstyling Original Score Original Song Original Musical Production Design Sound Editing Sound Mixing Visual Effects Special awards Governors Awards Academy Honorary Award Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Academy Scientific and Technical Awards Academy Award of Merit ( non-competitive ) Scientific and Engineering Award Technical Achievement Award John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation Gordon E. Sawyer Award Student Awards Student Academy Award Former awards Merit Awards Assistant Director Dance Direction Director of a Comedy Picture Engineering Effects Short Subject , Two - reel Short Subject , Comedy Short Subject , Novelty Story Title Writing Unique and Artistic Quality of Production Special Awards Academy Juvenile Award Special Achievement Academy Award Ceremonies ‡ ( List Book ) 1927 / 28 1928 / 29 1929 / 30 1930 / 31 1931 / 32 1932 / 33 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Footnotes ‡ Dates and years listed for each ceremony were the eligibility period of film release in Los Angeles County , California . For the first five ceremonies , the eligibility period was from August to July . For the 6th ceremony held in 1934 , the eligibility period lasted from August 1 , 1932 to December 31 , 1933 . Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935 , the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31 . Book Portal Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film submissions Award winners and nominees ( by country ) Year 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Democratic Republic of Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Greenland Guatemala Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Mauritania Malaysia Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Palestine Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia Award winners in other categories Nominees in other categories Acting nominations for foreign language performances Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_submissions_to_the_87th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film&oldid=796820072 '' Categories : 2013 in film 2014 in film Submissions for Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award ( by year ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20submissions%20to%20the%2087th%20Academy%20Awards%20for%20Best%20Foreign%20Language%20Film
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who sings the country song if it's meant to be
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`` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha , featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from her third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP .
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Bebe Rexha , featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line
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Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song )
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meant to be ( bebe rexha song )
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`` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha , featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from her third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video directed by Sophie Muller was released on October 23 , 2017 , and it was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . As of April 2018 the video has over 320 million views on YouTube . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart and the third artist overall in country music history . The song has spent 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart , surpassing Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . The song has sold 682,000 copies in the United States as of March 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 28 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 14 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 19 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 26 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 38 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 60 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 37 Portugal ( AFP ) 54 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Singapore ( RIAS ) 28 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 95 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 28 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 34 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 34 Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single December 16 , 2017 -- April 7 , 2018 Succeeded by incumbent Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States October 24 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Warner Bros . November 20 , 2017 Country radio Warner Bros . BMLG Italy February 2 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Warner References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . Jump up ^ `` Music Meeting for November 21 '' . Play IGA . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : March 5 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 4 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 1 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201811 into search . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Becomes First Lead Solo Male With Two 10 - Week Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s , as ' God 's Plan ' Stays at the Summit '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bebe Rexha Extended plays I Do n't Wanna Grow Up All Your Fault : Pt. 1 All Your Fault : Pt. 2 Singles `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' `` Gone '' `` Me , Myself & I '' `` No Broken Hearts '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` I Got You '' `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' `` Meant to Be '' `` Home '' Featured singles `` Take Me Home '' `` Hey Mama '' `` All the Way '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Back to You '' Concert tours All Your Fault Tour Related articles Discography Black Cards Florida Georgia Line Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Studio albums Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) EPs It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) Notable singles `` Cruise '' `` Get Your Shine On '' `` Round Here '' `` Stay '' `` This Is How We Roll '' ( with Luke Bryan ) `` Dirt '' `` Sun Daze '' `` Sippin ' on Fire '' `` Anything Goes '' `` Confession '' `` H.O.L.Y. '' `` May We All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Backstreet Boys ) `` Smooth '' Collaboration singles `` Let Me Go '' ( with Hailee Steinfeld , Alesso , and Watt ) `` Meant to Be '' ( with Bebe Rexha ) `` Up Down '' ( with Morgan Wallen ) Related articles Discography Joey Moi `` Tippin ' Point '' `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Lights Come On '' `` You Make It Easy '' `` Happens Like That '' Tree Vibez Music Tours Anything Goes Tour Dig Your Roots Tour Smooth Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_song)&oldid=835620762 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Warner Bros. Records singles Bebe Rexha songs Florida Georgia Line songs Songs written by Bebe Rexha Country ballads Vocal duets Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 57 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meant%20to%20Be%20%28Bebe%20Rexha%20song%29
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when did the beatles became popular in the us
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The Beatles ' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band 's commercial success . In addition to establishing the Beatles ' international stature , it changed attitudes to popular music in the United States , whose own Memphis - driven musical evolution had made it a global trend - setter .
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February 1964
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The Beatles in the United States
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the beatles in the united states
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The Beatles ' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band 's commercial success . In addition to establishing the Beatles ' international stature , it changed attitudes to popular music in the United States , whose own Memphis - driven musical evolution had made it a global trend - setter .
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The Beatles ' first visit to the United States came at a time of great popularity in Britain . The band 's UK commercial breakthrough , in late 1962 , had been followed by a year of successful concerts and tours . The start of the Beatles ' popularity in the United States , in early 1964 , was marked by intense demand for the single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- which sold one - and - a-half million copies in under three weeks -- and the band 's arrival the following month . The visit , advertised across the United States on five million posters , was a defining moment in the Beatles ' history , and the starting - point of the British Invasion . Following popular television appearances and concerts during their February 1964 visit , the Beatles returned to the United States in August 1964 , and again in August 1965 , for tours . In August 1966 they returned once more , and although this tour was commercially successful , it coincided with a storm of U.S. public protest after publication of a quote from John Lennon 's remarks about Christianity . The 1966 U.S. tour marked the end of the Beatles ' concert days . The band ceased to perform commercial concerts , instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Impact of Beatlemania 1.2 American political climate , early 1964 1.3 Musical influences 2 Live performances 2.1 February 1964 -- First U.S. Concerts 2.2 August 1964 -- First U.S. Tour 2.3 August 1965 -- Second U.S. Tour 2.4 August 1966 -- Third U.S. Tour 3 After the United States 4 Notes 5 References Background ( edit ) Impact of Beatlemania ( edit ) Main articles : Beatlemania in the United Kingdom and The Beatles ' American releases See also : Cultural impact of the Beatles In the United Kingdom , the Beatles had experienced popularity since the start of 1963 . But in the United States , Capitol Records , owned by the band 's record company EMI , had for most of the year declined to issue any of the singles . The phenomenon of Beatlemania in the UK was regarded with amusement by the U.S. press , once it made any comment . When newspaper and magazine articles did begin to appear towards the end of 1963 , they cited the English stereotype of eccentricity , reporting that the UK had developed an interest in something that had come and gone a long time ago in the United States : rock and roll . Headlines included `` The New Madness '' and `` Beatle Bug Bites Britain '' , and writers employed word - play linking `` beetle '' with the `` infestation '' afflicting the UK . In late 1963 , Capitol Records agreed to release the single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' with a large accompanying promotional campaign , due to Ed Sullivan 's agreement to headline the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show . The Beatles ' American television debut was on 18 November 1963 on The Huntley - Brinkley Report , with a four - minute long piece by Edwin Newman . On 22 November 1963 , the CBS Morning News ran a five - minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured their then current UK hit `` She Loves You '' . The evening 's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the same day . On 10 December , Walter Cronkite decided to transmit the piece again on the CBS Evening News , and the resulting interest led to the rush - release of `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and -- only weeks before the Beatles ' arrival -- a U.S. commercial breakthrough . American political climate , early 1964 ( edit ) John F. Kennedy Eleven weeks before the Beatles ' arrival in the U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . The nation was in mourning , in fear , and in disbelief . The assassination came after a fifteen - year build - up of Cold War tension . The motivation and identity of the assassin would be doubted by many Americans for decades , despite the Warren Commission 's issued report in September 1964 . As the United States tried to restore a sense of normality , teenagers in particular struggled to cope , as their disbelief began to be replaced by a personal reaction to what had happened : in school essays , teenagers wrote that `` then it became real '' , and `` I was feeling the whole world is going to collapse on me '' , and `` I never felt so empty in all my life '' . Musical influences ( edit ) Main article : The Beatles § Influences The music industry in Memphis had large role in bringing bands to the attention of the American public , and in the 1960s , many British bands , among them the Beatles , aspired to emulate the sounds of Memphis musicians including Elvis Presley -- without whom , according to Lennon , `` there would not have been the Beatles '' . The sudden popularity of the Beatles , and the British Invasion triggered by their arrival , became a major new influence in the United States , which not only established the popularity of British bands , but also affected the musical style of U.S. bands -- including those subsequently formed in Memphis . During their U.S. tours , the Beatles were introduced to both Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan . Strongly influenced by Presley since before their formation , the band had tried to meet him in the past , but arrangements had fallen through . At Presley 's suggestion , guitars were set up in his living room and the gathering played music for an hour , following which they discussed the music business and exchanged anecdotes . The other meeting , with Dylan , influenced the music subsequently produced by the Beatles as well as shaping Dylan 's own musical style . This was made evident both in Dylan 's controversial adoption of electric guitar , and in changes that were apparent in Lennon 's vocal and guitar - playing styles . However , before their visits to United States in 1964 the Beatles still doubted that they could bring anything new to the country . In apprehensive conversation among the Beatles on board the aircraft to New York February 1964 , McCartney had questioned , `` They 've got their own groups . What are we going to give them that they do n't already have ? '' Live performances ( edit ) February 1964 -- first U.S. concerts ( edit ) An estimated four thousand Beatles ' fans were present on 7 February 1964 as Pan Am Flight 101 left Heathrow Airport . Among the passengers were the Beatles , on their first trip to the United States as a band , with their entourage of photographers and journalists , and Phil Spector . When the group arrived at New York 's newly renamed John F. Kennedy Airport , they were greeted by a second large crowd , with Beatles fans again estimated to number four thousand , and journalists , two hundred . From having so many people packed in a little space , a few people in the crowd got injured . The airport had not previously experienced such a large crowd . With Ed Sullivan , February 1964 After a press conference , where they first met disc jockey Murray the K , the Beatles were put into limousines -- one per Beatle -- and driven to New York City . On the way , McCartney turned on a radio and listened to a running commentary : `` They have just left the airport and are coming to New York City ... '' After reaching the Plaza Hotel , the Beatles were besieged by fans and reporters . Harrison had a fever of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) the next day and was ordered to stay in bed , so Neil Aspinall , the band 's personal assistant , replaced Harrison on guitar during the Beatles ' first rehearsal for The Ed Sullivan Show . On 9 February 1964 , the Beatles made their first live U.S. television appearance . 73 million viewers -- about two - fifths of the total American population -- watched the group perform on The Ed Sullivan Show at 8 P.M. According to the Nielsen ratings audience measurement system , the show had the largest number of viewers that had been recorded for a U.S. television program . Two days after the television appearance , on 11 February 1964 , the Beatles ' first U.S. concert took place , at Washington Coliseum , a sports arena in Washington , D.C. The concert was attended by eight thousand fans . The Beatles performed on a central stage in the arena , with the audience on all sides , and there were regular pauses to enable the band to turn their equipment around and perform facing in another direction . The concert generated intense excitement . The following day , the Beatles performed a second concert , in Carnegie Hall , New York , which was attended by two thousand fans . The concert was again well received . Following the Carnegie Hall concert , the Beatles flew to Miami Beach and on Sunday 16 February 1964 made their second television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , which this time was broadcast live from the Napoleon Ballroom of the Deauville Hotel in Miami Beach . As it had done on 9 February , the television broadcast attracted around 70 million viewers . On 22 February 1964 , the Beatles returned to the UK . Arriving at Heathrow airport at 7 am , they were met by an estimated ten thousand fans . August 1964 -- first U.S. tour ( edit ) Holding a press conference in 1964 In August 1964 , the Beatles returned to the United States for a second visit , this time remaining for a month - long tour . Epstein was unsure about the group 's popularity in the US , and avoided booking them into stadiums . At the opening date at the Cow Palace , San Francisco on August 19 , over 17,000 fans turned out to see the group . A request was received from the White House press office , which asked for the Beatles to be photographed with the new President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson , laying a wreath on the grave of John F. Kennedy . The request was politely declined by Epstein , as it was not the group 's policy to accept `` official '' invitations . During the tour , the Beatles performed at thirty concerts , starting in San Francisco and ending in New York , twenty - three cities in all . One of the major stipulations for the tour was that the band would not perform for segregated audiences or at venues that excluded African Americans . At each venue , the concert was treated as a major event by the local press and attended by between ten and twenty thousand fans , whose enthusiastic response to the Beatles produced sound levels that left the music only semi-audible . The tour earned the Beatles over a million dollars in ticket sales . It also stimulated a further increase in record sales , and resulted in the sale of a considerable quantity of Beatle - related merchandise . By this point in the year , the British Invasion -- started by the Beatles ' previous U.S. visit -- was gathering momentum , and several more UK acts had come to the United States , including The Dave Clark Five , Billy J. Kramer , and Gerry & the Pacemakers . One third of all U.S. top ten hits in 1964 were by British acts . After the tour 's final concert in New York , the Beatles were introduced to Bob Dylan , a meeting brought about at the instigation of the New York journalist Al Aronowitz , who arranged for Dylan to visit the Beatles at their hotel before they returned to the UK . August 1965 -- second U.S. tour ( edit ) Main article : The Beatles ' 1965 U.S. tour In June 1965 , after completing a two - week European tour of France , Italy and Spain , the Beatles attended the London premiere of Help ! , their second film , and then returned to the United States for another two - week tour . The tour commenced at Shea Stadium , New York City on Sunday 15 August 1965 . The circular stadium had been constructed the previous year , opening on 17 April 1964 , with seating arranged in four ascending decks , all of which were filled for the concert . It was the first time in history that a large outdoor stadium had been used for such a purpose , and the event sold out in seventeen minutes . The 1965 tour was highly successful , with well - attended concerts on each of its ten dates . The opening concert at Shea Stadium attracted an audience of fifty - five thousand , the largest of any live concert that the Beatles would perform . The band arrived by armoured car . After the 1965 tour 's final concert , which took place at Cow Palace , San Francisco , the Beatles accepted an invitation to visit Elvis Presley before returning to the UK . August 1966 -- third U.S. tour ( edit ) Main article : The Beatles ' 1966 US tour Following the UK and U.S. releases of their new album Revolver in August 1966 , the Beatles returned to the United States for what would be their last tour . The tour coincided with a storm of U.S. public protest against the Beatles , caused by a published quote from a remark Lennon had made about Christianity . Because of the severity of the protests , which included Beatles ' records being publicly burned and claims being made that the Beatles were `` anti-Christ '' , Epstein had considered cancelling the fourteen - concert tour , fearing for their lives . Nevertheless , the tour went ahead . In Memphis , the city council decided not to let `` municipal facilities be used as a forum to ridicule anyone 's religion '' , and voted to cancel their Beatles concert , although it did in fact take place . There were disturbances during the tour , and one performance was brought to a temporary halt when a member of the audience threw a firecracker , leading the Beatles to believe they were being shot at . In other incidents , telephone threats were received , and the Ku Klux Klan picketed the Beatles ' concerts . The tour ended with a concert at Candlestick Park . Although commercially successful , the tour had been affected by the prevailing mood of controversy , and there had been rows of empty seats at some venues . After the United States ( edit ) See also : The Beatles ' studio years The Beatles ' arrival in the United States in 1964 marked the spread of Beatlemania from the UK to the wider world , established the group 's international stature , and , triggering the British Invasion , caused changes in U.S. popular culture . The Candlestick Park concert at the close of the 1966 U.S. tour marked the end of a four - year period dominated by touring and concerts , including nearly sixty U.S. appearances , and over one thousand four hundred internationally . The Beatles , from the end of their 1966 U.S. tour until their break - up in 1970 , gave no further commercial concerts , instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pawlowski 1990 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Leopold , Todd ( 10 February 2004 ) . `` When The Beatles hit America '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Palmer 1982 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , pp. 293 - 295 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Stark , Steven D. ( 18 May 2006 ) . Meet the Beatles : A Cultural History of the Band That Shook Youth , Gender , and the World . HarperCollins . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 000893 - 2 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Nightly - Being for the benefit of Mr. ( Cron ) Kite '' . Dailynightly.msnbc.msn.com. 18 November 1963 . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Walter Cronkite '' . CBS News . 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , pp. 216 - 219 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , p. 881 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , pp. 14 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , pp. 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jovanovic 2004 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 283 - 284 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , pp. 881 - 882 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000 , pp. 882 - 883 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 252 - 253 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 28 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Alan ( 6 February 2004 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook ; They Came , They Sang , They Conquered '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles kick off first U.S. tour at San Francisco 's Cow Palace '' . history.com . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 620 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles banned segregated audiences , contract shows '' . BBC News . 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 29 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , pp. 250 - 251 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Badman 1999 , p. 193 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 346 - 347 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , pp. 340 - 341 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 39 . ^ Jump up to : Gould 2008 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Gould 2008 , pp. 249 - 281 . References ( edit ) Badman , Keith ( 1999 ) . The Beatles After the Breakup 1970 -- 2000 : A Day - by - Day Diary . London : Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 7520 - 0 . Badman , Keith ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Off The Record . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 7985 - 7 . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` The British Are Coming ! The British Are Coming ! : The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long - haired English rockers '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Gould , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Ca n't Buy Me Love : The Beatles , Britain and America . Piatkus Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 2988 - 6 . Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . London : Virgin Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 9 . Jovanovic , Rob ( 2004 ) . Big Star : The Story of Rock 's Forgotten Band . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 714908 - 7 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Many Years from Now . Vintage - Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7493 - 8658 - 0 . Palmer , Robert ( 1982 ) . Deep Blues : A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta ( paperback ed . ) . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 006223 - 6 . Pawlowski , Gareth L ( 1990 ) . How They Became The Beatles . McDonald & Co ( Publishers ) Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 356 - 19052 - 5 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Little Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 80352 - 6 . ( hide ) The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In India Breakup Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles_in_the_United_States&oldid=803900537 '' Categories : History of the Beatles 1964 in music 1964 in American music 1965 in American music 1966 in American music 1964 in British music 1965 in British music 1966 in British music 1960s in American music February 1964 events August 1964 events August 1965 events August 1966 events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use British English from April 2014 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 11 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who was promoted from league 2 in 2018
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Portsmouth Plymouth Argyle Doncaster Rovers Blackpool
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2017 -- 18 EFL League Two
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2017 - - 18 efl league two
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The 2017 -- 18 EFL League Two ( referred to as the Sky Bet League Two for sponsorship reasons ) is the 14th season of the Football League Two under its current title and the 25th season under its current league division format .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Team changes 1.1 To League Two 1.2 From League Two 2 Teams 3 Managerial changes 4 League table 5 Play - offs 6 Results table 7 Top scorers 8 Monthly awards 9 References Team changes ( edit ) The following teams changed division after the 2016 -- 17 season . To League Two ( edit ) Promoted from National League Lincoln City Forest Green Rovers Relegated from League One Port Vale Swindon Town Coventry City Chesterfield From League Two ( edit ) Promoted to League One Portsmouth Plymouth Argyle Doncaster Rovers Blackpool Relegated to National League Hartlepool United Leyton Orient Teams ( edit ) Accrington Stanley Barnet Cambridge United Carlisle United Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Colchester United Coventry City Crawley Town Crewe Alexandra Exeter City Forest Green Rovers Grimsby Town Lincoln City Luton Town Mansfield Town Morecambe Newport County Notts County Port Vale Stevenage Swindon Town Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town Locations of the 2017 -- 18 Football League Two teams Team Location Stadium Capacity Accrington Stanley Accrington Crown Ground 5,057 Barnet London ( Edgware ) The Hive Stadium 6,418 Cambridge United Cambridge Abbey Stadium 8,127 Carlisle United Carlisle Brunton Park 17,949 Cheltenham Town Cheltenham Whaddon Road 7,066 Chesterfield Chesterfield Proact Stadium 10,400 Colchester United Colchester Colchester Community Stadium 10,105 Coventry City Coventry Ricoh Arena 32,609 Crawley Town Crawley Broadfield Stadium 5,996 Crewe Alexandra Crewe Gresty Road 10,180 Exeter City Exeter St James Park 8,830 Forest Green Rovers Nailsworth The New Lawn 5,147 Grimsby Town Cleethorpes Blundell Park 9,052 Lincoln City Lincoln Sincil Bank 10,120 Luton Town Luton Kenilworth Road 10,356 Mansfield Town Mansfield Field Mill 10,000 Morecambe Morecambe Globe Arena 6,476 Newport County Newport Rodney Parade 7,850 Notts County Nottingham Meadow Lane 19,588 Port Vale Burslem Vale Park 19,052 Stevenage Stevenage Broadhall Way 6,722 Swindon Town Swindon County Ground 15,728 Wycombe Wanderers High Wycombe Adams Park 9,617 Yeovil Town Yeovil Huish Park 9,566 Managerial changes ( edit ) Team Outgoing manager Manner of departure Date of vacancy Position in table Incoming manager Date of appointment Swindon Town Luke Williams Mutual consent 5 May 2017 Pre-season David Flitcroft 5 June 2017 Port Vale Michael Brown Sacked 16 September 2017 24th Neil Aspin 4 October 2017 Chesterfield Gary Caldwell 16 September 2017 23rd Jack Lester 29 September 2017 Barnet Rossi Eames Appointed as Head of Development 13 November 2017 Mark McGhee 14 November 2017 Mark McGhee Appointed as Head of Technical 15 January 2018 24th Graham Westley 15 January 2018 Cambridge United Shaun Derry Mutual consent 9 February 2018 14th Joe Dunne 2 May 2018 Grimsby Town Russell Slade Sacked 11 February 2018 17th Michael Jolley 2 March 2018 Mansfield Town Steve Evans Signed by Peterborough United 27 February 2018 5th David Flitcroft 1 March 2018 Swindon Town David Flitcroft Signed by Mansfield Town 1 March 2018 7th Phil Brown 12 March 2018 Stevenage Darren Sarll Sacked 18 March 2018 16th Dino Maamria 20 March 2018 Barnet Graham Westley 19 March 2018 24th Martin Allen 19 March 2018 Chesterfield Jack Lester Mutual consent 24 April 2018 24th Martin Allen 15 May 2018 League table ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Promotion , qualification or relegation Accrington Stanley ( C , P ) 46 29 6 11 76 46 + 30 93 Promotion to EFL League One Luton Town ( P ) 46 25 13 8 94 46 + 48 88 Wycombe Wanderers ( P ) 46 24 12 10 79 60 + 19 84 Exeter City 46 24 8 14 64 54 + 10 80 Qualification for League Two play - offs 5 Notts County 46 21 14 11 71 48 + 23 77 6 Coventry City ( O , P ) 46 22 9 15 64 47 + 17 75 7 Lincoln City 46 20 15 11 64 48 + 16 75 8 Mansfield Town 46 18 18 10 67 52 + 15 72 9 Swindon Town 46 20 8 18 67 65 + 2 68 10 Carlisle United 46 17 16 13 62 54 + 8 67 11 Newport County 46 16 16 14 56 58 − 2 64 12 Cambridge United 46 17 13 16 56 60 − 4 64 13 Colchester United 46 16 14 16 53 52 + 1 62 14 Crawley Town 46 16 11 19 58 66 − 8 59 15 Crewe Alexandra 46 17 5 24 62 75 − 13 56 16 Stevenage 46 14 13 19 60 65 − 5 55 17 Cheltenham Town 46 13 12 21 67 73 − 6 51 18 Grimsby Town 46 13 12 21 42 66 − 24 51 19 Yeovil Town 46 12 12 22 59 75 − 16 48 20 Port Vale 46 11 14 21 49 67 − 18 47 21 Forest Green Rovers 46 13 8 25 54 77 − 23 47 22 Morecambe 46 9 19 18 41 56 − 15 46 23 Barnet ( R ) 46 12 10 24 46 65 − 19 46 Relegation to the National League 24 Chesterfield ( R ) 46 10 8 28 47 83 − 36 38 Source : BBC Sport Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Number of goals scored ( C ) Champion ; ( O ) Play - off winner ; ( P ) Promoted ; ( R ) Relegated . Notes : Jump up ^ Four teams play for one spot and promotion to EFL League One . Play - offs ( edit ) See also : 2018 English Football League play - offs Semi-finals Final Exeter City 0 7 Lincoln City 0 Exeter City 6 Coventry City 5 Notts County 6 Coventry City 5 Results table ( edit ) Home \ Away ACC BAR CAM CRL CHL CHF COL COV CRA CRE EXE FGR GRI LIN LUT MAN MOR NPC NTC PTV STE SWI WYC YEO Accrington Stanley 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Barnet 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 Cambridge United 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 2 -- 1 Carlisle United 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 3 -- 3 4 -- 0 Cheltenham Town 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 6 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 4 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 Chesterfield 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 3 Colchester United 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 5 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 Coventry City 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 2 -- 4 2 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 6 Crawley Town 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 3 -- 5 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 Crewe Alexandra 0 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 5 2 -- 1 5 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 Exeter City 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 4 0 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 Forest Green Rovers 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 5 -- 2 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 0 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 4 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 4 -- 3 Grimsby Town 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 3 2 -- 1 Lincoln City 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 4 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Luton Town 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 3 -- 0 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 3 4 -- 1 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 7 -- 1 0 -- 3 2 -- 3 8 -- 2 Mansfield Town 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 4 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Morecambe 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 1 -- 4 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 4 -- 3 Newport County 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 Notts County 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 4 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 Port Vale 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 0 0 -- 4 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 3 1 -- 1 Stevenage 3 -- 2 4 -- 1 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 5 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 3 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 3 -- 3 1 -- 1 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 4 -- 1 Swindon Town 3 -- 0 1 -- 4 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 1 -- 2 0 -- 3 4 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 1 0 -- 5 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 Wycombe Wanderers 0 -- 4 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 3 -- 2 0 -- 0 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 2 -- 4 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2 -- 1 Yeovil Town 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 3 2 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 3 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 Updated to games played on 5 May 2018 . Source : BBC Sport 1 The home team is listed in the left - hand column . Colours : Blue = home team win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = away team win . Top scorers ( edit ) As of 5 May 2018 Rank Player Club Goals Billy Kee Accrington Stanley 25 Mohamed Eisa Cheltenham Town 23 Marc McNulty Coventry City Danny Hylton Luton Town 21 5 Christian Doidge Forest Green Rovers 20 6 James Collins Luton Town 19 Jayden Stockley Exeter City Kristian Dennis Chesterfield 9 Adebayo Akinfenwa Wycombe Wanderers 17 Tom Pope Port Vale Monthly awards ( edit ) Month Manager of the Month Player of the Month Reference Manager Club Player Club August Paul Tisdale Exeter City Frank Nouble Newport County September Kevin Nolan Notts County Shaquile Coulthirst Barnet October Nathan Jones Luton Town Tom Pope Port Vale November Christian Doidge Forest Green Rovers December Danny Cowley Lincoln City Sammie Szmodics Colchester United January Gareth Ainsworth Wycombe Wanderers Marc McNulty Coventry City February John Coleman Accrington Stanley Marc Richards Swindon Town References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top Scorers -- League Two '' . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Football Ground Guide '' . Football Ground Guide . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Williams : Swindon Town head coach 's departure confirmed by relegated club '' . BBC Sport. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Flitcroft Named New Town Manager '' . Swindon Town FC . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Brown : Port Vale manager leaves with club bottom of League Two '' . BBC Sport. 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Port Vale : Gateshead manager Neil Aspin returns to former club as manager '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Caldwell : Chesterfield sack manager after eight months in charge '' . BBC Sport. 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Lester : Chesterfield appoint former striker as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barnet appoint Mark McGhee as their new manager '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Graham Westley : Barnet appoint new head coach '' . BBC Sport. 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shaun Derry : Cambridge United head coach leaves by mutual consent '' . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Dunne : Cambridge United appoint caretaker boss as head coach '' . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Slade : Grimsby Town part company with manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statement : GTFC Appoint Michael Jolley -- Message from The Board '' . Grimsby Town FC. 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club Statement '' . Mansfield Town FC. 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Flitcroft : Mansfield Town appoint former Swindon manager as boss '' . BBC Sport. 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Brown : Swindon appoint former Derby , Hull , Preston & Southend boss as manager '' . BBC Sport. 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Darren Sarll : Stevenage sack manager after two years in charge '' . BBC Sport. 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dino Maamria : Stevenage appoint Nuneaton Town boss as manager '' . BBC Sport. 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Allen named Barnet manager as Graham Westley is sacked '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Allen named Barnet manager as Graham Westley is sacked '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Lester : Chesterfield manager leaves with club on brink of relegation from EFL '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : Paul Tisdale -- Exeter City '' . EFL . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Frank Nouble -- Newport County '' . EFL . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : Kevin Nolan -- Notts County '' . EFL . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Shaquile Coulthirst -- Barnet '' . EFL . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : Nathan Jones -- Luton Town '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Tom Pope -- Port Vale '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : Nathan Jones -- Luton Town '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Christian Doidge -- Forest Green Rovers '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : Danny Cowley -- Lincoln City '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Sammie Szmodics -- Colchester United '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : George Stokes -- Wycombe Wanderers '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Marc McNulty -- Coventry City '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manager of the Month : John Coleman -- Accrington Stanley '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player of the Month : Marc Richards -- Swindon Town '' . EFL.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . EFL League Two 2017 -- 18 clubs Accrington Stanley Barnet Cambridge United Carlisle United Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Colchester United Coventry City Crawley Town Crewe Alexandra Exeter City Forest Green Rovers Grimsby Town Lincoln City Luton Town Mansfield Town Morecambe Newport County Notts County Port Vale Stevenage Swindon Town Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town Former clubs AFC Wimbledon Aldershot Town Blackpool Boston United Bournemouth Bradford City Brentford Bristol Rovers Burton Albion Bury Chester City Dagenham & Redbridge Darlington Doncaster Rovers Fleetwood Town Gillingham Hartlepool United Hereford United Kidderminster Harriers Leyton Orient Macclesfield Town Milton Keynes Dons Northampton Town Oxford United Peterborough United Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Rochdale Rotherham United Rushden & Diamonds Scunthorpe United Shrewsbury Town Southend United Stockport County Swansea City Torquay United Tranmere Rovers Walsall Wrexham York City Competition Seasons Teams ( winners ) Managers ( current ) Stadia Referees Statistics and awards Record Top Goalscorer Manager of the Month Player of the Month Hat - tricks Finances Club Owners Premier League -- Football League gulf Average attendances Sponsors Coca - Cola ( 2004 -- 10 ) Npower ( 2010 -- 13 ) Sky Bet ( 2013 -- 2018 ) Associated competitions FA Cup EFL Cup Play - offs Seasons 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Prospects Promotion to EFL League One ; Relegation to National League Fourth level English football league seasons Football League Fourth Division 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Football League Third Division 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Football League Two 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 EFL League Two 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 EFL League Two play - offs Play - offs 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Finals 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2017 -- 18 in English football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Senior ( 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying round , finals ) U21 ( UEFA Euro 2019 qualifying round ) U19 ( UEFA Euro 2018 qualifying round , finals ) U17 ( UEFA Euro 2018 finals ) League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League ( Championship , League One , League Two , play - offs ) Levels 5 -- 6 National League ( National , North , South ) Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League ( Premier , North , South ) Northern Premier League ( Premier , North , South ) Southern League ( Premier , East , West ) Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League ( Premier , One ) East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League ( Premier , One ) Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League ( Premier , One East , One West ) Midland League ( Premier , One ) Northern Counties East League ( Premier , One ) Northern League ( One , Two ) North West Counties League ( Premier , One ) Southern Combination League ( Premier , One ) Southern Counties East League ( Premier , One ) South West Peninsula League Premier Division ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League ( Premier , One ) United Counties League ( Premier , One ) Wessex League ( Premier , One ) Western League ( Premier , One ) West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup ( Qualifying Rounds , Final ) FA Community Shield FA Trophy ( Final ) FA Vase ( Final ) EFL cups EFL Cup ( Final ) EFL Trophy ( Final ) Youth competitions Under - 23 Professional U23 Development League Premier League Cup Under - 18 Professional U18 Development League FA Youth Cup Club seasons Premier League AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Championship Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Bolton Wanderers Brentford Bristol City Burton Albion Cardiff City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Nottingham Forest Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers League One AFC Wimbledon Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bradford City Bristol Rovers Bury Charlton Athletic Doncaster Rovers Fleetwood Town Gillingham Milton Keynes Dons Northampton Town Oldham Athletic Oxford United Peterborough United Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Rochdale Rotherham United Scunthorpe United Shrewsbury Town Southend United Walsall Wigan Athletic League Two Accrington Stanley Barnet Cambridge United Carlisle United Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Colchester United Coventry City Crawley Town Crewe Alexandra Exeter City Forest Green Rovers Grimsby Town Lincoln City Luton Town Mansfield Town Morecambe Newport County Notts County Port Vale Stevenage Swindon Town Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town Summer 2017 transfers Winter 2017 -- 18 transfers Summer 2018 transfers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_EFL_League_Two&oldid = 846005376 '' Categories : EFL League Two seasons 2017 -- 18 in English football leagues 2017 -- 18 in European fourth tier association football leagues 2017 -- 18 EFL League Two 2017 -- 18 English Football League Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 16 : 48 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%25E2%2580%259318%20EFL%20League%20Two
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who is who and what is what in pakistan
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Pakistan
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pakistan
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Coordinates : 30 ° N 70 ° E / 30 ° N 70 ° E / 30 ; 70
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Islamic Republic of Pakistan اسلامی جمہوریہ پاكستان ( Urdu ) Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān Flag Emblem Motto : Īmān , Ittiḥād , Naẓm ایمان ، اتحاد ، نظم ( Urdu ) `` Faith , Unity , Discipline '' Anthem : Qaumī Tarānah قومی ترانہ `` The National Anthem '' Area controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green ; claimed but uncontrolled region shown in light green Capital Islamabad 33 ° 40 ′ N 73 ° 10 ′ E / 33.667 ° N 73.167 ° E / 33.667 ; 73.167 Largest city Karachi 24 ° 51 ′ 36 '' N 67 ° 00 ′ 36 '' E / 24.86000 ° N 67.01000 ° E / 24.86000 ; 67.01000 Official languages Urdu English Recognised regional languages Provincial level ( show ) Punjabi Sindhi Pashto Saraiki Balochi Kashmiri Brahui Shina Balti Khowar Burushaski Yidgha Dameli Kalasha Gawar - Bati Domaaki National language Urdu Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) 44.68 % Punjabis 15.42 % Pashtuns 14.1 % Sindhis 8.38 % Saraikis 7.57 % Muhajirs 3.57 % Balochis 6.28 % Others Religion 96.4 % Islam ( Official ) 3.6 % others Demonym Pakistani Government Federal parliamentary constitutional republic President Mamnoon Hussain Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Chairman of the Senate Raza Rabbani Speaker of the Assembly Sardar Ayaz Sadiq Chief Justice Mian Saqib Nisar Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house National Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom Dominion 14 August 1947 Islamic Republic 23 March 1956 Area Total 881,913 km ( 340,509 sq mi ) ( 33rd ) Water ( % ) 2.86 Population 2017 census 207,774,520 ( 5th ) Density 244.4 / km ( 633.0 / sq mi ) ( 56th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $1.060 trillion ( 25th ) Per capita $5,374 ( 137th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $304.4 billion ( 42nd ) Per capita $1,629 ( 145th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 30.7 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.550 medium 147th Currency Pakistani rupee ( Rs ) ( PKR ) Time zone PST ( UTC + 5 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 92 ISO 3166 code PK Internet TLD . pk Website www.pakistan.gov.pk See also Pakistani English. : ^ α See also Daylight saving time in Pakistan . Pakistan ( / ˈpækɪstæn / ( listen ) or / pɑːkɪˈstɑːn / ( listen ) ; Urdu : پاکستان ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( Urdu : اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان ) , is a country in South Asia and on junction of West Asia , Central Asia and East Asia . It is the fifth-most populous country with a population exceeding 207.77 million people . In terms of area , it is the 33rd - largest country spanning 881,913 square kilometres ( 340,509 square miles ) . Pakistan has a 1,046 - kilometre ( 650 - mile ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and its Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east , Afghanistan to the west , Iran to the southwest , and China in the far northeast , respectively . It is separated narrowly from Tajikistan by Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor in the north - west , and also shares a maritime border with Oman . The territory that constitutes Pakistan is considered a cradle of civilisation that was previously home to several ancient cultures , including the Mehrgarh of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation , and later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures , including Hindus , Indo - Greeks , Muslims , Turco - Mongols , Afghans , and Sikhs . The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties , including the Persian Achaemenid Empire , Alexander III of Macedon , the Indian Mauryan Empire , the Arab Umayyad Caliphate , the Delhi Sultanate , the Mongol Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Afghan Durrani Empire , the Sikh Empire ( partially ) , and most recently , the British Empire . Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam . As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the subcontinent 's struggle for independence , Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent homeland for Indian Muslims . It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country , with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife . Initially a dominion , Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956 , becoming an Islamic republic . An ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh . In 1973 Pakistan adopted a new constitution establishing , alongside its pre-existing parliamentary republic status , a federal government based in Islamabad consisting of four provinces and four federal territories . The new constitution also stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah . A regional and middle power , Pakistan has the sixth - largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear - weapons state , being the second in South Asia and the only nation in the Muslim world to have that status . Pakistan has a semi-industrialised economy with a well - integrated agriculture sector , and a growing services sector . The Pakistani economy is the 24th - largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and the 41st - largest in terms of nominal GDP ( World Bank ) . It is ranked among the emerging and growth - leading economies of the world , and is backed by one of the world 's largest and fastest - growing middle classes . The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule , and since 2008 a transition to democracy , amid conflicts with neighbouring India . The country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy , healthcare , and corruption , but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income . Pakistan is a member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the Commonwealth of Nations , the Economic Cooperation Organisation , the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation , the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation , the Developing Eight , and the G20 developing nations , Group of 24 , Group of 77 , and ECOSOC . It is also an associate member of CERN . Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol , the Paris Agreement , and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early and medieval age 2.2 Colonial period 2.3 Pakistan Movement 2.4 Independence and modern Pakistan 3 Role of Islam in Pakistan 4 Geography , environment and climate 4.1 Flora and fauna 5 Government and politics 5.1 Foreign relations 5.1. 1 Relations with China 5.1. 2 Emphasis on relations with Muslim world 5.2 Administrative divisions 5.3 Kashmir conflict 5.4 Law enforcement 6 Military 6.1 Military history 7 Economy 7.1 Overview 7.2 Agriculture and primary sector 7.3 Industry 7.4 Services 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Nuclear power and energy 8.2 Tourism 8.3 Transport 8.4 Science and technology 8.5 Education 9 Demographics 9.1 Languages 9.2 Immigration 9.3 Social groups 9.4 Urbanisation 9.5 Religion 9.5. 1 Islam 9.5. 2 Hinduism 9.5. 3 Christianity and other religions 10 Culture and society 10.1 Clothing , arts , and fashion 10.2 Media and entertainment 10.3 Diaspora 10.4 Literature and philosophy 10.5 Architecture 10.6 Food and drink 10.7 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links 15.1 Government 15.2 General information Etymology The name Pakistan literally means `` land of the pure '' in Urdu and Persian . It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto ; the suffix ـستان ( - stān ) is a Persian word meaning the place of . The word also coincides with a similar sounding word of different language , the Sanskrit word sthāna स्थान . The name of the country was coined in 1933 as Pakstan by Choudhry Rahmat Ali , a Pakistan Movement activist , who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never , using it as an acronym ( `` thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN '' ) referring to the names of the five northern regions of the British Raj : Punjab , Afghania , Kashmir , Sindh , and Baluchistan . The letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct , meaningful , and colorful name . History Main article : History of Pakistan See also : Outline of South Asian history You may need rendering support to display the Urdu text in this article correctly . Early and medieval age Main articles : Indo - Greek Kingdom , Indus Valley Civilization , Vedic Civilization , Sikh Empire , and Mughal Empire Standing Buddha from Gandhara Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present - day Pakistan . The earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic , of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab . The Indus region , which covers most of present day Pakistan , was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation ( 2,800 -- 1,800 BC ) at Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro . The Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) , characterised by Indo - Aryan culture , laid the foundations of Hinduism , which later became well established in the region . Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre . The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā , now Taxila in the Punjab . Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region : the Persian Achaemenid Empire ( around 519 BC ) , Alexander the Great 's empire in 326 BC and the Maurya Empire , founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great , until 185 BC . The Indo - Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria ( 180 -- 165 BC ) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander ( 165 -- 150 BC ) , prospering the Greco - Buddhist culture in the region . Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world . At its zenith , the Rai Dynasty ( 489 -- 632 AD ) of Sindh ruled this region and the surrounding territories . The Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire , which , under Dharmapala and Devapala , stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan . The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD . The Pakistan government 's official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid . The Early Medieval period ( 642 -- 1219 AD ) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region . During this period , Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam . These developments set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region , including the Ghaznavid Empire ( 975 -- 1187 AD ) , the Ghorid Kingdom , and the Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 AD ) . The Lodi dynasty , the last of the Delhi Sultanate , was replaced by the Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1857 AD ) . The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture , establishing the roots of Indo - Persian culture in the region . From the region of modern - day Pakistan , key cities during the Mughal rule were Lahore and Thatta , both of which were chosen as the site of impressive Mughal buildings . In the early 16th century , the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors . By the early 18th century , increasing European influence contributed to the slow disintegration of the empire as the lines between commercial and political dominance became increasingly blurred . Edwin Lord Weeks illustration of an open - air restaurant near Wazir Khan Mosque , Lahore During this time , the English East India Company had established coastal outposts . Control over the seas , greater resources , technology , and British military protection led the Company to increasingly flex its military muscle , allowing the Company to gain control over the subcontinent by 1765 and sideline European competitors . Expanding access beyond Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of region by the 1820s . Many historians see this as the start of the region 's colonial period . By this time , with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British administration , the Company began more deliberately to enter non-economic arenas such as education , social reform , and culture . Such reforms included the enforcement of the English Education Act in 1835 and the introduction of the Indian Civil Service ( ICS ) . Traditional madrasahs -- primary institutions of higher learning for Muslims in the subcontinent -- were no longer supported by the English Crown , and nearly all of the madrasahs lost their financial endowment . Colonial period Main articles : Aligarh Movement and British Raj Sir Syed Ahmad Khan ( 1817 -- 1898 ) , whose vision formed the basis of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( 1876 -- 1948 ) served as Pakistan 's first Governor - General and the leader of the Pakistan Movement The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century enabled the Sikh Empire to control larger areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over the Indian subcontinent . A rebellion in 1857 called the Sepoy mutiny was the region 's major armed struggle against the British Empire and Queen Victoria . Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British India that led to racially motivated religious violence in India . The language controversy further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims . The Hindu renaissance witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India . An intellectual movement to counter the Hindu renaissance was led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan , who helped found the All - India Muslim League in 1901 and envisioned , as well as advocated for , the two - nation theory . In contrast to the Indian Congress 's anti-British efforts , the Muslim League was a pro-British movement whose political program inherited the British values that would shape Pakistan 's future civil society . In events during World War I , British Intelligence foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving the nexus of Congress and the German Empire . The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s against the British Empire . Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and travelled on foot , bullock carts , and trains to their promised new home during the Partition of India . During the partition , between 200,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide . The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under - representation and neglect of Muslims in politics . In his presidential address of 29 December 1930 , Allama Iqbal called for `` the amalgamation of North - West Muslim - majority Indian states '' consisting of Punjab , North - West Frontier Province , Sindh , and Balochistan . The perceived neglect of muslim interests by Congress led provincial governments during the period of 1937 -- 39 convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan to espouse the two - nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940 , popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution . In World War II , Jinnah and British - educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom 's war efforts , countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed 's vision . Pakistan Movement Main articles : History of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , Pakistan Movement , and Partition of India The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims . Thus , the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite in which the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan , a plebiscite won by the Muslim League . This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the rural peasantry of Bengal as well as the support of the landowners of Sindh and Punjab . The Congress , which initially denied the Muslim League 's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims , was now forced to recognise the fact . The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah 's views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of India 's Muslims . However , the British did not want India to be partitioned , and in one last effort to prevent it they devised the Cabinet Mission plan . As the cabinet mission failed , the British government announced its intention to end the British Raj in India in 1946 -- 47 . Nationalists in British India -- including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad of Congress , Jinnah of the All - India Muslim League , and Master Tara Singh representing the Sikhs -- agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the Viceroy of India , Lord Mountbatten of Burma . As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947 , the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 ( 27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar ) , amalgamating the Muslim - majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India . It comprised the provinces of Balochistan , East Bengal , the North - West Frontier Province , West Punjab , and Sindh . In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province , it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions while 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men and 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women also experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims . Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India . It was the largest mass migration in human history . Dispute over Jammu and Kashmir led to the First Kashmir War in 1948 . Independence and modern Pakistan Main articles : Dominion of Pakistan and History of Pakistan Play media The American CIA film on Pakistan made in 1950 examines the history and geography of Pakistan . `` You are free ; you are free to go to your temples , you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place or worship in this State of Pakistan . You may belong to any religion or caste or creed -- that has nothing to do with the business of the State . '' -- Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's first speech to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan After independence in 1947 , Jinnah , the President of the Muslim League , became the nation 's first Governor - General as well as the first President - Speaker of the Parliament , but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948 . Meanwhile , Pakistan 's founding fathers agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan , the secretary - general of the party , the nation 's first Prime Minister . With dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations , independent Pakistan had two British monarchs before it became a republic . The creation of Pakistan was never fully accepted by many British leaders , among them Lord Mountbatten . Mountbatten clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League 's idea of Pakistan . Jinnah refused Mountbatten 's offer to serve as Governor - General of Pakistan . When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis , he replied ' most probably ' . Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani , a respected Deobandi alim ( scholar ) who occupied the position of Shaykh al - Islam in Pakistan in 1949 , and Maulana Mawdudi of Jamaat - i - Islami played a pivotal role in the demand for an Islamic constitution . Mawdudi demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an explicit declaration affirming the `` supreme sovereignty of God '' and the supremacy of the shariah in Pakistan . A significant result of the efforts of the Jamaat - i - Islami and the ulama was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 . The Objectives Resolution , which Liaquat Ali Khan called the second most important step in Pakistan 's history , declared that `` sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust '' . The Objectives Resolution has been incorporated as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956 , 1962 , and 1973 . Democracy was stalled by the martial law that had been enforced by President Iskander Mirza , who was replaced by army chief , General Ayub Khan . After adopting a presidential system in 1962 , the country experienced exceptional growth until a second war with India in 1965 that led to an economic downturn and wide - scale public disapproval in 1967 . Consolidating control from Ayub Khan in 1969 , President Yahya Khan had to deal with a devastating cyclone that caused 500,000 deaths in East Pakistan . Signing of the Tashkent Declaration to end hostilities with India in 1965 in Tashkent , USSR , by President Ayub alongside Bhutto ( centre ) and Aziz Ahmed ( left ) In 1970 Pakistan held its first democratic elections since independence , meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy , but after the East Pakistani Awami League won against the Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) , Yahya Khan and the military establishment refused to hand over power . Operation Searchlight , a military crackdown on the Bengali nationalist movement , led to a declaration of independence and the waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan , with support from India . However , in West Pakistan the conflict was described as a civil war as opposed to a war of liberation . Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million , a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated . Some academics such as Rudolph Rummel and Rounaq Jahan say both sides committed genocide ; others such as Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide . In response to India 's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan , preemptive strikes on India by Pakistan 's air force , navy , and marines sparked a conventional war in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh . With Pakistan surrendering in the war , Yahya Khan was replaced by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as president ; the country worked towards promulgating its constitution and putting the country on the road to democracy . Democratic rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 -- an era of self - consciousness , intellectual leftism , nationalism , and nationwide reconstruction . In 1972 Pakistan embarked on an ambitious plan to develop its nuclear deterrence capability with the goal of preventing any foreign invasion ; the country 's first nuclear power plant was inaugurated in that same year . Accelerated in response to India 's first nuclear test in 1974 , this crash program was completed in 1979 . Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP , which saw General Zia - ul - Haq become the president in 1978 . From 1977 to 1988 , President Zia 's corporatisation and economic Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest - growing economies in South Asia . While building up the country 's nuclear program , increasing Islamisation , and the rise of a homegrown conservative philosophy , Pakistan helped subsidise and distribute US resources to factions of the mujahideen against the USSR 's intervention in communist Afghanistan . Pakistan 's North - West Frontier Province became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters , with the province 's influential Deobandi ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organising the ' jihad ' . President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988 , and Benazir Bhutto , daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , was elected as the country 's first female Prime Minister . The PPP was followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) , and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power , alternating in office while the country 's situation worsened ; economic indicators fell sharply , in contrast to the 1980s . This period is marked by prolonged stagflation , instability , corruption , nationalism , geopolitical rivalry with India , and the clash of left wing - right wing ideologies . As PML ( N ) secured a supermajority in elections in 1997 , Sharif authorised nuclear testings ( See : Chagai - I and Chagai - II ) , as a retaliation to the second nuclear tests ordered by India , led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in May 1998 . President George W. Bush meets with President Musharraf in Islamabad during his 2006 visit to Pakistan . Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district led to the Kargil War of 1999 , and turmoil in civic - military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf to take over through a bloodless coup d'état . Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008 -- a period of enlightenment , social liberalism , extensive economic reforms , and direct involvement in the US - led war on terrorism . When the National Assembly historically completed its first full five - year term on 15 November 2007 , the new elections were called by the Election Commission . After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007 , the PPP secured the most votes in the elections of 2008 , appointing party member Yousaf Raza Gillani as Prime Minister . Threatened with impeachment , President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008 , and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari . Clashes with the judicature prompted Gillani 's disqualification from the Parliament and as the Prime Minister in June 2012 . By its own financial calculations , Pakistan 's involvement in the war on terrorism has cost up to ~ $118 billion , sixty thousand casualties and more than 1.8 million displaced civilians . The general election held in 2013 saw the PML ( N ) almost achieve a supermajority , following which Nawaz Sharif was elected as the Prime Minister , returning to the post for the third time in fourteen years , in a democratic transition . Role of Islam in Pakistan The idea of Pakistan , which had received overwhelming popular support among Indian Muslims , especially those in the provinces of British India where Muslims were in a minority such as the United Provinces. , was articulated in terms of an Islamic state by the Muslim League leadership , the ulama ( Islamic clergy ) and Jinnah . Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama and upon his death was described by one such alim , Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani , as the greatest Muslim after Aurangzeb and as someone who desired to unite the Muslims of the world under the banner of Islam . The Objectives Resolution in March 1949 , which declared God as the sole sovereign over the entire universe , represented the first formal step to transform Pakistan into an Islamic state . Muslim League leader Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit . Keith Callard , one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics , observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world and assumed that Muslim from other countries would share their views on the relationship between religion and nationality . However , Pakistan 's pan-Islamist sentiments for a united Islamic bloc called Islamistan were not shared by other Muslim governments , although Islamists such as the Grand Mufti of Palestine , Al - Haj Amin al - Husseini , and leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood , became drawn to the country . Pakistan 's desire for an international organization of Muslim countries was fulfilled in the 1970s when the Organization of Islamic Conference ( OIC ) was formed . The strongest opposition to the Islamist ideological paradigm being imposed on the state came from the Bengali Muslims of East Pakistan whose educated class , according to a survey by social scientist Nasim Ahmad Jawed , preferred secularism and focused on ethnic identity unlike educated West Pakistanis who tended to prefer an Islamic identity . The Islamist party Jamaat - e-Islami considered Pakistan to be an Islamic state and believed Bengali nationalism to be unacceptable . In the 1971 conflict over East Pakistan the Jamaat - e-Islami fought the Bengali nationalists on the Pakistan Army 's side . After Pakistan 's first ever general elections the 1973 Constitution was created by an elected Parliament . The Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and Islam as the state religion . It also stated that all laws would have to be brought into accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah and that no law repugnant to such injunctions could be enacted . The 1973 Constitution also created certain institutions such as the Shariat Court and the Council of Islamic Ideology to channel the interpretation and application of Islam . Pakistan 's leftist Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto faced vigorous opposition which coalesced into a movement united under the revivalist banner of Nizam - e-Mustafa ( `` Rule of the prophet '' ) which aimed to establish an Islamic state based on Sharia laws . Bhutto agreed to some Islamist demands before being overthrown in a coup . After taking power from Bhutto in a coup de'tat , General Zia - ul - Haq , who came from a religious background , committed himself to establishing an Islamic state and enforcing sharia law . Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts and court benches to judge legal cases using Islamic doctrine . Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama ( Islamic clergy ) and the Islamic parties . Zia - ul - Haq forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobandi institutions and even though most Barelvi ulama and only a few Deobandi scholars had supported Pakistan 's creation , Islamic state politics came to be mostly in favour of Deobandi ( and later Ahl - e-Hadith / Salafi ) institutions instead of Barelvi . Sectarian tensions increased with Zia 's anti-Shia policies . According to a PEW opinion poll a majority of Pakistanis support making Sharia the official law of the land . In a survey of several Muslim countries , the PEW Research Centre also found that Pakistanis tend to identify with their religion more than their nationality in contrast to Muslims in other nations such as Egypt , Indonesia and Jordan . Geography , environment and climate Main articles : Extreme weather records in Pakistan , Geography of Pakistan , Environment of Pakistan , Climate of Pakistan , Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan , and List of beaches in Pakistan A satellite image showing the topography of Pakistan Köppen climate classification of Pakistan The geography and climate of Pakistan are extremely diverse , and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife . Pakistan covers an area of 881,913 km ( 340,509 sq mi ) , approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom . It is the 33rd - largest nation by total area , although this ranking varies depending on how the disputed territory of Kashmir is counted . Pakistan has a 1,046 km ( 650 mi ) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and land borders of 6,774 km ( 4,209 mi ) in total : 2,430 km ( 1,510 mi ) with Afghanistan , 523 km ( 325 mi ) with China , 2,912 km ( 1,809 mi ) with India and 909 km ( 565 mi ) with Iran . It shares a marine border with Oman , and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold , narrow Wakhan Corridor . Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia , the Middle East , and Central Asia . Geologically , Pakistan is located in the Indus -- Tsangpo Suture Zone and overlaps the Indian tectonic plate in its Sindh and Punjab provinces ; Balochistan and most of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are within the Eurasian plate , mainly on the Iranian plateau . Gilgit -- Baltistan and Azad Kashmir lie along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to violent earthquakes . This region has the highest rates of seismicity and largest earthquakes in the Himalaya region . Ranging from the coastal areas of the south to the glaciated mountains of the north , Pakistan 's landscapes vary from plains to deserts , forests , hills , and plateaus . K2 , the second - highest mountain on Earth Katpana Desert , the world 's highest cold desert Nanga Parbat , the ninth - highest mountain on Earth Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas : the northern highlands , the Indus River plain , and the Balochistan Plateau . The northern highlands contain the Karakoram , Hindu Kush , and Pamir mountain ranges ( see mountains of Pakistan ) , which contain some of the world 's highest peaks , including five of the fourteen eight - thousanders ( mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet ) , which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world , notably K2 ( 8,611 m or 28,251 ft ) and Nanga Parbat ( 8,126 m or 26,660 ft ) . The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert in the east . The 1,609 km ( 1,000 mi ) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea . There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in the Punjab and Sindh . The climate varies from tropical to temperate , with arid conditions in the coastal south . There is a monsoon season with frequent flooding due to heavy rainfall , and a dry season with significantly less rainfall or none at all . There are four distinct seasons : a cool , dry winter from December through February ; a hot , dry spring from March through May ; the summer rainy season , or southwest monsoon period , from June through September ; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November . Rainfall varies greatly from year to year , and patterns of alternate flooding and drought are common . Flora and fauna Main articles : Flora of Pakistan and Fauna of Pakistan The diversity of the landscape and climate in Pakistan allows a wide variety of trees and plants to flourish . The forests range from coniferous alpine and subalpine trees such as spruce , pine , and deodar cedar in the extreme northern mountains to deciduous trees in most of the country ( for example , the mulberry - like shisham found in the Sulaiman Mountains ) , to palms such as coconut and date in the southern Punjab , southern Balochistan , and all of Sindh . The western hills are home to juniper , tamarisk , coarse grasses , and scrub plants . Mangrove forests form much of the coastal wetlands along the coast in the south . Coniferous forests are found at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 metres ( 3,300 to 13,100 feet ) in most of the northern and northwestern highlands . In the xeric regions of Balochistan , date palm and Ephedra are common . In most of the Punjab and Sindh , the Indus plains support tropical and subtropical dry and moist broadleaf forest as well as tropical and xeric shrublands . These forests are mostly of mulberry , acacia , and eucalyptus . About 2.2 % or 1,687,000 hectares ( 16,870 km ) of Pakistan was forested in 2010 . Bear , Tibetan wolf , and snow leopard , respectively The fauna of Pakistan also reflects the country 's varied climate . Around 668 bird species are found there , including crows , sparrows , mynas , hawks , falcons , and eagles . Palas , Kohistan , has a significant population of western tragopan . Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory , coming from Europe , Central Asia , and India . The southern plains are home to mongooses , civets , hares , the Asiatic jackal , the Indian pangolin , the jungle cat , and the desert cat . There are mugger crocodiles in the Indus , and wild boar , deer , porcupines , and small rodents in the surrounding areas . The sandy scrublands of central Pakistan are home to Asiatic jackals , striped hyenas , wildcats , and leopards . The lack of vegetative cover , the severe climate , and the impact of grazing on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position . The chinkara is the only animal that can still be found in significant numbers in Cholistan . A small number of nilgai are found along the Pakistan -- India border and in some parts of Cholistan . A wide variety of animals live in the mountainous north , including the Marco Polo sheep , the urial ( a subspecies of wild sheep ) , the markhor goat , the ibex goat , the Asian black bear , and the Himalayan brown bear . Among the rare animals found in the area are the snow leopard and the blind Indus river dolphin , of which there are believed to be about 1,100 remaining , protected at the Indus River Dolphin Reserve in Sindh . In total , 174 mammals , 177 reptiles , 22 amphibians , 198 freshwater fish species and 5,000 species of invertebrates ( including insects ) have been recorded in Pakistan . The flora and fauna of Pakistan suffer from a number of problems . Pakistan has the second - highest rate of deforestation in the world , which , along with hunting and pollution , has had adverse effects on the ecosystem . The government has established a large number of protected areas , wildlife sanctuaries , and game reserves to address these issues . Government and politics Main articles : Government of Pakistan , Politics of Pakistan , Political history of Pakistan , and Human rights in Pakistan Parliament House Pakistan 's political experience is essentially related to the struggle of Indian Muslims to regain the power they lost to British colonisation . Pakistan is a democratic parliamentary federal republic , with Islam as the state religion . The first constitution was adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958 , who replaced it with the second constitution in 1962 . A complete and comprehensive constitution was adopted in 1973 -- it was suspended by Zia - ul - Haq in 1977 but reinstated in 1985 -- is the country 's most important document , laying the foundations of the current government . The Pakistani military establishment has played an influential role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistan 's political history . The periods 1958 -- 1971 , 1977 -- 1988 , and 1999 -- 2008 saw military coups that resulted in the imposition of martial law and military commanders who governed as de facto presidents . Today Pakistan has a multi-party parliamentary system with clear division of powers and checks and balances among the branches of government . The first successful democratic transition occurred in May 2013 . Politics in Pakistan is centred on , and dominated by , a homegrown social philosophy comprising a blend of ideas from socialism , conservatism , and the third way . As of the general elections held in 2013 , the three main political parties in the country are : the centre - right conservative Pakistan Muslim League - N ; the centre - left socialist PPP ; and the centrist and third - way Pakistan Movement for Justice ( PTI ) . Head of State : The President , who is elected by an Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the state and is the civilian commander - in - chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces ( with the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee as principal military adviser ) , but military appointments and key confirmations in the armed forces are made by the Prime Minister after reviewing the reports on candidates ' merit and performance . Almost all appointed officers in the judicature , military , chairman joint chiefs , and joint staff , and legislature require the executive confirmation from the Prime Minister , whom the President must consult , by law . However , the powers to pardon and grant clemency lie with the President of Pakistan . Legislative : The bicameral legislature comprises a 100 - member Senate ( upper house ) and a 342 - member National Assembly ( lower house ) . Members of the National Assembly are elected through the first - past - the - post system under universal adult suffrage , representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies . According to the constitution , the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation . Senate members are elected by provincial legislators , with all the provinces having equal representation . Prime Minister 's Secretariat Executive : The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the majority rule party or a coalition in the National Assembly -- the lower house . The Prime Minister serves as the head of government and is designated to exercise as the country 's chief executive . The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet consisting of ministers and advisers as well as running the government operations , taking and authorising executive decisions , appointments and recommendations that require executive confirmation of the Prime Minister . Provincial governments : Each of the four province has a similar system of government , with a directly elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of the largest party or coalition is elected Chief Minister . Chief Ministers oversees the provincial governments and head the provincial cabinet , it is common in Pakistan to have different ruling parties or coalitions in each provinces . The provincial assemblies have power to make laws and approve provincial budget which is commonly presented by the provincial finance minister every fiscal year . Provincial governors who play role as the ceremonial head of province are appointed by the President . Supreme Court of Pakistan Judicature : The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts : the superior ( or higher ) judiciary and the subordinate ( or lower ) judiciary . The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief judge who oversees the judicature 's court system at all levels of command . The superior judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan , the Federal Shariat Court and five High Courts , with the Supreme Court at the apex . The Constitution of Pakistan entrusts the superior judiciary with the obligation to preserve , protect and defend the constitution . Neither the Supreme Court nor a High Court may exercise jurisdiction in relation to Tribal Areas , except otherwise provided for . The disputed regions of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan have separate court systems . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Pakistan Ayub Khan ( President of Pakistan ) with U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 . As the Muslim world 's second most populous nation - state ( after Indonesia ) and its only nuclear power state , Pakistan has an important role in the international community . With a semi-agricultural and semi-industrialized economy , its foreign policy determines its standard of interactions for its organisations , corporations , and individual citizens . Its geostrategic intentions were explained by Jinnah in a broadcast message in 1947 , which is featured in a prominent quotation on the homepage of Pakistan 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs website : `` The foundation of our foreign policy is friendship with all nations across the globe . '' Since Independence , Pakistan has attempted to balance its relations with foreign nations . Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally of the United States in the war against terrorism -- a status achieved in 2004 . Pakistan 's foreign policy and geostrategy mainly focus on the economy and security against threats to its national identity and territorial integrity , and on the cultivation of close relations with other Muslim countries . The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of contention between Pakistan and India ; three of their four wars were fought over this territory . Due partly to difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival India , Pakistan maintains close political relations with Turkey and Iran , and both countries have been a focal point in Pakistan 's foreign policy . Saudi Arabia also maintains a respected position in Pakistan 's foreign policy . A non-signatory party of the Treaty on Nuclear Non-Proliferation , Pakistan is an influential member of the IAEA . In recent events , Pakistan has blocked an international treaty to limit fissile material , arguing that the `` treaty would target Pakistan specifically '' . In the 20th century , Pakistan 's nuclear deterrence program focused on countering India 's nuclear ambitions in the region , and nuclear tests by India eventually led Pakistan to reciprocate to maintain a geopolitical balance as becoming a nuclear power . Currently , Pakistan maintains a policy of credible minimum deterrence , calling its program vital nuclear deterrence against foreign aggression . Located in the strategic and geopolitical corridor of the world 's major maritime oil supply lines and communication fibre optics , Pakistan has proximity to the natural resources of Central Asian countries . Briefing on the country 's foreign policy in 2004 , a Pakistani senator reportedly explained : `` Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states , bilateralism , mutuality of interests , and non-interference in each other 's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy . '' Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent Representative to represent Pakistan 's positions in international politics . Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of `` enlightened moderation '' in the Muslim world . Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations , the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) , the Economic Cooperation Organisation ( ECO ) , and the G20 developing nations . Because of ideological differences , Pakistan opposed the Soviet Union in the 1950s , and during the Soviet - Afghan War in the 1980s , Pakistan was one of the closest allies of the United States . Relations between Pakistan and Russia have greatly improved since 1999 , and co-operation in various sectors has increased . Pakistan has had an `` on - and - off '' relationship with the United States . A close ally of the United States during the Cold war , Pakistan 's relationship with the United States soured in the 1990s when the US imposed sanctions because of Pakistan 's secretive nuclear development . Since 9 / 11 , Pakistan has been a close ally of the United States on the issue of counter-terrorism in the regions of the Middle East and South Asia , with the US supporting Pakistan with aid money and weapons . Initially , the United States - led war on terrorism led to an improvement in the relationship , but it was strained by a divergence of interests and resulting mistrust during the war in Afghanistan and by issues related to terrorism . Pakistan does not have diplomatic relations with Israel ; nonetheless , some Israeli citizens have visited the country on tourist visas . However , an exchange took place between the two countries using Turkey as a communication conduit . Despite Pakistan being the only country in the world that has not established diplomatic relations with Armenia , an Armenian community still resides in Pakistan . Pakistan had warm relations with Bangladesh despite initial strains in their relationship . Relations with China Pakistan Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan . Pakistan is host to China 's largest embassy . Pakistan was the first country to have established diplomatic relations with China , and the relationship continues to be warm since China 's war with India in 1962 . In the 1960s to 1980s , Pakistan greatly helped China in reaching out to the world 's major countries and helped facilitate US President Nixon 's state visit to China . Despite the change of governments in Pakistan and fluctuations in the regional and global situation , China policy in Pakistan continues to be a dominant factor at all times . In return , China is Pakistan 's largest trading partner , and economic co-operation has flourished , with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistan 's infrastructural expansion such as the Pakistani deep - water port at Gwadar . Sino - Pakistani friendly relations touched new heights as both the countries signed 51 agreements and Memorandums of Understanding ( MoUs ) in 2015 for co-operation in different areas . Both countries signed a Free Trade Agreement in the 2000s , and Pakistan continues to serve as China 's communication bridge to the Muslim world . In 2016 China announced that it will set up an anti-terrorism alliance with Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Tajikistan . Emphasis on relations with Muslim world After Independence , Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries and made an active bid for leadership of the Muslim world , or at least for leadership in efforts to achieve unity . The Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan as the natural leader of the Islamic world , in part due to its large manpower and military strength . A top - ranking Muslim League leader , Khaliquzzaman , declared that Pakistan would bring together all Muslim countries into Islamistan -- a pan-Islamic entity . Such developments ( along with Pakistan 's creation ) did not get American approval , and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite . Since most of the Arab world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time , there was little attraction to Pakistan 's Pan-Islamic aspirations . Some of the Arab countries saw the ' Islamistan ' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states . Pakistan vigorously championed the right of self - determination for Muslims around the world . Pakistan 's efforts for the independence movements of Indonesia , Algeria , Tunisia , Morocco , and Eritrea were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan . However , Pakistan also masterminded an attack on the Afghan city of Jalalabad during the Afghan Civil War to establish an Islamic government there . Pakistan had wished to foment an ' Islamic Revolution ' that would transcend national borders , covering Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Central Asia . On the other hand , Pakistan 's relations with Iran have been strained at times due to sectarian tensions . Iran and Saudi Arabia used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war , and by the 1990s Pakistan 's support for the Sunni Taliban organisation in Afghanistan became a problem for Shia Iran , which opposed a Taliban - controlled Afghanistan . Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998 when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes after Pakistani warplanes had bombarded Afghanistan 's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban . Pakistan is an influential and founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) . Maintaining cultural , political , social , and economic relations with the Arab world and other countries in the Muslim world is a vital factor in Pakistan 's foreign policy . Administrative divisions Main articles : Administrative units of Pakistan and Districts of Pakistan Administrative Division Capital Population Balochistan Quetta 7,914,000 Punjab Lahore 101,000,000 Sindh Karachi 42,400,000 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar 28,000,000 Gilgit - Baltistan Gilgit 1,800,000 FATA 3,176,331 Azad Kashmir Muzaffarabad 4,567,982 Islamabad Capital Territory Islamabad 1,151,868 A federal parliamentary republic state , Pakistan is a federation that comprises four provinces : Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Sindh , and Balochistan and four territories : the Federally Administered Tribal Areas , Islamabad Capital Territory Gilgit -- Baltistan , and Azad Kashmir . The Government of Pakistan exercises the de facto jurisdiction over the Frontier Regions and the western parts of the Kashmir Regions , which are organised into the separate political entities Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan ( formerly Northern Areas ) . In 2009 , the constitutional assignment ( the Gilgit -- Baltistan Empowerment and Self - Governance Order ) awarded the Gilgit -- Baltistan a semi-provincial status , giving it self - government . The local government system consists of a three - tier system of districts , tehsils , and union councils , with an elected body at each tier . There are about 130 districts altogether , of which Azad Kashmir has ten and Gilgit -- Baltistan seven . The Tribal Areas comprise seven tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached from neighbouring districts . Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories of Pakistan . Law enforcement is carried out by a joint network of the intelligence community with jurisdiction limited to the relevant province or territory . The National Intelligence Directorate coordinates the information intelligence at both federal and provincial level ; including the FIA , IB , Motorway Police , and paramilitary forces such as the Pakistan Rangers and the Frontier Corps . Pakistan 's `` premier '' intelligence agency , the Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) , was formed just within a year after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947 . Pakistan 's ISI was ranked as the top intelligence agency in the world in 2011 by the International Business Times UK . ABC News Point in 2014 also reported that the ISI was ranked as the top intelligence agency in the world while Zee News reported the ISI as ranking fifth among the world 's most powerful intelligence agencies . The court system is organised as a hierarchy , with the Supreme Court at the apex , below which are High Courts , Federal Shariat Courts ( one in each province and one in the federal capital ) , District Courts ( one in each district ) , Judicial Magistrate Courts ( in every town and city ) , Executive Magistrate Courts , and civil courts . The Penal code has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas , where law is largely derived from tribal customs . Kashmir conflict Main article : Kashmir conflict The Kashmir -- the most northwesterly region of South Asia -- is a major territorial dispute that has hindered relations between India and Pakistan . The two nations have fought at least three large - scale conventional wars in successive years in 1947 , 1965 , and 1971 . The conflict in 1971 witnessed Pakistan 's unconditional surrender and a treaty that subsequently led to the independence of Bangladesh . Other serious military engagements and skirmishes have included the armed contacts in Siachen Glacier ( 1984 ) and Kargil ( 1999 ) . Approximately 45.1 % of the Kashmir region is controlled by India , which also claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir , including most of Jammu , the Kashmir Valley , Ladakh , and the Siachen . The claim is contested by Pakistan , which controls approximately 38.2 % of the Kashmir region , an area known as the Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan . Azad Kashmir is part of Pakistan - controlled Kashmir . India claims the Kashmir on the basis of the Instrument of Accession -- a legal agreement with Kashmir 's leaders executed by Maharaja Hari Singh , who agreed to accede the area to India . Pakistan claims Kashmir on the basis of a Muslim majority and of geography , the same principles that were applied for the creation of the two independent states . India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January 1948 . In a resolution passed in 1948 , the UN 's General Assembly asked Pakistan to remove most of its troops as a plebiscite would then be held . However , Pakistan failed to vacate the region and a ceasefire was reached in 1949 establishing a Line of Control ( LoC ) that divided Kashmir between the two nations . India , fearful that the Muslim majority populace of Kashmir would secede from India , did not allow a plebiscite to take place in the region . This was confirmed in a statement by India 's Defense Minister , Krishna Menon , who said : `` Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan and no Indian Government responsible for agreeing to plebiscite would survive . '' Pakistan claims that its position is for the right of the people of Jammu and Kashmir to determine their future through impartial elections as mandated by the United Nations , while India has stated that Kashmir is an integral part of India , referring to the Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) and to the fact that elections take place regularly . In recent developments , certain Kashmiri independence groups believe that Kashmir should be independent of both India and Pakistan . Law enforcement Main articles : Law enforcement in Pakistan , Pakistan Intelligence Community , and National Intelligence Directorate ( Pakistan ) The law enforcement in Pakistan is carried out by joint network of several federal and provincial police agencies . The four provinces and the Islamabad Capital Territory ( ICT ) each have a civilian police force with jurisdiction extending only to the relevant province or territory . At the federal level , there are a number of civilian intelligence agencies with nationwide jurisdictions including the Federal Investigation Agency ( FIA ) , Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) , and the Motorway Patrol , as well as several paramilitary forces such as the National Guards ( Northern Areas ) , the Rangers ( Punjab and Sindh ) , and the Frontier Corps ( Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan ) . The most senior officers of all the civilian police forces also form part of the Police Service , which is a component of the civil service of Pakistan . Namely , there are four provincial police service including the Punjab Police , Sindh Police , Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa Police , and the Balochistan Police ; all headed by the appointed senior Inspector - Generals . The ICT has its own police component , the Capital Police , to maintain law and order in the capital . The CID bureaus are the crime investigation unit and forms a vital part in each provincial police service . The law enforcement in Pakistan also has a Motorway Patrol which is responsible for enforcement of traffic and safety laws , security and recovery on Pakistan 's inter-provincial motorway network . In each of provincial Police Service , it also maintains a respective Elite Police units led by the NACTA -- a counter-terrorism police unit as well as providing VIP escorts . In the Punjab and Sindh , the Pakistan Rangers are an internal security force with the prime objective to provide and maintain security in war zones and areas of conflict as well as maintaining law and order which includes providing assistance to the police . The Frontier Corps serves the similar purpose in Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa , and the Balochistan . Military Main article : Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Air Force 's JF - 17 Thunder flying in front of the 26,660 - foot - high ( 8,130 - metre ) Nanga Parbat . The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the world in terms of numbers in full - time service , with about 617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists , as of tentative estimates in 2010 . They came into existence after independence in 1947 , and the military establishment has frequently influenced in the national politics ever since . Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee ; all of the branches joint works , co-ordination , military logistics , and joint missions are under the Joint Staff HQ . The Joint Staff HQ is composed of the Air HQ , Navy HQ , and Army GHQ in the vicinity of the Rawalpindi Military District . The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee is the highest principle staff officer in the armed forces , and the chief military adviser to the civilian government though the chairman has no authority over the three branches of armed forces . The Chairman joint chiefs controls the military from the JS HQ and maintains strategic communications between the military and the civilian government . As of 2017 , the CJCSC is General Zubair Hayat alongside chief of army staff General Qamar Javed Bajwa , chief of naval staff Admiral Muhammad Zaka , and chief of air staff Air Chief Marshal Suhail Aman . The main branches are the Army -- Air Force -- Navy -- Marines , which are supported by the number of paramilitary forces in the country . Control over the strategic arsenals , deployment , employment , development , military computers and command and control is a responsibility vested under the National Command Authority which oversaw the work on the nuclear policy as part of the credible minimum deterrence . The United States , Turkey , and China maintain close military relations and regularly export military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan . Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carried out by the militaries of China and Turkey . Philosophical basis for the military draft is introduced by the Constitution in times of emergency , but it has never been imposed . Military history Since 1947 Pakistan has been involved in four conventional wars , the first war occurred in Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of Western Kashmir , ( Azad Kashmir and Gilgit -- Baltistan ) , and India capturing Eastern Kashmir ( Jammu and Kashmir ) . Territorial problems eventually led to another conventional war in 1965 ; over the issue of Bengali refugees that led to another war in 1971 which resulted in Pakistan 's unconditional surrender of East Pakistan . Tensions in Kargil brought the two countries at the brink of war . Since 1947 the unresolved territorial problems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which was kept mostly at the mountainous border . In 1961 , the military and intelligence community repelled the Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand Line border . Rising tensions with neighbouring USSR in their involvement in Afghanistan , Pakistani intelligence community , mostly the ISI , systematically coordinated the US resources to the Afghan mujahideen and foreign fighters against the Soviet Union 's presence in the region . Military reports indicated that the PAF was in engagement with the Soviet Air Force , supported by the Afghan Air Force during the course of the conflict ; one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy . Apart from its own conflicts , Pakistan has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions . It played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu , Somalia , in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent . According to UN reports , the Pakistani military are the third largest troop contributors to UN peacekeeping missions after Ethiopia and India . Pakistan has deployed its military in some Arab countries , providing defence , training , and playing advisory roles . The PAF and Navy 's fighter pilots have voluntarily served in Arab nations ' militaries against Israel in the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) and in the Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) . Pakistan 's fighter pilots shot down ten Israeli planes in the Six - Day War . In the 1973 war one of the PAF pilots , Flt . Lt. Sattar Alvi ( flying a MiG - 21 ) , shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the Syrian government . Requested by the Saudi monarchy in 1979 , Pakistan 's special forces units , operatives , and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces in Mecca to lead the operation of the Grand Mosque . For almost two weeks Saudi Special Forces and Pakistani commandos fought the insurgents who had occupied the Grand Mosque 's compound . In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a US - led coalition , specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia . Despite the UN arms embargo on Bosnia , General Javed Nasir of the ISI airlifted anti-tank weapons and missiles to Bosnian mujahideen which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege . Under Nasir 's leadership the ISI was also involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province , rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines , and some religious groups in Central Asia . Since 2004 the military has been engaged in a war in North - West Pakistan , mainly against the homegrown Taliban factions . Major operations undertaken by the army include Operation Black Thunderstorm , Operation Rah - e-Nijat and Operation Zarb - e-Azb . According to SIPRI , Pakistan was the 9th largest recipient and importer of arms between 2012 -- 2016 . Economy Main articles : Economy of Pakistan and Economic history of Pakistan Overview Pakistan 's key economic statistics Pakistan 's GDP composition by sector Agriculture 20.9 % Industry 20.3 % Services 58.8 % Employment Labour force 61.04 million People employed 57.42 million Natural Resources Copper 12.3 million tonnes Gold 20.9 million ounces Coal 175 billion tonnes Shale Gas 105 trillion cubic feet Shale Oil 9 billion barrels Gas production 4.2 billion cubic feet / day Oil production 70,000 barrels / day Iron ore 500 million Economists estimate that Pakistan was part of the wealthiest region of the world throughout the first millennium CE , with the largest economy by GDP . This advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions such as China and Western Europe edged forward . Pakistan is considered a developing country and is one of the Next Eleven , a group of eleven countries that , along with the BRICs , have a high potential to become the world 's largest economies in the 21st century . In recent years , after decades of social instability , as of 2013 , serious deficiencies in macromanagement and unbalanced macroeconomics in basic services such as rail transportation and electrical energy generation have developed . The economy is considered to be semi-industrialized , with centres of growth along the Indus River . The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab 's urban centres coexist with less - developed areas in other parts of the country , particularly in Balochistan . According to the Economic complexity index , Pakistan is the 67th - largest export economy in the world and the 106th most complex economy . During the fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , Pakistan 's exports stood at US $20.81 billion and imports at US $44.76 billion , resulting in a negative trade balance of US $23.96 billion . The Pakistan Stock Exchange is one of the best - performing markets in the world . According to Forbes , PSX delivered a return of 400 % between 2010 and 2015 . As of 2016 Pakistan 's estimated nominal GDP is US $271 billion . The GDP by PPP is US $ 946,667 million . The estimated nominal per capita GDP is US $ 1,561 , the GDP ( PPP ) / capita is US $ 5,010 ( international dollars ) , and the debt - to - GDP ratio is 66.50 % . According to the World Bank , Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential . The increasing proportion of Pakistan 's youth provides the country with both a potential demographic dividend and a challenge to provide adequate services and employment . 21.04 % of the population live below the international poverty line of US $1.25 a day . The unemployment rate among the aged 15 and over population is 5.5 % . Pakistan has an estimated 40 million middle class citizens , projected to increase to 100 million by 2050 . A 2015 report published by the World Bank ranked Pakistan 's economy at 24th - largest in the world by purchasing power and 41st - largest in absolute terms . It is South Asia 's second - largest economy , representing about 15.0 % of regional GDP . Fiscal Year GDP growth Inflation rate 2013 -- 14 4.14 % 8.5 % 2014 -- 15 4.24 % 4.8 % 2015 -- 16 4.5 % 5.1 % 2016 -- 17 5.2 % 4.5 % Pakistan 's economic growth since its inception has been varied . It has been slow during periods of democratic transition , but robust during the three periods of martial law , although the foundation for sustainable and equitable growth was not formed . The early to middle 2000s was a period of rapid economic reforms ; the government raised development spending , which reduced poverty levels by 10 % and increased GDP by 3 % . The economy cooled again from 2007 . Inflation reached 25.0 % in 2008 , and Pakistan had to depend on a fiscal policy backed by the International Monetary Fund to avoid possible bankruptcy . A year later , the Asian Development Bank reported that Pakistan 's economic crisis was easing . The inflation rate for the fiscal year 2010 -- 11 was 14.1 % . Since 2013 , as part of an International Monetary Fund program , Pakistan 's economic growth has picked up . In 2014 Goldman Sachs predicted that Pakistan 's economy would grow 15 times in the next 35 years to become the 18th - largest economy in the world by 2050 . In his 2016 book , The Rise and Fall of Nations , Ruchir Sharma termed Pakistan 's economy as at a ' take - off ' stage and the future outlook until 2020 has been termed ' Very Good ' . Sharma termed it possible to transform Pakistan from a `` low - income to a middle - income country during the next five years '' . Pakistan is one of the largest producers of natural commodities , and its labour market is the 10th - largest in the world . The 7 - million -- strong Pakistani diaspora contributed US $19.9 billion to the economy in 2015 -- 16 . The major source countries of remittances to Pakistan are : the UAE ; the United States ; Saudi Arabia ; the Gulf states ( Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , and Oman ) ; Australia ; Canada ; Japan ; the United Kingdom ; Norway ; and Switzerland . According to the World Trade Organization , Pakistan 's share of overall world exports is declining ; it contributed only 0.128 % in 2007 . Agriculture and primary sector Surface mining in Sindh . Pakistan has been termed the ' Saudi Arabia of Coal ' by Forbes . Main articles : Agriculture in Pakistan , Fuel extraction in Pakistan , and Mining in Pakistan The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base . Agriculture as of 2015 accounts for only 20.9 % of the GDP . Even so , according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization , Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005 , more than all of Africa ( 20,304,585 metric tons ) and nearly as much as all of South America ( 24,557,784 metric tons ) . Majority of the population , directly or indirectly , is dependent on this sector . It accounts for 43.5 % of employed labour force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings . A large portion of the country 's manufactured exports are dependent on raw materials such as cotton and hides that are part of the agriculture sector , while supply shortages and market disruptions in farm products do push up inflationary pressures . The country is also the fifth - largest producer of cotton , with cotton production of 14 million bales from a modest beginning of 1.7 million bales in the early 1950s ; is self sufficient in sugarcane ; and is the fourth - largest producer in the world of milk . Land and water resources have not risen proportionately , but the increases have taken place mainly due to gains in labour and agriculture productivity . The major breakthrough in crop production took place in the late 1960s and 1970s due to the Green Revolution that made a significant contribution to land and yield increases of wheat and rice . Private tube wells led to a 50 percent increase in the cropping intensity which was augmented by tractor cultivation . While the tube wells raised crop yields by 50 percent , the High Yielding Varieties ( HYVs ) of wheat and rice led to a 50 -- 60 percent higher yield . Meat industry accounts for 1.4 percent of overall GDP . Industry Main articles : Textile industry in Pakistan and Industry of Pakistan Television assembly factory in Lahore . Pakistan 's industrial sector accounts for about 20.3 % of the GDP , and is dominated by small and medium - sized enterprises . Industry is the third - largest sector of the economy , accounting for 20.3 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , and 13 percent of total employment . Large - scale manufacturing ( LSM ) , at 12.2 % of GDP , dominates the overall sector , accounting for 66 % of the sectoral share , followed by small - scale manufacturing , which accounts for 4.9 % of total GDP . Pakistan 's cement industry is also fast growing mainly because of demand from Afghanistan and from the domestic real estate sector . In 2013 Pakistan exported 7,708,557 metric tons of cement . Pakistan has an installed capacity of 44,768,250 metric tons of cement and 42,636,428 metric tons of clinker . In 2012 and 2013 , the cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of the economy . The textile industry has a pivotal position in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan . In Asia , Pakistan is the eighth - largest exporter of textile products , contributing 9.5 % to the GDP and providing employment to around 15 million people ( some 30 % of the 49 million people in the workforce ) . Pakistan is the fourth - largest producer of cotton with the third - largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India , contributing 5 % to the global spinning capacity . China is the second largest buyer of Pakistani textiles , importing US $1.527 billion of textiles last fiscal . Unlike the US , where mostly value - added textiles are imported , China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan . In 2012 , Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3 % or US $1.07 bn of all UK textile imports , 12.4 % or $4.61 bn of total Chinese textile imports , 2.98 % or $2.98 b of all US textile imports , 1.6 % or $0.88 bn of total German textile imports and 0.7 % or $0.888 bn of total Indian textile imports . Services Main articles : Real estate in Pakistan , Information technology in Pakistan , and Banking in Pakistan Clifton Beach in Karachi , with under - construction skyscrapers in the background . Services sector has 58.8 % share in GDP and has emerged as the main driver of economic growth . Pakistani society like other developing countries is a consumption oriented society , having a high marginal propensity to consume . The growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector . Services sector accounts for 54 percent of GDP in 2014 and little over one - third of total employment . Services sector has strong linkages with other sectors of economy ; it provides essential inputs to agriculture sector and manufacturing sector . Pakistan 's I.T sector is regarded as among the fastest growing sector 's in Pakistan . The World Economic Forum , assessing the development of Information and Communication Technology in the country ranked Pakistan 110th among 139 countries on the ' Networked Readiness Index 2016 ' . As of 2016 , Pakistan has over 35 million Internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in Internet penetration . Overall , it has the 20th - largest population of Internet users in the world . The current growth rate and employment trend indicate that Pakistan 's Information Communication Technology ( ICT ) industry will exceed the $10 - billion mark by 2020 . The sector employees 12,000 and count 's among top five freelancing nations . The country has also improved its export performance in telecom , computer and information services , as the share of their exports surged from 8.2 pc in 2005 -- 06 to 12.6 pc in 2012 -- 13 . This growth is much better than that of China , whose share in services exports was 3pc and 7.7 pc for the same period respectively . Corporations Headquarters 2012 revenue ( Mil . $ ) Services Pakistan State Oil Karachi 11,570 Petroleum and Gas Pak - Arab Refinery Qasba Gujrat 3,000 Oil and refineries Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Lahore 2,520 Natural gas Shell Pakistan Karachi 2,380 Petroleum Oil and Gas Development Co . Islamabad 2,230 Petroleum and Gas National Refinery Karachi 1,970 Oil refinery Hub Power Co . Hub , Balochistan 1,970 Energy K - Electric Karachi 1,840 Energy Attock Refinery Rawalpindi 1,740 Oil refinery Attock Petroleum Rawalpindi 1,740 Petroleum Lahore Electric Supply Co . Lahore 1,490 Energy Pakistan Refinery Karachi 1,440 Petroleum and Gas Sui Southern Gas Pipelines Karachi 1,380 Natural gas Pakistan International Airlines Karachi 1,360 Aviation Engro Corporation Karachi 1,290 Food and Wholesale Infrastructure See also : Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan Nuclear power and energy Main articles : Nuclear power in Pakistan , Energy in Pakistan , and Electricity sector in Pakistan Tarbela Dam , the largest earth filled dam in the world , was constructed in 1968 . By the end of 2016 , nuclear power was provided by four licensed commercial nuclear power plants . The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) is solely responsible for operating these power plants , while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy . The electricity generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes roughly 5.8 % of Pakistan 's electrical energy , compared to 64.2 % from fossil fuels ( crude oil and natural gas ) , 29.9 % from hydroelectric power , and 0.1 % from coal . Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states ( along with India , Israel , and North Korea ) that is not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , but it is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy Agency . The KANUPP - I , a Candu - type nuclear reactor , was supplied by Canada in 1971 -- the country 's first commercial nuclear power plant . The Sino - Pakistani nuclear cooperation began in the early 1980 's . After a Sino - Pakistani nuclear cooperation agreement in 1986 , China provided Pakistan with a nuclear reactor dubbed CHASNUPP - I for energy and industrial growth of the country . In 2005 both countries proposed working on a joint energy security plan , calling for a huge increase in generation capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030 . Under its Nuclear Energy Vision 2050 , the Pakistani government plans to increase nuclear power generation capacity to 40,000 MWe , 8,900 MWe of it by 2030 . Pakistan produced 1,135 megawatts of renewable energy for the month of October 2016 . Pakistan expects to produce 3,000 megawatts of renewable energy by the beginning of 2019 . In June 2008 the nuclear commercial complex was expanded with the ground work of installing and operationalising the Chashma - III and Chashma -- IV reactors at Chashma , Punjab Province , each with 325 -- 340 MWe and costing Rs 129 billion , ; from which the Rs 80 billion came from international sources , principally China . A further agreement for China 's help with the project was signed in October 2008 , and given prominence as a counter to the US -- India agreement that shortly preceded it . The cost quoted then was US $1.7 billion , with a foreign loan component of US $1.07 billion . In 2013 Pakistan established a second commercial nuclear complex in Karachi with plans of additional reactors , similar to the one in Chashma . The electrical energy is generated by various energy corporations and evenly distributed by the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority ( NEPRA ) among the four provinces . However , the Karachi - based K - Electric and the Water and Power Development Authority ( WAPDA ) generates much of the electrical energy used in Pakistan in addition to gathering revenue nationwide . As of 2014 Pakistan has an installed electricity generation capacity of ~ 22,797 MWt . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Pakistan Badshahi Mosque was commissioned by the Mughals in 1671 . It is listed as a World Heritage Site . Derawar fort was built in the 9th century in Cholistan desert by a Rajput ruler . It is listed as a Tentative World Heritage Site . With its diverse cultures , people , and landscapes , Pakistan attracted around 1 million foreign tourists in 2014 , contributing PKR 94.8 billion to the country 's economy , which represented a significant decline since the 1970s when the country received unprecedented numbers of foreign tourists due to the popular Hippie trail . The trail attracted thousands of Europeans and Americans in the 1960s and 1970s who travelled via land through Turkey and Iran into India through Pakistan . The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass , Peshawar , Karachi , Lahore , Swat and Rawalpindi . The numbers following the trail declined after the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet -- Afghan War . Indus Valley Civilization ruins at Mohenjo - daro The country continues to attract an estimated 500,000 foreign tourists annually . Pakistan 's tourist attractions range from the mangroves in the south to the Himalayan hill stations in the north - east . The country 's tourist destinations range from the Buddhist ruins of Takht - i - Bahi and Taxila , to the 5,000 - year - old cities of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Mohenjo - daro and Harappa . Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7,000 metres ( 23,000 feet ) . The northern part of Pakistan has many old fortresses , examples of ancient architecture , and the Hunza and Chitral valleys , home to the small pre-Islamic animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great . Pakistan 's cultural capital , Lahore , contains many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid , the Shalimar Gardens , the Tomb of Jahangir , and the Lahore Fort . Attabad Lake in Hunza Valley In October 2006 , just one year after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake , The Guardian released what it described as `` The top five tourist sites in Pakistan '' in order to help the country 's tourism industry . The five sites included Taxila , Lahore , the Karakoram Highway , Karimabad , and Lake Saiful Muluk . To promote Pakistan 's unique cultural heritage , the government organizes various festivals throughout the year . In 2015 the World Economic Forum 's Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report ranked Pakistan 125 out of 141 countries . Transport Main article : Transport in Pakistan The transport industry accounts for ~ 10.5 % of the nation 's GDP . Pakistan 's motorway infrastructure is better than those of India , Bangladesh , and Indonesia , but the train system lags behind those of India and China , and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement . There is scarcely any inland water transportation system , and coastal shipping only meets minor local requirements . Boeing 737 owned and operated by Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) . PIA operates scheduled services to 70 domestic destinations and 34 international destinations in 27 countries . Highways form the backbone of Pakistan 's transport system ; a total road length of 263,942 kilometres ( 164,006 miles ) accounts for 92 % of passenger and 96 % of inland freight traffic . Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector . The National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways . The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north -- south links connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa . Although this network only accounts for 4.59 % of total road length , it carries 85 % of the country 's traffic . The Pakistan Railways , under the Ministry of Railways ( MoR ) , operates the railroad system . From 1947 until the 1970s the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry . Beginning in the 1990s there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways ; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of vehicles in the country . Now the railway 's share of inland traffic is below 8 % for passengers and 4 % for freight traffic . As personal transportation began to be dominated by the automobile , total rail track decreased from 8,775 kilometres ( 5,453 miles ) in 1990 -- 91 to 7,791 kilometres ( 4,841 miles ) in 2011 . Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign trade with China , Iran , and Turkey . There are an estimated 139 airports and airfields in Pakistan -- including both the military and the mostly publicly owned civilian airports . Though Jinnah International Airport is the principal international gateway to Pakistan , the international airports in Lahore , Islamabad , Peshawar , Quetta , Faisalabad , Sialkot , and Multan also handle significant amounts of traffic . The civil aviation industry is mixed with public and private sectors , which was deregulated in 1993 . While the state - owned Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) is the major and dominant air carrier that carries about 73 % of domestic passengers and all domestic freight , the private airlines such as airBlue , Shaheen Air International , and Air Indus , also provide similar services at a low cost . Major seaports are in Karachi , Sindh ( the Karachi port , and Port Qasim ) . Since the 1990s some seaport operations have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of Gwadar Port and Gadani Port . According to the WEF 's Global Competiveness Report , quality ratings of Pakistan 's port infrastructure increased from 3.7 to 4.1 between 2007 and 2016 . Science and Technology Main articles : Science and technology in Pakistan and List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries Abdus Salam won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to electroweak interaction . He was the first Muslim to win a Nobel prize in science . Atta - ur - Rahman won the UNESCO Science Prize for pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999 , the first Muslim to win it . Mahbub ul Haq was a Pakistani game theorist whose work led to the Human Development Index . He had a profound effect on the field of international development . Developments in science and technology have played an important role in Pakistan 's infrastructure and helped the country connect to the rest of the world . Every year , scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics . Pakistan hosted an international seminar on `` Physics in Developing Countries '' for the International Year of Physics 2005 . Pakistani theoretical physicist Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the electroweak interaction . Influential publications and critical scientific work in the advancement of mathematics , biology , economics , computer science , and genetics have been produced by Pakistani scientists at both the domestic and international levels . In chemistry , Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the first Pakistani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of the neem tree to the attention of natural products chemists . Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Ommaya invented the Ommaya reservoir , a system for treatment of brain tumours and other brain conditions . Scientific research and development plays a pivotal role in Pakistani universities , government - sponsored national laboratories , science parks , and the industry . Abdul Qadeer Khan , regarded as the founder of the HEU - based gas - centrifuge uranium enrichment program for Pakistan 's integrated atomic bomb project . He founded and established the Kahuta Research Laboratories ( KRL ) in 1976 , serving as both its senior scientist and the Director - General until his retirement in 2001 , and he was an early and vital figure in other science projects . Apart from participating in Pakistan 's atomic bomb project , he made major contributions in molecular morphology , physical martensite , and its integrated applications in condensed and material physics . In 2010 Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms of published scientific papers . The Pakistan Academy of Sciences , a strong scientific community , plays an influential and vital role in formulating recommendations regarding science policies for the government . The 1960s saw the emergence of an active space program led by SUPARCO that produced advances in domestic rocketry , electronics , and aeronomy . The space program recorded a few notable feats and achievements . The successful launch of its first rocket into space made Pakistan the first South Asian country to have achieved such a task . Successfully producing and launching the nation 's first space satellite in 1990 , Pakistan became the first Muslim country and second South Asian country to put a satellite into space . Pakistan witnessed a fourfold increase in its scientific productivity in the past decade surging from approximately 2,000 articles per year in 2006 to more than 9,000 articles in 2015 . Making Pakistan 's cited article 's higher than the BRIC countries put together . -- Thomson Reuters 's Another BRIC in the Wall 2016 report As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India , the clandestine crash program developed atomic weapons partly motivated by fear and to prevent any foreign intervention , while ushering in the atomic age in the post cold war era . Competition with India and tensions eventually led to Pakistan 's decision to conduct underground nuclear tests in 1998 , thus becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully develop nuclear weapons . Pakistan is the first and only Muslim country that maintains an active research presence in Antarctica . Since 1991 Pakistan has maintained two summer research stations and one weather observatory on the continent and plans to open another full - fledged permanent base in Antarctica . Energy consumption by computers and usage has grown since the 1990s when PCs were introduced ; Pakistan has about 30 million Internet users and is ranked as one of the top countries that have registered a high growth rate in Internet penetration as of 2013 . Key publications have been produced by Pakistan , and domestic software development has gained considerable international praise . Overall , it has the 20th - largest population of Internet users in the world . Since the 2000s Pakistan has made a significant amount of progress in supercomputing , and various institutions offer research opportunities in parallel computing . The Pakistan government reportedly spends Rs 4.6 billion on information technology projects , with emphasis on e-government , human resources , and infrastructure development . Education Main articles : Education in Pakistan , Higher Education Commission , and Rankings of universities in Pakistan Government College University is one of the oldest universities in Pakistan as well as one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the Muslim world . National University of Sciences and Technology ( NUST ) is Pakistan 's top ranked university for engineering , sciences and technology . The constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free primary and secondary education . At the time of the establishment of Pakistan as a state , the country had only one university , Punjab University in Lahore . Very soon the Pakistan government established public universities in each of the four provinces , including Sindh University ( 1949 ) , Peshawar University ( 1950 ) , Karachi University ( 1953 ) , and Balochistan University ( 1970 ) . Pakistan has a large network of both public and private universities , which includes collaboration between the universities aimed at providing research and higher education opportunities in the country , although there is concern about the low quality of teaching in many of the newer schools . It is estimated that there are 3,193 technical and vocational institutions in Pakistan , and there are also madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and offer free board and lodging to students , who come mainly from the poorer strata of society . Strong public pressure and popular criticism over extremists ' usage of madrassahs for recruitment , the Pakistan government has made repeated efforts to regulate and monitor the quality of education in the madrassahs . Literacy rate of over-15 Pakistan population ( 1980 -- 2015 ) by UNESCO Institute of Statistics Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels : nursery ( preparatory classes ) ; primary ( grades one through five ) ; middle ( grades six through eight ) ; matriculation ( grades nine and ten , leading to the secondary certificate ) ; intermediate ( grades eleven and twelve , leading to a higher secondary certificate ) ; and university programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate degrees . There is a network of private schools that constitutes a parallel secondary education system based on a curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge International Examinations of the United Kingdom . Some students choose to take the O - level and A level exams conducted by the British Council . According to the International Schools Consultancy , Pakistan has 439 international schools . As a result of initiatives taken in 2007 , the English medium education has been made compulsory in all schools across the country . Additional reforms enacted in 2013 required all educational institutions in Sindh to begin offering Chinese language courses , reflecting China 's growing role as a superpower and its increasing influence in Pakistan . The literacy rate of the population is ~ 58 % . The rate of male literacy is ~ 70.2 % while the rate of female literacy is 46.3 % . Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex ; as one example , female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0 % . With the advent of computer literacy in 1995 , the government launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children . Through various educational reforms , by 2015 the Ministry of Education expected to attain 100.00 % enrolment levels among children of primary school age and a literacy rate of ~ 86 % among people aged over 10 . Pakistan is currently spending 2.2 percent of its GDP on education ; which according to the Institute of Social and Policy Sciences is one of the lowest in South Asia . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Pakistan , Demographic history of Pakistan , and Pakistanis The Kalash people maintain a unique identity and religion within Pakistan . According to Provisional results of 2017 Census in Pakistan , the total population in Pakistan was 207.8 million , representing a 57 % increase in 19 years . which is equivalent to 2.57 % of the world population . Pakistan 's census provisional results exclude data from Gilgit - Baltistan and Azad Kashmir , which is likely to be included in the final report . Noted as the sixth most populated country in the world , its growth rate in 2016 was reported to be 1.45 % , which is the highest of the SAARC nations , though this growth rate has been decreasing in recent years . The population is projected to reach 210.13 million by 2020 . At the time of the partition in 1947 , Pakistan had a population of 32.5 million ; the population increased by ~ 57.2 % between the years 1990 and 2009 . By 2030 Pakistan is expected to surpass Indonesia as the largest Muslim - majority country in the world . Pakistan is classified as a `` young nation '' , with a median age of 23.4 in 2016 ; about 104 million people were under the age of 30 in 2010 . In 2016 Pakistan 's fertility rate was estimated to be 2.68 , higher than its neighbour India ( 2.45 ) . Around 35 % of the people are under 15 . The vast majority of those residing in southern Pakistan live along the Indus River , with Karachi being the most populous commercial city in the south . In eastern , western , and northern Pakistan , most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore , Faisalabad , Rawalpindi , Sargodha , Islamabad , Gujranwala , Sialkot , Gujrat , Jhelum , Sheikhupura , Nowshera , Mardan , and Peshawar . During 1990 -- 2008 , city dwellers made up 36 % of Pakistan 's population , making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia , which increased to 38 % by 2013 . Furthermore , 50 % of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more . Expenditure on healthcare was ~ 2.8 % of GDP in 2013 . Life expectancy at birth was 67 years for females and 65 years for males in 2013 . The private sector accounts for about 80 % of outpatient visits . Approximately 19 % of the population and 30 % of children under five are malnourished . Mortality of the under - fives was 86 per 1,000 live births in 2012 . Languages First languages of Pakistan Punjabi 48 % Sindhi 12 % Saraiki 10 % Pashto 8 % Urdu 8 % Balochi 3 % Others 11 % Main article : Languages of Pakistan More than sixty languages are spoken in Pakistan , including a number of provincial languages . Urdu -- the lingua franca and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity -- is the national language understood by over 75 % of Pakistanis . It is the main medium of communication in the country but the primary language of only 8 % of Pakistan 's population . Urdu and English are the official languages of Pakistan , with English primarily used in official business and government , and in legal contracts ; the local variety is known as Pakistani English . The Punjabi language , the most common in Pakistan and the first language of 44.15 % of Pakistan 's population , is mostly spoken in the Punjab . Saraiki , mainly spoken in South Punjab and Hindko , is predominant in the Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Pashto is the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and is well understood in Sindh and Balochistan . The Sindhi language is commonly spoken in Sindh while the Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan . Brahui , a Dravidian language , is spoken by the Brahui people who live in Balochistan . Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi . Marwari , a Rajasthani language , is also spoken in parts of Sindh . Various languages such as Shina , Balti , and Burushaski are spoken in Gilgit - Baltistan , whilst languages such as Pahari , Gojri , and Kashmiri are spoken by many in Azad Kashmir . Immigration Main article : Immigration to Pakistan Pakistan hosts the second largest refugee population globally after Turkey . An Afghan refugee girl near Tarbela Dam Even after partition in 1947 , Indian Muslims continued to migrate to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and 1960s , and these migrants settled mainly in Karachi and other towns of Sindh province . The wars in neighboring Afghanistan during the 1980s and 90s also forced millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan . The Pakistan Census excludes the 1.41 million registered refugees from Afghanistan , who are found mainly in the Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa and tribal belt , with small numbers residing in Karachi and Quetta . Pakistan is home to one of the world 's largest refugee populations . In addition to Afghans , around 2 million Bangladeshis and half a million other undocumented people live in Pakistan . They are claimed to be from other areas such as Myanmar , Iran , Iraq , and Africa . Experts say that the migration of both Bengalis and Burmese ( Rohingya ) to Pakistan started in the 1980s and continued until 1998 . Shaikh Muhammad Feroze , the chairman of the Pakistani Bengali Action Committee , claims that there are 200 settlements of Bengali - speaking people in Pakistan , of which 132 are in Karachi . They are also found in various other areas of Pakistan such as Thatta , Badin , Hyderabad , Tando Adam , and Lahore . Large - scale Rohingya migration to Karachi made that city one of the largest population centres of Rohingyas in the world after Myanmar . The Burmese community of Karachi is spread out over 60 of the city 's slums such as the Burmi Colony in Korangi , Arakanabad , Machchar colony , Bilal colony , Ziaul Haq Colony , and Godhra Camp . Thousands of Uyghur Muslims have also migrated to the Gilgit - Baltistan region of Pakistan , fleeing religious and cultural persecution in Xinjiang , China . Since 1989 thousands of Kashmiri Muslim refugees have sought refuge in Pakistan , complaining that many of the refugee women had been raped by Indian soldiers and that they were forced out of their homes by the soldiers . Social groups Ethnic groups in Pakistan Punjabi 44.68 % Pashtun ( Pathan ) 15.42 % Sindhi 14.10 % Saraiki 8.38 % Muhajir 7.57 % Balochi 3.57 % Other 6.28 % The population is dominated by four main ethnic groups : Punjabis , Pashtuns ( Pathans ) , Sindhis , and Balochs . Rough accounts from 2009 indicate that the Punjabis dominate with 78.7 million ( ~ 45 % ) while the Pashtuns are the second - largest group with ~ 29.3 million ( 15.42 % ) . The number of Sindhis is estimated at 24.8 million ( 14.1 % ) , with the number of Seraikis ( a sub-group of Punjabis ) estimated at 14.8 million ( 8.4 % ) . The number of Urdu - speaking Muhajirs ( the Indian emigrants ) stands at ~ 13.3 million ( 7.57 % ) while the number of Balochs is estimated at 6.3 million ( 3.57 % ) -- the smallest group in terms of population . The remaining 11.1 million ( 4.66 % ) consist of various ethnic minorities such as the Brahuis , the Hindkowans , the various peoples of Gilgit - Baltistan , the Kashmiris , the Sheedis ( who are of African descent ) , and the Hazaras . There is also a large Pakistani diaspora worldwide , numbering over seven million , which has been recorded as the sixth largest diaspora in the world . Urbanisation Main article : Urbanisation in Pakistan Since achieving independence as a result of the partition of India , the urbanisation has increased exponentially , with several different causes . The majority of the population in the south resides along the Indus River , with Karachi the most populous commercial city . In the east , west , and north , most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities of Lahore , Faisalabad , Rawalpindi , Islamabad , Sargodha , Gujranwala , Sialkot , Gujrat , Jhelum , Sheikhupura , Nowshera , Mardan , and Peshawar . During the period 1990 -- 2008 , city dwellers made up 36.0 % of Pakistan 's population , making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia . Furthermore , more than 50 % of Pakistanis live in towns of 5,000 people or more . Immigration , from both within and outside the country , is regarded as one of the main factors contributing to urbanisation in Pakistan . One analysis of the 1998 national census highlighted the significance of the partition of India in the 1940s as it relates to urban change in Pakistan . Karachi has an estimated population of over 25 million people , making it among the world 's largest cities . During and after the independence period , Urdu speaking Muslims from India migrated in large numbers to Pakistan , especially to the port city of Karachi , which is today the largest metropolis in Pakistan . Migration from other countries , mainly from those nearby , has further accelerated the process of urbanisation in Pakistani cities . Inevitably , the rapid urbanisation caused by these large population movements has also created new political and socio - economic challenges . In addition to immigration , economic trends such as the green revolution and political developments , among a host of other factors , are also important causes of urbanisation . Largest cities or towns in Pakistan 2014 estimate Rank Name Province Pop . Rank Name Province Pop . Karachi Lahore Karachi Sindh 24,500,514 11 Quetta Balochistan 1,074,474 Faisalabad Hyderabad Lahore Punjab 11,007,835 12 Bahawalpur Punjab 1,073,350 Faisalabad Punjab 4,225,970 13 Sialkot Punjab 920,067 Hyderabad Sindh 3,409,970 14 Sukkur Sindh 805,421 5 Rawalpindi Punjab 3,270,585 15 Jhang Punjab 802,520 6 Multan Punjab 3,117,002 16 Larkana Sindh 800,872 7 Gujranwala Punjab 2,776,841 17 Gujrat Punjab 795,648 8 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 1,981,087 18 Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 730,320 9 Islamabad Capital Territory 1,886,679 19 Sheikhupura Punjab 729,359 10 Sargodha Punjab 1,550,014 20 Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab 783,200 Religion Main article : Religion in Pakistan Religions in Pakistan Religions Percent Islam 96.4 % Others 3.6 % Faisal Mosque , built in 1986 by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay on behalf of King Faisal bin Abdul - Aziz of Saudi Arabia Islam See also : Islam in Pakistan and Sufism in Pakistan About 97.0 % of Pakistanis are Muslim . Pakistan has the second - largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia . The majority of them are Sunni ( estimated between 75 and 95 % ) while Shias represent between 5 -- 20 % . Pakistan , like India , is said to have at least 16 million Shias . A PEW survey in 2012 found that only 6 % of Pakistani Muslims were Shia . The Ahmadis , a small minority representing 0.22 -- 2 % of Pakistan 's population , are officially considered non-Muslims by virtue of the constitutional amendment . The Ahmadis are particularly persecuted , especially since 1974 when they were banned from calling themselves Muslims . In 1984 , Ahmadiyya places of worship were banned from being called `` mosques '' . As of 2012 , 12 % of Pakistani Muslims self - identify as non-denominational Muslims . There are also several Quraniyoon communities . Sufism , a mystical Islamic tradition , has a long history and a large following among the Sunni Muslims in Pakistan , at both the academic and popular levels . Popular Sufi culture is centered around gatherings and celebrations at the shrines of saints and annual festivals that feature Sufi music and dance . Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore ( c. 12th century ) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan , Sindh ( c. 12th century ) . There are two levels of Sufism in Pakistan . The first is the ' populist ' Sufism of the rural population . This level of Sufism involves belief in intercession through saints , veneration of their shrines , and forming bonds with a pir ( saint ) . Many rural Pakistani Muslims associate with pirs and seek their intercession . The second level of Sufism in Pakistan is ' intellectual Sufism ' , which is growing among the urban and educated population . They are influenced by the writings of Sufis such as the medieval theologian al - Ghazali , the Sufi reformer Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindi , and Shah Wali Allah . Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticise Sufism 's popular character , which in their view does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his companions . Hinduism See also : Hinduism in Pakistan A Hindu temple situated in the Katasraj temple complex St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Karachi Gurdwara Panja Sahib in Hasan Abdal Hinduism is the second - largest religion in Pakistan after Islam , according to the 1998 census . As of 2010 , Pakistan had the fifth - largest Hindu population in the world . In the 1998 census the Hindu ( jati ) population was found to be 2,111,271 while the Hindu ( scheduled castes ) numbered an additional 332,343 . Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh . They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi , Seraiki , Aer , Dhatki , Gera , Goaria , Gurgula , Jandavra , Kabutra , Koli , Loarki , Marwari , Sansi , Vaghri , and Gujarati . At the time of Pakistan 's creation the ' hostage theory ' gained currency . According to this theory , the Hindu minority in Pakistan was to be given a fair deal in Pakistan in order to ensure the protection of the Muslim minority in India . However , Khawaja Nazimuddin , the second Prime Minister of Pakistan , stated : I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights , no matter what his caste , creed or faith be . Some Hindus in Pakistan feel that they are treated as second - class citizens and many have continued to migrate to India . Pakistani Hindus faced riots after the Babri Masjid demolition , endured a massacre ( in 2005 ) by security forces in Balochistan , and have experienced other attacks , forced conversions , and abductions . Christianity and other Religions Christians formed the next largest religious minority , after Hindus , with a population of 2,092,902 , according to the 1998 census . They were followed by the Bahá'í Faith , which had a following of 30,000 , then Sikhism , Buddhism , and Zoroastrianism , each back then claiming 20,000 adherents , and a very small community of Jains . There is a Roman Catholic community in Karachi that was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi 's infrastructure was being developed by the British during the colonial administration between World War I and World War II . The influence of atheism is very small , with 1.0 % of the population identifying as atheist in 2005 . However , the figure rose to 2.0 % in 2012 according to Gallup . Culture and society Main articles : British heritage of Pakistan , Culture of Pakistan , and Public holidays in Pakistan Truck art is a distinctive feature of Pakistani culture . Civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical , emphasising local cultural etiquette and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life . The basic family unit is the extended family , although for socio - economic reasons there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families . The traditional dress for both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez ; trousers , jeans , and shirts are also popular among men . In recent decades , the middle class has increased to around 35 million and the upper and upper - middle classes to around 17 million , and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites . Pakistani festivals , including Eid - ul - Fitr , Eid - ul - Azha , Ramazan , Christmas , Easter , Holi , and Diwali , are mostly religious in origin . Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney / FP Globalization Index . Clothing , arts , and fashion Main articles : Pakistani clothing , Shalwar kameez , Sherwani , Jinnah cap , and Peshawari chappal The Shalwar Kameez is the national dress of Pakistan and is worn by both men and women in all four provinces : Punjab , Sindh , Balochistan , and Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa as well as in FATA and Azad Kashmir . Each province has its own style of Shalwar Kameez . Pakistanis wear clothes in a range of exquisite colours and designs and in type of fabric ( silk , chiffon , cotton , etc ) . Besides the national dress , domestically tailored suits and neckties are often worn by men , and are customary in offices , schools , and social gatherings . The fashion industry has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world . Since Pakistan came into being , its fashion has evolved in different phases and developed a unique identity . Today , Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dress and has become a mark of Pakistani culture . Despite modern trends , regional and traditional forms of dress have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition . This regional fashion continues to evolve into both more modern and purer forms . The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organizes PFDC Fashion Week and the Fashion Pakistan Council based in Karachi organizes Fashion Pakistan Week . Pakistan 's first fashion week was held in November 2009 . Media and entertainment Main articles : Cinema of Pakistan , Media of Pakistan , Music of Pakistan , History of Pakistani pop music , Theatre of Pakistan , and Pakistani dramas The private print media , state - owned Pakistan Television Corporation ( PTV ) , and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation ( PBC ) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the beginning of the 21st century . Pakistan now has a large network of domestic , privately - owned 24 - hour news media and television channels . A 2016 report by the Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan 147th on the Press Freedom Index , while at the same time terming the Pakistani media `` among the freest in Asia when it comes to covering the squabbling among politicians . '' BBC calls the Pakistani media `` among the most outspoken in South Asia '' . Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption . The Lollywood , Kariwood , Punjabi , and Pashto film industry is based in Karachi , Lahore , and Peshawar . While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008 , they have remained an important part of popular culture . In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry , Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances continue to be popular , as many entertainment media outlets air them regularly . Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry , which has launched critically acclaimed miniseries and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s . In the 1960s -- 1970s , pop music and disco ( 1970s ) dominated the country 's music industry . In the 1980s -- 1990s , British influenced rock music appeared and jolted the country 's entertainment industry . In the 2000s , heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim . Pakistani music ranges from diverse forms of provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern musical forms that fuse traditional and western music . Pakistan has many famous folk singers . The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music , although there has been intolerance of it in some places . Diaspora Main article : Overseas Pakistani According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Pakistan has the sixth - largest diaspora in the world . Statistics gathered by the Pakistani government show that there are around 7 million Pakistanis residing abroad , with the vast majority living in the Middle East , Europe , and North America . Pakistan ranks 10th in the world for remittances sent home . The largest inflow of remittances , as of 2016 , is from Saudi Arabia , amounting to $5.9 billion . The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan . The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis was established in 2008 to deal exclusively with all matters of overseas Pakistanis such as attending to their needs and problems , developing projects for their welfare , and working for resolution of their problems and issues . Overseas Pakistanis are the second - largest source of foreign exchange remittances to Pakistan after exports . Over the last several years , home remittances have maintained a steadily rising trend , with a more than 100 % increase from US $8.9 billion in 2009 -- 10 to US $19.9 billion in 2015 -- 16 . The Overseas Pakistani Division ( OPD ) was created in September 2004 within the Ministry of Labour ( MoL ) . It has since recognised the importance of overseas Pakistanis and their contribution to the nation 's economy . Together with Community Welfare Attaches ( CWAs ) and the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation ( OPF ) , the OPD is making efforts to improve the welfare of Pakistanis who reside abroad . The division aims to provide better services through improved facilities at airports , and suitable schemes for housing , education , and health care . It also facilitates the reintegration into society of returning overseas Pakistanis . Notable members of the Pakistani diaspora include London Mayor Sadiq Khan , UK Cabinet Member Sajid Javid , former UK Conservative Party Chair Baroness Warsi , singers Zayn Malik and Nadia Ali , MIT Physics Professor Dr. Nergis Mavalvala , actors Riz Ahmed and Kumail Nanjiani , businessmen Shahid Khan and Sir Anwar Pervez , Boston University professors Adil Najam and Hamid Nawab , Texas A&M Professor Muhammad Suhail Zubairy , Yale Professor Sara Suleri , UC San Diego Professor Farooq Azam , and historian Ayesha Jalal . Literature and philosophy Muhammad Iqbal , Pakistan 's national poet who conceived the idea of Pakistan Main articles : Literature of Pakistan , Urdu poetry , and Pakistani philosophy Pakistan has literature in Urdu , Sindhi , Punjabi , Pashto , Baluchi , Persian , English , and many other languages . The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad . The National Library publishes and promotes literature in the country . Before the 19th century , Pakistani literature consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry and mystical and folkloric works . During the colonial period , native literary figures were influenced by western literary realism and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms . Prose fiction is now very popular . The Tomb of Shah Rukn - e-Alam is part of Pakistan 's Sufi heritage . The national poet of Pakistan , Muhammad Iqbal , wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian . He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims all over the world to bring about a successful revolution . Well - known figures in contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Josh Malihabadi Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Saadat Hasan Manto . Sadequain and Gulgee are known for their calligraphy and paintings . The Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif , Bulleh Shah , Mian Muhammad Bakhsh , and Khawaja Farid enjoy considerable popularity in Pakistan . Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose . Historically , philosophical development in the country was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal , Sir Syed , Muhammad Asad , Maududi , and Mohammad Ali Johar . Ideas from British and American philosophy greatly shaped philosophical development in Pakistan . Analysts such as M.M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947 . After the 1971 war , philosophers such as Jalaludin Abdur Rahim , Gianchandani , and Malik Khalid incorporated Marxism into Pakistan 's philosophical thinking . Influential work by Manzoor Ahmad , Jon Elia , Hasan Askari Rizvi , and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream social , political , and analytical philosophy to the fore in academia . Works by Noam Chomsky have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy . Architecture Main articles : Pakistani architecture and Hindu and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan Minar - e-Pakistan is a public monument marking Pakistan 's independence movement . Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture : pre-Islamic , Islamic , colonial , and post-colonial . With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC , an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region , with large buildings , some of which survive to this day . Mohenjo Daro , Harappa , and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions . The rise of Buddhism and the influence of Greek civilisation led to the development of a Greco - Buddhist style , starting from the 1st century AD . The high point of this era was the Gandhara style . An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht - i - Bahi in Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa . Lahore Fort , a landmark built during the Mughal era , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The arrival of Islam in what is today Pakistan meant the sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture . The most important Indo - Islamic - style building still standing is the tomb of the Shah Rukn - i - Alam in Multan . During the Mughal era , design elements of Persian - Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art . Lahore , as the occasional residence of Mughal rulers , contains many important buildings from the empire . Most prominent among them are the Badshahi Mosque , the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate , the colourful , Mughal - style Wazir Khan Mosque , the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore , and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta . In the British colonial period , predominantly functional buildings of the Indo - European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian - Islamic components . Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures such as the Faisal Mosque , the Minar - e-Pakistan , and the Mazar - e-Quaid . Several examples of architectural infrastructure demonstrating the influence of British design can be found in Lahore , Peshawar , and Karachi . Food and drink Main article : Pakistani cuisine A Pakistani dish prepared using the tandoori method Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia , since much of it originated from the royal kitchens of 16th - century Mughal emperors . Most of those dishes have their roots in British , Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine . Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine , Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices , herbs , and seasoning . Garlic , ginger , turmeric , red chili , and garam masala are used in most dishes , and home cooking regularly includes curry , roti , a thin flatbread made from wheat , is a staple food , usually served with curry , meat , vegetables , and lentils . Rice is also common ; it is served plain , fried with spices , and in sweet dishes . Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region . Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is consumed daily by most of the population . Sohan halwa is a popular sweet dish from the southern region of Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan . Sports Main article : Sport in Pakistan Most sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by athletes and sports fans from the United Kingdom who introduced them during the British Raj . Field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan ; it has won three gold medals in the Olympic Games held in 1960 , 1968 , and 1984 . Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times , held in 1971 , 1978 , 1982 , and 1994 . Cricket , however , is the most popular game across the country . The cricket team ( known as Shaheen ) won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992 ; it was runner - up once , in 1999 . Pakistan was runner - up in the inaugural World Twenty20 ( 2007 ) in South Africa and won the World Twenty20 in England in 2009 . In March 2009 , militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan cricket team , after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015 , when the Zimbabwean team agreed to a tour . Pakistan has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events : the 1989 and 2004 South Asian Games ; the 1984 , 1993 , 1996 and 2003 World Squash Championships ; the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup ; and the 1990 Hockey World Cup . See also Index of Pakistan - related articles Outline of Pakistan Pakistan -- Wikipedia book Geography portal Pakistan portal Asia portal Notes Jump up ^ `` Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir ; Azad Kashmir ( 13,297 km or 5,134 sq mi ) and Gilgit -- Baltistan ( 72,520 km or 28,000 sq mi ) . Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of 796,095 km ( 307,374 sq mi ) . '' References Jump up ^ James Minahan ( 23 December 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems ( 2 Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34497 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The State Emblem '' . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 1 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols and Things of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language '' . The Express Tribune . 7 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to replace English with Urdu as official language '' . The Express Tribune . 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments -- Pakistan -- Dunya News '' . dunyanews.tv . Jump up ^ Irfan Haider . `` PM , president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips , SC told '' . dawn.com . Jump up ^ `` Govt . submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language '' . The News Teller . Jump up ^ `` Population by Mother Tongue '' . Population Census Organization , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 12 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Background Note : Pakistan - Profile '' . State.Gov. 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Braj B. Kachru ; Yamuna Kachru ; S.N. Sridhar ( 27 March 2008 ) . Language in South Asia . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 46550 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin ( 2006 ) . Pakistan : a global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO . pp. 3 , 317 , 323 -- 324 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 801 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan '' The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : `` Part I : `` Introductory '' `` . pakistani.org . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan statistics '' . Geohive . Archived from the original on 6 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Pakistan ? '' . worldatlas.com . ^ Jump up to : Provisional summary results of 6th population census 2017 , excluding the population of the territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan is now a $300 - billion economy '' . The Express Tribune . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Economic_Indicators.pdf Jump up ^ `` GINI index ( World Bank estimate ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2016 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Miguel Loureiro ( 28 July 2005 ) . `` Driving -- the good , the bad and the ugly '' . Daily Times . Pakistan . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright 2010 : Quote : `` The Indus civilization is one of three in the ' Ancient East ' that , along with Mesopotamia and Pharonic Egypt , was a cradle of early civilization in the Old World ( Childe 1950 ) . Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived , but coexisted with Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three , the Indus was the most expansive , extending from today 's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India . '' Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Georg ; Subhash Kak ; David Frawley ( 1995 ) . In search of the cradle of civilization : new light on ancient India . Wheaton , Illinois : Quest Books . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8356 - 0720 - 9 . Jump up ^ Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin , Pakistan : a global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO publishers , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 801 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists confirm Indian civilization is 2000 years older than previously believed '' . globalpost.com. 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Justin ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Killing Civilization : A Reassessment of Early Urbanism and Its Consequences '' . UNM Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan . Pakistan . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in its relationship with Islam : it is the only country to have been established in the name of Islam . Jump up ^ Talbot , Ian ( 2 February 1984 ) . `` Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan '' . History Today . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . As British rule there drew to an end , many Muslims demanded , in the name of Islam , the creation of a separate Pakistan state . Jump up ^ `` Exploding Communalism The Politics of Muslim Identity in South Asia '' ( PDF ) . Ayesha Jalal . Oxford University Press , 1998 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal , Khurshid ( 2009 ) . The Right to Development in International Law : The Case of Pakistan . Routledge . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 01999 - 1 . The constitution proclaims ... that all existing laws shall be brought in accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah , and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such injunctions . Jump up ^ Buzan , Barry ; Wæver , Ole ( 2003 ) . Regions and Powers : The Structure of International Security . Cambridge University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89111 - 0 . In the framework of their regional security complex theory ( RSCT ) , Barry Buzan and Ole Waever differentiate between superpowers and great powers which act and have an impact on the global level ( or system level ) and regional powers whose influence may be large in their regions but have less of an impact at the global level . This category of regional powers includes Brazil , Egypt , India , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Nigeria , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , South Africa and Turkey . Jump up ^ Rajagopalan , Rajesh ( 2011 ) , `` Pakistan : regional power , global problem ? '' , in Nadine Godehardt ; Dirk Nabers , Regional Orders and Regional Powers , Routledge , pp. 193 -- 208 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 71891 - 5 Jump up ^ Paul , T.V. ( 2012 ) . International Relations Theory and Regional Transformation . Cambridge University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02021 - 4 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . The regional powers such as Israel or Pakistan are not simple bystanders of great power politics in their regions ; they attempt to asymmetrically influence the major power system often in their own distinct ways . Jump up ^ Barry Buzan ( 2004 ) . The United States and the great powers : world politics in the twenty - first century . Polity . pp. 71 , 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3374 - 9 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hussein Solomon . `` South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Vandamme , Dorothee . `` Pakistan and Saudi Arabia : Towards Greater Independence in their Afghan Foreign Policy ? '' ( PDF ) . Université catholique de Louvain . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Countries like Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have enough influence to not be considered small , but not enough to be major powers . Within the limits of their regions , they play a significant political role . Thus instinctively , they would qualify as middle powers . While it is not the objective here to question the characteristics of Jordan 's definition of middle powers , we argue that Pakistan is in fact a middle power despite its being nuclear - armed . When looking at the numbers , for instance , it appears that Saudi Arabia and Pakistan can be classified as middle powers ( see in this regard Ping , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Muhammad Umer Saleem ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Services sector : domestic and outward growth '' . Dawn . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Memon , Abdul Qadir ( 10 May 2015 ) . `` Services sector : Realising Pakistan 's export potential '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Anwar ( 8 November 2015 ) . `` Pakistan an emerging market economy : IMF '' . www.dawn.com . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Seth . `` Is Pakistan an emerging market ? '' . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Petraglia , Michael D. ; Allchin , Bridget ( 2007 ) , `` Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent '' , in Michael Petraglia , Bridget Allchin , The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia : Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology , Biological Anthropology , Linguistics and Genetics , Springer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5562 - 1 Jump up ^ Parth R. Chauhan . `` An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian -- A Theoretical Perspective '' . Sheffield Graduate Journal of Archaeology . University of Sheffield . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vipul Singh ( 2008 ) . The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination . Dorling Kindesley , licensees of Pearson Education India . pp. 3 -- 4 , 15 , 88 -- 90 , 152 , 162 . ISBN 81 - 317 - 1753 - 4 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Arnett ( 15 July 2006 ) . India Unveiled . Atman Press . pp. 180 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9652900 - 4 - 3 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Meghan A. Porter . `` Mohenjo - Daro '' . Minnesota State University . Archived from the original on 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Marian Rengel ( 2004 ) . Pakistan : a primary source cultural guide . New York , NY : The Rosen Publishing Group Inc . pp. 58 -- 59,100 -- 102 . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 4001 - 2 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Britannica Online -- Rigveda '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sarina Singh ; Lindsay Brow ; Paul Clammer ; Rodney Cocks ; John Mock ( 2008 ) . Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway . Lonely Planet . pp. 60,128,376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 542 - 0 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ David W. del Testa , ed. ( 2001 ) . Government Leaders , Military Rulers , and Political Activists . Westport , Connecticut : The Oryx Press . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 153 - 3 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ahmad Hasan Dani . `` Guide to Historic Taxila '' . The National Fund for Cultural Heritage . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Joseph Needham ( 1994 ) . A selection from the writings of Joseph Needham . McFarland & Co. p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 903 - 7 . When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BC they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece , a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa - Hsien went there about AD 400 . Jump up ^ Hermann Kulke ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ) . A History of India . Routledge . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 . In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila . Jump up ^ Balakrishnan Muniapan ; Junaid M. Shaikh ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya 's Arthashastra in ancient India '' . World Review of Entrepreneurship , Management and Sustainable Development 2007 . 3 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 . doi : 10.1504 / WREMSD. 2007.012130 . Jump up ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji ( 1951 ) ( reprint 1989 ) . Ancient Indian Education : Brahmanical and Buddhist ( 2nd ed . ) . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 478 -- 479 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0423 - 6 . Jump up ^ Andre Wink ( 1996 ) . Al Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World . Brill Academic Publishers . p. 152 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09249 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` History in Chronological Order '' . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why some in Pakistan want to replace Jinnah as the founder of the country with an 8th - century Arab '' . Jump up ^ `` Figuring Qasim : How Pakistan was won '' . Dawn . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . 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Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34137 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , B. ; Metcalf , T.R. ( 9 October 2006 ) , A Concise History of Modern India ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68225 - 1 Jump up ^ Asher , C.B. ; Talbot , C ( 1 January 2008 ) , India Before Europe ( 1st ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51750 - 8 Jump up ^ Jalal , Ayesha ( 1994 ) . The Sole Spokesman : Jinnah , the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan . Cambridge UK : Cambridge South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Stephen Evans , `` Macaulay 's minute revisited : Colonial language policy in nineteenth - century India , '' Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development ( 2002 ) 23 # 4 pp. 260 -- 281 ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress . 2005 . pp. 2 , 3 , 6 , 8 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sepoy Rebellion : 1857 '' . Thenagain.info. 12 September 2003 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude ( 2 November 2007 ) . `` India from 1900 to 1947 '' . Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ak̲h̲tar , Altāf Ḥusain Ḥālī ; Talk̲h̲īṣ , Salim ( 1993 ) . Ḥayāt - i jāved . Lāhore : Sang - i Mīl Publications . ISBN 969 - 35 - 0186 - 1 . Jump up ^ Coward , ed. by Harold G. ( 1987 ) . Modern Indian responses to religious pluralism . Albany , N.Y. : State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 572 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sarkar , R.N. ( 2006 ) . Islam related Naipual ( sic ) ( 1st ed . ) . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . ISBN 81 - 7625 - 693 - 5 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , M. Naeem ( 1999 ) . Pan-Islam in British Indian politics : a study of the Khilafat movement , 1918 -- 1924 . Leiden ( u.a. ) : Brill . pp. 57 , 245 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11371 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Farndon ( 1 March 1999 ) . Concise encyclopaedia . Dorling Kindersley Limited . p. 455 . ISBN 0 - 7513 - 5911 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daniel Lak ( 4 March 2008 ) . India express : the future of a new superpower . Viking Canada . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 06484 - 7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Stephen Philip ( 2004 ) . The idea of Pakistan ( 1st pbk . ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 9761 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab , 1946 -- 47 : means , methods , and purposes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Muhammad Iqbal 's 1930 Presidential Address '' . Speeches , Writings , and Statements of Iqbal . Retrieved 19 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Editorial work , no author . ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Understanding Jinnah 's Position on World War I and II Lessons to be learned '' . United Kingdom : Politact . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mohiuddin , Yasmin Niaz ( 2007 ) . Pakistan : A Global Studies Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 801 - 9 . In the elections of 1946 , the Muslim League won 90 percent of the legislative seats reserved for Muslims . It was the power of the big zamindars in Punjab and Sindh behind the Muslim League candidates , and the powerful campaign among the poor peasants of Bengal on economic issues of rural indebtedness and zamindari abolition , that led to this massive landslide victory ( Alavi 2002 , 14 ) . Even Congress , which had always denied the League 's claim to be the only true representative of Indian Muslims had to concede the truth of that claim . The 1946 election was , in effect , a plebiscite among Muslims on Pakistan . Jump up ^ Mohiuddin , Yasmin Niaz ( 2007 ) . Pakistan : A Global Studies Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 801 - 9 . Despite the League 's victory in the elections , the British did not want the partition of India . As a last attempt to avoid it , Britain put forward the Cabinet Mission Plan , according to which India would become a federation of three large , self - governing provinces and the central government would be limited to power over foreign policy and defense , implying a weak center . Jump up ^ Akram , Wasim . `` Jinnah and cabinet Mission Plan '' . Academia Edu . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley Wolpert ( 2002 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Oxford University Press . pp. 306 -- 332 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 577462 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Murder , rape and shattered families : 1947 Partition Archive effort underway '' . Dawn. 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced , but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced . Jump up ^ Basrur , Rajesh M. ( 2008 ) . South Asia 's Cold War : Nuclear Weapons and Conflict in Comparative Perspective . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16531 - 5 . An estimated 12 -- 15 million people were displaced , and some 2 million died . The legacy of Partition ( never without a capital P ) remains strong today ... Jump up ^ Isaacs , Harold Robert ( 1975 ) . Idols of the Tribe : Group Identity and Political Change . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44315 - 0 . 2,000,000 killed in the Hindu - Muslim holocaust during the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56566 - 0 . Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 ( the contemporary British figure ) to 2 million ( a subsequent Indian speculation ) . Today , however , it is widely accepted that nearly a million people died during Partition ( Butalia , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Butalia , Urvashi ( 2000 ) . The Other Side of Silence : Voices From the Partition of India . Duke University Press . Jump up ^ Sikand , Yoginder ( 2004 ) . Muslims in India Since 1947 : Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 37825 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brass , Paul R. ( 2003 ) . `` The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab , 1946 -- 47 : means , methods , and purposes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . Carfax Publishing : Taylor and Francis Group . pp. 81 -- 82 ( 5 ( 1 ) , 71 -- 101 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . In the event , largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts , the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation , terror , violence , abduction , rape , and murder . Jump up ^ `` 20th - century international relations ( politics ) : : South Asia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Daiya , Kavita ( 2011 ) . Violent Belongings : Partition , Gender , and National Culture in Postcolonial India . Temple University Press . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 744 - 2 . The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim ( Hindu or Sikh predominantly ) women in Pakistan , and 50,000 Muslim women in India . Jump up ^ Singh , Amritjit ; Iyer , Nalini ; Gairola , Rahul K. ( 2016 ) . Revisiting India 's Partition : New Essays on Memory , Culture , and Politics . Lexington Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 3105 - 4 . The horrific statistics that surround women refugees - between 75,000 -- 100,000 Hindu , Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities , subjected to multiple rapes , mutilations , and , for some , forced marriages and conversions - is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation - state . In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India , 8,000 of then were recovered , and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted , 12,000 were recovered . Jump up ^ Abraham , Taisha ( 2002 ) . Women and the Politics of Violence . Har - Anand Publications . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 241 - 0847 - 5 . In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders ( estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women ) were abducted , raped , forced to convert , forced into marriage , forced back into what the two States defined as ' their proper homes , ' torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them , and again , after partition , by the State which tried to ' recover ' and ' rehabilitate ' them . Jump up ^ Perspectives on Modern South Asia : A Reader in Culture , History , and ... -- Kamala Visweswara . nGoogle Books.in ( 16 May 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Hasan , Arif ; Raza , Mansoor ( 2009 ) . Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan . IIED . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84369 - 734 - 3 . When the British Indian Empire was partitioned in 1947 , 4.7 million Sikhs and Hindus left what is today Pakistan for India , and 6.5 million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies '' . BBC . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Unfortunately , it was accompanied by the largest mass migration in human history of some 10 million . Jump up ^ `` Rupture in South Asia '' ( PDF ) . UNHCR . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanya Basu ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` The Fading Memory of South Asia 's Partition '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Subir Bhaumik ( 1996 ) . Insurgent Crossfire : North - East India . Lancer Publishers . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897829 - 12 - 7 . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan '' . Mount Holyoke College . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's first Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan ( August 11 , 1947 ) '' . JSpeech . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan '' . worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- Historic Figures : Mohammad Ali Jinnah ( 1876 -- 1948 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jinnah became the first governor general of Pakistan , but died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Allen ( 1996 ) . The Destruction of Pakistan 's Democracy . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577583 - 9 . Undivided India , their magnificent imperial trophy , was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan , and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders , Mountbatten among them . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Akbar S. ( 1997 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . Psychology Press . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14966 - 2 . Mountbatten 's partiality was apparent in his own statements . He tilted openly and heavily towards Congress . While doing so he clearly expressed his lack of support and faith in the Muslim League and its Pakistan idea . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2009 ) . Shameful Flight : The Last Years of the British Empire in India . Oxford University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974504 - 3 . Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him , Mountbatten , as Pakistan 's first governor - general , but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Akbar ( 2005 ) . Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 75022 - 1 . When Mountbatten was asked by Collins and Lapierre if he would have sabotaged Pakistan if he had known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis , his answer was instructive . There was no doubt in his mind about the legality or morality of his position on Pakistan . ' Most probably , ' he said ( 1982 : 39 ) . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan . Pakistan . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī , a respected Deobandī ʿālim ( scholar ) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al - Islām of Pakistan in 1949 , was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state . But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat - i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution . Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the `` supreme sovereignty of God '' and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Rizwan . Pakistan . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat - i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 , whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists . The resolution embodied `` the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based . '' It declared that `` sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust , '' that `` the principles of democracy , freedom , equality , tolerance and social justice , as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed , '' and that `` the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna . '' The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956 , 1962 , and 1973 . Jump up ^ James Wynbrandt ( 2009 ) . A brief history of Pakistan . Infobase Publishing . pp. 190 -- 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6184 - 6 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Anis Chowdhury ; Wahiduddin Mahmud ( 2008 ) . Handbook on the South Asian economies . Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 72 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 988 - 0 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Mission with a Difference . Lancer Publishers . p. 17 . GGKEY : KGWAHUGNPY9 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam Jones ( 2004 ) . Genocide : A Comprehensive Introduction . Routledge . p. 420 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35384 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : R. Jahan ( 2004 ) . Samuel Totten , ed . Teaching about genocide : issues , approaches , and resources . Information Age Publishing . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59311 - 074 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 war summary '' . BBC . 2002 . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 2005 ) . `` Anatomy of Violence : Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 40 ( 41 ) : 4463 -- 71 . ISSN 2349 - 8846 . JSTOR 4417267 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh war : The article that changed history -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hiro , Dilip ( 2015 ) . The Longest August : The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan . Nation Books . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 503 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics of Pakistan 's Democide '' . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Beachler , Donald ( 2011 ) . The Genocide Debate : Politicians , Academics , and Victims . Springer . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 33763 - 3 . Jump up ^ M. Zafar . `` How Pakistan Army moved into the Political Arena '' . Defence Journal . Retrieved 15 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bhutto was father of Pakistan 's Atom Bomb Programme '' . International Institute for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Pakistan 's nuclear bayonet '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sushil Khanna . `` The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy '' . Revolutionary Democracy . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Heng Siam - Heng ; Ten Chin Liew ( 2010 ) . State and Secularism : Perspectives from Asia . Singapore : World Scientific . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4282 - 37 - 6 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Coll . Ghost Wars : The Secret History of the CIA , Afghanistan , and Bin Laden , from the Soviet Invasion to September 10 , 2001 ( 23 February 2004 ed . ) . Penguin Press HC . p. 720 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . Jump up ^ Odd Arne Westad ( 2005 ) . The global Cold War : third world interventions and the making of our times . Cambridge University Press . pp. 348 -- 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85364 - 4 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Haroon , Sana ( 2008 ) . `` The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North - West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914 -- 1996 '' . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 18 : 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Marie Chene . `` Overview of corruption in Pakistan '' . Anti Corruption Resource Centre . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ishrat Husain ( 2009 ) . `` Pakistan & Afghanistan : Domestic Pressures and Regional Threats : The Role of Politics in Pakistan 's Economy '' . Journal of International Affairs . 63 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Feroz Hassan ( 2012 ) . Eating grass : the making of the Pakistani bomb . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7600 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` India launches Kashmir air attack '' . BBC News . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 5 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan after the coup : Special report '' . BBC . 12 October 2000 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Among Top 10 Reformers '' . World Bank . 12 September 2005 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Performance of 12th NationalAssembly of Pakistan - '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transperency . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Pakistan PM Gillani sworn in '' . BBC . 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zardari wins Pakistan presidential election : officials '' . AFP . 5 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Candace Rondeaux ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` Musharraf Exits , but Uncertainty Remains '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 18 August 2008 ) . `` Pakistani President Musharraf Resigns Amid Impeachment Threats '' . Fox News . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gilani disqualified as PM : SC '' . Daily The News International.com . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' War on terror ' has cost Pakistan $118 bn : SBP '' . Dawn ( newspaper ) . Agence France Presse. 19 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan IDP Figures Analysis '' . Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz Sharif sworn in as Pakistani PM '' . ABC . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities , but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims , especially those in the ' minority provinces ' of British India such as U.P. Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 497 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . As the book has demonstrated , local ML functionaries , ( U.P. ) ML leadership , Muslim modernists at Aligarh , the ulama and even Jinnah at times articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 489 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . But what is undeniable is the close association he developed with the ulama , for when he died a little over a year after Pakistan was born , Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani , in his funeral oration , described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 489 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . Similarly , Usmani asked Pakistanis to remember the Qaid 's ceaseless message of Unity , Faith and Discipline and work to fulfil his dream to create a solid bloc of all Muslim states from Karachi to Ankara , from Pakistan to Morocco . He ( Jinnah ) wanted to see the Muslims of the world united under the banner of Islam as an effective check against the aggressive designs of their enemies Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2010 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . The first formal step toward transforming Pakistan into an Islamic ideological state was taken in March 1949 when the country 's first prime minister , Liaquat Ali Khan , presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 491 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . Khaliq drew a sharp distinction between this Islamic state and a Muslim state . He claimed that as of now Pakistan was only a Muslim state in view of the majority of its population being Muslim , and indeed could never be an Islamic state by itself . It could certainly fulfill its promise and destiny by bringing together all the believers of Islam into one political unit and it is only then that an Islamic state would be achieved . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2010 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . One of the earliest Western scholars of Pakistani politics , Keith Callard , observed that Pakistanis seemed to believe in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world : Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims . Other Muslims might have been expected to be sympathetic , even enthusiastic . But this assumed that other Muslim states would take the same view of the relation between religion and nationality . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2010 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . Pakistan 's pan-Islamic aspirations , however , were neither shared nor supported by the Muslim governments of the time . Nationalism in other parts of the Muslim world was based on ethnicity , language , or territory . Jump up ^ Haqqqani , Hussain ( 2010 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . Although Muslim governments were initially unsympathetic to Pakistan 's pan-Islamic aspirations , Islamists from the world over were drawn to Pakistan . Controversial figures such as the pro-Nazi former grand mufti of Palestine , Al - Haj Amin al - Husseini , and leaders of Islamist political movements like the Arab Muslim Brotherhood became frequent visitors to the country . Jump up ^ Husain Haqqani ( 10 March 2010 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . Carnegie Endowment . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Iain ( 2009 ) . The Causes of the Bangladesh War . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4452 - 4043 - 5 . The social scientist , Nasim Ahmad Jawed has conducted a survey of nationalism in pre-divided Pakistan and identifies the links between religion , politics and nationalism in both wings of Pakistan . His findings are fascinating and go some way to explain the differing attitudes of West and East Pakistan to the relationship between Islam and Pakistani nationalism and how this affected the views of people in both wings , especially the views of the peoples of both wings towards each other . In 1969 , Jawed conducted a survey on the type of national identity that was used by educated professional people . He found that just over 60 % in the East wing professed to have a secular national identity . However , in the West wing , the same figure professed an Islamic and not a secular identity . Furthermore , the same figure in the East wing described their identity in terms of their ethnicity and not in terms of Islam . He found that the opposite was the case in the West wing where Islam was stated to be more important than ethnicity . Jump up ^ LINTNER , BERTIL ( 2004 ) . `` Religious Extremism and Nationalism in Bangladesh '' ( PDF ) . p. 418 . Jump up ^ Diamantides , Marinos ; Gearey , Adam ( 2011 ) . Islam , Law and Identity . Routledge . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 67565 - 2 . The Constitution of 1973 was created by a parliament that was elected in the 1970 elections . In this first ever general elections ... Jump up ^ Diamantides , Marinos ; Gearey , Adam ( 2011 ) . Islam , Law and Identity . Routledge . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 67565 - 2 . The 1973 constitution also created certain institutions to channel the application and interpretation of Islam : the Council of Islamic Ideology and the Shariat Court . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr ( 1996 ) . Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism . New York , Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509695 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kepel , Gilles ( 2002 ) . Jihad : The Trail of Political Islam ( 2006 ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . pp. 100 -- 101 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2010 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . Most accounts of Zia ul - Haq 's life confirm that he came from a religious family and that religion played an important part in molding his personality . Jump up ^ Diamantides , Marinos ; Gearey , Adam ( 2011 ) . Islam , Law and Identity . Routledge . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 67565 - 2 . The Shariat judicial courts were not present in the original Constitution of 1973 and were later inserted in 1979 by General Zia - ul Haq ... Jump up ^ Double Jeopardy : Police Abuse of Women in Pakistan . Human Rights Watch . 1992 . p. 19 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : between mosque and military . Washington D.C. : United Book Press . p. 400 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 285 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Wynbrandt , James ( 2009 ) . A Brief History of Pakistan . Facts on File . pp. 216 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6184 - 6 . Zia , however , tried to bolster the influence of Islamic parties and the ulama on government and society . Jump up ^ Syed , Jawad ; Pio , Edwina ; Kamran , Tahir ; Zaidi , Abbas ( 2016 ) . Faith - Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan . Springer . p. 379 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 94966 - 3 ... the military dictator Zia ul Haq ( 1977 -- 1988 ) forged a strong alliance between the military and Deobani institutions and movements ( e.g. the TJ ) . Jump up ^ Cesari , Jocelyne ( 2014 ) . The Awakening of Muslim Democracy : Religion , Modernity , and the State . Cambridge University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 51329 - 7 . For example , the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus ( such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama - I - Hind ( JUH ) ) was counterproductive . Jump up ^ Syed , Jawad ; Pio , Edwina ; Kamran , Tahir ; Zaidi , Abbas ( 2016 ) . Faith - Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan . Springer . p. 379 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 94966 - 3 . Ironically , Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi , and more recently Ahl - e Hadith / Salafi , institutions . Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement , but they were highly influential . Jump up ^ Faith - Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan . Springer . 2016 . p. 346 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 94966 - 3 . The grave impact of that legacy was compunded by the Iranian Revolution , and Zia - ul Haq 's anti-Shia policies , which added the violence and regimentation of the organization . Jump up ^ Street ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Beliefs About Sharia '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Consider Yourself First ? date = 31 March 2010 '' . Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Land and People '' . Ministry of Information , Broadcasting , and National Heritage . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PNS Gwadar '' . Global Security . 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan '' . World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Muscat Agreement on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between the Sultanate of Oman and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , 12 June 2000 ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . p. 1 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Edward Wong ( 27 October 2010 ) . `` In Icy Tip of Afghanistan , War Seems Remote '' . New York Times . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in the most active quake zone , says US Geological Survey '' . Dawn. 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About Pakistan : Geography '' . American Institute For Pakistan Studies . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` PTDC page on mountaineering '' . Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation . Archived from the original on 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . InfoPlease . Pearson Education . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Climate '' . Encyclopedia of the Nations . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Conservation of Mangrove Forests in the Coastal Areas of Sindh and Balochistan '' . WWF Pakistan . Archived from the original on 25 December 2004 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . AIT - UNEP RRC. AP . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Rhett Butler . `` Pakistan Deforestation Rates and Related Forestry Figures '' . Mongabay.com . Retrieved 19 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biodiversity '' . WWF . Archived from the original on 15 January 2005 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biodiversity Sharing the Environment '' ( PDF ) . Government of Pakistan . pp. 1 , 4 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Naeem Ashraf Raja , P. Davidson ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` The birds of Palas , North - West Frontier Province , Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Forktail . Oriental Bird Club . 15 : 77 -- 85 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Grimmett ; Tom J. Roberts ; Tim Inskipp ( 27 February 2009 ) . Birds of Pakistan . A&C Black . pp. 6 , 38 -- 41,132 -- 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 8800 - 9 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sheet1 '' . WWF . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 15 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan plant and animal life '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ David M. Shackleton ; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . Species Survival Commission . Caprinae Specialist Group ( January 1997 ) . Wild sheep and goats and their relatives : status survey and conservation action plan for caprinae . IUCN . pp. 10 -- 13 , 352 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 8317 - 0353 - 4 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Species '' . WWF Pakistan . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . Wildlife Conservation Society . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Pete Heiden ( 1 September 2011 ) . Pakistan . ABDO . pp. 33 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61787 - 631 - 8 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan . Pakistan . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Hence , Pakistan 's political experience is integrally related to the struggle of Indian Muslims to find an autonomous political center after their loss of power to the British in the early nineteenth century . ^ Jump up to : `` World : South Asia Pakistan 's army and its history of politics '' . BBC . 10 December 1999 . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Colgrove , Rosemary ( 2010 ) . Eye on the sparrow : the remarkable journey of Father Joseph Nisari , Pakistani priest . Minneapolis : Mill City Press . ISBN 1 - 936400 - 87 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : an encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 712 - 8 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahmad , Hafeez Ashfaq . `` Determinants of Foreign Policy of Pakistan '' . Scrib , 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Pakistan Government . Official policy statements . Archived from the original on 31 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs Homepage '' . MoFA.gov.pk . Government of Pakistan . 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Grover , ed. by Verinder ; Arora , Ranjana ( 1995 ) . Political system in Pakistan . New Delhi : Deep & Deep Publ . ISBN 81 - 7100 - 739 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ KrishnaRao , K.V. ( 1991 ) . Prepare or perish : a study of national security . New Delhi : Lancer Publ . ISBN 81 - 7212 - 001 - X . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan wants promotion of friendly , brotherly relations with all countries : Mamnoon '' . Dispatch News Desk. 14 July 2016 . Retrieved 25 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Shahi , Abdul Sattar ; foreword by Agha ( 2013 ) . Pakistan 's foreign policy , 1947 -- 2012 : a concise history ( Third ed . ) . Karachi : Oxford University Press , Shahi . ISBN 0 - 19 - 906910 - 7 . Jump up ^ Govt of Pakistan . `` Foreign Policy of Pakistan '' . 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The trauma was extremely severe in Pakistan when the news of secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh arrived -- a psychological setback , complete and humiliating defeat that shattered the prestige of Pakistan Armed Forces . Jump up ^ `` N - deterrence to be pursued '' . Dawn. 15 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Shah , Mehtab Ali ( 1997 ) . The foreign policy of Pakistan : ethnic impacts on diplomacy , 1971 -- 1994 . London ( u.a. ) : Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 169 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hasan Askari Rizvi . `` Pakistan 's Foreign Policy : An Overview 1947 -- 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency . pp. 10 -- 12 , 20 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Member States '' . United Nations . 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Senate OIC Report '' ( PDF ) . Senate of Pakistan : Senate Foreign Relations Committee . September 2005 . pp. 16 -- 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Plea for Enlightened Moderation '' . The Washington Post . 1 June 2004 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Member Countries '' . ECO . Archived from the original on 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ A.R. Kemal . `` Exploring Pakistan 's Regional Economic Cooperation Potential '' ( PDF ) . PIDE . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` G - 20 Ministerial Meeting '' . Commerce.nic.in . Department of Commerce , Ministry of Commerce and Industry , India . 19 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2005 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Nolan . `` Pakistan : The Most Allied Ally in Asia '' . Foreign Policy Association . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ staff writer ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Accord to diversify ties with Russia '' . Dawn , 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sabir Shah . `` US military aid to Pakistan suspended six times since 1954 '' . The News International , Pakistan . Retrieved 26 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Joint Statement By President Barack Obama And Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Souza , Shanthie ( 2006 ) . `` US - Pakistan Counter-Terrorism Cooperation : Dynamics and Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Strategic Analysis . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Alain Gresh . `` The United States ' new backyard '' . Le Monde diplomatique . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ C.J. Radin . `` Analysis : The US - Pakistan relationship '' . Long War Journal . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nazir Khaja . `` Pakistan & USA -- Allies in the war on Terrorism ! '' . Defence Talk . Retrieved 15 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Karen DeYoung . `` Pakistan backed attacks on American targets , U.S. says '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tharoor , Ishaan ( 3 December 2014 ) . `` The Pakistani origins of the Israeli state '' . Washington Post , Pakistan Bureau . Washington Post . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Khoury , Jack ( 28 February 2015 ) . `` Israeli lecturer takes part in Pakistan conference '' . Haaretz . Haaretz . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan - Israel in landmark talks '' . BBC News . 1 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff work ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia -- envoy '' . Armenian Times . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ IBP USA ( 3 March 2012 ) . Bangladesh Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments . Lulu.com . pp. 38 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4387 - 7389 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` China opens ' largest ' embassy in Pakistan , strengthens South Asia presence '' . asiancorrespondent.com . ^ Jump up to : Afridi , Jamal ; Bajoria , Jayshree ( 6 July 2010 ) . `` China - Pakistan Relations '' . Council on Foreign Relations , China Pakistan . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ISLAMABAD : Pakistan and China agreed to raise their trade volume up to $20 billion and pledged to continue their cooperation in civil nuclear technology . '' . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Urvashi Aneja ( June 2006 ) . `` Pakistan - China Relations '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies . p. 1 . Retrieved 28 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHRONOLOGY - Main events in Chinese - Pakistani relations '' . Thomson Reuters . Reuters. 24 November 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Jamal Afridi . `` China - Pakistan Relations '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Maris Boyd ( 2000 ) . Between Mecca and Beijing . California , ( u.s ) : Stanford University Press , California , ( u.s ) . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 6434 - 4 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` China joins Afghanistan , Pakistan , Tajikistan in security alliance '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pasha , Sayed Abdul Muneem ( 2005 ) . Islam in Pakistan 's foreign policy . Global Media Publications . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88869 - 15 - 2 . Pakistan 's expression of solidarity was followed , after Independence , by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey . Jump up ^ Pasha , Sayed Abdul Muneem ( 2005 ) . Islam in Pakistan 's foreign policy . Global Media Publications . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88869 - 15 - 2 . Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world , or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity . Jump up ^ Pasha , Sayed Abdul Muneem ( 2005 ) . Islam in Pakistan 's foreign policy . Global Media Publications . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88869 - 15 - 2 . Following Khaliquzzaman , the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan , with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength , as the natural leader of the Islamic world . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina . Cambridge University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 05212 - 3 . As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared , ' Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan -- a pan-Islamic entity ' . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Husain ( 2013 ) . Magnificent Delusions : Pakistan , the United States , and an Epic History of Misunderstanding . PublicAffairs . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 317 - 1 . Within a few years the president of the Muslim League , Chaudhry Khaliq - uz - Zaman , announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan -- a pan-Islamic entity . None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India 's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that ' this severance may not endure . ' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would in course of time , come together to form one great Member State of the British Commonwealth of Nations . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Husain ( 2013 ) . Magnificent Delusions : Pakistan , the United States , and an Epic History of Misunderstanding . PublicAffairs . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 317 - 1 . During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening . Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries , possibly under Pakistani leadership , had little attraction . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jeffery J. ( 2003 ) . The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97878 - 5 . The following year , Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East , pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states . The Arab states , often citing Pakistan 's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan , showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form ' Islamistan ' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states . Jump up ^ Pande , Aparna ( 2011 ) . Explaining Pakistan 's Foreign Policy : Escaping India . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81893 - 6 . The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan 's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self - determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations . Pakistan 's founders , including Jinnah , supported anti-colonial movements : `` Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on , there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars . '' Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia ( 1948 ) , Algeria ( 1948 -- 1949 ) , Tunisia ( 1948 -- 1949 ) , Morocco ( 1948 -- 1956 ) and Eritrea ( 1960 -- 1991 ) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan . Jump up ^ Nasir , Abbas ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` The legacy of Pakistan 's loved and loathed Hamid Gul '' . Al - Jazeera . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . His commitment to jihad -- to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries , was such that he dreamed one day the `` green Islamic flag '' would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan , but also over territories represented by the ( former Soviet Union ) Central Asian republics . After the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan , as the director - general of the Pakistan 's intelligence organisation , Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) directorate , an impatient Gul wanted to establish a government of the so - called Mujahideen on Afghan soil . He then ordered an assault using non-state actors on Jalalabad , the first major urban centre across the Khyber Pass from Pakistan , with the aim capturing it and declaring it as the seat of the new administration . Jump up ^ Hunter , Shireen ( 2010 ) . Iran 's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era : Resisting the New International Order . ABC - CLIO . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38194 - 2 . Since then , Pakistan 's sectarian tensions have been a major irritant in Iranian - Pakistan relations . Jump up ^ Pande , Aparna ( 2011 ) . Explaining Pakistan 's Foreign Policy : Escaping India . Taylor & Francis . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81894 - 3 . Both Saudi Arabia and Iran used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy war for the ' hearts and minds ' of Pakistani Sunnis and Shias with the resultant rise in sectarian tensions in Pakistan . The rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan in the 1990s further strained Pakistan - Iran relations . Pakistan 's support of the Sunni Pashtun organization created problems for Shia Iran for whom a Taliban - controlled Afghanistan was a nightmare . Jump up ^ Schmetzer , Uli ( 14 September 1998 ) . `` Iran Raises Anti-pakistan Outcry '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . KARACHI , Pakistan -- Iran , which has amassed 200,000 troops on the border with Afghanistan , accused Pakistan on Sunday of sending warplanes to strafe and bombard Afghanistan 's last Shiite stronghold , which fell hours earlier to the Taliban , the Sunni militia now controlling the central Asian country . Jump up ^ Constable , Pamela ( 16 September 1998 ) . `` Afghanistan : Arena For a New Rivalry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Taliban officials accused Iran of providing military support to the opposition forces ; Tehran radio accused Pakistan of sending its air force to bomb the city in support of the Taliban 's advance and said Iran was holding Pakistan responsible for what it termed war crimes at Bamiyan . Pakistan has denied that accusation and previous allegations of direct involvement in the Afghan conflict . Also fueling the volatile situation are ethnic and religious rivalries between the Taliban , who are Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan 's dominant Pashtun ethnic group , and the opposition factions , many of which represent other ethnic groups or include Shiite Muslims . Iran , a Shiite Muslim state , has a strong interest in promoting that sect ; Pakistan , one of the Taliban 's few international allies , is about 80 percent Sunni . Jump up ^ Pande , Aparna ( 2006 ) . Explaining Pakistan 's Foreign Policy : Escaping India . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 136 - 81894 - 4 . Jump up ^ Article 1 ( 1 ) -- 2 ( d ) of the Part I : Introductory in the Constitution of Pakistan Jump up ^ `` Highlights of Prime Minister 's Press Talk on `` Gilgit -- Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order − 2009 '' at PM 'S Secretariat on August 29 , 2009 `` . Press Information Department , Pakistan . 2009 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 16 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Decentralization in Pakistan '' . World Bank . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Azad Jammu and Kashmir Districts '' . Government of AJK . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gilgit -- Baltistan Empowerment and Self Governance Order '' ( PDF ) . Dunya. 2009 : 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Agencies and Regions in the FATA '' . fata.gov.pk . Archived from the original ( PNG ) on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Asad Jamal ( 2010 ) . Police Organisations in Pakistan . CHRI and HRCP . pp. 9 -- 15 . ISBN 81 - 88205 - 79 - 6 . Jump up ^ Manoj Shrivastava ( 1 April 2013 ) . Re-Energising Indian Intelligence . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 82573 - 55 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aditya Rangroo ( 2 December 2011 ) . `` Top Intelligence Agencies of the World '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . The Inter-Services Intelligence ( ISI ) of Pakistan tops the list of intelligence agencies in the world in 2011 , followed by the United States of America 's CIA and United Kingdom 's MI6 . Russia 's FSB , France 's DGSE and Germany 's BND are also on the list , followed by Israel 's Mossad , India 's RAW , Australia 's ASIS and Canada 's CSIS . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in The World 2016 '' . ABC News Point . 15 December 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 -- World 's powerful intelligence agencies '' . Zee News . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Faqir Hussain ( 2009 ) . `` The Judicial System Of Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of Pakistan . pp. 10 -- 21 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Raza , Maroof ( 1996 ) . `` § Implications of 1971 war and India 's nuclear explosion '' . Wars and no peace over Kashmir ( googlebooks ) . New Delhi : Lancer Publishers . p. 170 . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 16 - 7 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . In December 1971 , Pakistan lost half its country , and with over ~ 90,000 troops of its military becoming POWs , all its earlier myth could not survive this no longer ... Jump up ^ Sean Anderson ( 2009 ) . Historical dictionary of terrorism . Scarecrow Press . pp. 347 -- 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4101 - 7 . Jump up ^ Paul Bowers ( 30 March 2004 ) . `` Kashmir ( House of Commons Research Paper 04 / 28 ) '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Library . p. 46 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Amita Shastri ( 2001 ) . The Post-Colonial States of South Asia : Democracy , Development and Identity . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 23852 - 0 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Hobbs ( 2008 ) . World Regional Geography . Brooks Cole . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 38950 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Auckland ( 24 September 2001 ) . `` A brief history of the Kashmir conflict '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ International Court of Justice ( 2012 ) . `` Advisory Opinion on the Legal Status of Kashmir '' . IMUNA . Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Endrst , Jeff ( 8 September 1965 ) . `` Kashmir Old Headache For U.N. '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Former Indian Defense Minister Krishna Menon who for years influenced the decisions of late Prime Minister Nehru himself a Kashmiri - put it bluntly last March in an interview with an American newsman when he said India could never agree to a U.N. sponsored plebiscite because ' Kashmir would vote to join Pakistan , and no Indian government responsible for agreeing to the plebiscite could survive . ' Jump up ^ Talat Masood ( 2006 ) . `` Pakistan 's Kashmir Policy '' ( PDF ) . Central Asia - Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom in the World 2009 -- Kashmir ( India ) '' . UNHCR. 16 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Partners '' . National Police Bureau , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies ; Hackett , James ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . The Military Balance 2010 . London : Routledge . pp. 367 -- 370 . ISBN 1 - 85743 - 557 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Blood , Peter R. ( 1995 ) . Pakistan : A Country Study . Washington D.C. : Diane Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 7881 - 3631 - 3 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , R.S.N. ( 2008 ) . The military factor in Pakistan . New Delhi : Lancer Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9815378 - 9 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` General Qamar Bajwa COAS , General Zubair Hayat CJCSC '' . The News International . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chief of Naval Staff '' . ISPR ( Navy Division ) . Archived from the original on 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ OAF . `` Chief of Air Staff '' . ISPR ( Air Force ) . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Armed Forces '' . Center For Defense Information . Archived from the original on 10 February 1998 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Importer / Exporter TIV Tables '' . Armstrade.sipri.org . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan and China participate in drill '' . Dawn. 26 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kamran Yousaf ( 15 November 2011 ) . `` Joint military exercise : Pakistan , China begin war games near Jhelum '' . Tribune . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 -- Pakistan '' . UNHCR. 20 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` War History '' . Pakistan Army . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daoud as Prime Minister , 1953 -- 63 '' . 1997 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ian Talbot ( 1999 ) . The Armed Forces of Pakistan . Macmillan publishers . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 21606 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` HISTORY OF PAF '' . Pakistan Air Force . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Armed Forces '' . Scramble Magazine . Archived from the original on 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 24 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Army '' . Pakistan Defense . Archived from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` UN Peace Keeping Missions '' . Pakistan Army . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contributors to United Nations peacekeeping operations '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's peacekeeping role highlighted '' . Dawn. 24 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Pakistan has contributed more than 160,000 troops to - date in 41 missions spread over 23 countries in almost all continents , it said . The country has remained one of the largest troop contributing countries consistently for many years . Jump up ^ Anthony H. Cordesman ( December 1986 ) . Western Strategic Interests in Saudi Arabia . Croom Helm . pp. 139 -- 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7099 - 4823 - 0 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Bidanda M. Chengappa ( 30 November 2005 ) . Pakistan Islamisation . APH Publishing Corporation . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 548 - 7 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Bidanda M. Chengappa ( 1 January 2004 ) . Pakistan : Islamisation Army And Foreign Policy . APH Publishing . pp. 42 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7648 - 548 - 7 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Dunstan ( 20 April 2003 ) . The Yom Kippur War 1973 ( 2 ) : The Sinai . Osprey Publishing . pp. 39 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 221 - 0 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ P.R. Kumaraswamy ( 11 January 2013 ) . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . Routledge . pp. 75 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 32895 - 4 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Flagg ( 2015 ) . The Audacious Ascetic : What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al - Qa'ida . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 061339 - 6 . Not since the tenth century had such a maverick crew occupied Islam 's holiest sanctuary , and for nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces assisted by Pakistani and French commandos fought pitched battles to reclaim the compound . Jump up ^ Valentine , Simon Ross ( 2015 ) . Force and Fanaticism : Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 616 - 9 . Jump up ^ Irfan Husain ( 2012 ) . Fatal Faultlines : Pakistan , Islam and the West . Rockville , Maryland : Arc Manor Publishers . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60450 - 478 - 1 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1991 Gulf war '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 24 September 2002 . Retrieved 16 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiebes , Cees ( 2003 ) . Intelligence and the War in Bosnia , 1992 -- 1995 : Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history . LIT Verlag . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 6347 - 0 . Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency , ISI , to help Bosnians fight the Serbs . Jump up ^ Abbas , Hassan ( 2015 ) . Pakistan 's Drift Into Extremism : Allah , the Army , and America 's War on Terror . Routledge . p. 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 46328 - 3 . Javed Nasir confesses that despite the U.N. ban on supplying arms to the besieged Bosnians , he successfully airlifted sophisticated antitank guided missiles which turned the tide in favour of Bosnian Muslims and forced the Serbs to lift the siege . Under his leadership the ISI also got involved in supporting Chinese Muslims in Xinjiang Province , rebel Muslim groups in the Philippines , and some religious groups in Central Asia . Jump up ^ Zaffar Abbas ( 10 September 2004 ) . `` Pakistan 's undeclared war '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The War in Pakistan '' . Washington Post . 25 January 2006 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Troops make gains in Swat and South Waziristan '' . Dawn. 21 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 26 killed as troops hit Taliban hideouts in Dir '' . Daily Times . 28 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TOP LIST TIV TABLES '' . SIPRI . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Economic Survey 2014 -- 15 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labour Force Survey 2014 -- 15 '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unearthing Pakistan 's natural resources '' . theodora.com . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan said to have large reserves of shale gas , oil '' . theodora.com . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ AFP . `` Pakistan discovers ' huge ' reserves of iron ore '' . dawn.com . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2006 ) . The World Economy . A Millennial Perspective ( Vol. 1 ) . Historical Statistics ( Vol. 2 ) . OECD . pp. 241 , 261 . ISBN 92 - 64 - 02261 - 9 . Jump up ^ Faryal Leghari ( 3 January 2007 ) . `` GCC investments in Pakistan and future trends '' . Gulf Research Center . Retrieved 12 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Contextualizing Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies and Developing Countries . Edward Elgar Publishing . 2017 . p. 133 . ISBN 9781785367533 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tavia Grant ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` On 10th birthday , BRICs poised for more growth '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Declan Walsh ( 18 May 2013 ) . `` Pakistan , Rusting in Its Tracks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . natural disasters and entrenched insurgencies , abject poverty and feudal kleptocrats , and an economy near meltdown Jump up ^ Henneberry , S. ( 2000 ) . `` An analysis of industrial -- agricultural interactions : A case study in Pakistan '' . Agricultural Economics . 22 : 17 -- 27 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5150 ( 99 ) 00041 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Bank Document '' ( PDF ) . 2008 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Country Report '' ( PDF ) . RAD - AID. 2010 . pp. 3 , 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . atlas.media.mit.edu . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamza , Abrar ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` Pakistan 's trade deficit widens to 35 - year high in FY16 '' . Daily Times ( Pakistan ) . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Mourdoukoutas , Panos . `` Why Pakistan 's Market Beats China 's And India 's '' . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GDP ranking , PPP based World Bank '' ( PDF ) . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's per capita income rises slightly to $1,561 '' . Express Tribune . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Monnoo , Kamal ( 23 November 2016 ) . `` Pakistan 's debt profile '' . The Nation ( Pakistan ) . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . What this latest debt number also means is that over the first quarter ( July -- September ) of this fiscal year , the government added to the debt by some Rs858 billion , taking the debt to GDP ratio to nearly 69.50 % , which in June 2016 stood at around 66.50 % . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Overview '' . worldbank.org . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Indices '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme , Human Development Reports . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How U.S. Higher Education Partnerships Can Promote Development In Pakistan '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2015 , PPP '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recent developments '' . The World Bank . June 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan May Keep Key Rate Unchanged After Two Cuts This Year '' . Bloomberg. 28 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dar 's 2013 budget speech -- the highs and the very low lows '' . The Express Tribune . 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ HIGHLIGHTS OF PAKISTAN ECONOMIC SURVEY 2013 -- 14 Jump up ^ `` FY14 : FDI clocks in at $1.63 billion , up 11.99 % '' . The Express Tribune . 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Economic Survey 2014 -- 15 : Ishaq Dar touts economic growth amidst missed targets '' . The Express Tribune . 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank forecasts GDP growth rate at 4.5 percent in FY16 '' . The News International . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warning signs emerge despite 5.2 pc economic growth : WB '' . The Nation . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to record highest growth rate in nine years : World Bank Report '' . Samaa TV . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : Economy '' . Asian Development Bank . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John Wall . `` Concluding Remarks at the Pakistan Development Forum 2006 '' . World Bank . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Sajid Chaudhry ( 17 January 2009 ) . `` Inflation Outlook 2008 -- 09 : '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Isambard Wilkinson ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` Pakistan facing bankruptcy -- Telegraph '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 6 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Con Coughlin ( 10 October 2008 ) . `` If Pakistan goes bust , the Taliban will rule the roost there as well -- Telegraph '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's economic crisis eases in 2009 : ADB '' . AAJ News . Associated Press of Pakistan . 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Labour Force Survey 2010 -- 11 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Bureau of Statistics , Pakistan . 2011 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global ranking : Pakistan billed to become 18th largest economy by 2050 -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's economy ready for takeoff TNS -- The News on Sunday '' . tns.thenews.com.pk . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal , Shahid ( 16 July 2016 ) . `` $20 billion remittances received in FY16 '' . Dawn ( newspaper ) . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan State Bank of Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . sbp.org . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Leading News Resource of Pakistan '' . Daily Times . 11 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : N.S. Nizami ( 2010 ) . `` Population , Labour Force and Employment '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Pakistan . pp. 1 , 2 , 9 , 12 , 20 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Yasir kamal . `` Understanding Pakistan 's Exports Flows : Results from Gravity Model Estimation '' . Pakistan Institute of Trade and Development . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US needs to look at Pakistan in a broader way , not just through security prism : Forbes report '' . Pakistan Today . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sectoral Share in Gross Domestic Product '' ( PDF ) . Federal Bureau of Statistics . 2010 . p. 10 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture Statistics Pakistan Bureau of Statistics '' . www.pbs.gov.pk . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AGRICULTURE SECTOR : ISSUES AND PROSPECTS . '' . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Government of Pakistan . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Pakistan Bureau of Statistics '' . www.pbs.gov.pk . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association Export Data '' . Apcma.com . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhutta , Zafar ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Ca n't get enough : Soaring profits not enough for cement industry '' . Tribune.com.pk . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics on textile industry in Pakistan '' . Express Tribune . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Baig , Khurram ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` Why the Pakistan textile industry can not die '' . Express Tribune . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The unparalleled growth of the services sector '' . Express Tribune . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contribution of Services Sector in the Economy of Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan most affordable country in world for telecom , ICT services : WEF '' . Express Tribune . 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistanis entering digital revolution with smartphones '' . Samaa TV . 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upward move : Pakistan 's ICT sector to cross $10 b mark , says P@SHA '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Startup Report '' . 7 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : The Next Colombia Success Story ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Muhammad Umer Saleem ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Services sector : domestic and outward growth '' . www.dawn.com . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Tirmizi , Farooq ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` The growth of the `` billion dollar club '' in Pakistan `` . The Express Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan turns on fourth nuclear plant built with Chinese help '' . Hindustan Times . 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ ( PAEC ) , Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . `` Nuclear Power Generation Programme '' . Government of Pakistan . PAEC . Archived from the original on 9 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kazmi , Zahir ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Pakistan 's energy security '' . Special report on Energy security efforts in Pakistan . Express Tribune . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Syed Yousaf , Raza ( 31 July 2012 ) . `` Current Picture of Electrical Energy In Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . Directorate - General for Nuclear Power Generation . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Zulfikar , Saman ( 23 April 2012 ) . `` Pak - China energy cooperation '' . Pakistan Observer . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Press Release . `` IAEA Publications : Pakistan Overview '' . IAEA , P.O. Box 100 , Wagramer Strasse 5 , A-1400 Vienna , Austria . IAEA Membership states . Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Associate Press of Pakistan ( APP ) ( 25 April 2011 ) . `` IAEA declares nuclear energy programme safe '' . Dawn Newspapers , 25 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Fredrik ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Nuclear - armed Pakistan chairs board of U.N. atom body '' . Reuters , Vienna . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . `` Pakistan is a long - standing and `` very law - abiding '' member of the IAEA , got no opposition from any side at all Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Carolyn . `` Report to Congress of the U.S. - China Economic and Security Review Commission '' . DIANE Publishing . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAEC plans 40,000 MW by 2050 using environment - friendly nuclear power '' . The News International . 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Syed , Baqir Sajjad ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` 8,900 MW nuclear power generation planned '' . Dawn ( newspaper ) . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ijaz , Muhammad , Director of Scientific Information and Public Relation ( SIPR ) ( December 2010 ) . `` PAEC assigned 8,800 MWe nuclear power target by 2030 : PAEC contributing to socio - economic uplift of the country '' ( PDF ) . PakAtom Newsletter . Islamabad , Islamabad Capital Territory : Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission . 49 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan producing more than 1,000 MW of clean energy '' . The Express Tribune . 3 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhutta , Zafar ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` Govt to kick off work on 1,100 MW nuclear power plant '' . Express Tribune . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power Sector Situation in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Alternate Energy Development Board and GTZ. 2005 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Travel & Tourism -- Economic Impact 2015 Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . World Travel & Tourism Council . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Gregory '' . www.richardgregory.org.uk . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Paracha , Nadeem F. ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Karachi : The past is another city '' . Dawn ( newspaper ) . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ mag , Christian Caryl Legatum Institute / Foreign Policy ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` When Afghanistan Was Just a Stop on the ' Hippie Trail ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of foreign tourists in 2014 dips by 50 % '' . Express Tribune . 27 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The road between China and Pakistan '' . Financial Times . 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Pakistani peaks that are among world 's highest '' . The Nation. 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m . Jump up ^ Windsor , Antonia ( 17 October 2006 ) . `` Out of the rubble '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism Events in Pakistan in 2010 '' . Tourism.gov.pk . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The World Bank ( 2011 ) . `` Transportation in Pakistan '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ Pravakar Sahoo ( March 2011 ) . `` Macroeconomic Performance and Infrastructure Development in India '' . Transport Infrastructure in India : Developments , Challenges and Lessons from Japan ( PDF ) ( Research Paper ) . Visiting Research Fellows . Institute of Development Economies , Japan External Trade Organization . p. 4 . 465 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Farrukh Javed ( 2005 ) . `` Sustainable financing for the maintenance of Pakistan Highways '' ( PDF ) . UNESCAP . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed Jamal Pirzada ( 2011 ) . `` Draft : Role of Connectivity in Growth Strategy of Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Planning Commission , Pakistan . pp. 4 , 7 , 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Highway Development Sector Investment Program '' ( PDF ) . Asian Development Bank . 2005 . pp. 11 , 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` PAKISTAN '' . Encyclopedia Nation . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Syed Fazl - e-Haider ( 24 February 2007 ) . `` China - Pakistan rail link on horizon '' . Asia Times Online . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan - Turkey rail trial starts '' . BBC . 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quality of port infrastructure , WEF '' . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Science and Technology . `` National Science , Technology and Innovation Policy 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Science and Technology . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Address by Prime Minister '' . Press Information Department ( Government of Pakistan ) . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hameed A. Khan ( 2006 ) . `` Physics in Developing Countries -- Past , Present & Future '' ( PDF ) . COMSATS : 9 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . Nobel Prize . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Mian , ed. by Smitu Kothari & Zia ( 2001 ) . Out of the nuclear shadow . London : Zed , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 84277 - 059 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Technology Times -- Vol 2 -- Issue 11 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Section Science & Technology '' . Pakistan Press Club . doi : 10.1504 / WREMSD. 2007.012130 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Irshad . `` Using RP Model to solve Current Challenges of Pakistan by PHd Scholar Irshad Ahmed Sumra '' . Academia.edu . Archived from the original on 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Leonidas C. Goudas ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Decreases in Cerebrospinal Fluid Glutathione Levels after Intracerebroventricular Morphine for Cancer Pain '' . International Anesthesia Research Society . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Osama , Athar ; Najam , Adil ; Kassim - Lakha , Shamsh ; Zulfiqar Gilani , Syed ; King , Christopher ( 3 September 2009 ) . `` Pakistan 's reform experiment '' . Nature . 461 ( 7260 ) : 38 -- 39 . PMID 19727184 . doi : 10.1038 / 461038a . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ( IISS ) , International Institute for Strategic Studies ( 2006 ) . `` Bhutto was father of Pakistan 's Atom Bomb Program '' . International Institute for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A.Q. Khan & Iran '' . Global Security . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ NY Times Staff ( 16 April 2006 ) . `` Chronology : A.Q. Khan '' . NY Times . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Junaidi , Ikram ( 25 December 2011 ) . `` Pakistan ranks 43rd in scientific research publication '' . Dawn news , 2010 . Dawn news , 2010 . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Academy '' . Inbtroduction of the Academy . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of SUPARCO '' . SUPARCO . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lele , Ajey ( 2012 ) . Asian Space Race : Rhetoric or Reality ? . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 322 - 0733 - 7 . Headquartered in SUPARCO headquarters , Karachi , it has been responsible directly and indirectly for the fabrication , processing and launch of the Muslim Ummah 's first experimental satellite , Badr - 1 . It was a historical event not only for the people of Pakistan but also for the entire Muslim Ummah as it was the first satellite built by any Islamic country based on indigenous resources and manpower . Jump up ^ `` The Launching of Badr - I '' . Aero Space Guide . Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani articles ' cited more than BRICs put together ' , says report '' . Tribune . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Nuclear Weapons '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Sayar , M.A. ( April -- June 1995 ) . `` Should We Exploit The Last Wilderness ? '' . The Fountain Magazine . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Pakistan became the first Muslim country to send an official expedition to Antarctica . Pakistan in 1992 , established its Jinnah Antarctic Research Station . Jump up ^ `` Huge Oil Deposits Located Near Coast '' . Economic Review . Economic & Industrial Publications . 22 . 1991 . To a question Dr. Farah said , Pakistan was the first country to carry out research and establish its station at the same time in Antarctica . Jump up ^ Farah , Abul ; Rizvi , S.H. Niaz ( 1995 ) . Pakistan 's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica . National Institute of Oceanography . p. 15 . Pakistan 's presence in Antarctica also appears imperative as none of the Muslim countries seem to be in a position to undertake research there . Jump up ^ Farah , Abul ; Rizvi , S.H. Niaz ( 1995 ) . Pakistan 's Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica . National Institute of Oceanography . p. 17 . We have already taken the lead amongst the Muslim countries by launching our first expedition in 1990 -- 1991 with an investment of large funds and national talent towards Antarctic research . Jump up ^ `` News Bulletin '' . National Institute of Oceanography ( Pakistan ) . The Institute . 7 : 1 . 1992 . This makes Pakistan the first Muslim country to undertake Antarctic Expedition and to establish a research station in Antarctica . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Research '' . National Institute of Geography . Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Pakistan is maintaining two summer research stations and one weather observatory in the vicinity of SOR Rondane Mountain Range . Pakistan is also planning to build a full fledged permanent base at Antarctica . Jump up ^ `` 30m Internet users in Pakistan , half on mobile : Report '' . Express Tribune . 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ staff works ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Pakistani Computer Scientist wins global Supercomputer Design Award '' . Lahore Tech . Lahore Tech . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Govt to spend Rs4. 6b on IT projects '' . Express Tribune . 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 1 : `` Fundamental Rights '' of Part II : `` Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy '' `` . pakistani.org . Jump up ^ `` Right to Education in Pakistan '' . World Council of Churches. 21 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sajida Mukhtar ; Ijaz Ahmed Talat ; Muhammad Saeed ( March 2011 ) . `` An Analytical Study of Higher Education of Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Academic Research . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Number of universities rises while education standard falls '' . DailyTimes. 10 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Pakistan . 2009 -- 2010 . pp. 16 , 3 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani madrassahs : '' . United States Institute of Peace . Archived from the original on 14 February 2005 . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Synovitz , Ron ( 24 February 2004 ) . `` Pakistan : Despite Reform Plan , Few Changes Seen At Most Radical Madrassahs '' . Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty . Retrieved 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Syed Mohammad . `` Policy Brief : Another Approach to Madrassa Reforms in Pakistan '' . Jinnah Institute of Peace . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GCE O and A level exams in Pakistan '' . The British Council . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News '' . iscresearch.com . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McNicoll , Kristen . `` English medium education improvement in Pakistan supported '' . British Council Pakistan Bureau . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry of Education - Government of Pakistan '' . Moe.gov.pk . Archived from the original on 5 January 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Schools in Pakistan 's Sindh province to teach Chinese '' . BBC . 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholas D Kristof ( 12 May 2010 ) . `` Pakistan and Times Sq '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Education in Pakistan '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Plan of Action 2001 -- 2015 '' . Ministry of Education , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original ( ZIP ) on 17 May 2006 . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Economic Survey 2015 -- 16 ( Education ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's education spending lowest in South Asia '' . Dawn. 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 132 million in 1998 , Pakistan 's population now reaches 207.7 million : census report '' . ARYNEWS . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://ww2.pbscensus.gov.pk/content/press-release-provisional-summary-results-6th-population-and-housing-census-2017-0 Jump up ^ `` U.S. and World Population Clock '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ World Meters staff works . `` Pakistan Population '' . World Meters . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's population reaches 208 million : provisional census results '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's 6 th Census -- 207 Million People Still Stuck In Malthusian Growth '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` High population growth rate affecting economy ' '' . Daily Times . 12 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency ( IEA ) Paris . 2011 . p. 88 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Muslim Population Doubling , Report Projects '' . Assyrian International News Agency . 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan set to become most populous Muslim nation '' . Samaa Tv. 27 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Urban Frontier -- Karachi '' . National Public Radio . 2 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Pakistan '' . World Health Organization . 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Burke ( 17 August 2008 ) . `` Pakistan looks to life without the general '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Uncommon tongue : Pakistan 's confusing move to Urdu '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urdu In Contempt '' . The Nation. 31 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Bureau of Statistics ( 2013 ) , Population by mother tongues ^ Jump up to : Brahui . Encyclopædia Britannica . Brahui , tribal confederacy of Balochistān , in western Pakistan . Its members are mostly nomadic goat herdsmen , distributed from the Bolān Pass through the Brāhui Hills to Cape Muarī on the Arabian Sea . The Brahui language is a far northwestern member of the Dravidian family of languages , all of whose other members are spoken in peninsular India ; it has borrowed heavily from Sindhi but remains in unexplained isolation among the surrounding Indo - Iranian dialects , to which it bears no genetic relationship . The Brahui are estimated to number about 1,560,000 . Physically the Brahui resemble their Baloch and Pashtun neighbours , for the confederacy has been highly absorptive . They are Muslim by creed and Sunnite by sect , though the Muslim rites overlie essentially Indian social customs . Women are not strictly secluded . The 29 tribes owe a loose allegiance to the Brahui khan of Kalāt , which has long been associated with the confederacy 's destinies . A group of eight tribes forms what is believed to be the original Brahui nucleus and constitutes about one - eleventh of the Brahui population . To these nuclear tribes have been affiliated many indigenous and captive peoples . The Brahui rose to power in the 17th century , overthrowing a dynasty of Hindu rajas . Under Naṣīr Khān , the confederacy attained its zenith in the 18th century . Their subsequent history centred on the state of Kalāt , which joined Pakistan in 1948 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching and Learning in Pakistan : The Role of Language in Education '' ( PDF ) . British Council.Org. 2010 . pp. 13 , 14 , 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rehman , Zia Ur ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` With a handful of subbers , two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi '' . The News International . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . In Pakistan , the majority of Gujarati - speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras , Ismaili Khojas , Memons , Kathiawaris , Katchhis , Parsis ( Zoroastrians ) and Hindus , said Gul Hasan Kalmati , a researcher who authored `` Karachi , Sindh Jee Marvi '' , a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities . Although there are no official statistics available , community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati - speakers in Karachi -- roughly around 15 percent of the city 's entire population . Jump up ^ Rafi , Yumna ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` Pakistan hosts second largest refugee population globally '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ KHALIDI , OMAR ( 1 January 1998 ) . `` From torrent to trickle : Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan , 1947 -- 97 '' . Islamic Studies . 37 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Factsheet Pakistan March 2017 ( UNHCR March 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Ten countries host half of world 's refugees : report '' . Al Jazeera English . 4 October 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five million illegal immigrants residing in Pakistan '' . Express Tribune . 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fringe Pakistan : Bengali - speaking Pakistanis demand right to vote '' . Express Tribune . 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Shaikh Muhammad Feroze , the chairman of the committee , said during a press conference on Friday that political parties and the government should acknowledge the sacrifices of their ancestors . ' We live in Sindh and feel proud to be called Sindhis rather than Bengalis . We appeal to Sindhi nationalists and Sindhis to help us in our struggle , ' he added . He said that Bengali - speaking people were not given educational rights as they did not possess national identity cards . ' Our children ca n't get an education after matriculation because colleges ask for the identity cards but the National Database Registration Authority has never accepted us as Pakistani citizens . ' Shaikh said that over three million Bengalis and Biharis were grateful to the government for accepting them as Pakistani citizens . ' We postponed a hunger strike planned for March 25 after the government made decisions , ' he added . ' We can go on a hunger strike , if our rights are not given . ' He claimed that there were 200 settlements of Bengali - speaking people across the country , including 132 in Karachi . They populate different parts of Pakistan , including Thatta , Badin , Hyderabad , Tando Adam and Lahore . Jump up ^ Rehman , Zia Ur ( 23 February 2015 ) . `` Identity issue haunts Karachi 's Rohingya population '' . Dawn . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Their large - scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them . Jump up ^ Khan , Naimat ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` The Rohingyas of Karachi '' . Jump up ^ Jaffrey , Shumaila ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` How the Uighurs keep their culture alive in Pakistan '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Insa is one of a few thousand Uighur Muslims who live in Gilgit . The community is a mix of generations . Some left Xinjiang and the thriving trading town of Kashgar in 1949 , while others are later arrivals . All say they were forced to leave as they were the victims of cultural and religious oppression in China . Jump up ^ Istvan , Zoltan ( 13 March 2003 ) . `` Refugee Crisis Worsening In Western Kashmir '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . The refugees claim that Indian soldiers forced them out of their homes ... For Kashmiri Muslims , Pakistan appeared safer than Indian - held Kashmir ... `` She was also raped by the soldiers , '' Ahmad said . `` Many of the other female refugees were also raped . '' ^ Jump up to : Ian S. Livingston ; Michael O'Hanlon ( 29 November 2011 ) . `` Pakistan Index '' ( PDF ) . Brookings population 2010 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi ( 2010 ) . `` The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Abbas , Zaffar ( 13 March 2002 ) . `` Pakistan 's Sidi keep heritage alive '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . One of the Pakistan 's smallest ethnic communities is made up of people of African origin , known as Sidi . The African - Pakistanis live in Karachi and other parts of the Sindh and Baluchistan provinces in abject poverty , but they rarely complain of discrimination . Although this small Muslim community is not on the verge of extinction , their growing concern is how to maintain their distinct African identity in the midst of the dominating South Asian cultures . ^ Jump up to : `` India has largest diaspora population in world : UN '' . The Tribune . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , David ( 2006 ) . The Elgar Companion to Development Studies . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 668 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84376 - 475 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Population explosion : Put an embargo on industrialisation in Karachi '' . The Express Tribune . 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan : Largest cities and towns and statistics of their population '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Religions in Pakistan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Lisa ; Mullick , Haider ( 4 May 2009 ) . `` Reviving Pakistan 's Pluralist Traditions to Fight Extremism '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 31 July 2011 Jump up ^ abc `` Religions : Islam 95 % , other ( includes Christian and Hindu , 2 % Ahmadiyyah ) 5 % '' . CIA . The World Factbook on Pakistan . 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ # ^ International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research at Nanyang Technological University , Singapore : `` Have Pakistanis Forgotten Their Sufi Traditions ? '' by Rohan Bedi April 2006 Jump up ^ Singh , Dr. YP ( 2016 ) . Islam in India and Pakistan -- A Religious History . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd . ISBN 978 - 93 - 85505 - 63 - 8 . Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia . Jump up ^ see : Islam by country ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies on Pakistan . Library of Congress . February 2005 . Retrieved 1 September 2010 . Religion : The overwhelming majority of the population ( 96.3 percent ) is Muslim , of whom approximately 95 percent are Sunni and 5 percent Shia . ^ Jump up to : `` Religions : Muslim 95 % ( Sunni 75 % , Shia 20 % ) , other '' . Pakistan ( includes Christian and Hindu ) 5 % . The World Factbook . CIA . 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Tracy , ed. ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Tracy , ed . ( October 2009 ) . Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan -- International Religious Freedom Report 2008 '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity '' . Pew Research Center . 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . On the other hand , in Pakistan , where 6 % of the survey respondents identify as Shia , Sunni attitudes are more mixed : 50 % say Shias are Muslims , while 41 % say they are not . ^ Jump up to : `` Field Listing : Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Vali ( 2007 ) . The Shia revival : how conflicts within Islam will shape the future ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32968 - 2 . Jump up ^ The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 ( 0.22 % ) Ahmadis in Pakistan . However , the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate . Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis . However , the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure and is approximately 2.2 % of the country . See : over 2 million : Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada ( 4 December 2008 ) . `` Pakistan : The situation of Ahmadis , including legal status and political , education and employment rights ; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis ( 2006 -- Nov. 2008 ) '' . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . 3 million : International Federation for Human Rights : International Fact - Finding Mission . Freedoms of Expression , of Association and of Assembly in Pakistan . Ausgabe 408 / 2 , January 2005 , S. 61 ( PDF ) 3 -- 4 million : Commission on International Religious Freedom : Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom . 2005 , S. 130 4.910. 000 : James Minahan : Encyclopedia of the stateless nations . Ethnic and national groups around the world . Greenwood Press . Westport 2002 , page 52 `` Pakistan : Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan '' . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` International Religious Freedom Report 2008 : Pakistan '' . US State Department . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism : Online and Offline -- Page 38 , Rüdiger Lohlker -- 2012 Jump up ^ Chapter 1 : Religious Affiliation retrieved 4 September 2013 Jump up ^ `` South Asian Media Net '' . South Asian Free Media Association . Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can Sufi Islam counter the Taleban ? '' . BBC . 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Amer Morgahi ( 2011 ) . `` An emerging European Islam : The case of the Minhaj ul Quran in the Netherlands '' . In Martin van Bruinessen , Stefano Allievi . Producing Islamic Knowledge : Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe . Routledge . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35592 - 6 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Farooq Soomro . `` Sehwan : The undisputed throne of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar '' . dawn.com . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan . Pakistan . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Sūfī Islam in Pakistan is represented at two levels . The first is the populist Sufism of the rural masses , associated with unorthodox religious rituals and practices , belief in the intercessory powers of saints , pilgrimage and veneration at their shrines , and a binding spiritual relationship between the shaykh or pir ( master ) and murīd ( disciple ) . Many Muslims in rural areas of Pakistan , where orthodox Islam has yet to penetrate effectively , identify themselves with some pir , living or dead , and seek his intercession for the solution of their worldly problems and for salvation in the hereafter . Jump up ^ Hussain , Rizwan . Pakistan . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . The other strain is that of scholastic or intellectual Sufism , a recent phenomenon based in urban areas and becoming increasingly popular in educated circles . Influenced by the writings of the medieval theologian al - Ghazālī ( d . 1111 ) , the Sūfī reformer Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindī ( d . 1624 ) , and Shāh Walī Allāh ( d . 1762 ) , and by the spiritual experiences of the masters of the Suhrawardī and Naqshbandī orders , these modern Sūfīs are rearticulating Islamic metaphysics as an answer to Western materialism . Jump up ^ Produced by Charlotte Buchen . `` Sufism Under Attack in Pakistan '' ( video ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Distribution by Religion , 1998 Census '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Hindu Populations , 2010 and 2050 '' . Pew Research Center . 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan '' . Ethnologue . Jump up ^ Zamindar , Vazira Fazila - Yacoobali ( 2010 ) . The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia : Refugees , Boundaries , Histories . Columbia University Press . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13847 - 5 . The logic of the hostage theory tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan . Jump up ^ Dhulipala , Venkat ( 2015 ) . Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 . Within the subcontinent , ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the ' majority provinces ' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India . In this regard , it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that ' hostage ' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India 's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority . Jump up ^ Qasmi , Ali Usman ( 2015 ) . The Ahmadis and the Politics of Religious Exclusion in Pakistan . Anthem Press . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78308 - 425 - 8 . Nazim - ud - Din favored an Islamic state not just out of political expediency but also because of his deep religious belief in its efficacy and practicality ... Nazim - ud - Din commented : ' I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights , no matter what his caste , creed or faith be ' . Jump up ^ Sohail , Riaz ( 2 March 2007 ) . `` Hindus feel the heat in Pakistan '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 February 2011 . But many Hindu families who stayed in Pakistan after partition have already lost faith and migrated to India . Jump up ^ `` Pakistanis Attack 30 Hindu Temples '' . The New York Times . 7 December 1992 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Muslims attacked more than 30 Hindu temples across Pakistan today , and the Government of this overwhelmingly Muslim nation closed offices and schools for a day to protest the destruction of a mosque in India . Jump up ^ Abbas , Zaffar ( 22 March 2005 ) . `` Journalists find Balochistan ' war zone ' '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . The Hindu residential locality that is close to Mr Bugti 's fortress - like house was particularly badly hit . Mr Bugti says 32 Hindus were killed by firing from the government side in exchanges that followed an attack on a government convoy last Thursday . Jump up ^ 25 Hindu girls abducted every month , claims HRCP official The News , Tuesday , 30 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Forced conversions torment Pakistan 's Hindus '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Veengas . `` Bring Back Our Girls : Pakistan 's Minorities ' Struggle Against Forced Conversions '' . thewire.in . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population Distribution by Religion , 1998 Census '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan -- International Religious Freedom Report 2008 '' . United States Department of State . 2008 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni , with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent . ^ Jump up to : Husain , Irfan ( 27 August 2012 ) . `` Faith in decline '' . Dawn , Irfan . Archived from the original on 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Interestingly , and somewhat intriguingly , 2 per cent of the Pakistanis surveyed see themselves as atheists , up from 1pc in 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan - Language , Religion , Culture , Customs and Etiquette '' . Kwint Essential . Archived from the original on 23 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Anwar Alam ( 2008 ) . `` Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase - II , Peshawar '' ( PDF ) . Sarhad J. Agric . Department of Sociology and Anthropology , University of Peshawar. 24 ( 3 ) . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Irfan Husain ( 17 April 2010 ) . `` The rise of Mehran man '' . Dawn . Pakistan News . Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006 '' ( PDF ) . A.T. Kearney . Nov -- Dec 2006 . p. 4 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Unquiet Pasts : Risk Society , Lived Cultural Heritage , Re-Designing Reflexivity -- Stephanie Koerner , Ian Russell -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 16 August 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7548 - 8 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Michele Langevine Leiby ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` In Pakistan , fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . International Media Support . July 2009 . pp. 14 -- 16 , 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani media targeted on all sides , says report '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan profile -- Media -- BBC News '' . BBC News . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Between radicalisation and democratisation in an unfolding conflict : Media in Pakistan '' ( PDF ) . International Media Support . July 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Naseem Randhava ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan to show Bollywood film '' . BBC News . 23 January 2006 . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Shaikh , Naila . `` The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India '' . Brown Girl . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Daily Times Monitor , Editorial ( 25 December 2014 ) . `` Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television '' . Daily Times 2014 . Daily Times , Pakistan . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nadeem F. Paracha ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` Times of the Vital Sign '' . Dawn News , Nadeem F. Paracha . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Reza Sayah ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Underground musicians aim to change Pakistan 's image '' . CNN Pakistan . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Nayyar ( 1988 ) . `` Origin and History of the Qawwali '' ( PDF ) . University of Toronto . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Amit Baruah , R. Padmanabhan ( 6 September 1997 ) . `` The stilled voice '' . Frontline . Chennai , India . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Owais Tohid ( 7 June 2005 ) . `` Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pride and the Pakistani Diaspora '' . Archives.dawn.com. 14 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` OP News Discussions Archives '' . Overseaspakistanis.net . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Migration and Remittances : Top Countries '' ( PDF ) . Siteresources.worldbank.org. 2010 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia remains largest source of remittances for Pakistan '' . The Express Tribune . 16 July 2016 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Alamgir Hashmi ( 1996 ) . Radhika Mohanram , ed . English postcoloniality : literatures from around the world . Gita Rajan . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 107 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28854 - 8 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Official website in English Pakistan Academy of Letters Archived 6 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilani Kamran ( January 2002 ) . `` Pakistani Literature -- Evolution & trends '' . The South Asian Magazine . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Huma Imtiaz ( 26 September 2010 ) . `` Granta : The global reach of Pakistani literature '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Sufis of India and Pakistan '' . History of Islam . 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Annemarie Schimmel ( 15 December 2004 ) . `` Iqbal , Muhammad '' . Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Shafique , Nadeem . `` Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal '' ( PDF ) . Bahauddin Zakariya University . Journal of Research , Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies . pp. 47 -- 49 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Iqbal Academy ( 26 May 2006 ) . `` Allama Iqbal -- Biography '' ( PHP ) . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Zahid Rifat ( 3 October 2011 ) . `` Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets '' . highbeam.com . The Nation . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Chetan Karnani ( 2003 ) . L.H. Ajwani . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 50 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1664 - 8 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Javed , Kazi . Philosophical Domain of Pakistan ( Pakistan Main Phalsapiana Rojhanat ) ( in Urdu ) . Karachi : Karachi University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ et . al. , Richard V. DeSemet SeJ . `` Philosophical Activities in Pakistan : 1947 -- 1961 '' . Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress . Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmad , ed. by Naeem ( 1998 ) . Philosophy in Pakistan . Washington , DC : Council for Research in Values and Philosophy . ISBN 1 - 56518 - 108 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Mallick , Ayyaz ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky on Pakistan elections '' . Dawn news election cells . Dawn news election cells . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , Pervez . `` Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy '' . PTV archives . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Vidja Dehejia . `` South Asian Art and Culture '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization '' . History World International . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Sachindra Kumar Maity . Cultural Heritage of Ancient India Abhinav Publications , 1983 ISBN 0 - 391 - 02809 - X p 46 Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai '' ( PDF ) . International Council on Monuments and Sites. 29 December 1979 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Simon Ross Valentine . ' Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at : History , Belief , Practice Hurst Publishers , 2008 ISBN 1 - 85065 - 916 - 8 p 63 ^ Jump up to : Kamil Khan Mumtaz ( 1985 ) . Architecture in Pakistan . Concept Media Pte Ltd . pp. 32 , 51,160 . ISBN 9971 - 84 - 141 - X . Jump up ^ Kathleen W. Deady ( 2001 ) . Countries of the world : Pakistan . Capstone Press . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 7368 - 0815 - 9 . Jump up ^ American Geriatrics Society . Ethnogeriatrics Committee ( 2006 ) . Doorway thoughts : cross-cultural health care for older adults . Jones & Bartlett Learning . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 4355 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tarla Dalal ( 2007 ) . Punjabi Khana . Sanjay & Co. p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89491 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Sohan Halwa a gift of saints ' city '' . Dawn.com. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bill Mallon ; Jeroen Heijmans ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement ( 4th revised ed . ) . Scarecrow . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7249 - 3 . Jump up ^ V.V.K. Subburaj ( 30 August 2004 ) . Basic Facts of General Knowledge . Sura College of Competition . p. 771 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7254 - 234 - 4 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Saad Khan ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` The Death of Sports in Pakistan '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan cricket future in doubt '' . BBC . 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Bibliography See also : Bibliography of Pakistan Akbar Ahmed ( 1997 ) , Jinnah , Pakistan and Islamic Identity : The Search for Saladin , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14966 - 2 Stephen Philip Cohen ( 2006 ) , The Idea of Pakistan , Brookings Institution Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1503 - 0 Anatol Lieven ( 2012 ) , Pakistan : A Hard Country , PublicAffairs , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 145 - 0 Hafeez Malik ( 2006 ) , The Encyclopedia of Pakistan , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 597735 - 6 Iftikhar Malik ( 2005 ) , Culture and Customs of Pakistan ( Culture and Customs of Asia ) , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33126 - 8 Matthew McCartney ( 2011 ) , Pakistan : The Political Economy of Growth , Stagnation and the State , 1951 -- 2009 , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 57747 - 2 Masood Ashraf Raja ( 2010 ) , Constructing Pakistan : Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547811 - 2 Percival Spear ( 2007 ) , India , Pakistan and the West , Read Books Publishers , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 1215 - 9 Robert Stimson ; Kingsley E. Haynes ( 1 January 2012 ) , Studies in Applied Geography and Spatial Analysis : Addressing Real World Issues , Edward Elgar Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78100 - 796 - 9 Venkat Dhulipala ( 2015 ) , Creating a New Medina : State Power , Islam , and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 25838 - 5 External links Find more aboutPakistanat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Government Official website Pakistan Public Policies & Researches General Information `` Pakistan '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Pakistan from UCB Libraries GovPubs Pakistan at DMOZ Pakistan from the BBC News Pakistan at Encyclopædia Britannica Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan Key Development Forecasts for Pakistan from International Futures Geographic data related to Pakistan at OpenStreetMap Pakistan topics Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics History Ancient Stone age Soanian Mehrgarh Indus Valley Indo - Iranics Indo - Aryan Achaemenid Greco - Bactrian Maurya Gandhara Indo - Greek Indo - Scythians Indo - Parthian Kushan Indo - Sassanid Medieval Indo - Hephthalite Kamboja Rai Dynasty Shahi Pala Solanki Muhammad bin Qasim Ghaznavid Ghurid Mamluk Khilji Tughlaq Sayyid Lodi Timurid Modern Pre-colonial Mughal East India Company Durrani Sikh Confederacy Sikh Empire First Anglo - Afghan War First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Rebellion Colonial British Raj Second Anglo - Afghan War Durand Line Third Anglo - Afghan War Aligarh Movement Hindi -- Urdu controversy Pakistan Movement Muslim League Two nation theory Jinnah 's 14 Points Lahore Resolution Direct Action Day Partition Independence Dominion Dominion of Pakistan Princely states 1947 War Liaquat -- Nehru Pact Baghdad Pact Republic Indus Treaty 1965 War 1971 War Project - 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Baltistan See also : Former administrative units of Pakistan Countries bordering the Arabian Sea India Iran Maldives Oman Pakistan Somalia Yemen International membership Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Politics ECOTA Secretariat Secretaries - General Treaty of Izmir Islamabad Declaration Symbols Emblem Flag Summits Tehran 1992 Istanbul 1993 Islamabad 1995 Ashgabat 1996 Almaty 1998 Tehran 2000 Istanbul 2002 Dushanbe 2004 Baku 2006 Tehran 2009 Istanbul 2010 Baku 2012 Islamabad 2017 Member Afghanistan Azerbaijan Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Observers Countries Northern Cyprus ( as Turkish Cypriot State ) International organizations Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Turkic Council Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Summits Beijing 2012 Dushanbe 2014 Astana 2017 Member states China India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Observer states Afghanistan Belarus Iran Mongolia Dialogue partners Armenia Azerbaijan Cambodia Nepal Sri Lanka Turkey Guests ASEAN CIS Turkmenistan See also Eurasian Land Bridge Three Evils Working languages Chinese Russian Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Members Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea - 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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Agreements South Asian Free Trade Area Summits Dhaka 1985 Bengaluru 1986 Kathmandu 1987 Islamabad 1988 Malé 1990 Colombo 1991 Dhaka 1993 New Delhi 1995 Malé 1997 Colombo 1998 Kathmandu 2002 Islamabad 2004 Dhaka 2005 New Delhi 2007 Colombo 2007 Thimphu 2010 Addu 2011 Kathmandu 2014 19th SAARC summit Members Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Observers Australia China European Union Iran Japan Mauritius Myanmar South Korea United States Guests South Africa Russia Specialized agencies SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning SAARC Documentation Centre South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry South Asian Federation of Accountants Related Articles SAARC Secretary General SAARC Secretariat SAARC satellite South Asian University South Asian Games SAARC Literary Award SAARC Road SAARC Fountain Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - 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No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Davos persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Meera escapes into the forest with Bran who is still immersed in his visions . He comes to just as the wights have tracked them down , but are quickly saved by a mysterious man . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Bran and Meera learn that the man who saved them is Benjen , who explains that he was turned by the White Walkers but then later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Daenerys mounts Drogon and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Davos confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons .
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Game of Thrones ( season 6 )
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game of thrones ( season 6 )
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The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes long , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million .
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The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of the Seven Kingdoms . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.5 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Marketing 6.3 After the Thrones 6.4 Home media 6.5 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of the Seven Kingdoms . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Davos persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Meera escapes into the forest with Bran who is still immersed in his visions . He comes to just as the wights have tracked them down , but are quickly saved by a mysterious man . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Bran and Meera learn that the man who saved them is Benjen , who explains that he was turned by the White Walkers but then later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Daenerys mounts Drogon and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Davos confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Deborah Riley Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Nominated 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : Game of Thrones ( Season 6 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Adds Melanie Liburd As The Red Priestess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Freddie Stroma cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly Just Hijacked a Downton Abbey Actor '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Walder Frey is coming back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Of Monsters and Men for cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Young Ned Stark ' cast ' for flashback scene '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Richard E. Grant joins the cast ( confirmed ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Music on TV : Inside Of Monsters and Men 's Cameo on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones , Hamilton among nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files ( 1978 ) Lou Grant ( 1979 ) Lou Grant ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue ( 1995 ) ER ( 1996 ) Law & Order ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The West Wing ( 2001 ) The West Wing ( 2002 ) The West Wing ( 2003 ) The Sopranos ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) 24 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) Mad Men ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)&oldid=834359592 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 09 : 16 . 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who plays in charity shield if chelsea win double
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FA Community Shield
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fa community shield
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The Football Association Community Shield ( formerly the Charity Shield ) is English football 's annual match contested between the champions of the previous Premier League season and the holders of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . If the Premier League champions also won the FA Cup then the league runners - up provide the opposition . The fixture is a recognised competitive football super cup .
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Organised by the Football Association , proceeds from the game are distributed to community - based initiatives and charities around the country . Revenue from the gate receipts and match programme sales is distributed to the 124 clubs who competed in The FA Cup from the First Round onwards , for onward distribution to charities and projects of their choice , while the remainder is distributed to the FA 's national charity partners . The fixture was first played in the 1908 -- 09 season , replacing the Sheriff of London Charity Shield . The current holders are Arsenal who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 match . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules 3 Status 4 Records 5 Venues 5.1 Permanent venues 5.2 Neutral and guest host venues 6 Winners 6.1 By year 6.2 By number of wins ( clubs ) 6.3 By number of wins ( other ) 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Community Shield evolved from the Sheriff of London Charity Shield that had been introduced in 1898 as a professionals versus amateurs cup ( the gentlemen and players tradition ) . The Football Association Charity Shield , as it was known at the time , was designed to replace the Sheriff of London Charity Shield after the leading amateur clubs fell out with the FA . The new format was to have the Football League First Division champions play the Southern League champions , and the first match was in 1908 between Manchester United ( the First Division champions ) and Queens Park Rangers ( the Southern League champions ) . The match was drawn 1 -- 1 , so the game was replayed when Manchester United won 4 -- 0 . This is the only Charity Shield game to go to a replay . Both games were played at Stamford Bridge . The competition format varied over the years : in 1913 the Shield was contested between Amateurs and Professionals XIs , while in 1921 the Shield was contested between the Football League and FA Cup winners for the first time . The format continued to vary in the 1920s , usually along the lines of Amateurs v. Professionals , including one year ( 1927 ) where the Professionals were represented by the FA Cup holders Cardiff City and the Amateurs by the Corinthians , echoing the format of the trophy 's predecessor , the Sheriff of London Charity Shield . In 1930 the Football League winner v. FA Cup winner returned , and with a few exceptions , this format has remained to the present day . Notable exceptions include the 1950 Shield , which involved the England World Cup team against an FA team that had toured Canada that summer , and the 1961 Shield , when Tottenham Hotspur became the first team of the 20th century to win the Double , and so played a Football Association XI . The game had been moved to the start of the season from 1959 onwards . The question of which two teams should contest the Shield should one team win both the FA Cup and League continued to linger . In 1971 , Arsenal became the second team to win the Double since the Shield 's foundation , but owing to their previously arranged pre-season friendly matches , they could not take part . Leicester City were invited as Division Two champions to play FA Cup runners - up Liverpool instead and went on to win the trophy , despite having never won either the League or the FA Cup . In 1972 , league champions Derby County and FA Cup winners Leeds United both declined to take part in the Charity Shield , so Manchester City , who had finished in fourth in the First Division , and Third Division champions Aston Villa were invited to take part ; Manchester City won 1 -- 0 . Despite finishing the season eleventh , City also contested the 1973 Charity Shield but lost 1 - 0 to Second Division champions Burnley . In 1974 the then FA secretary , Ted Croker , created the current format with the match being played at Wembley Stadium , and being contested by the reigning League and FA Cup holders . Four drawn games in the 1980s and early 1990s resulted in each team holding the trophy for 6 months , but in 1993 penalties were re-introduced to decide drawn games . With the formation of a new top league , the FA Premier League , the Shield became a showcase match between the Premier League and FA Cup winners from the 1993 competition onwards . In 2002 , the Charity Commission found that the Football Association failed to meet its legal obligations under charity law , by failing to specify what money from ticket sales went to charity , and delaying payments to the charities nominated . As a result , the competition was renamed the Community Shield . Arsenal were the first winners of the renamed Community Shield with a 1 -- 0 victory over Liverpool . In 2016 , the FA 's official silversmith Thomas Lyte restored and rebuilt the Football Association 's original 1908 Charity Shield to mark 50 years since England beat West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup . The trophy was sold at auction with the proceeds going to the Bobby Moore Fund for Cancer Research UK raising £ 40,000 . The auction was held at The Royal Garden Hotel in Kensington , where the England team celebrated the 1966 victory . The Bobby Moore Fund became the FA 's charity partner in July 2016 . Rules ( edit ) The rules of the Community Shield are generally the same as those for Premier League , with a team of 11 starting players and 7 substitutes . However , unlike in most other competitions where only three substitutions are permitted , teams in the Community Shield are permitted up to six substitutions . If the scores are level after 90 minutes , the teams play a penalty shootout . Status ( edit ) An official honour in the English game , the Community Shield is regarded to be the first competitive game of the new English football season . However , it has been considered by some to be a minor trophy and Community Shield games may not be as hotly contested as other trophy finals . The game has been described by some media sources , including Mark Lawrenson , as a `` glorified friendly '' . Prior to the 2008 FA Community Shield , Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson summarised his opinion of the competition : `` It 's always a game we never quite use as a do or die thing ; we use it as a barometer for fitness '' . On the other hand , many media , clubs and players continue to recognise the importance of the match as the first official game and trophy of the domestic season . Ahead of the 2016 FA Community Shield against Manchester United , Leicester City manager Claudio Ranieri asked , `` Why do you say this question , a friendly ? When is the Community Shield a friendly ? Of course we will be at the maximum and Manchester United will be at their maximum . The two teams want to win . I am very excited . '' The following year , Chelsea manager Antonio Conte affirmed the significance of the cup , stating `` It is not a friendly game . It is an official game and there is a trophy so for us it must be important '' ahead of his side 's clash with Arsenal , the team that had denied his club the double the previous season . Records ( edit ) The most successful teams in the competition are Manchester United ( 17 outright wins , 4 shared ) , Arsenal ( 14 outright wins , 1 shared ) , Liverpool ( 10 outright wins , 5 shared ) and Everton ( 8 outright wins , 1 shared ) . The highest scoring game was Manchester United 's 8 -- 4 win against Swindon Town in 1911 . Everton hold the record for most consecutive wins ( 4 ) from 1984 to 1987 ; however , the 1986 was shared with Liverpool . Manchester United hold the record for most consecutive losses ( 4 ) from 1998 to 2001 . During this period Manchester United also held the record for most consecutive games played ( 6 ) from 1996 to 2001 in which they won 2 . Tottenham Hotspur goalkeeper Pat Jennings scored against Manchester United from his own penalty area in the 1967 Charity Shield , which was shared at 3 - 3 . Brighton & Hove Albion are the only club to win just the Shield , never the FA Cup or the League . Venues ( edit ) Multiple guest and neutral hosts Ground Hosts Years Stamford Bridge , London 10 1908 , 1909 , 1910 , 1911 , 1923 , 1927 , 1930 , 1950 , 1955 , 1970 Highbury , London 7 1924 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1948 , 1949 , 1953 White Hart Lane , London 6 1912 , 1920 , 1921 , 1925 , 1951 , 1961 Old Trafford , Manchester 6 1922 , 1928 , 1952 , 1957 , 1965 , 1967 Maine Road , Manchester 5 1926 , 1937 , 1956 , 1968 , 1973 Villa Park , Birmingham 1931 , 1972 , 2012 Goodison Park , Liverpool 1933 , 1963 , 1966 The Den , London 1913 , 1929 Molineux , Wolverhampton 1954 , 1959 For purposes of clarity , venues mentioned in italics in this section no longer exist . Permanent venues ( edit ) Since 1974 , the Community Shield has been at a permanent home rather than guest venues . Empire Stadium ( Old Wembley ) : 1974 -- 2000 Millennium Stadium : 2001 -- 2006 Wembley Stadium ( New Wembley ) : 2007 -- 2011 , since 2013 Neutral and guest host venues ( edit ) The fixture was originally played at various neutral grounds or the home ground of one of the teams competing . In total there have been seventeen host grounds other than the aforementioned permanent three . The first ground to host the fixture was Stamford Bridge in 1908 and the last ground which guest hosted the fixture was Villa Park in 2012 , which was due to Wembley and the Millennium Stadium hosting the 2012 Olympics football tournament . Stadiums considered included St James ' Park , and the Stadium of Light but Villa Park was chosen for the 2012 contest . There have been eight grounds which have hosted the fixture on one single occasion , these being : St James ' Park in 1932 , Roker Park in 1936 , Burnden Park in 1958 , Turf Moor in 1960 , Portman Road in 1962 , Anfield in 1964 , Elland Road in 1969 and Filbert Street in 1971 . Nine grounds have hosted the fixtures on multiple occasions . Winners ( edit ) By year ( edit ) For a full list of the Shield results and scorers for each year , see List of FA Community Shield matches . By number of wins ( clubs ) ( edit ) The trophy Team Wins ( outright wins / shared titles ) Years ( * title was shared ) Manchester United 21 ( 17 / 4 ) 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Arsenal 15 ( 14 / 1 ) 1930 , 1931 , 1933 , 1934 , 1938 , 1948 , 1953 , 1991 * , 1998 , 1999 , 2002 , 2004 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Liverpool 15 ( 10 / 5 ) 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 Everton 9 ( 8 / 1 ) 1928 , 1932 , 1963 , 1970 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 * , 1987 , 1995 Tottenham Hotspur 7 ( 4 / 3 ) 1921 , 1951 , 1961 , 1962 , 1967 * , 1981 * , 1991 * Chelsea 1955 , 2000 , 2005 , 2009 Manchester City 1937 , 1968 , 1972 , 2012 Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 ( 1 / 3 ) 1949 * , 1954 * , 1959 , 1960 * Leeds United 1969 , 1992 Burnley 2 ( 1 / 1 ) 1960 * , 1973 West Bromwich Albion 2 ( 1 / 1 ) 1920 , 1954 * Blackburn Rovers 1912 Bolton Wanderers 1958 Brighton & Hove Albion 1910 Cardiff City 1927 Derby County Huddersfield Town 1922 Leicester City 1971 Newcastle United 1909 Nottingham Forest 1978 Sheffield Wednesday 1935 Sunderland 1936 Aston Villa 1 ( 0 / 1 ) 1981 * Portsmouth 1 ( 0 / 1 ) 1949 * West Ham United 1 ( 0 / 1 ) 1964 * By number of wins ( other ) ( edit ) Team Wins Years English Professionals XI 1913 , 1923 , 1924 , 1929 English Amateurs XI 1925 , 1926 England 1950 FIFA World Cup XI 1950 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Where the money goes '' . The FA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The FA Community Shield history '' . The FA Cup & Competitions . The FA . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4 . THE CORINTHIAN ERA : : ISFA '' . www.isfa.org.uk . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Football Association Charity Shield '' . www.the-english-football-archive.com . Archived from the original on 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . ( Wayback machine ) ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Swindlehurst ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Community Shield Preview - A brief history '' . A different league . Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Dronfield , Dylan ( 4 March 2002 ) . `` Charity Shield warning for FA '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` FA to rename Charity Shield '' . BBC Sport. 8 February 2002 . Retrieved 2001 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Community Shield match details '' . The Football Association . 29 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Evening Standard : FA Charity Shield to be auctioned off to raise money for the Bobby Moore Fund Jump up ^ The FA 's new official charity partner is Bobby Moore Fund Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Community Shield will not be a friendly game - Leicester 's Claudio Ranieri '' . Espn Fc. 2015 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Match Preview : 2016 FA Community Shield '' . Manutd.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lawrenson , Mark ( 5 August 2007 ) . `` Lawro 's Community Shield verdict '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Tom ( 9 August 2009 ) . `` Chelsea v Manchester United - Community Shield as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Community Shield : Chelsea 2 Manchester United 2 '' . Daily Record . 10 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Relaxed Manchester United to take on Portsmouth at Wembley '' . 9 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Banks , Tony . `` Chelsea 's John Terry rues Community Shield defeat to Arsenal '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tweedale , Alistair ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Community Shield 2015 : Why winning would give Chelsea or Arsenal an early edge in Premier League title race '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` After Arsenal 's win , how often do Community / Charity Shield winners win the Premier League ? '' . City A.M. 2014 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/chelsea/story/3169492/antonio-conte-chelsea-players-very-tired-following-preseason-tour-of-asia Jump up ^ `` History of the Charity Shield '' . BBC . 9 August 2001 . Retrieved 22 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Old Trafford in pole for 2012 Community Shield '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Charity / Community Shield matches at RSSSF '' . Rsssf.com. 2015 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Official site at TheFA.com FA Charity / Community Shields FA Charity Shield ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 FA Community Shield ( 2002 -- present ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 List of matches Men 's football in England The Football Association National teams England U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 League competitions Level 1 Premier League Levels 2 -- 4 English Football League ( EFL ) Levels 5 -- 6 National League Levels 7 -- 8 Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Levels 9 -- 10 Combined Counties League East Midlands Counties League ( level 10 only ) Eastern Counties League Essex Senior League ( level 9 only ) Hellenic League Midland League Northern Counties East League Northern League North West Counties League Southern Counties East League South West Peninsula League ( level 10 only ) Spartan South Midlands League Southern Combination League United Counties League Wessex Football League Western League West Midlands ( Regional ) League ( level 10 only ) Cup competitions FA cups FA Cup FA Community Shield FA Trophy FA Vase FA Inter-League Cup League cups EFL Cup EFL Trophy Northern Premier League Cup Isthmian League Cup Southern League Cup County cups List of County Cups Others Reserve and youth football Defunct leagues Defunct cups Lists List of clubs List of clubs by honours won Current managers Stadiums by capacity Record home attendances Venues Competitions Trophies and awards History Records National football supercups of Europe ( UEFA region ) Current Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey Ukraine Defunct Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Czech Republic Denmark East Germany Greece Republic of Ireland FAI Super Cup LFA President 's Cup Top Four Cup Latvia Northern Ireland Norway San Marino Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland Joint Czechoslovak Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FA_Community_Shield&oldid=801628893 '' Categories : FA Community Shield National association football supercups Football competitions in England Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Malti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 21 : 05 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA%20Community%20Shield
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what is the origin of trick or treating on halloween
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Trick - or - treating
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trick - or - treating
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Trick - or - treating is a Halloween custom for children and adults in many countries . Children in costumes travel from house - to - house , asking for treats with the phrase `` Trick or treat '' . The `` treat '' is usually some form of candy , although , in some cultures , money is used instead . The `` trick '' is a usually idle threat to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given . Trick - or - treating usually occurs on the evening of October 31 . Some homeowners signal that they are willing to hand out treats by putting up Halloween decorations outside their doors ; others simply leave treats available on their porches for the children to take freely .
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In North America , trick - or - treating has been a Halloween tradition since the late 1920s . In Britain and Ireland the tradition of going house - to - house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century , as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween . In 19th century Britain and Ireland , there are many accounts of people going house - to - house in costume at Halloween , reciting verses in exchange for food , and sometimes warning of misfortune if they were not welcomed . The Scottish Halloween custom of `` guising '' -- children disguised in costume going from house to house for food or money -- is first recorded in North America in 1911 in Ontario , Canada . While going house - to - house in costume has remained popular among Scots and Irish , the custom of saying `` trick or treat '' has only recently become common . The activity is prevalent in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , Puerto Rico , and northwestern and central Mexico . In the latter , this practice is called calaverita ( Spanish for `` sugar skull '' ) , and instead of `` trick or treat '' , the children ask ¿ me da mi calaverita ? ( `` can you give me my sugar skull ? '' ) where a calaverita is a small skull made of sugar or chocolate . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ancient precursors 1.2 Origins 1.3 Increased popularity 1.4 Phrase introduction to the UK and Ireland 2 Etiquette 3 Local variants 3.1 Guising 3.2 Trunk - or - Treat 3.3 Other 4 Trick or Treat for UNICEF 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Ancient precursors ( edit ) Traditions similar to the modern custom of trick - or - treating extend all the way back to classical antiquity , although it is extremely unlikely that any of them are directly related to the modern custom . The ancient Greek writer Athenaeus of Naucratis records in his book The Deipnosophists that , in ancient times , the Greek island of Rhodes had a custom in which children would go from door - to - door dressed as swallows , singing a song , which demanded the owners of the house to give them food and threatened to cause mischief if the owners of the house refused . This tradition was claimed to have been started by the Rhodian lawgiver Cleobulus . Origins ( edit ) Since the Middle Ages , a tradition of mumming on a certain holiday has existed in parts of Britain and Ireland . It involved going door - to - door in costume , performing short scenes or parts of plays in exchange for food or drink . The custom of trick - or - treating on Halloween may come from the belief that supernatural beings , or the souls of the dead , roamed the earth at this time and needed to be appeased . It may otherwise have originated in a Celtic festival , held on 31 October -- 1 November , to mark the beginning of winter . It was Samhain in Ireland , Scotland and the Isle of Man , and Calan Gaeaf in Wales , Cornwall and Brittany . The festival is believed to have pre-Christian roots . In the 9th century , the Catholic Church made 1 November All Saints ' Day . Among Celtic - speaking peoples , it was seen as a liminal time , when the spirits or fairies ( the Aos Sí ) , and the souls of the dead , came into our world and were appeased with offerings of food and drink . Similar beliefs and customs were found in other parts of Europe . It is suggested that trick - or - treating evolved from a tradition whereby people impersonated the spirits , or the souls of the dead , and received offerings on their behalf . S.V. Peddle suggests they `` personify the old spirits of the winter , who demanded reward in exchange for good fortune '' . Impersonating these spirits or souls was also believed to protect oneself from them . `` A soul - cake , a soul - cake , have mercy on all Christian souls for a soul - cake . '' -- a popular English souling rhyme At least as far back as the 15th century , among Christians , there had been a custom of sharing soul cakes at Allhallowtide ( October 31 through November 2 ) . People would visit houses and take soul cakes , either as representatives of the dead , or in return for praying for their souls . Later , people went `` from parish to parish at Halloween , begging soul - cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this : ' Soul , souls , for a soul - cake ; Pray you good mistress , a soul - cake ! ' '' They typically asked for `` mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake '' . It was known as ' Souling ' and was recorded in parts of Britain , Flanders , southern Germany and Austria . Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1593 ) , when Speed accuses his master of `` puling ( whimpering or whining ) like a beggar at Hallowmas '' . The wearing of costumes , or `` guising '' , at Hallowmas , had been recorded in Scotland in the 16th century and was later recorded in other parts of Britain and Ireland . There are many references to mumming , guising or souling at Halloween in Britain and Ireland during the late 18th century and the 19th century . In parts of southern Ireland , a man dressed as a Láir Bhán ( white mare ) led youths house - to - house reciting verses -- some of which had pagan overtones -- in exchange for food . If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the ' Muck Olla ' , but if they refused to do so , it would bring misfortune . In Scotland , youths went house - to - house in white with masked , painted or blackened faces , reciting rhymes and often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed . In parts of Wales , peasant men went house - to - house dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod , or presenting themselves as the cenhadon y meirw ( representatives of the dead ) . In western England , mostly in the counties bordering Wales , souling was common . According to one 19th century English writer `` parties of children , dressed up in fantastic costume ( ... ) went round to the farm houses and cottages , signing a song , and begging for cakes ( spoken of as `` soal - cakes '' ) , apples , money , or anything that the goodwives would give them `` . Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928 , Ontario , Canada , the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of `` guising '' is first recorded in North America Guising at Halloween in Scotland is recorded in 1895 , where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips , visit homes to be rewarded with cakes , fruit and money . The practice of guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911 , where a newspaper in Kingston , Ontario , Canada reported children going `` guising '' around the neighborhood . American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the US ; The Book of Hallowe'en ( 1919 ) , and references souling in the chapter `` Hallowe'en in America '' ; `` The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions , and hold a Scotch party , using Burn 's poem Hallowe'en as a guide ; or to go a-souling as the English used . In short , no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now . '' Kelley lived in Lynn , Massachusetts , a town with 4,500 Irish immigrants , 1,900 English immigrants , and 700 Scottish immigrants in 1920 . In her book , Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic ; `` Americans have fostered them , and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas . All Hallowe'en customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries '' . While the first reference to `` guising '' in North America occurs in 1911 , another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears , place unknown , in 1915 , with a third reference in Chicago in 1920 . The earliest known use in print of the term `` trick or treat '' appears in 1927 , from Blackie , Alberta : Hallowe'en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun . No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels , gates , wagons , barrels , etc. , much of which decorated the front street . The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word `` trick or treat '' to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing . The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the start of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but do not depict trick - or - treating . The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes , `` There are cards which mention the custom ( of trick - or - treating ) or show children in costumes at the doors , but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s . Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards , but not the means of appeasing them '' . Trick - or - treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s , with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934 , and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939 . Increased popularity ( edit ) Almost all pre-1940 uses of the term `` trick - or - treat '' are from the United States and Canada . Trick - or - treating spread throughout the United States , stalled only by sugar rationing that began in April 1942 during World War II and did not end until June 1947 . Magazine advertisement in 1962 Early national attention to trick - or - treating was given in October 1947 issues of the children 's magazines Jack and Jill and Children 's Activities , and by Halloween episodes of the network radio programs The Baby Snooks Show in 1946 and The Jack Benny Show and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet in 1948 . Trick - or - treating was depicted in the Peanuts comic strip in 1951 . The custom had become firmly established in popular culture by 1952 , when Walt Disney portrayed it in the cartoon Trick or Treat , and Ozzie and Harriet were besieged by trick - or - treaters on an episode of their television show . In 1953 UNICEF first conducted a national campaign for children to raise funds for the charity while trick - or - treating . Although some popular histories of Halloween have characterized trick - or - treating as an adult invention to re-channel Halloween activities away from Mischief Night vandalism , there are very few records supporting this . Des Moines , Iowa is the only area known to have a record of trick - or - treating being used to deter crime . Elsewhere , adults , as reported in newspapers from the mid-1930s to the mid-1950s , typically saw it as a form of extortion , with reactions ranging from bemused indulgence to anger . Likewise , as portrayed on radio shows , children would have to explain what trick - or - treating was to puzzled adults , and not the other way around . Sometimes even the children protested : for Halloween 1948 , members of the Madison Square Boys Club in New York City carried a parade banner that read `` American Boys Do n't Beg . '' The National Confectioners Association reported in 2005 that 80 percent of adults in the United States planned to give out confectionery to trick - or - treaters , and that 93 percent of children , teenagers , and young adults planned to go trick - or - treating or participating in other Halloween activities . Phrase introduction to the uk and Ireland ( edit ) Despite the concept of trick or treating originating in Britain and Ireland in the form of souling and guising , the use of the term ' trick or treat ' at the doors of home owners was not common until the 1980s . Guising requires those going door - to - door to perform a song or poem without any jocular threat , and according to one BBC journalist , in the 1980s `` trick or treat '' was still often viewed as an exotic and not particularly welcome import , with the BBC referring to it as `` the Japanese knotweed of festivals '' and `` making demands with menaces '' . In Ireland before the phrase `` trick or treat '' became common , children would say `` Help the Halloween Party '' . Very often , the phrase `` trick or treat '' is simply said and the revellers are given sweets , with the choice of a trick or a treat having been discarded . Etiquette ( edit ) Two children trick - or - treating on Halloween in Arkansas , United States Trick - or - treating typically happens between 5 : 30pm and 9 : 30pm on October 31 , although some municipalities choose other dates . Homeowners wishing to participate in it sometimes decorate their private entrances with artificial spider webs , plastic skeletons and jack - o - lanterns . Some rather reluctant homeowners would simply leave the candy in bowls on the porch , others might be more participative and would even ask an effort from the children in order to provide them with candy . In more recent years , however , the practice has spread to almost any house within a neighbourhood being visited by children , including senior residences and condominiums . Although people decorate their homes for Halloween , when homes would like to participate in handing out candy , a porch light is usually left on to signify that a home is handing out candy . Local variants ( edit ) Guising ( edit ) In Scotland and Ireland , `` guising '' -- children going from door to door in disguise -- is traditional , and a gift in the form of food , coins or `` apples or nuts for the Halloween party '' ( in more recent times chocolate ) is given out to the children . The tradition is called `` guising '' because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children . In the West Mid Scots dialect , guising is known as `` galoshans '' . While guising has been recorded in Scotland in the 16th century , a more contemporary record of guising at Halloween in Scotland is in 1895 , where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips , visit homes to be rewarded with cakes , fruit , and money . Guising also involved going to wealthy homes , and in the 1920s , boys went guising at Halloween up to the affluent Thorntonhall , South Lanarkshire . An account of guising in the 1950s in Ardrossan , North Ayrshire , records a child receiving 12 shillings and sixpence , having knocked on doors throughout the neighborhood and performed . There is a significant difference from the way the practice has developed in North America with the associated threat . In Scotland and Ireland , the children are only supposed to receive treats if they perform a party trick for the households they go to . This normally takes the form of singing a song or reciting a joke or a funny poem which the child has memorised before setting out . Occasionally a more talented child may do card tricks , play the mouth organ , or something even more impressive , but most children will earn plenty of treats even with something very simple . Often they wo n't even need to perform . While going from door to door in disguise has remained popular among Scots and Irish at Halloween , the North American saying `` trick - or - treat '' has become common . Trunk - or - treat ( edit ) Trunk - or - treating event held at St. John Lutheran Church & Early Learning Center in Darien , IL Some organizations around the United States and Canada sponsor a `` Trunk - or - Treat '' on Halloween night ( or on occasion , a day immediately preceding Halloween ) , where trick - or - treating is done from parked car to parked car in a local parking lot , often at a school or church . This annual event began in the mid-1990s as a `` Fall Festival '' for an alternative to trick - or - treating , but became `` Trunk - or - Treat '' two decades later . The activity involves the open trunk of a car , displaying candy , and often games and decorations . Some parents regard trunk - or - treating as a safer alternative to trick - or - treating ; while other parents see it as an easier alternative to walking the neighborhood with their children . Some have called for more city or community group - sponsored Trunk - or - Treats , so they can be more inclusive . These have become increasingly popular in recent years . Churches are expanding on the original idea of trunk or treat by adding food , music , games , and rides . Their goal is to reach more of the community with an alternative to trick or treat . It not only has become a way to provide an alternative for children in the church but to the entire community . They have also found that it opens up opportunities to invite parents and children to other events or services going on at the church . To this end , some church groups hand out tracts or other information on the church at a Trunk - or - Treat . Other ( edit ) Children of the St. Louis , Missouri area are expected to perform a joke , usually a simple Halloween - themed pun or riddle , before receiving any candy ; this `` trick '' earns the `` treat '' . Children in Des Moines , Iowa also tell jokes or otherwise perform before receiving their treat . In most areas of the United States and Canada , trick - or - treating is a practice strictly meant for children . In fact , several US cities have banned trick - or - treaters older than 12 from participating in the event , and most young people stop trick - or - treating by the age of fourteen . In both countries , it is expected that a teenager will transition into more mature expressions of celebrating the holiday , such as fancy dress , games , and diversions like bonfires and bobbing for apples , and sweets like caramel apples , and teenagers will often attend school or community events with a Halloween theme where there will be dancing and music . In some parts of Canada , children sometimes say `` Halloween apples '' instead of `` trick or treat . '' This probably originated when the toffee apple was a popular type of candy . Apple - giving in much of Canada , however , has been taboo since the 1960s when stories ( of almost certainly questionable authenticity ) appeared of razors hidden inside Halloween apples ; parents began to check over their children 's `` loot '' for safety before allowing them to eat it . In Quebec , children also go door to door on Halloween . However , in French speaking neighbourhoods , instead of `` Trick or treat ? '' , they will simply say `` Halloween '' , though in tradition it used to be La charité s'il - vous - plaît ( `` Charity , please '' ) . In Portugal , children go from house to house in All Saints day and All Souls Day , carrying pumpkin carved lanterns called coca , asking every one they see for Pão - por - Deus singing rhymes where they remind people why they are begging , saying `` ... It is for me and for you , and to give to the deceased who are dead and buried ( ... ) '' or `` ( ... ) It is to share with your deceased ( ... ) '' If a door is not open or the children do n't get anything , they end their singing saying `` ( ... ) In this house smells like lard , here must live someone deceased '' . In the Azores the bread given to the children takes the shape of the top of a skull . The tradition of pão - por - Deus was already recorded in the 15th century . After this ritual begging , takes place the Magusto and big bonfires are lit with the `` firewood of the souls '' . The young people play around smothering their faces with the ashes . The ritual begging for the deceased used to take place all over the year as in several regions the dead , those who were dear , were expected to arrive and take part in the major celebrations like Christmas and a plate with food or a seat at the table was always left for them . In Sweden , children dress up as witches and monsters when they go trick - or - treating on Maundy Thursday ( the Thursday before Easter ) while Danish children dress up in various attires and go trick - or - treating on Fastelavn ( or the next day , Shrove Monday ) . In Norway , `` trick - or - treat '' is called `` knask eller knep '' , which means almost the same thing , although with the word order reversed , and the practice is quite common among children , who come dressed up to people 's doors asking for , mainly , candy . Many Norwegians prepare for the event by consciously buying a small stock of sweets prior to it , to come in handy should any kids come knocking on the door , which is very probable in most areas . The Easter witch tradition is done on Palm Sunday in Finland . In parts of Flanders and some parts of the Netherlands and most areas of Germany , Switzerland , and Austria , children go to houses with homemade beet lanterns or with paper lanterns ( which can hold a candle or electronic light ) , singing songs about St. Martin on St. Martin 's Day ( the 11th of November ) , in return for treats . In Northern Germany and Southern Denmark , children dress up in costumes and go trick - or - treating on New Year 's Eve in a tradition called `` Rummelpott '' . Trick or treat for UNICEF ( edit ) UNICEF started a program in 1950 called Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF in which trick - or - treaters ask people to give money for the organization , usually instead of collecting candy . Participating trick - or - treaters say when they knock at doors `` Trick - or - treat for UNICEF ! '' This program started as an alternative to candy . The organization has long produced disposable collection boxes that state on the back what the money can be used for in developing countries . See also ( edit ) Hop - tu - Naa Poisoned candy myths Samhain Koledovanie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roger , Tricking ( 2003 ) . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . Oxford University Press . pp. 28 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Nicholas . ( 2002 ) `` Coming Over : Halloween in North America '' . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . p. 76 . Oxford University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 Jump up ^ Turner , Angela ( 2015 ) . Swallow . London , England : Reaktion Books Ltd. p. unpaginated . ISBN 9781780235592 . Jump up ^ Mathiesen , Thomas J. ( 1999 ) . Apollo 's Lyre : Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1597407960 . Jump up ^ Athenaeus . Deipnosophists 8.360 b-d . Jump up ^ Dalby , Andrew ( 1998 ) . `` Homer 's Enemies : Lyric and Epic in the Seventh Century '' . In Fisher , Nick ; van Wees , Hans . Archaic Greece : New Approaches and New Evidence . London , England : General Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 910589 - 58 - 8 . Jump up ^ Peddle , S.V. ( 2007 ) . Pagan Channel Islands : Europe 's Hidden Heritage . p. 54 Jump up ^ British Folk Customs , Christina Hole ( 1976 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Hall , Anna Maria ( 1847 ) . Sharpe 's London Magazine . p. 12 . Aubrey relates that , in his time , in Shropshire , &c. , there was set upon the board a high heap of soul - cakes , lying one upon another like the picture of the shewbread in the old Bibles . They were about the bigness of twopenny cakes , and every visitant on the feast of All Souls took one . He adds , `` There is an old rhyme or saying , ' A soul - cake , a soul - cake , have mercy on all Christian souls for a soul - cake . ' '' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Jackson , Jeanne L. ( 1 January 1995 ) . Red Letter Days : The Christian Year in Story for Primary Assembly . Nelson Thornes . p. 158 . ISBN 9780748719341 . Later , it became the custom for poorer Christians to offer prayers for the dead , in return for money or food ( soul cakes ) from their wealthier neighbours . People would go ' souling ' - rather like carol singing - requesting alms or soul cakes : ' A soul , a soul , a soul cake , Please to give us a soul cake , One for Peter , two for Paul , have mercy on us Christians all . ' ^ Jump up to : Hutton , pp. 374 -- 375 Jump up ^ Cleene , Marcel . Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe . Man & Culture , 2002 . p. 108 . Quote : `` Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls . They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead , laid on graves , or given to the poor as representatives of the dead . The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice '' . Jump up ^ Mary Mapes Dodge , ed. ( 1883 ) . St. Nicholas Magazine . Scribner & Company . p. 93 . Soul - cakes , '' which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season , in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends . And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that , for a long time , it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish at Halloween , begging soul - cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this : `` Soul , souls , for a soul - cake ; Pray you good mistress , a soul - cake ! '' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Santino , Jack ( 1994 ) . Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life . University of Tennessee Press . p. 84 . ISBN 9780870498138 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . The begging ritual , taken up by nonindigents and by children , involved the recitation of a souling rhyme , which typically requested `` mercy on all Christian souls for a soul cake . '' Jump up ^ Miles , Clement A. ( 1912 ) . Christmas in Ritual and Tradition . Chapter 7 : All Hallow Tide to Martinmas . Jump up ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona . Act 2 , Scene 1 . Jump up ^ McNeill , F. Marian . Hallowe'en : its origin , rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition . Albyn Press , 1970 . pp. 29 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Hutton , pp. 379 - 383 Jump up ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland , Volume 2 . 1855 . pp. 308 - 309 Jump up ^ Campbell , Oliver Frances ( 1900 , 1902 , 2005 ) The Gaelic Otherworld . Edited by Ronald Black . Birlinn Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84158 - 207 - 7 pp. 559 - 62 Jump up ^ Arnold , Bettina ( 2001 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Halloween Customs in the Celtic World '' . University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Publications , Volume 16 ( English Dialect Society ) , Harvard University Press , page 507 ^ Jump up to : Frank Leslie 's popular monthly , Volume 40 , November 1895 , p. 540 - 543 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Ruth Edna Kelley . The Book of Hallowe'en , Boston : Lothrop , Lee and Shepard Co. , 1919 , chapter 15 , p. 127 . `` Hallowe'en in America . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Census , January 1 , 1920 , State of Massachusetts , City of Lynn . Jump up ^ Kelley , Ruth Edna . Hallowe'en in America Jump up ^ Wright , Theo . E. , `` A Halloween Story , '' St. Nicholas , October 1915 , p. 1144 . Mae McGuire Telford , `` What Shall We Do Halloween ? '' Ladies Home Journal , October 1920 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` ' Trick or Treat ' Is Demand , '' Herald ( Lethbridge , Alberta ) , November 4 , 1927 , p. 5 , dateline Blackie , Alberta , Canada Nov. 3 . Jump up ^ For examples , see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum : Halloween Gallery , Antique Hallowe'en Postcards , Vintage Halloween Postcards , and Morticia 's Morgue Antique Halloween Postcards . Jump up ^ E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier , 29 May 2007 , editors of Halloween Postcards Catalog ( CD - ROM ) , G & L Postcards . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop , '' Oregon Journal ( Portland , Oregon ) , November 1 , 1934 : `` Other young goblins and ghosts , employing modern shakedown methods , successfully worked the `` trick or treat '' system in all parts of the city `` , also `` The Gangsters of Tomorrow '' , The Helena Independent ( Helena , Montana ) , November 2 , 1934 , p. 4 : Pretty Boy John Doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal . It was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff . `` Madam , we are here for the usual purpose , ' trick or treat . ' '' This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun . Many women have some apples , cookies or doughnuts for them , but they call rather early and the `` treat '' is given out gladly . The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door - to - door begging in Aurora , Illinois on Halloween in 1934 , although not by the term `` trick - or - treating . '' `` Front Views and Profiles '' ( column ) , Chicago Tribune , Nov. 3 , 1934 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Moss , Doris Hudson . `` A Victim of the Window - Soaping Brigade ? '' The American Home , November 1939 , p. 48 . Moss was a California - based writer . Jump up ^ Morton , Lisa ( 2012 ) . Trick or Treat a history of halloween . Reaktion Books . p. 64 . ISBN 9781780231877 . Jump up ^ `` One Lump Please '' , Time , March 30 , 1942 . `` Decontrolled '' , Time , June 23 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Published in Indianapolis , Indiana and Chicago , Illinois , respectively . Jump up ^ The Baby Snooks Show , November 1 , 1946 , and The Jack Benny Show , October 31 , 1948 , both originating from NBC Radio City in Hollywood ; and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , October 31 , 1948 , originating from CBS Columbia Square in Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Peanuts Comic Strip on GoComics.com '' . Comics.com. 2000 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween Party , '' The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet , Oct. 31 , 1952 . Jump up ^ `` A Barrel of Fun for Halloween Night , '' Parents Magazine , October 1953 , p. 140 . `` They 're Changing Halloween from a Pest to a Project , '' The Saturday Evening Post , October 12 , 1957 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` '' Des Moines Register , '' Jokes set local Halloween apart , Oct. 2000 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Spokane Daily Chronicle , November 6 , 1935 , p. 4 : In plain fact it is straight New York or Chicago `` graft '' or `` racket '' in miniature . Certainly it would n't be a good idea for youngsters to go in extensively for this kind of petty `` blackmail '' on any other date than Halloween . Neither police nor public opinion would stand for that . `` A. Mother '' , letter to the editor , The Fresno Bee , November 7 , 1941 , p. 20 : As a mother of two children I wish to register indignation at the `` trick or treat '' racket imposed on residents on Hallowe'en night by the youngsters of this city. ... This is pure and simple blackmail and it is a sad state of affairs when parents encourage their youngsters to participate in events of this kind . Mrs. B.G. McElwee , letter to the editor , Washington Post , Nov. 11 , 1948 , p. 12 : The Commissioners and District of Columbia officials should enact a law to prohibit `` beggars night '' at Hallowe'en . It is making gangsters of children. ... If the parents of these children were fined not less than $25 for putting their children out to beg , they would entertain their children at home . `` M.E.G. '' , letter to column `` Ask Anne '' , Washington Post , Nov. 21 , 1948 , p . S11 : I have lived in some 20 other towns and cities and I never saw nor heard of the begging practice until about 1936. ... The sooner it becomes obsolete here the better . I do n't mind the tiny children who want to show off their costumes , but I resent the impudence of the older children . Lucy Powell Seay , letter to the editor , Washington Post , Oct. 29 , 1949 , p. 8 : Another year has rolled around and the nightmare of having to put up with the `` trick or treat '' idea again fills me with dread . Jump up ^ Recalled a decade later by Martin Tolchin , `` Halloween A Challenge To Parents , '' The New York Times , October 27 , 1958 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Trick - or - treaters can expect Mom or Dad 's favorites in their bags this year , National Confectioners Association , 2005 . Jump up ^ Fun Facts : Halloween , National Confectioners Association , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Christie ( 2002 ) The cultural and political formation of a west of Scotland `` baby - boomer '' , Volume 1 p. 65 - 66 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 Jump up ^ Coughlan , Sean . `` The Japanese knotweed of festivals '' , BBC News Magazine , 31 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Save Kids Santa Clara / San Mateo and Lucile Packard Children 's Hospital Provide Halloween Safety tips , published October 29 , 2007 copy at archive.org Jump up ^ Halloween in United States , timeanddate.com , accessed 2013 - 09 - 25 , copy at archive.org , copy at webcitation.org Jump up ^ 2013 Municipal Trick - or - Treat List , Haunted Wisconsin , dated 2013 , copy at archive.org , copy at webcitation.org ^ Jump up to : Bannatyne , Lesley Pratt ( 1998 ) Forerunners to Halloween Pelican Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 346 - 7 p. 44 Jump up ^ Rogers , Nicholas . ( 2002 ) `` Festive Rights : Halloween in the British Isles '' . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . p. 48 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3 Jump up ^ Sarah Carpenter ( December 2001 ) . `` Scottish Guising : Medieval And Modern Theatre Games '' . International Journal of Scottish Theatre . 2 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Galoshans at Hallowe'en / News / Talk of the Towns . Greenock Telegraph . 27 Oct 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 Jump up ^ John A. Walker ( 2002 ) Sergeant Jiggy p. 14 . Cosmos Original Productions , 2002 Jump up ^ Safe Kids Worldwide Jump up ^ `` ' Trunk or treat ' does n't include all children '' , Standard Examiner , Oct. 11 , 2010 Archived December 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Santos , Fernanda . `` Trunk or Treat ! Halloween Tailgating Grows '' , New York Times , October 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Did You Hear the One About Frankenstein 's Ghoul Friend ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Age Limit On Trick Or Treating ? '' , CBS Detroit , October 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Boys & Girls Clubs of Skagit County Jump up ^ Halloween in Quebec provincequebec.com Jump up ^ Manuel de Paiva Boléo , Universidade de Coimbra . Instituto de Estudos Românicos . Revista portuguesa de filologia - Volume 12 - Página 745 - 1963 - Jump up ^ A canção ródia da andorinha Jump up ^ Revista dos Açores , Volume 1 Sociedade Auxiladora das Lettras Açorianas Jump up ^ Intermuseus Dezembro 2006 no 7 Direcção Regional da Cultura Jump up ^ Elucidario das palavras , termos e frases , que em Portugal antigamente se usárão ... , Volume 1 Jump up ^ Leite de Vasconcelos , Opúsculos Etnologia -- volumes VII , Lisboa , Imprensa Nacional , 1938 Jump up ^ `` St Martin 's Day '' . H2g2.com. 2007 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Christian Roy Traditional festivals : a multicultural encyclopedia , Volume 2 Jump up ^ `` The history of trick - or - treat for UNICEF '' . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trick - or - treating . Ben Truwe , The Halloween Catalog Collection . Portland , Oregon : Talky Tina Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9703448 - 5 - 6 . Lisa Morton , Trick or Treat A history of Halloween , Reaktion Books ( 2012 ) . 229 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78023 - 187 - 7 External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trick-or-treating&oldid=808192177 '' Categories : Halloween practices Masquerade ceremonies Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Missing redirects All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Español Français Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 12 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick-or-treating
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who holds the record for the most number one hits
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This is a list of artists with the most number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart ( 10 or more ) . The Beatles currently hold the record for the most number - one songs in the 57 - year history of the chart , with 20. Mariah Carey holds the record for the solo artist with the most number - one songs , with 18 . Rihanna is in third place with 14 number - one songs ( including songs that went # 1 with Rihanna as a featured artist ) and Michael Jackson is in fourth place with 13 number - ones ( not including his four chart - toppers with The Jackson 5 and one with usa for africa ) , while The Supremes and Madonna have attained 12 each . Whitney Houston achieved 11 number - ones during her career , while Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson have scored 10 apiece .
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The Beatles
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Artists with the most number - ones on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100
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artists with the most number - ones on the u. s. billboard hot 100
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This is a list of artists with the most number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart ( 10 or more ) . The Beatles currently hold the record for the most number - one songs in the 57 - year history of the chart , with 20. Mariah Carey holds the record for the solo artist with the most number - one songs , with 18 . Rihanna is in third place with 14 number - one songs ( including songs that went # 1 with Rihanna as a featured artist ) and Michael Jackson is in fourth place with 13 number - ones ( not including his four chart - toppers with The Jackson 5 and one with usa for africa ) , while The Supremes and Madonna have attained 12 each . Whitney Houston achieved 11 number - ones during her career , while Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson have scored 10 apiece .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 First : The Beatles ( 20 ) 2 Second : Mariah Carey ( 18 ) 3 Third : Rihanna ( 14 ) 4 Fourth : Michael Jackson ( 13 ) 5 Fifth : The Supremes and Madonna ( 12 ) 5.1 The Supremes 5.2 Madonna 6 Seventh : Whitney Houston ( 11 ) 7 Eighth : Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson ( 10 ) 7.1 Stevie Wonder 7.2 Janet Jackson 8 Pre-dating Hot 100 8.1 Elvis Presley ( 11 Pre-Hot 100 era and 6 On Billboard Hot 100 ) 9 See also 10 References First : the Beatles ( 20 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : all hit songs and related albums needed . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) A collective photograph of each of The Beatles English rock band The Beatles achieved a record holding 20 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1964 and their split in 1970 . Some of their hits include `` Ticket To Ride '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` Let It Be '' , and `` Hey Jude '' . Second : Mariah Carey ( 18 ) ( edit ) Carey performing on Good Morning America in May 2013 American singer , songwriter and producer Mariah Carey has achieved 18 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . Carey 's self - titled debut studio album produced four number - one songs . She achieved her first with `` Vision of Love '' in August 1990 , which reached the peak for four weeks . It was followed by `` Love Takes Time '' later that year in November for three weeks , `` Someday '' in March 1991 for two weeks , and `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' in May 1991 for two weeks . `` Emotions '' became her fifth consecutive number - one song in October 1991 . This run of five consecutive number - ones means that Carey is the only artist in the history of the Hot 100 to have her first five single releases top the chart . The streak broke when `` Ca n't Let Go '' , released as the single following `` Emotions '' , peaked at number two . Carey 's cover of the Jackson 5 song `` I 'll Be There '' topped the chart for two weeks in August 1992 , and she collected two further chart toppers in 1993 when `` Dreamlover '' peaked atop the chart in September for eight weeks and with `` Hero '' in December for four consecutive weeks . * `` Fantasy '' became the first song to debut atop the Hot 100 by a female artist , and only the second song to debut at number - one after Michael Jackson 's `` You Are Not Alone '' , which did so only one month prior . `` One Sweet Day '' , a duet with Boyz II Men , became her tenth number - one song , spending a record - breaking 16 weeks at the peak of the Hot 100 chart , a record it still holds today . It also debuted at number one , becoming her second single to do so and only the fourth instance on the Hot 100 , following Jackson 's `` Your Are Not Alone '' , Carey 's `` Fantasy '' and Whitney Houston 's `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' . `` One Sweet Day '' finished at number one on Billboard 's Hot 100 songs of the decade chart . `` Always Be My Baby '' became the singer 's eleventh number - one in May 1996 for two weeks , tying her with Houston and Madonna for female artist with the most number - ones . In September 1997 , `` Honey '' became Carey 's third single to debut atop the Hot 100 , the most for any artist to date , and only the sixth song in history to do so . It also meant that Carey broke with Houston for joint fifth place , and into joint fourth with Madonna . When `` My All '' peaked at number - one for one week in May 1998 , it meant that Carey became the first artist in the history of the chart to have two runs of five consecutive number - ones , first with `` Vision of Love '' , `` Love Takes Time '' , `` Someday '' , `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' and `` Emotions '' in 1990 / 91 , and again with `` Fantasy '' , `` One Sweet Day '' , `` Always Be My Baby '' , `` Honey '' and `` My All '' between 1995 -- 98 . The streak broke , however , when Carey 's duet with Houston , `` When You Believe '' , peaked at number 15 . `` Heartbreaker '' topped the chart for two weeks in October 1999 , extending her lead for female artist with the most number - ones , and only third to Elvis Presley ( 17 ) and The Beatles ( 20 ) overall . `` Thank God I Found You '' became Carey 's fifteenth number - one song in February 2000 , meaning that Carey had charted a number - one single for eleven consecutive years starting with `` Vision of Love '' in 1990 , a record she still holds . `` We Belong Together '' spent 14 weeks at number - one in 2005 , while `` Do n't Forget About Us '' became her seventeenth chart topper , tying her with Presley . `` Touch My Body '' became Carey 's eighteenth number - one song on the Hot 100 in 2008 , breaking her tie with Presley and placing her second for the most chart toppers in the history of the chart . It also means that Carey is in fourth place for songwriters with the most - number ones , with 17 , only behind Max Martin ( 21 ) , John Lennon ( 26 ) and Paul McCartney ( 32 ) . Carey and Presley hold the record for having spent 79 weeks at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 . Carey holds the record for solo artist with the most number - ones . Third : Rihanna ( 14 ) ( edit ) Barbadian singer and songwriter Rihanna has achieved 14 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the youngest artist to accomplish this record . Her first number - one was `` SOS '' in May 2006 ; spending three weeks atop the chart . `` Umbrella '' became her second number - one in May 2007 , selling 277,000 downloads in its first week , logging the highest digital sales debut since tracking of downloads began in 2003 , jumping from number 44 to number - one . It spent a total of seven weeks at the summit , and became the second most successful song of 2007 , behind Beyoncé 's `` Irreplaceable '' . On May 15 , 2008 , `` Take a Bow '' peaked at number one on the chart . It logged the second highest debut week sales at the time , as Mariah Carey 's song `` Touch My Body '' debuted with first week sales of 286,000 in April 2008 , meaning that Rihanna occupied two of the top three debut week sales tally , along with `` Umbrella '' , which debuted with 277,000 copies . When `` Disturbia '' became Rihanna 's fourth number - one in August 2008 , it tied her with Carey and Beyoncé for the most number - one songs by a female in the 2000 -- 2009 decade . Rihanna during her Diamonds World Tour in Cologne , June 2013 `` Live Your Life '' , a song by T.I. featuring Rihanna , jumped seventy - nine positions from 80 -- 1 on the Hot 100 , becoming her fifth number - one and set a new record for largest leap to the peak ( at the time ) . It also sold 355,000 copies , besting Carey 's sales of 286,000 with `` Touch My Body '' . `` Rude Boy '' became her sixth in March 2010 , tying her in fifth position with Paula Abdul and Diana Ross for females with the most number - ones , only behind Janet Jackson ( 10 ) , Whitney Houston ( 11 ) , Madonna ( 12 ) and Carey ( 18 ) . It also became the eleventh song in the history of the Hot 100 to feature `` boy '' in the title to top the chart , meaning that a number - one with `` boy '' in the title had occurred in every decade since its inception in 1958 . Her collaboration with Eminem , `` Love the Way You Lie '' , became Rihanna 's seventh chart topper in July 2010 since she made her Hot 100 debut in June 2005 , the most amongst all artists in this time span . In 2010 Rihanna released her fifth album Loud , which included three number one singles . Its lead single , `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' , reached number one , as did the album 's second single , `` What 's My Name ? '' , featuring rapper Drake . The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 before `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' , the first time in the chart 's history that an album 's lead single reached number one after the second . The third single , `` S&M '' , reached number one on the Hot 100 following the release of its official remix featuring Britney Spears , becoming her tenth number one single , which tied her with Janet Jackson for fourth place among female soloists who have topped the chart . With only four years , eleven months , and two weeks between her first and tenth number one on the chart , Rihanna set a record as the solo artist with the fastest accumulation of ten chart toppers. in 2011 Rihanna released the single , `` We Found Love '' , it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's longest - running number one single and the longest - running number one of 2011 . In 2012 Rihanna released `` Diamonds '' , which reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , her twelfth number one on the chart which tied her with Madonna and The Supremes as the artists ' with the fourth most number ones on the chart 's history . A year later Eminem released his Rihanna - assisted single , `` The Monster '' , which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , which marked Rihanna 's thirteenth chart topper , tying her with Michael Jackson for the third most number ones in the chart 's 55 - year history . Additionally , Rihanna became the fastest solo artist to achieve 13 chart - toppers , surpassing the previous record held by Mariah Carey ( seven - years , eight - month and 19 days ) , with only The Beatles reaching 13 number ones more quickly . In 2016 , Rihanna 's single , `` Work '' peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart and became Rihanna 's fourteenth number one song in the United States . Subsequently , she became the third artist with most number one songs on the chart following The Beatles with 20 and Carey with 18 . Fourth : Michael Jackson ( 13 ) ( edit ) Jackson in Vienna , Austria , during his Bad World Tour , 1988 . American singer , songwriter and producer Michael Jackson achieved 13 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1972 and 1995 prior to his death in June 2009 . Jackson is also the first of two artists to gain five number - one singles from one album ; the other being Katy Perry . In 1972 , `` Ben '' topped the Hot 100 for a week , with Jackson becoming one of the youngest artists to have a number - one hit in America , at age 13 . Jackson 's fifth studio album Off the Wall contained two number - one hits `` Do n't Stop ' til You Get Enough '' and `` Rock with You '' . This was followed by `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' from the worldwide smash hit album Thriller and `` Say Say Say '' , a duet with Paul McCartney `` , from the latter 's Pipes of Peace album . Bad saw five number - one hits reach number - one from September 1987 to July 1988 : `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' , `` Bad '' , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Dirty Diana '' . Dangerous 's lead single , `` Black or White '' , reached number one within a month of its release and ( along with `` Billie Jean '' ) becoming his longest reign at the top at seven consecutive weeks . Finally , his last number - one single `` You Are Not Alone '' debuted at number one , with Jackson becoming the first act in the Billboard Hot 100 's 37 - year history to do so . Fifth : the Supremes and Madonna ( 12 ) ( edit ) The Supremes ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : details of songs and achievements . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2016 ) The Supremes : Diana Ross ( right ) , Mary Wilson ( center ) , Florence Ballard ( left ) performing `` My World Is Empty Without You '' on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1966 . American female singing group The Supremes achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 between 1964 and 1969 . The first of which Where Did Our Love Go , featured on the album of the same name , became the first of five consecutive number one singles , a first for any female act and the group remains the only girl group to do so . Where Did Our Love Go was then followed by Baby Love and Come See About Me , making The Supremes the first group in Billboard history to have three singles from the same album reach the top position . The final two songs in the streak were Stop ! In the Name of Love and Back in My Arms Again , featured on the album More Hits by The Supremes , made them one of the most successful pop acts of the 60 's , rivalling that of the Beatles . Later , they scored another number one single with I Hear a Symphony , featured on the album of the same name , then another streak of four singles , You Ca n't Hurry Love featured on their number one album Supremes A ' Go Go , a first for girl groups , You Keep Me Hangin ' On and Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone , both featured on the album The Supremes Sing Holland - Dozier - Holland , and finally The Happening , featured on their second number one album Diana Ross & the Supremes : Greatest Hits , a feat that would take decades for another girl group to match . Later on , as ' Diana Ross & The Supremes ' , the group would achieve two more number one hits , the controversial Love Child , on the album of the same name , controversial because of its theme of illegitimacy , and Someday We 'll Be Together , featured on the album Cream of the Crop , which would become the last number one single of the 60 's . Madonna ( edit ) Madonna performing during The MDNA Tour in August 2012 American singer , songwriter and producer Madonna has achieved 12 number one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . `` Like a Virgin '' from the eponymous second studio album reached number one , despite considerable controversy , and stayed at the top for six consecutive weeks between December 1984 and January 1985 . `` Crazy for You '' from the Vision Quest soundtrack topped the Billboard Hot 100 several months later . A year later , Madonna 's third studio album True Blue saw three singles ( `` Live to Tell '' , `` Papa Do n't Preach '' , and `` Open Your Heart '' ) reached the top of the charts . In late 1987 , `` Who 's That Girl '' became Madonna 's sixth number - one single in the United States . Like a Prayer saw its title track top the chart for three weeks in 1989 . This was followed by `` Vogue '' , `` Justify My Love '' , and `` This Used to Be My Playground '' from her compilation albums and soundtrack albums between 1990 and 1992 . In 1995 , `` Take a Bow '' became Madonna 's longest - running number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , staying there for seven consecutive weeks . In 2000 , Madonna received her twelfth ( and currently , last ) number - one single to date with `` Music '' topping the chart for four consecutive weeks . Seventh : Whitney Houston ( 11 ) ( edit ) Houston performing at Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston in 1991 . American singer Whitney Houston achieved 11 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart between 1985 and 1995 before her death in February 2012 . Houston is notable for seven consecutive number - one singles , the only artist to achieve this feat . Whitney Houston spawned three number - one singles : `` Saving All My Love for You '' , `` How Will I Know '' , and `` Greatest Love of All . Houston 's 1987 album Whitney achieved four number - one singles : `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody '' , `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' , `` So Emotional '' , and `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' . These singles were followed by `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' and `` All the Man That I Need '' . In 1992 , Houston saw the biggest hit of her career with a cover version of Dolly Parton 's `` I Will Always Love You '' which topped the Hot 100 for 14 consecutive weeks ( at the time , the longest reign at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 ) , and later became the best - selling single by a female artist of all time . The single featuring in the film and soundtrack of The Bodyguard . In 1995 , `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' debuted at number one , making Houston the third artist to do so . Eighth : Stevie Wonder and Janet Jackson ( 10 ) ( edit ) Stevie Wonder ( edit ) Wonder performing in 1973 . American singer , songwriter and producer Stevie Wonder has achieved 10 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . His first number one was from the 1963 live recorded album The 12 Year Old Genius with single `` Fingertips . '' He would not top the charts again until 1973 , when Talking Book ( 1973 , Tamla ) produced two number - one hits , `` Superstition '' and `` You Are the Sunshine of My Life . '' Later , his album Fulfillingness ' First Finale would spawn yet another number - one hit , `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' , a scathing attack on then - President Richard Nixon . His next album , the critically acclaimed Songs in the Key of Life , produced two more number - one hits , `` I Wish '' and `` Sir Duke . '' This was followed by `` Ebony and Ivory '' , his collaboration with Paul McCartney , which would become Wonder 's biggest Billboard Hot 100 hit , spending seven weeks at the summit . This was followed by his smash hits `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' and `` Part - Time Lover . '' His final song ( to date ) to hit number - one was the star - studded `` That 's What Friends Are For , '' the biggest hit of 1986 . Due to Stevie Wonder 's involvement , this would be the last number - one for anyone who had topped the charts prior to the British Invasion . Janet Jackson ( edit ) Jackson performing during her Rock Witchu Tour in 2008 . American singer , songwriter and producer Janet Jackson has achieved 10 number - one songs on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . Control ( released A&M Records 1986 ) , saw its third single , `` When I Think of You '' reach number - one . Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 , A&M Records ) saw four of its singles reaching number - one in three different years , in 1989 , 1990 , and 1991 , the only album to do so in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 . Then , janet . spawned two number - one hits `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' and `` Again '' ; the former is the longest run at number - one in Jackson 's career . This was followed by `` Together Again '' from The Velvet Rope which topped the chart for two weeks in early 1998 , after debuting at number nine in late December 1997 ; the song is Jackson 's biggest hit worldwide , selling 6 million copies globally . The song `` Does n't Really Matter '' reached number one ; it is included on the soundtrack for the film Nutty Professor II : The Klumps . `` All for You '' reached number one for seven consecutive weeks in 2001 , becoming one of the biggest hits of the year in the United States . Pre-dating Hot 100 ( edit ) Elvis Presley ( 11 pre-hot 100 era and 6 on Billboard Hot 100 ) ( edit ) Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film Jailhouse Rock American singer Elvis Presley achieved 17 number - one songs on Billboard Best Sellers In Stores and Hot 100 charts between 1956 and 1969 prior to his death in August 1977 . Elvis achieved 11 number one singles between 1956 and 1959 before the inception of the Billboard Hot 100 . After its inception , he achieved 7 more number one singles totaling 80 weeks as well as 114 top 40 singles ( twice as much as any other entertainer ) in his entire career . His first number one record was `` Heartbreak Hotel '' in 1956 and his last being `` Suspicious Minds '' in 1969 . Billboard later changed its rules , announcing that Elvis ' classic double sided number one hit single , Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel would no longer be counted as two separate number ones , making it possible for Billboard to announce that Mariah Carey had surpassed Elvis Presley as the solo artist with the most No. 1 singles . See also ( edit ) Billboard Hot 100 List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vision of Love '' spent four weeks at number one : `` Week of August 4 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 4 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of August 11 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 11 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of August 18 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of August 25 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . August 25 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Love Takes Time '' spent three weeks at number one : `` Week of November 10 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 10 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of November 17 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 17 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of November 24 , 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . November 24 , 1990 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Someday '' spent two at number one : `` Week of March 9 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 9 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of March 16 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . March 16 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of May 25 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 25 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of June 1 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 1 , 1991 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` How Katy Perry 's Hot 100 Record Stacks - Up Against The Beatles , Elvis , Michael , Mariah & Whitney '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariah Carey Hot 100 Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I 'll Be There '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of June 20 , 1992 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 20 , 1992 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of June 27 , 1991 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 27 , 1992 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dreamlover '' spent eight weeks at number one : `` Week of September 11 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 11 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of September 18 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 18 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of September 25 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 25 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 2 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 2 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 9 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 9 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 16 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 16 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 23 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 23 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of October 30 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 30 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hero '' spent eight weeks at number one : `` Week of December 25 , 1993 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 25 , 1993 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of January 1 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of January 8 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 8 , 1994 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of January 15 , 1994 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 15 , 1994 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis 's Top 40 Hits '' . Washington Post . Washington Post . January 7 , 1997 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Jerry ( September 30 , 1995 ) . `` Hot 100 Singles Spotlight '' . Billboard. 107 ( 39 ) . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` March 16 , 1996 : Mariah Carey , Boyz II Men 's ' One Sweet Day ' Makes History on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Debuts , a Guide '' . February 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Always Be My Baby '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of May 4 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 4 , 1996 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . `` Week of May 11 , 1996 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 11 , 1996 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nickson 1998 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Nickson 1998 , p. 176 ^ Jump up to : `` Week of May 23 , 1998 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 5 , 1998 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbreaker '' spent two weeks at number one : `` Week of October 9 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 9 , 1999 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . `` Week of October 16 , 1999 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . October 16 , 1999 . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson 2003 , p. 888 Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Pop Songs of 2000 '' . About.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sue , Jennifer ( December 25 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah Carey Ties Elvis Record on Billboard Chart '' . The Seattle Times . The Seattle Times Company . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey 's `` Touch My Body '' is her 18th # 1 `` . Universal Music Group . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd 's ' Ca n't Feel My Face ' Gives Max Martin His 21st No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' SOS ' Rockets To No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Stays Strong on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 11 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' SOS ' Signals 3rd Week at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . May 18 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` Rihanna , Shop Boyz Rocket to the Top of Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Umbrella ' Reigns Again on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year End 2007 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pietroluongo , Silvio ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Bow ' Soars 52 Spots To Lead Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Rihanna Topples Katy Perry on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Jonathan ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` T.I Breaks Own Record With Hot 100 Burst '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Beat Thursday : Rihanna , Ludacris , Timbaland '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Eminem and Rihanna Replace Katy Perry Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of September 25 , 2010 '' . Billboard . September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna -- Only Girl ( In The World ) '' . australian-charts.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart '' . theofficialcharts.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' S&M ' Reigns on Hot 100 , Lady Gaga 's ' Judas ' Debuts '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Found ' Her Way Back to Hot 100 Summit '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Love ' Her Longest - Leading Hot 100 No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Diamonds ' Shines Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Nielson Soundscan , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Eminem , Rihanna Rule Hot 100 With ' The Monster ' '' . Billboard . Nielson Soundscan , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/elvis/epchart.htm Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/5862369/elvis-presleys-billboard-chart-records Lists of Billboard number - one singles 1940 -- 1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 -- 1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 -- 1999 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 -- present 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 By decade 1940s 1950 -- 1958 1958 -- 1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s See also Hot 100 Year - end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones Lists of Billboard Hot 100 top - ten singles 1950s 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Number - one hits Billboard Year - End Billboard charts Albums Billboard 200 Top Album Sales Top Catalog Albums Digital Albums Billboard Comprehensive Albums ( defunct ) R&B / Hip - Hop Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums Rap Albums Rock Rock Albums Alternative Albums Hard Rock Albums Folk Albums Country Top Country Albums Latin Top Latin Albums Regional Mexican Albums Latin Pop Albums Latin Rhythm Albums Tropical Albums Religious Christian Albums Other Heatseekers Albums Tastemaker Albums Dance / Electronic Albums Independent Albums Jazz Albums Reggae Albums Comedy Albums Kid Albums International Canadian Albums European Albums ( defunct ) Singles and tracks Hot 100 Radio Songs Digital Songs Digital Tracks Hot Singles Sales Streaming Songs On - Demand Songs Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Pop Mainstream Top 40 Adult Contemporary Adult Top 40 Pop 100 ( defunct ) Top 40 Tracks ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Dance Club Songs Hot Dance / Electronic Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Dance / Electronic Singles Sales ( defunct ) Dance / Electronic Digital Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Hot Rap Songs Hot R&B Songs Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Adult R&B Songs Rhythmic Rock Hot Rock Songs Mainstream Rock Alternative Triple A Country Hot Country Songs Country Airplay Latin Hot Latin Songs Latin Pop Airplay Regional Mexican Airplay Tropical Airplay Latin Rhythm Airplay Religious Hot Christian Songs Other Heatseekers Songs Smooth Jazz Songs International Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Euro Digital Songs Japan Hot 100 Philippine Hot 100 Korea K - Pop Hot 100 ( defunct ) European Hot 100 ( defunct ) Türkiye Top 20 ( defunct ) Lists of number - one albums and singles Adult Contemporary Alternative Songs Billboard 200 Dance Club Songs Dance / Electronic Albums Dance / Mix Show Airplay Americana / Folk Albums Hot 100 Hot Country Songs Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs K - Pop Mainstream Rock Top Country Albums Year - End Lists of artists who reached number one US Canada Japan Dance Club Songs Dance / Mix Show Airplay Alternative Songs Mainstream Rock Adult Contemporary Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Rhythmic Hot Country Songs Adult Top 40 Mainstream Top 40 Latin Songs Social 50 Artist 100 See also Billboard Radio Monitor ( defunct ) List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade Hot Country Songs achievements R&R ( defunct ) Billboard Japan Billboard Greece Billboard Türkiye Billboard Brasil Billboard En Español Billboard K - Town Timeline List of K - pop on the Billboard charts Albums Songs Billboard Philippines Billboard Twitter Real - Time Uncharted ( defunct ) Joel Whitburn Music industry Companies Music publishers BMG Rights Management EMI Music Publishing Imagem Music catalog Sony / ATV Music Publishing Universal Music Publishing Group Warner / Chappell Music Record labels Major : Sony Music Universal Music Group Warner Music Group Independent : Independent UK record labels Retailers Amazon.com Fnac HMV Online music stores ( iTunes Store ) Trans World Entertainment Virgin Megastores Live performance CTS Eventim Live Nation LiveStyle Ticketmaster Genres Avant - garde Blues Contemporary R&B Country Crossover Dance Disco Drum and bass Easy listening Electronica Experimental Folk Funk Gospel Hip hop Instrumental Jazz Latin Metal Motown New Age Operatic pop Pop Punk Reggae Rock Soul Soundtrack World Sectors and roles Album cover design Artists and repertoire ( A&R ) Disc jockey Distribution Entertainment law Music education Music executive Music journalism Music publisher Music store Music venue Musical instruments Professional audio store Promotion Radio promotion Record label Record shop Road crew Talent manager Tour promoter Production Arrangement Composer Conductor Disc jockey Hip hop producer Horn section Record producer Recording artist Rhythm section Orchestrator Session musician Singer Backup singer Ghost singer Vocal coach Songwriter Ghostwriter Sound engineer Release formats Album Extended play ( EP ) / Mini album Maxi single Single Gramophone record Eight - track Compact cassette CD DVD Streaming media Broadcasting Awards World World Music Awards Africa South African Music Awards ( RSA ) Channel O Music Video Awards ( RSA ) Nigeria Entertainment Awards ( NGR ) The Headies ( NGR ) Americas Grammy Awards ( US ) Billboard Music Awards ( US ) Billboard Latin Music Awards ( US ) American Music Awards ( US ) iHeartRadio Music Awards ( US ) Juno Awards ( Canada ) Latin Grammy Awards ( US ) Lo Nuestro Awards ( US ) MTV Video Music Awards ( US ) BET Awards ( US ) Soul Train Music Awards ( US ) TEC Awards ( US ) iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards ( CAN ) Juno Awards ( CAN ) MTV Video Music Brazil ( BRA ) Asia and Oceania ABU Song Festivals ( AS ) ARIA Music Awards ( AUS ) Awit Awards ( PHL ) Eurovision Asia Song Contest ( AS ) Golden Disc Awards ( S. KOR ) Golden Melody Awards ( TW ) Japan Record Awards Japan Gold Disc Awards New Zealand Music Awards ( NZ ) Anugerah Juara Lagu ( MAS ) Anugerah Industri Muzik ( MAS ) Anugerah Musik Indonesia ( INA ) Dahsyatnya Awards ( INA ) SCTV Awards ( INA ) Anugerah Planet Muzik ( SIN , MAS , BRU , INA ) Europe Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Europe Music Awards ( EU ) Junior Eurovision Song Contest ( EU ) Brit Awards ( UK ) Mercury Prize ( UK ) MOBO Awards ( UK ) Kerrang ! Awards ( UK ) Classic Brit Awards ( UK ) Gramophone Award ( UK ) Echo Awards ( GER ) Victoires de la Musique ( FRA ) Grand Prix du Disque ( FRA ) NRJ Music Awards ( FRA ) Diapason d'Or ( FRA ) Sanremo Music Festival Awards ( ITA ) Wind Music Awards ( ITA ) MTV Italian Music Awards Edison Awards ( NLD ) Grammis Awards ( SWE ) Melodifestivalen ( SWE ) Premio Nacional de Música ( SPA ) Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( DNK ) Melodi Grand Prix ( NOR ) Meteor Music Awards ( IRL ) Choice Music Prize ( IRL ) Russian Music Awards ( RUS ) ZAI Awards / Aurel Awards ( SK ) Anděl Awards ( CZ ) BBC Music Awards ( UK ) A Dal ( HU ) Charts ARIA Charts Billboard Hot 100 Brasil Hot 100 Airplay Canadian Hot 100 Gaon Music Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart GfK Entertainment Charts Entertainment Monitoring Africa Oricon Charts New Zealand Singles Chart SNEP Singles Chart Sverigetopplistan UK Singles Chart Sales certifications ARIA BPI Music Canada FIMI PROMUSICAE RIAA SNEP Publications Billboard HitQuarters Hot Press Kerrang ! Mojo Musica e dischi NME Q Rolling Stone Smash Hits Top of the Pops Other Album - equivalent unit A-side and B - side Backmasking Christian music industry Hidden track Grammy Museum Music video White label Women in music Commons Billboard Year - End charts 1950 -- 1969 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 1989 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 -- 2009 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -- present 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artists_with_the_most_number-ones_on_the_U.S._Billboard_Hot_100&oldid=802476456 '' Categories : Billboard charts Superlatives Lists of artists by record chart achievement Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 11 : 33 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists%20with%20the%20most%20number-ones%20on%20the%20U.S.%20Billboard%20Hot%20100
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when did the first thrift store open persona 5
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However , it was during the Second World War that the charity shop became widespread . Edinburgh University Settlement opened their ' Thrift Shop for Everyone ' on Nicholson Place , Edinburgh in 1937 , the Red Cross opened up its first charity shop at 17 Old Bond Street , London in 1941 . For the duration of the war , over two hundred `` permanent '' Red Cross gift shops and about 150 temporary Red Cross shops were opened . A condition of the shop licence issued by the Board of Trade was that all goods offered for sale were gifts . Purchase for re-sale was forbidden . The entire proceeds from sales had to be passed to the Duke of Gloucester 's Red Cross or the St John Fund . Most premises were lent free of rent and in some cases owners also met the costs of heating and lighting .
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1937
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Charity shop
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charity shop
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A charity shop or thrift shop is a retail establishment run by a charitable organization to raise money . Charity shops are a type of social enterprise . They sell mainly used goods such as clothing , books , CDs , DVDs , and furniture donated by members of the public , and are often staffed by volunteers . Because the items for sale were obtained for free , and business costs are low , the items can be sold at competitive prices . After costs are paid , all remaining income from the sales is used in accord with the organization 's stated charitable purpose . Costs include purchase and / or depreciation of fixtures ( clothing racks , bookshelves , counters , etc . ) , operating costs ( maintenance , municipal service fees , electricity , heat , telephone , limited advertising ) and the building lease or mortgage .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Popularity 4 Sale of new goods 5 United Kingdom 6 Australia 7 United States 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Terminology ( edit ) Charity shops are also referred to as a thrift store ( U.S. and Canada ) , hospice shop , resale shop ( unless meaning consignment shop ( U.S. ) ) , opportunity shop or op shop ( Australia and New Zealand ) . History ( edit ) Plaque attached to the original Oxfam shop at 17 Broad Street , Oxford One of the earliest charity shops was set up by the Wolverhampton Society for the Blind ( now called the Beacon Centre for the Blind ) in 1899 to sell goods made by blind people to raise money for the Society . During World War I , various fund - raising activities occurred , such as a bazaar in Shepherd Market , London , which made £ 50,000 for the Red Cross . However , it was during the Second World War that the charity shop became widespread . Edinburgh University Settlement opened their ' Thrift Shop for Everyone ' on Nicholson Place , Edinburgh in 1937 , the Red Cross opened up its first charity shop at 17 Old Bond Street , London in 1941 . For the duration of the war , over two hundred `` permanent '' Red Cross gift shops and about 150 temporary Red Cross shops were opened . A condition of the shop licence issued by the Board of Trade was that all goods offered for sale were gifts . Purchase for re-sale was forbidden . The entire proceeds from sales had to be passed to the Duke of Gloucester 's Red Cross or the St John Fund . Most premises were lent free of rent and in some cases owners also met the costs of heating and lighting . The first Oxfam charity shop in the United Kingdom was established by Cecil Jackson - Cole in Broad Street , Oxford , and began trading in December 1947 ( although the shop itself did not open until February 1948 ) . Popularity ( edit ) Truck used by the Suncoast Humane Society Thrift Store to collect donations in Port Charlotte , Florida . Charity shops are often popular with people who are frugal . In the United States , shopping at a charity store has become popular enough to earn a slang term : `` thrifting '' . Environmentalists may prefer buying second - hand goods as this uses fewer natural resources and would usually do less damage to the environment than by buying new goods would , in part because the goods are usually collected locally . In addition , reusing second - hand items is a form of recycling , and thus reduces the amount of waste going to landfill sites . People who oppose sweat shops often purchase second - hand clothing as an alternative to supporting clothing companies with dubious ethical practices . People who desire authentic vintage clothing typically shop at thrift stores since most clothing that is donated is old and out of normal fashion , or is from a recently deceased person who had not updated his clothing for a long time . Second - hand goods are considered to be quite safe . The South Australian Public Health Directorate says that the health risk of buying used clothing is very low . It explains that washing purchased items in hot water is just one of several ways to eliminate the risk of contracting infectious diseases . Sale of new goods ( edit ) Some charity shops , such as the British Heart Foundation , also sell a range of new goods which may be branded to the charity , or have some connection with the cause the charity supports . Oxfam stores , for example , sell fair trade food and crafts . Charity shops may receive overstock or obsolete goods from local for - profit businesses ; the for - profit businesses benefit by taking a tax write - off and clearing unwanted goods from their store instead of throwing the goods out , which is costly . United Kingdom ( edit ) Window display in a UK charity shop . Oxfam has the largest number of charity shops in the UK with over 700 stores . Many Oxfam shops also sell books , and the organization now operates over 70 specialist Oxfam Bookshops , making them the largest retailer of second - hand books in the United Kingdom . Other Oxfam affiliates also have stores , such as Jersey , Germany , Ireland ( 45 shops in NI / ROI ) , the Netherlands and Hong Kong . Other charities with a strong presence on high streets in the UK include The Children 's Society , YMCA , British Heart Foundation , Barnardos , Cancer Research UK , Shelter , Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation , Age UK ( formerly Age Concern and Help the Aged ) , Marie Curie Cancer Care , Norwood , Save the Children , Scope , PDSA , Naomi House Children 's Hospice and Sue Ryder Care . Many local hospices also operate charity shops to raise funds . There are over 9,000 charity shops in the UK and Republic of Ireland . Their locations can be found on the Charity Retail Association ( CRA ) website , along with information on charity retail , what shops can and ca n't accept , etc . The CRA is a member organisation for charities which run shops . British charity shops are mainly staffed by unpaid volunteers , with a paid shop manager . Goods for sale are predominantly from donations - 87 % according to the official estimate . Donations should be taken directly to a charity shop during opening hours , as goods left on the street may be stolen or damaged by passers - by or inclement weather . In expensive areas , donations include a proportion of good quality designer clothing and charity shops in these areas are sought out for cut - price fashions . ' Standard ' charity shops sell a mix of clothing , books , toys , videos , DVDs , music ( like CDs , cassette tapes and vinyl ) and bric - a-brac ( like cutlery and ornaments ) . Some shops specialise in certain areas , like vintage clothing , furniture , electrical items , or records . Almost all charity shops sell on their unsold textiles ( i.e. unfashionable , stained or damaged fabric ) to textile processors . Each charity shop saves an average of 40 tonnes of textiles every year , by selling them in the shop , or passing them on to these textile merchants for recycling or reuse . This grosses to around 363,000 tonnes across all charity shops in the UK ; based on 2010 landfill tax value at £ 48 per tonne , the value of textiles reused or passed for recycling by charity shops in terms of savings in landfill tax is £ 17,424,000 p.a. Gift Aid is a UK tax incentive for individual donors where , subject to a signed declaration being held by the charity , income tax paid on donations can be reclaimed by the charity . Although initially intended only for cash donations , the scheme now ( since 2006 ) allows tax on the income earned by charity shops acting as agent for the donor to be reclaimed . Charity shops in the UK get mandatory 80 % relief on business rates on their premises , which is funded by central government ( not by local ratepayers ) and is one illustration of their support for the charity sector and the role of charity shops in raising funds for charities . Charities can apply for discretionary relief on the remaining 20 % , which is an occasional source of criticism from retailers which have to pay in full . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , major national opportunity shop chains include the St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store ( trading as Vinnies ) which operate 627 shops across Australia , Anglicare Shops , that currently operate in 19 locations across Sydney and the Illawarra also various locations around Australia , the Salvation Army ( trading as Salvos ) , the Red Cross , MS Australia , and the Brotherhood of St. Laurence . Many local charitable organisations , both religious and secular , run opportunity shops . Common among these are missions and animal shelters . United States ( edit ) In the United States , major national charity thrift shop operators include Goodwill Industries , Value Village / Savers , Salvation Army , St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store , and ReStore ( operated by Habitat for Humanity ) . Regional operators include Deseret Industries in the Western United States , and those run by Bethesda Lutheran Communities in the Upper Midwest . Many local charitable organizations , both religious and secular , operate thrift stores . Common among these are missions , children 's homes , homeless shelters , and animal shelters . In addition , some charity shops are operated by churches as fundraising venues that support activities and missionary work . See also ( edit ) Consignment Car Boot Sale Flea market Give - away shop Jumble sale Surplus store Sustainable clothing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thrift Store or Treasure Trove -- You Decide '' . Jump up ^ `` Second - hand goods : A guide for consumers '' ( PDF ) . Public and Environmental Health Service website . Department of Health , Government of South Australia . October 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . As the risk to health associated with second - hand goods is very low , thorough and hygienic cleaning is all that is required to eliminate the risk of contracting infectious diseases ... Washing second - hand clothing and bedding in hot water ( hotter than 60 ° C ) and detergent kills these disease - causing organisms . Items that can not be washed ... Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association Reuse FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HMRC Gift Aid Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charity Retail Association FAQ Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- England - Cornwall - Call to cut charity shops in town '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How many Vinnies shops are there ? '' . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Habitat for Humanity ReStores '' . Habitat for Humanity . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Charity Retail Association ( UK ) ( hide ) Charitable giving Main topics Alms Altruism Donation Fundraising Philanthropy Volunteering Types of charitable organizations Charitable trust / Registered charity Foundation Private Mutual - benefit nonprofit corporation Non-governmental organization Nonprofit organization Public - benefit nonprofit corporation Religious corporation Voluntary association Charity and religion Dāna Tithe Tzedakah Sadaqah Zakat Charity evaluators Charity Navigator CharityWatch GiveWell Giving What We Can GuideStar Open Philanthropy Project Further topics Alternative giving Benefit concert Charity / thrift / op shop Click - to - donate site Drive Donor intent Earning to give Effective altruism List of charitable foundations wealthiest Master of Nonprofit Organizations Matching funds Telethon Volunteer grant Wall of Kindness Warm - glow giving Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charity_shop&oldid=798497823 '' Categories : Retailing Charity Waste collection Reuse Shops Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Dansk Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 07 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity%20shop
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list of clubs with most champions league titles
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List of UEFA club competition Winners
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list of uefa club competition winners
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The Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) is the governing body for association football in Europe . It organises three club competitions : the UEFA Champions League ( formerly European Cup ) , the UEFA Europa League ( formerly UEFA Cup ) and the UEFA Super Cup . UEFA was also responsible for the Cup Winners ' Cup and the Intertoto Cup , until their discontinuation in 1999 and 2008 , respectively . Together with the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol ( CONMEBOL ) , it also organised the Intercontinental Cup , which was last held in 2004 , before its replacement by FIFA 's Club World Cup .
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Spanish side Real Madrid have won a record total of 21 titles in UEFA competitions , four more than Milan ( Italy ) and seven more than Barcelona ( Spain ) . The only team to have won every UEFA club competition is Juventus ( Italy ) . They received The UEFA Plaque on 12 July 1988 , in recognition of winning the three seasonal confederation trophies -- UEFA Cup in 1977 , Cup Winners ' Cup in 1984 , and European Cup in 1985 . Juventus then won their first Super Cup in 1984 , their first Intercontinental Cup in 1985 , and the Intertoto Cup in 1999 . Spanish clubs have won the most titles ( 57 ) , ahead of clubs from Italy ( 48 ) and England ( 40 ) . Italy is the only country in European football history whose clubs won the three main competitions in the same season : in 1989 -- 90 , Milan retained the European Cup , Sampdoria won the Cup Winners ' Cup , and Juventus secured the UEFA Cup . While the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is considered to be the predecessor of the UEFA Cup , it is not officially recognised by UEFA and therefore successes in this competition are not included in this list . Also excluded are the unofficial 1972 European Super Cup and the Club World Cup , a FIFA competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 1.1 By club 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Winners ( edit ) By club ( edit ) Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles , with 21 followed by Milan 's 17 titles . Spanish teams hold the record for the most wins in each of the three main UEFA club competitions : Real Madrid , with twelve European Cup / UEFA Champions League titles ; Barcelona , with four Cup Winners ' Cup titles ; and Sevilla , with five UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League titles . Milan share the most Super Cup wins ( five ) with Barcelona , and the most Intercontinental Cup wins ( three ) with Real Madrid . German clubs Hamburg , Schalke 04 and Stuttgart , and Spanish club Villarreal are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup ( twice each ) . Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich , Chelsea and Manchester United are the only teams to have won all of UEFA 's three main club competitions ( European Cup / UEFA Champions League , Cup Winners ' Cup , UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League ) . However , Juventus is the only team to have won every UEFA club competition , which additionally includes the Super Cup , the Intertoto Cup , and the Intercontinental Cup . Ajax is the second club to win all previous named club competitions , though their victory in the inaugural 1961 -- 62 Intertoto Cup was not organised under the UEFA flag . The following table lists all the clubs that have won at least one UEFA club competition , and is updated as of 8 August 2017 ( in chronological order ) . Key UCL European Cup or UEFA Champions League CWC UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UEL UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League UIC UEFA Intertoto Cup ( defunct ) USC UEFA Super Cup IC Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) List of UEFA club competition winners Club Country UCL CWC UEL UIC USC IC Total Real Madrid Spain 12 0 0 21 Milan Italy 7 0 0 5 17 Barcelona Spain 5 0 0 5 0 14 Juventus Italy 11 Liverpool England 5 0 0 0 11 Ajax Netherlands 0 10 Bayern Munich Germany 5 0 10 Internazionale Italy 0 0 0 8 Manchester United England 0 7 Porto Portugal 0 0 7 Atlético Madrid Spain 0 0 6 Sevilla Spain 0 0 5 0 0 6 Anderlecht Belgium 0 0 0 5 Valencia Spain 0 0 5 Chelsea England 0 0 5 Parma Italy 0 0 0 Feyenoord Netherlands 0 0 0 Hamburg Germany 0 0 0 Nottingham Forest England 0 0 0 0 Aston Villa England 0 0 0 Tottenham Hotspur England 0 0 0 0 Dynamo Kyiv Soviet Union Ukraine 0 0 0 0 Borussia Dortmund Germany 0 0 0 Schalke 04 Germany 0 0 0 0 Benfica Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 Borussia Mönchengladbach Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Aberdeen Scotland 0 0 0 0 Steaua București Romania 0 0 0 0 IFK Göteborg Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 KV Mechelen Belgium 0 0 0 0 PSV Netherlands 0 0 0 0 Red Star Belgrade Yugoslavia Serbia 0 0 0 0 Werder Bremen Germany 0 0 0 0 Lazio Italy 0 0 0 0 West Ham United England 0 0 0 0 Galatasaray Turkey 0 0 0 0 Paris Saint - Germain France 0 0 0 0 Villarreal Spain 0 0 0 0 0 VfB Stuttgart Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Marseille France 0 0 0 0 Zenit St. Petersburg Russia 0 0 0 0 Fiorentina Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Sporting CP Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 Celtic Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 Slovan Bratislava Czechoslovakia Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 Manchester City England 0 0 0 0 0 Rangers Scotland 0 0 0 0 0 Magdeburg East Germany Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Eintracht Frankfurt Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Dinamo Tbilisi Soviet Union Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 Ipswich Town England 0 0 0 0 0 Everton England 0 0 0 0 0 Bayer Leverkusen Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Napoli Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Sampdoria Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Arsenal England 0 0 0 0 0 Real Zaragoza Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Bordeaux France 0 0 0 0 0 Strasbourg France 0 0 0 0 0 Guingamp France 0 0 0 0 0 Karlsruhe Germany 0 0 0 0 0 Silkeborg Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 Lyon France 0 0 0 0 0 Bastia France 0 0 0 0 0 Auxerre France 0 0 0 0 0 Bologna Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Montpellier France 0 0 0 0 0 Celta de Vigo Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Udinese Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Twente Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Málaga Spain 0 0 0 0 0 Troyes France 0 0 0 0 0 Fulham England 0 0 0 0 0 Perugia Italy 0 0 0 0 0 Lille France 0 0 0 0 0 CSKA Moscow Russia 0 0 0 0 0 Lens France 0 0 0 0 0 Newcastle United England 0 0 0 0 0 Braga Portugal 0 0 0 0 0 Shakhtar Donetsk Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 By country ( edit ) Spanish clubs are the most successful in UEFA competitions , with a total of 57 titles , and hold a record number of wins in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League ( 17 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 14 ) , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa league ( 10 ) . Italian clubs have the most victories in the Intercontinental Cup ( 7 ) . In third place , English clubs have secured 40 titles , including a record eight wins in the Cup Winners ' Cup . French clubs , ranked sixth in UEFA competition titles , have won the Intertoto Cup the most times ( 12 ) . Italian clubs are the only in European football history to have won the three main UEFA competitions in the same season ( 1989 -- 90 ) . The following table lists all the countries whose clubs have won at least one UEFA competition , and is updated as of 8 August 2017 ( in chronological order ) . Key UCL European Cup or UEFA Champions League CWC UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) UEL UEFA Cup or UEFA Europa League UIC UEFA Intertoto Cup ( defunct ) USC UEFA Super Cup IC Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) List of UEFA club competition winners by country Nationality UCL CWC UEL UIC USC IC Total Spain 17 7 10 5 14 57 Italy 12 7 9 9 7 48 England 12 8 8 7 40 Germany * 7 6 8 29 Netherlands 6 0 17 France 0 12 0 0 14 Portugal 11 Belgium 0 0 0 7 Scotland 0 0 0 Soviet Union + 0 0 0 0 Russia 0 0 0 0 Romania 0 0 0 0 Turkey 0 0 0 0 Yugoslavia + 0 0 0 0 Sweden 0 0 0 0 0 East Germany + 0 0 0 0 0 Czechoslovakia + 0 0 0 0 0 Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 Denmark 0 0 0 0 0 + = National federation no longer exists . * = Germany 's record includes West Germany . See also ( edit ) UEFA club competition records and statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The records of clubs from currently non-existing associations such as Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , East Germany and Yugoslavia are attributed to those federations , since the corresponding titles were won when the clubs were affiliated to those associations . References ( edit ) General `` UEFA Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2005 - 07 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . `` UEFA Champions league -- History '' . UEFA. 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . `` UEFA Intertoto Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2005 - 07 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . `` UEFA Super Cup -- History '' . UEFA. 2007 - 08 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Sorteo de las competiciones europeas de fútbol : el Fram de Reykjavic , primer adversario del F.C. Barcelona en la Recopa '' ( Draw for the European football competitions : Reykjavic 's Fram , first opponent of F.C. Barcelona in the Cup Winners ' Cup . ) ( PDF ) . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . 13 July 1988 . p. 53 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All start ' with a little ' poetry '' . Gazzetta dello Sport 's Historical Archive ( in Italian ) . 24 May 1997 . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 / 90 : Rijkaard seals Milan triumph '' . UEFA. 23 May 1990 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup : All - time finals '' . UEFA. 30 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup -- History '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA. 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final facts and figures '' . UEFA . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Competition format '' . UEFA. 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . External links ( edit ) UEFA official website UEFA club competitions winners Men 's Champions League Cup Winners ' Cup Europa League Intertoto Cup Super Cup Intercontinental Cup Women 's Champions League UEFA competitions Football National teams European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 Nations League Women 's Championship U-19 U-17 Meridian Cup ( defunct ) Clubs Champions League Europa League Super Cup Youth League Cup Winners ' Cup ( defunct ) Intertoto Cup ( defunct ) Intercontinental Cup ( defunct ) Intercontinental Champions ' Supercup ( defunct ) Women 's Champions League Amateurs Regions ' Cup Amateur Cup ( defunct ) Futsal National teams Futsal Championship U-21 ( defunct ) U-19 ( proposed ) Women 's Futsal Championship ( proposed ) Clubs Futsal Cup UEFA club competitions Records and statistics Winning teams Winning managers UEFA coefficient Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_UEFA_club_competition_winners&oldid=804827143 '' Categories : UEFA club competitions Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Magyar Norsk Română Русский کوردی Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 11 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played ernst blofeld in from russia with love
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Year Film Actor and notes Status after the film concludes 1963 From Russia with Love Anthony Dawson as actor ( only hands and back of head are seen ) , Eric Pohlmann as voice actor ; the end credits list a question mark instead of an actor 's name in the `` Blofeld '' field ( however , he is only referred to as `` Number One '' in the film ) . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any contact with Bond . 1965 Thunderball Anthony Dawson as actor ( only hands and back of head are seen ) , Eric Pohlmann as voice actor , both uncredited ; end credits do not list Blofeld ( maybe due to the fact that he is only referred to as `` Number One '' in the film ) . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any contact with Bond . 1967 You Only Live Twice Donald Pleasence . Actor Jan Werich was originally cast , and some clips show his hands petting cat , and tuft of hair can be seen just above back of chair . Pleasence , with a fake scar on his face , replaced Werich during filming when the latter was deemed unsuited for the role . Blofeld has a facial scar in this film . Injured in his right hand by a shuriken ; escapes . 1969 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Telly Savalas ; appears with earlobes removed to back up claim to a noble title . Escapes ; he was the driver in the drive - by murder of Tracy Bond . 1971 Diamonds Are Forever Charles Gray ; appears also as doubles , all created via plastic surgery . He attempts to escape in his mini-sub , but Bond gains control of it and crashes it into the control room . 1981 For Your Eyes Only John Hollis as actor , Robert Rietty as voice actor ; Blofeld 's face is not seen close - up and his name is n't used due to the legal battle with Kevin McClory revealed in the film 's DVD commentary . Dropped down a very large chimney from his own helicopter . Never Say Never Again ( non-Eon ) Max von Sydow . Appears in a small number of scenes . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any direct contact with Bond . 2015 Spectre Christoph Waltz ; he , identified as being of Austrian ancestry , is initially known by his birth name as `` Franz Oberhauser '' , but reveals that he rejected his father 's name , and takes his mother 's maiden name : `` Blofeld '' . He later receives a facial scar ( a reference to You Only Live Twice ) due to Q 's exploding watch . Captured and arrested by Bond and MI6 .
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld
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ernst stavro blofeld
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and villain from the James Bond series of novels and films , created by Ian Fleming . A criminal mastermind with aspirations of world domination , he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond . Blofeld is head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE and is commonly referred to as Number 1 , an official numerical position given to members of SPECTRE . The character was originally written by Fleming as a physically massive and powerfully built man , standing around 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) and weighing 21.6 stone ( about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) ) , who had become flabby with a huge belly .
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Blofeld appears or is heard in three novels : Thunderball , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ; and You Only Live Twice ; as well as seven films from Eon Productions : From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) ; Thunderball ( 1965 ) ; You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) ; On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) ; Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) ; For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) ( the pre-title sequence of which shows an unnamed character resembling him fall to his death ) ; and Spectre ( 2015 ) . He also appears in Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) , the non-Eon remake of Thunderball . Blofeld has been played on screen by Donald Pleasence , Telly Savalas , Charles Gray , Max von Sydow , and Christoph Waltz , among others . It was initially a convention of the films not to show Blofeld 's face , only a close - up of him stroking his white , blue - eyed Persian cat . Many of Blofeld 's characteristics have become tropes in popular fiction , representing the stock character of the supervillain , with the stroking of his white cat often retained as a parodic allusion to Blofeld 's character , as seen in the Austin Powers film series with the character of Dr. Evil and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth , or in the cartoon Inspector Gadget with the character of Dr. Claw . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 2 In novels 3 In films 3.1 Table of film appearances 4 Video games 5 Homages 6 See also 7 References Character ( edit ) Ian Fleming includes information about Blofeld 's background in his novel Thunderball . According to the novel , Blofeld was born on 28 May 1908 ( which is also Fleming 's birthday ) in Gdingen , Imperial Germany ( now Gdynia , Poland ) ; his father Ernst George Blofeld was Polish , and his mother Maria Stavro Michelopoulos was Greek , hence the well - known Greek name Stavro . After the First World War , Blofeld became a Polish national . As a young man , he was well - versed in the social science disciplines , but also in the natural science and technology disciplines . He first graduated from the University of Warsaw with a degree in Political History and Economics , and then from the Warsaw University of Technology with a degree in Engineering and Radionics . He was then hired by the Polish Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs and appointed to a sensitive communication position , which he used for buying and selling stocks at the Warsaw Stock Exchange . Correctly foreseeing the coming of World War II , Blofeld made copies of top - secret wires and sold them for cash to Nazi Germany . Before the German invasion of Poland in 1939 , he destroyed all records of his existence , then moved first to Sweden , then to Turkey , where he worked for Turkish Radio and began to set up his own private intelligence organisation . During the war , he sold information to both sides . After the defeat of Erwin Rommel , he decided to back the Allied war effort , and was awarded numerous medals by the Allied powers after the war 's end . Blofeld then moved temporarily to South America before founding SPECTRE . In the John Gardner novel For Special Services , Blofeld is depicted as having had a daughter with a French mistress named Nena . It is commonly believed that the name Blofeld was inspired by the English cricket commentator Henry Blofeld 's father , with whom Fleming went to school . Henry Blofeld offered on the BBC Radio 4 series Just a Minute that `` Ian took my father 's name as the name of the baddie . '' In novels ( edit ) Blofeld makes three appearances in Ian Fleming 's novels . He first appears in a minor role as the leader of SPECTRE in the 1961 novel Thunderball . The plot that he formulates is carried out by his second - in - command Emilio Largo . Blofeld is described physically as a massive man , weighing roughly 20 stone ( 280 lb ; 130 kg ) , who had previously been a champion amateur weightlifter in his youth before becoming obese in middle age ; he has black crew - cut hair , black eyes ( similar to those of Benito Mussolini ) , heavy eyelashes , a thin mouth , and long pointed hands and feet . He has violet - scented breath from chewing flavoured cachous ( breath mints ) , a habit he adopts whenever he must deliver bad news . A meticulous planner of formidable intellect , he seems to be without conscience but not necessarily insane , and is motivated solely by financial gain . Blofeld 's lifestyle is described in one chapter in Thunderball : `` For the rest , he did n't smoke or drink and he had never been known to sleep with a member of either sex . He did n't even eat very much . '' Blofeld is absent from the next novel , The Spy Who Loved Me , though its events take place while Bond is battling SPECTRE in North America . In On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1963 ) , Bond learns that Blofeld has altered his appearance radically -- he is now tall and thin ; has reduced his weight to 12 stone ( 170 lb ; 76 kg ) ; sports long silver hair , a syphilitic infection on his nose , and no earlobes ; he wears dark green tinted contact lenses to hide his distinctive eyes . Perhaps less calculating than previously , he is notably saddled with the exploitable weakness of snobbery about his assumed nobility , indicating that he is losing his sanity . He is hiding in Switzerland in the guise of the Comte Balthazar de Bleuchamp and Bond defeats his vindictive plans to destroy Britain 's agricultural economy . In the final sequence of the novel , Blofeld gets revenge by murdering Bond 's new wife , Tracy . In You Only Live Twice , published in 1964 , Blofeld returns and Bond finds him hiding in Japan under the alias Dr. Guntram Shatterhand . He has once again changed his appearance . He has put on some muscle , and has a gold - capped tooth , a fully healed nose , and a drooping grey mustache . Bond describes Blofeld on their confrontation as being `` a big man , perhaps six foot three ( 190 cm ) , and powerfully built . '' It is indicated that Blofeld has by now gone completely insane , as he all but admits himself when Bond levels the accusation . Bond strangles him to death at the end of the novel . In both On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and You Only Live Twice , Blofeld is aided in his schemes by Irma Bunt , who is clearly his lover in the latter , and posing as Shatterhand 's wife . Bond incapacitates her in their Japanese castle base before it blows up , killing Bunt . The final mention of Blofeld is in the beginning of the next novel , The Man with the Golden Gun , published in 1965 . In films ( edit ) Blofeld in ( clockwise from upper - left ) You Only Live Twice ( Donald Pleasence ) , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( Telly Savalas ) , Never Say Never Again ( Max von Sydow ) , Spectre ( Christoph Waltz ) , and Diamonds Are Forever ( Charles Gray ) In the film series , Blofeld first appears in From Russia with Love , then in Thunderball . In these two appearances , his face is not seen , and only his lower body is visible as he strokes his trademark white cat . Czech actor Jan Werich was originally cast by producer Harry Saltzman to play Blofeld in You Only Live Twice . Upon his arrival at the Pinewood set , both producer Albert R. Broccoli and director Lewis Gilbert felt that he was a bad choice , resembling a `` poor , benevolent Santa Claus . '' Nonetheless , in an attempt to make the casting work , Gilbert continued filming . After five days , both Gilbert and Broccoli determined that Werich was not menacing enough , and recast Donald Pleasence in the role -- the official excuse being that Werich was ill . Donald Pleasence used a German accent for the part . In the third , fourth , and fifth appearances -- You Only Live Twice , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and Diamonds Are Forever -- he is the primary antagonist , meeting Bond face - to - face . During the opening sequence of Diamonds Are Forever , he reveals to Bond that some of his men have undergone plastic surgery to become his decoy duplicates . In the film version of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , he is not Tracy Bond 's actual killer . He drives the car from which Irma Bunt ( Ilse Steppat ) fires the fatal shots at Tracy , minutes after she married Bond . In a sixth appearance -- in the pre-credit sequence of For Your Eyes Only -- he is an anonymous , bald , wheelchair - bound villain trying to kill Bond once again . Blofeld remains unnamed and unlisted in the film 's end credits . The only clues to his identity are the trademark white cat , similar clothes to his previous onscreen appearances , the dialogue indicating that he and Bond have met before , and the fact that the scene begins with Bond paying his respects at Tracy 's grave , often considered by the producers as a means of providing an `` immediate continuity link '' in the event of a new actor taking the part of Bond ( although this was Roger Moore 's fifth appearance as Bond ) . The anonymity of the villain was due to the legal dispute between Kevin McClory and Eon Productions over the Thunderball copyrights . Blofeld 's appearance and personality change according to the personifying actor and the production . He has a full head of black hair in From Russia With Love and Thunderball ; a bald head and a facial dueling scar in You Only Live Twice ; a bald head with no scar or earlobes in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ; and silver - grey hair in Diamonds Are Forever . This metamorphosing matches Fleming 's literary portrayal of a master criminal who will go to great lengths to preserve his anonymity , including the use of plastic surgery . He often wears a jacket without lapels , based loosely either on the Nehru jacket or on the Mao suit , a feature which is used in spoofs like the Austin Powers series , though in his early two appearances on film he wore a black business suit . By November 2013 , MGM and the McClory estate had formally settled the issue with Danjaq and MGM and acquired the full copyright to the characters and concepts of Blofeld and SPECTRE . Blofeld consequently reappeared in Spectre , played by Christoph Waltz , and with a new background . He was now born Franz Oberhauser , the son of Hannes Oberhauser , Bond 's legal guardian after he was orphaned at the age of 11 , making him and Bond adoptive brothers . As a young man , he murdered his father , staged his own death , and took on the alias of Ernst Stavro Blofeld , using his mother 's maiden name . He then assembled the global criminal organisation known as Spectre . He is revealed to have been trying for years to destroy Bond , whom he resents for having been his father 's favourite ; he is thus revealed to have been the power behind the villains of the previous three films ( It is also implied he was one who ordered Dominic Grenne 's execution in Quantum of Solace ) . At the end of the film , Bond takes him into custody after foiling his plan to take control of the world 's national security intelligence data . This incarnation of Blofeld again wears a jacket without lapels , has a full head of hair , and is disfigured in the course of the film , echoing the Pleasence version 's duelling scar . A white Persian cat is also briefly shown . Table of film appearances ( edit ) Year Film Actor and notes Status after the film concludes 1963 From Russia with Love Anthony Dawson as actor ( only hands and back of head are seen ) , Eric Pohlmann as voice actor ; the end credits list a question mark instead of an actor 's name in the `` Blofeld '' field ( however , he is only referred to as `` Number One '' in the film ) . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any contact with Bond . 1965 Thunderball Anthony Dawson as actor ( only hands and back of head are seen ) , Eric Pohlmann as voice actor , both uncredited ; end credits do not list Blofeld ( maybe due to the fact that he is only referred to as `` Number One '' in the film ) . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any contact with Bond . 1967 You Only Live Twice Donald Pleasence . Actor Jan Werich was originally cast , and some clips show his hands petting cat , and tuft of hair can be seen just above back of chair . Pleasence , with a fake scar on his face , replaced Werich during filming when the latter was deemed unsuited for the role . Blofeld has a facial scar in this film . Injured in his right hand by a shuriken ; escapes . 1969 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Telly Savalas ; appears with earlobes removed to back up claim to a noble title . Escapes ; he was the driver in the drive - by murder of Tracy Bond . 1971 Diamonds Are Forever Charles Gray ; appears also as doubles , all created via plastic surgery . He attempts to escape in his mini-sub , but Bond gains control of it and crashes it into the control room . 1981 For Your Eyes Only John Hollis as actor , Robert Rietty as voice actor ; Blofeld 's face is not seen close - up and his name is n't used due to the legal battle with Kevin McClory revealed in the film 's DVD commentary . Dropped down a very large chimney from his own helicopter . Never Say Never Again ( non-Eon ) Max von Sydow . Appears in a small number of scenes . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any direct contact with Bond . 2015 Spectre Christoph Waltz ; he , identified as being of Austrian ancestry , is initially known by his birth name as `` Franz Oberhauser '' , but reveals that he rejected his father 's name , and takes his mother 's maiden name : `` Blofeld '' . He later receives a facial scar ( a reference to You Only Live Twice ) due to Q 's exploding watch . Captured and arrested by Bond and MI6 . Video games ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Blofeld appears in the 2004 video game GoldenEye : Rogue Agent , with the likeness of Donald Pleasence , voiced by Gideon Emery . Blofeld is a playable multiplayer character in the 2010 video game GoldenEye 007 for the Wii , with the likeness of Charles Gray . Blofeld is one of the main characters in the 2012 video game 007 Legends , featured in the mission based on On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , in which the character was an amalgamation of the first three actors appearing in the official film series . Throughout the game , he is voiced by Glenn Wrage . Legends released prior to Blofeld 's appearance in Spectre , portrays a feud with 007 that was not related to 2015 film . In Blood Stone , the main antagonist , Nicole Hunter ( featured with voice and likeness of Joss Stone ) , tells Bond at the end of the story mode that she was trying to prove herself to a rich and powerful man . Bond tries to get his name but she refuses to give it claiming he 's `` bigger than everything '' ( including MI6 ) , and that he was watching them . Suddenly , an unmanned drone flies toward them and shoots Nicole dead . After the release of Spectre , it was heavily implied that Blofeld was Nicole 's employer and the person responsible for the game 's events , however due to the rights to use Blofeld and Spectre being not acquired until after the game 's release and it 's unresolved cliffhanger ending this is just speculation . Homages ( edit ) Some of Blofeld 's characteristics have become supervillain tropes in popular fiction and media , including the parodies Dr. Claw ( and his pet , M.A.D. Cat ) from the Inspector Gadget animated series ( 1983 -- 86 ) , Team Rocket leader Giovanni and his Persian cat from the Pokémon television series and Dr. Evil ( and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth ) from the Austin Powers film series ( 1997 -- 2002 ) . The 1999 The Powerpuff Girls episode `` Cat Man Do '' also features a supervillain with a cat , though it is the feline that turns out to be the criminal mastermind . In The Penguins of Madagascar , the recurring villain Dr. Blowhole , is a parody homage to Blofeld . The main antagonist in CBBC Children 's spy comedy M.I. High is a character called `` The Grandmaster '' whose face is always obscured by shadows or a scarf -- he has a pet white rabbit called `` General Flopsy '' . The final boss of the License to Adventure challenge path in the game Kingdom of Loathing is `` Blofeld '' , an underling pretending to be Blofeld , with the real fight against Blofeld occurring once you have defeated the impostor 11 times . See also ( edit ) James Bond portal List of recurring characters in the James Bond film series List of James Bond villains References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oliver Buckton ( 8 October 2015 ) . Espionage in British Fiction and Film since 1900 : The Changing Enemy . Lexington Books . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0484 - 3 . Yet this suggestion of femininity in Blofeld 's face is belied by his massive girth , his body `` weighed about twenty stone . It had once been all muscle ... but in the past ten years it had softened and he had a vast belly that he concealed behind roomy trousers . Jump up ^ Ian Fleming 's James Bond : Annotations and Chronologies for Ian Fleming 's Bond Stories , published 2006 , page 34 Jump up ^ `` The Bond Film Informant : Ernst Stavro Blofeld '' . Mjnewton.demon.co.uk. 28 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Desert Island Discs , Henry Blofeld '' . Bbc.co.uk. 5 December 2003 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Just a Minute , Series 67 , Episode 3 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Production Staff ( 2000 ) . Inside You Only Live Twice : An Original Documentary ( Television ) . MGM Home Entertainment Inc . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 19 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Bond Files by Andy Lane and Paul Simpson , published by Virgin in 1999 Jump up ^ Smith , Jim ; Lavington , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Bond Films . London : Virgin Books . p. 178 . ISBN 9780753507094 . ^ Jump up to : `` What James Bond Mythology Tells Us About Spectre '' . Screen Rant. 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim . `` MGM , Danjaq Settle James Bond Rights Dispute With McClory Estate '' . IGN . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Lane and Paul Simpson . The Bond Files . Some sources mistakenly identify the voice as Joseph Wiseman 's . Jump up ^ Cork , John ; Stutz , Collin ( 2007 ) . James Bond Encyclopedia . New York : DK Pub . p. 40 . ISBN 9780756631673 . Jump up ^ MI6 Community . `` Bloodstone Spectre Connection '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 28 March 2015 ) . `` Spectre trailer reinvents a famous Bond rival '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ( hide ) James Bond characters James Bond as literary character and as film character Allies Miss Moneypenny Q Bill Tanner 00 Agents Felix Leiter Women Aki Anya Amasova Tracy Bond Tiffany Case Pussy Galore Jinx Johnson Wai Lin Vesper Lynd Camille Montes Honey Rider Tatiana Romanova Sévérine Natalya Simonova Stacey Sutton Kissy Suzuki Domino Vitali Villains and henchmen Julius No Rosa Klebb Ernst Stavro Blofeld Oddjob Auric Goldfinger Emilio Largo Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd Francisco Scaramanga Jaws Hugo Drax Max Zorin Brad Whitaker Necros Alec Trevelyan Xenia Onatopp Le Chiffre Raoul Silva Organisations SPECTRE SMERSH The Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Stavro_Blofeld&oldid=842970389 '' Categories : Bond villains Characters in British novels of the 20th century Fictional Austrian people Fictional characters introduced in 1961 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional crime bosses Fictional Greek people Fictional mass murderers Fictional patricides Fictional Polish people Fictional spymasters Fictional torturers Literary villains Fictional terrorists Video game bosses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from November 2015 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 23 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Stavro%20Blofeld
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who has the most champions in the wwe
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Overall , there have been 50 different official champions , with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen . Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more : Bruno Sammartino , Pedro Morales , Bob Backlund , Hulk Hogan , Randy Savage , John Cena and CM Punk .
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John Cena
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List of WWE champions
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list of wwe champions
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The WWE Championship is a professional wrestling world heavyweight championship in WWE , currently on the SmackDown brand . It is the first world title established in WWE , having been introduced in 1963 as the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) World Heavyweight Championship . The promotion was renamed World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) in 1979 and ended its affiliation with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) in 1983 , with the title also renamed to reflect the changes . In 2001 , it was unified with the World Championship ( formerly the WCW World Heavyweight Championship ) following the WWF 's buyout of World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and became the Undisputed WWF Championship . In 2002 , the WWF was renamed World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and split its roster into two brands , Raw and SmackDown . The title , now renamed WWE Championship , was then designated to the SmackDown brand while WWE established an alternate world title known as the World Heavyweight Championship for the Raw brand . A third alternate world title , the ECW World Heavyweight Championship , was reactivated for the ECW brand in 2006 . It was vacated and decommissioned when the ECW brand disbanded in 2010 .
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When WWE Champion Randy Orton defeated World Heavyweight Champion John Cena at the TLC pay - per - view on December 15 , 2013 , the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship , resulting in the retiring of the former and the renaming of the latter to the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . On June 27 , 2016 , the name was shortened back to the WWE Championship before assuming the WWE World Championship name on July 26 , when the brand extension returned . It became designated to the SmackDown brand and WWE again established an alternate world title known as the WWE Universal Championship for the Raw brand . In December 2016 , WWE again shortened the title 's name back to WWE Championship . The championship is generally contested in professional wrestling matches , in which participants execute scripted finishes rather than contend in direct competition . Some reigns were held by champions using a ring name , while others use their real name . The first champion was Buddy Rogers , who won the championship in 1963 . The champion with the single longest reign is Bruno Sammartino with a reign of 2,803 days , while the record for longest combined reign is also held by Sammartino at 4,040 . The current champion is AJ Styles , who is in his second reign . He won the championship by defeating Jinder Mahal on SmackDown in Manchester , England on November 7 , 2017 . Overall , there have been 50 different official champions , with John Cena having the most reigns at thirteen . Seven men in history have held the championship for a continuous reign of one year ( 365 days ) or more : Bruno Sammartino , Pedro Morales , Bob Backlund , Hulk Hogan , Randy Savage , John Cena and CM Punk . Contents 1 Title history 1.1 Names 1.2 Reigns 2 Combined reigns 3 References 4 External links Title History ( edit ) Names ( edit ) Name Years WWWF World Heavyweight Championship April 25 , 1963 -- February 8 , 1971 WWWF Heavyweight Championship February 8 , 1971 -- March 1 , 1979 WWF Heavyweight Championship March 1 , 1979 -- December 26 , 1983 WWF World Heavyweight Championship December 26 , 1983 -- June 29 , 1998 WWF Championship June 29 , 1998 -- December 9 , 2001 Undisputed WWF Championship December 9 , 2001 -- May 6 , 2002 Undisputed WWE Championship May 6 , 2002 -- May 19 , 2002 WWE Undisputed Championship May 19 , 2002 -- September 2 , 2002 WWE Championship September 2 , 2002 -- December 15 , 2013 WWE World Heavyweight Championship December 15 , 2013 -- June 27 , 2016 WWE Championship June 27 , 2016 -- July 25 , 2016 WWE World Championship July 26 , 2016 -- December 9 , 2016 WWE Championship December 10 , 2016 -- present Reigns ( edit ) As of August 29 , 2018 . Key No . The overall championship reign Reign The reign number for the specific champion listed Days The number of the days that the champion held the title for Days recog . The number of days that the promotion officially recognizes the champion as having held the title for † The championship change is not officially recognized by the promotion < 1 The reign lasted less than a day + The current reign is changing daily No . Champion Championship change Reign statistics Notes Ref . Date Event Location Reign Days Days recog . Buddy Rogers April 25 , 1963 N / A Rio de Janeiro , Brazil 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro after the WWWF left the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) , of which Rogers had been the 7th NWA World Heavyweight Champion since defeating Pat O'Connor on June 30 , 1961 . After Rogers ' one fall loss to Lou Thesz for the title on January 24 , 1963 , Northeast promoters ( led by Vince McMahon Sr. and Toots Mondt ) did not recognize this title change and withdrew their membership from the NWA to form the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) . The WWWF billed Rogers as their world champion since January 25 , but did not recognize him as the first ever WWWF World Heavyweight Champion until April 11 . However , WWE.com lists Rogers ' reign and the establishment of the title beginning on April 25 . Bruno Sammartino May 17 , 1963 House show New York , NY 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 7003280300000000000 ♠ 2,803 Ivan Koloff January 18 , 1971 House show New York , NY 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Pedro Morales February 8 , 1971 House show New York , NY 7003102700000000000 ♠ 1,027 7003102700000000000 ♠ 1,027 The title was renamed the WWWF Heavyweight Championship when WWWF rejoined the NWA in 1971 . 5 Stan Stasiak December 1 , 1973 House show Philadelphia , PA 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 6 Bruno Sammartino December 10 , 1973 House show New York , NY 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 7003123700000000000 ♠ 1,237 7 Superstar Billy Graham April 30 , 1977 House show Baltimore , MD 7002296000000000000 ♠ 296 7002296000000000000 ♠ 296 8 Bob Backlund February 20 , 1978 House show New York , NY 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 7003213500000000000 ♠ 2,135 The title was renamed the WWF Heavyweight Championship when the World Wide Wrestling Federation became the World Wrestling Federation in March 1979 . † Antonio Inoki November 30 , 1979 House show Tokushima , Japan 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 -- -- Vacated December 6 , 1979 House show Tokyo , Japan -- -- -- Antonio Inoki immediately vacated the title after a rematch with Bob Backlund ended in a no contest due to the interference of Tiger Jeet Singh . † Bob Backlund December 17 , 1979 House show New York City , NY 7003147000000000000 ♠ 1,470 -- Backlund defeated Bobby Duncum in a Texas Death match to fill the vacancy . WWE recognizes Backlund 's first and second reigns as being uninterrupted and considers this a continuation of the first . 9 The Iron Sheik December 26 , 1983 House show New York City , NY 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 The Iron Sheik won by submission when Bob Backlund 's manager Arnold Skaaland threw in the towel when Backlund was put into Sheik 's camel clutch to prevent any major injury . The title was renamed the WWF World Heavyweight Championship when the WWF ended its affiliation with the NWA . 10 Hulk Hogan January 23 , 1984 House show New York City , NY 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 7003147400000000000 ♠ 1,474 11 André the Giant February 5 , 1988 The Main Event I Indianapolis , IN < 1 < 1 André defeated Hulk Hogan when referee Earl Hebner , who was bribed by Ted DiBiase , scored the three - count , despite Hogan raising his shoulder past the two - count . -- Vacated February 5 , 1988 The Main Event I Indianapolis , IN -- -- -- Immediately after winning the title from Hulk Hogan , André handed the championship belt to Ted DiBiase ; President Jack Tunney ruled this as vacating the title . 12 Randy Savage March 27 , 1988 WrestleMania IV Atlantic City , NJ 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 7002371000000000000 ♠ 371 Defeated Ted DiBiase in a tournament final to win the vacant title . 13 Hulk Hogan April 2 , 1989 WrestleMania V Atlantic City , NJ 7002364000000000000 ♠ 364 7002364000000000000 ♠ 364 14 The Ultimate Warrior April 1 , 1990 WrestleMania VI Toronto , ON 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 This was a title for title match , in which Warrior also defended the Intercontinental Championship . 15 Sgt . Slaughter January 19 , 1991 Royal Rumble Miami , FL 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 16 Hulk Hogan March 24 , 1991 WrestleMania VII Los Angeles , CA 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 17 The Undertaker November 27 , 1991 Survivor Series Detroit , MI 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 18 Hulk Hogan December 3 , 1991 This Tuesday in Texas San Antonio , TX 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- Vacated December 4 , 1991 Superstars of Wrestling New Haven , CT -- -- -- Hulk Hogan was stripped of the title by WWF President Jack Tunney due to the controversy surrounding both of the previous title changes . Aired on tape delay on December 7 , 1991 . 19 Ric Flair January 19 , 1992 Royal Rumble Albany , NY 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 This was the Royal Rumble match , in which Flair last eliminated Sid Justice to win the vacant title . 20 Randy Savage April 5 , 1992 WrestleMania VIII Indianapolis , IN 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 21 Ric Flair September 1 , 1992 Prime Time Wrestling Hershey , PA 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Aired on tape delay on September 14 , 1992 . 22 Bret Hart October 12 , 1992 House show Saskatoon , SK 7002174000000000000 ♠ 174 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 23 Yokozuna April 4 , 1993 WrestleMania IX Las Vegas , NV < 1 < 1 24 Hulk Hogan April 4 , 1993 WrestleMania IX Las Vegas , NV 5 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 25 Yokozuna June 13 , 1993 King of the Ring Dayton , OH 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 26 Bret Hart March 20 , 1994 WrestleMania X New York City , NY 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 7002248000000000000 ♠ 248 Roddy Piper was the guest referee . 27 Bob Backlund November 23 , 1994 Survivor Series San Antonio , TX 2 ( 3 ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 This was a `` Throw in the Towel '' submission match . 28 Diesel November 26 , 1994 House show New York City , NY 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 29 Bret Hart November 19 , 1995 Survivor Series Landover , MD 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 This was a no disqualification match . 30 Shawn Michaels March 31 , 1996 WrestleMania XII Anaheim , CA 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 7002231000000000000 ♠ 231 This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match , in which Michaels won 1 -- 0 in overtime . 31 Sycho Sid November 17 , 1996 Survivor Series New York City , NY 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 32 Shawn Michaels January 19 , 1997 Royal Rumble San Antonio , TX 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 -- Vacated February 13 , 1997 Raw Lowell , MA -- -- -- Shawn Michaels forfeited the title due to a knee injury . 33 Bret Hart February 16 , 1997 In Your House 13 : Final Four Chattanooga , TN 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This was a four - way elimination match for the vacant title also involving Stone Cold Steve Austin , The Undertaker , and Vader . 34 Sycho Sid February 17 , 1997 Raw Nashville , TN 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 35 The Undertaker March 23 , 1997 WrestleMania 13 Rosemont , IL 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 This was a no disqualification match . 36 Bret Hart August 3 , 1997 SummerSlam East Rutherford , NJ 5 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Shawn Michaels was guest referee . 37 Shawn Michaels November 9 , 1997 Survivor Series Montreal , QC 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 This was the Montreal Screwjob . 38 Stone Cold Steve Austin March 29 , 1998 WrestleMania XIV Boston , MA 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Mike Tyson was the special outside enforcer . 39 Kane June 28 , 1998 King of the Ring Pittsburgh , PA 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This was a First Blood match . 40 Stone Cold Steve Austin June 29 , 1998 Raw is War Cleveland , OH 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 The title was renamed the WWF Championship . -- Vacated September 27 , 1998 Breakdown : In Your House Hamilton , ON -- -- -- Vacated after Kane and The Undertaker simultaneously pinned Stone Cold Steve Austin in a triple threat match . A subsequent match for the vacant title at Judgment Day : In Your House between Kane and The Undertaker ended in a no contest . 41 The Rock November 15 , 1998 Survivor Series St. Louis , MO 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Defeated Mankind in the finals of a tournament for the vacant title in a recreation of the Montreal Screwjob . WWE recognizes The Rock 's reign as ending on January 4 , 1999 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 42 Mankind December 29 , 1998 Raw is War Worcester , MA 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 This was a no disqualification match . WWE recognizes Mankind 's reign as beginning on January 4 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 43 The Rock January 24 , 1999 Royal Rumble Anaheim , CA 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 This was an `` I Quit '' match , which The Rock won by knocking Mankind unconscious while someone backstage played an audio recording of Mankind saying `` I quit '' while The Rock placed the microphone against his face . WWE recognizes The Rock 's reign as ending on January 31 , 1999 , when the following match aired on tape delay . 44 Mankind January 26 , 1999 Halftime Heat Tucson , AZ 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 This was an Empty Arena match that aired on tape delay as a special during halftime of Super Bowl XXXIII on January 31 , 1999 . WWE recognizes Mankind 's reign as beginning on January 31 . 45 The Rock February 15 , 1999 Raw is War Birmingham , AL 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 This was a ladder match . 46 Stone Cold Steve Austin March 28 , 1999 WrestleMania XV Philadelphia , PA 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 This was a no disqualification match with Mankind as guest referee . 47 The Undertaker May 23 , 1999 Over the Edge Kansas City , MO 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Both Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon were guest referees . 48 Stone Cold Steve Austin June 28 , 1999 Raw is War Charlotte , NC 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 49 Mankind August 22 , 1999 SummerSlam Minneapolis , MN 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 This was a triple threat match also involving Triple H. Jesse Ventura was guest referee . 50 Triple H August 23 , 1999 Raw is War Ames , IA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Shane McMahon was guest referee . WWE recognizes Triple H 's reign as ending on September 16 , 1999 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 51 Vince McMahon September 14 , 1999 SmackDown ! Las Vegas , NV 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Shane McMahon was guest referee . WWE recognizes Vince 's reign as beginning on September 16 , 1999 , when the episode aired on tape delay . -- Vacated September 20 , 1999 Raw is War Houston , TX -- -- -- Vince McMahon vacated the title . 52 Triple H September 26 , 1999 Unforgiven Charlotte , NC 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was a six - pack challenge match also involving The Rock , Mankind , Big Show , The British Bulldog , and Kane . Stone Cold Steve Austin was the special outside enforcer . 53 Big Show November 14 , 1999 Survivor Series Detroit , MI 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 This was a triple threat match , also involving The Rock . 54 Triple H January 3 , 2000 Raw is War Miami , FL 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 On April 17 , 2000 , Chris Jericho defeated Triple H for the WWF Championship after Earl Hebner 's fast - count . Later that night , Triple H forced Hebner to reverse the decision , nullifying Jericho 's reign and continuing Triple H 's . 55 The Rock April 30 , 2000 Backlash Washington , D.C. 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Shane McMahon was guest referee . 56 Triple H May 21 , 2000 Judgment Day Louisville , KY 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match , which Triple H won 6 -- 5 with Shawn Michaels as guest referee . 57 The Rock June 25 , 2000 King of the Ring Boston , MA 5 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 This was a six - man tag team match with The Rock , The Undertaker , and Kane vs. Triple H , Vince McMahon , and Shane McMahon . The Rock pinned Vince to win Triple H 's title . 58 Kurt Angle October 22 , 2000 No Mercy Albany , NY 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 This was a no disqualification match . 59 The Rock February 25 , 2001 No Way Out Las Vegas , NV 6 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 After the WWF purchased World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in March 2001 , the WCW Championship became a second concurrently active world championship in the WWF . 60 Stone Cold Steve Austin April 1 , 2001 WrestleMania X-Seven Houston , TX 5 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 This was a no disqualification match . 61 Kurt Angle September 23 , 2001 Unforgiven Pittsburgh , PA 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 62 Stone Cold Steve Austin October 8 , 2001 Raw Indianapolis , IN 6 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 63 Chris Jericho December 9 , 2001 Vengeance San Diego , CA 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Earlier the same night , Jericho defeated ( WCW ) World Champion The Rock for that title . By defeating Stone Cold Steve Austin for the WWF Championship , Jericho unified both titles as the Undisputed WWF Championship . 64 Triple H March 17 , 2002 WrestleMania X8 Toronto , ON 5 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 In late March 2002 , due to the WWF 's roster having doubled in size , the brand extension began , splitting the roster between the Raw and SmackDown brands , represented by the TV shows of the same name . Championships were assigned to be exclusive to a specific brand . The Undisputed Championship and the Women 's Championship were non-exclusive at this time , and were defended on both brands . 65 Hollywood Hulk Hogan April 21 , 2002 Backlash Kansas City , MO 6 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 On May 6 , 2002 , after the World Wrestling Federation was renamed `` World Wrestling Entertainment '' due to a lawsuit by the World Wide Fund for Nature , the title was also renamed : Undisputed WWE Championship and then WWE Undisputed Championship . 66 The Undertaker May 19 , 2002 Judgment Day Nashville , TN 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 On May 20 , 2002 , Rob Van Dam pinned The Undertaker for the title . Raw owner Ric Flair immediately restarted the match due to The Undertaker 's foot being on the ropes and The Undertaker subsequently pinned Van Dam , nullifying Van Dam 's reign and continuing Undertaker 's . 67 The Rock July 21 , 2002 Vengeance Detroit , MI 7 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 This was a triple threat match , also involving Kurt Angle . 68 Brock Lesnar August 25 , 2002 SummerSlam Uniondale , NY 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 The following night , Lesnar signed a deal to appear exclusively on the SmackDown brand , making the championship exclusive to the brand . The World Heavyweight Championship was then created for the Raw brand . On September 2 , 2002 , the Undisputed Championship became the WWE Championship as it was no longer `` undisputed '' . 69 Big Show November 17 , 2002 Survivor Series New York , NY 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 70 Kurt Angle December 15 , 2002 Armageddon Sunrise , FL 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 71 Brock Lesnar March 30 , 2003 WrestleMania XIX Seattle , WA 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 7002119000000000000 ♠ 119 72 Kurt Angle July 27 , 2003 Vengeance Denver , CO 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 This was a triple threat match also involving Big Show . WWE recognizes Angle 's reign as ending on September 18 , 2003 , when the following episode aired on tape delay . 73 Brock Lesnar September 16 , 2003 SmackDown ! Raleigh , NC 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 This was a 60 - minute Iron Man match . WWE recognizes Lesnar 's reign as beginning on September 18 , 2003 , when the episode aired on tape delay . 74 Eddie Guerrero February 15 , 2004 No Way Out Daly City , CA 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 75 John Bradshaw Layfield June 27 , 2004 The Great American Bash Norfolk , VA 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 This was a Texas Bullrope match . 76 John Cena April 3 , 2005 WrestleMania 21 Los Angeles , CA 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2005 WWE draft lottery . 77 Edge January 8 , 2006 New Year 's Revolution Albany , NY 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Edge cashed in his Money in the Bank contract from WrestleMania 21 immediately after John Cena won an Elimination Chamber match . 78 John Cena January 29 , 2006 Royal Rumble Miami , FL 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 79 Rob Van Dam June 11 , 2006 ECW One Night Stand New York City , NY 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Van Dam cashed in his Money in the Bank contract from WrestleMania 22 . This was an Extreme Rules match . The title became property of the new ECW brand due to Van Dam 's status as an ECW wrestler . The ECW World Heavyweight Championship was subsequently reactivated for the brand and awarded to Van Dam . 80 Edge July 3 , 2006 Raw Philadelphia , PA 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 This was a triple threat match also involving John Cena . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand due to Edge 's status as a Raw superstar . 81 John Cena September 17 , 2006 Unforgiven Toronto , ON 7002380000000000000 ♠ 380 7002381000000000000 ♠ 381 This was a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match . -- Vacated October 2 , 2007 ECW Dayton , OH -- -- -- Vacated when John Cena suffered a torn right pectoral tendon . 82 Randy Orton October 7 , 2007 No Mercy Rosemont , IL < 1 < 1 Orton was originally scheduled to have a Last Man Standing match against John Cena for the title , but due to Cena vacating the title Vince McMahon awarded it to Orton . 83 Triple H October 7 , 2007 No Mercy Rosemont , IL 6 < 1 < 1 Defeated Randy Orton in the opening match after Vince McMahon accepted Triple H 's open challenge on Orton 's behalf . 84 Randy Orton October 7 , 2007 No Mercy Rosemont , IL 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 Due to promising the match type , Vince McMahon made Triple H defend the title against Orton in a Last Man Standing match . 85 Triple H April 27 , 2008 Backlash Baltimore , MD 7 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 This was a fatal four - way elimination match also involving John Cena and John Bradshaw Layfield . The title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2008 WWE draft . 86 Edge November 23 , 2008 Survivor Series Boston , MA 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was a triple threat match also involving Vladimir Kozlov . Jeff Hardy had originally been scheduled to take part in the match , but did not participate after being ( in storyline ) attacked prior to the event . Triple H and Kozlov started the match before Edge was revealed as Hardy 's surprise replacement . 87 Jeff Hardy December 14 , 2008 Armageddon Buffalo , NY 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 This was a triple threat match , also involving Triple H . 88 Edge January 25 , 2009 Royal Rumble Detroit , MI 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was a no - disqualification match . 89 Triple H February 15 , 2009 No Way Out Seattle , WA 8 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving Jeff Hardy , Vladimir Kozlov , The Undertaker , and Big Show . The title became exclusive to the Raw brand following the 2009 WWE draft . 90 Randy Orton April 26 , 2009 Backlash Providence , RI 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 This was a six - man tag team match with Orton , Ted DiBiase , and Cody Rhodes against Triple H , Shane McMahon , and Batista . Orton won the championship due to his team winning . 91 Batista June 7 , 2009 Extreme Rules New Orleans , LA 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 This was a steel cage match . -- Vacated June 9 , 2009 -- -- -- -- -- Vacated when Batista suffered a torn left biceps . 92 Randy Orton June 15 , 2009 Raw Charlotte , NC 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 This was a fatal four - way match for the vacant title also involving Triple H , John Cena , and Big Show . 93 John Cena September 13 , 2009 Breaking Point Montreal , QC 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was an `` I Quit '' match . If anyone interfered on Randy Orton 's behalf , he would have forfeited the title . 94 Randy Orton October 4 , 2009 Hell in a Cell Newark , NJ 5 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 This was a Hell in a Cell match . 95 John Cena October 25 , 2009 Bragging Rights Pittsburgh , PA 5 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was a 60 - minute Anything Goes Iron Man match in which Cena won 6 - 5 . If Cena lost , he would have had to leave the Raw brand . 96 Sheamus December 13 , 2009 TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs San Antonio , TX 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 This was a tables match . On February 16 , 2010 , the ECW brand was disbanded and the ECW Championship was deactivated . 97 John Cena February 21 , 2010 Elimination Chamber St. Louis , MO 6 < 1 < 1 This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving Triple H , Randy Orton , Ted DiBiase , and Kofi Kingston . 98 Batista February 21 , 2010 Elimination Chamber St. Louis , MO 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Mr. McMahon granted SmackDown wrestler Batista a championship match with John Cena after Cena won the Elimination Chamber match . Batista then transferred to the Raw roster after winning the title . 99 John Cena March 28 , 2010 WrestleMania XXVI Glendale , AZ 7 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 100 Sheamus June 20 , 2010 Fatal 4 - Way Uniondale , NY 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 This was a fatal four - way match also involving Edge and Randy Orton . 101 Randy Orton September 19 , 2010 Night of Champions Rosemont , IL 6 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 This was a Six - Pack Elimination Challenge match also involving Edge , John Cena , Chris Jericho , and Wade Barrett . 102 The Miz November 22 , 2010 Raw Orlando , FL 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 7002159000000000000 ♠ 159 The Miz cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after Randy Orton had successfully defended the WWE Championship against Wade Barrett . 103 John Cena May 1 , 2011 Extreme Rules Tampa , FL 8 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 This was a triple threat steel cage match also involving John Morrison . 104 CM Punk July 17 , 2011 Money in the Bank Rosemont , IL 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Punk ( kayfabe ) left WWE the day after with the championship . He returned on the July 25 , 2011 episode of Raw ; his reign was deemed to continue through this period . 105 Rey Mysterio ( and CM Punk ) July 25 , 2011 Raw Hampton , VA ( 1 ) < 1 < 1 Defeated The Miz in a tournament final to crown a new champion . CM Punk was also recognized as WWE Champion . 106 John Cena ( and CM Punk ) July 25 , 2011 Raw Hampton , VA 9 ( 1 ) 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Chief Operating Officer Triple H decreed that Rey Mysterio had to face former champion Cena . CM Punk was also recognized as WWE Champion . -- CM Punk August 14 , 2011 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA -- -- Punk defeated John Cena in a match to determine the undisputed champion . This is considered a continuation of Punk 's first reign . Triple H was guest referee . 107 Alberto Del Rio August 14 , 2011 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Del Rio cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after CM Punk was attacked by Kevin Nash . On August 29 , 2011 , the first brand extension ended , allowing the WWE Champion to appear on both Raw and SmackDown . 108 John Cena September 18 , 2011 Night of Champions Buffalo , NY 10 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 109 Alberto Del Rio October 2 , 2011 Hell in a Cell New Orleans , LA 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was a triple threat Hell in a Cell match also involving CM Punk . 110 CM Punk November 20 , 2011 Survivor Series New York City , NY 7002434000000000000 ♠ 434 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 111 The Rock January 27 , 2013 Royal Rumble Phoenix , AZ 8 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 CM Punk had initially won , but the match was then restarted by Mr. McMahon due to interference by The Shield . 112 John Cena April 7 , 2013 WrestleMania 29 East Rutherford , NJ 11 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 113 Daniel Bryan August 18 , 2013 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA < 1 < 1 Triple H was guest referee . 114 Randy Orton August 18 , 2013 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA 7 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Orton cashed in his Money in the Bank contract . Triple H was guest referee . 115 Daniel Bryan September 15 , 2013 Night of Champions Detroit , MI 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- Vacated September 16 , 2013 Raw Cleveland , OH -- -- -- Vacated after a controversial finish when Daniel Bryan defeated Randy Orton to win the title . A subsequent match for the vacant title at Battleground between Bryan and Orton ended in a no contest . 116 Randy Orton October 27 , 2013 Hell in a Cell Miami , FL 8 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 7002161000000000000 ♠ 161 Orton defeated Daniel Bryan in a Hell in a Cell match for the vacant title with Shawn Michaels serving as guest referee . On December 15 , 2013 at TLC , Orton defeated John Cena to unify the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship . The World Heavyweight Championship was retired and the WWE Championship became known as the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . 117 Daniel Bryan April 6 , 2014 WrestleMania XXX New Orleans , LA 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 7001640000000000000 ♠ 64 This was a triple threat match also involving Batista . -- Vacated June 9 , 2014 Raw Minneapolis , MN -- -- -- Daniel Bryan was stripped of the title due to a neck injury . 118 John Cena June 29 , 2014 Money in the Bank Boston , MA 12 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 This was a ladder match for the vacant title also involving Alberto Del Rio , Bray Wyatt , Cesaro , Kane , Randy Orton , Roman Reigns , and Sheamus . 119 Brock Lesnar August 17 , 2014 SummerSlam Los Angeles , CA 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 7002224000000000000 ♠ 224 120 Seth Rollins March 29 , 2015 WrestleMania 31 Santa Clara , CA 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract during a singles match between Brock Lesnar and Roman Reigns , making it a triple threat match and subsequently pinned Reigns . -- Vacated November 4 , 2015 -- -- -- -- -- Vacated after Seth Rollins suffered a torn ACL , MCL , and a damaged meniscus at a live show in Dublin , Ireland . 121 Roman Reigns November 22 , 2015 Survivor Series Atlanta , GA < 1 < 1 Defeated Dean Ambrose in a tournament final to win the vacant title . 122 Sheamus November 22 , 2015 Survivor Series Atlanta , GA 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Sheamus cashed in his Money in the Bank contract . 123 Roman Reigns December 14 , 2015 Raw Philadelphia , PA 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 This was a title vs. career match . 124 Triple H January 24 , 2016 Royal Rumble Orlando , FL 9 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 This was the Royal Rumble match in which Roman Reigns defended the title . Reigns was eliminated by Triple H , who lastly eliminated Dean Ambrose . 125 Roman Reigns April 3 , 2016 WrestleMania 32 Arlington , TX 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 126 Seth Rollins June 19 , 2016 Money in the Bank Las Vegas , NV < 1 < 1 127 Dean Ambrose June 19 , 2016 Money in the Bank Las Vegas , NV 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Ambrose cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and the title 's name reverted to WWE Championship . The brand extension returned and the title became exclusive to the SmackDown brand following the 2016 WWE draft . The WWE Universal Championship was created for the Raw brand ; the WWE Championship was renamed to WWE World Championship . 128 AJ Styles September 11 , 2016 Backlash Richmond , VA 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 In December 2016 , the title 's name was shortened back to WWE Championship . 129 John Cena January 29 , 2017 Royal Rumble San Antonio , TX 13 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 130 Bray Wyatt February 12 , 2017 Elimination Chamber Phoenix , AZ 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 This was an Elimination Chamber match also involving AJ Styles , Baron Corbin , Dean Ambrose , and The Miz . 131 Randy Orton April 2 , 2017 WrestleMania 33 Orlando , FL 9 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 132 Jinder Mahal May 21 , 2017 Backlash Rosemont , IL 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 133 AJ Styles November 7 , 2017 SmackDown Live Manchester , England 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 + 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 + Combined reigns ( edit ) Record 13 - time champion John Cena , shown here with the `` Spinner Belt '' which represented the championship from 2005 -- 2013 Bruno Sammartino , who reigned for a combined 4,040 days as champion As of August 29 , 2018 . † Indicates the current champion < 1 Indications reign was less than a day + Indicates reign is changing daily Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Bruno Sammartino 4,040 Hulk Hogan 6 2,185 Bob Backlund 2,138 John Cena 13 1,254 1,257 5 Pedro Morales 1,027 6 Randy Orton 9 658 660 7 Bret Hart 5 654 655 8 Triple H 9 609 610 9 Brock Lesnar 579 578 10 Stone Cold Steve Austin 6 529 530 11 Randy Savage 520 12 CM Punk 462 463 13 AJ Styles † 435 + 14 Shawn Michaels 396 15 The Rock 8 367 378 16 Diesel 358 17 Kurt Angle 297 299 18 Superstar Billy Graham 296 19 The Ultimate Warrior 293 20 Yokozuna 280 John Bradshaw Layfield 280 22 The Undertaker 238 23 Seth Rollins 220 24 Sheamus 183 184 25 Jinder Mahal 170 26 The Miz 160 159 27 Edge 139 28 Eddie Guerrero 133 29 Roman Reigns 118 Ric Flair 118 31 Chris Jericho 98 32 Sycho Sid 97 33 Alberto Del Rio 84 Dean Ambrose 84 35 Big Show 78 36 Daniel Bryan 65 37 Sgt . Slaughter 64 38 Bray Wyatt 49 39 Mankind 47 36 40 Jeff Hardy 42 41 Batista 37 38 42 The Iron Sheik 28 29 43 Buddy Rogers 22 Rob Van Dam 22 45 Ivan Koloff 21 46 Stan Stasiak 9 47 Vince McMahon 6 -- Antonio Inoki 6 -- 48 Kane 49 Rey Mysterio < 1 André the Giant < 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment , Inc . Acquires WCW from Turner Broadcasting '' . WWE. 2001 - 03 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Jericho Becomes First Undisputed Champion of Professional Wrestling '' . WWE. 2001 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The `` F '' To Emphasize the `` E '' for Entertainment `` . WWE. 2002 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Entertainment To Make RAW and SmackDown Distinct Television Brands '' . WWE. 2002 - 03 - 27 . 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Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 5 / 21 Powell 's WWE Backlash Live Review : Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship , Kevin Owens vs. AJ Styles for the U.S. Championship , Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Dolph Ziggler '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pappolla , Ryan ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` AJ Styles def . Jinder Mahal to win the WWE Championship '' . WWE . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 11 / 7 Barnett 's WWE SmackDown Live TV Review : Jinder Mahal vs. AJ Styles for the WWE Championship , The Usos vs. Shelton Benjamin and Chad Gable for the SmackDown Tag Titles , Becky Lynch vs. James Ellsworth '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Professional wrestling portal External links ( edit ) Official WWE Championship Title History WWE Championship history at Wrestling Titles.com Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal reigns Intercontinental reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns Cruiserweight reigns SmackDown WWE reigns United States reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT NXT reigns North American reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT UK United Kingdom reigns Women 's reigns Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Greatest Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships WWE Champions Buddy Rogers Bruno Sammartino Ivan Koloff Pedro Morales Stan Stasiak Superstar Billy Graham Bob Backlund The Iron Sheik Hulk Hogan André the Giant Randy Savage The Ultimate Warrior Sgt . 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when did they start giving social security numbers at birth
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Social Security number
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social security number
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In the United States , a Social Security number ( SSN ) is a nine - digit number issued to U.S. citizens , permanent residents , and temporary ( working ) residents under section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) of the Social Security Act , codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) . The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration , an independent agency of the United States government . Although its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes , the Social Security number has become a de facto national identification number for taxation and other purposes .
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A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS - 5 , Application for A Social Security Number Card . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose and use 2.1 Non-universal status 2.2 Use required for federal tax purposes 3 Types of Social Security cards 4 Identity theft 5 Replacement numbers 6 Structure 7 Historical structure 7.1 Exhaustion and re-use 7.2 Valid SSNs 8 SSNs used in advertising 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program . Within three months , 25 million numbers were issued . On November 24 , 1936 , 1,074 of the nation 's 45,000 post offices were designated `` typing centers '' to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington , D.C. On December 1 , 1936 , as part of the publicity campaign for the new program , Joseph L. Fay of the Social Security Administration selected a record from the top of the first stack of 1,000 records and announced that the first Social Security number in history was assigned to John David Sweeney , Jr. , of New Rochelle , New York . Before 1986 , people often did not obtain a Social Security number until the age of about 14 , since the numbers were used for income tracking purposes , and those under that age seldom had substantial income . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction . Before this act , parents claiming tax deductions were simply trusted not to lie about the number of children they supported . During the first year of the Tax Reform Act , this anti-fraud change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed . The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents . In 1988 , the threshold was lowered to 2 years old , and in 1990 , the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old . Today , an SSN is required regardless of the child 's age to receive an exemption . Since then , parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth ; today , it can be done on the application for a birth certificate . Purpose and use ( edit ) The original purpose of this number was to track individuals ' accounts within the Social Security program . It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States , although rare errors occur where duplicates do exist . As numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA , it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again . A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices and ( originally ) Post Offices . Employee , patient , student , and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number . The U.S. Armed Forces has used the Social Security number as an identification number for Army and Air Force personnel since July 1 , 1969 , the Navy and Marine Corps for their personnel since January 1 , 1972 , and the Coast Guard for their personnel since October 1 , 1974 . Previously , the United States military used a much more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service . Beginning in June 2011 , DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards . It is replaced by a unique DOD identification number , formerly known as the EDIPI . Non-universal status ( edit ) An old Social Security card with the `` not for identification '' message Social Security was originally a universal tax , but when Medicare was passed in 1965 , objecting religious groups in existence prior to 1951 were allowed to opt out of the system . Because of this , not every American is part of the Social Security program , and not everyone has a number . However , a social security number is required for parents to claim their children as dependents for federal income tax purposes , and the Internal Revenue Service requires all corporations to obtain SSNs ( or alternative identifying numbers ) from their employees , as described below . The Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license . Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number and card for identification . Since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN , it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed . Since then , Social Security numbers have become de facto national identification numbers . Although some people do not have an SSN assigned to them , it is becoming increasingly difficult to engage in legitimate financial activities such as applying for a loan or a bank account without one . While the government can not require an individual to disclose their SSN without a legal basis , companies may refuse to provide service to an individual who does not provide an SSN . The card on which an SSN is issued is still not suitable for primary identification as it has no photograph , no physical description and no birth date . All it does is confirm that a particular number has been issued to a particular name . Instead , a driver 's license or state ID card is used as an identification for adults . Use required for federal tax purposes ( edit ) Internal Revenue Code section 6109 ( d ) provides : `` The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) of the Social Security Act ( codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( A ) ) shall , except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) , be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title ( the Internal Revenue Code , title 26 of the United States Code ) . '' The Internal Revenue Code also provides , when required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary ( of the Treasury or his delegate ) : Inclusion in returns : Any person required under the authority of this title to make a return , statement , or other document shall include in such return , statement , or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person . Furnishing number to other persons : Any person with respect to whom a return , statement , or other document is required under the authority of this title to be made by another person or whose identifying number is required to be shown on a return of another person shall furnish to such other person such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing his proper identification . According to U.S. Treasury regulations , any person who , after October 31 , 1962 , works as an employee for wages subject to Social Security taxes , Medicare taxes , or U.S. federal income tax withholdings is required to apply for `` an account number '' using `` Form SS - 5 . '' A taxpayer who is not eligible to have a Social Security number must obtain an alternative Taxpayer Identification Number . Types of Social Security cards ( edit ) Three different types of Social Security cards are issued . The most common type contains the cardholder 's name and number . Such cards are issued to U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents . There are also two restricted types of Social Security cards : One reads `` not valid for employment . '' Such cards can not be used as proof of work authorization , and are not acceptable as a List C document on the I - 9 form . The other reads `` valid for work only with DHS authorization '' , or the older , `` valid for work only with INS authorization . '' These cards are issued to people who have temporary work authorization in the U.S. They can satisfy the I - 9 requirement , if they are accompanied by a work authorization card . In 2004 Congress passed The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ; parts of which mandated that the Social Security Administration redesign the Social Security Number ( SSN ) Card to prevent forgery . From April 2006 through August 2007 , Social Security Administration ( SSA ) and Government Printing Office ( GPO ) employees were assigned to redesign the Social Security Number Card to the specifications of the Interagency Task Force created by the Commissioner of Social Security in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security . The new SSN card design utilizes both covert and overt security features created by the SSA and GPO design teams . Identity theft ( edit ) Dog tag from World War II ( possibly Army - Air Corps ) , labeled `` P '' for Protestant . Many citizens and privacy advocates are concerned about the disclosure and processing of Social Security numbers . Furthermore , researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have demonstrated an algorithm that uses publicly available personal information to reconstruct a given SSN . The SSN is frequently used by those involved in identity theft , since it is interconnected with many other forms of identification , and because people asking for it treat it as an authenticator . Financial institutions generally require an SSN to set up bank accounts , credit cards , and loans -- partly because they assume that no one except the person it was issued to knows it . Exacerbating the problem of using the social security number as an identifier is the fact that the social security card contains no biometric identifiers of any sort , making it essentially impossible to tell whether a person using a certain SSN truly belongs to someone without relying on other documentation ( which may itself have been falsely procured through use of the fraudulent SSN ) . Congress has proposed federal laws that restrict the use of SSNs for identification and bans their use for a number of commercial purposes -- e.g. , rental applications . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) offers alternatives to SSNs in some places where providing untrusted parties with identification numbers is essential . Tax return preparers must obtain and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number ( PTIN ) to include on their client 's tax returns ( as part of signature requirements ) . Day care services have tax benefits , and even a sole proprietor should give parents an EIN ( employer identification number ) to use on their tax return . The Social Security Administration has suggested that , if asked to provide his or her Social Security number , a citizen should ask which law requires its use . In accordance with § 7213 of the 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act of 2004 and 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( e ) ( 2 ) , the number of replacement Social Security cards per person is generally limited to three per calendar year and ten in a lifetime . Identity confusion has also occurred because of the use of local Social Security numbers by the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands , and the Republic of Palau , whose numbers overlap with those of residents of New Hampshire and Maine . Replacement numbers ( edit ) A person can request a new Social Security number , but only under certain conditions ; Where sequential numbers assigned to members of the same family are causing problems . In the event of duplicates having been issued . In cases where the person has been a victim of domestic violence or harassment , and there is a clear need to change their number for their personal safety . When a person has been a victim of identity theft , and their Social Security number continues to be problematic . Where a person has a demonstrable religious objection to a number ( such as certain Christians being averse to the number 666 ) . For all of these conditions , credible third - party evidence such as a restraining order or police report , is required . Structure ( edit ) The Social Security number is a nine - digit number in the format `` AAA - GG - SSSS '' . The number is divided into three parts . On June 25 , 2011 , the SSA changed the SSN assignment process to `` SSN randomization '' . SSN randomization affects the SSN assignment process in the following ways : It eliminates the geographical significance of the first three digits of the SSN , previously referred to as the Area Number , by no longer allocating the Area Numbers for assignment to individuals in specific states . It eliminates the significance of the highest group number and , as a result , the High Group List is frozen in time and can be used for validation of only those SSNs issued prior to the randomization implementation date ( see section `` Valid SSNs '' ) . Previously unassigned area numbers have been introduced for assignment excluding area numbers 000 , 666 and 900 -- 999 . Note : Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( ITINs ) are issued by the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , so they are not affected by this SSA change . Historical structure ( edit ) Prior to 2011 , the first three digits known as the area number were assigned by geographical region . Prior to 1973 , cards were issued in local Social Security offices around the country and the area number represented the office code where the card was issued . This did not necessarily have to be in the area where the applicant lived , since a person could apply for their card in any Social Security office . Since 1973 , when the SSA began assigning SSNs and issuing cards centrally from Baltimore , the area number assigned has been based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the application for the original Social Security card . The applicant 's mailing address does not have to be the same as their place of residence . Thus , the area number does not necessarily represent the state of residence of the applicant regardless of whether the card was issued prior to , or after , 1973 . Wikipedia has a list of Social Security Area Numbers for each state . Generally , numbers were assigned beginning in the northeast and moving south and westward , so that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest numbers . As the areas assigned to a locality are exhausted , new areas from the pool are assigned , so some states have noncontiguous groups of numbers . The middle two digits are the group number . The group numbers range from 01 to 99 . However , they are not assigned in consecutive order . For administrative reasons , group numbers are issued in the following order : odd numbers from 01 through 09 . even numbers from 10 through 98 . even numbers from 02 through 08 . odd numbers from 11 through 99 . As an example , group number 98 is issued before 11 . The last four digits are serial numbers . They represent a straight numerical sequence of digits from 0001 to 9999 within the group . Exhaustion and reuse ( edit ) The Social Security Administration does not reuse Social Security numbers . It has issued over 450 million since the start of the program , and at a use rate of about 5.5 million per year it says it has enough to last several generations without reuse or changing the number of digits . However , there have been instances where multiple individuals have been inadvertently assigned the same Social Security number . Valid SSNs ( edit ) Prior to June 25 , 2011 , a valid SSN could not have an area number between 734 and 749 , or above 772 , the highest area number the Social Security Administration has allocated . Effective June 25 , 2011 , the SSA assigns SSNs randomly and allows for the assignment of area numbers between 734 and 749 and above 772 through the 800s . This should not be confused with Tax Identification Numbers ( TINs ) , which include additional area numbers . Some special numbers are never allocated : Numbers with all zeros in any digit group ( 000 - # # - # # # # , # # # - 00 - # # # # , # # # - # # - 0000 ) . Numbers with 666 or 900 - 999 ( Individual Taxpayer Identification Number ) in the first digit group . Until 2011 , the SSA published the last group number used for each area number . Since group numbers were allocated in a regular pattern , it was possible to identify an unissued SSN that contained an invalid group number . Now numbers are assigned randomly , and fraudulent SSNs are not easily detectable with publicly available information . Many online services , however , provide SSN validation . Unlike many similar numbers , no check digit is included . SSNs used in advertising ( edit ) The promotional Social Security card as distributed by the F.W. Woolworth Company Some SSNs used in advertising have rendered those numbers invalid . One famous instance of this occurred in 1938 when the E.H. Ferree Company in Lockport , New York , decided to promote its product by showing how a Social Security card would fit into its wallets . A sample card , used for display purposes , was placed in each wallet , which was sold by Woolworth and other department stores across the country ; the wallet manufacturer 's vice president and treasurer Douglas Patterson used the actual SSN of his secretary , Hilda Schrader Whitcher . Even though the card was printed in red ( the real card is printed in blue ) and had `` Specimen '' printed across the front , many people used Whitcher 's SSN as their own . The Social Security Administration 's account of the incident also claims that the fake card was half the size of a real card , despite a miniature card 's being useless for its purpose and despite Whitcher 's holding two cards of apparently identical size in the accompanying photograph . Over time , the number that appeared ( 078 - 05 - 1120 ) has been claimed by a total of over 40,000 people as their own . The SSA initiated an advertising campaign stating that it was incorrect to use the number . ( Hilda Whitcher was issued a new SSN . ) However , the number was found to be in use by 12 individuals as late as 1977 . More recently , Todd Davis distributed his SSN in advertisements for his company 's LifeLock identity theft protection service , which allowed his identity to be stolen over a dozen times . See also ( edit ) Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas Death Master File Feature creep INSEE code Italian fiscal code card Kennitala National Insurance number National Registration Identity Card NHI Number NIE Number Permanent account number Personally identifiable information PESEL PPS number Social Insurance Number Tax file number Uniform civil number Unique Population Registry Code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Social Security Number '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kouri , Jim ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Social Security Cards : De Facto National Identification '' . American Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 20 C.F.R. 422.103 ( b ) Jump up ^ `` Social Security Online '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The First Social Security Number and the Lowest Number '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Applicant on Pension List '' . Ogden Standard Examiner . Ogden , Utah . December 2 , 1936 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Long , Wayne S. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Social Security Numbers Issued : A 20 - Year Review '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Journal . 56 ( 1 ) : 82 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jack ( 1993 ) . `` A strategy for assembling samples of adult twin pairs in the United States '' . Statistics in Medicine . 12 : 1693 -- 1702 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Reform Act of 1986 '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ( `` Unlike the PIN the SSN is not universally assigned , nor is it issued at birth . In the U.S. , assignment of the SSN occurs traditionally when an individual joins the workforce , usually as a teenager . The age at SSN issuance , however , has been declining for decades `` and recent changes in the tax law now require that all infants claimed as dependants must have an SSN by one year of age . '' ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey B. Liebman ( December 2000 ) . `` Who Are the Ineligible EITC Recipients ? '' . National Tax Journal . 53 : 1165 -- 1186 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Chronology '' . Social Security Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Security Numbers For Children '' . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ `` National Personnel Records Center '' . National Archives . Jump up ^ `` DOD removes SSAN from ID cards '' . Jump up ^ `` The Amish & Social Security '' . Amishnews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Amish reject giving Social Security numbers to get licenses '' . The Chippewa Herald . August 30 , 1999 . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Version History '' . Social Security History . United States Social Security Administration . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( July 26 , 1998 ) . `` The Nation ; Not for Identification Purposes ( Just Kidding ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Not Required '' . Scribd.com. 2008 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles H. Mullen , Associate Commissioner ( March 18 , 1998 ) , Letter to Mr. Scott McDonald ( PDF ) , Office of Public Enquiries , Social Security Administration , retrieved July 27 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Can I refuse to give my Social Security number to a private business ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( d ) . Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6109 ( a ) . Jump up ^ See 26 C.F.R. sec . 31.6011 ( b ) - 2 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( ii ) . Jump up ^ `` New algorithm guesses SSNs using date and place of birth '' . Ars Technica . July 2009 . Jump up ^ Broache , Anne . `` Congress may slap restrictions on SSN use - CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Social Security Number And Card , `` How can I protect my Social Security number ? '' `` . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Meyer , Bill ( August 2009 ) . `` How many Americans ' Social Security numbers were officially duplicated for Pacific islanders ? '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security : Frequently Asked Questions - Can I change my Social Security number ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Numbers for Domestic Violence Victims '' ( PDF ) . Social Security Administration . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Social Security Administration . `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Number Randomization '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The SSN Numbering Scheme '' . Socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Q20 : Are Social Security numbers reused after a person dies ? '' . Frequently Asked Questions . United States Social Security Administration . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two women : same birthday , same Social Security number , same big - data mess '' . PC World . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of valid area numbers '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Identification Numbers ( TIN ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Which Social Security numbers are invalid ? '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RM 10201.035 Invalid Social Security Numbers ( SSNs ) '' . Program Operations Manual System ( POMS ) . United States Social Security Administration . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List currently allocated group numbers for each area number . '' . Social Security Administration . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The story of the most misused number of all time ... '' . Social Security Administration . Jump up ^ Kim Zetter , CEO 's Identity Stolen 13 Times , Wired ( May 18 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Jaikumar Vijayan , LifeLock CEO said to be victim of identity theft 13 times , ComputerWorld ( May 19 , 2010 ) ) External links ( edit ) Social Security Administration Social Security Death Index Database listing over 85 million SSNs , all of which entered the public domain upon the death of their owners The Woolworth Card : The SSN 078 - 05 - 1120 has been claimed by thousands of people since the late 1930s Social Security Cards Issued by Woolworth : `` The story of the most misused number of all time '' Complete list of area number groups from the Social Security Administration Social Security Administration 's FAQ for Social Security Numbers Social Security card application Hearing on Removing Social Security Numbers from Medicare Cards : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Social Security and Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means , U.S. House of Representatives , One Hundred Twelfth Congress , Second Session , August 1 , 2012 Look up public information about Social Security Numbers derived from the SSN enumeration pattern prior to 2011 Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage National identification numbers by country Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil ( RG CPF CNPJ ) Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Denmark France Ghana Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Poland Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain ( DNI NIE ) Sri Lanka Sweden Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Security_number&oldid=800193298 '' Categories : National identification numbers Social Security ( United States ) Taxation in the United States Unique identifiers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Română Русский ᏣᎳᎩ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Security%20number
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a musical play in which words are sung
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs , spoken dialogue , acting and dance . The story and emotional content of a musical -- humor , pathos , love , anger -- are communicated through the words , music , movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole . Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance , it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue , movement and other elements . Since the early 20th century , musical theatre stage works have generally been called , simply , musicals .
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Musical theatre
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musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs , spoken dialogue , acting and dance . The story and emotional content of a musical -- humor , pathos , love , anger -- are communicated through the words , music , movement and technical aspects of the entertainment as an integrated whole . Although musical theatre overlaps with other theatrical forms like opera and dance , it may be distinguished by the equal importance given to the music as compared with the dialogue , movement and other elements . Since the early 20th century , musical theatre stage works have generally been called , simply , musicals .
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Although music has been a part of dramatic presentations since ancient times , modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century , with many structural elements established by the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America . These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan . The Princess Theatre musicals and other smart shows like Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) were artistic steps forward beyond revues and other frothy entertainments of the early 20th century and led to such groundbreaking works as Show Boat ( 1927 ) and Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) . Some of the most famous musicals through the decades that followed include West Side Story ( 1957 ) , The Fantasticks ( 1960 ) , Hair ( 1967 ) , A Chorus Line ( 1975 ) , Les Misérables ( 1985 ) , The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) , Rent ( 1996 ) , The Producers ( 2001 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) and Hamilton ( 2015 ) . Musicals are performed around the world . They may be presented in large venues , such as big - budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London . Alternatively , musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre , Off - Broadway or regional theatre productions , or on tour . Musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches , schools and other performance spaces . In addition to the United States and Britain , there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe , Asia , Australasia , Canada and Latin America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and scope 1.1 Book musicals 1.2 Comparisons with opera 1.3 Other forms 2 History 2.1 Early antecedents of musical theatre 2.2 1850s to 1880s 2.3 1890s to the new century 2.4 Early 20th century 2.5 Show Boat and the Great Depression 2.6 The Golden Age ( 1940s to 1960s ) 2.6. 1 1940s 2.6. 2 1950s 2.6. 3 1960s 2.7 Social themes 2.8 1970s to present 2.8. 1 1970s 2.8. 2 1980s 2.8. 3 1990s 2.8. 4 2000s -- 2010s 2.8. 4.1 Trends 2.8. 4.2 Jukebox musicals 2.8. 4.3 Film and TV musicals 3 International musicals 4 Amateur and school productions 5 Relevance 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Cited books 8 Further reading 9 External links Definitions and scope ( edit ) Book musicals ( edit ) A Gaiety Girl ( 1893 ) was one of the first hit musicals Since the 20th century , the `` book musical '' has been defined as a musical play where songs and dances are fully integrated into a well - made story with serious dramatic goals that is able to evoke genuine emotions other than laughter . The three main components of a book musical are its music , lyrics and book . The book or script of a musical refers to the story , character development and dramatic structure , including the spoken dialogue and stage directions , but it can also refer to the dialogue and lyrics together , which are sometimes referred to as the libretto ( Italian for `` little book '' ) . The music and lyrics together form the score of a musical and includes songs , incidental music and musical scenes , which are `` theatrical sequence ( s ) set to music , often combining song with spoken dialogue . '' The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its creative team , which includes a director , a musical director , usually a choreographer and sometimes an orchestrator . A musical 's production is also creatively characterized by technical aspects , such as set design , costumes , stage properties ( props ) , lighting and sound . The creative team , designs and interpretations generally change from the original production to succeeding productions . Some production elements , however , may be retained from the original production ; for example , Bob Fosse 's choreography in Chicago . There is no fixed length for a musical . While it can range from a short one - act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length ( or even a multi-evening presentation ) , most musicals range from one and a half to three hours . Musicals are usually presented in two acts , with one short intermission , and the first act is frequently longer than the second . The first act generally introduces nearly all of the characters and most of the music and often ends with the introduction of a dramatic conflict or plot complication while the second act may introduce a few new songs but usually contains reprises of important musical themes and resolves the conflict or complication . A book musical is usually built around four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show , although it sometimes consists of a series of songs not directly musically related . Spoken dialogue is generally interspersed between musical numbers , although `` sung dialogue '' or recitative may be used , especially in so - called `` sung - through '' musicals such as Jesus Christ Superstar , Les Misérables , Evita and Hamilton . Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades . Moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song . Proverbially , `` when the emotion becomes too strong for speech , you sing ; when it becomes too strong for song , you dance . '' In a book musical , a song is ideally crafted to suit the character ( or characters ) and their situation within the story ; although there have been times in the history of the musical ( e.g. from the 1890s to the 1920s ) when this integration between music and story has been tenuous . As New York Times critic Ben Brantley described the ideal of song in theatre when reviewing the 2008 revival of Gypsy : `` There is no separation at all between song and character , which is what happens in those uncommon moments when musicals reach upward to achieve their ideal reasons to be . '' Typically , many fewer words are sung in a five - minute song than are spoken in a five - minute block of dialogue . Therefore , there is less time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length , since a musical usually devotes more time to music than to dialogue . Within the compressed nature of a musical , the writers must develop the characters and the plot . The material presented in a musical may be original , or it may be adapted from novels ( Wicked and Man of La Mancha ) , plays ( Hello , Dolly ! ) , classic legends ( Camelot ) , historical events ( Evita ) or films ( The Producers and Billy Elliot ) . On the other hand , many successful musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films , such as West Side Story , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music , Oliver ! and Chicago . Comparisons with opera ( edit ) George Gershwin Musical theatre is closely related to the theatrical form of opera , but the two are usually distinguished by weighing a number of factors . First , musicals generally have a greater focus on spoken dialogue . This is not a hard and fast rule ; some musicals are entirely accompanied and sung through , while some operas , such as Die Zauberflöte , and most operettas , have some unaccompanied dialogue . Second , musicals also usually include more dancing as an essential part of the storytelling , particularly by the principal performers as well as the chorus . Third , musicals often use various various genres of popular music or at least popular singing and musical styles . Finally , musicals usually avoid certain operatic conventions . In particular , a musical is almost always performed in the language of its audience . Musicals produced on Broadway or in the West End , for instance , are invariably sung in English , even if they were originally written in another language . While an opera singer is primarily a singer and only secondarily an actor ( and rarely needs to dance ) , a musical theatre performer is often an actor first but must also be a singer and dancer . Someone who is equally accomplished at all three is referred to as a `` triple threat '' . Composers of music for musicals often consider the vocal demands of roles with musical theatre performers in mind . Today , large theatres that stage musicals generally use microphones and amplification of the actors ' singing voices in a way that would generally be disapproved of in an operatic context . Some works ( e.g. by George Gershwin , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim ) have been made into both `` musical theatre '' and `` operatic '' productions . Similarly , some older operettas or light operas ( such as The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan ) have been produced in modern adaptations that treat them as musicals . For some works , production styles are almost as important as the work 's musical or dramatic content in defining into which art form the piece falls . Sondheim said , `` I really think that when something plays Broadway it 's a musical , and when it plays in an opera house it 's opera . That 's it . It 's the terrain , the countryside , the expectations of the audience that make it one thing or another . '' Although this article primarily concerns musical theatre works that are `` non-operatic '' , there remains an overlap in form between lighter operatic forms and more musically complex or ambitious musicals . In practice , it is often difficult to distinguish among the various kinds of musical theatre , including `` musical play '' , `` musical comedy '' , `` operetta '' and `` light opera '' . Like opera , the singing in musical theatre is generally accompanied by an instrumental ensemble called a pit orchestra , located in a lowered area in front of the stage . While opera typically uses a conventional symphony orchestra , musicals are generally orchestrated for ensembles ranging from 27 players down to only a few players . Rock musicals usually employ a small group of mostly rock instruments , and some musicals may call for only a piano or two instruments . The music in musicals uses a range of `` styles and influences including operetta , classical techniques , folk music , jazz ( and ) local or historical styles ( that ) are appropriate to the setting . '' Musicals may begin with an overture played by the orchestra that `` weav ( es ) together excerpts of the score 's famous melodies . '' Other forms ( edit ) Chinese opera performers There are various Eastern traditions of theatre that include music , such as Chinese opera , Taiwanese opera , Noh and Musical theatre in India , including Sanskrit drama , classical Indian dance and Yakshagana . India has , since the 20th century , produced numerous musical films , referred to as `` Bollywood '' musicals , and in Japan a series of musicals based on popular Anime and Manga comics has developed in recent decades . Shorter or simplified `` junior '' versions of many musicals are available for schools and youth groups , and very short works created or adapted for performance by children are sometimes called minimusicals . History ( edit ) Early antecedents of musical theatre ( edit ) Main article : Development of musical theatre The antecedents of musical theatre in Europe can be traced back to the theatre of ancient Greece , where music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE . The music from the ancient forms is lost , however , and they had little influence on later development of musical theatre . In the 12th and 13th centuries , religious dramas taught the liturgy . Groups of actors would use outdoor Pageant wagons ( stages on wheels ) to tell each part of the story . Poetic forms sometimes alternated with the prose dialogues , and liturgical chants gave way to new melodies . A view of Rhodes by John Webb , to be painted on a backshutter for the first performance of The Siege of Rhodes ( 1856 ) The European Renaissance saw older forms evolve into two antecedents of musical theatre : commedia dell'arte , where raucous clowns improvised familiar stories , and later , opera buffa . In England , Elizabethan and Jacobean plays frequently included music , and short musical plays began to be included in an evenings ' dramatic entertainments . Court masques developed during the Tudor period that involved music , dancing , singing and acting , often with expensive costumes and a complex stage design . These developed into sung plays that are recognizable as English operas , the first usually being thought of as The Siege of Rhodes ( 1656 ) . In France , meanwhile , Molière turned several of his farcical comedies into musical entertainments with songs ( music provided by Jean - Baptiste Lully ) and dance in the late 17th century . These influenced a brief period of English opera by composers such as John Blow and Henry Purcell . From the 18th century , the most popular forms of musical theatre in Britain were ballad operas , like John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera , that included lyrics written to the tunes of popular songs of the day ( often spoofing opera ) , and later pantomime , which developed from commedia dell'arte , and comic opera with mostly romantic plot lines , like Michael Balfe 's The Bohemian Girl ( 1845 ) . Meanwhile , on the continent , singspiel , comédie en vaudeville , opéra comique , zarzuela and other forms of light musical entertainment were emerging . The Beggar 's Opera was the first recorded long - running play of any kind , running for 62 successive performances in 1728 . It would take almost a century afterwards before any play broke 100 performances , but the record soon reached 150 in the late 1820s . Other musical theatre forms developed in England by the 19th century , such as music hall , melodrama and burletta , which were popularized partly because most London theatres were licensed only as music halls and not allowed to present plays without music . Colonial America did not have a significant theatre presence until 1752 , when London entrepreneur William Hallam sent a company of actors to the colonies managed by his brother Lewis . In New York in the summer of 1753 , they performed ballad - operas , such as The Beggar 's Opera , and ballad - farces . By the 1840s , P.T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan . Other early musical theatre in America consisted of British forms , such as burletta and pantomime , but what a piece was called did not necessarily define what it was . The 1852 Broadway extravaganza The Magic Deer advertised itself as `` A Serio Comico Tragico Operatical Historical Extravaganzical Burletical Tale of Enchantment . '' Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown from around 1850 , and did not arrive in the Times Square area until the 1920s and 1930s . Broadway 's The Elves ( 1857 ) broke the 50 performance barrier . New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London , but Laura Keene 's `` musical burletta '' Seven Sisters ( 1860 ) shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances . 1850s to 1880s ( edit ) Poster , c. 1879 Around 1850 , the French composer Hervé was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre he called opérette . The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s . Offenbach 's fertile melodies , combined with his librettists ' witty satire , formed a model for the musical theatre that followed . Adaptations of the French operettas ( played in mostly bad , risqué translations ) , musical burlesques , music hall , pantomime and burletta dominated the London musical stage into the 1870s . In America , mid-18th century musical theatre entertainments included crude variety revue , which eventually developed into vaudeville , minstrel shows , which soon crossed the Atlantic to Britain , and Victorian burlesque , first popularized in the US by British troupes . The first original theatre piece in English that conforms to many of the modern definitions of a musical , including dance and original music that helped to tell the story , is generally considered The Black Crook , which premiered in New York on September 12 , 1866 . The production was a staggering five - and - a-half hours long , but despite its length , it ran for a record - breaking 474 performances . The same year , The Black Domino / Between You , Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a `` musical comedy . '' Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 ( The Mulligan Guard Picnic ) and 1885 . These musical comedies featured characters and situations taken from the everyday life of New York 's lower classes and represented a significant step forward towards a more legitimate theatrical form . They starred high quality singers ( Lillian Russell , Vivienne Segal and Fay Templeton ) instead of the ladies of questionable repute who had starred in earlier musical forms . As transportation improved , poverty in London and New York diminished , and street lighting made for safer travel at night , the number of patrons for the growing number of theatres increased enormously . Plays ran longer , leading to better profits and improved production values , and men began to bring their families to the theatre . The first musical theatre piece to exceed 500 consecutive performances was the French operetta The Chimes of Normandy in 1878 . English comic opera adopted many of the successful ideas of European operetta , none more successfully than the series of more than a dozen long - running Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas , including H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) and The Mikado ( 1885 ) . These were sensations on both sides of the Atlantic and in Australia and helped to raise the standard for what was considered a successful show . These shows were designed for family audiences , a marked contrast from the risqué burlesques , bawdy music hall shows and French operettas that sometimes drew a crowd seeking less wholesome entertainment . Only a few 19th - century musical pieces exceeded the run of The Mikado , such as Dorothy , which opened in 1886 and set a new record with a run of 931 performances . Gilbert and Sullivan 's influence on later musical theatre was profound , creating examples of how to `` integrate '' musicals so that the lyrics and dialogue advanced a coherent story . Their works were admired and copied by early authors and composers of musicals in Britain and America . 1890s to the New century ( edit ) Further information : Edwardian musical comedy Cover of the Vocal Score of Sidney Jones ' The Geisha A Trip to Chinatown ( 1891 ) was Broadway 's long - run champion ( until Irene in 1919 ) , running for 657 performances , but New York runs continued to be relatively short , with a few exceptions , compared with London runs , until the 1920s . Gilbert and Sullivan were both pirated and imitated in New York by productions such as Reginald De Koven 's Robin Hood ( 1891 ) and John Philip Sousa 's El Capitan ( 1896 ) . A Trip to Coontown ( 1898 ) was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans on Broadway ( largely inspired by the routines of the minstrel shows ) , followed by ragtime - tinged shows . Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century , composed of songs written in New York 's Tin Pan Alley , including those by George M. Cohan , who worked to create an American style distinct from the Gilbert and Sullivan works . The most successful New York shows were often followed by extensive national tours . Meanwhile , musicals took over the London stage in the Gay Nineties , led by producer George Edwardes , who perceived that audiences wanted a new alternative to the Savoy - style comic operas and their intellectual , political , absurdist satire . He experimented with a modern - dress , family - friendly musical theatre style , with breezy , popular songs , snappy , romantic banter , and stylish spectacle at the Gaiety and his other theatres . These drew on the traditions of comic opera and used elements of burlesque and of the Harrigan and Hart pieces . He replaced the bawdy women of burlesque with his `` respectable '' corps of Gaiety Girls to complete the musical and visual fun . The success of the first of these , In Town ( 1892 ) and A Gaiety Girl ( 1893 ) set the style for the next three decades . The plots were generally light , romantic `` poor maiden loves aristocrat and wins him against all odds '' shows , with music by Ivan Caryll , Sidney Jones and Lionel Monckton . These shows were immediately widely copied in America , and Edwardian musical comedy swept away the earlier musical forms of comic opera and operetta . The Geisha ( 1896 ) was one of the most successful in the 1890s , running for more than two years and achieving great international success . The Belle of New York ( 1898 ) became the first American musical to run for over a year in London . The British musical comedy Florodora ( 1899 ) was a popular success on both sides of the Atlantic , as was A Chinese Honeymoon ( 1901 ) , which ran for a record - setting 1,074 performances in London and 376 in New York . After the turn of the 20th century , Seymour Hicks joined forces with Edwardes and American producer Charles Frohman to create another decade of popular shows . Other enduring Edwardian musical comedy hits included The Arcadians ( 1909 ) and The Quaker Girl ( 1910 ) . Early 20th century ( edit ) Victor Herbert Virtually eliminated from the English - speaking stage by competition from the ubiquitous Edwardian musical comedies , operettas returned to London and Broadway in 1907 with The Merry Widow , and adaptations of continental operettas became direct competitors with musicals . Franz Lehár and Oscar Straus composed new operettas that were popular in English until World War I. In America , Victor Herbert produced a string of enduring operettas including The Fortune Teller ( 1898 ) , Babes in Toyland ( 1903 ) , Mlle . Modiste ( 1905 ) , The Red Mill ( 1906 ) and Naughty Marietta ( 1910 ) . In the 1910s , the team of P.G. Wodehouse , Guy Bolton and Jerome Kern , following in the footsteps of Gilbert and Sullivan , created the `` Princess Theatre shows '' and paved the way for Kern 's later work by showing that a musical could combine light , popular entertainment with continuity between its story and songs . Historian Gerald Bordman wrote : These shows built and polished the mold from which almost all later major musical comedies evolved ... The characters and situations were , within the limitations of musical comedy license , believable and the humor came from the situations or the nature of the characters . Kern 's exquisitely flowing melodies were employed to further the action or develop characterization ... ( Edwardian ) musical comedy was often guilty of inserting songs in a hit - or - miss fashion . The Princess Theatre musicals brought about a change in approach . P.G. Wodehouse , the most observant , literate and witty lyricist of his day , and the team of Bolton , Wodehouse and Kern had an influence felt to this day . The theatre - going public needed escapist entertainment during the dark times of World War I , and they flocked to the theatre . The 1919 hit musical Irene ran for 670 performances , a Broadway record that held until 1938 . The British theatre public supported far longer runs like that of Maid of the Mountains ( 1,352 performances ) and especially Chu Chin Chow . Its run of 2,238 performances was more than twice as long as any previous musical , setting a record that stood for nearly forty years . Revues like The Bing Boys Are Here in Britain , and those of Florenz Ziegfeld and his imitators in America , were also extraordinarily popular . Sheet music from Sally , 1920 The musicals of the Roaring Twenties , borrowing from vaudeville , music hall and other light entertainments , tended to emphasize big dance routines and popular songs at the expense of plot . Typical of the decade were lighthearted productions like Sally , Lady Be Good , No , No , Nanette , Oh , Kay ! and Funny Face . Despite forgettable stories , these musicals featured stars such as Marilyn Miller and Fred Astaire and produced dozens of enduring popular songs by Kern , George and Ira Gershwin , Irving Berlin , Cole Porter and Rodgers and Hart . Popular music was dominated by musical theatre standards , such as `` Fascinating Rhythm '' , `` Tea for Two '' and `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' . Many shows were revues , series of sketches and songs with little or no connection between them . The best - known of these were the annual Ziegfeld Follies , spectacular song - and - dance revues on Broadway featuring extravagant sets , elaborate costumes and beautiful chorus girls . These spectacles also raised production values , and mounting a musical generally became more expensive . Shuffle Along ( 1921 ) , an all - African American show was a hit on Broadway . A new generation of composers of operettas also emerged in the 1920s , such as Rudolf Friml and Sigmund Romberg , to create a series of popular Broadway hits . In London , writer - stars such as Ivor Novello and Noël Coward became popular , but the primacy of British musical theatre from the 19th century through 1920 was gradually replaced by American innovation , especially after World War I , as Kern and other Tin Pan Alley composers began to bring new musical styles such as ragtime and jazz to the theatres , and the Shubert Brothers took control of the Broadway theatres . Musical theatre writer Andrew Lamb notes , `` The operatic and theatrical styles of nineteenth - century social structures were replaced by a musical style more aptly suited to twentieth - century society and its vernacular idiom . It was from America that the more direct style emerged , and in America that it was able to flourish in a developing society less hidebound by nineteenth - century tradition . '' In France , comédie musicale was written between in the early decades of the century for such stars as Yvonne Printemps . Show Boat and the Great Depression ( edit ) Progressing far beyond the comparatively frivolous musicals and sentimental operettas of the decade , Broadway 's Show Boat ( 1927 ) , represented an even more complete integration of book and score than the Princess Theatre musicals , with dramatic themes told through the music , dialogue , setting and movement . This was accomplished by combining the lyricism of Kern 's music with the skillful libretto of Oscar Hammerstein II . One historian wrote , `` Here we come to a completely new genre -- the musical play as distinguished from musical comedy . Now ... everything else was subservient to that play . Now ... came complete integration of song , humor and production numbers into a single and inextricable artistic entity . '' Rodgers and Hart As the Great Depression set in during the post-Broadway national tour of Show Boat , the public turned back to mostly light , escapist song - and - dance entertainment . Audiences on both sides of the Atlantic had little money to spend on entertainment , and only a few stage shows anywhere exceeded a run of 500 performances during the decade . The revue The Band Wagon ( 1931 ) starred dancing partners Fred Astaire and his sister Adele , while Porter 's Anything Goes ( 1934 ) confirmed Ethel Merman 's position as the First Lady of musical theatre , a title she maintained for many years . Coward and Novello continued to deliver old fashioned , sentimental musicals , such as The Dancing Years , while Rodgers and Hart returned from Hollywood to create a series of successful Broadway shows , including On Your Toes ( 1936 , with Ray Bolger , the first Broadway musical to make dramatic use of classical dance ) , Babes in Arms ( 1937 ) and The Boys from Syracuse ( 1938 ) . Porter added DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1939 ) . The longest - running piece of musical theatre of the 1930s was Hellzapoppin ( 1938 ) , a revue with audience participation , which played for 1,404 performances , setting a new Broadway record . Still , a few creative teams began to build on Show Boat 's innovations . Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) , a political satire by the Gershwins , was the first musical awarded the Pulitzer Prize . As Thousands Cheer ( 1933 ) , a revue by Irving Berlin and Moss Hart in which each song or sketch was based on a newspaper headline , marked the first Broadway show in which an African - American , Ethel Waters , starred alongside white actors . Waters ' numbers included `` Supper Time '' , a woman 's lament for her husband who has been lynched . The Gershwins ' Porgy and Bess ( 1935 ) featured an all African - American cast and blended operatic , folk and jazz idioms . The Cradle Will Rock ( 1937 ) , directed by Orson Welles , was a highly political pro-union piece that , despite the controversy surrounding it , ran for 108 performances . Rodgers and Hart 's I 'd Rather Be Right ( 1937 ) was a political satire with George M. Cohan as President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Kurt Weill 's Knickerbocker Holiday depicted New York City 's early history while good - naturedly satirizing Roosevelt 's good intentions . The motion picture mounted a challenge to the stage . Silent films had presented only limited competition , but by the end of the 1920s , films like The Jazz Singer could be presented with synchronized sound . `` Talkie '' films at low prices effectively killed off vaudeville by the early 1930s . Despite the economic woes of the 1930s and the competition from film , the musical survived . In fact , it continued to evolve thematically beyond the gags and showgirls musicals of the Gay Nineties and Roaring Twenties and the sentimental romance of operetta , adding technical expertise and the fast - paced staging and naturalistic dialogue style led by director George Abbott . The Golden Age ( 1940s to 1960s ) ( edit ) Rodgers and Hammerstein ( left and right ) and Irving Berlin ( center ) 1940s ( edit ) The 1940s would begin with more hits from Porter , Irving Berlin , Rodgers and Hart , Weill and Gershwin , some with runs over 500 performances as the economy rebounded , but artistic change was in the air . Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Oklahoma ! ( 1943 ) completed the revolution begun by Show Boat , by tightly integrating all the aspects of musical theatre , with a cohesive plot , songs that furthered the action of the story , and featured dream ballets and other dances that advanced the plot and developed the characters , rather than using dance as an excuse to parade scantily clad women across the stage . Rodgers and Hammerstein hired ballet choreographer Agnes de Mille , who used everyday motions to help the characters express their ideas . It defied musical conventions by raising its first act curtain not on a bevy of chorus girls , but rather on a woman churning butter , with an off - stage voice singing the opening lines of Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' unaccompanied . It drew rave reviews , set off a box - office frenzy and received a Pulitzer Prize . Brooks Atkinson wrote in The New York Times that the show 's opening number changed the history of musical theater : `` After a verse like that , sung to a buoyant melody , the banalities of the old musical stage became intolerable . '' It was the first `` blockbuster '' Broadway show , running a total of 2,212 performances , and was made into a hit film . It remains one of the most frequently produced of the team 's projects . William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird wrote that this was a `` show , that , like Show Boat , became a milestone , so that later historians writing about important moments in twentieth - century theatre would begin to identify eras according to their relationship to Oklahoma ! '' `` After Oklahoma ! , Rodgers and Hammerstein were the most important contributors to the musical - play form ... The examples they set in creating vital plays , often rich with social thought , provided the necessary encouragement for other gifted writers to create musical plays of their own '' . The two collaborators created an extraordinary collection of some of musical theatre 's best loved and most enduring classics , including Carousel ( 1945 ) , South Pacific ( 1949 ) , The King and I ( 1951 ) and The Sound of Music ( 1959 ) . Some of these musicals treat more serious subject matter than most earlier shows : the villain in Oklahoma ! is a suspected murderer and psychopath with a fondness for lewd post cards ; Carousel deals with spousal abuse , thievery , suicide and the afterlife ; South Pacific explores miscegenation even more thoroughly than Show Boat ; and the hero of The King and I dies onstage . The show 's creativity stimulated Rodgers and Hammerstein 's contemporaries and ushered in the `` Golden Age '' of American musical theatre . Americana was displayed on Broadway during the `` Golden Age '' , as the wartime cycle of shows began to arrive . An example of this is On the Town ( 1944 ) , written by Betty Comden and Adolph Green , composed by Leonard Bernstein and choreographed by Jerome Robbins . The story is set during wartime and concerns three sailors who are on a 24 - hour shore leave in New York City , during which each falls in love . The show also gives the impression of a country with an uncertain future , as the sailors and their women also have . Irving Berlin used sharpshooter Annie Oakley 's career as a basis for his Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 , 1,147 performances ) ; Burton Lane , E.Y. Harburg and Fred Saidy combined political satire with Irish whimsy for their fantasy Finian 's Rainbow ( 1947 , 725 performances ) ; and Cole Porter found inspiration in William Shakespeare 's Taming of the Shrew for Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 , 1,077 performances ) . The American musicals overwhelmed the old - fashioned British Coward / Novello - style shows , one of the last big successes of which was Novello 's Perchance to Dream ( 1945 , 1,021 performances ) . The formula for the Golden Age musicals reflected one or more of four widely held perceptions of the `` American dream '' : That stability and worth derives from a love relationship sanctioned and restricted by Protestant ideals of marriage ; that a married couple should make a moral home with children away from the city in a suburb or small town ; that the woman 's function was as homemaker and mother ; and that Americans incorporate an independent and pioneering spirit or that their success is self - made . 1950s ( edit ) Further information : Musical film Julie Andrews Damon Runyon 's eclectic characters were at the core of Frank Loesser 's and Abe Burrows ' Guys and Dolls , ( 1950 , 1,200 performances ) ; and the Gold Rush was the setting for Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe 's Paint Your Wagon ( 1951 ) . The relatively brief seven - month run of that show did n't discourage Lerner and Loewe from collaborating again , this time on My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) , an adaptation of George Bernard Shaw 's Pygmalion starring Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews , which at 2,717 performances held the long - run record for many years . Popular Hollywood films were made of all of these musicals . This surpassed the run of two hits by British creators : The Boy Friend ( 1954 ) , which ran for 2,078 performances in London and marked Andrews ' American debut , was very briefly the third longest - running musical in West End or Broadway history ( after Chu Chin Chow and Oklahoma ! ) , until Salad Days ( 1954 ) surpassed its run and became the new long - run record holder , with 2,283 performances . Another record was set by The Threepenny Opera , which ran for 2,707 performances , becoming the longest - running off - Broadway musical until The Fantasticks . The production also broke ground by showing that musicals could be profitable off - Broadway in a small - scale , small orchestra format . This was confirmed in 1959 when a revival of Jerome Kern and P.G. Wodehouse 's Leave It to Jane ran for more than two years . The 1959 -- 1960 Off - Broadway season included a dozen musicals and revues including Little Mary Sunshine , The Fantasticks and Ernest in Love , a musical adaptation of Oscar Wilde 's 1895 hit The Importance of Being Earnest . Leonard Bernstein , 1971 West Side Story ( 1957 ) transported Romeo and Juliet to modern day New York City and converted the feuding Montague and Capulet families into opposing ethnic gangs , the Jets and the Sharks . The book was adapted by Arthur Laurents , with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by newcomer Stephen Sondheim . It was embraced by the critics , but failed to be a popular choice for the `` blue - haired matinee ladies '' , who preferred the small town River City , Iowa of Meredith Willson 's The Music Man to the alleys of Manhattan 's Upper West Side . Apparently Tony Award voters were of a similar mind , since they favored the former over the latter . West Side Story had a respectable run of 732 performances ( 1,040 in the West End ) , while The Music Man ran nearly twice as long , with 1,375 performances . However , the film of West Side Story was extremely successful . Laurents and Sondheim teamed up again for Gypsy ( 1959 , 702 performances ) , with Jule Styne providing the music for a backstage story about the most driven stage mother of all - time , stripper Gypsy Rose Lee 's mother Rose . The original production ran for 702 performances , and was given four subsequent revivals , with Angela Lansbury , Tyne Daly , Bernadette Peters and Patti LuPone later tackling the role made famous by Ethel Merman . Although directors and choreographers have had a major influence on musical theatre style since at least the 19th century , George Abbott and his collaborators and successors took a central role in integrating movement and dance fully into musical theatre productions in the Golden Age . Abbott introduced ballet as a story - telling device in On Your Toes in 1936 , which was followed by Agnes de Mille 's ballet and choreography in Oklahoma ! . After Abbott collaborated with Jerome Robbins in On the Town and other shows , Robbins combined the roles of director and choreographer , emphasizing the story - telling power of dance in West Side Story , A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 ) and Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 ) . Bob Fosse choreographed for Abbott in The Pajama Game ( 1956 ) and Damn Yankees ( 1957 ) , injecting playful sexuality into those hits . He was later the director - choreographer for Sweet Charity ( 1968 ) , Pippin ( 1972 ) and Chicago ( 1975 ) . Other notable director - choreographers have included Gower Champion , Tommy Tune , Michael Bennett , Gillian Lynne and Susan Stroman . Prominent directors have included Hal Prince , who also got his start with Abbott , and Trevor Nunn . During the Golden Age , automotive companies and other large corporations began to hire Broadway talent to write corporate musicals , private shows only seen by their employees or customers . The 1950s ended with Rodgers and Hammerstein 's last hit , The Sound of Music , which also became another hit for Mary Martin . It ran for 1,443 performances and shared the Tony Award for Best Musical . Together with its extremely successful 1965 film version , it has become one of the most popular musicals in history . 1960s ( edit ) In 1960 , The Fantasticks was first produced off - Broadway . This intimate allegorical show would quietly run for over 40 years at the Sullivan Street Theatre in Greenwich Village , becoming by far the longest - running musical in history . Its authors produced other innovative works in the 1960s , such as Celebration and I Do ! I Do ! , the first two - character Broadway musical . The 1960s would see a number of blockbusters , like Fiddler on the Roof ( 1964 ; 3,242 performances ) , Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ; 2,844 performances ) , Funny Girl ( 1964 ; 1,348 performances ) and Man of La Mancha ( 1965 ; 2,328 performances ) , and some more risqué pieces like Cabaret , before ending with the emergence of the rock musical . Two men had considerable impact on musical theatre history beginning in this decade : Stephen Sondheim and Jerry Herman . Bernadette Peters ( shown in 2008 ) has starred in five Sondheim musicals The first project for which Sondheim wrote both music and lyrics was A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1962 , 964 performances ) , with a book based on the works of Plautus by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart , starring Zero Mostel . Sondheim moved the musical beyond its concentration on the romantic plots typical of earlier eras ; his work tended to be darker , exploring the grittier sides of life both present and past . Other early Sondheim works include Anyone Can Whistle ( 1964 , which ran only nine performances , despite having stars Lee Remick and Angela Lansbury ) , and the successful Company ( 1970 ) , Follies ( 1971 ) and A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) . Later , Sondheim found inspiration in unlikely sources : the opening of Japan to Western trade for Pacific Overtures ( 1976 ) , a legendary murderous barber seeking revenge in the Industrial Age of London for Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) , the paintings of Georges Seurat for Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) , fairy tales for Into the Woods ( 1987 ) , and a collection of presidential assassins in Assassins ( 1990 ) . While some critics have argued that some of Sondheim 's musicals lack commercial appeal , others have praised their lyrical sophistication and musical complexity , as well as the interplay of lyrics and music in his shows . Some of Sondheim 's notable innovations include a show presented in reverse ( Merrily We Roll Along ) and the above - mentioned Anyone Can Whistle , in which the first act ends with the cast informing the audience that they are mad . Jerry Herman played a significant role in American musical theatre , beginning with his first Broadway production , Milk and Honey ( 1961 , 563 performances ) , about the founding of the state of Israel , and continuing with the blockbuster hits Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 , 2,844 performances ) , Mame ( 1966 , 1,508 performances ) , and La Cage aux Folles ( 1983 , 1,761 performances ) . Even his less successful shows like Dear World ( 1969 ) and Mack and Mabel ( 1974 ) have had memorable scores ( Mack and Mabel was later reworked into a London hit ) . Writing both words and music , many of Herman 's show tunes have become popular standards , including `` Hello , Dolly ! '' , `` We Need a Little Christmas '' , `` I Am What I Am '' , `` Mame '' , `` The Best of Times '' , `` Before the Parade Passes By '' , `` Put On Your Sunday Clothes '' , `` It Only Takes a Moment '' , `` Bosom Buddies '' and `` I Wo n't Send Roses '' , recorded by such artists as Louis Armstrong , Eydie Gormé , Barbra Streisand , Petula Clark and Bernadette Peters . Herman 's songbook has been the subject of two popular musical revues , Jerry 's Girls ( Broadway , 1985 ) and Showtune ( off - Broadway , 2003 ) . `` Aquarius '' `` Aquarius '' , chorus from the original Broadway cast of Hair Problems playing this file ? See media help . The musical started to diverge from the relatively narrow confines of the 1950s . Rock music would be used in several Broadway musicals , beginning with Hair , which featured not only rock music but also nudity and controversial opinions about the Vietnam War , race relations and other social issues . Social themes ( edit ) After Show Boat and Porgy and Bess , and as the struggle in America and elsewhere for minorities ' civil rights progressed , Hammerstein , Harold Arlen , Yip Harburg and others were emboldened to write more musicals and operas that aimed to normalize societal toleration of minorities and urged racial harmony . Early Golden Age works that focused on racial tolerance included Finian 's Rainbow and South Pacific . Towards the end of the Golden Age , several shows tackled Jewish subjects and issues , such as Fiddler on the Roof , Milk and Honey , Blitz ! and later Rags . The original concept that became West Side Story was set in the Lower East Side during Easter - Passover celebrations ; the rival gangs were to be Jewish and Italian Catholic . The creative team later decided that the Polish ( white ) vs. Puerto Rican conflict was fresher . Tolerance as an important theme in musicals has continued in recent decades . The final expression of West Side Story left a message of racial tolerance . By the end of the 1960s , musicals became racially integrated , with black and white cast members even covering each other 's roles , as they did in Hair . Homosexuality has also been explored in musicals , starting with Hair , and even more overtly in La Cage aux Folles , Falsettos , Rent , Hedwig and the Angry Inch and other shows in recent decades . Parade is a sensitive exploration of both anti-Semitism and historical American racism , and Ragtime similarly explores the experience of immigrants and minorities in America . 1970s to present ( edit ) 1970s ( edit ) Original Broadway poster for The Rocky Horror Show After the success of Hair , rock musicals flourished in the 1970s , with Jesus Christ Superstar , Godspell , The Rocky Horror Show , Evita and Two Gentlemen of Verona . Some of those began with `` concept albums '' and then moved to film or stage , such as Tommy . Others had no dialogue or were otherwise reminiscent of opera , with dramatic , emotional themes ; these sometimes started as concept albums and were referred to as rock operas . Shows like Raisin , Dreamgirls , Purlie and The Wiz brought a significant African - American influence to Broadway . More varied musical genres and styles were incorporated into musicals both on and especially off - Broadway . At the same time , Stephen Sondheim found success with some of his musicals , as mentioned above . In 1975 , the dance musical A Chorus Line emerged from recorded group therapy - style sessions Michael Bennett conducted with `` gypsies '' -- those who sing and dance in support of the leading players -- from the Broadway community . From hundreds of hours of tapes , James Kirkwood , Jr. and Nick Dante fashioned a book about an audition for a musical , incorporating many real - life stories from the sessions ; some who attended the sessions eventually played variations of themselves or each other in the show . With music by Marvin Hamlisch and lyrics by Edward Kleban , A Chorus Line first opened at Joseph Papp 's Public Theater in lower Manhattan . What initially had been planned as a limited engagement eventually moved to the Shubert Theatre on Broadway for a run of 6,137 performances , becoming the longest - running production in Broadway history up to that time . The show swept the Tony Awards and won the Pulitzer Prize , and its hit song , What I Did for Love , became a standard . Broadway audiences welcomed musicals that varied from the golden age style and substance . John Kander and Fred Ebb explored the rise of Nazism in Germany in Cabaret , and murder and the media in Prohibition - era Chicago , which relied on old vaudeville techniques . Pippin , by Stephen Schwartz , was set in the days of Charlemagne . Federico Fellini 's autobiographical film 81⁄2 became Maury Yeston 's Nine . At the end of the decade , Evita and Sweeney Todd were precursors of the darker , big budget musicals of the 1980s that depended on dramatic stories , sweeping scores and spectacular effects . At the same time , old - fashioned values were still embraced in such hits as Annie , 42nd Street , My One and Only , and popular revivals of No , No , Nanette and Irene . Although many film versions of musicals were made in the 1970s , few were critical or box office successes , with the notable exceptions of Fiddler on the Roof , Cabaret and Grease . 1980s ( edit ) Elaine Paige The 1980s saw the influence of European `` mega-musicals '' , or `` pop operas '' , on Broadway , in the West End and elsewhere . These typically featured a pop - influenced score , had large casts and sets and were identified by their notable effects -- a falling chandelier ( in The Phantom of the Opera ) , a helicopter landing on stage ( in Miss Saigon ) -- and big budgets . Many were based on novels or other works of literature . The most important writers of mega-musicals include the French team of Claude - Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil , responsible for Les Misérables , which became the longest - running international musical hit in history . The team , in collaboration with Richard Maltby , Jr. , continued to produce hits , including Miss Saigon , inspired by the Puccini opera Madame Butterfly . The British composer Andrew Lloyd Webber saw similar success with Evita , based on the life of Argentina 's Eva Perón ; Cats , derived from the poems of T.S. Eliot ( both of which musicals originally starred Elaine Paige ) ; Starlight Express , performed on roller skates ; The Phantom of the Opera , derived from the Gaston Leroux novel , `` Le Fantôme de l'Opéra '' ; and Sunset Boulevard ( from the classic film of the same name ) . These works ran ( or are still running ) for decades in both New York and London and had extraordinary international and touring success . The mega-musicals ' huge budgets redefined expectations for financial success on Broadway and in the West End . In earlier years , it was possible for a show to be considered a hit after a run of several hundred performances , but with multimillion - dollar production costs , a show must run for years simply to turn a profit . 1990s ( edit ) Audra McDonald In the 1990s , a new generation of theatrical composers emerged , including Jason Robert Brown and Michael John LaChiusa , who began with productions Off - Broadway . The most conspicuous success of these artists was Jonathan Larson 's show Rent ( 1996 ) , a rock musical ( based on the opera La bohème ) about a struggling community of artists in Manhattan . While the cost of tickets to Broadway and West End musicals was escalating beyond the budget of many theatregoers , Rent was marketed to increase the popularity of musicals among a younger audience . It featured a young cast and a heavily rock - influenced score ; the musical became a hit . Its young fans , many of them students , calling themselves RENTheads , camped out at the Nederlander Theatre in hopes of winning the lottery for $20 front row tickets , and some saw the show dozens of times . Other shows on Broadway followed Rent 's lead by offering heavily discounted day - of - performance or standing - room tickets , although often the discounts are offered only to students . The 1990s also saw the influence of large corporations on the production of musicals . The most important has been Disney Theatrical Productions , which began adapting some of Disney 's animated film musicals for the stage , starting with Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) , The Lion King ( 1997 ) and Aida ( 2000 ) , the latter two with music by Elton John . The Lion King is the highest - grossing musical in Broadway history . The Who 's Tommy ( 1993 ) , a theatrical adaptation of the rock opera Tommy , achieved a healthy run of 899 performances but was criticized for sanitizing the story and `` musical theatre - izing '' the rock music . Despite the growing number of large - scale musicals in the 1980s and 1990s , a number of lower - budget , smaller - scale musicals managed to find critical and financial success , such as Falsettoland and Little Shop of Horrors , Bat Boy : The Musical and Blood Brothers . The topics of these pieces vary widely , and the music ranges from rock to pop , but they often are produced off - Broadway , or for smaller London theatres , and some of these stagings have been regarded as imaginative and innovative . 2000s -- 2010s ( edit ) Trends ( edit ) In the new century , familiarity has been embraced by producers and investors anxious to guarantee that they recoup their considerable investments . Some took ( usually modest - budget ) chances on new and creative material , such as Urinetown ( 2001 ) , Avenue Q ( 2003 ) , The Light in the Piazza ( 2005 ) , Spring Awakening ( 2006 ) , In the Heights ( 2007 ) , Next to Normal ( 2009 ) , American Idiot ( 2010 ) and The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) . Hamilton ( 2015 ) , transformed `` under - dramatized American history '' into an unusual hip - hop inflected hit . In 2011 , Sondheim argued that of all forms of `` contemporary pop music '' , rap was `` the closest to traditional musical theatre '' and was `` one pathway to the future . '' However , most major - market 21st - century productions have taken a safe route , with revivals of familiar fare , such as Fiddler on the Roof , A Chorus Line , South Pacific , Gypsy , Hair , West Side Story and Grease , or with adaptations of other proven material , such as literature ( The Scarlet Pimpernel , Wicked and Fun Home ) , hoping that the shows would have a built - in audience as a result . This trend is especially persistent with film adaptations , including ( The Producers , Spamalot , Hairspray , Legally Blonde , The Color Purple , Xanadu , Billy Elliot , Shrek , Waitress and Groundhog Day ) . Some critics have argued that the reuse of film plots , especially those from Disney ( such as Mary Poppins and The Little Mermaid ) , equate the Broadway and West End musical to a tourist attraction , rather than a creative outlet . The cast of Hamilton meets President Obama in 2015 Today , it is less likely that a sole producer , such as David Merrick or Cameron Mackintosh , backs a production . Corporate sponsors dominate Broadway , and often alliances are formed to stage musicals , which require an investment of $10 million or more . In 2002 , the credits for Thoroughly Modern Millie listed ten producers , and among those names were entities composed of several individuals . Typically , off - Broadway and regional theatres tend to produce smaller and therefore less expensive musicals , and development of new musicals has increasingly taken place outside of New York and London or in smaller venues . For example , Spring Awakening , Fun Home and Hamilton were developed Off - Broadway before being launched on Broadway . Several musicals returned to the spectacle format that was so successful in the 1980s , recalling extravaganzas that have been presented at times , throughout theatre history , since the ancient Romans staged mock sea battles . Examples include the musical adaptations of Lord of the Rings ( 2007 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 2008 ) and Spider - Man : Turn Off the Dark ( 2011 ) . These musicals involved songwriters with little theatrical experience , and the expensive productions generally lost money . Conversely , The Drowsy Chaperone , Avenue Q , The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee , Xanadu and Fun Home , among others , have been presented in smaller - scale productions , mostly uninterrupted by an intermission , with short running times , and enjoyed financial success . In 2013 , Time magazine reported that a trend Off - Broadway has been `` immersive '' theatre , citing shows such as Natasha , Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 ( 2012 ) and Here Lies Love ( 2013 ) in which the staging takes place around and within the audience . The shows set a joint record , each receiving 11 nominations for Lucille Lortel Awards , and feature contemporary scores . In 2013 , Cyndi Lauper was the `` first female composer to win the ( Tony for ) Best Score without a male collaborator '' for writing the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots . In 2015 , for the first time , an all - female writing team , Lisa Kron and Jeanine Tesori , won the Tony Award for Best Original Score ( and Best Book for Kron ) for Fun Home , although work by male songwriters continues to be produced more often . Jukebox musicals ( edit ) Another trend has been to create a minimal plot to fit a collection of songs that have already been hits . Following the earlier success of Buddy -- The Buddy Holly Story , these have included Movin ' Out ( 2002 , based on the tunes of Billy Joel ) , Jersey Boys ( 2006 , The Four Seasons ) , Rock of Ages ( 2009 , featuring classic rock of the 1980s ) and many others . This style is often referred to as the `` jukebox musical '' . Similar but more plot - driven musicals have been built around the canon of a particular pop group including Mamma Mia ! ( 1999 , based on the songs of ABBA ) , Our House ( 2002 , based on the songs of Madness ) and We Will Rock You ( 2002 , based on the songs of Queen ) . Film and TV musicals ( edit ) Further information : Musical film Live - action film musicals were nearly dead in the 1980s and early 1990s , with exceptions of Victor / Victoria , Little Shop of Horrors and the 1996 film of Evita . In the new century , Baz Luhrmann began a revival of the film musical with Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) . This was followed by Chicago ( 2002 ) ; Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) ; Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) ; Hairspray , Enchanted and Sweeney Todd ( all in 2007 ) ; Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) ; Nine ( 2009 ) ; Les Misérables and Pitch Perfect ( both in 2012 ) , Into The Woods ( 2014 ) and La La Land ( 2016 ) , among others . Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 2000 ) and The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) , turned children 's books into live - action film musicals . After the immense success of Disney and other houses with animated film musicals beginning with The Little Mermaid in 1989 and running throughout the 1990s ( including some more adult - themed films , like South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) ) , fewer animated film musicals were released in the first decade of the 21st century . The genre made a comeback beginning in 2010 with Tangled ( 2010 ) , Rio ( 2011 ) and Frozen ( 2013 ) . In Asia , India continues to produce numerous `` Bollywood '' film musicals , and Japan produces `` Anime '' and `` Manga '' film musicals . Made for TV musical films were popular in the 1990s , such as Gypsy ( 1993 ) , Cinderella ( 1997 ) and Annie ( 1999 ) . Several made for TV musicals in the first decade of the 21st century were adaptations of the stage version , such as South Pacific ( 2001 ) , The Music Man ( 2003 ) and Once Upon a Mattress ( 2005 ) , and a televised version of the stage musical Legally Blonde in 2007 . Additionally , several musicals were filmed on stage and broadcast on Public Television , for example Contact in 2002 and Kiss Me , Kate and Oklahoma ! in 2003 . The made - for - TV musical High School Musical ( 2006 ) , and its several sequels , enjoyed particular success and were adapted for stage musicals and other media . In 2013 , NBC began a series of live television broadcasts of musicals with The Sound of Music Live ! Although the production received mixed reviews , it was a ratings success . Further broadcasts have included Peter Pan Live ! ( NBC 2014 ) , The Wiz Live ! ( NBC 2015 ) , a UK broadcast , The Sound of Music Live ( ITV 2015 ) and Grease : Live ( Fox 2016 ) . Some television shows have set episodes as a musical . Examples include episodes of Ally McBeal , Xena , Psych ( `` Psych : The Musical '' ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( `` Once More , with Feeling '' ) , That 's So Raven , Daria , Dexter 's Laboratory , The Powerpuff Girls , The Flash , Once Upon a Time , Oz , Scrubs ( one episode was written by the creators of Avenue Q ) , Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( `` Mayhem of the Music Meister '' ) and That ' 70s Show ( the 100th episode , `` That ' 70s Musical '' ) . Others have included scenes where characters suddenly begin singing and dancing in a musical - theatre style during an episode , such as in several episodes of The Simpsons , 30 Rock , Hannah Montana , South Park , Bob 's Burgers and Family Guy . The television series Cop Rock extensively used the musical format , as do the series Flight of the Conchords , Glee , Smash and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . There have also been musicals made for the internet , including Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog , about a low - rent super-villain played by Neil Patrick Harris . It was written during the WGA writer 's strike . Since 2006 , reality TV shows have been used to help market musical revivals by holding a talent competition to cast ( usually female ) leads . Examples of these are How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria ? , Grease : You 're the One That I Want ! , Any Dream Will Do , Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods , I 'd Do Anything and Over the Rainbow . International musicals ( edit ) Japan 's all - female Takarazuka Revue in a 1930 performance of `` Parisette '' The U.S. and Britain were the most active sources of book musicals from the 19th century through much of the 20th century ( although Europe produced various forms of popular light opera and operetta , for example Spanish Zarzuela , during that period and even earlier ) . However , the light musical stage in other countries has become more active in recent decades . Musicals from other English - speaking countries ( notably Australia and Canada ) often do well locally and occasionally even reach Broadway or the West End ( e.g. , The Boy from Oz and The Drowsy Chaperone ) . South Africa has an active musical theatre scene , with revues like African Footprint and Umoja and book musicals , such as Kat and the Kings and Sarafina ! touring internationally . Locally , musicals like Vere , Love and Green Onions , Over the Rainbow : the all - new all - gay ... extravaganza and Bangbroek Mountain and In Briefs -- a queer little Musical have been produced successfully . Successful musicals from continental Europe include shows from ( among other countries ) Germany ( Elixier and Ludwig II ) , Austria ( Tanz der Vampire , Elisabeth , Mozart ! and Rebecca ) , Czech Republic ( Dracula ) , France ( Notre - Dame de Paris , Les Misérables , Roméo et Juliette and Mozart , l'opéra rock ) and Spain ( Hoy No Me Puedo Levantar and The Musical Sancho Panza ) . Japan has recently seen the growth of an indigenous form of musical theatre , both animated and live action , mostly based on Anime and Manga , such as Kiki 's Delivery Service and Tenimyu . The popular Sailor Moon metaseries has had twenty - nine Sailor Moon musicals , spanning thirteen years . Beginning in 1914 , a series of popular revues have been performed by the all - female Takarazuka Revue , which currently fields five performing troupes . Elsewhere in Asia , the Indian Bollywood musical , mostly in the form of motion pictures , is tremendously successful . Hong Kong 's first modern musical , produced in both Cantonese and Mandarin , is Snow. Wolf. Lake ( 1997 ) . Beginning with a 2002 tour of Les Misérables , numerous Western musicals have been imported to mainland China and staged in English . Attempts at localizing Western productions in China began in 2008 when Fame was produced in Mandarin with a full Chinese cast at the Central Academy of Drama in Beijing . Since then , other western productions have been staged in China in Mandarin with a Chinese cast . The first Chinese production in the style of Western musical theatre was The Gold Sand in 2005 . In addition , Li Dun , a well - known Chinese producer , produced Butterflies , based on a classic Chinese love tragedy , in 2007 as well as Love U Teresa in 2011 . Other countries with an especially active musicals scene include the Netherlands , Italy , Poland , Sweden , Mexico , Brazil , Argentina , Russia and Turkey . Amateur and school productions ( edit ) Naples Players ' teen production of Thoroughly Modern Millie , 2009 Musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches , schools and other performance spaces . Although amateur theatre has existed for centuries , even in the New World , François Cellier and Cunningham Bridgeman wrote , in 1914 , that prior to the late 19th century , amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals . After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies licensed to perform the Savoy operas , professionals recognized that the amateur societies `` support the culture of music and the drama . They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage , and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present - day favourites . '' The National Operatic and Dramatic Association was founded in the UK in 1899 . It reported , in 1914 , that nearly 200 amateur dramatic societies were producing Gilbert and Sullivan operas in Britain that year . Similarly , more than 100 community theatres were founded in the US in the early 20th century . This number has grown to an estimated 18,000 in the US . The Educational Theater Association in the US has nearly 5,000 member schools . Relevance ( edit ) The Lion King on Broadway The Broadway League announced that in the 2007 -- 08 season , 12.27 million tickets were purchased for Broadway shows for a gross sale amount of almost a billion dollars . The League further reported that during the 2006 -- 07 season , approximately 65 % of Broadway tickets were purchased by tourists , and that foreign tourists were 16 % of attendees . The Society of London Theatre reported that 2007 set a record for attendance in London . Total attendees in the major commercial and grant - aided theatres in Central London were 13.6 million , and total ticket revenues were £ 469.7 million . Also , the international musicals scene has been particularly active in recent years . Stephen Sondheim commented in the year 2000 : You have two kinds of shows on Broadway -- revivals and the same kind of musicals over and over again , all spectacles . You get your tickets for The Lion King a year in advance , and essentially a family ... pass on to their children the idea that that 's what the theater is -- a spectacular musical you see once a year , a stage version of a movie . It has nothing to do with theater at all . It has to do with seeing what is familiar ... I do n't think the theatre will die per se , but it 's never going to be what it was ... It 's a tourist attraction . '' However , noting the success in recent decades of original material , and creative re-imaginings of film , plays and literature , theatre historian John Kenrick countered : Is the Musical dead ? ... Absolutely not ! Changing ? Always ! The musical has been changing ever since Offenbach did his first rewrite in the 1850s . And change is the clearest sign that the musical is still a living , growing genre . Will we ever return to the so - called ' golden age ' , with musicals at the center of popular culture ? Probably not . Public taste has undergone fundamental changes , and the commercial arts can only flow where the paying public allows . See also ( edit ) Musical theatre portal General Lists of musicals Long - running musical theatre productions Theatre music Show tune Related forms Cast recording Indian classical dance Industrial musical Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morley 1987 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Everett 2002 , p. 137 ^ Jump up to : Rubin , p. 438 ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , John ; Horn , David ( 2012 ) . Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Volume 8 : Genres : North America . A&C Black . p. 104 . ISBN 1441148744 . Jump up ^ Wattenberg , Ben . The American Musical , Part 2 , PBS.org , May 24 , 2007 , accessed February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Curtain Up ! It 's Patti 's Turn at Gypsy '' , The New York Times , March 28 , 2008 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Tommasini , Anthony . `` Opera ? Musical ? Please Respect the Difference '' , The New York Times , July 7 , 2011 , accessed December 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gamerman , Ellen . `` Broadway Turns Up the Volume '' , The Wall Street Journal , Ellen , October 23 , 2009 , accessed December 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Porgy and Bess : That old black magic '' , The Independent , October 27 , 2006 , accessed November 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lister , David . `` The Royal Opera opens a window on Sondheim '' , The Independent , April 5 , 2003 , accessed November 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ Teachout , Terry . `` Sweeney Todd '' Archived 2008 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine. , National Endowment for the Arts , accessed November 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ White , Michael . `` Something for the weekend , sir ? '' , The Independent , London , December 15 , 2003 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( Kowalke , Kim H. `` Theorizing the Golden Age Musical : Genre , Structure , Syntax '' in A MusicTheoretical Matrix : Essays in Honor of Allen Forte ( Part V ) , ed . David Carson Berry , Gamut 6 / 2 ( 2013 ) , pp. 163 -- 169 Jump up ^ These may include electric guitar , electric bass synthesizer and drum kit . Jump up ^ Show index with links to orchestration information Archived 2010 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , MTIshows.com , accessed October 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Elliot , Susan ( August 17 , 2008 ) . `` Off the Stage , What 's Behind the Music '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing , 2004 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Mini Musicals '' , labyrinth.net.au , Cenarth Fox , 2001 , accessed 22 January 2010 Jump up ^ `` Theatre Latte Da takes foray into mini-musical form '' , Star Tribune , March 30 , 2002 , accessed 15 January 2010 ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Thornton , Shay last = Thornton . `` A Wonderful Life '' , Theatre Under the Stars , Houston , Texas , p. 2 ( 2007 ) , accessed May 26 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` A Capsule History '' , Musicals101.com , 2003 , accessed October 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ Hoppin 1978 , pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Lord 2003 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Lord 2003 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Buelow 2004 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Shakespeare 1998 , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Buelow 2004 , p. 328 Jump up ^ Carter and Butt 2005 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Parker 2001 , p. 42 ^ Jump up to : Gillan , Don . `` Longest Running Plays in London and New York '' , Stage Beauty ( 2007 ) , accessed May 26 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Wilmeth and Miller , p. 182 Jump up ^ Wilmeth and Miller , p. 56 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` History of Stage Musicals '' , Musicals101.com , 2003 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Allen 1991 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Lubbock , Mark . `` The Music of ' Musicals ' '' . The Musical Times , Vol. 98 , No. 1375 ( September , 1957 ) , pp. 483 -- 85 , Musical Times Publications Ltd. , accessed 17 August 2010 ^ Jump up to : Lubbock , Mark . `` The Music of ' Musicals ' '' , The Musical Times , Vol. 98 , No. 1375 ( September 1957 ) , pp. 483 -- 485 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Bond , Jessie . Introduction to The Life and Reminiscences of Jessie Bond , reprinted at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive , accessed March 4 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` G&S in the USA '' at the musicals101 website The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre , TV and Film ( 2008 ) . Retrieved on 4 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , 2003 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bargainnier , Earl F. `` W.S. Gilbert and American Musical Theatre '' , pp. 120 -- 33 , American Popular Music : Readings from the Popular Press by Timothy E. Scheurer , Popular Press , 1989 ISBN 0 - 87972 - 466 - 8 Jump up ^ PG Wodehouse ( 1881 -- 1975 ) , guardian.co.uk , Retrieved on 21 May 2007 Jump up ^ `` List of allusions to G&S in Wodehouse '' , Home.lagrange.edu , accessed May 27 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold and Ernest Harburg Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , Lyricist , pp 15 - 17 ( Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1993 ) ; and Bradley ( 2005 ) , p. 9 Jump up ^ Mark Evan Swartz 's Oz Before the Rainbow describes the enormous train trips required of the cast of the 1903 smash hit , The Wizard of Oz , which tour ran for nine years , including on the road . `` Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939 '' . The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6477 - 1 Jump up ^ See , generally , Index to The Gaiety , a British musical theatre publication about Victorian and Edwardian musical theatre . Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . Basil Hood , Who 's Who in Musicals : Additional Bios XII , Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 7 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Bordman , Gerald . `` Jerome David Kern : Innovator / Traditionalist '' , The Musical Quarterly , 1985 , Vol. 71 , No. 4 , pp. 468 -- 73 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . Hellzapoppin -- History of The Musical Stage 1930s : Part III -- Revues , Musicals101.com , accessed October 8 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Salad Days History , Story , Roles and Musical Numbers '' guidetomusicaltheatre.com , accessed March 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ Krasner , David . A Beautiful Pageant : African American Theatre , Drama and Performance in the Harlem Renaissance , 1910 -- 1927 , Palgrave MacMillan , 2002 , pp. 263 -- 67 Jump up ^ Midgette , Anne . `` Operetta Review : Much Silliness In a Gilt Frame '' , The New York Times , March 29 , 2003 , accessed December 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lamb , Andrew ( Spring 1986 ) . `` From Pinafore to Porter : United States - United Kingdom Interactions in Musical Theater , 1879 -- 1929 '' . American Music . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . 4 ( British - American Musical Interactions ) : 47 . ISSN 0734 - 4392 . JSTOR 3052183 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , John and Andrew Lamb . `` Messager , André '' . Grove Music Online , Oxford Music Online , accessed 15 March 2018 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Lubbock ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ 1944 Pulitzer awards , Pulitzer.org , accessed July 7 , 2012 Jump up ^ Connema , Richard . `` San Francisco : As Thousands Cheer and Dear World '' , TalkinBroadway.org ( 2000 ) , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` History of Musical Film , 1927 -- 30 : Part II '' , Musicals101.com , 2004 , accessed May 17 , 2010 Jump up ^ Special Awards and Citations -- 1944 , The Pulitzer Prizes , accessed January 7 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : Gordon , John Steele . Oklahoma ' ! ' Archived 2010 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 13 , 2010 Jump up ^ Everett 2002 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Rubin , pp. 439 -- 40 Jump up ^ Suskin , Steven . `` On the Record : Ernest In Love , Marco Polo , Puppets and Maury Yeston '' , Playbill , August 10 , 2003 , accessed May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Rich , Frank ( March 12 , 2000 ) . `` Conversations with Sondheim '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ W.S. Gilbert and his choreographer John D'Auban helped transformed Victorian musical theatre production styles . See Vorder Bruegge , Andrew ( Associate Professor , Department Chair , Department of Theatre and Dance , Winthrop University ) . `` W.S. Gilbert : Antiquarian Authenticity and Artistic Autocracy '' Archived 2011 - 05 - 03 at WebCite . Victorian Interdisciplinary Studies Association of the Western United States annual conference , October 2002 . Retrieved 26 March 2008 ; and `` Mr. D'Auban's ' Startrap ' Jumps '' . The Times , 17 April 1922 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` Dance in Stage Musicals -- Part III '' , Musicals101.com , 2003 , accessed August 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Block , Geoffrey ( ed . ) The Richard Rodgers Reader . New York : Oxford University Press US , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531343 - 7 , pp. 194 -- 95 Jump up ^ Dickson , Andrew . `` A life in theatre : Trevor Nunn '' , The Guardian , 18 November 2011 , accessed August 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ John Kander ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` Passing Through Curtains '' . NewMusicBox ( Interview ) . Interview with Frank J. Oteri ( published May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Ward , Jonathan . `` Recruit , Train and Motivate : The History of the Industrial Musical '' Archived 2004 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , March 2002 , Perfect Sound Forever Jump up ^ Wollman , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Laurents , Arthur ( August 4 , 1957 ) . `` The Growth of an Idea '' . New York Herald Tribune . Primate , LLC . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Horn 1991 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive . `` Theater Review '' : A Chorus Line `` . The New York Times , May 22 , 1975 Jump up ^ `` Song search : What I Did for Love '' , AllMusic , accessed October 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` The 1970s : Big Names , Mixed Results '' , History of Musical Film , musicals101.com , accessed July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Broadway Rush , Lottery and Standing Room Only Policies '' . PlayBill . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pareles , John ( April 27 , 1993 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook ; Damping 60 's Fire of ' Tommy ' for 90 's Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Pete ( 2006 ) . `` A glorious musical romp -- with bite ! '' . Broadway Baby . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cote , David . `` Theater Review . ' Hamilton ' '' timeout.com , August 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Sondheim , Stephen ( 2011 ) . Look , I Made a Hat : Collected Lyrics ( 1981 -- 2011 ) with Attendant Comments , Amplifications , Dogmas , Harangues , Digressions , Anecdotes and Miscellany . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. xxi . ISBN 978 - 0307593412 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza . `` On Broadway , It 's Déjà Vu All Over -- and Not Just for Groundhog Day , Time magazine , May 15 , 2017 issue , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Thoroughly Modern Millie at the IBDB database Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard . `` Natasha , Imelda and the Great Immersion of 2013 '' , Time magazine , May 20 , 2013 , accessed April 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cox , Gordon . `` Here Lies Love , Great Comet Shatter Records in Lortel Nominations , Variety , April 1 , 2014 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Clarke , David . `` Natasha , Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812 ( Original Cast Recording ) is Astonishingly Complex '' , Broadway World , December 22 , 2013 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` A Rise to Power , Disco Round Included '' , The New York Times , April 23 , 2013 , accessed April 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` It 's Revving Up '' -- The Next Generation of Female Songwriters Share Their Hopes for the Future `` , Playbill , 2 August 2015 Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` Fun Home Duo Make History as First All - Female Writing Team to Win the Tony '' , Playbill , June 7 , 2015 , accessed November 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Kaye , Kimberly . `` Broadway.com at 10 : The 10 Biggest Broadway Trends of the Decade '' , Broadway.com , May 10 , 2010 , accessed August 14 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` The 1980s '' , History of Musical Film , musicals101.com , accessed July 11 , 2014 ; and Kenrick , John . `` The 1990s : Disney & Beyond '' , History of Musical Film , musicals101.com , accessed July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Robert Bianco ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sound of Music ' was a little off '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Says It Will Put On a Show , Again '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Wiz Live Ratings Strong : NBC Musical Draws 11.5 Million Viewers '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Jane Martinson ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` As ITV prepares for The Sound of Music Live , are we watching TV 's future ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sophie Gilbert ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Grease : Live Makes the Best Case Yet for the TV Musical '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` TV Ratings : ' Grease Live ' Surges on Fox , Nabs 12.2 Million Viewers '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : First Look at Joss Whedon 's `` Dr. Horrible '' `` . TVGuide.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jha , p. 1970 ^ Jump up to : Zhou , Xiaoyan . Taking the Stage , Beijing Review , 2011 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Milestones : 2005 -- 2009 , Town Square Productions , accessed September 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Major organizations representing amateur theatre groups include National Operatic and Dramatic Association in the UK , American Association of Community Theatre in the US , and the International Amateur Theatre Association . School groups include the Educational Theater Association , which has 5,000 member school groups in the US . See Nadworny , Elissa . `` The Most Popular High School Plays and Musicals '' , NPR.org , November 13 , 2015 , accessed March 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Filichia , Peter . ( 2004 ) Let 's Put on a Musical ! : How to Choose the Right Show for Your School , Community or Professional Theater , Watson - Guptill Publications , ISBN 0823088170 ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Twink . `` Community Theatre History '' , American Association of Community Theatre , accessed March 14 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Cellier , François and Cunningham Bridgeman ( 1914 ) . Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas . London : Sir Isaac Pitman & sons , ltd . pp. 393 -- 394 . Jump up ^ Nadworny , Elissa . `` The Most Popular High School Plays and Musicals '' , NPR.org , November 13 , 2015 , accessed March 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Broadway League Announces 2007 -- 2008 Broadway Theatre Season Results '' ( Press release ) . Broadway League . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Releases Annual `` Demographics of the Broadway Audience Report '' for 06 - 07 '' ( Press release ) . Broadway League . November 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Record Attendances as Theatreland celebrates 100 Years '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Society of London Theatre . January 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank . `` Conversations with Sondheim '' . New York Times Magazine , March 12 , 2000 Cited Books ( edit ) Allen , Robert C. ( c. 1991 ) . Horrible prettiness : burlesque and American culture . University of North Carolina . p. 350 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1960 - 9 . Bradley , Ian ( 2005 ) . Oh Joy ! Oh Rapture ! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516700 - 7 . Buelow , George J. ( 2004 ) . A history of baroque music . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . p. 701 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34365 - 9 . Carter , Tim ; Butt , John , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge history of seventeenth - century music . The Cambridge History of Music . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 591 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79273 - 8 . Everett , William A. ; Laird , Paul R. , eds. ( 2002 ) . The Cambridge companion to the musical . Cambridge companions to music . Cambridge University Press . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79189 - 2 . Gokulsing , K. Moti ; Dissanayake , Wimal ( 2004 ) ( 1998 ) . Indian popular cinema : a narrative of cultural change ( Revised and updated ed . ) . Stoke - on - Trent : Trentham . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85856 - 329 - 9 . Hoppin , Richard H. , ed. ( 1978 ) . Anthology of medieval music . Norton introduction to music history . New York , NY : Norton . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09080 - 2 . Horn , Barbara Lee ( 1991 ) . The age of Hair : evolution and impact of Broadway 's first rock musical . New York , NY : Greenwood Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 27564 - 7 . Jha , Subhash K. ( 2005 ) . The Essential Guide to Bollywood . Roli Books . ISBN 81 - 7436 - 378 - 5 . Jones , John B. ( 2003 ) . Our Musicals , Ourselves . Hanover : University Press of New England . ISBN 9780874519044 . Lord , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . Brinkman , David , ed . Music from the age of Shakespeare : a cultural history . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31713 - 2 . Lubbock , Mark ( 2002 ) ( 1962 ) . `` American musical theatre : an introduction '' . The Complete Book of Light Opera ( 1st ed . ) . London : Putnam . pp. 753 -- 56 . Morley , Sheridan ( c. 1987 ) . Spread a little happiness : the first hundred years of the British musical . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 01398 - 4 . Parker , Roger , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford illustrated history of opera . Oxford illustrated histories ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285445 - 2 . Rubin , Don ; Solórzano , Carlos , eds. ( 2000 ) . The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre : The Americas . New York City : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05929 - 1 . Shakespeare , William ( 1998 ) ( First published 1623 ) . Orgel , Stephen , ed . The Tempest . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283414 - 0 . Wilmeth , Don B. ; Miller , Tice L. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cambridge guide to American theatre ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56444 - 1 . Wollman , E.L. ( 2006 ) . The Theater Will Rock : a History of the Rock Musical : From Hair to Hedwig . Michigan : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11576 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bauch , Marc . The American Musical . Marburg , Germany : Tectum Verlag , 2003 . ISBN 3 - 8288 - 8458 - X Bloom , Ken ; Frank Vlastnik ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) . Broadway Musicals : The 101 Greatest Shows of All Time . New York , New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 390 - 2 . Bordman , Gerald ( 1978 ) . American Musical Theatre : a Chronicle . New York : Oxford University Press . viii , 749 p. ISBN 0 - 19 - 502356 - 0 Botto , Louis ( 2002 - 09 - 01 ) . Robert Viagas , ed . At This Theatre . Applause Books . ISBN 1 - 55783 - 566 - 7 . Citron , Stephen ( 1991 ) . The Musical , from the Inside Out . Chicago , Ill. : I.R. Dee. 336 p . ISBN 0 - 929587 - 79 - 0 Ewen , David ( 1961 ) . The Story of American Musical Theater . First ed . Philadelphia : Chilton . v , 208 p . Gänzl , Kurt . The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre ( 3 Volumes ) . New York : Schirmer Books , 2001 . Kantor , Michael ; Laurence Maslon ( 2004 ) . Broadway : the American musical . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2905 - 2 . Mordden , Ethan ( 1999 ) . Beautiful Mornin ' : The Broadway Musical in the 1940s . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512851 - 6 . Stempel , Larry . Showtime : A History of the Broadway Musical Theater ( W.W. Norton , 2010 ) 826 pages ; comprehensive history since the mid-19th century . Traubner , Richard . Operetta : A Theatrical History . Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Company , 1983 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Musical theatre Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musical theatre . Internet Broadway Database -- Cast and production lists , song lists and award lists Guidetomusicaltheatre.com -- synopses , cast lists , song lists , etc . 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when did the grandmother on the waltons die
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Ellen Corby
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ellen corby
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Ellen Hansen Corby ( June 3 , 1911 -- April 14 , 1999 ) was an American actress . She is best remembered for the role of Grandma Esther Walton on the CBS television series The Waltons , for which she won three Emmy Awards . She was also nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Aunt Trina in I Remember Mama ( 1948 ) .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Writer 4.2 Miscellaneous crew 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ellen Hansen was born in Racine , Wisconsin , to immigrant parents from Denmark . She grew up in Philadelphia . An interest in amateur theater while in high school led her to Atlantic City in 1932 , where she briefly worked as a chorus girl . She moved to Hollywood that same year and got a job as a script girl at RKO Studios and Hal Roach Studios , where she often worked on Our Gang comedies , alongside her future husband , cinematographer Francis Corby . She held that position for the next 12 years and took acting lessons on the side . Career ( edit ) Although she had bit parts in more than 30 films in the 1930s and 1940s , including Babes in Toyland ( 1934 ) and It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) , her first credited acting role was in RKO 's Cornered ( 1945 ) in which she played a maid , followed by an uncredited brief speaking role as a kitchen cook in The Locket ( 1946 ) . Corby began her career as a writer at Paramount studios working on the western Twilight on the Trail ( 1941 ) . She received an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as a lovelorn aunt in I Remember Mama ( 1948 ) . Over the next four decades , she worked in film and television , typically portraying maids , secretaries , waitresses , or gossips , often in Westerns , and had a recurring role as Henrietta Porter , a newspaper publisher , in Trackdown ( 1957 -- 1959 ) , starring Robert Culp as Texas Ranger Hoby Gilman . In the episode entitled `` The Vote '' , Henrietta Porter advocates for women 's suffrage : `` Women should have the right to vote . Women should be in politics . They ca n't do any worse than you men ! '' For her guest appearances in many Westerns , Corby in 1989 won a Golden Boot award . Corby appeared as the elderly Mrs. Lesh , the crooked car peddler , on CBS 's The Andy Griffith Show . She guest - starred , as well , on Wagon Train , Cheyenne , Bewitched , Dragnet ( several episodes ) , Rescue 8 , The Restless Gun ( two episodes ) , The Rifleman , The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , Fury , The Donna Reed Show , Frontier Circus , Hazel , I Love Lucy , Dennis the Menace , Tightrope , Bonanza , Meet McGraw , The Virginian , Channing , Alfred Hitchcock Presents , Batman , Get Smart , Gomer Pyle , The Addams Family , The Beverly Hillbillies , The Invaders , Lassie , and Night Gallery . From 1965 to 1967 , she had a recurring role in the NBC television series Please Do n't Eat the Daisies , based on an earlier Doris Day film . Her best - known role came as Grandma Esther Walton on the made - for - TV film The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ( 1971 ) , which served as the pilot for The Waltons . Her husband , Zebulon Walton , was portrayed by actor Edgar Bergen in the film . Corby went on to resume her role on the weekly television series The Waltons . ( She was the only adult actor from the original Homecoming pilot to carry her role over to the series . ) Actor Will Geer played her husband in the series from 1972 until his death in 1978 , at which time the character of Zebulon Walton was also buried . The series ran from 1972 to 1981 , and resulted in six sequel films . For her work in The Waltons , she gained three Emmy Awards and three more nominations as Best Supporting Actress . She also won a Golden Globe award for best supporting actress in a TV series for the show The Waltons , and was nominated another three times . She left the show early in 1977 , owing to a massive stroke she had suffered on 10 November 1976 , which impaired her speech and severely limited her mobility and function . She returned to the series during the final episode of the 1977 -- 78 season , with her character depicted as also recovering from a stroke . She remained a regular on The Waltons through the end of the 1978 -- 79 season , with Esther Walton struggling with her stroke deficits as Corby was in real life . Although Corby was able to communicate after her stroke , her character 's lines were usually limited to one word or one - phrased dialogue , such as `` No '' or `` Home '' ; her role dropped to recurring during The Waltons ' final two seasons , and she later resumed her role as Grandma Walton in five of the six Waltons reunion movies between 1982 and 1997 . Personal Life ( edit ) Ellen Hansen married Francis Corby , a film director / cinematographer who was two decades her senior , in 1934 ; they divorced in 1944 . The marriage did not produce children and she never remarried . Francis Corby died in 1956 . Corby in 1969 trained as a teacher of transcendental meditation . She had a stroke in November 1976 from which she recovered and returned to her role on The Waltons in March 1978 . Her stroke was written into the show , with Grandma Walton also suffering a stroke and struggling to regain her speech . Following her stroke , she was supported by her friend , carer and travelling companion Stella Luchetta , with whom she 'd become friends in the 1950s , and who lived with her until her death . Her final role was in A Walton Easter ( 1997 ) . In 1999 , following several years of declining health , Corby died at age 87 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles . Her memorial site is in Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale , California . Filmography ( edit ) 1930s Rafter Romance ( 1933 ) as Telemarketer ( uncredited ) Sons of the Desert ( 1933 ) as Dress Person at Table Next to Chase 's ( uncredited ) Twisted Rails ( 1934 ) as Minor role ( uncredited ) Babes in Toyland ( 1934 ) as Townswoman at Tom - Tom 's Trial ( uncredited ) Speed Limited ( 1935 ) as Secretary ( uncredited ) The Broken Coin ( 1936 ) as Bit Part ( uncredited ) 1940s Cornered ( 1945 ) as Swiss Maid ( uncredited ) The Scarlet Horseman ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Barnes ( uncredited ) The Spiral Staircase ( 1946 ) as Neighbour ( uncredited ) From This Day Forward ( 1946 ) as Mother ( uncredited ) The Truth About Murder ( 1946 ) as Betty - Ashton 's Secretary ( uncredited ) Bedlam ( 1946 ) as Queen of the Artichokes ( uncredited ) The Dark Corner ( 1946 ) as Maid ( uncredited ) In Old Sacramento ( 1946 ) as Scrubwoman ( uncredited ) Cuban Pete ( 1946 ) as Screaming Patient ( uncredited ) Lover Come Back ( 1946 ) as Rita , Kay 's Secretary ( uncredited ) Till the End of Time ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Sumpter ( uncredited ) Crack - Up ( 1946 ) as Reynold 's Maid ( uncredited ) Sister Kenny ( 1946 ) as Hospital Scrub Woman ( uncredited ) The Locket ( 1946 ) as Ginny , Kitchen Maid ( uncredited ) It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) as Ms. Davis ( uncredited ) Beat the Band ( 1947 ) as Gertrude 's Mother ( uncredited ) Born to Kill ( 1947 ) as 2nd Maid ( uncredited ) The Long Night ( 1947 ) as Lady in Crowd ( uncredited ) The Unfaithful ( 1947 ) as Courtroom Spectator ( uncredited ) Living in a Big Way ( 1947 ) as Broken Arms ' Sailors Wife ( uncredited ) They Wo n't Believe Me ( 1947 ) as Screaming Woman ( uncredited ) Cry Wolf ( 1947 ) as Wedding Caterer ( uncredited The Bachelor and the Bobby - Soxer ( 1947 ) as Courtroom Spectator ( uncredited ) The Hal Roach Comedy Carnival ( 1947 ) as Cathy , the Maid , in ' Fabulous Joe ' The Fabulous Joe ( 1947 ) as Cathy , the Maid ( uncredited ) Driftwood ( 1947 ) as Excitable Woman ( uncredited ) Railroaded ! ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Wills ( uncredited ) Forever Amber ( 1947 ) as Marge ( uncredited ) The Judge Steps Out ( 1947 ) as Mother at Party ( uncredited ) If You Knew Susie ( 1948 ) I Remember Mama ( 1948 ) as Aunt Trina The Noose Hangs High ( 1948 ) as Hilda , the Maid ( uncredited ) Fighting Father Dunne ( 1948 ) as Colpeck 's Secretary ( uncredited ) Strike It Rich ( 1948 ) as Mrs. Annie Harkins The Dark Past ( 1948 ) as Agnes A Woman 's Secret ( 1949 ) as Nurse Rusty Saves a Life ( 1949 ) as Miss Simmons ( uncredited ) Little Women ( 1949 ) as Sophie Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) as Nurse at Orphanage ( uncredited ) Madame Bovary ( 1949 ) as Félicité 1950s Captain China ( 1950 ) as Miss Endicott Caged ( 1950 ) as Emma Barber The Gunfighter ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Devlin Peggy ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Privet , the Librarian Edge of Doom ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jeanette Moore Harriet Craig ( 1950 ) as Lottie Stars over Hollywood ( 1950 ) as Rosa Peterson The Mating Season ( 1951 ) as Annie Stars over Hollywood ( 1951 ) as Rosa Peterson Goodbye , My Fancy ( 1951 ) as Miss Birdshaw On Moonlight Bay ( 1951 ) as Miss Mary Stevens Angels in the Outfield ( 1951 ) as Sister Veronica Here Comes the Groom ( 1951 ) as Mrs. McGonigle The Barefoot Mailman ( 1951 ) as Miss Della ( uncredited ) The Sea Hornet ( 1951 ) as Mrs. Drinkwater The Big Trees ( 1952 ) as Sister Blackburn Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) as Mrs. Ardley Monsoon ( 1952 ) as Katie Your Jeweler 's Showcase ( 1952 ) The Story of Three Loves ( 1953 ) Woman They Almost Lynched ( 1953 ) as First Townswoman Shane ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Liz Torrey The Vanquished ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Barbour You Are There ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Mary Surratt Letter to Loretta ( 1953 ) as Jennie Dragnet ( 1953 ) as Margaret Beckar A Lion Is in the Streets ( 1953 ) as Singing Woman Dragnet ( 1954 ) as Thelma Keene Four Star Playhouse ( 1954 ) as Martha - Maid / Elsie Untamed Heiress ( 1954 ) as Mrs. Flanny The Ford Television Theatre ( 1954 ) as Mabel The Bowery Boys Meet the Monsters ( 1954 ) as Amelia Gravesend About Mrs. Leslie ( 1954 ) as Mrs. Croffman Susan Slept Here ( 1954 ) as Coffee Shop Waitress ( uncredited ) Lux Video Theatre ( 1954 ) as Lavinia Penniman / Aunt Sabrina ( 1954 ) as Miss McCardle Stage 7 ( 1955 ) as Old Lady General Electric Theater ( 1955 ) as Frankie , Joan 's maid Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1955 ) as Maggie Illegal ( 1955 ) as Miss Hinkel The Millionaire ( 1955 ) as Nancy Marlborough Slightly Scarlet ( 1956 ) as Martha - June Lyons ' Maid ( uncredited ) The Millionaire ( 1956 ) as Bedelia Buckley Matinee Theater ( 1956 ) as Louise / Cissie I Love Lucy ( 1956 ) as Miss Hanna The Roy Rogers Show ( 1956 ) as Amity Bailey Lux Video Theatre ( 1956 ) as Harriet / Norah / Nurse / Martha Stagecoach to Fury ( 1956 ) as Sarah Farrell Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1956 ) as Marie McGurk The Go - Getter ( 1956 ) as The Maid The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp ( 1957 ) as Mrs. Jane McGill The People 's Choice ( 2 episodes , 1956 , 1958 ) as Flora Jordan / Miss J. Hopkins / Lola Mr. Adams and Eve ( 1957 ) as Fan The Joseph Cotten Show , also known as On Trial ( 1957 ) as Martha All Mine to Give ( 1957 ) as Mrs. Raiden The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin ( 1957 ) as Sally Benton The 20th Century Fox Hour ( 1957 ) as Minerva Comstock The Seventh Sin ( 1957 ) as Sister Saint Joseph God Is My Partner ( 1957 ) as Mrs. Dalton Night Passage ( 1957 ) as Mrs. Feeney The Adventures of Jim Bowie ( 1957 ) as Adorine Rockabilly Baby ( 1957 ) as Mrs. Wellington Trackdown , recurring role ( 1957 -- 1959 ) as Henrietta Porter Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1958 ) as Miss Samantha Vertigo ( 1958 ) as Manager of McKittrick Hotel Decision ( 1958 ) as Granny Dawson As Young as We Are ( 1958 ) as Nettie McPherson Macabre ( 1958 ) as Miss Kushins The Restless Gun ( 1958 ) as Mrs. Amy Morgan / Emma Birch Richard Diamond , Private Detective ( 1958 ) as Harriet The Texan , in `` The Lord Will Provide '' ( 1958 ) as Katy Clayton 77 Sunset Strip ( 1959 ) as Martha Ward Peter Gunn ( 1959 ) as Irma Goffney Perry Mason ( 1959 ) as Old Lady Card Player The Restless Gun ( 1959 ) as Ruth Purcell Wagon Train ( 1959 ) as Aunt Em Lock Up ( 1959 ) as Mrs. Cathrey The DuPont Show with June Allyson , with James Coburn and Jane Powell , in episode entitled `` The Girl '' ( 1959 ) as Mrs. Walters Richard Diamond , Private Detective ( 1959 ) as Miss Carter 1960s Bonanza ( 1960 ) as Lorna Doone Mayberry General Electric Theater ( 1960 ) as Ma Jericho Hot off the Wire ( 1960 ) The Rifleman ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Avery Visit to a Small Planet ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Mabel Mayberry Tightrope ( 1960 ) as Hazel Mason Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1960 ) as Emma The Chevy Mystery Show ( 1960 ) as Maria Wagon Train ( 1960 ) as Aunt Em The Rebel ( 1960 ) as Carrie Blyden Dennis the Menace ( 1960 ) as Miss Douglas Thriller ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Peele Tales of Wells Fargo ( 1960 ) as Kate Wiggam Lock - Up ( 1960 ) as Amy Kraus Lassie ( 1961 ) as Pearlie Mae Yochim / Pearlie Mae Surfside 6 ( 1961 ) as Addie Horton The Tall Man ( 1961 ) as Hannah Blossom Hennesey ( 2 episodes 1960 -- 1961 ) as Mrs. Hammer - Landlady The Tab Hunter Show ( 1961 ) Frontier Circus ( 1961 ) as Abby General Electric Theater ( 1961 ) as Gracie Jordan The Rifleman ( 1961 ) as Mrs. Morgan Pocketful of Miracles ( 1961 ) as Soho Sal Follow the Sun ( 1961 ) as Annabelle Witherspoon The Dick Powell Show ( 1962 ) as Mrs. Butterworth The Joey Bishop Show ( 1962 ) as the Judge Saintly Sinners ( 1962 ) as Mrs. McKenzie 87th Precinct ( 1962 ) as Mrs. Brodek Cheyenne ( 1962 ) as Hortense Durango Dr. Kildare ( 1962 ) as Ainsley Hallie Bonanza ( 1963 ) as Cora Milford The Andy Griffith Show ( 1963 ) as Myrt ' Hubcaps ' Lesh McKeever and the Colonel ( 1963 ) as Mrs. Blackwell The Caretakers ( 1963 ) as Irene The Lucy Show ( 1963 ) as Miss Tanner / Woman in Park 4 for Texas ( 1963 ) as Widow The Strangler ( 1964 ) as Mrs. Kroll Destry ( 1964 ) as Granny Jellico Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. ( 1964 ) as Mother The Beverly Hillbillies ( 1964 ) as Mrs. Emma Poke The Virginian ( 1964 ) as Mrs. Clancy Hush ... Hush , Sweet Charlotte ( 1964 ) as Town Gossip The Alfred Hitchcock Hour ( 1964 ) as The Chief Nurse Daniel Boone ( 1965 ) as Hilda Brock The Addams Family ( 1965 ) as Mother Lurch The Donna Reed Show ( 1965 ) as Christine Moss Ben Casey ( 1965 ) as Mrs. Jacoby The Family Jewels ( 1965 ) as Airline Passenger The Farmer 's Daughter ( 1965 ) as Mrs. Schuyler Please Do n't Eat the Daisies ( 1965 ) The F.B.I. ( 1966 ) as Mary Carmichael / Mrs. Stone The Ghost and Mr. Chicken ( 1966 ) as Miss Neva Tremaine Get Smart ( 1966 ) as Agnes Davenport Honey West ( 1966 ) as Nellie Peedy Lassie ( 1966 ) as Bess Wright The Night of the Grizzly ( 1966 ) as Hazel Squires Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre ( 1966 ) as Miss Purdy The Glass Bottom Boat ( 1966 ) as Anna Miller The Fugitive ( 1966 ) as Mrs. Murdock / Mrs. Barlow Laredo ( 1966 ) as Ma Sweet The F.B.I. ( 1967 ) as Elizabeth Page The Invaders ( 1967 ) as Aunt Sara The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. ( 1967 ) as Madame Bloor Mr. Terrific ( 1967 ) as Mrs. Walters Rango ( 1967 ) The Gnome - Mobile ( 1967 ) as Etta Pettibone ( uncredited ) The Big Valley ( 1967 ) as Emmie Pearson Batman ( 1968 ) as Mrs. Green The F.B.I. ( 1968 ) as Hannah Beecher / Aunt Florrie Buell The Mystery of Edward Sims ( 1968 ) as Woman at Burton Ridge land office The Legend of Lylah Clare ( 1968 ) as Script Girl Ruba al prossimo tuo ( 1968 ) as Maddy Walker The High Chaparral ( 1968 ) as Mrs. Dilts The Guns of Will Sonnett ( 1968 ) as Molly Cobb Lassie ( 1968 ) as Amy Baker Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 ) as Mrs. Feathertree Ironside ( 1969 ) as Agnes Fairchild Adam - 12 ( 1969 ) as Mrs. Cunningham Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. ( 1969 ) as Mother Angel in My Pocket ( 1969 ) as Old Woman The Outsider ( 1969 ) as Aunt Myrtle Lancer ( 1969 ) as Widow Hargis 1970s The F.B.I. ( 1970 ) as Mrs. Anderson Nanny and the Professor ( 1970 ) as Mrs. Kaufman Bracken 's World ( 1970 ) as Mrs. Hopkins Adam - 12 ( 1971 ) as Camille Gearhardt Love , American Style ( 1971 ) as The Little Old Lady ( segment `` Love and the Jury '' ) The Odd Couple ( 1971 ) as Florence Cannon ( 1971 ) as Teacher Support Your Local Gunfighter ( 1971 ) as Abigail A Tattered Web ( 1971 ) as Mrs. Simmons The Partners ( 1971 TV Series , who took no prisoners ! ) as Eddie Palalskie 's mother The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ( 1971 ) as Esther Walton The Waltons , series regular as Esther Walton ( 1972 -- 1980 ) as Esther Walton Napoleon and Samantha ( 1972 ) as Gertrude Night Gallery ( 1972 ) as Miss Patience Love , American Style ( 1972 ) as Granny Gambler ( segment `` Love and Lady Luck '' ) Tenafly ( 1973 ) as Leslie Storm The Story of Pretty Boy Floyd ( 1974 ) as Ma Floyd 1980s All the Way Home ( 1981 ) as Great - Gandmaw Wedding on Walton 's Mountain ( 1982 ) as Grandma Walton A Day for Thanks on Walton 's Mountain ( 1982 ) as Grandma Walton 1990s A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion ( 1993 ) as Grandma Walton A Walton Wedding ( 1995 ) as Grandma Walton A Walton Easter ( 1997 ) as Grandma Walton ( final film role ) Writer ( edit ) The Broken Coin ( 1936 ) ( Original Story as Ellen Hansen ) Twilight on the Trail ( 1941 ) ( screenplay ) Hoppy 's Holiday ( 1947 ) ( story ) The Waltons ( story , 2 episodes ) : The Separation ( 1973 ) , The Search ( 1976 ) Miscellaneous crew ( edit ) Swiss Miss ( 1938 ) ( script supervisor ) ( uncredited ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billy Hathorn , `` Roy Bean , Temple Houston , Bill Longley , Ranald Mackenzie , Buffalo Bill , Jr. , and the Texas Rangers : Depictions of West Texans in Series Television , 1955 to 1967 '' , West Texas Historical Review , Vol. 89 ( 2013 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ `` Walton 's Granny ' suffers stroke '' . The Miami News . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 11 November 1976 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ellen Corby return uncertain '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 15 May 1977 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ellen Corby ' Walton 's ' returning '' . The Ithaca Journal . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 19 December 1977 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ellen Corby '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . In late 1969 , Ellen Corby and I , along with 120 others , spent some months in the jungles of the Himalayan foothills near Rishikesh , India , becoming teachers of Transcendental Meditation . Jump up ^ `` Grandma Walton in Racine '' . The Journal - Times . Racine , Wisconsin : Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 24 August 1978 . p. 42 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Obituaries - Ellen Corby ; Actress Played Grandma on `` The Waltons '' `` . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 17 April 1999 . p. 121 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Texan '' . Classic Television Archive . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ellen Corby . Ellen Corby on IMDb Ellen Corby , Grandmother in ' The Waltons ' , dies at 87 Awards for Ellen Corby Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Barbara Hale ( 1959 ) Pamela Brown ( 1962 ) Glenda Farrell ( 1963 ) Ruth White ( 1964 ) Lee Grant ( 1966 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1967 ) Barbara Anderson ( 1968 ) Susan Saint James ( 1969 ) Gail Fisher ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1972 ) Ellen Corby ( 1973 ) Joanna Miles ( 1974 ) Ellen Corby ( 1975 ) Ellen Corby ( 1976 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1977 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1978 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1979 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1980 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1981 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1982 ) Doris Roberts ( 1983 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1984 ) Betty Thomas ( 1985 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1986 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1987 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1988 ) Melanie Mayron ( 1989 ) Marg Helgenberger ( 1990 ) Madge Sinclair ( 1991 ) Valerie Mahaffey ( 1992 ) Mary Alice ( 1993 ) Leigh Taylor - Young ( 1994 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1995 ) Tyne Daly ( 1996 ) Kim Delaney ( 1997 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1998 ) Holland Taylor ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Allison Janney ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Tyne Daly ( 2003 ) Drea de Matteo ( 2004 ) Blythe Danner ( 2005 ) Blythe Danner ( 2006 ) Katherine Heigl ( 2007 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2008 ) Cherry Jones ( 2009 ) Archie Panjabi ( 2010 ) Margo Martindale ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Anna Gunn ( 2013 ) Anna Gunn ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Maggie Smith ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1944 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Ellen Corby ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Katy Jurado ( 1952 ) Grace Kelly ( 1953 ) Jan Sterling ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan ( 1955 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1956 ) Elsa Lanchester ( 1957 ) Hermione Gingold ( 1958 ) Susan Kohner ( 1959 ) Janet Leigh ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1964 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1965 ) Jocelyne LaGarde ( 1966 ) Carol Channing ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Karen Black / Maureen Stapleton ( 1970 ) Ann - Margret ( 1971 ) Shelley Winters ( 1972 ) Linda Blair ( 1973 ) Karen Black ( 1974 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 1975 ) Katharine Ross ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Joan Hackett ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Cher ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Meg Tilly ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Julia Roberts ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Meryl Streep ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Natalie Portman ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Gail Fisher ( 1970 ) Sue Ane Langdon ( 1971 ) Ruth Buzzi ( 1972 ) Ellen Corby ( 1973 ) Betty Garrett ( 1974 ) Hermione Baddeley ( 1975 ) Josette Banzet ( 1976 ) Polly Holliday ( 1978 ) Polly Holliday ( 1979 ) Valerie Bertinelli / Diane Ladd ( 1980 ) Valerie Bertinelli ( 1981 ) Shelley Long ( 1982 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1983 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1984 ) Sylvia Sidney ( 1985 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1986 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1987 ) Katherine Helmond ( 1988 ) Amy Madigan ( 1989 ) Piper Laurie ( 1990 ) Amanda Donohoe ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1993 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1994 ) Shirley Knight ( 1995 ) Kathy Bates ( 1996 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1997 ) Faye Dunaway / Camryn Manheim ( 1998 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1999 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2000 ) Rachel Griffiths ( 2001 ) Kim Cattrall ( 2002 ) Mary - Louise Parker ( 2003 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2004 ) Sandra Oh ( 2005 ) Emily Blunt ( 2006 ) Samantha Morton ( 2007 ) Laura Dern ( 2008 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Jessica Lange ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Jacqueline Bisset ( 2013 ) Joanne Froggatt ( 2014 ) Maura Tierney ( 2015 ) Olivia Colman ( 2016 ) Laura Dern ( 2017 ) Biography portal Wisconsin portal California portal Film portal Television portal BNE : XX4805319 BNF : cb14166436p ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 6301 9201 LCCN : no2002002057 SNAC : w6kq1znt SUDOC : 162484801 VIAF : 32207063 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Corby&oldid=843398354 '' Categories : 1911 births 1999 deaths 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Philadelphia American film actresses American people of Danish descent American screenwriters American television actresses Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe ( television ) winners Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) Disease - related deaths in California Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Transcendental Meditation practitioners Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 10 . 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where is north america located on the map
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea .
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within the Northern Hemisphere|almost all within the Western Hemisphere
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North America
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north america
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This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 ; 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $22.2 trillion ( 2017 ; 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $23.7 trillion ( 2017 ; 3rd ) GDP per capita $45,560 ( 2017 ; 2nd ) Demonym North American Countries 23 sovereign states Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories Languages English , Spanish , French , and many others Time zones UTC - 10 to UTC Largest cities List of urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , have large Francophone populations ; in Quebec , French is an official language along with English ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is sometimes used to refer only to Mexico , Canada , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America : the United States , Bermuda , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Canada and Greenland . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are ( from east to west ) Atlantic Canada , Central Canada , Canadian Prairies , the British Columbia Coast , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , South Atlantic States , East North Central States , West North Central States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( Netherlands ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( Netherlands ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( France ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Federal Dependencies of Venezuela ( Venezuela ) 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 Gran Roque Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( France ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( France ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Nueva Esparta ( Venezuela ) 7003115100000000000 ♠ 1,151 La Asunción Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( Netherlands ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom San Andrés and Providencia ( Colombia ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7004777010000000000 ♠ 77,701 1468.59 San Andrés Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( France ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Mexico 2,571,680 2018 Canada 1,847,081 2018 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 186,048 2018 6 Guatemala 145,514 2018 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 112,204 2018 9 Costa Rica 88,844 2018 10 El Salvador 59,626 2018 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,314,390 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Guatemala 82,356 2018 7 Dominican Republic 80,413 2018 8 Panama 66,711 2018 9 Costa Rica 61,287 2018 10 El Salvador 29,407 2018 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America Table manners in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska which are both separated from the US mainland , with Hawaii is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania while Alaska is located between Asia ( Russia ) and Canada . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 , Middle America '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. ( 1992 ) . `` On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia '' . GSA Today . 2 ( 11 ) : 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ; Skinner , Brian J. Visualizing Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 41847 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Bridge Linking Americas Rose Earlier Than Thought '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Dodson , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` American Dinosaurs '' . In Currie , Phillip J. ; Padian , Kevin . Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Academic Press . pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Weishampel , David B. ( 2004 ) . Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Halszka , Osmólska , eds . Dinosaur distribution ( Late Jurassic , North America ) . The Dinosauria . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 543 -- 545 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Curtin ( 2014 ) . Creation Myths of Primitive America . Jazzybee Verlag . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8496 - 4454 - 3 . Jump up ^ Phillip M. White ( 2006 ) . American Indian chronology : chronologies of the American mosaic . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33820 - 5 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ William Haviland ; Harald Prins ; Dana Walrath ; Bunny McBride ( 2013 ) . Anthropology : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . pp. 219 , 220 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 67758 - 3 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. Pauketat ( 23 February 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology . OUP US . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Skoglund , P. ; Mallick , S. ; Bortolini , M.C. ; Chennagiri , N. ; Hünemeier , T. ; Petzl - Erler , M.L. ; Salzano , F.M. ; Patterson , N. ; Reich , D. ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas '' . Nature . 525 ( 7567 ) : 104 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 525 ... 104S . doi : 10.1038 / nature14895 . PMC 4982469 . PMID 26196601 . Jump up ^ Peter Bellwood ; Immanuel Ness ( 2014 ) . The Global Prehistory of Human Migration . 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External links Find more aboutNorth Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Houghton Mifflin Company , `` North America '' Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750 -- 2008 animation North America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island Geography Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita 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an avatar is the manifestation of god in some form generally animal like the sacred cow
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Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Simantonayana Jatakarma Namakarana Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyarambha Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartana Vivaha Antyeshti Ashrama Dharma Ashrama : Brahmacharya Grihastha Vanaprastha Sannyasa Festivals Diwali Holi Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami - Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbha Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Gurus , saints , philosophers ( show ) Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jamadagni Jaimini Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Pāṇini Patanjali Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Nayanars Alvars Adi Shankara Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddheshwar Jñāneśvar Chaitanya Gangesha Upadhyaya Gaudapada Gorakshanath Jayanta Bhatta Kabir Kumarila Bhatta Matsyendranath Mahavatar Babaji Madhusudana Madhva Haridasa Thakur Namdeva Nimbarka Prabhakara Raghunatha Siromani Ramanuja Sankardev Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Ramprasad Sen Jagannatha Dasa Vyasaraya Sripadaraya Raghavendra Swami Gopala Dasa Śyāma Śastri Vedanta Desika Tyagaraja Tukaram Tulsidas Vachaspati Mishra Vallabha Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Mahesh Yogi Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Narayana Guru Prabhupada Ramakrishna Ramana Maharshi Radhakrishnan Sarasvati Sivananda U.G. Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Architecture Calendar Hinduphobia Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal An avatar ( Sanskrit : अवतार , IAST : avatāra ) , a concept in Hinduism that means `` descent '' , refers to the material appearance or incarnation of a deity on earth . The relative verb to `` alight , to make one 's appearance '' is sometimes used to refer to any guru or revered human being . The word avatar does not appear in the Vedic literature , but appears in verb forms in post-Vedic literature , and as a noun particularly in the Puranic literature after the 6th century CE . Despite that , the concept of an avatar is compatible with the content of the Vedic literature like the Upanishads as it is symbolic imagery of the Saguna Brahman concept in the philosophy of Hinduism . The Rigveda describes Indra as endowed with a mysterious power of assuming any form at will . The Bhagavad Gita expounds the doctrine of Avatara but with terms other than avatar . Theologically , the term is most often associated with the Hindu god Vishnu , though the idea has been applied to other deities . Varying lists of avatars of Vishnu appear in Hindu scriptures , including the ten Dashavatara of the Garuda Purana and the twenty - two avatars in the Bhagavata Purana , though the latter adds that the incarnations of Vishnu are innumerable . The avatars of Vishnu are important in Vaishnavism theology . In the goddess - based Shaktism tradition of Hinduism , avatars of the Devi in different appearances such as Tripura Sundari , Durga and Kali are commonly found . While avatars of other deities such as Ganesha and Shiva are also mentioned in medieval Hindu texts , this is minor and occasional . The incarnation doctrine is one of the important differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism . Incarnation concepts similar to avatar are also found in Buddhism , Christianity and others . The scriptures of Sikhism include the names of numerous Hindu gods and goddesses , but it rejected the doctrine of savior incarnation and endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev that formless eternal god is within the human heart and man is his own savior . Contents 1 Etymology and meaning 1.1 Avatar versus incarnation 2 Avatars of Vishnu 2.1 Dashavatara 2.1. 1 Longer alternatives 2.2 Types 2.3 In Sikhism 3 Avatars of Ganesha 4 Avatars of Shiva 5 Avatars of Devi 6 Avatars of Lakshmi 7 Avatars of Brahma 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links Etymology and meaning ( edit ) The Sanskrit noun ( avatāra / ˈævətɑːr , ˌævəˈtɑːr / ; Hindustani : ( əʋˈtaːr ) ) is derived from the Sanskrit roots ava ( down ) and tṛ ( to cross over ) . These roots trace back , states Monier - Williams , to - taritum , - tarati , - rītum . Avatar literally means `` descent , alight , to make one 's appearance '' , and refers to the embodiment of the essence of a superhuman being or a deity in another form . The word also implies `` to overcome , to remove , to bring down , to cross something '' . In Hindu traditions , the `` crossing or coming down '' is symbolism , states Daniel Bassuk , of the divine descent from `` eternity into the temporal realm , from unconditioned to the conditioned , from infinitude to finitude '' . An avatar , states Justin Edwards Abbott , is a saguna ( with form , attributes ) embodiment of the nirguna Brahman or Atman ( soul ) . Neither the Vedas nor the Principal Upanishads ever mention the word avatar as a noun . The verb roots and form , such as avatarana , do appear in ancient post-Vedic Hindu texts , but as `` action of descending '' , but not as an incarnated person ( avatara ) . The related verb avatarana is , states Paul Hacker , used with double meaning , one as action of the divine descending , another as `` laying down the burden of man '' suffering from the forces of evil . The term is most commonly found in the context of the Hindu god Vishnu . The earliest mention of Vishnu manifested in a human form to empower the good and fight against evil , uses other terms such as the word sambhavāmi in verse 4.6 and the word tanu in verse 9.11 of the Bhagavad Gita , as well as other words such as akriti and rupa elsewhere . It is in medieval era texts , those composed after the sixth century CE , that the noun version of avatar appears , where it means embodiment of a deity . The idea proliferates thereafter , in the Puranic stories for many deities , and with ideas such as ansha - avatar or partial embodiments . The term avatar , in colloquial use , is also an epithet or a word of reverence for any extraordinary human being who is revered for his or her ideas . In some contexts , the term avatara just means a `` landing place , site of sacred pilgrimage '' , or just `` achieve one 's goals after effort '' , or retranslation of a text in another language . The term avatar is not unique to Hinduism . It is found in the Trikaya doctrine of Mahayana Buddhism , in descriptions for the Dalai Lama in Tibetan Buddhism , and many ancient cultures . Avatar versus incarnation ( edit ) The manifest embodiment is sometimes referred to as an incarnation . The translation of avatar as `` incarnation '' has been questioned by Christian theologians , who state that an incarnation is in flesh and imperfect , while avatar is mythical and perfect . The theological concept of Christ as an incarnation , as found in Christology , presents the Christian concept of incarnation . According to Oduyoye and Vroom , this is different from the Hindu concept of avatar because avatars in Hinduism are unreal and is similar to Docetism . Sheth disagrees and states that this claim is an incorrect understanding of the Hindu concept of avatar . Avatars are true embodiments of spiritual perfection , one driven by noble goals , in Hindu traditions such as Vaishnavism . Avatars of Vishnu ( edit ) Main article : Vishnu The concept of avatar within Hinduism is most often associated with Vishnu , the preserver or sustainer aspect of God within the Hindu Trinity or Trimurti of Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva . Vishnu 's avatars descend to empower the good and fight evil , thereby restoring Dharma . Traditional Hindus see themselves not as `` Hindu '' , but as Vaishnava ( Worshippers of Vishnu ) , Shaiva ( Worshippers of Shiva ) , or Shakta ( Worshipper of the Shakti ) . Each of the deities has its own iconography and mythology , but common to all is the fact that the divine reality has an explicit form , a form that the worshipper can behold . . An oft - quoted passage from the Bhagavad Gita describes the typical role of an avatar of Vishnu : Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth . For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil , and for the establishment of righteousness , I come into being age after age . -- Bhagavad Gita 4.7 -- 8 The Vishnu avatars appear in Hindu mythology whenever the cosmos is in crisis , typically because the evil has grown stronger and has thrown the cosmos out of its balance . The avatar then appears in a material form , to destroy evil and its sources , and restore the cosmic balance between the ever - present forces of good and evil . The most known and celebrated avatars of Vishnu , within the Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism , are Krishna , Rama , Narayana and Vasudeva . These names have extensive literature associated with them , each has its own characteristics , legends and associated arts . The Mahabharata , for example , includes Krishna , while the Ramayana includes Rama . Dashavatara ( edit ) Main article : Dashavatara The Bhagavata Purana describes Vishnu 's avatars as innumerable , though ten of his incarnations ( Dashavatara ) , are celebrated therein as his major appearances . The ten major Vishnu avatars are mentioned in the Agni Purana , the Garuda Purana and the Bhagavata Purana ; The ten best known avatars of Vishnu are collectively known as the Dasavatara ( a Sanskrit compound meaning `` ten avatars '' ) . Five different lists are included in the Bhagavata Purana , where the difference is in the sequence of the names . Freda Matchett states that this re-sequencing by the composers may be intentional , so as to avoid implying priority or placing something definitive and limited to the abstract . The Avatars of Vishnu Name Description Image Reference Matsya Half narwhal - half man avatar . He saves the world from a cosmic deluge , with the help of a boat made of the Vedas ( knowledge ) , on which he also rescues Manu ( progenitor of man ) and all living beings . Demon , Hayagriva steals and tries to destroy the Vedas , but Matsya finds the demon , kills him , and returns the Vedas . Kurma Tortoise avatar . He supports the cosmos , while the gods and demons churn the cosmic ocean with the help of serpent Vasuki to produce the nectar of immortality ( just like churning milk to produce butter ) . The churning produces both the good and the bad , including poison and immortality nectar . Nobody wants the poison , everyone wants the immortality nectar . The demons attempt to steal the nectar , wherein Vishnu appears as enchantress Mohini avatar , for whom they all fall , and give her the nectar . Varaha Boar avatar . He rescues goddess earth when the demon Hiranyaksha kidnaps her and hides her in the depths of cosmic ocean . The boar finds her and kills the demon , and the goddess holds onto the tusk of the boar as he lifts her back to the surface . Narasimha Half lion - half man avatar . Demon king Hiranyakashipu becomes enormously powerful , gains special powers by which no man or animal could kill him , then bullies and persecutes people who disagree with him , including his own son . The Man - Lion avatar creatively defeats those special powers , kills Hiranyakashipu , and rescues demon 's son Prahlada who opposes his own father . The legend is a part of the Hindu festival Holi folklore . Vamana Dwarf avatar . Demon king Bali gains disproportionately enormous powers , ruling the entire universe and abusing it . The dwarf avatar approaches Bali in the form of a monk , when Bali is trying to show off by giving alms at a sacrifice . Bali offers the dwarf any riches he wants , the monk refuses and asks for three steps of land . Bali grants it to him . The dwarf grows , in his first step takes the earth , the second all of the heavens , and for the third the netherworld where Bali returns to . Parashurama Sage with an axe avatar . The warrior class gets too powerful , and seizes other people 's property for their own pleasure . The avatar appears as a sage with an axe , kills the king and all his warrior companions . Rama Subject of Ramayana Krishna Subject of the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita Buddha Subject of Buddhism . Some Hindu texts replace Buddha or another avatar with Balarama , or with Lord Balaji , or with Rishabhanatha , the first Tīrthankara of Jainism . Kalki The last avatar appears as a man with a winged white horse , projected to end the Kali yuga , in order that the cosmos may renew and restart . Longer alternatives ( edit ) The Bhagavata Purana also goes on to give an alternate list , wherein it numerically lists out 22 Vishnu avatars in chapter 1.3 . Four Kumaras ( Catursana ) ( BP 1.3. 6 ) -- the four Sons of god Brahma and exemplified the path of devotion Varaha ( BP 1.3. 7 ) - The divine warthog who lifts earth from cosmic waters Narada ( BP 1.3. 8 ) - the divine - sage who travels the worlds as a devotee of Vishnu Nara - Narayana ( BP 1.3. 9 ) -- the twin - sages Kapila ( BP 1.3. 10 ) -- a renowned sage spoken of in the Mahabharata , son of Kardama Muni and Devahuti and sometimes identified with the founder of the Samkhya school of philosophy Dattatreya ( BP 1.3. 11 ) -- the combined avatar of the Hindu trinity Brahma , Vishnu and Shiva . He was born to the sage Atri became a great seer himself Yajna ( BP 1.3. 12 ) -- the lord of fire - sacrifice , who was also a previous Indra -- the lord of heaven Rishabha ( BP 1.3. 13 ) -- the father of Bharata Chakravartin and Bahubali Prithu ( BP 1.3. 14 ) -- the sovereign - king who milked the earth as a cow to get the world 's grain and vegetation and also invented agriculture Matsya ( BP 1.3. 15 ) - A narwhal who guided Manu 's ark during the pralaya ( deluge ) and also killed demon Hayagriva Kurma ( BP 1.3. 16 ) - A giant tortoise who balances Mount Mandara atop his caprice during the churning of the cosmic ocean of milk Dhanvantari ( BP 1.3. 17 ) -- the father of Ayurvedic medicine and a physician to the Devas Mohini ( BP 1.3. 17 ) -- the enchantress Narasimha ( BP 1.3. 18 ) - The man - lion who kills demon Hiranyakashpu Vamana ( BP 1.3. 19 ) - The dwarf Parashurama ( BP 1.3. 20 ) - The Brahmin warrior with an axe who kills Kartyavira Arjuna and his Kshatriya allies Rama ( BP 1.3. 22 ) - ' Perfect King ' from Suryavansha , Subject of Ramayana Vyasa ( BP ) 1.3. 21 ) -- the compiler of the scriptures -- Vedas and writer of the scriptures Puranas and the epic Mahabharata Balarama ( BP 1.3. 23 ) - Lord of agriculture and elder brother to Krishna Krishna ( BP 1.3. 23 ) - Subject of the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita Buddha ( BP 1.3. 24 ) - The enlightened teacher Kalki ( BP 1.3. 25 ) - The future lawgiver Avatars like Hayagriva , Hamsa and Garuda are also mentioned in the Pañcaratra making the total of thirty - nine avatars . However , despite these lists , the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE . Types ( edit ) Mohini , the female avatar of Vishnu ( statue at Belur temple , Karnataka . ) The avatar concept was further developed and refined in later Hindu texts . One approach was to identify full avatar and partial avatars ; Krishna , Rama and Narasimha were full avatars ( purna avatars ) , while others were partial avatars ( ansha avatars ) . Some declared , states Noel Sheth , that every living creature is an avatar of Vishnu . The Pancharatra text of Vaishnavism declares that Vishnu 's avatar include those that are direct and complete ( sakshad ) , indirect and endowed ( avesha ) , cosmic and salvific ( vyuha ) , inner and inspirational ( antaryamin ) , consecrated and in the form of image ( archa ) . Yet another classification , developed in Krishna schools , centers around Guna - avatars , Purusha - avatars and Lila - avatars , with their subtypes . The Guna - avatar classification of avatars is based on the Guṇas concept of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy , that is Rajas ( Brahma ) , Sattva ( Vishnu ) , and Tamas ( Shiva ) . These personalities of the Trimurti are referred to as Guna avatars . The Purushavatara are three . The first evolves the matter ( Prakriti ) , the second is the soul present in each individual creature , the third is the interconnected oneness or Brahman that connects all souls . The Lilavataras are partial or full manifestations of Vishnu , where either some powers ( Shakti ) or material parts of him exist . Vishnu is Purushavatara . The Matsya , Kurma and Vamana avatars of Vishnu are Lilavataras . A Purnarupa in this classification , is when Vishnu manifests completely along with his qualities and powers . In Bengal Vaishnavism , Krishna is the Purnarupa . In Shaivism , Bhairava is the purnarupa of Shiva . In Sikhism ( edit ) 24 avatars of Vishnu are mentioned in Bachitar Natak 's composition in Dasam Granth , the second scripture of Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh : Macha ( Matsya ) Kaccha ( Kurma ) Narayana ( Narayana in Nara - Narayana ) Maha Mohini ( Mohini ) Bairaha ( Varaha ) Nar Singha ( Narasimha ) Bavana ( Vamana ) Parashurama Brahma Bishan ( Vishnu ) Sheshayi ( Shesh ) Manu Raja Dhanvantari Suraja ( the sun ) Chandara ( the moon ) Arihant Dev Rama Balarama Krishna Nara ( Nara in Nara - Narayana , ie , Arjuna ) Buddha Kalki The Guru Granth Sahib reverentially includes the names of numerous Hindu deities , including Vishnu avatars such as Krishna , Hari , and Rama , as well those of Devi as Durga . Dasam Granth has three major compositions , one each dedicated to avatars of Vishnu ( Chaubis avatar ) and Brahma . However , Sikhism rejects the doctrine of savior incarnation , and only accepts the abstract nirguna formless god . The Sikh Gurus endorsed the view of Hindu Bhakti movement saints such as Namdev ( ~ 1270 -- 1350 CE ) that formless eternal god is within human heart and man is his own savior . Avatars of Ganesha ( edit ) The Linga Purana declares that Ganesha incarnates to destroy demons and to help the gods and pious people . The two upapuranas -- Ganesha Purana and Mudgala Purana -- detail the avatars of Ganesha . Both these upapuranas are core scriptures of the Ganapatya sect -- exclusively dedicated to Ganesha worship . Four avatars of Ganesha are listed in the Ganesha Purana : Mohotkata , Mayūreśvara , Gajanana and Dhumraketu . Each avatar corresponds to a different yuga , has a different mount and different skin complexion , but all the avatars have a common purpose -- to slay demons . The Mudgala Purana describes eight avatars of Ganesha : Vakratunda ( Vakratuṇḍa ) ( `` twisting trunk '' ) , his mount is a lion . Ekadanta ( `` single tusk '' ) , his mount is a mouse . Mahodara ( `` big belly '' ) , his mount is a mouse . Gajavaktra ( or Gajānana ) ( `` elephant face '' ) , his mount is a mouse . Lambodara ( `` pendulous belly '' ) , his mount is a mouse . Vikata ( Vikaṭa ) ( `` unusual form '' , `` misshapen '' ) , his mount is a peacock . Vighnaraja ( Vighnarāja ) ( `` king of obstacles '' ) , his mount is the celestial serpent Śeṣa . Dhumravarna ( Dhūmravarṇa ) ( `` grey color '' ) corresponds to Śiva , his mount is a horse . Avatars of Shiva ( edit ) Sharabha ( right ) with Narasimha ( 18th - century painting , Pahari / Kangra School ) Although Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to avatars of Shiva , the avatar doctrine is neither universally accepted nor commonly adopted in Shaivism . The views on the doctrine of incarnation has been one of the significant doctrinal differences between Vaishnavism and Shaivism , in addition to their differences on the role of householder life versus monastic life for spiritual release . Shaivism is a transcendental theology , where man , with the help of his Guru , is his own savior . The Linga Purana lists twenty - eight avatars of Shiva . In the Shiva Purana there is a distinctly Saivite version of a traditional avatar myth : Shiva brings forth Virabhadra , one of his terrifying forms , in order to calm Narasimha , an avatar of Vishnu . When that fails , Shiva manifests as the human - lion - bird Sharabha which calms down lion - bird Narasimha avatar of Vishnu , and Shiva then gives Vishnu a chakra as gift . A similar story is told in the late medieval era Sharabha Upanishad . However , Vaishnava Dvaita school refutes this Shaivite view of Narasimha . The monkey - god Hanuman who helped Rama -- the Vishnu avatar is considered by some to be the eleventh avatar of Rudra ( Shiva ) . Some regional deities like Khandoba are also believed by some to be avatars of Shiva . Shesha and his avatars ( Balarama and Lakshmana ) are occasionally linked to Shiva . Adi Shankara , the formulator of Advaita Vedanta , is also occasionally regarded as an avatar of Shiva . In Dasam Granth , Guru Gobind Singh mentioned two avatars of Rudra : Dattatreya Avatar and Parasnath Avatar . Avatars of Devi ( edit ) Avatars of Devi . From up to down : Durga , Kali , Sita , Parvati . Avatars are also observed in Shaktism , the sect dedicated to the worship of the Goddess ( Devi ) , but they do not have universal acceptance in the sect . The Devi Bhagavata Purana describes the descent of Devi avatars to punish the wicked and defend the righteous -- much as the Bhagavata Purana does with the avatars of Vishnu . Like Vishnu , his consort Lakshmi incarnates as Sita and Radha -- the consorts of Rama and Krishna avatars . Nilakantha , an 18th - century commentator on the Devi Bhagavata Purana -- which includes the Devi Gita -- says that various avatars of the Goddess includes Shakambhari and even the masculine Krishna and Rama -- generally thought to be Vishnu 's avatars . Lakshmi and Saraswati are main goddesses worshipped as Devi avatars . Avatars of Lakshmi ( edit ) Sridevi and Bhudevi are two different forms of Goddess Lakshmi . Dharini , the consort of Parashurama , Sita , the consort of Rama and Yashodhara , the consort of Siddhartha along with the consorts of the previous incarnations of Vishnu are all considered full incarnations of Lakshmi. On the other hand , Radha and the gopis , Rukmini , Satyabhama and the rest of Krishna 's wives with the exception of Yamuna are all considered partial incarnations of Lakshmi . Avatars of Brahma ( edit ) In Dasam Granth , second scriptures of Sikhs written by Guru Gobind Singh , mentioned seven Brahma Avatars . Valmiki Avatar Kashyapa Avatar Dattatreya Avatar Lakshman Avatar Vyasa Avatar Balarama Avatar Kalidasa Avatar According to the Skanda Purana , Brahma incarnated himself as Yajnavalkya in response to a curse from Shiva . See also ( edit ) Avatars in the Mahabharata Dashavatara Gautama Buddha in Hinduism Incarnation List of avatar claimants Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buddha , a real person , is included as an avatar of Vishnu in many Hindu texts . Jump up ^ Mohini , the female avatar of Vishnu , appears in stories about the Kurma avatar . Jump up ^ Some versions include Balarama ( the elder brother of Krishna ) as the eighth avatar , with Krishna listed as the ninth instead of Buddha , while others replace Buddha with Balarama as the ninth avatar . Jayadeva in his Git Govinda instead adds both Balarama and Buddha , but omits Krishna as he is taken as the equivalent of Vishnu , the origin of all avatars . Jump up ^ Some medieval Indian texts spell it as Kalkin . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Avatar '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 1 : A-M , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , pages 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parrinder ( 1997 ) . Avatar and Incarnation : The Divine in Human Form in the World 's Religions . Oneworld . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85168 - 130 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Monier Monier - Williams ( 1923 ) . A Sanskrit - English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Sheth 2002 , pp. 98 - 99 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel E Bassuk ( 1987 ) . Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity : The Myth of the God - Man . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 2 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 08642 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Hacker 1978 , pp. 424 , also 405 -- 409 , 414 -- 417 . Jump up ^ Rig Veda 3.53. 8 ( Maghavan ) ; 6.47. 18 ( Indra ) Jump up ^ Swami Harshananda , A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism , Ramakrishna Math , Bangalore ( 2008 ) Vol. 1 , page 221 Jump up ^ Sheth 2002 , pp. 98 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Kinsley , David ( 2005 ) . Lindsay Jones , ed . Gale 's Encyclopedia of Religion . 2 ( Second ed . ) . Thomson Gale . pp. 707 -- 708 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865735 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Edwin Francis ( 2007 ) . Krishna : A Sourcebook . Oxford University Press US . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514891 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sheth 2002 , pp. 98 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Hawley , John Stratton ; Vasudha Narayanan ( 2006 ) . The life of Hinduism . University of California Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24914 - 1 . Jump up ^ David R. Kinsley ( 1998 ) . Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine : The Ten Mahāvidyās . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 115 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1522 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) , `` Shiva '' in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol. 2 : N-Z , Rosen Publishing , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 , page 635 ^ Jump up to : Lai Ah Eng ( 2008 ) . Religious Diversity in Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies , Singapore . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 230 - 754 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase . p. 474 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sheth 2002 , pp. 115 - 116 with note 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eleanor Nesbitt ( 2005 ) . Sikhism : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . pp. 16 , 24 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 157806 - 9 . Jump up ^ Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair ( 2005 ) , Teachings of the Sikh Gurus , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415266048 , pages xxxiv - xli Jump up ^ `` avatar '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Sheth 2002 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Justin Edwards Abbott ( 1980 ) . Life of Tukaram : Translation from Mahipati 's Bhaktalilamrita . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 335 -- 336 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0170 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Hacker 1978 , pp. 415 - 417 . Jump up ^ Paul Hacker 1978 , pp. 405 - 409 . Jump up ^ Paul Hacker 1978 , pp. 424 , also 405 - 409 , 414 - 417 . Jump up ^ Sebastian C.H. Kim ( 2008 ) . Christian Theology in Asia . Cambridge University Press . pp. 169 -- 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 47206 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sheth 2002 , pp. 107 - 109 . ^ Jump up to : Matchett , Freda ( 2001 ) . Krishna , Lord or Avatara ? : the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu. 9780700712816 . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mercy Amba Oduyoye , H.M. Vroom , One gospel -- many cultures : case studies and reflections on cross-cultural theology , Rodopi , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 0897 - 7 , p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : Sheth 2002 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Sheth 2002 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Woodhead , Partridge , Kawanami , Linda , Christopher , Hiroko ( 2016 ) . Religions in the Modern World - Traditions and Transformations , 3rd Edition . Routeledge . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 85881 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ King , Anna S. ( 2005 ) . The intimate other : love divine in Indic religions . Orient Blackswan . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2801 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mishra , Vibhuti Bhushan ( 1973 ) . Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period , Volume 1 . BRILL . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 03610 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rukmani , T.S. ( 1970 ) . A critical study of the Bhagavata Purana , with special reference to bhakti . Chowkhamba Sanskrit studies . 77 . Varanasi : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Matchett 2001 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 228 - 229 . ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 705 - 705 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 421 - 422 . ^ Jump up to : James Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 500 - 501 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 550 - 552 . Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 370 - 372 . Jump up ^ Daniel E Bassuk ( 1987 ) . Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity : The Myth of the God - Man . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 08642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sheth 2002 , p. 117 with notes 12 and 13 . Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal ( 2010 ) . Hinduism : An Alphabetical Guide . Penguin . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 341421 - 6 . , Quote : `` A Dashavatara panel at Vijayanagara has Matsya , Kurma , Varaha , Narasimha , Vamana , Parasurama , Rama , Balarama , Jina , Kalkin . A Jina , a Jain Tirthankara was also depicted in Dashavatara panels elsewhere including in Gujarat . '' Jump up ^ James Lochtefeld 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Bhag - P 1.3 Archived 2013 - 05 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Canto 1 , Chapter 3 Jump up ^ Schrader , Friedrich Otto ( 1916 ) . Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā . Adyar Library . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Sheth 2002 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara A. Holdrege ( 2015 ) . Bhakti and Embodiment : Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti . Routledge . pp. 50 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 66910 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janmajit Roy ( 2002 ) . Theory of Avatāra and Divinity of Chaitanya . Atlantic Publishers . pp. 190 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0169 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel E Bassuk ( 1987 ) . Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity : The Myth of the God - Man . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 143 -- 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 08642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mittal , Sushil ( 2004 ) . The Hindu World . New York : Routledge . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 67414 - 7 . Jump up ^ David Smith ( 2003 ) . The Dance of Siva : Religion , Art and Poetry in South India . Cambridge University Press . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52865 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor ( 2009 ) , Composition 8 , 9 and 10 , Dasam Granth , Hemkunt , ISBN 9788170103257 , pages 16 - 17 Jump up ^ Torkel Brekke ( 2014 ) , Religion , War , and Ethics : A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions ( Editors : Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521450386 , pages 673 , 675 , 672 - 686 ; Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair ( 2005 ) , Teachings of the Sikh Gurus , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0415266048 , pages xxxiv - xli Jump up ^ SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor ( 2009 ) , Composition 8 , 9 and 10 , Dasam Granth , Hemkunt , ISBN 9788170103257 , pages 15 - 16 Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh ; Norman Gerald Barrier ; W.H. McLeod ( 2004 ) . Sikhism and History . Oxford University Press . pp. 136 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566708 - 0 . Jump up ^ J Deol ( 2000 ) , Sikh Religion , Culture and Ethnicity ( Editors : AS Mandair , C Shackle , G Singh ) , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0700713899 , pages 31 - 33 Jump up ^ William Owen Cole ( 2004 ) . Understanding Sikhism . Dunedin Academic . pp. 47 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903765 - 15 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pashaura Singh ( 2011 ) . Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof , ed . Encyclopedia of Global Religion . SAGE Publications . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6656 - 5 . Jump up ^ Grimes , John A. ( 1995 ) . Gaṇapati : song of the self . SUNY Press . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grimes , pp. 100 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Phyllis Granoff , `` Gaṇeśa as Metaphor , '' in Robert L. Brown ( ed . ) Ganesh : Studies of an Asian God , pp. 94 -- 5 , note 2 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0657 - 1 Jump up ^ Parrinder , Edward Geoffrey ( 1982 ) . Avatar and incarnation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 520361 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Mariasusai Dhavamony ( 2002 ) . Hindu - Christian Dialogue : Theological Soundings and Perspectives . Rodopi . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1510 - 4 . Jump up ^ Winternitz , Moriz ; V. Srinivasa Sarma ( 1981 ) . A History of Indian Literature , Volume 1 . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 543 -- 544 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0264 - 3 . Jump up ^ SG Desai ( 1996 ) , A critical study of the later Upanishads , Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , pages 109 - 110 Jump up ^ Sharma , B.N. Krishnamurti ( 2000 ) . A history of the Dvaita school of Vedānta and its literature : from the earliest beginnings to our own times . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . p. 412 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1575 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lutgendorf , Philip ( 2007 ) . Hanuman 's tale : the messages of a divine monkey . Oxford University Press US . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530921 - 8 . Jump up ^ Catherine Ludvík ( 1994 ) . Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1122 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sontheimer , Gunther - Dietz ( 1990 ) . `` God as King for All : The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context '' . In Hans Bakker . The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09318 - 8 . p. 118 Jump up ^ Sontheimer , Gunther - Dietz ( 1989 ) . `` Between Ghost and God : Folk Deity of the Deccan '' . In Hiltebeitel , Alf . Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees : Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism . State University of New York Press . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 981 - 9 . Jump up ^ Matchett , Freda ( 2001 ) . Krsna : Lord or Avatara ? . Routledge . p. 63 . There are strong links between Samkarsana / Sesa and Siva , so that it is not difficult to see in this pale companion of the dark Krsna a reminder of Siva 's parity with Visnu , even though Visnu still has the lead . Jump up ^ The Padma - Purana : Part IX . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. 1956 . pp. 3164 -- 3165 . The Lord , Visnu , took his place in the egg . Then with his mind devoted to the supreme spirit , Brahma meditated upon Visnu . At the end of the meditation a drop of perspiration was produced from his forehead . That drop , of the shape of a bubble , in a moment fell on the earth . O you of an excellent face , I , having three eyes , a trident , and adorned with the crown of the matted hair , was born from that bubble . With modesty I asked the lord of gods : `` What shall I do ? '' Then God Visnu , with delight , thus spoke to me : `` O Rudra , you will bring about a fierce - looking destruction of the world , ( after ) actually being ( my ) portion , viz . Samkarsana , O you of an excellent face . '' Jump up ^ Mahalik , Er . Nirakar ( 2010 ) . `` Lord Balarama '' ( PDF ) . Orissa Review . So Balarama became ( Bala + Deva ) Baladeva . Krishna and Balarama are regarded as Hari and Hara . Here Balarama is regarded as Lord Siva . Siva is helping Vishnu in every incarnation like Rama - Laxman in Tretaya Yuga . In Dwapar Yuga as Krishna - Balarama and in Kali Yuga they are Jagannath and Balabhadra . Jump up ^ Pattanaik , Devdutt ( 2010 ) . `` Elder Brother of God '' . Devdutt . Some say that Krishna is Vishnu , Balarama is Shiva and Subhadra is Devi , thus the three siblings represent the three main schools of Hindu theism : Vaishnava , Shaiva and Shakta . Jump up ^ Doniger , Wendy ( 2010 ) . The Hindus : An Alternative History . Oxford University Press . p. 508 . The gods complained to Shiva that Vishnu had entered the body of the Buddha on earth for their sake , but now the haters of religion , despising Brahmins and the dharma of class and stage of life , filled the earth . `` Not a single man performs a ritual , for all have become heretics -- Buddhists , Kapalikas , and so forth -- and so we eat no offerings . '' Shiva consented to become incarnate as Shankara , to reestablish Vedic dharma , which keeps the universe happy , and to destroy evil behavior . Jump up ^ SS Kapoor and MK Kapoor ( 2009 ) , Composition 10 , Rudra Avtar , Dasam Granth , Hemkunt , ISBN 9788170103257 , page 17 Jump up ^ Brown , Cheever Mackenzie ( 1990 ) . The triumph of the goddess : the canonical models and theological visions of the Devī - Bhāgavata Purāṇa . SUNY Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0363 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation : A Comparison , Noel Sheth Philosophy East and West , Vol. 52 , No. 1 ( Jan. , 2002 ) , pp. 98 , 117 . Jump up ^ Brown , Cheever Mackenzie ( 1998 ) . The Devī Gītā : the song of the Goddess . SUNY Press . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3940 - 1 . verses 9.22 cd - 23ab Jump up ^ Brown , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Kapoor , S.S. Dasam Granth . Hemkunt Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9788170103257 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ The Skanda - Purana : Part XVII . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. 2002 . p. 130 . After seeing his ( of Brahma ) aberration on the altar at the time of marriage , Sambhu cursed him . He was then born as Yajnavalkya . Sakalya engaged Yajnavalkya in the royal palace for the performance of the Santi rites . Bibliography ( edit ) Daniélou , Alain ( 1991 ) ( 1964 ) . The myths and gods of India . Inner Traditions , Vermont , USA . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 354 - 7 . pp. 164 -- 187 . Coleman , T. ( 2011 ) . `` Avatāra '' . Oxford Bibliographies Online : Hinduism . doi : 10.1093 / obo / 9780195399318 - 0009 . Short introduction and bibliography of sources about Avatāra ( subscription required ) . Matchett , Freda ( 2001 ) . Krishna , Lord or Avatara ? : the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0700712816 . Paul Hacker ( 1978 ) . Lambert Schmithausen , ed . Zur Entwicklung der Avataralehre ( in German ) . Otto Harrassowitz . ISBN 978 - 3447048606 . James Lochtefeld ( 2002 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism , Vol . 1&2 . Rosen Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 2287 - 1 . Sheth , Noel ( 2002 ) . `` Hindu Avatāra and Christian Incarnation : A Comparison '' . Philosophy East and West . 52 ( 1 ( January ) ) : 98 -- 125 . doi : 10.1353 / pew. 2002.0005 . JSTOR 1400135 . External links ( edit ) Look up avatar in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avatar . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Avatar . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avatar Avatar at Encyclopædia Britannica Avatars ( Incarnations or Descents ) of Vishnu Meher Baba 's interpretation of the Avatar 's origin Avatars of Vishnu Dashavatara Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parashurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Other avatars Four Kumaras Narada Nara - Narayana Kapila Dattatreya Yajna Rishabha Prithu Dhanvantari Mohini Vyasa Prsnigarbha Hayagriva Hamsa The list of ten avatars varies regionally . The two substitutions involve Balarama , Krishna and Buddha is considered the avatar of Vishnu . Krishna is almost always included ; in exceptions , he is considered the source of all avatars . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar&oldid=866297044 '' Categories : Forms of Vishnu Hindu philosophical concepts Vaishnavism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan पालि ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 14 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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